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Montasser Dandan is on the face of it an incredibly frustrating interviewee. Whenever possible he pares down his answers to a simple affirmative or negative monosyllable. He doggedly guards all but the bare facts of his experience, never tending towards elaboration, and any attempt to garner an insight into the emotional consequences of his ordeal is batted off with an unpersuasive 'I'm fine.' He is anything but.
At the age of 16, Montasser was arrested by Israeli soldiers from his house in the West Bank town of Abu Dis and sentenced to two years in prison in Israel. This widespread practice (each year, on average, 700 Palestinian children are prosecuted in Israeli military courts) is deeply troubling both in the plain fact and the particular manner of its occurrence. I travelled to Montasser's home to speak with him, his parents and siblings in the hope of comprehending its effect on the child, the family and wider Palestinian society.
Montasser's father, Talal, translates between Arabic and English for me. However, it is only later, when I speak to Ferdoos Al-Issa, a counsellor who works with child ex-detainees, that I am able more fully to decipher the exchange so that Montasser's evasiveness instead becomes enlightening. His reticence, I discover, is revealingly symptomatic of the psychological scars typically left by Israel's detention process.
Arrest and detention
For Montasser the process began in the early hours of a rainy January day in 2007. Talal recalls how 'the soldiers came around one in the morning. They knocked hard on the door in their famous way and asked me to bring my children outside.' With his hands tied and his eyes blindfolded, Montasser was bundled into a jeep and taken to an interrogation centre in the nearby settlement of Maale Adumim.
There he was interrogated by two officers who beat him all over his body. He was accused of throwing stones and being a member of a banned organisation. His cousin, Ahmad Attallah, now 19, had been arrested from Abu Dis at the same time. The officers told Montasser, 'Listen, your cousin has confessed. He has signed already and is now with his father and your father is waiting for you outside. So sign and let me release you.' Ahmad was spun the same tale about Montasser and they both signed the confessions, which were written in Hebrew, a language neither boy understands.
Although alarming when juxtaposed against basic conceptions of human rights and due process, Montasser's account is run of the mill according to a June report by Defence for Children International (DCI): 'From the moment of arrest, Palestinian children encounter ill treatment, and in some cases torture, at the hands of Israeli soldiers, policemen and interrogators. Children are commonly arrested from the family home in the hours before dawn by heavily-armed soldiers.
'The child is painfully bound, blindfolded and bundled into the back of a military vehicle without any indication as to why or where the child is being taken. Children are commonly mistreated during the transfer process and arrive at the interrogation and detention centres traumatised, tired and alone. These children will generally not be permitted to see a lawyer until after they have provided a confession to the interrogator.'
Khaled Quzmar, the chief lawyer for DCI's Palestine section, explains that 'what they want the child to feel during the interrogation is an atmosphere that nobody else in the world can help you, only your confession.' Quzmar believes the mere hour and manner of the arrest, which delivers a tired and traumatised child, are enough in themselves to invalidate any confession.
Further pressure to exact a confession comes in the form of torture, threats and trickery. Children as young as 12 are often beaten and painfully shackled for long periods. One boy was told, 'I will shoot you in the head if you don't confess and stick your head in a bucket of water until you choke and die.' Another yielded after a knife was held to his neck. The DCI report also details the case of a 15-year-old who was shot and arrested and later deceived into signing a confession in hospital when officers convinced him the Hebrew was an approval for his operation.
The experience is worlds away from that of children on the other side of the separation wall. Indeed, Israel's very definition of a child diverges across the divide: up to 16 years for a Palestinian but 18 for an Israeli. 'They never arrest an Israeli child in the middle of the night, they wait until the day. And then they ask the father by phone to bring the child and they interrogate the child with the father there,' says Quzmar. Israeli domestic law also requires that the interrogation be video recorded.
Montasser was sentenced to 26 months in prison and his cousin Ahmad to 30. They were detained in prisons in Israel, a practice in breach of the Geneva Convention and with the consequence that many children do not receive family visits as their relatives are denied permits to enter Israel. Ill treatment continues beyond interrogation into imprisonment, where conditions include harsh handling by prison guards, overcrowding, poor ventilation and access to natural light, and poor quality and inadequate amounts of food. Montasser's diet consisted of mainly rice and potato soup, and for dinner mainly jam and bread.
Medical and dental care is poor - Ahmad lost his front teeth while detained - and educational provision close to non-existent. Children under 16 receive a few hours of teaching a week in a limited range of subjects. Geography, history, physics and chemistry are all banned for 'security reasons'. Children over the age of 16 are not allowed to continue formal education. 'They used to confiscate school books and we never had any teacher inside,' Montasser recounts.
Back at home
Now back at home, 'He insists that he is fine, but I can see that he is not,' Talal confides. 'He's more aggressive now.'
'He's not close to his brothers anymore,' adds Hanan, Montasser's mother. 'He gets nervous easily. He used to accept everything I said; now it's completely different.'
Ferdoos Al-Issa explains this behaviour as typical of ex-detainees who have been stripped of all control over their own lives by the Israelis and are now responding to what they see as their family's attempts to control them. 'Because everybody is trying to control them and they feel they have no control, they try to control other people with their anger or by their withdrawal. They want to have their own identity, which the experience of torture has destroyed,' she says.
Developmentally they are often frozen at the stage of their arrest and upon release are still children emotionally; they are traumatised and lack the mechanisms to cope with their trauma. But having gone through their ordeal they are seen as heroes in Palestinian society and feel an enormous pressure to live up to this image by acting like adults and refusing to reveal any emotional weakness. Adding to this the fact that the prison experience has inculcated a deep sense of insecurity, distrust and suspicion, it is hardly surprising Montasser is so taciturn in front of a foreign outsider like me.
Al-Issa sees the cruelty of the detention practices as systematic and institutionalised. 'They target the children because they are the future for the whole society,' she argues. 'By depriving them of their schooling, they create a whole generation who don't have a future. They are humiliated and destroyed and it affects their family too - a family can't have any normal life if their kid's in prison. So in this way they target the first unit of building a society. It's the whole fabric of society that's destroyed when they destroy that generation.'
Ultimately, child detention is just another sinister manifestation of the logic of occupation: destruction and control. This was the conclusion reached in an August 2008 report, The Social Rehabilitation of Palestinian Child Ex-Detainees, published by Save the Children Sweden and the YMCA in Beit Sahour, where Al-Issa helps co-ordinate the child ex-detainee rehabilitation program:
'The practice and purpose of torture and cruel treatments by Israeli forces goes beyond the scope of obtaining information from the detained person. Rather it aims at affecting the well-being of children in the long term, at breaking down their personalities. Thus, violence by Israeli forces during detention represents just another form of control imposed on Palestinians. Confiscating land is a tool to control the resources of Palestinians, setting borders and checkpoints leads to controlling their movement, issuing military orders has the scope of controlling Palestinian lives, and practising torture and violence ultimately means controlling their minds.'
These interviews were made possible with the help of the Camden-Abu Dis Friendship Association, who run a child prisoners campaign. More info: www.camdenabudis.net
Creative protest can change the way people engage with Israeli apartheid, says Dan Glass, who organised a Dabke-dance action to mark the first anniversary of the latest attack on Gaza
Playwright Brian Rotman reflects on the background to his new play tracing the origins of the state of Israel
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Happy New Year! This SIT post is a little difficult to write. This will be the last week for Slightly Indulgent Tuesday. I have been mulling over what my goals and priorities are for the coming year and my two sweet boys are at the top of the list. I've had to let go of many things in order to make our life work the way it should, and right now I ... Continue Reading
Slightly Indulgent Tuesday; 12/24/13
Merry Christmas Eve!! Thank you for spending part of your holiday here! This holiday season is full of magic for me. It's the first Christmas Nate was old enough to help me make cookies for Santa. (Lordy, you should have seen the kitchen when he got through with it!) It's our first Christmas with Luke. We are so blessed. Beyond measure. I look at ... Continue Reading
Slightly Indulgent Tuesday; 12/17/13
I don't know about you, but it feels like we just celebrated Thanksgiving a week or two ago. I'm making the final preparations to my Christmas Dinner shopping list so I can finish that up this week. I was going to so something completely different this Christmas, but Joe admitted that he'd rather keep things the same. So, planning is pretty ... Continue Reading
Slightly Indulgent Tuesday; 12/10/13
Christmas is in full swing! I've decided to keep it simple this year. Realistically, there are 24 hours in a day and most of those hours are occupied by my two favorite guys, Nate and Luke. I'd rather stay sane and present than make myself crazy doing every possible holiday decoration, event and recipe that I can cram in. Instead of a cookie ... Continue Reading
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- Worldwide Rank #75,582,965
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Luciano Gonzalez Twitter Stats
@011Lucho - Tracking Luciano Gonzalez Twitter profile since June 24, 2012
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Last month this account followed 75 users.
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When Tomorrow Comes V4
Posted by agata August 26, 2012
Posted in Clothing, DAZ | Poser | Carrara
Tagged V4
When Tomorrow Comes V4 is a set of conforming clothes and props for Daz Victoria?Version 4.
The set includes
8 conformers, and 5 Hide Poses. and 20 Material Poses. It is NOT compatible for Victoria Version 2 or Version 3.
[hidepost=1] http://www.renderosity.com/mod/bcs/when-tomorrow-comes-v4/88751 [/hidepost]


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3 Bedrooms Maisonette Flat for sale
Albert Road, Morecambe, Lancashire, LA4
The sale includes the downstairs shop 23a albert road and also the wonderful three bedroom maisonette upstairs. the shop currently generates 560 per calendar month and the maisonette…
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1Arthroscopic Surgery Unit, USP-La Esperanza Clinic, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Basque Country, SPAIN;
2B.T.I. Biotechnology Institute, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Basque Country, SPAIN;
3Department of Neurochemistry Research, Osakidetza–Basque Health Service, Zamudio, Basque Country, SPAIN; and
4Department of Research and Development, Medical Services, Athletic Club of Bilbao, Basque Country, SPAIN
Address for correspondence: Iñigo Mujika, Ph.D., Mediplan Sport S.L., Obdulio López de Uralde 4, bajo, 01008 Vitoria–Gasteiz, Basque Country, Spain; E-mail: email@example.com.
Submitted for publication December 2002.
Accepted for publication June 2003.
SÁNCHEZ, M., J. AZOFRA, E. ANITUA, I. ANDÍA, S. PADILLA, J. SANTISTEBAN, and I. MUJIKA. Plasma Rich in Growth Factors to Treat an Articular Cartilage Avulsion: A Case Report. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 35, No. 10, pp. 1648–1652, 2003.
Introduction: The application of an autologous plasma rich in growth factors is beneficial in restoring connective tissues, as shown by clinical evidence in oral surgery and more recently in arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and two cases of ruptured Achilles tendon in professional athletes. This is attributed to the slow delivery of growth factors from harvested platelets that have been activated by endogenous thrombin promoted by the addition of calcium chloride.
Purpose: This case report describes a new application of this therapy in the arthroscopic treatment of a large, nontraumatic avulsion of articular cartilage in the knee of an adolescent soccer player.
Methods: After arthroscopic reattachment of the large (>2 cm) loose chondral body in its crater in the medial femoral condyle, autologous plasma rich in growth factors was injected into the area between the crater and the fixed fragment.
Results and Conclusion: Despite the extremely poor prognosis of the case, complete articular cartilage healing was considerably accelerated, and the functional outcome was excellent, allowing a rapid resumption of symptom-free athletic activity. This technique opens new perspectives for human tissue regeneration.
Avulsions of articular cartilage are not uncommon among athletically active children and adolescents. As in cases of osteochondritis dissecans, the medial femoral condyle of the knee joint is the most commonly affected area, and although the etiology of this condition remains speculative, repetitive microtrauma is considered to be associated with it (1,12,22,25). Patients with open distal femoral physis usually have a more favorable prognosis for healing with nonoperative treatment, but not all lesions in the skeletally immature patient heal without operative intervention, and surgical treatment is indicated for detached lesions (2,8,12,20,27). Given its lack of blood supply, lymphatic drainage, or neural elements, articular cartilage possesses a limited capability to regenerate after significant mechanical destruction of the cells and collagen scaffold (6,7,18). Recent reports in animal models suggest that the process of cartilage healing in vivo may be improved by growth factors, which are small proteins synthesized both by local cells at the injury site and by infiltrated blood-borne inflammatory cells. These factors stimulate cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and matrix synthesis and can affect chondrocyte metabolism, chondrogenesis, and improve cartilage healing in vivo (7,9,10,14,17,18,26).
Growth factors could therefore be considered suitable tools to enhance cartilage repair. However, the most appropriate way to use these growth factors is not known. Our work is based on the use of an autologous plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF) obtained from the patient's own blood by means of a simple procedure. Our hypothesis is that the presence of PRGF in the surgical site accelerates the regeneration of local tissues by a mechanism that reproduces the initial physiological steps of tissue repair: upon activation, platelets aggregate producing a clot, and secrete a variety of cytokines, including adhesive proteins and growth factors such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), and epidermal growth factor (EGF). These substances act on local cells inducing specific responses.
Until now, autologous PRGF has been shown to enhance and accelerate soft tissue repair and bone regeneration in the preparation of future sites for dental implants (3,4), and to enhance postsurgery healing and remodeling of anterior cruciate ligament grafts (23) and ruptured Achilles tendons in professional athletes (unpublished observations). These successful clinical results, along with the above-mentioned observations from animal models, provided a rationale for the application of PRGF in a case of arthroscopically treated avulsion of articular cartilage in the knee joint, in an attempt to accelerate articular cartilage healing and complete functional recovery.
The purpose of this report was to describe a novel application of autologous PRGF in the arthroscopic treatment of a large, nontraumatic avulsion of knee articular cartilage, which appeared to be effective in enhancing and accelerating healing, hence functional recovery, in an adolescent soccer player. In conformance with the policy of the American College of Sports Medicine, the subject's parents provided written informed consent to undergo and publish the following medical procedures, which were approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidad del País Vasco-Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea.
At presentation, a 12-yr-old soccer player reported feeling a sudden sharp pain and locking of his right knee during a training session. After clinical evaluation and MRI he was diagnosed with a large, nontraumatic avulsion of knee articular cartilage. The lesion was located in the medial femoral condyle (Fig. 1), and a large (>2 cm) loose chondral body was detected in the intercondylar fossa area (Fig. 2).
Forty milliliters of venous blood were withdrawn by venous puncture from an antecubital vein 20–30 min before surgery and administration of anesthesia. Blood was collected on 5-mL tubes containing 3.8% (w/v) trisodium citrate, then centrifuged at 1800 rpm for 8 min (PRGF System II, BTI, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain). The 0.25-mL fractions located immediately above the erythrocytes were collected from each tube and transferred to sterile tubes. Fifty microliters of CaCl2 at 10% (w/v) were added per 1-mL fraction of platelet-enriched plasma. This preparation was injected (see below) with no delay to allow the self-assembling of the fibrin just in the gap between the fragment and its bed, providing a supportive scaffold during the healing process to facilitate tissue maturation.
Knee arthroscopic surgery was performed under general anesthesia and using the usual portals. After debridement of the crater with a curette, the loose chondral fragment was placed in its bed with a push rod then fixed with five 40 mm × 1.3 mm Ø biodegradable pins (Orthosorb® Resorbable Pin, De PuyACE Medical Company, Warsaw, IN) (Fig. 3). The full-thickness loose chondral fragment had no bone attached to it and was flexible. It fit perfectly in its bed after careful removal of a layer of initial scar tissue in its deep face with a shaver. Next, the knee was vacuumed, and a hole was drilled through the reattached chondral fragment with a Kirschner wire. Approximately 2.0 mL of the activated PRGF preparation (as described above) were then injected through the hole and into the area between the crater and the fixed fragment, filling up any existing mismatch between the crater and fragment and sealing the edges of the reattached fragment. Prophylactic treatment with antibiotics and antithrombotics was established after surgery.
Postoperatively, the patient was allowed to walk using elbow crutches, but he was maintained nonweight-bearing for 4 wk, wearing a knee brace with limited range of motion. Two weeks after surgery (Fig. 4), physical therapy was initiated, with range-of-motion exercises without axial loading. Weeks 4–8 after surgery were supposed to be of partial weight-bearing with elbow crutches. However, compliance with activity restriction was problematic, and by the sixth week after surgery, the subject could not be prevented from running and actively participating in games and sports in school (Fig. 5), even though he was not allowed to take part in formal soccer training. Unloaded stationary bicycling and strengthening exercises without axial loading were included in the recovery process between weeks 9 and 18 after surgery. The subject was allowed back in formal training with his teammates 18 wk after surgery (Fig. 6). At the time of writing, 38 wk after surgery, the subject was fully involved in training and competition without any recurrent symptoms.
The prognosis for healing after reattachment of a loose articular cartilage fragment is less favorable when the lesion is large (>2 cm in diameter), it does not extend into the vascularized subchondral area, and the fragment is purely articular cartilage and lacks subchondral bone (7,12,15,18,20,25). In this report, we have described our observation of enhanced articular cartilage healing, which led to accelerated functional recovery, by applying PRGF in a case of arthroscopically treated avulsion of articular cartilage with less favorable prognosis. The observed healing process and reattachment of the chondral body was outstanding, given that the usual operative treatment indicated for this type of lesion would have required fragment removal and crater drilling, curettage, mosaicplasty, rigid internal fixation, or autologous chondrocyte transplantation (12,25,27). Unfortunately, the long-term results of fragment excision have been described as extremely poor, even in patients treated before skeletal maturity (2), and potential disadvantages of the other operative treatments include creation of fibrocartilaginous channels, damage to the articular cartilage, donor site morbidity, and uneven articular congruence fit (12,27). The observed functional outcome was also excellent, with complete functional recovery and symptom-free resumption of normal athletic activity 18 wk after surgery. Even though this should be viewed as a preliminary report and the results cannot be unquestionably attributed to the application of PRGF based on a single case with a relatively short follow-up period, the application of PRGF could represent an interesting new technique to enhance the healing of a detached piece of articular cartilage.
Ability to repair articular knee lesions is dependent on cellularity and on the rate of matrix turnover per chondrocyte. Cell density could be enhanced considerably by local delivery of growth factors by chemotaxis and/or mitosis of local and attracted cells. Recent studies in tissue engineering have provided experimental evidence of the role of IGF-I, PDGF, TGF-β, EGF, and bFGF in chondrocyte proliferation (5,11,16,19). As cells cannot grow in an empty space, it is very important to provide a scaffold that could maintain cells adhered in the defect during the healing process. Fibrin could act as a supportive matrix and promote further tissue maturation (21). Furthermore, if this scaffold is soaked in active biological agents that are capable of inducing matrix production, such as growth factors (11), all these favorable circumstances taken together may potentially enhance the regeneration of cartilaginous tissue. In vitro studies show that three-dimensional systems are required for chondrocyte function and that interaction of the cell with its surrounding environment has a major effect in cell metabolism (13,24). In this respect, the fibrin scaffold soaked with a physiologically designed combination of growth factors may interact with the local cells and other cells attracted by chemotaxis and control cell repair mechanisms.
Consequently, to take advantage of the repair and regenerative potential of these substances, we have associated the use of growth factors and arthroscopic surgery to treat this large avulsion of articular cartilage with less favorable prognosis. This novel strategy consists of using the autologous fibrin as a three-dimensional carrier of growth factors and adhesive proteins contained in platelets. We have designed a simple and reproducible protocol to provide a natural source of growth factors that are greatly involved in repair processes. The PRGF preparation is easily obtained and manipulated, and the only concern is that once activated with calcium chloride it must be applied without delay to allow "in situ" self-assembling of the fibrin net and preservation of growth factor activity (3). In addition to a high concentration of growth factors, this preparation exhibits no antigenic capacity and preserves the integrity of platelets, which release the contents of alpha granules after activation of the concentrate (4).
In conclusion, the new application of PRGF-assisted regenerative technique could have contributed to enhance and accelerate articular cartilage healing after arthroscopic treatment of a large, nontraumatic avulsion of knee articular cartilage in an adolescent soccer player. This PRGF therapy is easy to implement, requires only about 40 mL of autologous blood, and the risk of disease transmission or antigenic reaction is nonexistent as autologous blood is not mixed with any other component of animal or human origin. Even though the present preliminary results need to be confirmed in a large cohort of patients, this PRGF-assisted tissue regeneration technique opens new perspectives in the area of human tissue regeneration and could become a valuable tool to treat a wide range of musculoskeletal injuries. Refinement of the PRGF technique and its further clinical applications as a potential stimulator in tissue repair are at present being evaluated by the authors.
©2003The American College of Sports Medicine
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Great home on a small 16 home cul-de-sac. Four bedrooms, hardwood floors on the main floor, 2 car garage, large deck and fenced back yard. Huge rec room in lower level with stair well to the back yard. Lot backs to a farm field. Deed restrictions but no HOA.


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Yet Another Mel Gibson Tape Emerges!
Radaronline.com is exclusively reporting that another Mel Gibson rant has emerged on tape. This time he aims his anger an jealously over Oksana Grigorieva ex flame Timothy Dalton.
Much like the other tapes Mel continues to berate Oksana with a slew of curse words. If you can stomach yet another one of these horrible tapes. You can listen to the audio at Radaronline.com.
Mel Gibson's camp ofter has sited his outrageous behave as a result of quitting smoking. Hmmmmm…. I've been around people who quit smoking before and have never seen a reaction like this! He must been having some serious withdrawals!
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The small gray aircraft that has recently appeared in the Griffiss airport traffic pattern is an unmanned aircraft system (UAS) manufactured by Navmar Applied Sciences Corporation (NASC) located in Warminster, PA. NASC was contracted by the U.S. Government to build a special version of an existing and proven unmanned aerial vehicle UAV, the TigerShark, for use in the Arctic. NASC has chosen the name ArcticShark for this TigerShark variant that has been specially modified for cold-weather operations.
Oneida County public health department advises the Rome Community that effective today, November 22, 2016, a boil-water advisory has been issued by the City of Rome for areas that are supplied by Rome's water supply.
A boil water notice is issued to protect consumers from potentially contaminated drinking water.
Any questions or concerns, please contact Environmental Health division of Oneida County Health Department at 315-798-5064.
The Oneida County Sheriff's Office is proud to announce that Governor Andrew Cuomo has recently appointed Sheriff Robert Maciol as a Member of the New York State Law Enforcement Accreditation Council for a term to expire on March 20th, 2018.
Newly Constructed Public Parking Lots Are Open To The Public
Access control (gates) for employee parking lots will be activated on November 7, 2016.
All County and NYS Court employees will be given access. A County issued identification card will be required to activate card readers/gates.
Members of the public can access the Visitor Parking Lots located on Park Ave and Elizabeth St.
In 2015 State of the County Address, County Executive Anthony Picente, created a team to develop a County-wide Arrest Diversion Program which can be a model for the rest of New York State and will build upon the success of the Utica School District and Utica Safe Schools Diversion Program. The Utica School District. Utica Police Department and Utica Safe Schools pilot diversion program only in Utica Schools has a 92% success rate.
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December 7, 2004
A.H. ROBINS COMPANY, INC., A DELAWARE CORPORATION, PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT,v.DIRECTOR, DIVISION OF TAXATION, DEFENDANT-RESPONDENT.
On certification to the Superior Court, Appellate Division, whose opinion is reported at 365 N.J. Super. 472 (2004).
(This syllabus is not part of the opinion of the Court. It has been prepared by the Office of the Clerk for the convenience of the reader. It has been neither reviewed nor approved by the Supreme Court. Please note that, in the interests of brevity, portions of any opinion may not have been summarized).
(NOTE: This Court wrote no full opinion in this case. Rather, the Court's affirmance of the judgment of the Appellate Division is based substantially on the reasons expressed in Judge Stern's opinion below.)
A.H. Robins Company, Inc. (Robins II), successor corporation through a merger and bankruptcy reorganization of A.H. Robins, Inc. (Robins I), appeals from the Appellate Division's affirmance of the Tax Court's order granting summary judgment to the Director, Division of Taxation (Director) and dismissing Robins II's claims for the refund of "net operating losses (NOL's) that were transferred to Robins II from the predecessor corporation as part of the bankruptcy reorganization.
In its original holding of February 25, 2002, the Tax Court determined that the taxpayer, Robins II, was not entitled to carryover NOL's because: 1) nowhere in New Jersey law does it state that NOL carryovers may be utilized when they emanate from a merged corporation; 2) there is nothing in the U.S. Bankruptcy Code that indicates legislative intent to preempt state taxing laws concerning post-reorganization income-tax liabilities of a non-debtor entity; 3) this case does not fit under the Bankruptcy Code's exemption provided in 11 U.S.C. §1446(d) that certain transfers made pursuant to a reorganization would be exempt from taxation; and 4) the Director's regulation, N.J.A.C. 18:7-5.13(b), and the New Jersey Supreme Courts' holding in Richard's Auto City, Inc. v. Director, Division of Taxation prohibit the carryover of NOLs for use by a corporation other than the corporation that incurred the losses.
Robins II appealed to the Appellate Division. While the appeal was pending, the Appellate Division granted Robins II's motion to remand the matter to the Tax Court for reconsideration after adoption of the Business Tax Reform Act (BTRA), which was enacted and became effective on July 2, 2002.
On remand, the Tax Court adhered to its original order granting summary judgment and dismissing the complaint. In its remand opinion, the Tax Court additionally held that, because the new statute, N.J.S.A. 54:10A-4.5, merely restates existing law and is not retroactive, its application is not unconstitutional as applied in this case. The court further concluded there was a rational basis to codify existing law and to limit NOL carryovers, even if the statute is retroactive. The Tax Court also concluded the new Act was not directed at Robins II or any other taxpayer and, therefore, is neither "special legislation" nor violative of the "separation of powers" doctrine.
The Appellate Division affirmed the decision of the Tax Court. The appellate panel held that: the new statute providing that NOLs could be carried over and allowed as a deduction only by the corporation that sustained the loss is retroactive; federal law did not preempt the BTRA; the new section of the BTRA is consistent with the prior version of the Corporate Business Tax Act (CBTA) and its regulations; there is no legitimate issue of retroactivity flowing from the adoption and application of the amended statute and, therefore, there is no constitutional or due-process concern; and, the BTRA provision is not special legislation.
The Supreme Court granted certification.
HELD: Judgment of the Appellate Division is AFFIRMED substantially for the reasons expressed in Judge Stern's opinion. The Tax Court properly held that Robins II, the corporate survivor of a merger and bankruptcy reorganization, was not entitled to a net-operating-loss deduction for losses suffered by the merged corporation in previous years.
CHIEF JUSTICE PORITZ and JUSTICES LONG, LaVECCHIA, ZAZZALI, ALBIN, WALLACE and RIVERA-SOTO join in this PER CURIAM opinion.
Per curiam.
Argued November 8, 2004
The judgment is affirmed, substantially for the reasons expressed in Judge Stern's opinion of the Appellate Division, reported at 365 N.J. Super. 472 (2004).
CHIEF JUSTICE PORITZ and JUSTICES LONG, LaVECCHIA, ZAZZALI, ABLIN, WALLACE, and RIVERA-SOTO join in this opinion.
Chief Justice Poritz PRESIDING
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Spread the cheese on the tortilla, add re-fried beans over this and then the scrambled eggs on that.
Roll up and microwave to heat the cheese and beans. Yum! Good for breakfast on the run!
By Chris from Oshkosh, WI
ummm... good i've had that before
Add your voice! Click below to comment. ThriftyFun is powered by your wisdom!


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Get Your Groove Back
Life is about stages. When we are children, we're carefree, doing what we please and enjoying experiences to the fullest. As we grow into teenagers, that uninhibited nature changes. Our innate curiosity could intensify and a sense of invincibility can take over, allowing us to experience things rational thought, which comes later, won't let us. It can also make us more reserved, repressing the wild side and walking the straight and narrow into adulthood. As the years pass, we begin to even out, no matter which path we chose as teenagers. We start working, start families, and settle into life.
And then what?
For most of us, that's it. We go along, living our even keel lives, never again experiencing the intense highs we did when we were younger. It isn't a bad existence. It's just – routine.
There comes a point when we realize we have been living an uneventful, complacent life. Everyone has that moment. It might happen when you see a young couple walking down the street holding hands. You think back to the days when you held hands with someone. Your thoughts get away from you, bringing back images and emotions from your past. You start to wonder when you last felt intense passion for someone – for anything. You want that feel back, even if only for a second.
These steps can help you reclaim that intensity you had for everything from romance to adventure. Try them and get your groove back:
Find You
You're different now. The same things that you might have enjoyed when you were a young adult leaving your parents home and entering the world unencumbered are, more than likely, not going to excite you in this new chapter of life. Figure out who you are now. Know what that person likes. What was once tequila shots and beer may now be wine and cosmopolitans. Clubs where the music was loud and the room was dark might have been fun before, but now maybe you'll enjoy lounges with low-key music better. It's important to see yourself for who you are now so you don't get disappointed on your forays out.
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You control your destiny. Open yourself to new experiences. Make every day as unchartered as they were when you were a child.


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Does this restaurant serve Shanghai food?
Is this restaurant good for business meetings?
Is this restaurant appropriate for Kids?
Is this restaurant good for lunch?
Does this restaurant specialize in Szechuan food?
Does this restaurant offer takeout or food to go?
Is this restaurant good for dinner?
Does this restaurant accept reservations?
Does this restaurant specialize in Cantonese food?
Does this restaurant have tables with seating?
Thanks for helping!
Very tasty food , good size meals but very expensive dining in. You will pay up to $10 more per dish to dine in compared with Take away
used to go her a lot for the Peking Duck then it changed hands, food went off and prices hit the roof one visit with new owners never been back again
We eat at the Ming reasonably regularly and are always happy with the food. Fresh and tasty - we've never had a bad meal. They always seem to have plenty of staff and we don't wait long.
This a regular haunt of ours, the food is great and take away service super fast. We have tried dining in but found service a little slow. Food is always good and fresh and you can request a mild to hot versions of your favourite's. The Ming Special Fried Rice is amazing packed with prawns and bbq pork a large...
Quality of food is top notch. Service is good and attentive. Menu is varied and interesting. One of the better Chinese restaurants in Perth. Expect $35 to $0 per head dine in.
By far one of the best Chinese Restaurants anywhere and very popular.
I am a big fan of Chinese Food and visit regularly for in-house Dining or Takeaways.
No dish ever disappoints, quite the opposite.
They have excellent Chefs from China and Hong Kong.
Portions are very generous.
Definitely one of the very best. Can't wait for my nest visit.
Very clean and open. The service was great and we were pleasantly surprised by the food - we shared the Traditional Peking Duck which I can highly recommend having had overseas, this was genuinely good. Only issue was the power going out at the end of our meal which didn't really inconvenient us as we were leaving - and completely...
Had dinner here for the first time with friends to celebrate said friends birthday. We are a family of 5. Our children are 7, 4 and 3. Our group went with one of the banquet options and when it came to paying the bill I was very shocked to realise they charged full price for the 4 & 3 year...
We have been meaning to call in for a long time and never have. We finally decided to. It was 8.30 on Saturday evening and was quiet but the service was fantastic. We decided to go for the Peking Duck which included 3 courses and each course used a different part of the duck. It was $68 and all of...
First time I've tried food via take away. Not overly impressed. Could possibly be the worse fried rice I've ever had. Filled with big chunks of celery which I feel ruined the taste. Spent too much time removing the celery. Spring rolls were nice and big however not overly tasty. The honey chicken and the Peking pork was good and...
Own or manage this property? Claim your listing for free to respond to reviews, update your profile and much more.


text:
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As you learn about kidney disease, we would like to hear what you have to say about our articles.
Need help sticking to the kidney diet? DaVita Diet Helper can help.
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DaVita.com/GFR »
There are five stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD), and they are determined by using guidelines from the National Kidney Foundation (NKF). In order to measure how well kidneys are cleaning the blood, doctors use a measure called glomerular filtration rate (GFR). This is an overview of the stages of chronic kidney disease and how each stage determines the kind of treatment you need as kidney function decreases.Post a comment | 5 responses
When a person is diagnosed with chronic kidney disease (CKD), it can be overwhelming. There are kidney disease support groups and other resources available to help. Connect online with others who are living with kidney disease through websites, discussion forums, blogs and email lists. National kidney organizations are excellent sources for information and support. Learn more about how you can get the kidney disease support you need when you have chronic kidney disease.Post a comment | 14 responses
The urinary system is your body's sophisticated system for making, storing and eliminating urine. It works to maintain the balance of chemicals and water in your body. There are certain disorders that can greatly interrupt the normal functioning of the urinary system. Learn what they are and when urinary system disorders could lead to kidney disease.Post a comment | 5 responses
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Relating a company's sales to its owner's or stockholders' equity is easy. Use this form to relate the amount of sales or revenues to the average amount of owner's equity during the same period.
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Compared to the rest of the Metropolitan Los Angeles market, the Miracle Mile region has more expensive rates, and you'll need to pay a premium to be in this hot region.
In the last 90 days, 12 listings have been posted online, which means office spaces might be leasing quickly. You'll want to be prepared to tour spaces as quick as possible. There aren't many listings below 2,000 square feet available, so finding a space for a small business might be tough.
Even though the median size is 3,670 sqft, there are still 0 office spaces below 2,000 sqft. Most buildings in this market are around 10 stories. Most buildings in this region were built in 1971 and are Class A.
Not much of the real estate is used for commercial space, so it might be hard to find office space. Construction is the dominant industry in this area. Commute by walking is the most popular way to get to work amongst Miracle Mile residents. Commuting under 5 minutes a day is the norm for those who opt to reside in this part of town.
Trends and status of the commercial real estate market in Miracle Mile.
Market Report
Real time and historical data on commercial real estate listings in Miracle Mile.


text:
Explore Easy Cleaning, Spring Cleaning, and more!
Cool way to clean your shower head!!
Freeze whipped cream on a cookie sheet, use cookie cutter to cut out hearts and serve with hot cocoa.... christmas time must!
Soak a paper towel in vinegar and wrap around sink fixtures for about an hour to remove hard water stains.
Captain Dapper - DIY Fashion and Lifestyle for the Everyman : Tie One On: 5 Scarf Tying Guides to Bookmark
If you want your house to smell heavenly, boil some orange peels with a 1/2 teaspoon of cinnamon on Medium heat. ~ I do this come Fall and everyone loves it - an old Southern trick
Tip: Once a week, toss in a few frozen cubes of white vinegar and turn on your disposal. The vinegar will get in all the moving nooks and crannies that are otherwise hard to get to and the ice will sharpen your blades.
Grout Cleaner: 7 cups water, 1/2 cup baking soda, 1/3 cup lemon juice and 1/4 cup vinegar - throw in a spray bottle and spray your floor, let it sit for a minute or two... then scrub :)
My little mini exchange made it and good friend of mind got it at our Christmas party couple years ago.
our 1/2 cup or 120 ml of water into a glass. Next add 2 tablespoons or 30 ml of white vinegar and 2 tsp or 10 mg of baking soda and mix well. Place your toothbrush (es) into the glass and leave for 30 minutes. Rinse well.


text:
Take a Hike: Fall in Love with Falling Waters State Park
By Ashley Hopkins
When one thinks of waterfalls pouring over mountainsides, few think of finding such a natural wonder in the ever-so-flat Sunshine State. You can imagine my delight when I found out we actually do have a waterfall that is just as stunning and awe-inspiring as those you'd find in a more mountainous region: Falling Waters Falls in Falling Waters State Park near Chipley.
Falling Waters is located a short hour and twenty minute drive from Tallahassee and is well worth it! Upon entering the park, you will reach the parking lot nestled in a pine forest. Immediately to the right of the playground, you will see a butterfly garden and the trail head. When water flow is good, you can hear the falls as soon as you get out of your car.
When walking down the trail head, you will shortly come to a fork. For the falls, turn right. For a quick 0.3 mile boardwalk tour of the other sinks, take a left. We usually take a left first to build up the anticipation and to see how the falls started out. The sinks are fascinating to see. Huge sloping holes jutting into the earth. With tall, established oaks and magnolias surrounding them, it's so odd to see the forest floor just disappearing in spots under a blanket of thick leaves. It's impossible to see a bottom in a handful of the sinks!
After the short tour of the sinks, you loop back around to the fork and this time, take the right and walk towards to rushing sound of the falls. In a few yards, you come to the falls and they are just stunning. The fall is fed by a small creek on the forest floor but the result is a cascade of water into the cylindrical sink, down to the bottom, where the water then flows to where? No one knows. There are steps that lead down from the boardwalk down to the falls and steps that lead up to a higher viewing area and more trails. It's fascinating to walk down to the falls viewing platform and to look far down into the sink that swallows up the water from the forest creek. You will likely get a light dusting of falls water on your skin from the water rushing down. The sound is so soothing!
After taking in the falls close-up, you can make your way back up to the higher platform to see the falls through the trees from more of a distance. If you follow the boardwalk, you will continue on what is called the Wiregrass Trail. It is aptly named for the boardwalk is lined with a wiregrass floored longleaf pine forest on one side, with a dense forest on the other. The longer portion of the Wiregrass Trail was closed for boardwalk construction when we visited on April 20th so we just followed the trail to the right where it looped back around, behind the falls, and back to the parking lot. The whole trip was rather leisurely and filled with delightful sights and sounds! If you'd like to take a cool dip in the park lake after your hike, be sure to bring your bathing suit and a towel!
For more details on Falling Waters State Park and to see what other services are offered, visit the park site here.
A trail map can be found here.
Park Information
Located at 1130 State Park Road, Chipley, Florida 32428
Phone number: (850) 638-6130
Park entrance fee: $5 per vehicle (2-8 people), $4 per single occupant vehicle
Park rangers are available for group tours - be sure you call ahead!
Click here for a video of the falls, submitted by Lane and Krista - TheFunnyrats.
Sep 9, 2016
Nice Road Trip Stop
Sep 26, 2016


text:
UMass Boston researchers have definitively discovered evidence of the original 1620 Plymouth settlement.
UMass Boston researchers have definitively discovered evidence of the original 1620 Plymouth settlement.
|Fri, December 9
|2:30 pm
|Biology Dimensions of Sustainability Winter Symposium 2016
|Fri, December 9
|7:30 pm
|Bat Boy: The Musical
|Sat, December 10
|7:30 pm
|Jazz Night! Fall 2016
|Mon, December 12
|11:00 am
|Retreat from Stress
|Mon, December 12
|5:30 pm
|Asset Management Series: Market Strategies in Turbulent Times
Harbor Market is serving Reds Best local seafood today! instagram.com/p/BNze7kNhznP/
Huge news! UMass Boston had 2 proposals move forward... twitter.com/ssl_umb/status…
Obama and now Trump have chosen UMass Boston alums for key Cabinet positions. twitter.com/BostonMagazine…
Final game of first semester for #13/14 @UMBMENSHOCKEY, as they travel to take on @witathletics at 6pm. Livestats and video available
Junior Iser Barnes went off for a game-high 23 points to lead Men's Basketball past… instagram.com/p/BNx8zSYhxme/
@UMassBeacons 6-2 (apologize for the typo) @CoachHarrisUMB @beaconsjones
Sundays at 7:30 a.m. on WUMB 91.9FM
Next Week's Show: Out of Many, One? Immigration in American History
Last Week's Show: In the Crosshairs: Why Mass Shootings Happen


text:
LA Times, Washington Post Photographers Win Pulitzers for Photos
Posted by Holly Hughes on Monday April 18, 2011 | Awards/Contests/Grants, Photojournalism, Photos In The News
Posted by Holly Hughes on Monday April 18, 2011 | Awards/Contests/Grants, Photojournalism, Photos In The News
Barbara Davidson of the Los Angeles Times has been awarded the 2011 Pulitzer Prize in Feature Photography for her story on innocent victims of gang violence. Carol Guzy, Nikki Kahn and Ricky Carioti of the Washington Post were awarded the 2011 Pulitzer Prize in Breaking News Photography for their images of the aftermath of the earthquake in Haiti. The Pulitzers were announced today at Columbia University in New York.
Both prizes come with a $10,000 award; the Washington Post photographers will share their $10,000 prize.
Finalists in both photo categories were also announced today. They include photographers with The New York Times, the Naples (Florida) Daily, Getty Images and the Los Angeles Times.
More information on the Pulitzer prizes in photography, including the list of finalists and the members of the jury, can be found on PDNOnline.com.
Posted by Stacey Goldberg on Wednesday October 12, 2016 | Awards/Contests/Grants
The 29th annual Eddie Adams Workshop for emerging photographers in Jeffersonville, New York, ended Monday with presentations by students and announcements of awards. Winners included: Photographer Cesar Rodriguez of Mexico, who received the $2,500 Chris Hondros Fund Award. Hilina Abebe of Ethopia, who received the Nikon Award, which includes a Nikon D5 DSLR, three NIKKOR zoom lenses and... More ›
Posted by Conor Risch on Tuesday October 4, 2016 | Awards/Contests/Grants
The Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting, the nonprofit journalism organization which provides funding for journalists covering under-reported stories around the world, is celebrating its 10th anniversary. This week, they've asked current grantees and alumni to share memories and memorable Pulitzer Center-funded projects on social media using the hashtag #PulitzerCenter10. Grantees and Alumni: Join us in... More ›
Posted by Conor Risch on Wednesday September 28, 2016 | Awards/Contests/Grants
Photographers Laura Pannack and David Ryle have won the Getty Images Prestige Grants for 2016, Getty Images announced today. The grants, of $15,000 and $7,500, are given to photographers to help them to pursue "dream projects." Pannack won a $15,000 award for her project "Youth without age and Life without death," which through symbolism will... More ›


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Sea Urchins and Sand Pigs(2014)
A Chapter Book by Cornelia Funke
A delightful story from a top author. With treasure trails, dune pigs and the occasional visiting mermaid, there's never a dull moment in Sandy Cove, as a gang of children find out when they visit the holiday village one hot summer! High quality cream paper and a special easy to read font ensure a smooth read for all.
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Mr Birdsnest and the House Next Door
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See all available used copies of this book at Abebooks UK or Abebooks US
Paperback Editions
April 2014 : UK Paperback
|Title: Sea Urchins and Sand Pigs (Little Gems)
Author(s): Cornelia Funke, Sarah Horne
ISBN: 1-78112-390-X / 978-1-78112-390-4 (UK edition)
Publisher: Barrington Stoke Ltd
Availability: Amazon Amazon UK Amazon CA
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text:
Halo 3: First day sales hit $170 million
posted at 9:42 pm on September 26, 2007 by Bryan
To put that $170 million into perspective, Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace was arguably the most anticipated movie of the last 30 years, if not in the entire history of the film industry. Its first-day take: $28.5 million.
$170 million.
$28.5 million.
Revenge of the Sith would go on to shatter TPM's first-day total to rake in about $50 million. Which is less than a third of what Halo 3 took in. Halo 3 also beat Spider-Man 3's record of $150 million on the first day.
Besides the money, there's the fan base. In its first day, Halo 3 has 1.2 million online users who have already killed off something like half a billion baddies in the game. The usage map spans the globe.
Halo is the new king of all entertainment. And I've never played a single minute of Halo, ever. What am I missing?
*Correction: The $150 million for Spider-Man 3 is a 3-day total.
Breaking on Hot Air
That time the White House invented an entirely new ethnic minority group
Harry Reid: Comey is 'the new J. Edgar Hoover' and should resign
White House: We're probably not going to empty out Gitmo before January 20th


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Feb 23, 1965
|Filing date
|Apr 14, 1961
|Priority date
|Apr 14, 1961
|Publication number
|Carl A Wiley
|Original Assignee
|Giannini Scient Corp
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (34), Classifications (17)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
Feb. 23, 1965 c. A. WILEY 3,171,126
PASSIVE DETECTION AND RANGING SYSTEM Filed April 14, 1961 5 Sheets-Sheet 1 .sueFnci 5mg; mm minus h INVENTOR. 64:; A M45? Feb. 23, 1965 c. A. WILEY 3,171,126
PASSIVE DETECTION AND RANGING SYSTEM Filed April 14, 1961 5 Sheets-Sheet 2 INV EN TOR.
Feb. 23, 1965 c. A. WILEY 3,171,126
PASSIVE DETECTION AND RANGING SYSTEM Filed April 14, 1961 5 Sheets-Sheet s viitamzyi Feb. 23, 1965 c. A. WILEY PASSIVE DETECTION AND RANGING SYSTEM 5 Sheets-Sheet 5 Filed April 14. 1961 United States Patent 3,171,126 PASSIVE DETECTION AND RANGKNG SYSTEM Carl A. Wiley, Phoenix, Ariz., assignor to Giannini Scientific Corp., a corporation of Delaware Filed Apr. 14, 1961, Ser. No. 103,019 16 Claims. (Cl. 343-112) My invention relates generally to radio detection and ranging systems, and more particularly to a novel passive, all weather target detection and ranging system.
in radar systems, radio pulses or waves are sent out by a transmitter and strike a target which reflects a small but measurable amount of radio energy back to the receiver of the radar system. The reflected radio energy or echo is detected by the receiver and utilized to form a picture or other visual representation of the target. It is possible, of course, for others to detect the transmitted radio pulses or waves and determine the position of the transmitter by suitable equipment. This is not desirable during certain times, as during wartime. Further, when the transmitted radio pulses or waves are detected, jamming operations could be initiated so that it is no longer possible to detect and/or track a target.
It is a major object of my invention to provide a passive detection and ranging system which does not actively transmit detectable radio pulses or Waves.
Another object of this invention is to provide a passive detection and ranging system which is effective and useful at all times and during all weather conditions.
A further object of my invention is to provide a passive detection and ranging system which can accurately derive continuous range and velocity data of a moving target.
A still further object of this invention is to provide means in a passive detection and ranging system for producing a direct and visible indication of a target and its range and velocity.
Another object of the invention is to provide a passive detection and ranging system wherein noise radiation from a celestial source can be effectively utilized by the system for detection of a target.
Still another object of my invention is to provide a passive detection and ranging system wherein terrestrial or extra-terrestrial artificial sources of radiation can be used in the system for illuminating a target to be observed.
My invention possesses other objects and features, some of which, together with the foregoing, will be set forth in the following description of a preferred embodiment of the invention. The invention will be more fully under stood by reading the description with joint reference to the attached drawings, in which:
FIGURE 1 is a drawing, somewhat diagrammatically presented, illustrating various uses of my invention in detecting different targets.
FIGURE 2 is a block diagram of a preferred embodiment of a passive detection and ranging system constructed according to my invention;
FIGURE 3 is a schematic diagram of the passive detection and ranging system, showing the system in generally conventional components;
FIGURE 4 is a drawing in block diagram form of a correlator which is preferably used in the system;
FIGURE 5 is a table of computed ranges of targets of various sizes detectable by the use of the invention; and
FIGURE 6 is a graph illustrating performance of the present system in comparison with existing radar systems.
Various uses of my invention in locating and detecting target items such as aircraft 1t), shoreline 12 and surface ships 14 (or icebergs) from a submarine 16, for example, are indicated in the illustration of FIGURE 1. Radiation from a celestial source 18 strikes the different targets and also a reference antenna 20 mounted on the submarine 16. This radiation is reflected from the targets and can be picked up by a scanning search antenna 22 which is also mounted on the submarine 16, close to the reference antenna 20. The celestial source 118 can be the sun, moon, galactic plane (Milky Way), or radio point sources such as certain stars, the Cassiopeia Nebula, and the CygnusA colliding galaxies. There are, of course, many other sources that can be used, including general sky noise, a satellite placed in a fixed orbit and generating strong hydrogen line noise, the aurora in polar regions, and thermal radiation from high land when close to mountainous coasts, among others. Even jamming noise generated by others to prevent radar detection can make a good source.
A preferred embodiment, in block diagram form, of my novel passive, all Weather target detection and ranging system is shown in FIGURE 2. As indicated, the sun 24 provides noise modulated hydrogen line radiation to illuminate target 26. The sun, moon, Milky Way and radio stars are, for example, sources of noise modulated, 142G mc./s. (hydrogen line) radiation. The reference antenna 20 tracks the sun 24, for example, while the search antenna 22 continuously sweps in azimuth to detect the reflected radiation from any target such as 26. The system thus receives a reference signal from the sun 24 and receives the same signal reflected from the target 26 in time delay proportional to target range.
Each antenna Zn or 22, and its respectively associated receiver 28 or 30, is essentially a radiometer or radio star telescope. The outputs of receivers 28 and 30 are respectively fed to video amplifiers 32 and 34. The amplified output from amplifier 34 is fed to one input of correlator 36 and the amplified output from amplifier 32 is first delayed by delay line 38 and then fed to another input of the correlator 36. The correlator 36 compares the noise modulated reference signal from the sun 24 received by the reference antenna 2t with the noise modulated signal received by the scanning search antenna 22. The correlator 36 recognizes only target signals and cancels out all non-coherent noise. Differential range and target velocity data is provided from the correlator 36, and such data (signals) are fed to a conventional computer 40 for modification by antenna position (both antennas), ship (submarine 16, for example) heading and ship velocity data 42 supplied to the computer as to produce true range and velocity data which can be conventionally presented on standard radar target display systems 44. Such computer operates in dependency on the time phase of the target signal and its rate of phase change relative to the recurrent output of the orthicon sweep generator shown in FIGURE 4, as is conventional in pulse radar systems. The antenna position, ship heading and velocity data, in conjunction with the true range and velocity data, can be used to control the ships fire control system 46 as indicated in FIGURE 2.
A more detailed illustration of my invention is shown in FIGURE 3. The target, in this instance, is depicted as a ship 14. As can be seen in FIGURE 3, radiation from a celestial source such as the sun, moon, galactic plane or radio stars strikes both the target 14 and reference antenna 20 of the system. The target 14 scatters energy back to search antenna 22 as in a conventional radar. Two low level antenna output signals are obtained from antennas 2t and 22, and respectively amplified in very low noise amplifiers 4S and 50' of the type used in microwave radiometers, radio telescopes and probe telem etry. These amplifiers can be masers, diode parametric amplifiers or the fast wave electron beam parametric amplifiers developed by Zenith Radio Corporation.
The amplified signals are then conventionally reduced to a common intermediate frequency by local oscillator 52, and mixers S4 and 56 which mixers respectively accept the output signals of amplifiers 43 and 5%. The intermediate frequency signals from mixers 5d and 56 are amplified by IF strip amplifiers 58 and so, respectively, which correspond to the general video amplifiers 32 and 34 indicated in FTGURE 2. The direct signal from the celestial source as amplified by strip amplifier 55 is delayed by a variable ultrasonic delay line as, which corresponds to delay line 33 of FTGURE 2. The outputs of strip amplifier 60 and delay line 62 are fed to cross correlator 64-. The cross correlator 6a is preferably a conventional electro-optical cross correlator. The output of the cross correlator 64 contains complete information of differential range and velocity of the target.
From FIGURE 3, it can be easily seen that for an essentially infinitely located source, the following relationships are true:
where d=r+L.
Now when the internal delay in the sky channel of the cross correlator @4- equals the delay in the target channel, r+L, the common celestial noise will cross correlate and produce a large output signal. When the two delays are not equal, correlation does not occur and the output drops to a low level. Noise originating in one channel alone will find no corresponding noise signal in the other channel and will not correlate. Such noise can be caused by thermal emission from objects seen by either antenna, emission from resistive elements in the antennas and feeds to the amplifiers, or in the low noise amplifiers.
Once r|-L=d is known by determining the internal variable delay to obtain correlation in the cross correlator 64, and 0 is determined by measuring the elevation of the sky or reference antenna 2%), range r is given by the relation r:d(1+cos 0). Target bearing is determined by noting the azimuth of the target antenna 22 as with a radar.
The correlator 36 is preferably an electro-optical device which compares the reference signals to the target signals. It consists generally of two glass delay lines 63 and '76, a light source 72, and an output tube 74, as shown in FIG- URE 4. The glass delay lines each have a transducer which convert the electrical signal applied thereto into ultrasonic stress (shear) waves that travel down the glass line. A conventional A.C. analyzer or frequency meter 76 for measuring frequency can be also included in the correlator 36 shown in FIGURE 4.
The glass delay lines 68 and as become birefringent to polarized light when a shear wave is present. The video reference signal (modulated noise of the 1420 mc./s. source) is continuously fed into one end of the first glass delay line 68. This glass line transmits polarized light at any point Where a shear wave corresponding to the video signal is present, such as at points A, B or C. The search video signal is fed into the other glass delay line '70 from the opposite end and transformed into a stress (shear) wave. There is then a continuously varying differential delay between the two signals which varies linearly with position along the length of the lines. Only when identical shear waves are passing each other in the same Vertical position (point A) will light be transmitted through the second delay line with average level differing from the average level present when no signals are present in the line. As a result, all random noise is reduced to a low level in the device integrating the light which passed through the delay lines, and only reflected target signals which correlate with the reference signal are transmitted to the pickup tube 74 Whose screen acts as an integrator in the correlation process. The target signal appears as an image differing in light level from the quiescent level, referred to as a bright spot, if there is no relative motion between the target and the ranging ship. The differential to provide a signal representing true target range. The computer will derive the relative velocity of the gated target from its phase variation in respect to the sweep generator signal in a conventional manner.
Additionally, the relative velocity of the gated target signal can be determined as follows. The intensity of the bright spot is modulated at a frequency proportional to closing velocity if the target is moving, The gated signal is applied through a sweep repetition frequency blocking channel to supply a signal having only the modulation frequency characteristic of the gated target velocity. The AC. analyzer 75 measures this frequency and provides an output signal representing differential velocity of the target. Thus, both range and velocity information from the target is furnished by the correlator 36, and provided to the computer 449 (FIGURE 2). Correction by the computer 40, mainly of ship bearing and velocity on the dilferential velocity signal, yields a signal representing true target velocity.
The delay line 38 in FIGURE 2 corresponds to the variable ultrasonic delay line 62 shown in FIGURE 3. Such delay lines are provided to make use of the full lengths of the glass delay lines 68 and 7% for indicating range. For example, if the reference signal was not delayed, and the search signal started at the same time as the reference signal, point A of the signal in each line 63 and 7t) would travel from their respective transducer ends down each line at the same velocity and pass at the midpoints of the lines. Correlation occurs and a bright spot is produced at a point corresponding to the middle (laterally) of tube '74. This point then represents zero range since both search and reference signals were considered started at the same instant in the glass delay lines 68 and 70. In order to utilize the right half of tube 74, the reference signal is simply delayed by delay line 62 (FIGURE 3) so that the zero range point is moved to the right end of the tube 74. The delay line 62 provides a time delay, then, of onehalf a glass delay line length.
The cross correlator 64 can be a conventional device similar to that described in articles by H. A. Brouneus and W. H. Jenkins in the January 13, 1961 issue of Electronics, entitled Continuously-Variable Glass Delay Line, and by R. W. Wilmotte in the Final Report, September, 1947, RADC Contract No. AF30(602)1494, ASTIA No. AD 215485, entitled Instantaneous Cross- Correlator. It is noted that the tube '74 is preferably a single line image orthicon; however, a vidicon, an array of small photocells with RC integrators in their outputs for line readout or film on which light is projected thereon for a recorded image can be utilized instead.
The passive detection and ranging system described is a coherent system in which the reference is not a sine wave as in radars but that the noise signal coming from the celestial source is considered the reference. Synchronous demodulation followed by Doppler filtering, which is an integration process, is merely a special case of cross correlation. There are also many types of radiation sources that can be used, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Choice of source type results in different systems operating at very different wavelengths. Since the systems are similar to microwave radiometers, considerations in radiometric temperatures are easier to deal in than in power levels. Of course, conversion to power levels can be made at any point in the system by use of the relationship P=kTB, where P is the power level, T the radiometric temperature, B the bandwidth of the system at the point in question, and K is Boltzmanns constant. In c.g.s. units watts/ deg./ cycle per second.
Depending upon the operating frequency of the system, various different systems are obtained. When a fairly high microwave frequency, like X-band, is used, a system having high antenna directivities needed to obtain good ranges is easily produced. From data of radiometric temperatures of different sources, however, the only sources that can be used are indicated to be the sun or the moon which must be tracked by the sky or reference antenna. At 1420 mc./s., however, there are usefully available at this frequency the sun, the moon, the hydrogen line and radio stars. Data also indicates radiometric temperatures of about 100 K. within il0 of the galactic plane (Milky Way region) at this frequency. The general sky noise, however, is still very low. In addition, there are several point sources which are useful. All these sources have angular sizes in the order of one to four minutes of arc.
The 1420 mc./s. system is less likely than the X-band system to be out of operation due to lack of a source. For the X-band system fails when neither the sun nor the moon are above the horizon, while the L-band (14-20 mc./s.) system fails only if none of the Milky Way and no radio stars are visible during the dark of the moon. Neither system is harmed by the presence of poor weather or clouds.
Finally, considering a system operating near 300 mc./s., it was found that general sky noise is sufficient for operation of the system. However, at 300 rnc./s. frequency, the antennas are necessarily larger than that at X-band or L-band. The X-band antennas are, for example, feet parabolas with a beamwidth of /2 degree. The L-band 1420 mc./s. (21 cm.) antennas can be similar to the one described in the February 17, 1961 issue of Electronics, in an article entitled I igh- Gain Modular Array Has Low Side Lobes.
At 300 mc./s., in a preferred antenna arrangement, the reference antenna is 10 meters on a side and flush mounted in the deck. It is phased so that the beam looks anywhere from near vertical to nearly end-fire in a direction away from the target. The target antenna is 10 meters wide, but only 2 meters high. As a result, a fan beam is produced. The reference antenna can be directed toward a point source independently of the motion of the target antenna or then can be scanned in azimuth together when using general sky noise. Control of the antennas is eifected conventionally and similarly to radar system antennas.
The table in FIGURE 5 lists the effective computed ranges of the passive detection and ranging system embodying my invention in detecting a ship and an airplane. In the table,
A0 is the bearnwidth of the target antenna A0 is the beamwidth of the reference antenna A6 is the angle subtended by the source =1 for an area source) A0 T is the source temperature 0" is the target cross-section L equals the square root of 1 r is the range It can be seen from FIGURE 3 and shown that the greatest accuracy of the system is obtained when 0:0 and the source is directly to the rear of the target antenna. The systems ability to range disappears when the source is directly behind the target and cos 0=l. Actual performance on a generally qualitative basis is given by the performance comparison chart shown in FIGURE 6. The passive detection and ranging system of the present invention has been identified by the word Stardar, which has been coined by a contraction of the words star and radar.
FIGURE 6 presents a performance comparison between Stardar and existing radar. Range vs. Target Area data for equal radar and Stardar antenna systems show a marked advantage for Stardar in daytime utilizing the sun as the illumination source. The Stardar system' is presently inferior to radar systems at night, but still gives adequately useful performance and range for targets of bomber aircraft size or larger.
FEGURE 6 also illustrates the improvement in Stardar performance possible by lowering the search rate of the azimuth scanning, target acquisition antenna. It is possible to increase night time Stardar performance to be equal or better than radar when orbiting satellites generating strong hydrogen line noises are placed in fixed orbits to provide a stronger illumination source than the Milky Way.
Transmission of radio frequency energy at 1420 rnc./s. is particularly unaffected by fog, rain, atmospheric and thermal noise. Consequently, the Stardar system provides excellent all weather performance. The system is completely passive in nature and has excellent range performance. The system can also be used for collision (iceberg, for example) avoidance, navigation by radio stars, and navigation along coast lines by ships.
It is to be understood that the particular embodiment of my invention described above and shown in the drawings is merely illustrative of and not restrictive on the broad invention, and that various changes in design, struc ture and arrangement may be made Without departing from the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
I claim:
1. A passive detection and ranging system, comprising: reference antenna means for sensing direct radiation produced by an external noise modulated source and generating a reference output signal; search antenna means for sensing reflected radiation from a target illuminated by said external source radiation and generating a target output signal; means for receiving and amplifying said reference output signal; means for receiving and amplifying said target output signal; means for providing a differential time delay etween said output signals; and a correlator for correlating said amplified reference and target output signals to produce a coherent noise correlated output signal indicating the differential range between the signals produced by direct and reflected radiation.
2. The system as defined in claim 1 wherein said reference antenna means is adapted to sense said external source of radiation from a celestial source.
3. The system as defined in claim 1 wherein said reference antenna means is adapted to sense said external source of radiation from a terrestrial source.
4. The system as defined in claim 1 wherein said reference antenna means is adapted to sense radiation from an artificial extra terrestrial source.
5. The system as defined in claim 1 including, in addition, means for presenting a visual display of the output of said correlator whereby to visually indicate said target and its differential range and velocity.
6. The system as defined in claim 1 wherein said cor relator includes a cross correlator of the electro-optical type.
7. The system as defined in claim 6 wherein said cross correlator includes output means having a narrow, extended integrating light sensitive area, and electron beam means for scanning said extended integrating area to produce an indexed range output signal.
8. The system as defined in claim 7 including, in addition, means for measuring frequency of said range output signal to produce an indexed velocity output signal.
9. A passive detection and ranging system, comprising: reference antenna means for tracking an external source of noise modulated radiation and sensing direct radiation produced by said source, and generating a reference output signal; search antenna means for scanning a predetermined field and sensing reflected radiation from a target illuminated in said field by said noise modulated radiation from said external source, and generating a target output signal; means for receiving and amplifying said reference output signal; means for receiving and amplifying said target output signal; and a correlator for correlating said amplified reference and target output signals to produce a correlate-:1 coherent noise output signal indicating the differential range between the signals produced by direct and reflected radiation.
10. The system as defined in claim 9 wherein said reference antenna means is adapted to sense said external source of radiation from a celestial source.
11. The system as defined in claim 9 wherein said reference antenna means is adapted to sense said external source of radiation from a terrestrial source.
12. The system as defined in claim 9 including, in addition, means for delaying said amplified reference output signal a predetermined delay before applying it to said correlator.
13. The system as defined in claim 9 including, in addition, means for presenting a visual display of said target and its range and velocity.
14. The system as defined in claim 9 wherein said correlator includes a cross correlator of the electro-optical type.
15. The system as defined in claim 14 wherein said cross correlator includes output means having a narrow, extended integrating light sensitive area, and electron beam means for scanning said extended integrating area to produce an indexed range output signal.
16. The system as defined in claim 15 including, in addition, means for measuring frequency of said range output signal to produce an indexed velocity output signal.
References (liter! by the Examiner UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,817,081 12/57 Roberts. 2,837,738 6/58 Valkenburgh 343-112 3,028,600 4/62 Bailey.
CHESTER L. JUSTUS, Primary Examiner.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jan 10, 1955
|Dec 17, 1957
|Roberts Walter Van B
|Tracking system
|Aug 10, 1955
|Jun 3, 1958
|Fairchild Engine & Airplane
|Passive range measuring device
|Mar 17, 1959
|Apr 3, 1962
|Albert D Bailey
|Radio direction finding system
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Nov 12, 1963
|Mar 22, 1966
|Bendix Corp
|Apparatus for and a method of determining the position of electromagnetic noise source
|Oct 25, 1963
|Jul 26, 1966
|Greenberg Joel S
|Data collection system employing celestial radiation as a reference
|Dec 18, 1963
|Aug 2, 1966
|Manfred Gale
|Passive perimeter intrusion detection system
|Jul 23, 1963
|Apr 2, 1968
|Philco Ford Corp
|Automatic rangefinder
|Dec 13, 1963
|Mar 11, 1969
|Wilmotte Raymond M
|Electro-optical correlator
|Dec 12, 1963
|Nov 18, 1969
|Wilmotte Raymond M
|Information processing and display with optical correlation
|Feb 25, 1969
|Dec 22, 1970
|Us Navy
|Pulsar communication systems
|Jan 10, 1972
|May 22, 1973
|Berg I
|Passive radiometric detection system
|Jan 20, 1967
|Oct 9, 1973
|Us Navy
|Underwater tracking system
|Dec 23, 1966
|Feb 26, 1974
|Texas Instruments Inc
|Optical interference directional sensing
|May 27, 1975
|Apr 5, 1977
|Hughes Aircraft Company
|Method and apparatus for acousto-optic pulse compression
|Jan 24, 1966
|Nov 6, 1979
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy
|Passive acquisition system
|Sep 30, 1971
|Apr 15, 1980
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy
|Optical autocorrelator signal processor
|Mar 31, 1980
|May 31, 1983
|The Boeing Company
|System for determining the location of an airborne vehicle to the earth using a satellite-base signal source
|Apr 29, 1964
|Dec 9, 1986
|General Electric Company
|Cancellation of scatter jamming
|Sep 28, 1984
|Jun 2, 1987
|The Boeing Company
|Depression angle ranging system and methods
|Jun 24, 1985
|Nov 14, 1989
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy
|Apparatus for and a method of determining compass headings
|Jul 11, 1991
|Dec 22, 1992
|Viz Manufacturing Company
|Passive ranging system utilizing range tone signals
|May 30, 1997
|Oct 10, 2000
|Centre National D'etudes Spatiales
|Method and apparatus for geodetic surveying and/or earth imaging by satellite signal processing
|Apr 16, 1986
|Nov 14, 2000
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force
|Slow speed pulse chase apparatus
|Jan 13, 1999
|Dec 26, 2000
|Lemelson Jerome H.
|Friend or foe detection system and method and expert system military action advisory system and method
|Dec 2, 1988
|Feb 6, 2001
|The Boeing Company
|Method and system for determining location and velocity of electromagnetic emitters using doppler frequency measurements
|Apr 26, 2000
|Mar 13, 2001
|Jerome H. Lemelson
|Friend or foe detection system and method and expert system military action advisory system and method
|Dec 20, 2000
|Aug 20, 2002
|Jerome H. Lemelson
|Friend or foe detection system and method and expert system military action advisory system and method
|Sep 29, 2003
|Jan 25, 2005
|Wsi Corporation
|Automated method to remove false echoes due to solar interference
|Jan 25, 2008
|Jun 1, 2010
|The Boeing Company
|System and method for using iridium satellite signals for meteorological measurements
|Sep 23, 2008
|Oct 5, 2010
|Agence Spatiale Europeenne
|Space-borne altimetry apparatus, antenna subsystem for such an apparatus and methods for calibrating the same
|Jul 7, 2009
|Nov 15, 2011
|Agence Spatiale Europeenne
|Altimetry method and system
|Oct 22, 2010
|Feb 12, 2013
|Jed Margolin
|System for sensing aircraft and other objects
|Nov 21, 2006
|Jul 12, 2007
|Global Aerospace, Llc
|Airplane system for an atmospheric turbulence analysis system
|Jan 25, 2008
|Jul 30, 2009
|Tillotson Brian J
|System and method for using iridium satellite signals for meteorological measurements
|Jul 7, 2009
|Jan 14, 2010
|Agence Spatiale Europeenne
|Altimetry method and system
|Sep 23, 2008
|Mar 25, 2010
|Agence Spatiale Europeenne
|Space-borne altimetry apparatus, antenna subsystem for such an apparatus and methods for calibrating the same
|Oct 22, 2010
|Jul 14, 2011
|Jed Margolin
|System for sensing aircraft and other objects
|U.S. Classification
|342/458, 342/109, 342/464, 708/816, 324/76.35, 324/76.36, 342/357.48, 701/514
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


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Photo #52780
Last Name: Tidnam
First Name : Lillian
Middle Name: Mary
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Subject's Country: United States
Date: 1851-1900
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Type** : PRT
Comments: Lillian Mary Tidnam (Nee: ) | United States | 1851-1900 | Comments: This is a baby picture of my grandmother, Lillian Tidnam Earp. She was born on March 17, 1894 in New Jersey the daughter of H.F. and Mary Charlotte Alford Tidnam.In 1917 Lillian married Major Ancel Earp in Oklahoma City.
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