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Today's Word of the Lord"Dear friends, if our hearts do not condemn us, we have confidence before God and receive from him anything we ask, because we keep his commands and do what pleases him." 1 John 3:21, 22
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This simple salad is packed with heart-healthy ingredients such as olive oil, nuts, and beans.
Makes 6 servings
Recipe Time
Prep: 15 Minutes
Nutritional Information
Calories 176
Caloriesfromfat 72 %
Fat 14.6 g
Satfat 2.3 g
Monofat 6.8 g
Polyfat 1.2 g
Protein 3.6 g
Carbohydrate 9.1 g
Fiber 2.8 g
Cholesterol 0.0 mg
Iron 1.6 mg
Sodium 162 mg
Calcium 35 mg
1/4 cup olive oil
2 tablespoons lemon juice
2 teaspoons Dijon mustard
1/8 teaspoon salt
1/8 teaspoon ground cumin
1/8 teaspoon ground cardamom (optional)
1 head romaine lettuce, torn
1 small red onion, thinly sliced
1/2 cup salted cashews, chopped*
1/3 cup rinsed and drained chickpeas
Whisk together first 5 ingredients and, if desired, cardamom in a large bowl until blended. Add lettuce and remaining ingredients, tossing gently to coat. Serve immediately.
*Pecans may be substituted for cashews.
August 2005

subset: commoncrawl


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Why is dog nutrition so important? The answer is so easy. Food is the foundation on which your dog will build good health. I'll tell you the truth. It's so simple. Good health doesn't come in a can, a box or a bag. It comes from fresh, whole food. Let Mother Nature guide us down the path to better food choices for our dogs. We can't go too far wrong. Does this make sense to you?
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But if you ARE open to hearing it, and can commit to working your way through a process of steps, together we can make a plan. Better canine nutrition alone, can help to make huge improvements in the health of your dog. If needed, other natural health suggestions and remedies can be targeted to your dog's specific health problems. Often this is needed to help to improve canine health more quickly.
Our canine companions are completely dependent on us for all of their dog nutrition and dog health care needs.
It is in our power to help our dogs be naturally healthy. This does not have to be complicated and difficult, inconvenient or expensive.
The quality of food your dog eats, will equal the quality of health your dog will experience. Poor quality foods will not sustain and nourish your dog's body over time.
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Feeding your dog good natural dog food can prevent, improve, or even eliminate many common dog health problems. You will learn how a correct canine diet based on natural evolutionary biology, is linked to dog health. You cannot have one without the other. The quality of food and state of health is intimately connected, for all of us.
DNA studies have proven that all domestic dogs are historically descended from the Grey Wolf more than 14,000 years ago. Over the eons of evolutionary canine history , dog nutrition requirements have not changed very much.
There is much research available on the diets of wolves, dingos,
coyotes, foxes and other wild dogs. Our domestic dogs are related to these animals. They
are kin. Dogs are scavenging carnivores, the same as their wild canidae cousins. Don't let anyone tell you differently. Their natural evolutionary diet has sustained dogs over the eons, and is responsible for the success of the species.
Knowing this, how can we duplicate this natural canine diet provided by Mother Nature, in a way that suits our own lifestyle and is convenient for us. In reality, there is no perfect, commercially prepared dog food. You can however, improve this type of feeding, by providing some simple, inexpensive foods that most people already have at home in the fridge. This will provide more variety and supply some important extra nutrients that are missing from commercially prepared dog food. You can still have some fun too! It's easy! Just put something healthier than peanut butter, in your dog's kong!
You can become your dog's canine nutrition expert. Learn everything you can about natural dog nutrition, and building better health for your dog the natural way. This kind of dog nutrition produces better dog health and is based on and backed up by, evolutionary history. Your vibrant, healthy, full of life dog, is all the proof you will need that Mother Nature knows best. Her all natural dog food nutrition guidelines are time tested, and still hold true today and forever!
If you would like to see changes for the better for your dog, take charge! Make those necessary changes. Let's help your dog live a long and healthy life naturally.
You must be the Change Maker! Let's work together.


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text: Related Program: Local News Hour Snyderville Planning Commission Tours Canyons Resort By Rick Brough • Oct 23, 2013 Related Program: Local News Hour TweetShareGoogle+Email The Snyderville Planning Commission took a tour of the Canyons Resort area Tuesday, and go a look, up close and personal, at the progress of construction on the 18-hole golf course. Rick Brough has more. Listen Listening... / 4:27 Tags: Snyderville Planning CommisisonCanyons Golf CourseScott KirbyTaliskerGuicho PonsTweetShareGoogle+Email Related Content Mike Goar On Canyons Golf Course 3 years ago Canyons Asks For Extension On Golf 3 years ago Snyderville Planning Commission Discusses Transportation In Kimball Junction 3 years ago View the discussion thread.


text:
Stornoway Diamond's (SWY) Outperform Rating Reaffirmed at Scotiabank
Scotiabank reiterated their outperform rating on shares of Stornoway Diamond Co. (TSE:SWY) in a research report sent to investors on Friday morning. Scotiabank currently has a C$1.35 price objective on the stock.
A number of other brokerages also recently weighed in on SWY. TD Securities reiterated a hold rating and set a C$1.30 price target on shares of Stornoway Diamond in a report on Wednesday, August 10th. Royal Bank Of Canada restated an outperform rating and issued a C$1.50 target price on shares of Stornoway Diamond in a research note on Friday, August 26th. One equities research analyst has rated the stock with a hold rating and four have assigned a buy rating to the stock. The stock presently has a consensus rating of Buy and an average price target of C$1.43.
Shares of Stornoway Diamond (TSE:SWY) remained flat at $1.15 during midday trading on Friday. 1,001,602 shares of the stock traded hands. The company's 50 day moving average price is $1.12 and its 200 day moving average price is $1.05. The firm's market cap is $948.60 million. Stornoway Diamond has a 1-year low of $0.65 and a 1-year high of $1.20.
Stornoway Diamond Company Profile
Stornoway Diamond Corporation is a Canada-based diamond exploration and development company. The Company is principally engaged in the acquisition, exploration and development of diamond properties. The Company's principal focus is its Renard Diamond Project located in north-central Quebec, a project in construction.
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June 14, 2010
MELISSA STAMPF, PLAINTIFF,v.THE LONG ISLAND RAILROAD AUTHORITY, METROPOLITAN TRANSPORTATION AUTHORITY, JAMES SOKIRA, AND ANGELA TRIGG, DEFENDANTS.
Memorandum & Order
GOLD, S., United States Magistrate Judge
Plaintiff brings this action asserting claims under the Federal Employers Liability Act ("FELA"), 45 U.S.C. § 51, and 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and pursuant to state, city and common law. Defendants have moved for summary judgment, and plaintiff has cross-moved, seeking entry of a default judgment against defendant Sokira, vacatur of an arbitration decision imposing discipline on her, and leave to amend if the court finds any causes of action in her complaint deficient.*fn1
For the reasons that follow, defendants' motion is granted in part and denied in part and plaintiff's motion is denied in its entirety.
Plaintiff, Melissa Stampf, began working for the Long Island Rail Road ("LIRR") in 1992. Def. R.56.1 ¶ 1. Since 1995, she has worked as a locomotive engineer. Id. ¶ 2.
Plaintiff's primary claims are that she was falsely arrested and maliciously prosecuted.
Plaintiff was arrested on August 3, 2006, based on events that took place approximately four weeks earlier. It is undisputed that, on July 10, 2006, Angela Trigg, a fellow LIRR employee, complained to a supervisor, Rod Brooks, that Stampf had inappropriately touched Trigg's breast. Id. ¶ 4; see also Pl. R.56.1 ¶ 4. It is also undisputed that Stampf in fact touched Trigg on July 9, 2006. See LIRR Statement of Facts, Docket Entry 44-11 at 19-29. The type of touch, however, is hotly contested. According to Trigg, Stampf grabbed and shook Trigg's breast. See MTAPD Incident Report, Docket Entry 44-11 at 38; LIRR Statement of Facts, Docket Entry 44-11 at 20 (transcript of interview between Scott Petraglia, Trial Officer, and Angela Trigg). Stampf denies touching Trigg's breast and contends that she touched Trigg only on her shoulder. See LIRR Statement of Facts, Docket Entry 44-11 at 23-25 (transcript of interview between Scott Petraglia and Melissa Stampf); Stampf Dep. at 37-43, Docket Entry 56-19.
The LIRR conducted an investigation into Trigg's allegations. Def. R.56.1 ¶¶ 5-8; see also LIRR Statement of Facts, Docket Entry 44-11 at 18-30 (transcript of interviews by Scott Petraglia, Trial Officer). On July 12, 2006, after concluding that Stampf's actions violated its rules, the LIRR suspended Stampf for twenty days as a penalty for Conduct Unbecoming an Employee. Def. R.56.1 ¶ 10; see also Docket Entry 56-24. Stampf's union grieved the disciplinary charge on her behalf. An arbitration panel found that Stampf had improperly touched Trigg's breast, but reduced her suspension from twenty to ten days. Docket Entry 56-22 at 3.
It is also undisputed that on August 1, 2006, Trigg reported to the MTA police that Stampf had "grabbed [her] left breast and shook it" in July. Docket Entry 44-11 at 38; see also Def. R.56.1 ¶ 17. The MTA police filed an incident report accompanied by Trigg's written statement, signed under penalty of perjury. Docket Entry 44-11 at 38; Docket Entry 56-3. On August 3, 2006, Trigg informed MTA Police Officer James Sokira that she had filed a complaint against a co-worker who was currently in the West Side Yard. Def. R.56.1 ¶ 19. Officer Sokira contacted the desk officer who read the incident report to him. Id. ¶ 20. MTA Police Lieutenant Pedoty then instructed Sokira to place Stampf under arrest. Id. Stampf was handcuffed and charged with forcible touching and sexual abuse. MTAPD Incident Report, Docket Entry 44-11 at 39. The Manhattan District Attorney ultimately declined to prosecute. Docket Entry 56-1.
In addition to her false arrest and malicious prosecution claims, Stampf alleges that she was subjected to discrimination because the disciplinary sanction imposed on her was harsher than the discipline imposed on two white, heterosexual males accused of similar inappropriate sexual conduct involving Trigg. As noted above, Stampf -- who is female, homosexual and Asian -- received a ten-day suspension for her conduct. Prior to her incident with Stampf, Trigg accused two male co-workers of inappropriate sexual conduct. In August, 2005, Trigg accused Matt Schrader of touching her buttocks. Pl. R.56.1 Counterstatement ¶ 90. Schrader signed a LIRR form called a "Trial Waiver and Last Chance Agreement" and received a five-day suspension for engaging in "Conduct Unbecoming" by violating the LIRR's anti-harassment policy. Id. ¶¶ 99, 101, 102; see also Docket Entry 44-11 at 34-35. In April, 2006, Trigg accused Gerard DiCecco of making inappropriate comments about her breasts. Pl. R.56.1 Counterstatement ¶ 105. DiCecco also signed a trial waiver and last chance agreement and received a five-day suspension for Conduct Unbecoming. Id. ¶¶ 114, 116, 117. Stampf asserts that she was not offered a trial waiver and last chance agreement by the LIRR, and that she was taken out of service without pay while the investigation into her conduct was pending, whereas Schrader and DiCecco were not. Id. ¶¶ 103-04, 118-19, 128-29.
A. Summary Judgment
Summary judgment is appropriate where "there is no genuine issue as to any material fact." FED. R. CIV. P. 56(c). An issue of fact is material if it "might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law." Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). A factual dispute is genuine "if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party." Id.; see also Citizens Bank of Clearwater v. Hunt, 927 F.2d 707, 710 (2d Cir. 1991). In reaching a summary judgment determination, the court must resolve ambiguities and draw reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party. Coach Leatherware Co. v. AnnTaylor, Inc., 933 F.2d 162, 167 (2d Cir. 1991). The moving party bears the initial burden of establishing that there are no genuine issues of material fact; once he does so, the non-moving party may defeat summary judgment only by producing evidence of specific facts that raise a genuine issue for trial. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 256; Samuels v. Mockry, 77 F.3d 34, 36 (2d Cir. 1996). Mere conclusory allegations, however, are insufficient and "[t]here must be more than a 'scintilla of evidence'" to defeat a motion for summary judgment. Del. & Hudson Ry. Co. v. Consol. Rail Corp., 902 F.2d 174, 178 (2d Cir. 1990) (quoting Anderson, 477 U.S. at 252).
B. False Arrest
I begin my analysis with plaintiff's false arrest claim because at least three of the causes of action set forth in her amended complaint -- a FELA claim for emotional damages based on the arrest, a § 1983 claim for false arrest, and a common law claim for false arrest -- hinge on whether Stampf's arrest by Sokira was lawful. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 17-28, 36-44, 46-49.
Probable cause is a complete defense to a claim of false arrest, whether the claim is brought pursuant to § 1983 or state law. Caldarola v. Calabrese, 298 F.3d 156, 161 (2d Cir. 2002); Weyant v. Okst, 101 F.3d 845, 852 (2d Cir. 1996); Zanghi v. Inc. Vill. of Old Brookville, 752 F.2d 42, 45 (2d Cir. 1985). The question of probable cause is an objective one -- "whether a reasonable officer could conclude that the circumstances . . . established the necessary probable cause." Caldarola, 298 F.3d at 161.
Probable cause exists "when the officers have knowledge or reasonably trustworthy information of facts and circumstances that are sufficient to warrant a person of reasonable caution in the belief that the person to be arrested has committed or is committing a crime." Weyant, 101 F.3d at 852. A statement by a victim, particularly one who has signed a complaint charging someone with a crime, is sufficient to establish probable cause "absent circumstances that raise doubts as to the victim's veracity." Singer v. Fulton County Sheriff, 63 F.3d 110, 119 (2d Cir. 1995). Thus, "it is well-established that a law enforcement official has probable cause to arrest if he received his information from some person, normally the putative victim or eyewitness." Martinez v. Simonetti, 202 F.3d 625, 634 (2d Cir. 2000). Indeed, "[t]he veracity of citizen complainants who are the victims of the very crime they report to the police is assumed." Stokes v. City of New York, 2007 WL 1300983 at *5 (E.D.N.Y. May 3, 2007) (quoting Miloslavsky v. AES Engineering Soc., Inc., 808 F. Supp. 351, 355 (S.D.N.Y. 1992)).
In this case, Trigg made a written statement, signed under penalty of perjury, accusing Stampf of touching her inappropriately. See Docket Entry 56-3. Trigg's signed statement and subsequent personal report of the allegations to Sokira were sufficient to lead a reasonable police officer to conclude that there was probable cause for Stampf's arrest. See, e.g., Dion v. City of Utica, N.Y., 2005 WL 1174065, at *5 (N.D.N.Y. May 10, 2005) (finding probable cause based on victim's sworn statement and, relying on some of the cases cited above, rejecting the argument that making an arrest based upon an allegation of a single witness and without conducting further investigation is unconstitutional). Here, Sokira, the "arresting officer[, was] advised of a crime by a person who claims to be the victim, and [the victim, Trigg] signed a complaint or information charging [Stampf] with the crime, [and thus there was] probable cause to effect an arrest." Singer, 63 F.3d at 119.
The presumption that a victim's statement is sufficiently reliable to establish probable cause may be rebutted where there are circumstances that raise questions about the victim's veracity. Plaintiff contends that differences in two handwritten statements Trigg provided to the police -- the first statement given on August 1, 2006 at the time Trigg first reported the incident to the police and the second given on August 3, 2006 when Stampf was arrested -- should have caused the police to question Trigg's veracity. Pl. Mem. 30; Pl. R. 56.1 Counterstatement ¶ 174.*fn3 Trigg's second statement, however, was given after plaintiff's arrest. See Docket Entry 56-4 (noting the time of the statement as 12:15); Docket Entry 44-11 at 39 (noting the time of Stampf's arrest as 12:05). Accordingly, any discrepancy between Trigg's two accounts of the relevant events could not have been known at the time of Stampf's arrest, the critical point in time for determining probable cause. See Ricciuti v. N.Y.C. Transit Auth., 124 F.3d 123, 128 (2d Cir. 1997) (noting that, in determining whether an officer had probable cause to make an arrest, courts "consider the facts available to the officer at the time of arrest," and that "[o]nce a police officer has a reasonable basis for believing there is probable cause, he is not required to explore and eliminate every theoretically plausible claim of innocence before making an arrest"); Bourguignon v. Guinta, 247 F. Supp. 2d 189, 193 (D. Conn. 2003) (noting that the police may rely on victim or witness statements to determine probable cause, "regardless of the ultimate accurateness or truthfulness of the statements"); Fazzino v. Chiu, 771 F. Supp. 518, 521 (D. Conn. 1991) ("[F]urther investigation might have proven the victim's story to be subject to question . . . . Probable cause is, however, determined at the time of the arrest."). In any event, I discern no material differences between the two statements. Compare Docket Entry 56-3 ("Melissa reached her hand in my car window and grabbed by left breast and shook it.") with Docket Entry 56-4 ("Melissa reaches in the window and grabs my left breast and giggles."). Thus, even if Trigg had provided her second statement before rather than after Stampf's arrest, it would not have raised a question about her veracity.
Plaintiff also argues that Trigg's failure to report the incident to the police until almost one month after it occurred should have led the police to question Trigg's veracity. Pl. Mem. 30. As noted in her August 1st police statement, however, Trigg did report the incident immediately to her employer. Docket Entry 56-3. Moreover, she reported the incident to the police on her first or second day after returning to work after the incident. Id. Finally, Trigg explains in her statement that she consulted with an attorney before making a police report. Id. Thus, Trigg's delay in reporting the incident to the police was sufficiently explained and would not have raised a question about her veracity in the mind of a reasonable police officer. See, e.g., Torino v. Rieppel, 2009 WL 3259429, at *6 (E.D.N.Y. Oct. 8, 2009) ("[T]he mere passage of a significant period of time between a crime and the report to the police does not necessarily raise questions about the veracity of the victim, especially if a credible reason for the delay is given."); Cornett v. Brown, 2006 WL 845568, at *9 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 30, 2006) (finding probable cause where police officer relied on information from victim-complainant about crime committed several months prior).
Plaintiff's remaining arguments about facts that should have raised doubts as to Trigg's veracity are vague and unpersuasive. Pl. Mem. 30. For all the above reasons, it is clear from the undisputed facts that there was probable cause to support Stampf's arrest. Accordingly, defendants are granted summary judgment on plaintiff's first, second, fourth, and fifth causes of action, to the extent they are based on a claim of false arrest.
C. Plaintiff's Claims Under the Federal Employers Liability Act (FELA)
Plaintiff brings three claims under FELA.*fn4 Her first, asserted against the LIRR, is based on various tortious acts that she alleges occurred in the workplace, including "continuous and ongoing forms of sexual harassment, harassment, verbal abuse, false allegations of sexual harassment and/or sexual assault, a hostile work environment, inappropriate disciplinary charges and wrongful criminal charges." Am. Compl. ¶ 6; see also Tr. at 4-6. Initially, I understood plaintiff's second cause of action to be a FELA claim more specifically based on her arrest and prosecution, and her first cause of action to be focused on other incidents that occurred at her workplace. At oral argument, however, plaintiff's counsel described the second cause of action as identical to the first, but directed at the MTA rather than the LIRR. Tr. at 4-6. Although this seems to be inconsistent with the plain language of plaintiff's complaint, see Am. Compl. p. 5 (stating "As and for a second cause of action against the MTA & LIRR"), I nonetheless accept counsel's construction for purposes of the pending motions and consider the second cause as a FELA claim identical to the first cause of action but asserted against the MTA rather than the LIRR. I originally understood plaintiff's third cause of action to be a § 1983 claim alleging due process and equal protection violations. At oral argument, though, citing paragraph thirty-two of the amended complaint, plaintiff's counsel clarified that this cause of action is also brought as a FELA claim, but is distinct from plaintiff's first and second causes of action because it is based on constitutional torts committed during the administrative disciplinary proceedings instituted by the LIRR against plaintiff. Tr. at 15-16.
1. FELA's "Physical Impact" Requirement
FELA was enacted in 1908 to provide a federal remedy for injuries caused by the "physical dangers of railroading that resulted in the death or maiming of thousands of workers every year." Consol. Rail Corp. v. Gottshall, 512 U.S. 532, 542 (1994). FELA provides that "every common carrier by railroad . . . shall be liable in damages to any person suffering injury while he is employed by such carrier . . . for such injury or death resulting in whole or in part from the negligence of any of the officers, agents, or employees of such carrier . . . ." 45 U.S.C. § 51. Although primarily intended to remedy railroading accidents, FELA has been liberally construed to permit injured railroad employees to recover for any work-related injury. Gottshall, 512 U.S. at 543.
To further FELA's remedial purpose, "the Second Circuit has placed a particularly heavy burden on parties seeking summary judgment on FELA claims." Wahlstrom v. Metro-North Commuter R.R. Co., 89 F. Supp. 2d 506, 514 (S.D.N.Y. 2000). Thus, "[u]nder the FELA, 'the case must not be dismissed at the summary judgment phase unless there is absolutely no reasonable basis for a jury to find for the plaintiff.'" Gadsden v. Port Auth. Trans-Hudson Corp., 140 F.3d 207, 209 (2d Cir. 1998) (quoting Syverson v. Consol. Rail Corp., 19 F.3d 824, 828 (2d Cir. 1994)).
Also in light of its broad remedial purpose, FELA has been extended to cover intentional torts, even though it speaks only of an employer's liability for negligence, Higgins v. Metro-North R.R. Co., 318 F.3d 422, 425 (2d Cir. 2003), and to provide compensation for non-physical injuries, Gottshall, 512 U.S. at 547-48. The Supreme Court has limited the right to recover under FELA for emotional damages, however, to those railroad employees "who sustain a physical impact as a result of a defendant's negligent conduct, or who are placed in immediate risk of physical harm by that conduct." Gottshall, 512 U.S. at 547-48. In other words, to recover for purely emotional injuries under FELA, a plaintiff must be within the "zone of danger" of an actual or threatened physical harm. Id. at 554-55. See also Norfolk & Western Ry. Co. v. Ayers, 538 U.S. 135, 147 (2003) (noting that recovery for "[s]tand-alone emotional distress claims not provoked by any physical injury . . . is sharply circumscribed by the zone-of-danger test").
The Supreme Court further narrowed the class of plaintiffs entitled to pursue remedies under FELA in Metro-North Commuter R.R. Co. v. Buckley, 521 U.S. 424 (1997). In Buckley, the Supreme Court, reasoning that "the words 'physical impact' do not encompass every form of 'physical contact,'" held that inhaling carcinogenic insulation dust was not a sufficient "physical impact" to support a FELA claim for emotional distress over future risk of disease. 521 U.S. at 432. Subsequently, the Second Circuit clarified that "Buckley thus restated the traditional rule that an event cannot constitute a physical impact, even if it entails contact, unless it has a physically harmful effect on the body." Nelson v. Metro-North Commuter R.R., 235 F.3d 101, 110 (2d Cir. 2000). Moreover, in order to be within the Gottshall zone of danger if there has been no physical injury or contact, "the risk of physical harm to the plaintiff must be, at the very least, more than minimal." Nelson, 235 F.3dat 113.
2. Plaintiff's FELA Claim Based on her Arrest
Although her first cause of action appears to be based on non-physical harassment, see Am. Compl. ¶ 6; Tr. 4-6, plaintiff's motion papers suggest that this FELA claim is based on her arrest, see Pl. Mem. 7, 10, 12, 25; see also Am. Compl. ¶¶ 24-26. As discussed above, however, plaintiff's arrest was based on probable cause and therefore lawful. Accordingly, the arrest cannot provide the basis for a FELA claim.
Even if Stampf could establish that her arrest was unlawful, her FELA claim would fail because a FELA claim may not be based on an allegation of false arrest. See McSorley v. Consol. Rail Corp., 581 F. Supp. 642 (S.D.N.Y. 1984) (holding that false arrest and malicious prosecution claims are not actionable under FELA); Brady v. Penn Central Transp. Co., 406 F. Supp. 1239 (S.D.N.Y. 1975); see also Forgione v. U.S., 202 F.2d 249, 251 (3d Cir. 1953) (holding that no cause of action for false arrest exists under the Jones Act, 46 U.S.C. § 688, an analogous federal statute that provides a right of action for seamen suing their employers for negligence and uses the same relaxed standard of negligence as FELA); Richards v. Royal Caribbean Cruises LTD., 118 F. Supp. 2d 150 (D.P.R. 1999) (same); Couser v. Consol. Rail Corp., 1986 WL 11199 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 29, 1986); but see Slaughter v. Atlantic Coast Line R.R. Co., 302 F.2d 912 (D.C. Cir. 1962) (holding that a false arrest claim is actionable under FELA). Although a plaintiff could theoretically base a FELA claim upon allegations that a police officer used excessive force when placing her under arrest, Stampf does not allege that she was subjected to any force other than handcuffing, and does not contend that her handcuffing resulted in a significant injury. The use of handcuffs, without more, has been held insufficient to establish excessive force. See Grant v. City of New York, 500 F. Supp. 2d 211, 217 (S.D.N.Y. 2007) (holding that "[t]he right to make an arrest accompanies with it the right to use some degree of physical coercion," including handcuffing); Cornett v. Brown, 2006 WL 845568, at *16 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 30, 2006); Marrero v. City of New York, 33 A.D.3d 556, 557 (1st Dep't 2006).
For all these reasons, to the extent plaintiff's FELA claims are based on her arrest, they must be dismissed.
3. Plaintiff's Cause of Action Under FELA for Harassment
As noted above, plaintiff's first cause of action appears to seek recovery for emotional injuries resulting from "continuous and ongoing forms of sexual harassment, harassment, verbal abuse, false allegations of sexual harassment and/or sexual assault, a hostile work environment, inappropriate disciplinary charges and wrongful criminal charges." Am. Compl. ¶ 6; see also Tr. at 4-6. It is not clear whether this cause of action is based on a theory of negligent or intentional infliction of emotional distress. In either case, though, plaintiff's claim fails because she does not plead or present evidence of any physical impact or immediate risk of physical harm.
Other than her arrest, which as discussed above may not form the basis of a claim under FELA, plaintiff fails to allege any physical impact that could give rise a FELA claim. Rather, Stampf alleges only that she was verbally harassed and subjected to a suspension without pay that was improperly imposed.*fn5 See Wahlstrom, 89 F. Supp. 2d at 516 (noting that "courts have consistently dismissed FELA claims where the plaintiff fails to allege that the harassment to which he or she was subjected included at least some sort of physical contact or threat of imminent physical harm" and collecting cases). Because Stampf was never at risk of physical harm as a result of the defendants' conduct alleged in her first cause of action, see Am. Compl. ¶ 6, she has failed to establish the requirements of a FELA claim for emotional injuries. Nelson, 235 F.3d at 110-11 ("[I]f defendant's conduct creates no risk of physical harm whatsoever, the Gottshall requirement cannot be met."). Moreover, to the extent her claim is based on "inappropriate disciplinary charges," Am. Compl. ¶ 6, at least three courts in this Circuit have specifically held that a plaintiff may not recover under FELA for emotional injuries caused by an employer's disciplinary actions. See, e.g., Gallimore-Wright v. Long Island R.R. Co., 354 F. Supp. 2d 478, 486 (S.D.N.Y. 2005); Cohen v. Metro-North Commuter R.R., 1991 WL 4699, at *3-4 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 11, 1991); Feldleit v. Long Island R.R., 723 F. Supp. 892, 900-01 (E.D.N.Y. 1989) (finding that FELA was not intended to hold "employers who in good faith comply with the national policy aimed at eradicating employment discrimination against women" liable "for tort damages for the emotional distress suffered by a worker accused of sexual harassment by a fellow employee," even when the accusation turns out to be false). See also Milam v. Herrlin, 819 F. Supp. 295, 302-03 (S.D.N.Y. 1993) (finding that plaintiff failed to establish a FELA claim based on alleged negligence in a urinalysis test).*fn6
Although FELA is liberally construed to grant employees the broadest recovery possible, it does not provide a remedy for every "work-stress-related claim." Gottshall, 512 U.S. at 558. Because FELA is primarily concerned with the physical dangers encountered by railroad employees, see Gottshall, 512 U.S. at 542, and for all of the reasons stated above, summary judgment is granted in favor of defendants on the first cause of action.
4. Plaintiff's Second Cause of Action
It is not clear from the language of the amended complaint how plaintiff's second cause of action differs from her first. As noted above, however, plaintiff's counsel explained during oral argument that plaintiff's first and second causes of action are based upon the same conduct, and that the difference is that the first cause of action is brought against the LIRR and the second against the MTA. Defendants are therefore entitled to summary judgment on plaintiff's second cause of action for the reasons discussed above.
Plaintiff's second cause of action fails for an additional reason. FELA permits recovery by an employee injured as a result of the negligence of her employer. Stampf's employer is the LIRR. The LIRR is a subsidiary of the MTA. Greene v. Long Island R.R. Co., 99 F. Supp. 2d 268, 270 (E.D.N.Y. 2000). Pursuant to New York statute, however, employees of any subsidiary of the MTA, such as the LIRR, are not employees of the MTA. N.Y. PUB. AUTH. L. § 1266(5) ("The employees of any such subsidiary corporation, except those who are also employees of the authority, shall not be deemed employees of the authority."). Thus, the MTA is not Stampf's employer and is not a proper defendant in any FELA claim brought by Stampf. Accordingly, plaintiff's second cause of action -- assuming, as plaintiff's counsel stated at oral argument, it is lodged only against defendant MTA -- must be dismissed for this reason as well.
5. Plaintiff's Constitutional FELA Claim
Finally, plaintiff brings a FELA claim based upon alleged constitutional torts. More specifically, plaintiff seeks to impose liability under FELA for due process and equal protection violations that she contends occurred during her disciplinary proceedings. Tr. at 15-16. For the same reasons that her first cause of action under FELA fails, so too must this one. Assuming for purposes of argument that Stampf's constitutional rights were violated by the manner in which the disciplinary proceedings leading to her suspension were conducted, the violations did not cause plaintiff to suffer an actual physical injury or impose a substantial risk of physical injury, and therefore do not provide a proper basis for recovery under FELA. Gottshall, 512 U.S. at 547-48; Nelson, 235 F.3d at 110-11. Accordingly, plaintiff's third cause of action, a FELA claim alleging constitutional violations, must be dismissed.
D. Section 1983
Plaintiff's fourth cause of action is brought against all defendants pursuant to § 1983 and is based on her arrest and prosecution. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 36-49. As discussed above, the undisputed facts demonstrate that Stampf's arrest was lawful and supported by probable cause. Accordingly, and for that reason, her fourth cause of action based on false arrest must be dismissed with respect to all defendants other than Trigg.
Plaintiff's § 1983 claim against the MTA and the LIRR fails not only because her arrest was lawful, but also because a plaintiff seeking to impose Section 1983 liability against an entity must establish that the entity had an official custom or policy that deprived plaintiff of her constitutional rights. Monell v. New York City Dep't of Social Servs., 436 U.S. 658 (1978); Williams, 2006 WL 2668211, at *26. Stampf has failed even to allege in her pleading, much less present evidence of, any LIRR policy or custom that violated her constitutional rights. See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 30-49.
In her opposition to defendants' summary judgment motion, plaintiff argues that it is the MTA's custom and policy to require that an officer follow his superior's order to arrest an individual. Plaintiff contends that this practice suffices to support a claim of municipal liability, and relies on Lauro v. City of New York, 39 F. Supp. 2d 351, 367 (S.D.N.Y. 1999) (holding city liable under § 1983 for its "perp walk" policy); rev'd on other grounds, 219 F.3d 202 (2d Cir. 2000). Pl. Mem. 29-31 (citing Lauro as "[f]inding that where a police officer acts pursuant to the directives of his superior officer, a Monell policy claim is properly stated"); see also Tr. at 46-48. Lauro, however, does not support plaintiff's contention. In Lauro, the court found that plaintiff had established a Monell claim "by showing facts that tend[ed] to circumstantially support . . . an inference" that the City of New York condoned the use of "perp walks." 39 F. Supp. 2d at 367. Before finding that the custom and policy was actionable under Monell, though, the court first found that the "perp walk" constituted a violation of the plaintiff's Fourth Amendment rights. 39 F. Supp. 2d at 363. Here, plaintiff attempts to base her Monell claim on the straightforward and unobjectionable police policy of requiring that an officer follow a superior officer's directive. Pl. Mem. 29-31; Tr. at 46-48. This is insufficient to establish a Monell claim because it fails to allege a practice or policy that violates the Constitution or federal law. Accordingly, the third cause of action against the MTA and the LIRR must be dismissed on this ground as well. See, e.g., Lewis v. City of New York, 2009 WL 935955, at *4-5 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 31, 2009) (dismissing plaintiff's § 1983 claims where plaintiff failed to allege any custom or policy that led to the alleged constitutional violations); Azon v. Metro. Transp. Auth., 2002 WL 959563, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. May 9, 2002) (granting defendants summary judgment on plaintiffs' § 1983 claims where plaintiffs failed to identify any unconstitutional custom or policy).
Plaintiff's § 1983 claim against Trigg fails because individuals may be held liable under § 1983 only if they committed the actions complained of under color of state law; a plaintiff seeking to establish liability under § 1983 must prove that a person or entity, acting under color of state law, deprived her of the rights, privileges, or immunities guaranteed by the United States Constitution or by federal law. McDarby v. Dinkins, 907 F.2d 1334, 1336 (2d Cir. 1990).
"[G]enerally, a public employee acts under color of state law while acting in his official capacity or while exercising his responsibilities pursuant to state law." West v. Atkins, 487 U.S. 42, 49-50 (1988). In this case, Trigg was not exercising any official responsibilities when she accused Stampf of grabbing and shaking her breast; rather, Trigg was acting in her personal capacity. See, e.g., Brown v. New York State Dep't of Correctional Servs., 583 F. Supp. 2d 404, 412 (W.D.N.Y. 2008) ("Harassment by a state employee's co-workers . . . typically will not satisfy the state action requirement."); Williams v. City of New York, 2006 WL 2668211, at *27 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 11, 2006) (noting that "where the harassment in question does not involve use of state authority or position, the harasser is generally found not to be acting under color of state law"). This cause of action must therefore be dismissed against Trigg as well.
E. Common Law and State and City Law Claims
Plaintiff also brings claims pursuant to common law and state and city human rights laws, and alleges diversity jurisdiction.*fn7 These claims include 1) false arrest and malicious prosecution, 2) negligent and intentional infliction of emotional distress, and 3) discrimination in violation of New York state and city laws.
1. False Arrest and Malicious Prosecution
Plaintiff concedes that her state law false arrest claims against the MTA, Officer Sokira, and Trigg should be dismissed as untimely Pl. Mem. 31. Moreover, as under federal law, probable cause is a complete defense to a claim of false arrest under state law. Arzeno v. Mack, 39 A.D.3d 341 (1st Dep't 2007). Because Officer Sokira had probable cause to arrest Stampf, plaintiff cannot sustain a claim for false arrest under state law against the LIRR, the only remaining defendant. Thus, defendants' motion for summary judgment on this claim is granted.
Plaintiff also asserts a claim for malicious prosecution against all defendants. Under New York law, a plaintiff alleging malicious prosecution must establish: "(1) that the defendant commenced or continued a criminal proceeding against him; (2) that the proceeding was terminated in the plaintiff's favor; (3) that there was no probable cause for the proceeding; and (4) that the proceeding was instituted with malice." Kinzer v. Jackson, 316 F.3d 139, 143 (2d Cir. 2003). As with a false arrest claim, probable cause is a complete defense to a malicious prosecution claim. Savino v. City of New York, 331 F.3d 63, 72 (2d Cir. 2003). Plaintiff's malicious prosecution claim against all defendants other than Trigg is subject to dismissal on this basis alone.
Moreover, to make out her malicious prosecution claim, plaintiff must first establish that these defendants -- the LIRR, the MTA, Trigg and Sokira -- were responsible for commencing or continuing the criminal proceedings against her. Rohman v. New York City Transit Auth., 215 F.3d 208, 217 (2d Cir. 2000). Plaintiff has not presented any evidence indicating that defendants Sokira, the MTA, or the LIRR did anything to initiate or continue the proceedings against Stampf in any way. In particular, Officer Sokira's arrest of Stampf, without more, is insufficient to establish a claim of malicious prosecution against him. See Johnson v. City of New York, 2008 WL 4450270, at *12 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 29, 2008); Smith v. City of New York, 388 F. Supp. 2d 179, 186 (S.D.N.Y. 2005). Plaintiff has failed to establish, let alone allege, any role in Stampf's prosecution by the MTA or the LIRR sufficient to hold them liable for malicious prosecution. See Pl. Mem. 31-33. Moreover, as noted earlier, because Trigg acted in her personal capacity when she filed the police report accusing plaintiff, the LIRR may not be held liable on a respondeat superior theory. See Tomka v. Seiler Corp., 66 F.3d 1295, 1317 (2d Cir. 1995) (noting that "an employer is not liable for torts committed by the employee for personal motives unrelated to the furtherance of the employer's business"). Accordingly, defendants Sokira, the MTA, and the LIRR are entitled to summary judgment on plaintiff's malicious prosecution claim.
Plaintiff does, however, raise a triable issue of fact with respect to whether Trigg "initiated" criminal proceedings against Stampf by accusing Stampf of grabbing her breast. Generally, "the mere reporting of a crime to police and giving testimony are insufficient; it must be shown that defendant played an active role in the prosecution, such as giving advice and encouragement or importuning the authorities to act." Id. (citing DeFilippo v. County of Nassau, 183 A.D.2d 695, 696 (2d Dep't 1992). Nonetheless, an individual who provides false information to the police or prosecutor may be held liable for malicious prosecution. See Chimurenga v. City of New York,45 F. Supp. 2d 337, 343 (S.D.N.Y. 1999); Maskantz v. Hayes, 39 A.D.3d 211, 213 (1st Dep't 2007).*fn8 Plaintiff, who was of course herself a witness to the underlying facts, testified at her deposition that Trigg's accusation was false. Stampf Dep. at 37-43, Docket Entry 56-19. In addition, plaintiff has submitted the affidavits of five co-workers who provide information that at least arguably calls the veracity of Trigg's accusations into question. See Docket Entry 56-48 (witness statements).
Plaintiff has presented evidence to establish the other elements of a malicious prosecution claim as well. First, plaintiff's criminal case was terminated in a manner favorable to her. "A criminal proceeding terminates favorably to the accused, for purposes of a malicious prosecution claim, when the final disposition of the proceeding involves the merits and indicates the accused's innocence." MacFawn v. Kresler, 88 N.Y.2d 859, 860 (1996). Courts have found this element met where a prosecution was dismissed because there was insufficient evidence to support the charge. See Slatkin v. Lancer Litho Packaging Corp., 33 A.D.3d 421, 422 (1st Dep't 2006); Verboys v. Town of Ramapo, 12 A.D.3d 665, 666 (2d Dep't 2004). See also Murphy v. Lynn, 118 F.3d 938, 948 (2d Cir. 1997) (noting that favorable termination means a "final disposition . . . such as to indicate the innocence of the accused"); Rivas v. Suffolk County, 326 F. Supp. 2d 355, 363 (E.D.N.Y. 2004) ("An affirmative demonstration of innocence is not required. What is required is a showing that the basis for dismissal was not inconsistent with innocence."). In Stampf's case, the District Attorney declined further prosecution of the criminal proceedings against her and stated: "Following a review of the evidence and interviews with several witnesses, including the complaining witness, the People conclude that the case cannot be proven beyond a reasonable doubt." Docket Entry 56-1. This is a decision on the merits that supports an inference of innocence. Accordingly, plaintiff has raised a triable issue on the second element.
Because plaintiff has raised a triable issue with respect to the falsity of Trigg's criminal allegation, Stampf also satisfies the third and fourth elements of a malicious prosecution claim: that there was no probable cause and that the defendant acted with malice. Although it was reasonable for the police to rely on Trigg's statement to conclude that there was probable cause to arrest Stampf, the question arises whether Trigg had a legitimate basis to file the police report. "A lack of probable cause can be shown by evidence that the defendants . . . have misrepresented or falsified evidence . . . or otherwise acted in bad faith." Capanelli v. NYP Holdings, Inc., 2009 WL 249358, at *9 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 30, 2009) (internal quotation marks omitted). Drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of plaintiff, the evidence suggests that Trigg may have falsely reported to the police that Stampf touched her inappropriately. Moreover, although a plaintiff asserting a claim of malicious prosecution "must also show that the prosecution was not otherwise supported by probable cause at the time it was commenced," Capanelli, 2009 WL 249358, at *9, the sole basis for Stampf's arrest was Trigg's statement. Finally, "malice may be inferred from the lack of probable cause." Lowth v. Town of Cheektowaga, 82 F.3d 563, 573 (2d Cir. 1996). If Trigg made a false statement to the police, it is likely she did so with the necessary malice. See Capanelli, 2009 WL 249358, at *10.
Accordingly, I find that plaintiff has raised triable issues of material fact in support of her malicious prosecution claim against Angela Trigg. For all these reasons, defendants' motion for summary judgment on the malicious prosecution claim is denied with respect to plaintiff's claim against Trigg and in all other respects granted.
2. Negligent and Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
In her sixth cause of action, Stampf brings a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress arising from her arrest and prosecution. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 51-54. Although I originally understood her seventh cause of action, claiming negligent infliction of emotional distress, also to be based upon her arrest and prosecution, plaintiff's counsel stated during oral argument that the alleged negligent conduct that forms the basis of this claim is the "whole invocation of the criminal process from start to finish; that they [defendants] were negligent in the administration of that process throughout." Tr. at 21; see also Am. Compl. ¶¶ 56-60.
Plaintiff's claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress ("IIED") fails for a variety of reasons. To establish an IIED claim, a plaintiff must first demonstrate that defendant's conduct was extreme and outrageous. Suarez v. Bakalchuk, 66 A.D.3d 419 (1st Dep't 2009). In this case, the acts of the defendants in connection with plaintiffs' arrest do not amount to the type of outrageous conduct "beyond all possible bounds of decency" and "utterly intolerable in a civilized community" as to be actionable. Murphy v. Am. Home Prods. Corp., 58 N.Y.2d 293, 303 (1983); Sylvester v. City of New York, 23 Misc.3d 1139(A), at *5 (N.Y. Sup. Ct., N.Y. County, June 4, 2009)("The emotional distress plaintiffs experienced is inherent in any police arrest and detention and does not sustain a claim of intentional infliction of emotional distress."). Moreover, "public policy bars claims sounding in intentional infliction of emotional distress against a governmental entity," such as defendant MTA or defendant LIRR. Wyllie v. District Atty. of County of Kings, 2 A.D.3d 714, 720 (2d Dep't 2003). Additionally, a claim for IIED based on false arrest and malicious prosecution is precluded by the fact that "the underlying conduct is actionable under another theory of tort liability." Lewis v. U.S., 1999 WL 222611, at *2 (W.D.N.Y. Mar. 26, 1999) (collecting cases); see also Roper v. Hynes, 2006 WL 2773032, at *13 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 27, 2006) (dismissing plaintiff's IIED claim based on her criminal prosecution). Finally, plaintiff's IIED claims against Sokira and Trigg based on the arrest on August 3, 2006 are time-barred because plaintiff filed her complaint on August 13, 2007. See Carlson v. Geneva City School Dist., 679 F. Supp. 2d 355, 370 (W.D.N.Y. 2010) (noting that claims of intentional infliction of emotional distress are subject to a one-year statute of limitations under New York law); Hakim v. Hall, 2009 WL 5910310, at *9 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 23, 2009) (same). For all these reasons, defendants are granted summary judgment on plaintiff's sixth cause of action.
Similarly, Stampf's claim of negligent infliction of emotional distress ("NIED") fails for several reasons. First, "[n]egligent infliction of emotional distress is premised upon a breach of duty which unreasonably endangers the plaintiff's physical safety." Sylvester, 23 Misc.3d 1139(A), at *4. Trigg, Sokira, and the MTA owed no duty to plaintiff and therefore should be dismissed from this cause of action. With respect to the LIRR, Stampf's employer owed her no special duty to avoid causing her emotional distress. Kelly v. Chase Manhattan Bank, 717 F. Supp. 227, 235 (S.D.N.Y. 1989) (dismissing plaintiff's NIED claim against his employer arising out of an adverse employment action). Moreover, to the extent her NIED claim is based on her arrest, Stampf cannot maintain such a claim because placing her under arrest was intentional and not negligent. Naccarato v. Scarselli, 124 F. Supp. 2d 36, 45 (N.D.N.Y. 2000) (rejecting a claim of negligent infliction of emotion distress on the ground that, "[w]hen a plaintiff brings excessive force and assault claims which are premised upon a defendant's allegedly intentional conduct, a negligence claim with respect to the same conduct will not lie."); Universal Calvary Church v. City of New York, 2000 WL 1745048, at *12 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 28, 2000) (noting that "once intentional conduct causing . . . injury has been established, the actor is liable for assault and battery and not negligence"). Indeed, plaintiff's pleading itself alleges intentional conduct as the basis for this claim of negligent infliction of emotional distress. See Am. Compl. ¶ 60 (stating that the "acts, conduct and behavior of the defendants, [sic] were performed knowingly, intentionally and maliciously"). Finally, at oral argument, plaintiff's counsel asserted that Stampf's NIED claim is based on the defendants' "negligent administration of the criminal justice process." Tr. at 21. Plaintiff has not presented any evidence of the negligence of any defendant with respect to the "administration of the criminal justice process." For all these reasons, plaintiff's seventh cause of action is dismissed.
3. Discrimination
Stampf's final two causes of action allege that she was discriminated against by all defendants on the basis of her gender, race, and sexual orientation and are brought under N.Y. EXEC. L. § 296 (the "state human rights law") and New York City Administrative Code § 8-101 et seq. (the "city human rights law").*fn9 Stampf contends that two white, heterosexual men, who were also accused of inappropriate sexual conduct by Angela Trigg, were treated less harshly than she was. More specifically, plaintiff alleges that the men were offered the opportunity to acknowledge their misconduct and in return received a five-day suspension, whereas Stampf was not offered the same opportunity and received a ten-day suspension. Additionally, plaintiff contends that she was taken out of service without pay immediately after Trigg made her allegations, whereas the two men continued to work, even after admitting their guilt, until the LIRR formally disciplined them and their suspension began.
As an initial matter, although plaintiff brings these discrimination claims against all defendants, she fails to allege or present any evidence suggesting that Trigg, Sokira, or the MTA discriminated against Stampf. Moreover, in her opposition to defendants' motion, plaintiff refers to "defendant's" (singular) discriminatory employment practices and thus appears to be referring to the LIRR only. See Pl. Mem. 33. Accordingly, the discrimination claims against Trigg, Sokira, and the MTA are dismissed.
To state a discrimination claim based on disparate treatment, a plaintiff must identify employees with "sufficiently similar [situations] to plaintiff's to support at least a minimal inference that the difference of treatment may be attributable to discrimination." McGuinness v. Lincoln Hall, 263 F.3d 49, 54 (2d Cir. 2001). The standards for liability under the state and city human rights laws are the same as those applicable to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e. Forrest v. Jewish Guild for the Blind, 3 N.Y.3d 295, 305 n.3 (2004). Disparate treatment claims are analyzed "under the familiar burden-shifting framework of McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green," 411 U.S. 792 (1973). Demoret v. Zegarelli, 451 F.3d 140, 151 (2d Cir. 2006). Accordingly, to establish a prima facie case of disparate treatment under state and city laws, a plaintiff must demonstrate that: "(1) she is a member of a protected class; (2) she was qualified to hold the position; (3) she was terminated from employment or suffered another adverse employment action; and (4) the discharge or other adverse action occurred under circumstances giving rise to an inference of discrimination."*fn10 Forrest, 3 N.Y.3d at 305. The Second Circuit has emphasized that the burden of establishing a prima facie case of employment discrimination is minimal. McGuinness, 263 F.3d at 53 (collecting cases).
Plaintiff's showing with respect to the first three factors is not in serious contention. Defendants argue, however, that plaintiff has failed to establish circumstances giving rise to an inference of discrimination. Def. Mem. 22-23. More specifically, defendants argue that the two male employees identified by plaintiff received less severe disciplinary sanctions because they agreed to forego a trial and admitted their guilt. Id. Stampf, on the other hand, denied Trigg's allegations and was found guilty after an arbitration proceeding. In response, Stampf contends that she was never offered a five-day suspension in return for admitting misconduct. Pl. R.56.1 Counterstatement ¶ 128. At oral argument, and at least for purposes of the pending motions, defendants acknowledged that there is no evidence indicating that Stampf was offered the same opportunity as the two men to acknowledge her misconduct in return for a reduced sanction. Tr. at 46. In addition, and as noted above, Stampf contends that she was immediately taken out of service once Trigg accused her, but that the men Trigg accused were allowed to continue working while the investigations of their conduct were pending. In support of her claim, plaintiff proffers the disciplinary records of the two men, which do appear to indicate that they remained in service, with pay, until after they plead guilty. Docket Entries 56-26 and 56-27 (sealed for confidentiality reasons).
In light of the evidence described above, I conclude that plaintiff has raised a genuine question of fact with respect to whether similarly situated employees not in her protected class received less harsh treatment. By doing so, plaintiff has established a prima facie case of discrimination and thereby shifted the burden to defendant to provide a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for the disparate treatment. Forrest, 3 N.Y.3d at 305; see also Demoret, 451 F.3d at 151 (citing McDonnell Douglas Corp., 411 U.S. at 802-04). Defendants attempt to explain the disparity in treatment on the ground that the men accepted responsibility for their misconduct in return for a reduced sanction whereas plaintiff insisted on proceeding to trial. Defendants' argument misses the mark. Plaintiff alleges -- and defendants do not dispute -- that she was never offered the opportunity to accept a reduced penalty in return for admitting misconduct. Defendants have failed to offer any explanation as to why plaintiff was not afforded the same five-day suspension plea offer as the two men. Nor do defendants offer any reason why plaintiff was taken out of service immediately after being accused while the two men were not. I therefore conclude that defendants have failed to meet their burden, and that plaintiff's discrimination claims that she was immediately suspended without pay and that her penalty was a suspension of ten rather than five days may proceed.*fn11
In conclusion, summary judgment is granted in favor of defendants on all of plaintiffs' claims except for plaintiff's malicious prosecution claim against Trigg and her claims of disparate treatment under New York state and city human rights laws against the LIRR.
F. Plaintiff's Cross-Motion
Plaintiff has filed a cross-motion that seeks three forms of relief: 1) entry of a default judgment against Officer Sokira on the ground that he has never answered the complaint, 2) vacatur of the arbitration decision imposing discipline on Stampf, and 3) leave to amend her complaint should the court find any of her causes of action deficient. For the reasons that follow, plaintiff's cross-motion is denied in its entirety.
1. Default Judgment against Sokira
Although Sokira has never answered the complaint, counsel for defendants contends that Sokira has never been properly served. Plaintiff contends that she served Sokira pursuant to N.Y. C.P.L.R. 308(2).*fn12 I see no reason to resolve the parties' dispute over service because, as discussed above, the undisputed evidence demonstrates that plaintiff is unable to sustain any viable claim against Sokira. To require Sokira to answer the complaint, and then to move for summary judgment on the same grounds already articulated by counsel for the defendants who have appeared, would serve no useful purpose. See FED. R. CIV. P. 1 (providing that the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure "be construed and administered to secure the just, speedy and inexpensive determination of every action and proceeding").
2. Vacatur of Disciplinary Arbitration
In her notice of cross-motion, plaintiff seeks an order "Vacating the Arbital [sic] Award Pursuant to the Railway Labor Act, 45 USC § 151, et Seq." Docket Entry 53. In her memorandum of law in support of her motion, however, plaintiff does not address this aspect of her motion. Moreover, plaintiff's complaint fails to allege a cause of action under the Railway Labor Act. Accordingly, this aspect of plaintiff's cross-motion is denied.
3. Leave to Amend
Finally, plaintiff seeks leave to amend her complaint if I find any of her causes of action deficiently pled. The only cause of action that is deficiently pled -- in fact, it is not pled at all -- is plaintiff's application for vacatur of the disciplinary arbitration decision pursuant to the Railway Labor Act. At this stage of the proceedings, now that discovery is closed, I decline to grant plaintiff's application for leave to amend to add this claim. Moreover, amendment would most likely be futile in light of the fact that "review of arbitral awards [under the Railway Labor Act] [i]s 'among the narrowest known to the law.'" CSX Transp., Inc. v. United Transp. Union, 950 F.2d 872, 877 (2d Cir. 1991) (quoting Union Pac. R.R. Co. v. Sheehan, 439 U.S. 89, 91 (1978)).
For all the reasons discussed above, plaintiff's cross-motion is denied in its entirety. Defendants' motion for summary judgment is granted in part and denied in part. Specifically, because Stampf raises triable issues of fact with respect to her malicious prosecution claim against Trigg and her discrimination claims pursuant to state and city law against the LIRR, defendants' motion for summary judgment as to these claims is denied. Defendants are granted summary judgment on all other claims.
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Ashburton pulls out of water deal
Ashburton District Council has pulled out of a controversial land deal which would allow the buyer to extract billions of litres of water from the local aquifer.
The authority had wanted to sell a 10-hectare site, part of the Ashburton Business Estate northeast of the town, to Chinese-controlled NZ Pure Blue which was interested in setting up a water-bottling plant.
About 40,000 people signed a petition against the deal which included consent for the company to extract about 40 billion litres of water over the next 30 years.
Opponents argued taking water from an area prone to drought was inappropriate, while others have said the plant would create 100 jobs and the amount of water amounted to a small fraction of the total used across the country.
Mayor Angus McKay said on Monday that the council had last week voted to cancel the sale.
That decision was the result of the interested buyer failing to meet a deadline to provide information about how they intended to run a water bottling plant from the site.
"In particular, we wanted confirmation that the plant would be using bottles not water bladders," Mr McKay said.
"This was important in relation to concerns raised by our community.
"The purchaser has not provided this information and it has given us enough cause for concern to cancel the Sale and Purchase Agreement."
Opponents of the sale, Bung the Bore, were celebrating on Monday.
"We are absolutely elated to hear of the Ashburton District Council's decision to abandon plans for a water bottling plant in our town," the group said on Facebook.
"This decision is testament to what can be achieved when communities band together to instigate change."
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Lecturer in Quantitative Finance and Risk Management
University of Glasgow - Adam Smith Business School
|please see advert for salary details
|Full Time
|Contract Type:
|Placed on:
|11th November 2016
|15th January 2017
|Job Ref:
Job Purpose
To undertake high-quality research in Quantitative Finance and Risk Management, to actively contribute to teaching in our postgraduate courses in Quantitative Finance and Financial Risk Management as well as undergraduate programs as appropriate, and to undertake administration as required by the Head of Subject.
Main Duties and Responsibilities
- Develop and maintain individual/joint research projects in Quantitative Finance and Risk Management; to secure the funding required for research projects and act as the principal investigator or co-ordinator of research grant(s) as appropriate.
- Contribute fully to developing and enhancing the research profile of the Adam Smith Business School, including establishing a track record of publications of international quality in leading journals.
- Attend and actively contribute/participate in national/international events/major research seminars/conferences within research area by invitation or otherwise.
- Undertake supervision and training of postgraduate research students to ensure their effective development, where appropriate.
- Participate fully in assessment and examination processes as appropriate, (using a variety of methods and techniques) and provide effective, timely and appropriate feedback to students to support learning.
- Supervise individual student projects and assist with difficulties, e.g. learning support/problems.
- Engage and participate in Continuing Professional Development (CPD) activities as appropriate to the particular specialism.
- Undertake subject area/college level administration as required by the Head of Subject Area.
- Contribute to performance and development review processes as appropriate in accordance with university strategy.
- To contribute to the enhancement of the University's international profile in line with the University's Strategic Plan - Inspiring People – Changing the World.
For Appointment at Grade 8 you will:
- Take a leading role in the design, planning, organisation and delivery of undergraduate and postgraduate course and programmes in the Subject Area.
- Apply for research grants as principal investigator or be co-investigator for several grants.
Standard Terms & Conditions
The salary will be on the Research and Teaching Grade, level 7/8, £33,943 - £38,183 / £41,709 - £48,327 per annum.
This post is full time and open ended.
On occasion the total reward package determined by the University's pay and grading system may not be consistent with reward packages offered for comparable posts in the wider labour market, in such cases the University will offer a recruitment supplement in addition to the normal reward package for the post.
The successful applicant will be eligible to join the Universities' Superannuation Scheme. Further information regarding the scheme is available from the Superannuation Officer, who is also prepared to advise on questions relating to the transfer of Superannuation benefits.
All research and related activities, including grants, donations, clinical trials, contract research, consultancy and commercialisation are required to be managed through the University's relevant processes (e.g. contractual and financial), in accordance with the University Court's policies.
Relocation assistance will be provided where appropriate.
The successful applicant of this post will be enrolled onto the University's Early Career Development Programme (ECDP). This will provide for you as an early career academic staff member to be developed and supported over a specified timeframe to facilitate the advancement of your academic career.
Information on the programme can be found on our website at: http://www.gla.ac.uk/services/humanresources/staff/all/pay/earlycareerdev/
New entrants to the University will be required to serve a probationary period of 6 months.
Vacancy reference: 015332.
Interviews will be held on 14 February 2017.
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text: Home Gallery Video Sprite Spa Sprite: Spa Published on May 26, 2006 Editor's Pick Rate this Ad You must be registered to rate the ad. Please Login or Register Now About CreditsDateMay 26, 2006Copywriter:Franklin TiptonExecutive Producer:Brian CarmodyExecutive Producer:Patrick Milling SmithProducer:Allison KunzmanSound Designer:Bill ChesleyAgency Music Producer:Bill MeadowsMixer:Tom JucaroneEditor:Haines HallDirector of Photography:Martin RuhrLine Producer:David J. BernsteinProducer:Jeff MillerDirector:Happy HappySenior Agency Producer:Chris MooreExecutive Agency Producer:Rupert SamuelCopywriter:Rob StrasbergArt Director:James Dawson-HollisArt Director:Geordie StephensCreative Director:Tim RoperChief Creative Officer:Alex BoguskyMusic Company:Amber MusicVFX:FramestoreProduction Company:SmugglerMix:Sound LoungeEditorial Company:SpotWeldersClient:SpriteAgency:Crispin Porter + BoguskySee more credits Tagsbeverage GenreComedy/Dialog Latest Creativity News on Ad Age Charlize Theron Walks on Water for Dior Anonymous, No Smoke, Native Expand Production Capabilities Jennifer Aniston Goes From First Class to Coach in Emirates Spot Advertisement Ad Age Reports Partner White Paper 7 Tips for Keeping Your Creative Team Inspired Beat the creative slump with this informative guide which includes great advice on how to keep your team positive, productive and inspired. Brought to you by Shutterstock Premier. Learn more Related work Sprite: Obey Your Thirst Wieden & Kennedy New York Sprite: The First Home Game Translation Sprite: Sprite to Sprite Johannes Leonardo Want to see your work in our gallery? Submit now


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Malia Obama to Attend Harvard University
Her father, of course, was president of the Harvard Law Review at the Ivy League school. Michelle Obama also graduated from Harvard Law School. ...Read more ›
Her father, of course, was president of the Harvard Law Review at the Ivy League school. Michelle Obama also graduated from Harvard Law School. ...Read more ›
Kentucky, a key border state during the Civil War, was not part of the Confederacy. Officially neutral when war first broke out, Kentucky eventually sided with the Union. ...Read more ›
"This is probably mostly rhetoric from Duterte," said Poling. "But even if it is rhetoric, the fact that he's using it ... doesn't speak well for either political stability or the ability to work with Congress to get things done." ...Read more ›
"What I'm going to say to you is that I'm here representing the mothers who are not heard, I am here representing the mothers who have lost children as we go on about our daily lives," she said during a speech at the Library of Congress ...Read more ›
Allen's mother, Chasity Washington, says she definitely believes that race has played a factor in the arrest. "I think because she's white, the parents got upset that she's been doing what she's been doing." ...Read more ›
It's not as simple as merely handing over the late-game keys to the former league MVP. Westbrook has to understand the massively different levels of success OKC has when Durant's usage rate increases late in games. ...Read more ›
The 28-year-old Gordon led the majors last year with 205 hits and 58 stolen bases. He batted .333, became an All-Star for the second time and won a Gold Glove at second base. ...Read more ›
He is charged with rape, rape of a victim incapable of giving consent, oral copulation, oral copulation with a victim incapable of giving consent and false imprisonment, according to the criminal complaint. ...Read more ›
Eventually, Tunsil was snatched up by the Miami Dolphins, after falling to the 13th pick. And at the ensuing press conference, when asked directly whether he took money from his alma mater, he equivocated. ...Read more ›
Beyoncé addressed the criticism of her video in a rare interview with Elle earlier, saying people are wrong to accuse her of being anti-police. "I mean, I'm an artist and I think the most powerful art is usually misunderstood. ...Read more ›
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The attic
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The attic of the Muppet Theater is seen in several Playhouse Video compilations: Muppet Moments, Muppet Treasures, Fozzie's Muppet Scrapbook and The Muppet Revue.
Kermit the Frog and Fozzie Bear appear in the framing sequences of those videos, cleaning out the attic and reminiscing about memorable acts from The Muppet Show. Various props or characters often serve to trigger their memories of a particular song or sketch.
The attic is located above the stage, and can be accessed by the backstage left stairs up and through a door. (In Fozzie's Muppet Scrapbook, Kermit asks Fozzie if he wants to go paint scenery, and then goes downstairs to the stage.)


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68042, NE Rent to Own Homes
|122 Listings Found
DO THE RIGHT THING! STOP RENTING! YOU CAN OWN A HOME TOO! THIS 3 BEDs two BATHROOMs HOME HAS
16 Pinecrest Dr, Yutan, NE, 68073Details »
whitetail deer and turkey. Raise cattle and 4H animals on your own property. Just a few miles up the road
Gretna, NE, 68028Details »
Are you looking for a small farm in the Gretna area to grow your own crops and raise farm animals
14704 S 204th St Single-Family Home, Gretna, NE, 68028Details »
rent basis. The farm includes +/- 157.16 overall acres, Dry crop +/- 115.69 acres, and +/- 37.47 acres
Ceresco, NE, 68017Details »
Bennington, Nebraska. There are 58 acres of pasture land and riding track currently being leased
Elkhorn, NE, 68022Details »
less than you can rent most homes. Contact now for a private showing.
2911 North 65 St, Lincoln, NE, 68507Details »
three Bedrooms Split-Entery with open Florr plan and high ceilings, frieplace and full length windows in the living room. Sun Light in...
4421 S 145 St, Omaha, NE, 68137Details »
are all options on Cedar Creek Lake #1. A storage space is attached on the lakeside with plenty of room
Cedar Creek, NE, 68016Details »
Contract pending. Nice duplex w/newer vinyl-clad windows & retaining walls. Easy to rent. Currently
12303 Bel Dr, Omaha, NE, 68144Details »
or used as a rental. Had been rented previously for $750/month. Central air, stack pack washer/dryer. 3310
3310 South 44th St Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68510Details »
Spacious basement for rent has 1 bedrooms 1 extra rm. one living rm. 1 bathrooms rm. two closets
Lincoln, NEDetails »
I have a 2 beds Apartment in a new Apartment Complex that I'm looking to rent out the other room
Lincoln, NEDetails »
Seeking mature young professional/student to rent room in peaceful house. Current occupant
Lincoln, NEDetails »
one available! Month to month leases, no security deposit, no admin charges! Recorded video
Lincoln, NEDetails »
Available Only two available! Month to month leases, no security deposit, no admin charges! Recorded video
Lincoln, NEDetails »
RentUntilYouOwn.com is the #1 provider of 68042 Memphis, Nebraska rent to own homes listings.
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Summers Flash Dancer, aka Baby Blue is a fantastic been there done that type paint mare who is very level headed. No "mare attitude" with this girl, she…SOLD
Gorgeous, AQHA registered, Quarter horse mare for sale to a good home only. Rio is 19 years old and is about 13 hands. She was trained originally for sorting…SOLD
Curly is a 10 year old gelding goes english and western, prefers trails to arena work. Has jumped, not his favorite thing, kind,smart, UTD on vaccinations…SOLD
Has recently won 2nd and 3rd place in the flat classes at a Colorado Hunter Jumper Association for his first show. *UPDATE - Tucker won 1st / 2nd places…SOLD
-Taj is a chestnut Akhal Teke (not papered) gelding. -About 18 years old. -16hh. -Located in Parker, CO. -Asking $1500. Price negotiable to a great…SOLD
Toby is a wonderful, sweet, gentle 5 year old Gypsy Vanner gelding. He is large for a Gypsy (15.1 hh) and has phenomenal bloodlines (Lion King Grandson…SOLD
For sale or lease to buy. 1200.00$ obo. With a heavy heart I have decided to put my mare up for sale or lease to buy. Princess (Sleepy Dial) is a…SOLD
Blue is a wonderful, sweet girl with excellent ground manners and conformation. 9 years old. She is double registered as a Spotted Saddle Horse and a Tennessee…SOLD
Bayard, NE


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*** 401 **** * Discussion ******** 1 ****** *******
Attached: MGT 401 Week 2 DQ 1 Hazard Classes.zip
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In this document MGT 401 Week 2 Discussion Question 1 Hazard Classes you will find right answers on the following task: "List the nine major hazard classes as outlined by the U.S Department of Transportation (D.O.T.). Research a news article that covers one of the nine major hazard classes. Identify the hazard and explain how the hazard created the dangerous situation. Respond to at least two of your classmates
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Our fries are a fresh cut above the rest! Enjoy classic fresh-cut fries or pile on the toppings with our new for 2016 LOADED FRIES. Try our BBQ Pulled Pork Fries complete with slow roasted, smoked bbq pulled pork topped with creamy cole slaw and a sweet bbq drizzle. Also pick from Pot Roast, Cheddar Bacon Ranch, Banana Kicker, Old Bay Cheese or Chili Cheese.
Park Location: Kissing Tower Hill


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Space Saver Toilet Roll Flip And Store
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text:
Places to Visit Near Sigiriya
About Sigiriya
Colombo to sigiriyaWe took train at 5 am in early morning to go to sigiriya rock.From train we step down at one of the station. From there we exchanged 2 buses to reach sigiriya village. I recommend to travel by bus as public transport is very cheap, very clean, helpful people. Even you have lots of luggage you can take buses as it is not very much crowded. So we reached sigiriya village around lunch time.From then we started to look for accommodation. We got it for 2000 slr for 3 people. In evening we started trekking on lions stone. Entry fees for indians is $15 each. Its very nice place to trek. It took around 1 hr to reach to top. You find many foreigners on the way. When you reach to top you can have 360' view. Its only heightened places there.
How To Reach
Book a Package Tour
149 Kms from Sigiriya
Day 1: Bandaranaike International Airport is the only International airport of Srilanka, situated approximately 30 kms (kilometers) north of Colombo city. The fastest and easiest way of getting to Colombo from airport is via express way and there are regular buses operating between airport and the city during day time. Since you arrive at Colombo, you can spend the day (or half) exploring the city. You can possibly visit Seema Malakaya temple, Gangaramaya Temple and Viharamahadevi Park in central Colombo during the daylight hours. At the evening you can go gaze at the sunset over Galle Face Green which becomes vibrant with the local crowd after sundown. Also try some of the local delicacies in one of the many street food stalls lined up there. Later to chill out with some beer and music, there is this nice cozy bar, Taproom by RnR located in old dutch hospital complex.Try to stay in central Colombo as all these places are situated around there and can be covered by 10-15 mins walk from Galle Face Green. There are quite a few budget accommodations in central Colombo. We stayed in Back Pack Lanka which offers nice and comfortable dorm stay and is located at about 15 mins walking distance from Galle Face Green.
221 Kms from Sigiriya
One beach you need to visit on your next trip to Maui is Pailoa Bay, a black sand beach on the famed Road to Hana. With its bright blue water and contrasting black pebbled sand, you could easily spend all day relaxing under the Hawaiian sun. Plus, there are sea caves and lava tubes to explore nearby! Saying this beach is ridiculously remarkable is an understatement! 4) Jessica from A Passion and A Passport: Pailoa Bay, Hawaii, USA
216 Kms from Sigiriya
Best time to visit - N/A
An island in the Gulf of Mannar region, Rameshwaram is joined with the mainland with the help of the Pamban Beach. The main attraction here is the Rama Temple after the name of whom the place was named Rameshwaram. It is said that after slaying Ravana, Lord Rama came here to seek forgivance for his act of slaying Ravana. This is where the temple is built and the temple has 22 wells. The number defines the number of arrows in Rama's quiver. The temple is marked with huge pillars and magnificent corridors. The third corridor is said to be the longest in the world. The other attractions here are the beaches known as the Olaikoda, Dhanushkodi and the Pamban Beaches. The main activities you can enjoy here are scuba diving, migratory bird- watching. You can also enjoy conch collection and fishing here.
220 Kms from Sigiriya
Galle located at the southwestern coast of Srilanka is not only known for its famous Dutch fortress but also some of the awesome beaches around it. From Hatton take the bus to Colombo and alight a few stops ahead at Kaduwela from where you can get a bus to Galle that runs through the southern expressway and hardly takes an hour and a half to reach Galle. For stay, there are plenty of guesthouses and a few hostels inside the fort to choose from. Once you have checked in your guesthouse you can spend the evening walking around the fort and admiring its rich heritage. Though I read online that you cant get alcohol inside the fort, there are quite a few restaurants cafes inside that serves beer and other beverages and the most noticeable being Taphouse by R&R located in the hospital street nearby the lighthouse.
Nuwara Eliya
108 Kms from Sigiriya
After this one we started our journey to Nuwara Eliya, my favourite. We reached there by train, it's an amazing journey from Kandy to Nuwara Eliya. Luckily for us the temperature was 14• that day.
224 Kms from Sigiriya
Ella to mirissa7th August we moved from mountains to beach again. Ella to mirissa beach. Unlike beach on east side where you don t have waves and calm sea, you have big waves on west side beach good for surfing. Mirissa is a good town. You can find many hotels and guesthouse around the beach. Enjoy on beach and take bicycle on rent and just explore the area. Climate is bit a hot on west side during august.
129 Kms from Sigiriya
Colombo to negombo and airportWe have flight in early morning so we kept our luggage at airport and went to negombo beach. Which is near to international airport. You have to exchange 2 buses to reach beach from airport. We spent last evening of our srilanka travel at negombo beach. After that we spent our night at airport to avoid room charges.
Places to Visit · Getaways · Trips · Hotels
223 Kms from Sigiriya
Then came the fun point, beaches :) We started our journey from Nuwara Eliya to Matara beach in the Southern Province of Sri Lanka. An awesome town and beach. We reached there around the sunset time and that would definitely be one of the most beautiful sunsets I have ever seen.
0 Hotels found


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Online Class
Design Your Own Castle Cake
with Sharon Wee
Do you sell this cake? No, just for fun Share a little about the materials, processes, and techniques used to create this cake Covered pipes in fondant to create turrets. Sculpted and covered three cakes in ganache and then fondant. Also modelled a little gum paste girl!


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Listing Courtesy of Crawford Realty, Llc
Listing information
- Beds: 2
- Total Rooms: 5
- New Construction: No
- Lot Area: 0.75
- Association Fee: $118
- Style: 1-Story
- Baths: 2 (Full: 1 3/4: 0 1/2: 1 Other: 0)
- Stories: 0
- Foreclosure: No
- Lot Size: 210X135X258X135
- County: Ogle
- Year Built: 2003
- Status: Active
- Parking Type Description: Attached 2 cars
- Total Square Footage: 1,108 ($126.26 per sq. foot)
- Estimated Annual Taxes: $2,100
Additional Rooms Foyer
Age 11-15 Years
Air Conditioning Central Air
Area Dixon / Nelson
Assessment Includes Common Insurance, Lake Rights, Other, Security
Basement Full
Basement Bathrooms (Y/N) Yes
Basement Description Partially Finished
Built Before 1978 (Y/N) No
Disability Access and/or Equipped No
Exterior Building Type Cedar
Garage On-Site Yes
Garage Ownership Owned
Garage Type Attached
General Information None
Heat/Fuel Propane
Lot Size .50-.99 Acre
Master Association Fee Yes
Master Bedroom Bath None
Other Bedrooms (Below Grade) - 0, Master Association Fee($) - 325, Special Service Area - N, Tax Year - 2015, Total Full/Half Baths - 1.1, Township - Taylor
Ownership Fee Simple w/ HO Assn.
Parking Garage
Possession Closing
Property Type Detached Single
Recent Rehab (Y/N) No
Sewer Septic-Mechanical
Special Assessments N
Tax Exemptions Homeowner
Type Detached 1 Story
Virtual Tour None
Water Well-Community
Waterfront (Y/N) No
Bedroom 2 Main Level 11X11
Dining Room Main Level 12X8
Foyer Main Level 12X8
Kitchen Main Level 9X12
Living Room Main Level 20X16
Master Bedroom Main Level 14X11
Listing Courtesy of Crawford Realty, Llc


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THIS IS A DIRECTORY PAGE. Britannica does not currently have an article on this topic.
Alternative Title: "Kitab-i Dede Korkut"
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Turkish literature
...genre of Turkish literature is the heroic epic, of which the prime example is the Kitab-i Dede Korkut ("The Book of My Grandfather Korkut"; Eng. trans. The Book of Dede Korkut), which has survived in two 16th-century manuscripts. The actual date of the work is unknown. At least one of the tales was already circulating in written form in the...