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BATON ROUGE, La.-- Louisiana Attorney General James "Buddy" Caldwell's office says five pharmaceutical companies will pay the state more than $18.6 million to resolve allegations they misreported drug price information to the state's Medicaid program.
JACKSON, Miss.-- An Oklahoma Indian tribe is moving forward with buying the DiamondJacks casinos in Bossier City, La., and Vicksburg, Miss.. Wilmington Trust, a Delaware institution, leads a syndicate holding $181 million in secured debt with the first claim on Legends assets.
LAS VEGAS-- Shares of Pinnacle Entertainment hit annual highs Wednesday after the casino operator halved its losses for the third quarter and beat Wall Street expectations. Pinnacle Entertainment Inc. owns and runs a total of seven casinos, in Louisiana, Missouri, and Indiana, as well as a racetrack in Ohio.
GEISMAR, La.-- BASF is building a formic acid production plant in Louisiana's Ascension Parish that will create 20 new jobs. Bobby Jindal and company executives were at the groundbreaking Tuesday, at the company's 2,600- acre complex in Geismar, which is home to nearly two dozen chemical plants.
The national average for a gallon of gas has dropped 13 cents in the past week to $3.625. That's the biggest weekly decline since the 7- day period ended Nov. 28, 2008, according to Oil Price Information Services analyst Fred Rozell. Rozell says gas has averaged $3.65 so far this year, 10 cents above the record set in 2011..
Oct 23- A federal appeals court on Tuesday reinstated a $9.2 million securities arbitration ruling against Morgan Keegan& Co stemming from a group of bond funds that became the subject of a civil fraud action by regulators.
WASHINGTON, Oct 23- The U.S. Energy Department needs to explain how it will determine whether to allow more exports of the nation's bountiful supplies of natural gas, a top Democrat on the Senate Energy Committee, said on Tue sday.
WASHINGTON, Oct 23- The U.S. Energy Department needs to explain how it will determine whether to allow more exports of the nation's bountiful supplies of natural gas, Senator Ron Wyden, a top Democrat on the Senate Energy Committee, said on T ues day.
*Sluggish demand in China, more stimulus unlikely now. LONDON, Oct 23- Copper slid to a six-week low on Tuesday, giving up more gains from its September rally, as a strong dollar, renewed worries over Spain's sovereign debt and a lack of robust demand from China knocked investor risk appetite.
NEW ORLEANS-- Oil giant BP has asked a federal judge to disregard objections from a fraction of claimants and give final approval to a proposed multibillion-dollar settlement over economic damages from the Gulf oil spill.
NEW ORLEANS-- The U.S. Small Business Administration will close three recovery centers in Louisiana that were opened to help residents affected by Hurricane Isaac.
NEW ORLEANS-- Dwayne Boudreaux's memories of the Circle Food Store in New Orleans 7th Ward neighborhood are so vivid he can walk through its colonnade of arches into the dark and empty shell and give a guided tour of how it was before Hurricane Katrina.
Texas- based oilfield services company Baker Hughes Inc. reported Friday that 1,410 rigs were exploring for oil and 427 were searching for gas. A year ago, Baker Hughes listed 2,013 rigs. Of the major oil- and gas-producing states, Alaska gained five rigs while Arkansas, Colorado and North Dakota rose by two each.
September was the second month in a row the unemployment rate dropped in Louisiana, after no improvement since January, when joblessness hit a post-recession low of 6.9 percent. Louisiana had a 7.2 percent unemployment rate in September 2011. In September 2011, the state had 148,000 unemployed people.
_ it's billboards to speak out against a Pittsburgh City Council plan to tax the message board. Lamar Advertising of Baton Rouge, La., is targeting the council members who are proposing the 10- percent tax, Natalia Rudiak and Darlene Harris.
BATON ROUGE, La.-- Technology and engineering firm The Shaw Group Inc. said Friday that it turned a profit in its fiscal fourth quarter. In the recent quarter Shaw agreed to be acquired by Chicago Bridge& Iron NV for about $3.2 billion. In the quarter ended Aug. 31, Shaw Group earned $113.2 million, or $1.68 per share.
KEY WEST, Fla.-- Delta Air Lines Inc. and U.S. Airways are planning to begin nonstop seasonal service between Key West and both New York City and Washington D.C. in time for the Christmas travel season. U.S. Airways is a unit of US Airways Group Inc..
NEW ORLEANS-- Gamblers lost nearly $199.7 million at Louisiana's state licensed casinos in September, up from $188 million for August and $196.6 million for September of last year.
NEW YORK-- Three small, silver spoons elegantly engraved with the words "Waldorf Astoria" have come full circle: Stolen eight decades ago by an employee of the famed hotel, they passed through two Brooklyn homes and another three in New Jersey.


text: Home > Entertainment Where Ai Ai draws strength amid controversy ABS-CBN News Posted at May 25 2013 04:51 PM | Updated as of May 26 2013 01:15 AM Share Facebook Twitter GPlus LinkedIn Pinterest MANILA, Philippines -- In the days following her emotional confession of her separation from her husband, Ai Ai delas Alas received an outpouring of support from her family, friends and colleagues. The 48-year-old actress said she continues to draw strength from loved ones who surround her, especially "[galing] sa mga anak ko at sa Diyos." Delas Alas has two children with former husband, singer-actor Miguel Vera. She also has another son, Sancho, from a previous relationship. In a series of posts on image-sharing service Instagram, delas Alas also shared photos of her with close friends and a religious support group, citing them as helpful to her moving on from her separation. Last Sunday, an emotional delas Alas admitted in a taped interview on "The Buzz" that she and Salang, her husband of one month, broke up after he allegedly physically abused her. Among the personalities who have expressed support for delas Alas following her confession are President Benigno Aquino III, ABS-CBN president and chief executive officer Charo Santos-Concio, co-stars Vice Ganda, Kris Aquino, Marian Rivera, and actress Judy Ann Santos. Share Facebook Share on Twitter GPlus LinkedIn Pinterest Read More: support break-up separation delas alas Ai Ai strength /video/news/12/09/16/duterte-inireklamo-ni-matobato-kaugnay-ng-umanoy-davao-death-squad/video/business/12/09/16/sws-bilang-ng-pinoy-na-walang-trabaho-bumaba/news/v2/12/09/16/the-day-in-photos-9-december-2016/video/news/12/09/16/in-the-loop-matobato-wants-duterte-investigated/sports/12/09/16/pba-james-yap-gets-additional-minutes-in-preparation-for-old-team-star

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Automation Testing in Selenium (Required Only Male Candidates) ( 1 - 3 yrs)
Royal Managment
RS80,000 To 2,00,000Chandigarh, Mohali ( Chandigarh )
Automation Testing in Selenium (Required Only Male Candidates) No. of Vacancy are: 2 Experience: 1- 5 years Tools: Selenium, QTP Additional Expertise: Software Test Automation Expertise
Key Skills : automation testing,selenium tester,automation engineer,automation tester,test qtp,test plc,regression testing,sap qtp...
Software Tester(fresher/experienced) ( 1 yrs)
RS50,000 To 1,25,000Chandigarh, Mohali ( Chandigarh )
Review documentation to ensure that requirements stated are correct, unambiguous, and verifiable. Consult or provide suggestion for system interfaces, operational requirements, and performance requirements of overall system. Prepare and Execute Tes...
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Quality Analyst | Software Tester ( 1 - 2 yrs)
Toxsl Technologies Pvt Ltd.
RS1,50,000 To 5,00,000Mohali ( Chandigarh )
Job Title : Quality Analyst Experience: 1 – 2 years Interview Type: Direct Walk-in or Scheduled. Walk-in Interview : 08 – 09th June, 2016 [10am – 5pm] Venue: C-127, 4th Floor, Industrial Area, Phase-8 (Sec-72), Mohali (Chandigarh) Contact...
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Prologic Technologies
RS90,000 To 1,50,000Chandigarh, Mohali ( Chandigarh ), Panchkula, Kurali, Mohali, other Punjab
Job Responsibilities and Description: Verify specific action or function of code. Detect software failures so that defects may be discovered and corrected. Execute appropriate test routines and revert on time. Detect software failures so that...
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QA / Software Tester job in Chandigarh Mohali ( 0 - 2 yrs)
Toxsl Technologies Pvt Ltd.
RS1,50,000 To 3,00,000Chandigarh, Mohali ( Chandigarh )
Experience: 0 to 2 Year Designation: Software Tester / Q.A. No. of Positions: 2 Salary Range: As per experience and Skills. Industry: IT / Software Development Job Responsibilities: Writing test Cases based on Business requirements. Should h...
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Urgent Opening For Software Tester ( 0 - 1 yrs)
Forcit Cample
RS1,00,000 To 1,25,000Mohali ( Chandigarh )
Last opportunity for the freshers who are looking to peruse there carrier in software testing profile. we are hiring fresher candidates for the profile of software tester trainee.. stipend based Tanning.. On the job Tanning .
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looking for Quality/Software Tester ( 1 - 3 yrs)
Jeronone Technologies
RS1,25,000 To 2,00,000Mohali ( Chandigarh )
We are having an urgent requirement for Software/Quality Tester for our IT Company Designation: Quality / Software Tester Summary Responsible for testing and evaluating the software applications and systems that make computers function. Job Respo...
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Quality Analyst/Software Tester ( 1 - 3 yrs)
Jeronone Technologies
RS1,75,000 To 2,50,000Mohali ( Chandigarh )
Job Title: Quality Analyst/Software Tester No of Vacancies: 2 Experience: 6m to 2 years Salary: Negotiable Skills: The QA Analyst will develop test plans, test cases and test scripts for projects, among other assigned duties. The Quality Assuran...
Key Skills : quality analyst,software testing engineer,quality mentor,quality assurance coach


text:
Man jailed on assault chargeJanuary 30,2014Man jailed on
assault charge
A Rutland man is behind bars after allegedly beating a woman during a domestic incident on Grove Street.
Joshua E. Koch, 25, pleaded innocent in Rutland criminal court Wednesday to a felony charge of aggravated assault in the first degree and a misdemeanor charge of cruelty to a child. Judge Cortland Corsones set bail at $10,000 for Koch who remained in jail Wednesday evening.
Koch was arrested Tuesday night after an incident at 92 Grove St. where a woman told city police Koch punched her and kicked her with steel-toed boots in front of a toddler.MORE IN This Just InPolice reminded drivers Monday about the importance of driving safely, pointing to a number of... Full StoryWEATHERSFIELD The Vermont State Police responded to a home on Roberts Road in Weathersfield... Full StoryA professor at Vermont Law School said Monday he could not see Omyas legal basis for threatening... Full Story
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Hampton Inn & Suites Pittsburgh - Downtown: Find photos, reviews, information, amenities and compare prices for 3 stars hotels in Pittsburgh, United States.
Boasting a Jacuzzi and a swimming pool, Hampton Inn & Suites Pittsburgh - Downtown is located in Pittsburgh and offers comfortable accommodation. It is ideally positioned for guests wishing to discover the area's attractions.
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 23, 1999
|Filing date
|Dec 8, 1997
|Priority date
|Dec 8, 1997
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Ken S. Chen, William P. Morgan, John L. Zich
|Original Assignee
|Sandia Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (24), Classifications (16), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention was made with Government support under Contract DE-AC04-94AL85000 awarded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The Government has certain rights in the invention.
This invention relates to the field of additive metallization of substrates. Many electronic applications require patterned metallization of nonconductive substrates for interconnection among electronic devices. Examples of such applications include high density packaging (multi-chip modules), antennas, flex circuits, printed wiring boards, and flat panel displays. The metallic interconnects are conventionally formed by subtractive processes. Modern additive processes attempt to overcome the drawbacks of subtractive processes.
In a subtractive metallization process, a surface of the substrate is first fully coated. Alternatively, a metal sheet can be laminated onto a flat substrate using adhesive. Selected portions of the metal plating are then etched to leave the desired patterned metallization. Vacuum-assisted physical vapor deposition and sputtering deposition are often used to achieve en masse plating. Physical vapor and sputtering deposition require high vacuum, and consequentially high capital equipment and operating costs. Those deposition processes can also result in poor adhesion of the metal to the substrate.
Full coverage metal plating can also be achieved by sensitizing a surface of the substrate with a palladium chloride/tin chloride bath and chemically reducing palladium ions to form catalytic clusters. Electroless plating followed by electrolytic plating deposits metal on the surface. This process can be costly due to the large number of wet processing steps, and the chemical dissimilarity between the metal coating and the substrate discourages chemical bonding therebetween. Consequently, the metal only weakly adheres to the substrate.
After full coverage metal plating, a layer of resist (a photoresist is often used) is deposited in a pattern on top of the metal layer, with the pattern corresponding to the desired metallization pattern. A subsequent etching step removes all the metal except that protected by the patterned resist layer. The etching process is usually time consuming and costly, and can require the use of materials unfriendly to the environment.
Additive processes have been proposed to overcome the environmental drawbacks of subtractive processes. Current additive processes achieve only thin layers of metallization, limiting their practical applications. See, e.g., Tokas et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,348,574. Current additive processes also suffer from poor adhesion, just as with the subtractive processes. Some of the additive processes retain resist and etching steps; consequently, they suffer from the same environmental hazards as the subtractive processes. See, e.g., Hirsch et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,192,581. Others have process limitations that limit their uses with widely available substrate materials. See, e.g., Orlowski et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,153,023. Metal/foil adhesive processes use costly thick metal foils and poorly adhering low molecular weight polymer adhesives.
Accordingly, there remains a need for improved additive metallization processes, specifically for processes that provide fine line metallization and that can provide the increased metallization thickness required in practical applications such as printed wiring boards.
The present invention provides an improved process for additive metallization of substrates. The improved process comprises applying a catalyst solution onto the substrate. The catalyst solution can coat an entire surface of the substrate or can be selectively applied to only a portion of a substrate surface. The concentration of solvent in the layer of catalyst solution on the substrate surface can be reduced by heating the coated substrate. Metallic clusters can be formed in the remaining catalyst layer by irradiating the substrate with suitable electromagnetic radiation. Masks, lithographic processes, or optical focusing can provide precision control of the cluster formation, allowing subsequent metallization steps to realize high density features. Electroless plating can then deposit metal onto the coated portion of the substrate. Additional metallization thickness can be obtained by electrolytically plating the substrate after the electroless plating step. The improved process requires only one wet processing step (applying the catalyst solution onto the substrate) and does not require a high vacuum, so capital and operational costs are less than with existing processes. The improved process also does not require an etching step, avoiding the environmental hazards of chemical etching. The improved process results in increased metallization thickness, making it suitable for a wider range of applications than existing processes. The improved process can provide very fine metallic features, allowing high density connections.
Advantages and novel features will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the following description or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objects and advantages of the invention may be realized and attained by means of the instrumentalities and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims.
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated into and form part of the specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention.
FIGS. 1a, 1b, 1c, and 1d show a substrate during processing according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 shows plating results with varying radiation wavelength.
FIG. 3 shows plating results with varying radiation energy flux.
The present invention provides a novel process for additive metallization of substrates.
FIG. 1 (a-f) shows a substrate during processing according to the present invention. The process comprises applying a catalyst solution 2 to a surface of a substrate 1. The catalyst solution 2 comprises a solvent, a carrier, and metal catalyst ions. The catalyst solution 2 can cover an entire surface of the substrate 1 or can be selectively applied to only a portion of a surface of substrate 1 using techniques known to those skilled in the art. FIG. 1b shows the substrate after the concentration of solvent in the layer of catalyst solution 2 on the surface of substrate 1 has been reduced. By way of example, heating can reduce the concentration of solvent in the layer of catalyst solution 2 on the surface of substrate 1 and also dry the surface, allowing easier handling during subsequent processing.
FIG. 1c shows the substrate 1 with a mask 6 mounted thereon. Mask 6 can shield portions of the substrate 1 from irradiation (represented by lines 7 in the figure). Mask 6 can have cutouts 8 corresponding to portions of the substrate 1 where metallization is desired. Irradiating the substrate 1 with appropriate electromagnetic radiation can form metallic clusters in the portions of the remaining catalyst layer not blocked by mask 6.
FIG. 1d shows the substrate 1 after metallic clusters 3 have been formed in the catalyst layer 2. The portions of the catalyst layer 9 shielded by the mask 6 have no metallic clusters; the shaded portions corresponding to cutouts in the mask 6 have metallic clusters 3.
FIG. 1e shows the substrate after electroless plating has deposited metal 4 onto the portions of the surface of substrate 1 containing metallic clusters. If desired, electrolytic plating can then deposit additional metal 5 onto metal deposited electrolessly, as shown in FIG. 1f.
Application performance objectives often constrain the choice of a substrate material. For example, the application might require that the substrate be a good electrical insulator. The application might require that the substrate remain stable when subjected to very high or very low temperatures, or to certain temperature variations. The application might require a substrate capable of withstanding repeated stretching or bending cycles. The application might also require that the substrate have properties compatible with other components (e.g., thermal expansion). The present invention is suitable for use with, for example, commonly used organic polymeric substrate materials such as polyimide, polyester, polyurethane, and epoxy-based polymers.
The choice of substrate material affects the composition chosen for the catalyst solution. The catalyst solution comprises a suitable polymer carrier (including monomers and oligomers), catalyst ions, and a solvent or solvents. Palladium can be used as a catalyst because of its low cost. Gold, platinum, iridium, rhodium, and ruthenium can also be used as catalysts. Palladium ions can be obtained by dissolving a palladium salt (e.g., palladium chloride or palladium acetate) in the catalyst solution. Ammonium hydroxide can be used to complex the catalyst ions to prevent them from forming complexes with the polymer carrier. The catalyst solution can comprise additional components such as surfactants to improve wettability and hence uniformity of substrate coverage. The specific choices for carrier and solvent can depend on the substrate chemistry and surface features, as discussed below.
The polymer carrier can be chosen so that it achieves several basic objectives:
The polymer carrier should be dissolved by the solvent so that a solution results.
The polymer carrier should not complex with palladium ions on mixing with the palladium salt.
The polymer carrier should allow palladium ions, palladium atoms, or both to diffuse within a solid matrix of the polymer carrier during activation.
The polymer carrier should be identical to, similar to, or compatible with the substrate upon solidification so that good adhesion is created between the substrate and the solid matrix of the polymer carrier.
For organic polymer substrate material, numerous polymers, including monomers and oligomers, can be suitable carriers. A polyamic-acid carrier can be used with solvents such as 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone. For example, a solution of 34.6% by weight polyamic acid, 62.35% by weight 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, 0.925% by weight palladium acetate, 2.1% by weight concentrated ammonia hydroxide, and 0.025% by weight FC 430 (a fluoroaliphatic polymeric ester surfactant from 3M Corporation) forms a suitable catalyst solution. A polyamic-acid carrier becomes polyimide once polymerized or cured, and therefore is especially suitable for use with polyimide substrate materials. Skybond 3300 (24-28% polymer content, 10,000-20,000 cps viscosity), from Summit Precision Polymers Corporation, is an example of a suitable polyamic acid.
A polyvinyl butyral carrier can be used with a solvent such as a mixture of 4-methyl-2-pentanol and n-butanol. For example, a solution of 4.9% by weight polyvinyl butyral, 1.45% by weight palladium chloride, 30.0% by weight 4-methyl-2-pentanol, and the remainder n-butanol forms a suitable catalyst solution.
A polyvinyl chloride latex resin carrier can be used with water as a solvent. Aqueous solutions can be less environmentally hazardous than organic solvent-based solutions. For example, a solution of 18.2% by weight polyvinyl chloride latex resin, 3.3% by weight butyl cellosolve, 3.4% by weight palladium acetate, 7.5% by weight concentrated ammonium hydroxide, 5.4% by weight polyurethane resin (such as the ACRYSOL RM-8W thickening agent marketed by Rohm and Haas), 4.5% by weight Triton-X 100 (a polyethylene glycol-based surfactant marketed by Aldrich), and the remainder water forms a suitable catalyst formulation. Both the polyvinyl butyral carrier and the polyvinyl chloride latex carrier can be cured at low temperatures (approximately 150� C. to 90� C.). Accordingly, they are suitable for use with substrates such as polyester and epoxy-based polymers that cannot withstand the high temperatures needed for curing a polyamic-acid carrier.
The catalyst solution is applied to a surface of the substrate. Dipping, spraying, slide coating, slot coating, roll coating, Meyer-rod coating, gravure coating, and draw-down processes known to those skilled in the art can coat an entire surface of the substrate. Full coating can result in full metallization of the substrate surface, or selective metallization if irradiation is selective. Alternatively, processes such as screen printing, flexographic printing, plotting, ink-jet printing, and gravure printing can apply catalyst solution to only selected portions of the substrate surface. The substrate surface will be metallized only where the catalyst solution was applied and subsequently irradiated.
Processing such as heating the substrate can reduce the concentration of solvent in the catalyst solution on the substrate surface. Solvent removal can dry the catalyst coating and allow easier handling and storage. A properly dried catalyst layer on a substrate can be stored for many years before activation. For example, a polyamic-acid catalyst solution on a polyimide substrate can be dried by heating it for 15 minutes to 60 minutes at temperatures of 50� C. to 100� C. For ease of handling, the majority of the solvent should be removed. Excessive drying temperatures should be avoided because they can trap solvent beneath thick polymer carrier surface skins. Generally, heating to at least one third the boiling temperature of the solvent until at least half the solvent is removed is desirable; heating until 90% of the solvent is removed is preferred.
Electromagnetic radiation supplied to the substrate and catalyst coating activates the palladium catalyst. Irradiative activation accomplishes several important tasks:
It produces catalytic metallic palladium clusters by reducing the palladium ion to palladium metal and by diffusion of palladium metal to form clusters by nucleation and growth.
It polymerizes or otherwise cures the polymer carrier in the catalyst coating to foster cohesive strength within the cured carrier.
It fosters interdiffusion of molecules between the substrate and the polymer carrier, causing enhanced adhesion between the substrate and the cured polymer carrier.
Lithographic techniques known to those skilled in the art can be used to selectively irradiate portions of the coated substrate. For a Skybond 3300 catalyst solution, irradiation with ultraviolet light, having a wavelength from 300 nm to 390 nm (310 nm to 350 nm preferred) with a total energy flux of over 15.0 joules per square centimeter can activate the catalyst layer. The specific wavelength and total energy flux required can be dependent on the choice of catalyst; wavelengths and energy fluxes sufficient to form palladium clusters averaging at least about 5 nm can result in satisfactory plating.
After irradiative activation, any one of a plurality of electroless plating processes can deposit metal on the substrate. Electroless plating processes are known to those skilled in the art. See, e.g., Electroless Plating: Fundamentals and Applications, edited by G. 0. Mallory and J. B. Hajdu, 1990. Commercial copper plating baths, for example Shipley Cuposit 328, are suitable for use with the present invention (Shipley Cuposit 328 bath conditions: 3 g/L suspended copper, 7.5 g/L formaldehyde, 23� C. operating temperature, 10.2 bath pH). Other metals such as gold, silver, and nickel can also be deposited. In electroless plating, reducing agents such as formaldehyde are oxidized to produce electrons. Metal ions in the plating bath consume the electrons and are reduced to metal. The reduction chemical reaction proceeds in the presence of a catalyst such as palladium metal or palladium metal clusters. Palladium metal clusters greater than 5 nm in average size are effective as catalysts in electroless plating processes.
Heating the substrate after electroless plating can significantly increase adhesion of the metallization to the substrate. In general, long exposure to temperatures sufficient to soften the substrate (i.e., above the glass transition temperature of the substrate) and cure the polymer carrier is desirable. The heating must not melt the substrate, but long exposure to sufficient temperatures promotes adhesion between the substrate and the polymer carrier. For example, a substrate can be heated for at least one hour at 80� C. to 200� C. (two hours at 170� C. preferred) Heating can also remove moisture at the polymer-metal interface that reduces bonding strength. Heating can also cause oxidation of metal at the polymer-metal interface, which can increase bonding strength and thereby improve adhesion. Additional heating can also help further cure the polymer carrier.
Existing electroless plating processes can normally deposit metal up to a few microns thick in a reasonable time. A new commercial copper bath, Circuposit 71 Full Build Electroless Copper, marketed by Shipley, can deposit 25 microns of copper in ten hours. It has also been reported that 25 micron thick copper can be deposited using commercial baths in eight to fourteen hours. See, e.g., "Electroless Plating: Fundamentals and Applications," Chapter 13, edited by Mallory and Hajdu, 1990.
Alternatively, electrolytic plating can be used to deposit additional metal to the desired thickness on the seed metal layer formed by electroless plating. Electrolytic plating is more efficient (has a higher plating rate) than electroless plating. Electrolytic plating processes comprise applying an electric current through a copper anode to provide electrons needed in the reduction chemical reaction at the cathode and are known to those skilled in the art. See, e.g., Electroplating (a chapter in Comprehensive Treatise of Electrochemistry Vol. 2, Bockris, Conway, Yeager, and White, Plenum Press, N.Y. 1981); Fundamentals of Metal Deposition (Raub and Muller, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1967). Commercial electrolytic plating solutions, for example the LeaRonal Glean Copper PC Plating Bath, can be used to increase the metal thickness from the seed metal layer deposited by electroless plating (LeaRonal Glean Copper PC Plating Bath composition: 12 oz./gal. copper sulfate, 25 oz./gal. sulfuric acid, 70 ppm chloride, 0.5% Copper Glean PC additive; process conditions: air agitation, 30 amps/square foot cathode current density, phosphorized copper anode).
The following non-limiting examples further illustrate the invention.
This example demonstrated that ultraviolet light or electromagnetic waves can be employed to activate or generate palladium clusters that are necessary to catalyze the substrate surface for electroless plating in fine-line patterned metallization applications. A Skybond 3300 polyamic acid (purchased from Summit Precision Polymers in Fort Lee, N.J.) catalyst solution was coated onto a 2.75 inch�6 inch, 5 mil thick Kapton sheet substrate uniformly using a GARDCO size 20 metering rod (or draw-down bar; available from GARDCO Company). After coating, the sample was immediately transferred to a low-temperature oven and dried at 80� C. for 30 minutes. After drying, the sample was placed on top of a 5.75 inch�4.875 inch and 0.125 inch thick Soda Lime Float glass. A Mylar circuit pattern mask was placed on top of the sample. A 5.75 inch�4.875 inch and 0.125 inch thick Soda Lime Float glass was then placed on top of the Mylar mask. Next, the glass-sample-mask-glass sandwich was placed outdoor in the direct New Mexico sunlight (starting at 9:15 A.M.) while simultaneously activating a DYNACHEM model 500 UV Integrating Radiometer. The sample was irradiated with direct sunlight for 6 hours (from 9:15 A.M. to 3:15 P.M.) and the Radiometer registered a total energy flux of 22.4 joules per square cm (or J/cm2). The UV-activated sample was then placed vertically into a Shipley Cuposit 328 electroless copper bath and plated at room temperature (23� C.) for 30 minutes. The plated sample was rinsed with water and dried by blowing nitrogen gas on it. It was observed that copper was plated uniformly on the unmasked areas to yield a circuit pattern with 2 mil (50 microns) metal lines and 2 mil spacing between lines. Adhesion was tested by applying common transparent tape, with pressure, to the metallized areas. Peeling the tape produced no apparent metal separations from the substrate.
This example demonstrated the relationship between catalyst activation and the wavelength of ultraviolet (UV) light or electromagnetic waves employed. A 5.5 inch�4.5 inch, 5 mil thick Kapton substrate was coated with the Skybond polyamic acid catalyst solution using a GARDCO size 20 metering rod, and dried at 80� C. for 30 minutes (as in Example 1). The sample was then placed on top of one piece of 5.75 inch�4.875 inch and 0.125 inch thick Soda Lime Float glass. Filters, which pass only selected wavelengths of light, were placed on the top surface of the sample and then the filter-covered sample was subjected to UV radiation. Various filter and wavelength combinations were tested. The sample, along with the filters sitting on the top surface being irradiated, was placed outdoors (starting at 9 A.M.) for eight hours. The UV-activated sample was then placed vertically into a Shipley Cuposit 328 electroless copper bath and plated at room temperature (23� C.) for 30 minutes. The results obtained are summarized in FIG. 2. In the figure, "Wavelength" refers to the wavelength of light passed through the filter and to the substrate.
This example demonstrated how the total energy flux impinging on the catalyst layer affects the catalytic activity and thus plating quality. Seven dried catalyst samples were prepared the same way as in Examples 1 & 2. All seven samples were placed outdoors in direct sunlight for catalyst activation. The activation process was terminated at 30 minute intervals by taking one sample off UV radiation at a time and recording the total energy flux then indicated by a Radiometer. The UV-activated samples were then placed vertically into a Shipley Cuposit 328 electroless copper bath and plated at room temperature (23� C.) for 30 minutes. The results obtained are summarized in FIG. 3. The plating quality for samples with total energy flux greater than about 24.7 Joules per square centimeter were about the same.
The particular sizes and equipment discussed above are cited merely to illustrate particular embodiments of the invention. It is contemplated that the use of the invention may involve components having different sizes and characteristics. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims appended hereto.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Mar 13, 1990
|Jan 1, 1991
|Microelectronics And Computer Technology Corporation
|Method of patterning electroless plated metal on a polymer substrate
|Dec 3, 1990
|Oct 6, 1992
|Xerox Corporation
|Process for catalysis of electroless metal plating on plastic
|Jan 14, 1992
|Mar 9, 1993
|Microelectronics And Computer Technology Corporation
|Protective layer for preventing electroless deposition on a dielectric
|Jul 2, 1993
|Sep 20, 1994
|Monsanto Company
|Metal-coated polyimide
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 11, 2003
|Jul 18, 2006
|Shinko Electric Industries Co., Ltd.
|Method of forming a metal film, semiconductor device and wiring board
|Mar 5, 2007
|May 11, 2010
|Uchicago Argonne, Llc
|Method of preparing size-selected metal clusters
|Dec 3, 2004
|May 7, 2013
|Conductive Inkjet Technology Limited
|Formation of solid layers on substrates
|Oct 15, 2012
|Aug 27, 2013
|Conductive Inkjet Technology Limited
|Formation of solid layers on substrates
|Jun 26, 2003
|Feb 12, 2004
|No Chang Ho
|Method for forming high reflective micropattern
|Dec 27, 2001
|Apr 15, 2004
|Shipley Company, L.L.C.
|Composite material with improved binding strength and method for forming the same
|Dec 11, 2003
|Jun 24, 2004
|Shinko Electric Industries Co., Ltd.
|Method of forming a metal film, semiconductor device and wiring board
|Dec 5, 2001
|Sep 2, 2004
|Masaru Seita
|Resin composite material and method of forming the same
|Jul 17, 2002
|Dec 9, 2004
|Evans Peter Sidney Albert
|Method for forming conducting layer onto substrate
|Oct 29, 2004
|Jun 16, 2005
|Bentley Philip G.
|Formation of layers on substrates
|Dec 3, 2004
|Jul 14, 2005
|Conductive Inkjet Technology Limited
|Formation of solid layers on substrates
|Jan 24, 2005
|Jul 28, 2005
|Shipley Company, L.L.C.
|Composite material with improved binding strength and method for forming the same
|May 28, 2004
|Dec 21, 2006
|Markku Leskela
|Methttod for producing metal conductors on a substrate
|Dec 28, 2005
|Jun 28, 2007
|Intel Corporation
|Method of making a substrate using laser assisted metallization and patterning with electroless plating without electrolytic plating
|Mar 5, 2007
|Nov 15, 2007
|Elam Jeffrey W
|Method of preparing size-selected metal clusters
|Dec 3, 2008
|Nov 19, 2009
|Fukui Precision Component (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd.
|Ink and method of forming electrical traces using the same
|Sep 9, 2003
|Jul 6, 2005
|SUMITOMO ELECTRIC INDUSTRIES Ltd
|Plated polyester resin article and method for production thereof
|Feb 18, 2005
|Feb 14, 2007
|MacDermid, Incorporated
|Selective catalytic activation of non-conductive substrates
|Apr 17, 2000
|Nov 9, 2000
|Jorma Kalevi Kivilahti
|Method for manufacturing solderless high density electronic modules
|Sep 9, 2003
|Mar 18, 2004
|Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd.
|Plated polyester resin article and method for production thereof
|Oct 29, 2004
|May 19, 2005
|Conductive Inkjet Technology Limited
|The formation of layers on substrates
|Oct 29, 2004
|Oct 20, 2005
|Conductive Inkjet Tech Ltd
|The formation of layers on substrates
|Dec 3, 2004
|Jun 23, 2005
|Conductive Inkjet Technology Limited
|Formation of solid layers on substrates
|Dec 3, 2004
|Oct 20, 2005
|Conductive Inkjet Tech Ltd
|Formation of solid layers on substrates
|U.S. Classification
|427/553, 427/554, 427/557, 427/555, 427/581, 427/597, 427/558
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Mar 13, 1998
Owner name: SANDIA CORPORATION, NEW MEXICO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:CHEN, KEN S.;MORGAN, WILLIAM P.;ZICH, JOHN L.;REEL/FRAME:009072/0077
Effective date: 19971208
|May 8, 2003
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Mar 16, 2005
Owner name: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
Free format text: CONFIRMATORY LICENSE;ASSIGNOR:SANDIA CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:015896/0872
Effective date: 19980309
|Mar 28, 2007
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Apr 5, 2011
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
by lashae
I have not smoked weed since the beginning of my pregnancy before I found out I was pregnant and decided not to continue to some, well until yesterday I went out and instead of doing what I been doing I end up smoking with my sisters and cousin.
Comments for please tell me there is a chance
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Researcher Warns of Apple macOS Camera, Mic Risks
It's possible for an attacker to "piggyback" on a webcam stream and get unauthorized access to a macOS system, one researcher has found.For more than a decade, every MacBook that Apple has shipped has come equipped with a built-in camera and microphone. According to Synack's Director of Research Patrick Wardle, it's possible for an attacker to gain access to a macOS device's webcam and microphone by hiding alongside, or "piggybacking," a legitimate application that is accessing the video and audio hardware. Wardle isn't an average security researcher; he spent nearly three years working for the National Security Agency, which taught him to think about security risks in a specific way. "I used to work for the NSA, so my mind is full of ideas, and I wanted to figure out if it was possible to record video from a macOS user in a way that wouldn't be detected," Wardle told eWEEK. On a MacBook, there is an LED light that indicates when the device's camera is active. According to Wardle's analysis, the hardware security for disabling the LED indicator is very strong. That said, there are legitimate applications that can access a webcam, when a user would expect the LED light to come on.
Wardle wanted to see if it was possible to piggyback on the legitimate use of the camera, using an unauthorized application to track and record a macOS user without his or her knowledge. It turns out that the webcam is a shared resource in macOS, meaning users could potentially use both Skype and FaceTime video applications at the same time, if they wanted.
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Related quotes
"When you squeeze an orange, orange juice comes out -- because that's what's inside. When you are squeezed, what comes out is what is inside."
"All the selling has been squeezed out of the market. It got down to the October lows and bounced. I don't see a lot of enthusiasm on the buyers' side. It's more of an oversold bounce."


text:
No other city in South Africa bears the scars of white minority rule as obviously and as self-consciously as Johannesburg, the place where the architects of racial segregation were the most deeply invested in implanting their vision of 'separate development' into the material fabric of society. Not surprisingly the city is also the place where this vision of racial exclusivity was the most bitterly contested in the popular struggles that eventually brought white rule to an end. Today, although a new generation of city builders has struggled to reinvent the city so as to reflect an alternative, more equitable politics that answers the basic needs of the urban poor, nevertheless the city remains deeply fractured, divided between two highly unequal and spatially disconnected worlds: one catering to the rich and another for those without regular work, without shelter, and forced to eke out a marginal existence. City of Extremes analyzes the relationship between the evolving urban form of Johannesburg after apartheid and present-day, boosterist, city-building efforts to create a "world-class" African city. The book shows how property-holding elites and their affluent middle-class allies have been able to maintain privileged life styles despite persistent demands from below for redress of long-standing grievances. The metamorphosis of Johannesburg from the exemplary "apartheid city" at the height of white minority rule has, Murray demonstrates, gone hand in hand with the emergence of new patterns of spatial inequality and new kinds of social exclusion, the result of city-building efforts that have partitioned the urban landscape into fortified "renaissance sites" of privatized luxury where affluent urban residents work and playoon one sideoand impoverished spaces of confinement where the poor, the socially excluded, and the homeless are forced to survive on the other. Murray's analysis of this phenomenon is divided into three parts. Part 1 provides a historical context that reveals how real estate developers, corporate builders, and city planners have fostered an image of an aspiring global city, yet at the same time have produced spatial frictions that have disrupted the city's coherence, hollowed out its core, relied primarily on private transport rather than public transit, and left decaying inner-city slums. Part 2 examines the twin processes of fragmentation and polarization that have left the city with pockets of ostentatious wealth and other pockets of utter destitution. Murray shows how this process depends on the peculiar qualities of land values as marketable commodities, producing boom and bust cycles as builders compete to produce landmark structures but then feel required to insulate them from the nearby "mean streets" by creating citadel-like office buildings and shopping enclaves. Part 3 then looks in detail at the creation of these new divisive spaces, what Murray calls "redoubts of commerce" that resemble nomadic fortresses connected by bridges and underground tunnels arising not as the result of impersonal market forces, but through the deliberate actions of key propertied stakeholders. The result, he shows, is a patchwork city of dispersed territorial enclaves that have not only reinforced existing inequalities and racial hierarchies, but have introduced new patterns of social exclusion that have further marginalized the black underclass and urban poor.
About Martin MurrayMartin J. Murray is Professor of Urban Planning at the Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning, and Adjunct Professor at the Center for African and African-American Studies at the University of Michigan. He is the author of many books, including "Taming the Disorderly City: The Spatial Landscape of Johannesburg after Apartheid" and "Revolution Deferred: The Painful Birth of Post-Apartheid South Africa."
Details Book
|Martin Murray
|Duke University Press
|Data Published
|25 February 2011
|Format Book
|PDF, Epub, DOCx, TXT
|Number of Pages
|464 pages
|Age +
|0-1 years
Reviews City of Extremes
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I was suspicious at first when i got redirected to the membership site. Now I'm really excited i found this online library....many thanks Kisses
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so many fake sites. this is the first one which worked! Many thanks
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Just select your click then download link, and complete an offer to start downloading the ebook. If there is a survey it only takes 5 minutes, try any survey which works for you.
Kevin Mason
lol it did not even take me 5 minutes at all! XD


text:
This week's most interesting read was Permission to Resign, an account by his wife of Sir Owen St Clair O'Malley's travails with the British government and her efforts to influence matters; action that must have seemed astonishing to the men of Whitehall at the time.
Mrs O'Malley's forthright efforts were effective. They also brought to light the kind of double standards that we experience far too often in the 21st century. Those ruling the UK then would have been startled at how much criminal activity has been carried out under the name of finance in this century.
The book was written in 1971, some 20 years after the events described in Permission to Resign. She wrote this to clarify details that could not be spoken of at the time of her husband's effective dismissal from his post in Foreign Affairs. By this time, Mary Ann Dolling O'Malley had become better known – at least outside government circles – as the novelist and non-fiction author, Ann Bridge.
My accidental discovery of Permission to Resign followed an earlier encounter with Ann Bridge. I was idly trolling the archives of the Sussex Library System when I found Illyrian Spring – a study of the relationship between an older woman (artist) and a budding young male artist. This turned out to somewhat in the style of the young Lawrence Durrell, i.e. 'Bitter Lemons'. Except that Illyrian Spring is more sensitively written, in my opinion.
Dismissively described by unknown pundits of literature as "entertaining travelogues", Ann Bridge's writing encompasses far more than descriptive writing about time and place; she infuses her visual narrative with perceptive insights into psychology and human fallibility whilst, simultaneously, using the methods of a skilled detective story writer in this novel.
Wikipedia confirms: Ann Bridge (11 September 1889 – 9 March 1974) was also known as Cottie Sanders. She wrote 14 novels, mostly based on her experiences living in foreign countries, one book of short stories, a mystery series, and several autobiographical non-fiction books.
Her last book explores the paranormal. I just discovered that from a hitherto unknown website whilst researching the writer: http://www.fantasticfiction.co.uk/b/ann-bridge/
There is, however, nothing fantastic or fictional about Permission to Resign.
Along with Illyrian Spring, which I was moved to read twice in as many months, Ann Bridge's last book, Moments of Knowing, is now on my Kindle – such are the immediate pleasures of instant online ordering.


text:
Hey @VivaLoudoun, Valley finished that rain shortened game w William Monroe. Won 14-13, last bat heroics, Courtney Dietrich w game win RBI.
LoCo friends....hearing there is an overturned vehicle on Evergreen Mills road. Be safe out there!!
@VivaLoudoun @LVHS_Jungle Valley with the come from behind win over Skyline, 5-3! Sydney Hayes comes up big with the go-ahead 2 RBI double!
Valley softball avenges playoff loss to Warren County w come from behind win,11-9. @VivaLoudoun @LVHS_Jungle
Huh, and here I thought social was a branding/relationship play, not primarily sales driven. Silly me. #icsf
With help from @NAR_Research. A year in the life of a Realtor on @linkedintoday : ow.ly/xbuyB #mp2014
Valley over Skyline 7-5! Kagarise gets another win, Holtz with 2 homers. @LoCoSports @VivaLoudoun @LTMsports @LVHS_Jungle


text:
Walsh among 28 surfers to receive Eddie invitations
Ian Walsh of Haiku is among the 28 surfers invited to the 2013-14 Quiksilver in Memory of Eddie Aikau, considered by many to be the world's premier big-wave contest.
The Eddie, in its 29th year, has been held eight times. Rules dictate that waves reach at least 20 feet, and the holding period runs from Dec. 1 to Feb. 28. California's Greg Long took the title that last time the contest took place, in 2009.
Walsh, 30, was also in last year's field. He is in the final 32 of this year's HIC Pro, a qualifier for the Vans Triple Crown of Surfing, holding the event's top single-wave score and sharing the top heat score.


text:
Backyard Animals
Written by Heather C. Hudak
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Part of the Backyard Animals Series
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Backyard Animals by Heather C. Hudak
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24 pages
Interest Age: 6 - 8
Heather C. Hudak
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3rd September 2009
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At @HHSHaringey we love @lovereading4kids because our pupils can practice reviewing & get free upcoming books before anyone else!Helen Swinyard – Heartlands High


text: Home Gallery Print (image) Justin Poulsen Photography Severed Thumb Drives Severed Thumb Drives Published on Jan 30, 2015 Rate this Ad You must be registered to rate the ad. Please Login or Register Now About Description Handmade severed thumb drives make photographer's portfolio stand-out. http://rethinkcanada.com/blog/2015/01/handmade-severed-usb-thumb-drives/ CreditsDateJan 23, 2015Agency:RethinkClient:Justin Poulsen PhotographyCreative Director:Ian GraisArt Direcror:Hans ThiessenCopywriter:Sean O'ConnerPhotographer:Justin PoulsenProp Builder:Justin Poulsen Agency:Rethink Tagshumor photography design horror Latest Creativity News on Ad Age Tim Tebow Tries to Tame Team Rivalries in New Nissan Ad Bullitt, Prettybird, Ataboy Add Directors, New Talent 10 VR Ideas Creativity Loved Advertisement Ad Age Reports Partner White Paper 7 Tips for Keeping Your Creative Team Inspired Beat the creative slump with this informative guide which includes great advice on how to keep your team positive, productive and inspired. Brought to you by Shutterstock Premier. Learn more Related work Sport Chek: Sweat Rethink Uber: Keeping the Streets Safe with the Uber Safe Breathalyzer Rethink Molson Canadian: Canadian Anthem Beer Fridge Rethink Want to see your work in our gallery? Submit now