text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jun 3, 2003
|Filing date
|Dec 27, 2000
|Priority date
|Dec 27, 2000
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Willem Griffioen, Arie Van Wingerden, Cornelis Van ′T Hul, Pieter Lock, Willem Greven, Frans Robbert Bakker
|Original Assignee
|Nkf Kabel B.V.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (17), Non-Patent Citations (11), Referenced by (17), Classifications (12), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates generally to optical telecommunications networks, and in particular to methods and apparatus for installing a loose bundle of guide tubes, through which fiber optic communications cables are to be routed, within a protective conduit such as an underground duct.
Various factors must be considered when fiber optic cable is installed in a conduit. A major concern is avoidance of damage to the cable during installation. Damage can occur in a variety of ways, namely 1) radial crushing the cable with installation equipment; 2) severe bending, twisting, flexing or stretching damage due to excessive forces applied during installation; 3) damaging the protective cable jacket, such as by abrasion, cracking or cutting the outer protective layer; and 4) long term exposure of the cable to environmental factors which cause thermal cycling.
Another concern is ease of installation and the desire for a reduction in the amount of time needed to install the cable. Also, there is a concern to avoid splices in the cable as much as possible. Splices are time consuming to make and may lead to a decrease in cable performance. Generally, it is desirable to install the longest continuous length of cable possible to reduce the number of splices needed for the desired cable run.
Protective cable ducts have been channelized in an effort to satisfy these concerns. For this purpose a tube, whose interior may have a lower coefficient of friction than the existing duct, is installed in the existing protective duct, thereby establishing a separate channel in which cable, optionally at a later time, can be blown or pulled through the protective duct over a greater length. It may also be desirable to install in an existing duct a larger number of tubes with a smaller cross section than that of the existing duct if it is desired to use each of the smaller tubes as a separate channel or subduct for single- or multi-core copper or glass fiber cables. Further, it may be necessary to install in an existing duct a protective tube with a water barrier, so that in the existing duct, whose interior gradually fills up with water through diffusion, a waterproof conduit is created by means of the second tube, this waterproof conduit allowing the routing of cables without a water shield.
An early approach to duct channelization is described in the article "Subducts: The answer to Honolulu's growing pains" by Herman S. L. Hu and Ronald T. Miyahira in Telephony, Apr. 7, 1980, pages 23-35. That arrangement accommodates fiber optic cables in a separate tube or subduct, with four guide channels being formed by partitioning a primary duct forming part of a primary duct network. As more telecommunications connections are needed, a fiber optic cable is pulled by a rope or winching wire through one of the channels, without the new fiber optic cable being hampered during installation by cables already present. At branches, a joint or splice is made in the fiber optic cable. EP-A-0,108,590 to Reeve describes a ducting network, the ducts of which have previously been provided with a number of separate channels, allowing a separate lightweight and flexible fiber optic member to be blown in by compressed air in each channel without armor or water barrier. The duct provided with channels protects the fiber optic members against external influences, such as moisture and the like. In this way, a network with individual fiber optic members to each customer is created, with the fiber optic members being arranged in parallel channels up to the branches.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,850,569 and 4,934,662 to Griffioen et al. describe combining high speed air flow with a pushing force applied at the entry end of the conduit to install a traditional (i.e. with non-negligible stiffness) cable. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,197,715 and 5,474,277 to Griffioen further describe the use of a guide shuttle attached to the lead end of the cable which adds a tension force on the lead end of the cable, in addition to the motive forces applied to the cable via the high speed moving air.
These techniques also have been used advantageously for installing channelization guide tubes in an existing protective duct. For example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,884,384 to Griffioen, channelization is achieved by installing a bundle of guide tubes or subducts in an existing protective duct by means a fluid under pressure, for instance compressed air, together with a pushing force exerted on the guide tubes as they enter the protective duct.
In the air blowing/pushing technique the air drag propelling forces on the bundle are distributed over the entire length of the guide tubes, and the longitudinal forces imposed on the guide tubes are kept low. For making the most productive use of available underground duct space, it has been the conventional practice during the initial installation to fill the protective duct as completely as possible with channelization guide tubes of various diameters to accommodate present and anticipated cable branching/drop requirements. In previous guide tube installations, the size and number of guide tubes have been selected to provide close to 100 percent filling of the protective duct. However, it was found in practice that such jobs incur increased installation time, along with a reduction of the overall bundle length that can be blown in continuously, thus requiring more guide tube joints, more duct junctions and, last but not least, a shorter maximal distance between handholes or manholes (if installation is done in an existing duct trajectory, where digging the street again is to be avoided).
During blowing/pushing installation of a bundle of guide tubes, the propelling air-drag force developed by the volumetric flow of air through the duct is proportional to the compressor output pressure and bundle diameter. However, the frictional load imposed by rubbing engagement is proportional to the bundle weight, hence to the square of the bundle diameter. Moreover, a bundle that fills the duct for a large part, when the bundle is tight, is subjected to extra friction caused by bends and undulations in the duct due to the stiffness of the bundle, which increases with the fourth power of the bundle diameter. On the other hand a bundle that just fits in the protective duct can be pushed harder without buckling, but the frictional loading caused by rubbing engagement of the guide tubes against the protective duct imposes a limit on the continuous installation length that can be obtained by pushing/blowing for such large bundle diameters.
It has been demonstrated during field trials that when the filling degree of the guide tube bundle (sum of guide tube cross-sectional areas compared to that of protective duct) is provided in the range of from about 30% to about 60%, blowing/pushing installation of the guide tube bundle is substantially trouble free. Also, unexpectedly, substantially longer continuous runs were accomplished in less time than required for relatively large diameter guide tube bundles. The selection of the diameter and number of guide tubes to provide a partial filling factor of not more than about 50%, with the guide tubes arranged in a loose bundle, provided the best results. The partial filling of guide tubes arranged in a loose bundle also provides good mechanical protection. By limiting the bundle diameter so that the guide tubes only partially fill the duct air flow space, preferably by a filling factor of about 50% (half of duct cross-sectional area) and not more than about 60%, the guide tubes and hence any cables contained therein are protected just as good as armored cables, because the loose guide tubes can move away when the duct is indented. Also, by installing the guide tubes as a loose bundle as opposed to a solid bundle, the guide tubes are more easily accessible at branch points which are formed as new subscribers are added. Further, a loose bundle of guide tubes has a reduced stiffness factor as compared with the same guide tubes arranged in a tightly bound bundle.
The invention is based on the insight that the propelling drag force needed to move a loose bundle of guide tubes (with or without cables) through a duct by the volumetric flow of compressed air is generally proportional to the effective external surface area presented by the guide tubes, which is in turn proportional to the effective diameter of the guide tube bundle. At the same time, the volumetric flow rate of compressed air through the protective duct is limited by the output pressure of the air compressor, which is generally constant, by the diameter of the duct (which is fixed) and by the flow resistance imposed by the mass of the guide tube bundle. The guide tube bundle throttles air flow through the surrounding bundle/duct annulus as the bundle diameter increases relative to the duct diameter.
The invention will be further explained hereinafter on the basis of an exemplary embodiment with reference to the drawing figures, in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic side elevation view showing installation of a loose bundle of guide tubes according to the method of the present invention;
FIG. 1A is simplified side elevation view of a semi-open shuttle to which the feed-in ends of loose guide tubes are coupled by a tether line;
FIG. 1B is a simplified side elevation view of a semi-open, elongated guide probe connected to the feed-in end of a guide tube;
FIG. 2 is a sectional view showing a loose bundle of guide tubes of a first small diameter laid in a large protective duct providing a bundle fill factor of 48%;
FIG. 3 is a view similar to FIG. 2 showing a loose bundle of guide tubes of a second small diameter providing a bundle fill factor of 49%;
FIG. 4 is a sectional view showing the guide tubes of FIG. 2 in which fiber optic cables have been laid;
FIG. 5 is a sectional view showing the guide tubes of FIG. 3 in which fiber optic cables have been laid;
FIG. 6 is a sectional view showing a tightly bound bundle of guide tubes of a first small diameter laid in a large protective duct providing a bundle fill factor of about 50%;
FIG. 7 is a sectional view similar to FIG. 6 showing a loose bundle of guide tubes of the same diameter as shown in FIG. 6, laid in a large protective duct of the same diameter, also providing a bundle fill factor of about 50%;
FIG. 8 is a sectional view similar to FIG. 6 showing an indentation of the protective duct in response to a lateral impact, in which a tight guide tube bundle of conventional construction is beginning to undergo compression;
FIG. 8A is a sectional view similar to FIG. 8 showing a deeper indentation of the protective duct in response to a more severe lateral impact that exceeds the minimum safety requirement, which causes the tight bundle to be indented so severely that the guide tubes are damaged;
FIG. 9 is a sectional view of the protective duct containing the loose bundle of guide tubes shown in FIG. 7, which has been indented by a lateral impact, with some free space still remaining so that the guide tubes are not being compressed;
FIG. 9A is a sectional view similar to FIG. 9 showing an indentation of the protective duct in response to a more severe lateral impact that exceeds the minimum safety requirement for tight bundles, but does not cause damage to the guide tubes of the loose bundle since there is still some free space remaining for the loose guide tubes to move away;
FIG. 10 is a perspective view of the protective duct shown in FIG. 1, partially in section, showing the disposition of the loose guide tubes and fiber optic cables within a protective duct;
FIG. 11 is a simplified perspective view of a section of protective duct which has been channelized with guide tubes installed according to the present invention, with a branch connector installed for routing a drop cable to a customer;
FIG. 12 is a longitudinal sectional view showing the preferred construction of the fiber optic cable that is adapted for installation in the guide tubes shown in FIG. 4 and FIG. 5;
FIG. 13 is a simplified diagram of a primary ring fiber optic access network for business customers with redundant 2-fiber drop cable connections; and
FIG. 14 is a simplified routing diagram showing multiple protective distribution ducts and redundant fiber optic cables laid in drop tubes running to business customers from multiple branching points.
The invention will now be described on the basis of examples where guide tubes are installed in protective conduits which are intended to function as dedicated cable ducts. Unless otherwise specified, all dimensional measurements are given in metric units.
FIG. 1 shows an existing protective duct 10, in which it is desired to install a bundle 12 of guide tubes 14, which are intended to channelize the protective duct, with each guide tube functioning as a separate cable duct. The ends of the guide tubes 14 are closed by a seal check valve 16V, as shown in FIG. 1 or by a seal cap 16C, as shown in FIG. 1A, at the forward, feed-in end thereof. A set of pressure rollers 18 driven by a motor (not shown) pull the guide tube bundle 12 through a feed-in opening 20 of a pressurization chamber 22. Alternatively, a set of caterpillar tractors may be used to pull the guide tubes into the pressure chamber and push the bundle through the protective duct. The pressure chamber also includes an inlet opening 24 for admitting a fluid under pressure, for instance compressed air. The pressure rollers 18 or caterpillar tractors may also be placed outside, immediately in front of, the pressurization chamber 22. Connected in air flow communication with the inlet opening 24 is a compressor 26. The trailing end of each guide tube that is yet to be laid is unwound from a reel 28.
It should be understood that the preferred embodiment of the invention is a loose bundle of guide tubes with loose uncoupled feed-in ends, as shown in FIG. 1 (unlike U.S. Pat. No. 5,884,384, Griffioen). These feed-in ends preferably are closed by a seal, e.g. a check valve 16V for internal pressurization or an end cap 16C. Other embodiments include:
a shuttle 30, preferably semi-open, coupled to each feed-in end, as shown in FIG. 1A, and
an elongated probe 31 attached to the feed-in ends with tapering angle in relation with diameter and length of the feed-in end, such as to bridge gaps G in the duct wall, explained by the drawing of FIG. 1B.
According to the shuttle embodiment shown in FIG. 1A, the closed feed-in ends of the guide tubes are connected by a tether line 29 to a guide shuttle 30 so as to resist tensile strain and, if necessary, torsion. The inlet end of the protective duct 10 is coupled in-line with the pressure rollers and in fluid communication with the pressurization chamber outlet port 32. Preferably, the annulus between the guide shuttle 30 and the internal sidewall bore 10B of the protective duct 10 is engaged by one or more flexible leather gaskets 30R, thus assisting the shuttle to glide in axially centered relation along the duct, while constraining the flow of propelling air through an open flow passage 30P which is formed longitudinally through the body of the shuttle.
Alternatively, in the shuttle embodiment of FIG. 1A, the inner wall of the protective duct 10 may be provided with one or more grooves as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,884,384. On the circumference of the shuttle 30 there are in that case provided one or more guide ribs in the leather gaskets, which engage in the grooves and ensure that the shuttle cannot twist in the protective duct, thereby preventing torsion of the guide tube bundle 12, which is highly undesirable because it renders more difficult the subsequent feed-in of cables into the individual guide tube. Preferably, the bundles of guide tubes 14 are installed loosely inside the protective duct 10 by pushing and blowing.
The protective duct 10 offers the required mechanical protection when sufficient free space is left inside, for example in the loose bundles as shown in FIG. 2, FIG. 3, FIG. 4, FIG. 5 and FIG. 7. In FIG. 6 a tight bundle 29 with 7 tubes of 7/5.5 mm (outside diameter/inside diameter) tightly bound within a tubular sheath and a loose bundle (10 tubes of 7/5.5 mm) are laid in a 40/32 mm protective channelization duct 10 of the same size. The cross-sectional area (calculated by using the outside diameter) of all guide tubes, including the bundle jacket, preferably fills or occupies no more than about half the air flow space inside the protective duct. The bundles with 48% and 49% filling only just satisfy the internal impact requirement. The duct sidewall indentations K shown in FIG. 8 and FIG. 9 result from an impact well below minimum safety requirement. Here it should be noted that the tight bundle 29 already starts to damage, but the guide tubes of the loose bundle 12 are not yet compressed.
FIG. 8A shows a sectional view of the protective duct and tight bundle 29 combination of FIG. 8 which has been damaged by a much deeper sidewall indentation M caused by a more severe lateral impact that exceeds the minimum safety requirement. In this tightly bundled example, which satisfies the desired filling degree (about 50%), the guide tubes 14 are nevertheless pinched and crushed, thus causing permanent damage to fiber cables contained therein.
In a loose bundle 12 arrangement as shown in FIG. 9A, in which the loose bundle satisfies the desired filling degree requirement (about 50%), the protective duct 10 has sustained a comparable sidewall indentation M in response to a more severe lateral impact that exceeds the minimum safety requirement. However, in this loose bundle example, the guide tubes 14 are not damaged since there is still some free space remaining for the loose guide tubes to move away.
This partial filling also makes possible the blowing of the bundle of guide tubes and allows easy access to each guide tube for branching. The protective ducts can be installed in channelization ducts or may also be laid direct buried into the ground.
According to a first alternative embodiment of the invention, the forward ends of the guide tubes to be installed are connected to an open guide shuttle 30, as shown in FIG. 1A. This open arrangement allows the pressurized fluid to pass and has solely a guiding function. However, the shuttle can also be semi-permeable as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,884,384 so that the fluid under pressure exerts a force on the shuttle, which thereby pulls the bundle as the shuttle advances in the existing duct.
To avoid the guide tubes from being stuck in obstacles in the protective duct 10, a long front-end guide 31 is provided. An example of a front-end guide is given in FIG. 1B for one of the tubes of a bundle of 10 tubes of 10 mm in a protective duct of 50 mm inside diameter.
According to this arrangement, the feed-in end of the guide tube 14 is connected to an elongated, tubular front-end guide 31 that includes a tapered probe or nose portion 33 that is sized appropriately so that it can bridge across gaps G in the protective duct sidewall. In this embodiment the front-end guide 31 includes an internal flow restrictor 35 and a vent port 37. A plug (not illustrated) may be substituted for the flow restrictor when maintenance of internal pressurization of the guide tube 14 is desired.
The length of the front-end guide should be as follows:
Minimum length L such that maximum tilting in the duct is less degrees than the tapering of the nose portion 33. Note that the less degrees the tapering is, the larger the gap G between the different ducts can be. In FIG. 1B the length L of the front-end guide 31 is 12 cm and the tapering of the nose portion 33 is 20 degrees. A longitudinal gap G of 8 mm between the cut duct end portions then can be passed without problems.
Maximum length L such that the front-end guide 31 can pass bends in the duct trajectory. This condition is fulfilled amply. Note that non-bendable plugs of 15 cm length and a diameter of 85% of the internal duct are usually sent through the duct for calibration. This means that it is possible to produce much longer front-end guides 31 with less tapering (passing wider gaps). Generally, the front-end guide 31 has a length L ranging from twice the internal diameter D of the existing duct, from 10 cm up to 15 cm.
Increasing the diameter of the front-end guide 31 is another way to bridge wider gaps. The maximum diameter is, however, restricted in order to maintain enough space for the bundle of tubes. Note that it is not necessary to place the front-end guides all at the same location. They can be spaced apart, e.g. with one meter between each other (to be preferred).
According to a second exemplary embodiment of the invention, the guide tubes 14 to be installed are pressurized and sealed on both ends to avoid collapsing the guide tubes as the protective duct 10 is pressurized. The fluid flowing along the external walls of the sealed guide tubes to be installed, for open as well as semi-permeable shuttles, has a higher velocity than the traveling speed of the guide tubes, so that a propelling drag force is exerted on the external walls. The method according to the pressurized guide tube embodiment can be carried out with or without a shuttle.
According to conventional practice, first it is tried to install as many guide tubes as possible, simply because even more cables can be installed later and because of the low costs of the guide tubes (a small number is in most cases easier to install, although an extremely small number might cause buckling because of the excessive free space). Exceeding 60% filling degree can cause problems because of above-mentioned reasons and because of the tendency of guide tubes to "lock themselves" and cause tangles when the filling degree is too high.
In the preferred installation method of the present invention, the maximum installation length is almost always achieved and the advantage exists that the existing protective duct need not be provided with openings at pre-calculated points during installation or afterwards, which is highly cost-effective. In order to avoid the counter-pressure arising at the feed-in end of the existing protective duct when introducing the bundle of guide tubes to be installed, it is preferred that adjacent this feed-in end, means are arranged, for instance motor-driven pressure rollers 18, which are adapted, through engagement about the circumference of bundle of tubes to be installed, to lead the tubes into the existing protective duct, thereby providing supplemental pushing during installation.
The function of the protective duct 10 is to guide and protect the guide tubes 14 and their optical cables. In order to allow installation of a bundle 12 of guide tubes by blowing, the protective duct should resist the required pressure differences. The protective ducts may be direct buried into the ground and are of commonly used type, e.g. high density polyethylene (HDPE) ducts. They should be circular and uniform in cross-section throughout their length. Their outer and inner surfaces should be free from irregularities such as cracks, pinholes, joints, water splash marks, die-marks, repairs and all other defects.
The inner-side contains preferably (but not obligatory) longitudinal ribs to reduce the friction-coefficient between the bundle of guide tubes and the protective duct. Also a low-friction layer, of a solid type, may be applied at the inner side of the protective duct. Before installation of the bundle of guide tubes, a lubrication material may be applied to further reduce friction. The preferred outer diameters of the protective ducts are 25, 32, 40, 50 and 63 mm (metric) , or US equivalents.
The protective ducts are installed as straight as possible (although pulling the ducts during closing the trench is not obligatory) . Uncoiling is performed by rotating the reel, not by picking turns from a horizontally laid coil (which will form helixes). Bends in the trajectory have a minimum bending radius of 1 m, although some bends with smaller bending radius (e.g. 0.5 m) might be present close to terminations of the branch (a 25 mm duct is used for this). Smaller bending radius will decrease blowing performance of tubes and cables. Also excessive numbers of bends will decrease blowing performance.
The function of the guide tubes 14 is to form dedicated channels to guide optical cables through the access network without splicing the cables. In order to allow installation of both the optical cables and the bundle of guide tubes by blowing, the guide tubes should resist the needed pressure, both internal and external (to avoid implosion the guide tubes are also pressurized during installation of the bundle). The guide tubes preferably are formed of high density polyethylene (HDPE) Other material, e.g. nylon or ABS, is also possible. The guide tubes are preferably circular and uniform in cross-section throughout their length. Their outer and inner surfaces should be free from irregularities such as cracks, pinholes, joints, water splash marks, die-marks, repairs and all other defects.
The outside of the guide tubes 14 should be free from lubricant or other contamination. The diameters of the guide tubes used in the loose bundle installation are 7/5.5 and 10/8 mm. The requirement for the number of guide tubes is determined as follows: the total cross-sectional area of the outside of the guide tubes 14 should be about half of the cross-sectional air flow area inside the protective duct 10. Preferably, the guide tube bundle fill factor is 50%, that is, the effective cross sectional area occupied by the guide tube bundle 12 should be one-half of the total cross sectional air flow area of the protective duct. Less than optimum values are obtained but relatively trouble-free installation is nevertheless realized when the guide tube bundle fill factor is less than 50% but not less than about 30%, and more than 50% but not exceeding about 60%.
For pushing and blowing of the bundle of guide tubes a blowing compressor unit 26 is used in combination with specially designed caterpillar rollers 18 in which the bundle of guide tubes is accurately stacked and clamped. The guide tubes are also guided through one or more molds 34, before and/or after the caterpillar rollers 18, in which the guide tubes are held in the desired array positioning, preferably in a symmetrical pattern. The different reels 28 of guide tubes are placed on a specially designed frame and are driven by multiple unwind-units (passive or active, i.e. mechanically driven) Before blowing the bundle of guide tubes, the protective duct 10 may be lubricated with a special lubricating material.
The guide tubes are first pressurized preferably at a pressure at least equal to the pressure used to blow in the bundle. This precaution is to avoid implosion collapse of the guide tubes. The guide tubes are pressurized through air check valves 16. To avoid ingress of lubrication, the bundle of guide tubes is forwarded inside the protective duct 10 only after the guide tubes are fully pressurized (a few minutes after coupling of the compressor 26). The pressurization is checked with a manometer at the reel end of each guide tube. After installation the guide tubes are closed off using watertight seals.
In FIG. 2 and FIG. 3, examples are shown of 40/32 mm protective ducts 10 with, respectively, ten guide tubes 14 of 7/5.5 mm and five guide tubes of 10/8 mm. These combinations each fulfill the requirement of half filling (cross-sectional area) of the protective duct. In FIG. 4 and FIG. 5, fiber optical cables 40 are laid in the guide tubes 14.
For 32/26 mm ducts, respectively, 7 guide tubes of 7/5.5 mm and 3 guide tubes of 10/8 mm can be laid. For 50/40 mm ducts, respectively, 14 guide tubes of 7/5.5 mm and 7 guide tubes of 10/8 mm can be laid. For 63/50 mm ducts, respectively, 20 guide tubes of 7/5.5 mm and 10 guide tubes of 10/8 mm can be used. The 25/19 mm branch-duct shown in FIG. 11 offers space for 1 guide tube of 10/8 mm or 2 guide tubes of 7/5.5 mm. It is possible to connect two guide tubes at the same time in a branch connector.
Field tests were performed in 40/32 mm protective ducts with loose bundles 12 of four guide tubes 14 of 10/8 mm (filling degree 39%), five guide tubes of 10/8 mm (filling degree 49%), seven guide tubes of 7/5.5 mm (filling degree 33%) and ten guide tubes of 7/5.5 mm (filling degree 48%). In a standard duct trajectory (a bend with radius of 1.2 m every 200 m) the bundles with 33% and 39% filling degree could be blown in over 1500 m. The bundles with 48% and 49% filling could be blown in over 1200 m. Here the installation length starts to diminish, but still practical lengths can be achieved.
Bundles with higher filling degree were not tried because a further drop in installation length was expected. Moreover the bundles with 48% and 49% filling only just fulfilled the internal impact requirement. The indentation shown in FIG. 8 is for an impact well below the one specified as minimum requirements; note that here already the tight bundle 29 starts to damage, while the loose bundle in FIG. 9 is not affected by the same indentation.
Theoretical calculations do not predict a big decrease in blowable length for loose bundles. The decrease in blowable length for bundles with higher filling degree (more than about 60% filling) in practical trials is most probably attributed to crossing of the tubes and formation of tangles. When the filling degree of the bundle is low there is space enough for crossing of guide tubes. When pushing, buckling of the guide tubes results in extra friction due to buckling. Here a longitudinal pushing force results in a transversal force between the guide tube and protective duct. However, when the cause of hindering the bundle is taken away the buckles disappear, at least partly. Anyway the friction caused by the buckling will disappear completely.
When the bundle fills the duct more, crossing of the guide tubes may cause those tubes to be pressed against the duct wall. A permanent "tangle" may be formed, locking the bundle inside the protective duct with high friction. Because the propelling forces are low with pushing/blowing these "tangles" can have a large effect on installation performance. Also buckling can cause permanent friction now. This is caused by a 3-dimensional restriction in the duct. For filling degrees higher than 50% a buckle may bend in the plane perpendicular to the buckling plane and form a permanent "spring" . This "spring" remains when the pushing forces are taken away.
Branches, joints and terminations are needed to make a network of the tubes and cables. For this a number of components are required. A cable can branch off from a bundle without making a splice. Branching can be done at any place and any time by simply cutting the protective duct 10 and the guide tube 14 of choice, for example as shown in FIG. 11. Before installing the cable, the exposed section of the selected guide tube 14 is cut at 14C and the free end is then connected to a branch guide tube 14A by using a permanent or push/pull guide tube coupling 36.
The branch guide tube 14A is installed in a protective branch duct 10A which leads to a customer interface station 50 (FIGS. 13 and 14). The main protective duct 10 at the branch point is restored and connected to the branch protective duct, preferably by using a clip-on branch connector 38. The branch connector 38 includes a tubular branch coupling stub 38S. The protective branch duct 10A is joined in a mud-tight union with the coupling stub 38S so that a continuous, dedicated channel is established.
For straight coupling of the protective ducts a connection can be made by using simple straight "screwable" couplings, for example the threaded coupling rings 38A and 38B shown in FIG. 11. Also joints with fiber-splices or even fiber-splitters may occur in the network. This can be done using hand-holes with splice-closures. Tubes and cables entering hand-holes are sealed using special gas-tight and water-tight seals. In this way dedicated channels are formed by the guide tubes 14, 14A in which small, but outside-plant resistant, optical cables 40 are pushed or blown in through the branch connection to the customer without splicing.
The function of the guide tube coupling 36 is to elongate or restore a channel route and to allow branching installation of a drop cable. The mounted guide tube connector should have a smooth inside geometry to allow passing of the cable without sticking and should be airtight and pressure resistant to allow installation by blowing. The guide tube coupling 36 can be permanent or a push/pull, press-fit type.
The function of the protective duct couplings 38A and 38B is to elongate or restore the protective duct 10 and to allow installation of a bundle of guide tubes. The mounted protective duct coupling should have a smooth inside geometry to allow passing of the bundle of guide tubes without sticking and should be airtight and pressure resistant to allow installation by blowing. The protective branch coupling 38 is threaded on its opposite ends for engaging the coupling rings 38A and 38B, preferably in a water-tight, but at least mud-tight union. Note that the protective duct-ends in the coupling must be properly cut, at right angles, to ensure that sticking of the guide tubes is not possible.
The function of the branch connector 38 is to restore the protective duct after a branch has been made and offering sufficient mechanical protection. The branching (coupled) guide tube 14A follows a smooth path with sufficiently large bending radius inside the branch connector in order to allow passing of the cable without problems. The unused part of the cut guide tube is closed with a plug. No further installation of guide tubes is needed at the branch connectors. Therefore branch connectors do not need to be smooth-walled and pressure resistant. They should, however, be at least mud-tight.
The optical cables are the critical elements in the optical access network. Their function is to transport the information through the network. This must be done over the operating lifetime of at least 20 years without any degradation. Since the cable may face real outside plant conditions during handling and service they should be fully resistant to those conditions, e.g. they must withstand polluted water, oil and other harsh environment. In conventional cable construction, the fibers are enclosed within a thick polymer jacket, which provides some protection but limits the number of cables and fiber density in each guide tube, thus imposing a limit on the fiber density of the cables in the feeding duct and branch duct.
According to one aspect of the present invention, the fiber density limitation is overcome and installation length is improved by enclosing the fibers in a very small diameter metal tube. Referring to FIG. 10 and FIG. 12, the preferred fiber optic cable 40 of the present invention has a metal water-barrier jacket which consists of a small diameter, thin sidewall laser-welded steel tube 42. This metal tube is loosely filled with optical fibers 44 and a gel waterproofing material 46, for example silicone gel or aquagel. The function of the gel is to provide longitudinal water-tightness. When the metal barrier is leaking (transversal) somewhere, the gel 46 ensures that not a long length of cable is immediately flooded with water. Instead of gel also water-absorbent powder or tape may be used, which swells and forms an internal annular seal barrier which isolates the leaking zone. The fibers 44 are free to "float" within the steel tube, and thus are decoupled from external mechanical forces and stresses which act on the cable during installation.
A protective tubular jacket 48 of foamed high density polyethylene (HDPE) surrounds the small diameter steel tube 42. The welded steel tube 42 and protective polymer jacket prevent water or other unwanted matter to penetrate into the cable. The steel-tube construction also offers sufficient mechanical protection against damage that could be caused by pushing, pulling, bending, crushing and all other handling. Because the water-barrier is fully hermetic the compatibility of all materials inside the barrier, especially the water and hydrogen content (hydrogen can cause optical attenuation), is of special importance.
The steel tube 42 has a high strength and a low thermal contraction coefficient, when compared to e.g. plastics. Because of this no additional strength members are needed (saves space). Also no large "play" of fiber length is needed in the cable because length differences between fiber and cable hardly vary with temperature. To get "play" of fibers, or fiber excess length, the fibers are installed in a helical (or otherwise undulating) way inside tubes in the cable. The more excess length needed, the larger the diameter of the tube needs to be (boundary conditions: the helical or undulating shape should not bend the fiber too much).
Because of the small "play" needed inside the steel tube this tube and its polymer jacket can be made with a very small diameters. The steel tube construction permits very high fiber counts to be obtained in cables with small diameters. Preferred outside diameter/inside diameters for the steel tube 42 and outside diameter for the polymer jacket 48 are as follows: containing 4 fibers: steel tube—1.42/1.12 mm, polymer jacket—3.9 mm; 12 fibers: steel tube—2.0/1.8 mm, polymer jacket—3.9 mm, 48 fibers: steel tube—3.5/3.2 mm, polymer jacket—5.0 mm; 60 fibers: steel tube—3.9/3.6 mm, polymer jacket—5.0 mm.
Another advantage of the steel tube is its relatively larger stiffness for its small size. Conventional cables having small diameters (e.g., in the range from 3.9 to 5.5 mm) and traditional polymer jacket construction would have much lower stiffness compared to larger cables (e.g., in the range from 10 to 25 mm) of traditional construction. Cables with low stiffness can be installed by pure blowing, but installation by pushing of low stiffness cables is difficult, and installation length is limited. Cables with higher stiffness can be installed by a synergy of pushing and blowing according to U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,850,569 and 4,934,662 (Griffioen). When cables containing small diameter metal tubes and/or loose-bundle guide tubes are installed according to the present invention, with pushing and blowing, about twice the installation length is reached as with pure blowing. Also, the number of cables and fiber density in each guide tube can increased, thus increasing the fiber capacity of the feeding ducts and branch ducts.
Traditional cables have a stiffness which is around the optimal value for synergetic pushing and blowing, see FIG. 5. in W. Griffioen, "Installation of optical cables in ducts", Plumettaz, Bex (CH) 1993. Small cables of conventional construction would be on the lower side of this optimal stiffness. The stiffness is proportional to the diameter to the power of 4, i.e. the stiffness of cables of small diameter and conventional construction will be a four-fold factor lower than for traditional cables. However, with the small diameter steel tube construction the stiffness is, however, considerably higher and, again, optimal synergy of pushing and blowing is obtained, making possible substantially longer installation lengths.
For pushing and blowing of the cables 40 into the dedicated channel formed by the guide tubes 14 and the branch guide tubes 14A, powered drive wheels are used in cooperation with pressurized air flow provided by a compressor and drive rollers or caterpillar tractors similar to the bundle installation equipment shown in FIG. 1. The drive equipment and the compressor are smaller, since only one cable is blown in at a time. The side-pressure of the drive wheels 18 should be adjusted in accordance with cable properties for minimal slip. No pre-lubrication is needed when the guide tubes already have a pre-lubricated inside layer. At the forward end of each cable a small and smooth brass or steel cap is mounted, e.g. screwed, to avoid sticking of the cable in the guide tube. Optionally, to improve installation performance, a roller-set is used to straighten the cable.
The methods of the present invention can be used to construct a large ring network R, as is shown in FIG. 13. The access part of the network from FIG. 14 can be seen here as the secondary clamp-shells, which are connected (spliced) to the primary ring R at the primary nodes N. This primary ring R can consist of a single 40 mm protective duct 10 with a loose bundle of five guide tubes 14 (as shown in FIG. 5), each containing a 48-fiber cable 40 to feed one of the primary nodes N. A simple access network example is shown in FIG. 14. Here four feeding 12-fiber cables 40F are spliced at multi-joint splice points MJ to six 2-fiber cables 40D that make the drop to the customer 50, everything redundantly connected. The drop cables 40D are guided from the splice points MJ through customer branching connectors 38 to the customer interface access stations 50, thus allowing one-shot blowing installation of cable to the customers. The whole feeding and drop fits into a single 40 mm protective duct 10. With this configuration it is possible to connect thirty customer access stations 50 in a redundant way. It is also possible to reserve some extra capacity at the branch points.
For the sake of completeness, it is further noted that the method of the invention is suitable not only for installing a bundle of tubes without contents but also for installing tubes in which an elongate element is present, such as another tube, or a telecommunication cable, such as a copper cable or an optical fiber cable, or a power cable or the like, which has been laid beforehand. More importantly, it is now possible to blow in a bundle of guide tubes in a protective duct in which a previously installed cable is already present.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Nov 20, 1980
|Oct 11, 1983
|Noane Georges Le
|Optical fibre submarine cable
|Apr 7, 1986
|Sep 8, 1987
|British Telecommunications
|Optical fibre transmission line
|Apr 20, 1988
|Jul 25, 1989
|Staat Der Nederlanden (Staatsbedrijf Der Posterijen, Telegrafie En Telefonie)
|Method for introducing a cable into a cable guide tube
|Apr 14, 1989
|Jun 19, 1990
|Staat Der Nederlanden (Staatsbedrijf Der Posterijen, Telegrafie En Telefonie)
|Device for introducing a cable into a cable guide tube
|Jul 31, 1992
|Mar 30, 1993
|Koninklijke Ptt Nederland N.V.
|Method for pulling plug for installing a cable in a cable conduit
|Jul 15, 1991
|May 18, 1993
|Koninklijke Ptt Nederland N.V.
|Method and device for installing a cable in a cable duct
|Jun 25, 1991
|Aug 10, 1993
|At&T Bell Laboratories
|Apparatus for installing optical fiber in conduit
|Apr 1, 1993
|May 3, 1994
|Koninklijke Ptt Nederland N.V.
|Device for installing a cable in a cable duct
|May 24, 1994
|Dec 12, 1995
|Koninklijke Ptt Nederland N.V.
|Pulling plug aided by drag forces of a fluid medium for a portion of which the plug has a leaking aperture
|Oct 31, 1995
|Jun 17, 1997
|Koninklijke Ptt Nederland N.V.
|Installing cable-ducts
|Jun 2, 1995
|Jul 8, 1997
|British Telecommunications Public Limited Company
|Method and apparatus for installing transmission lines
|Dec 18, 1996
|Mar 23, 1999
|Koninklijke Kpn N.V.
|Method for installing a tube or a bundle of tubes in an existing tubular duct
|Jul 23, 1996
|Apr 27, 1999
|Koninklijke Ptt Nederland N.V.
|Method for installing cables
|Aug 31, 1998
|Jun 13, 2000
|Applied Materials, Inc
|Process for control of the shape of the etch front in the etching of polysilicon
|Apr 23, 1998
|Oct 10, 2000
|Koninklijke Ptt Nederland N.V.
|Device for installing cables
|Aug 21, 1998
|Jan 30, 2001
|Camco International, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for installing a cable into coiled tubing
|Jul 24, 2000
|Apr 16, 2002
|Arnco Corporation
|Method and apparatus for wrapping and installing cable
|Brown, Griffioen, Grooten, Hawkins, Nijstad, Plumettaz, Van Wingerden, "JETNET(R), versatile access network solutions", Technical Reports, Apr. 1998, vol. XXVI n. 2, pp 233-240.
|Brown, Griffioen, Grooten, Hawkins, Nijstad, Plumettaz, Van Wingerden, "JETNET®, versatile access network solutions", Technical Reports, Apr. 1998, vol. XXVI n. 2, pp 233-240.
|Griffioen, Installation of Optical Cables in Ducts, Plumettaz SA, 1993, book, 147 pages.
|Griffioen, Nijstad, Grooten, Van Wingerden, Brown, Hawkins, Plumettaz, "A Cooper-in-Tube Access Network, Easy to Migrate to Optical Fibre", Communications Cabling, 1997, pp 20-24.
|Griffioen, Nijstad, Grooten, Van Wingerden, Brown, Hawkins, Plumettaz, "A New, Extremely Versatile, Access Network Cabling Concept for Migration to Optical Fiber", International Wire & Cable Symposium Proceedings, 1996, pp 485-489.
|Griffioen, Van Wingerden, Van ′T Hul, "Versatile Optical Access Network for Business and Future Consumer Market", EC, Jun. 1999.
|Griffioen, Van Wingerden, Van ′T Hul, "Versatile Outside Plant Solution for Optical Access Networks", IWCS, Nov. 1999, 5 pages (not numbered).
|Griffioen, Van Wingerden, Van ′T Hul, Lock, Van Der Tuuk, "Innovative Solutions for Access Networks", IWCS, Nov. 2000, pp 1-5.
|Griffioen, Van Wingerden, Van 'T Hul, "Versatile Optical Access Network for Business and Future Consumer Market", EC, Jun. 1999.
|Griffioen, Van Wingerden, Van 'T Hul, "Versatile Outside Plant Solution for Optical Access Networks", IWCS, Nov. 1999, 5 pages (not numbered).
|Griffioen, Van Wingerden, Van 'T Hul, Lock, Van Der Tuuk, "Innovative Solutions for Access Networks", IWCS, Nov. 2000, pp 1-5.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 7, 2002
|Apr 13, 2004
|Henry Colombo
|Underground beverage conduit system
|Sep 18, 2002
|Jul 20, 2004
|Bellsouth Intellectual Property Corporation
|Apparatus and method for slack management of fiber optic cables
|Dec 4, 2002
|Nov 16, 2004
|Sensor Dynamics Limited
|Apparatus for the remote measurement of physical parameters
|Jul 30, 2003
|Sep 6, 2005
|Jeffery Boyd Dewhirst
|Cable guide
|Jul 19, 2007
|Aug 2, 2011
|Draka Comteq, B.V.
|Optical fiber cable and method for modifying the same
|Jul 9, 2009
|May 1, 2012
|Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Inc.
|Lubricating systems, lubricant atomizing devices and methods of using the same
|Jan 31, 2014
|Aug 18, 2015
|Fluor Technologies Corporation
|Monitoring a black cell environment in real-time
|Jul 13, 2015
|Jun 7, 2016
|Fluor Technologies Corporation
|Monitoring a black cell enviroment in real-time
|May 12, 2015
|Jul 12, 2016
|Wesco Distribution, Inc.
|Conduit space recovery system
|May 7, 2002
|Feb 6, 2003
|Henry Colombo
|Underground beverage conduit system
|Dec 4, 2002
|Sep 18, 2003
|Kluth Erhard Luther Edgar
|Apparatus for the remote measurement of physical parameters
|May 18, 2004
|Nov 24, 2005
|Andrews Charles D
|Air blown assisted data transmission cables installation system and methods
|Feb 16, 2004
|Mar 8, 2007
|Brown George H P
|Blowing of optical fiber cables into ducts
|Jul 19, 2006
|Mar 15, 2007
|Circovirus sequences associated with piglet weight loss disease (PWD)
|Jul 19, 2007
|Aug 21, 2008
|Draka Comteq B.V.
|Optical Fiber Cable and Method for Modifying the Same
|Jul 9, 2009
|Jan 13, 2011
|Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Inc.
|Lubricating Systems, Lubricant Atomizing Devices and Methods of Using the Same
|May 12, 2015
|Sep 17, 2015
|Wesco Distribution, Inc.
|Conduit space recovery system
|U.S. Classification
|254/134.4, 29/468, 29/464, 226/97.1
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Apr 26, 2001
Owner name: NKF KABEL B.V., NETHERLANDS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:GRIFFIOEN, WILLEM;VAN WINGERDEN, ARIE;VAN THUL, CORNELIS;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:011748/0755
Effective date: 20001212
|Sep 9, 2003
|Certificate of correction
|Nov 24, 2006
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Nov 30, 2010
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Dec 3, 2014
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
This product is priced in single rolls and packaged in double rolls. Please order the number of single rolls you need. A double roll is twice as long as a single roll. Order a sample for color match , if needed, for $5.99.
Kitchen & Bath Resource Volume III
Inspired by Color Kids
Nautical Living

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Distances are calculated in a straight line and may not reflect actual travel distance.
It is important to note that this mortgage calculator is for guidance purposes only. Mortgage lenders have their own affordability criteria therefore it is important you speak to one of our Mortgage Advisers for further information and a more accurate indication of what products may be available to you and what your monthly mortgage payments are likely to be.
This stunning, spacious two bedroom park home is situated on the sought after Chilton Park Development and benefits from a driveway and garage, garden, double glazing and gas central heating.
The accommodation comprises of: entrance hall, dining room with double doors leading into the lounge. From the lounge, doors lead out into the conservatory. The kitchen is located off of the hall and provides access to the utilty room where a door leading outside can found. Two double bedrooms (one with en-suite) and the family bathroom are also accessed via the hall. Externally the garden is laid mainly to lawn with shrubs and flower beds. There is also a patio area and a greenhouse. To the front of the property is a driveway and a garage.
Contact branch for relevant Energy Performance Certificate
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O.T. Genasis' "Cut It" Becomes His 2nd Platinum Single
O.T. Genasis has earned his second platinum plaque. His breakout hit, "CoCo," released in late 2014, was declared platinum in February of this year. The certification has now been awarded to "Cut It," released in September 2015.
Rae Sremmurd Announce 2nd Annual SremmFest
Rae Sremmurd are gearing up for their second annual SremmFest, an event they started last year as an homage of sorts to the parties they experienced growing up in Tupelo, Mississippi, something which they discussed with us during our digital cover interview. Last year's SremmFest featured K Camp, Dej Loaf, Yo Gotti and Mike WiLL Made It and more. The brothers will be headlining the event this year, with appearances from Diplo, Young Dolph, Big K.R.I.T. and more.
Top Tracks: September 19 - September 25
Last week's biggest news story continued to be The Game and Meek Mill's beef, which has now spiraled out to include accusations of ratting, an alleged brawl with Beanie Sigel, and
Rick Ross, Cam'ron, 21 Savage To Headline A3C 2016
A3C Festival and Conference has just announced the lineup for its 12th year. Headlining acts include Rick Ross, 21 Savage, Bone Thugs N' Harmony, YFN Lucci, Bun B, Cam'ron, Young Dolph, Royce 5'9", Redman, Too Short, Mystikal, Zaytoven, Bun B. 1000+ artists and 75+ shows. God damn! But wait, there's more: the festival will host "dozens of panels, workshops, meetups, mentor sessions, podcasts, interviews and screenings" with everyone from Master P to distinguished hip hop photographer Jonathan Mannion.
Pete Rock Shades Lil Yachty & Calls Out Mumble Rappers, Yachty Responds
Pete Rock has been dabbling in some hip-hop beef as of late. The OG rapper spurred some light controversy with a younger rapper, when he called out Young Dolph for some recent lyrics glorying cocaine usage. This all went down on Instagram, and it's become a breeding ground once again for another controversy between Pete Rock and a young'n. This time it's with Lil Yachty.
Pete Rock Disses Young Dolph; Dolph Responds
Generational beef is common in rap. The latest episode involves legendary producer Pete Rock and Young Dolph. Pete Rock, who is 15 years older than Dolph, took offense to a video of Dolph hosting a Rich Crack Baby "trap house" listening party. In particular, he took offense to the song "In My System," in which Dolph glorifies cocaine use. "I got cocaine runnin' through my motherfuckin' system," he raps.
Staff Picks Playlist (August 26)
It's been a pretty wild week, kickstarted with the surprise drop of Frank Ocean's Blonde. The boy really came through. But it didn't end there. Last night, another boundary-pushing artist released his own highly anticipated project, as Young Thug attempted an artistic rebirth of sorts with No, My Name Is Jeffery, which arrived with the most memorable album cover of the year.
Stream Young Dolph's "Rich Crack Baby"
As expected, Young Dolph's new project, Rich Crack Baby, was just made available for purchase on iTunes at the stroke of midnight.
Drake, Future, 2 Chainz & More Guest At Gucci Mane's Homecoming Show In Atlanta
Gucci Mane released Everybody Looking, his first project since being released from prison, yesterday, and to bring in the occasion, he performed a homecoming show in Atlanta. Billed as Gucci & Friends, Guwop delivered on the promise of guests, as regular collaborators like Young Dolph, Peewee Longway, and the elusive OJ Da Juiceman took the stage, as well as some of the biggest names in rap, including 2 Chainz, Fetty Wap, and to close things out, Drake and Future.
Young Dolph Announces Nationwide "Royalty" Tour
With his debut album, February's King of Memphis, Young Dolph has asserted himself as one of the most reliable forces in the trap game. He seems to always have a hit that's ubiquitous throughout the Southern streets. Recently, a panel of the top DJs in Atlanta recently named the 7 hottest tracks in their city, and Dolph appeared on 2 of them.
Stream Berner's Album "Hempire"
Bay Area resident, Taylor Gang repper/rapper, and #CookiesKing Berner finally comes through today with his anticipated album Hempire. The album's singles have been top-notch, and we expect nothing less than greatness from the entire thing. Hempire is 18 tracks long with an impressive list of features: Snoop Dogg, B-Real, Wiz Khalifa, Mistah FAB, Cozmo, Smiggz, K. Camp. Lil' Kim, Quez, Atmosphere, Young Dolph, Project Pat, Maejor, Strap, and Freeze.
Young Dolph Goes Off On Yo Gotti; Calls Him A "Bitch Ass N*gga" On Instagram
Well it looks like there's another chapter in the on-going beef between Memphis rappers Yo Gotti & Young Dolph. On Wednesday, Dolph decided to jump on Instagram and blast Yo Gotti, or "Ho Gotti" as he called him, for trying to get charges pressed against him.
10 Essential Young Dolph Tracks
Memphis isn't necessarily a hot-bed for hip hop, but it's had its moments. Three 6 Mafia came from Memphis, as did 8 Ball & MJG. Alternative rapper Cities Aviv and gangster rapper Yo Gotti come from the southwestern Tennessee city as well.
Blac Youngsta Shows Up In Young Dolph's Neighborhood Heavily-Armed
Earlier this week, Blac Youngsta and his crewmates pulled up in the Castalia neighborhood of South Memphis toting heavy artillery. They were looking for Castalia native Young Dolph, though it seems they weren't able to track him down. It seems the threatening invasion was motivated by a beef that's brewing between Dolph and Yo Gotti, Blac Youngsta's boss at CMG.
Listen To Young Dolph's Debut Album, "King Of Memphis"
Young Dolph has been grinding for years, but more recently he's found himself with a considerable regional following and a few breakout hits. After consistently dropping mixtapes, it seems like the right time for Dolph to come through with his first album, which he's releasing independently. King Of Memphis has the rapper teaming with mostly Atlanta producers, with Mike WiLL Made It, TM88, Zaytoven, Nard & B, and Drumma Boy contributing.
Fetty Wap, Joey Bada$$ & G-Eazy Among Forbes' "Hip Hop Cash Princes"
Forbes, #1 producer of lists of wealthy people, is back with another category of the wealthy. This one is called "Hip Hop Cash Princes," specifically ranks the rising under 30 stars who have already managed to start a solid bankroll for themselves. Without further ado, the Hip Hop Cash Princes Of 2016: 1) Boi-1da 2) Dej Loaf 3) Fetty Wap 4) G-Eazy
Young Dolph Apparently Court-Ordered To Supervise Delinquent Youth
Young Dolph's judge must have watched Kendrick Lamar's new "Hard Work" video encouraging community mentorship. Instead of getting ordered to pay a fine or serve probation, Dolph was ordered to supervise a delinquent teen. Or so Dolph claims, in a pair of Instagram photos depicting him smoking a Backwoods with the troubled youth and imparting sage words of wisdom upon him. "[I] went to court and da judge ordered for me to take this little kid in my custody for 24hrs," wrote Dolph. "His mom said he been skippin school and stealing n shit."
Lil Durk Shares "300 Days, 300 Nights" Tracklist With Meek Mill, Dej Loaf & More
Lil Durk's 300 Days, 300 Nights mixtape was originally set to drop in October, but now that the official tracklist has arrived, it's sure to be worth the extra wait.
Top Tracks: October 26 - November 1
10. Kanye West - When I See It (Tell Your Friends Alternate Mix)
Listen To Young Dolph's "Shittin On The Industry" Mixtape
What a year for Young Dolph, who has just come through with his third mixtape of 2015, Shittin on the Industry. The new 12-track project follows 16 Zips, released in July, as well as February's High Class Street Music 5.


text:
Check in from 12:00 AM / Check out prior to 12:00 AM
Hotel Pallvi Palace: Find photos, reviews, information, amenities and compare prices for 2 stars hotels in New Delhi, India.
Hotel Pallvi Palace offers a comfortable setting while in New Delhi. Just a short stroll from Paharganj, it provides contemporary rooms equipped with a private bathroom, an in-room closet and movies-on-demand.
Hotel description
There are a range of facilities at Pallvi Palace Hotel New Delhi on offer to guests, such as valet parking, 24-hours room service and a gym. The on-site spa and wellness centre provides a variety of treatments and a chance to relax.
Hotel Pallvi Palace offers spacious rooms equipped with a shower and cable/satellite channels.
A satisfying breakfast is available every morning at Pallvi Palace Hotel New Delhi, and there are numerous cafés and eateries close by.
The hotel is within walking distance of Connaught Place and the Qadam Sharif Delhi. Guests can also easily visit attractions nearby, such as Chandni Chowk and Red Fort.
Hotel features
Room Service, Cable / Satellite TV, In Room Movies, TV, Shower, En suite, Private Bathroom
Conference Room(s), Laundry service
Fitness Room/Gym, Spa & Wellness Centre
Valet Parking
Salon, Private Toilet
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Plot 30, Pocket - 2, Jasola Vihar, New Delhi
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B-4A/13 Rana Pratap Bagh, Near geeta Mandir , New Delhi
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53, Arakashan Road , New Delhi
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text:
Mixed Tomato Salad With Prosciutto and Balsamic Dressing
Total Time
48hrs 5mins
Prep 5 mins
Cook 48 hrs
This yummy tomato salad came from the Sunday Life supplement in The Age.
Ingredients Nutrition
- 8 roma tomatoes, halved (Italian plum)
- olive oil
- salt and pepper
- 1 pint cherry tomatoes (red or yellow)
- 1⁄2 cup sun-dried tomato
- 1⁄4 cup basil leaves
- 4 slices prosciutto, roughly chopped
- 2 garlic cloves, crushed
- 2 tablespoons balsamic vinegar
- 3 tablespoons extra virgin olive oil
- Preheat oven to 150 degrees Celsius.
- Place roma tomato halves on a baking tray, cut-side up.
- Drizzle with a little olive oil, and season with salt and pepper.
- Bake for 2 hours.
- Remove and set aside to cool.
- Place all tomatoes and basil in a large bowl.
- Pour dressing over salad, toss well and serve.
- DRESSING: Combine prosciutto, garlic, balsamic vinegar and extra virgin olive oil, and season with salt and pepper to taste.
Most Helpful
Very true...it is a yummy salad! A nice comibnation of the roasted and raw tomatoes. The dressing was excellent with the extra addition of the proscuitto! I did add some red onion rings before I served it.


text:
10,000 Days (2014) Free Watch
Ten thousand days ago, Comet 23 struck Earth with the magnitude of all the nuclear weapons in the world sending the planet into a deep freeze. Now, 27 years in the future, those who survived are locked in an epic battle of life or death.
Release Date: 2014
Duration: 91 min
Country: USA
Genre: Sci-Fi
Director: Eric Small
Writer: Eric Small
Stars: John Schneider, Peter Wingfield, James Harvey Ward
IMDb: TT3530690
Rating: 2.7/10
10,000 Days Free Streaming Links
Related Movies


text:
Service & facilities
Service & facilities
Hotel facilities
- Elevator
- Hotel-owned car park
- Garage in the hotel
- Family rooms available 32
- Safety deposit boxes at reception
Room facilities
In-house services
- Multilingual staff on hand 24 hours a day
- Free daily newspapers
- Secretarial services
Style of hotel and ambience
The House established by the Ravelli family way back in 1920 has now been completely renovated to offer you up to date service and traditional quality. The Palace Hotel Ravelli provides relaxation and unforgettable holidays.The hotel has 49 elegant rooms furnished in country style...complete with all comforts; bathroom, shower, telephone, safe, hairdryer, colour & satellite TV and radio.Sampling the excellent cuisine will be a pleasure...from the plentiful buffet breakfast to the local and international specialities and home-made desserts.Your entertainment is ensured at the house bar, the games room, billiards, mini club, and the tavern with its entertainment programme.Our hotel stands 800 m from the skilifts at Marilleva and our minibus shuttle service is free for our guests.
Hotel data
Total number of rooms 60, Number of single rooms 3, Number of double rooms 19, Number of suites (separate rooms) 5, Number of apartments 1, Hotel
Service times
Reception open:
12:00 AM to 12:00 AM
Reception manned at weekends:
12:00 AM to 12:00 AM
Accepted payment methods
Via Quattro Novembre 20, 38020 Mezzana -
- 5.9 km


text:
Video Maker Movie Editor
by: Rabbit • 121.5K
All Android applications categories
All Android games categories
by: Rabbit • 121.5K
Explore more
Video Maker Movie Editor gives you the ability to get creative with the videos on your mobile device. You can also edit the frames and add pictures to a slideshow. It has several features that come standard on apps of this type, and a few that don't. Unfortunately, it needs a lot more work to be useful.
Being able to trim and edit videos provides good usability. The app isn't too large and installs in a reasonable amount of time. It also loads up fast when initially opened.
For some reason the file names would not take and were left blank. It froze once upon install and needed to be reloaded. It's riddled with glitches. The user interface is clunky and difficult to navigate.
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by William
Dec 29, 2015
Users review
from 121.527 reviews
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text: Stores Dealer Profile KABINET HOUSE Shaw believes in its people, products and mission. Purchasing flooring can be daunting, but we're committed to making easier for you every step of the way. Shaw creates a better future – for our customers, our people, our company and our communities. This attention to detail and extreme focus can be found in our beautiful, innovative products. Store Information GET DIRECTIONS 212 E Main St Du Quoin, IL 62832-1423 618-542-4663 View all stores


text:
Lake Worth Pork Chops
Total Time
Prep 2 mins
Cook 12 mins
Great "Quick Time" lunch or dinner.
Ingredients Nutrition
- 4 -5 boneless pork chops (3/4 in thick)
- 1⁄2 cup Italian salad dressing
- 1⁄2 cup white wine
- Place chops in shallow, rectangular container (plastic or glass, approx. 12 in x 6 in).
- Pour Italian Dressing and White Cooking Wine over chops.
- Let sit for an hour or a day, depending on how long you have to marinade the meat.
- When ready, pan fry chops on stove top in 12 in skillet with marinade over medium/med high heat until pork is thoroughly cooked (approx. 10-12 minutes).
- May need to add a splash of water to keep moist while cooking.


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Avid RC 2.6x6x3mm Kyosho/Yokomo Differential Thrust Bearing (Tungsten Carbide)
Avid RC
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Avid RC 2.6x6x3mm Kyosho/Yokomo Differential Thrust Bearing (Tungsten Carbide)
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For centuries, the country of Macedonia has been the meeting place for traders and invaders making their way to Europe and Asia. The mixture of people that passed through Macedonia has left a legacy of varied culture and traditions that shaped Macedonia into what it is today. When the Western Roman Empire lost its power and influence, Macedonia was seized by the Byzantine Empire during the 6th and 7th century. During this era, the Slavic tribes relocated to the Balkan region. Macedonia fell into the hands of the Ottoman Turks in the 15th century and it remained under their power until 1912.
By mid 19th century, the Ottoman Turks had slowly lost their grip of the Macedonian territory and its neighboring regions were competing to take over.
The allied Balkan countries, which consist of Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Montenegro, ousted the Ottoman Turks and the same forces fought over the partition of Macedonia. The Treaty of Bucharest which was signed on August 1913 resolved the discord by dividing Macedonia among these countries. For the better part of the Second World War, Macedonia was under Bulgaria and Italy. After the war, it became a part of Yugoslavia. The fall of communism in Eastern Europe prompted Macedonia to seek independence and it broke away from Yugoslavia in 1991. Macedonia was fortunate enough not to be affected by ethnic conflicts although ethnic Albanians refused to yield to the country's independence.
Main Tourist Attractions
A trip to the Village Vevceni, Struga takes visitors to local hospitality and culture. The crisp water of Macedonian springs can also be savored here. Macedonian fortresses are also famous tourist spots. Marko's Fortress, Samuel's Fortress, and Skopje Fortress are historical monuments that tell a thousand stories and echo the architectural genius of the early inhabitants. Botanical gardens and national parks also provide enriching exploration, making Macedonia a country blessed with a rich flora and fauna.
Uniqueness of the Country
St. Jovan Kaneo Monastery
The rich culture of Macedonia embraces arts, poetry, music, and many facets of living. Despite its troubled past, the art and culture in this region continue to encapsulate life's joys and sufferings, and the beauty of the country that reflects Macedonian's strong character, unique individuality, and steadfast nationalism.
Traditional ethnic Macedonian jewelry
There are several festivals that liven up the Macedonian local scenes.


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Skip to comments.Hazleton Mayor Lou Barletta Defends Community Against Campus Leftists
Posted on 04/01/2010 9:07:07 AM PDT by Charles West
Mayor Lou Barletta, the rare elected official who actually seems to care about his constituents and his country, is speaking out about a class called War in Hazelton at Temple University. Professor Lori Zott has formed a multi-disciplinary class which looks at the immigration battle in Hazelton, Pennsylvania -- from a multicultural perspective of course. Judging from the syllabus, the class hammers away with the usual brain dead narratives but includes some heretical ideas at the end, for those who want to hear it.
The class syllabus begins with the inevitable poem from Emma Lazarus, which unfortunately for America was attached to the Statue of Liberty. As with just about every issue in American "higher" education, this is a sign that "huddled clichés" are about to substitute for serious thinking about a policy problem. Week One, for example, tells us that America is a nation of immigrants. It states, "Although every resident of the United States is either an immigrant or the descendent of an immigrant (except the indigenous people) this country has a long history of "nativist movements" in which one group of immigrants brands another as 'alien.'"
Already, the class is in liberal fantasy land. Of course, America is not a nation of immigrants, it is a nation of pioneers and settlers, characterized by an identifiable core culture of British settlement. The indigenous people are not the "First Americans," they were not considered Americans at all for many years (see our Declaration of Independence and its description of the merciless Indian savages for more on this view). This is also why we consider the American polity to have truly begun with the Pilgrim Fathers at Plymouth and the settlement of Jamestown.
What nation of immigrants really means is that America has no identity and belongs to no one, or, it belongs to everyone except actual Americans. It reduces the country to a geographic expression, which of course, is the point. "A nation of immigrants" can also be said about any nation, as no group of people simply sprung out of the ground and lived exactly in the same place since the dawn of man. It is inherently a cliché used as a weapon in bad faith, designed explicitly to deconstruct the identity of any national identity. Sure enough, England, France, and even Germany are now defined as "nations of immigrants" by apologists of national suicide.
Let's move on. Week two begins with chronicles of "nativist violence" that characterizes much of American history, as well as the inevitable contention that arguments for restricting immigration were solely a product of racist ideology. This implicates much of the American labor movement of the time, because a tight labor market is an obvious precondition to any serious effort to improve working conditions, wages, and labor saving technology. For this reason, leaders such as Samuel Gompers were leaders in patriotic immigration reform.
Weeks Four and Five helpfully inform us that "the United States has interfered in Latin American politics in ways that perpetuate oppression and encourage violence." Youve got the reconquista coming, gringo.
The class does move onto interesting territory as it goes on, however. It talks about how globalization has de-industrialized the United States and is driving mass immigration from developing countries. It points to the Wall Street Journals attitude that labor is a commodity as a key factor in the no borders ideology that is taking shape among corporate elites. Dick Armey, somewhere, is nodding in approval. The class concludes that globalization ultimately is a system that rewards developed countries at the expense of developing countries and that reforms are necessary to redress this imbalance.
Here is where contemporary leftism implodes in upon itself. Leftists define their heroic self image by a militant resistance to privilege and elitism. However, it is precisely what Mark Krikorian calls post-American elites are the real motivation behind mass immigration. They are the ones who benefit from the deconstruction of the American nation. Latin American elites benefit in the same manner, transferring the politically troublesome unskilled working class into the United States and creating a safety valve to prevent any social reforms that could potentially jeopardize their own power. All the radical leftists campaigning for amnesty, from Students for a Democratic Society to MEChA, might as well serve as lobbyists for the Fortune 500. This is perhaps one reason why companies like Coca-Cola and WalMart will donate to the National Council of La Raza, but wont be donating to Youth for Western Civilization anytime soon.
It is the American middle and working classes that is being threatened with dispossession and cultural destruction by the economic elite of this country and the world. If the victims were Peruvian peasants, or Congolese farmers, the campus left would be occupying buildings, but because the American people are the ones being attacked, the campus left shows their real motivations and joins societys powerful in the attack. The campus left is a paper tiger. They are but the militant wing of the system, and their antics are tolerated because the privileged members of our society favor their agenda. Their self righteousness is matched only by their corruption.
What Temple University students should learn is that the only people who are truly standing up against privilege are men like Hazelton Mayor Lou Barletta, who has received overwhelming public support because he put his community first. Mayor Barletta is the real voice of the oppressed, standing with the working men and women of America. Hopefully, these students will get to hear his perspective soon. Its a voice of common sense and patriotism that has been all but abolished from American higher education.
"What nation of immigrants really means is that America has no identity and belongs to no one, or, it belongs to everyone except actual Americans."
Lou Barletta ping!
>>Professor Lori Zott
Lol. Probably already has been.
Outstanding. Thank you for the post.
This is a very vulnerable Dem seat-Kanjorski. Barletta will win the GOP primary (May 18) as other challengers have dropped out. Bookmark his website because we'll want to support him financially down the homestretch.
Professor! Professor! Is that, like, a man dressing like a woman is a gender expression? Gnarly!!
Exactly right!
Lou will become MY Congressman come January. He is an outstanding man, and will stand out as a pillar if intelligence and integrity once he assumes office. He is a self-effacing man who is a bit out of his element giving public speeches, but he is SO much better at it now. He's the kind of guy that our Founders had in mind when they created the idea of "citizen legislator". Bob
Lou Barletta BUMP.
Let's send him to Congress.
I spoke to Lou at the Lehighton 9-12 project Tea Party two days ago 3/30/10. He is a true stand up American. I cannot wait to call him my congressman.
Agreed. Go Lou!
Bump! Great quote and exactly right!
Hi Terry! I've thought about you lately, with all the lies of the violence by conservatives....I won't forget those union thugs and Don.
It took over a year to get the major perpetrators held accountable in criminal court, all five convicted of assaulting BOTH Don and I.
And don't forget OUR ten year civil suit against the Teamsters, Abraham and Rendell.
Here's hoping we can get him into Congress. I wish I could vote in Pennsylvania just for that.
"Heres hoping we can get him into Congress. I wish I could vote in Pennsylvania just for that."
We will all work on it, just like we're doing against McCain in AZ. When is that Pennsylvania election, do you know?
The PA primary is May 18th.
Lou for President!
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This Rapper's Alphabetical Tongue-Twisting Rhymes Will Knock You Sideways
Mac Lethal has just dropped this on YouTube. It gets faster, and faster, and faster…
2. Ok, so this is alright….
3. Don't really see what's so impressive…
5. Hmm, this is getting quite fast now…
6. Woah.
8. This is insane.
10. *Drops mic*
Alan White is a news editor for BuzzFeed News and is based in London.
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decided: June 13, 1968.
Appeal from order of Court of Common Pleas of Montgomery County, No. 67-10050, in case of Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Melvyn J. Romm.
Elmer T. Bolla, Deputy Attorney General, with him William C. Sennett, Attorney General, for Commonwealth, appellant.
Andrew B. Cantor, with him A. Richard Gerber, Howard Davidson and Peter J. Cianci, and Wisler, Pearlstine, Talone and Gerber, for appellee.
Wright, P. J., Watkins, Montgomery, Jacobs, Hoffman, Spaulding, and Hannum, JJ. Opinion by Jacobs, J.
[ 212 Pa. Super. Page 370]
This appellee was charged with driving his automobile on February 1, 1967 at a speed of 81 miles per hour on the Pennsylvania Turnpike where the speed limit was 65 miles per hour. He was charged with a violation of section 1002(b)(7) of The Vehicle Code, Act of April 29, 1959, 75 P.S. § 1002(b)(7), and found guilty before a justice of the peace. The Secretary of Revenue suspended appellee's operator's license for a period of 75 days. On appeal from this suspension the lower court heard the case de novo and reversed the secretary. At the hearing the Commonwealth produced records of two prior violations, showing that on September 27, 1966, the appellee was convicted of an improper pass for which he received three points, and that on December 1, 1966, he was convicted of going through a traffic signal for which he received five points making a total of eight points. Appellee then attended driver improvement school and received one point credit, reducing his total points to seven. He was assigned six points for the present violation giving him a total of 13 points. The appellee in the latest
[ 212 Pa. Super. Page 371]
violation having exceeded the speed limit by 16 miles per hour, the secretary applied section 619.1(b) and suspended his license for 15 days and also applied section 619.1(i) and (k) and suspended his license for 60 days as a first suspension for accumulating 11 or more points, thus giving him 75 days suspension.
This case is controlled by our decision in Virnelson Motor Vehicle Operator License Case, 212 Pa. Superior Ct. 359, 243 A.2d 464 (1968). In Virnelson we held that a driver whose operator's license is suspended under section 619.1 of The Vehicle Code has a right of appeal to the court of common pleas, but that the appeal is limited to determining whether the driver was convicted and whether the secretary properly computed points and applied the mandatory provisions of section 619.1.
Here the Commonwealth produced the records of convictions and the appellee does not deny that he was convicted in each case. Nor is there any contention that the secretary improperly computed the points or improperly applied the suspension penalties of section 619.1.
The court below heard testimony that appellee's accelerator pedal stuck and felt that the suspension was not justified because of this fact. In our opinion the court below could not reverse on this ground. The scope of the appeal does not permit consideration of the merits of the suspension. Once the court has found that the driver was convicted and that the secretary has made no error in applying section 619.1 of The Vehicle Code, the suspension must be affirmed. The order of the court below is reversed and the order of the Secretary of Revenue is reinstated.
Order reversed.
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New Jersey Superior Court, Chancery Division
Decided: March 1, 1973.
MARY R. OBST, PLAINTIFF,v.STATE FARM MUTUAL AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE COMPANY ET ALS., DEFENDANTS
Bischoff, J.s.c.
[123 NJSuper Page 61]
This declaratory judgment action seeks the interpretation of an uninsured motorist endorsement to a certain policy of automobile liability insurance.
The facts are as follows.
On February 21, 1970 plaintiff Mary Obst was a passenger in a motor vehicle owned and operated by her husband Charles Obst. They were returning home in the early morning hours from a visit to friends. Mary Obst worked night work, was tired and had dozed off. She was seated in the front seat and was suddenly awakened when she was thrown forward to the floor of the car. She had no knowledge concerning the reason for or the facts causing this incident to occur.
Her husband, who was the driver, provided the only testimony concerning the happening of the incident. He testified he was proceeding on Black Horse Pike within the speed limit and saw in his rear view mirror the lights of a car approaching rapidly. The operator of this car overtook and passed him, cut in front of Obst sharply and applied his brakes. When Obst saw the brake lights go on, he applied his brakes, skidded and turned to the left, bringing his car to an abrupt halt. There was no contact between the two vehicles. The other vehicle continued on its path and was
[123 NJSuper Page 62]
never identified. It left the scene. As a result of the sudden application of brakes, plaintiff Mary Obst was thrown forward into the dashboard.
She sustained no outward signs of injury. The next day her eye was swollen shut, and when the swelling went down in a few days it was observed that she had no vision in the eye. Medical attention was sought for the injury for the first time on February 24, 1970. A series of hospitalizations followed, with the end result being the loss of the eye.
Charles Obst testified that since there was no contact with the other car and no immediate signs of injury, no report of the incident was ever made to the police. There were no witnesses to the incident.
The incident was reported to defendant State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company by plaintiff at the suggestion of her treating physicians on February 24, 1970.
Plaintiff's policy of insurance was issued by defendant on May 2, 1968 and was effective until October 10, 1968. It was maintained in effect thereafter by payment of semi-annual premiums and was in effect on the date the accident occurred. The policy carries limits of $20,000-$40,000 and contains coverage for bodily injury, property damage and collision insurance. The policy also contained, as insuring agreement III, uninsured automobile coverage.
The exact terms of the endorsement attached to the policy are unimportant, for it is agreed by all parties that the provisions of this uninsured motorist coverage, in effect at the time the accident occurred, was the form of the endorsement promulgated and approved by the Commissioner of Insurance on April 2, 1969.
Plaintiff made claim against defendant State Farm under the uninsured motorist endorsement. State Farm has denied liability, contending there is no coverage.
Plaintiff has also given timely notice of the accident to the Unsatisfied Claim and Judgment Fund Board (hereinafter board), and that Board has also denied liability to plaintiff on the ground that the policy of State Farm provides
[123 NJSuper Page 63]
coverage for the claim. Plaintiff, therefore, seeks a declaration of her rights either against State Farm under the policy in question or the Board, or either of them.
The pertinent portions of the uninsured motorist endorsement are as follows:
The company will pay all sums which the insured * * * shall be legally entitled to recover * * * caused by accident and arising out of the ownership, maintenance or use of such uninsured highway vehicle * * *
A "hit-and-run vehicle" is defined to mean (i) a highway vehicle which causes an accident resulting in bodily injury to an insured arising out of physical contact of such vehicle with the insured or with a vehicle which the insured is occupying at the time of the accident, or (ii) a highway vehicle which without physical contact with the insured or with a vehicle which the insured is occupying at the time of the accident causes bodily injury to an insured arising out of an accident in New Jersey, provided:
(a) there cannot be ascertained the identity of either the operator or owner of such highway vehicle; and
(b) the insured or someone on his behalf shall have reported the accident within 48 hours to a police, peace or judicial officer or to the Commissioner of Motor Vehicles, and shall have filed with the company within 30 days thereafter a statement under oath that the insured or his legal representative has a cause or causes of action arising out of such accident for damages against a person or persons whose identity is unascertainable, and setting forth the facts in support thereof; and
(c) at the company's request, the insured or his legal representative makes available for inspection the vehicle which the insured was occupying at the time of the accident; and
(d) with respect to subdivision (ii) the facts of such accident can be corroborated by competent evidence other than the testimony of any person having a claim under this or any other similar insurance as the result of such accident.
I find from the testimony and evidence presented that subsection (b), requiring a report to the police within 48 hours, and subsection (d), requiring corroboration, have not been complied with. It is on that basis that defendant State Farm has denied liability.
In answer to that contention defendant Board contends that the uninsured motorist endorsement is to be interpreted as broadly as the protection provided by the Fund law and
[123 NJSuper Page 64]
accordingly contends subsection (b) and (d), above quoted, are inapplicable and State Farm is liable.
This contention of the Fund is based upon the following facts.
The testimony of Salvatore Capozzi was presented in support of the Fund's position. He is the manager of the Board and has been manager since 1965. He was assistant manager from 1959 to 1965. The issuance of the uninsured motorist endorsement by insurance carriers was authorized by enactment of L. 1968, c. 385, now found in N.J.S.A. 17:28-1 et seq.
Capozzi gave his understanding of the legislative history of this act as going back to the early 1960s, at which time the Fund found itself in difficulty with a growing number of claims being presented against the Fund and a limitation of income.
Capozzi's testimony concerning his understanding of the legislative history of the act is in accord with the case of Hannan v. Employers Commercial Union Ins. Co. , 117 N.J. Super. 485 (Law Div. 1971), wherein it was stated:
The circumstances leading up to the enactment of the two statutes in question (N.J.S.A. 18:28-1.1 and 1.2) is that the Unsatisfied Claim and Judgment Fund was bearing the burden of providing protection to those who were injured by uninsured motorists. According to Exum v. Marrow , 112 N.J. Super. 570, 574 (Law Div. 1970), the evil remedied by the statutory change was the "financial burden relating to claims against uninsured motorists" that was being borne by the Fund.
The court in the above case explained that the plain intendment of the amendment to N.J.S.A. 17:28-1 was to relieve the Fund of some of these financial burdens. [at 489]
At that time the Legislature held hearings on the problem and resolved thereafter to eliminate certain classes of claims against the Fund. There were hearings on various proposals in the Spring of 1968. The hearings brought about certain amendments to the Fund law (N.J.S.A. 39:6-62) and Insurance Law (N.J.S.A. 17:28-1, 1.1, 1.2, L. 1968,
[123 NJSuper Page 65]
c. 385). The law as thus enacted was approved January 2, 1969, effective 90 days thereafter.
Meetings were thereafter held by the Commissioner of Insurance to establish the exact wording of the uninsured motorist coverage endorsement to be approved. Testimony of Capozzi concerning events that transpired at these meetings before the Commissioner was offered by the Fund as being material and relevant to the construction to be given to the endorsement. Over objection this testimony was received and discloses the following facts.
The first meeting that Capozzi attended was on March 24, 1969. The Commissioner of Insurance was present as were many others, including Dan Collins, who was identified as counsel for the Mutual Insurance Rating Bureau which is an association to which State Farm belongs as a member. The meeting was called to discuss the terms of the uninsured motorist endorsement to be effective April 2. No decision was made at that meeting on either the rate to be charged or the form to be used. A subsequent meeting was held on April 1. Dan Collins was again present, and the Commissioner opened the meeting by stating that only one type of endorsement would be approved. The carriers had submitted a proposal to the Commissioner which did not provide coverage as broad as that provided by the Board. The Board objected to this proposed form.
The rate suggested by the carriers to be charged for the form they proposed was $3 and based on the New York experience. Capozzi testified there were basic differences in the form proposed by the carriers and the Board.
First, the definition of the covered vehicle differed. One covered "highway vehicle," the other covered "motor vehicle."
Second, reporting time under the Fund law was 90 days and under the proposed form submitted by the carriers reporting to the police within 48 hours was required as was notice to the carrier.
[123 NJSuper Page 66]
Third, corroboration was required in hit-run cases under the endorsement and not under the Fund law.
He stated there were other differences.
The Commissioner announced to those then present on April 1 that he would accept the form of endorsement submitted by the carriers because of the time problem then involved and grant a $5 rate for the endorsement.
Capozzi further testified that the Commissioner announced that in exchange for the increase in rate to be allowed there was an accord that the endorsement would be interpreted as broadly as Fund law and would be subsequently rewritten.
Capozzi testified that he was satisfied all present understood and were in accord with the Commissioner's statement.
It is undisputed that the form of the endorsement effective April 2, 1969 has never been changed.
There was a narrow issue thus presented, that is, what effect does this accord reached in the Commissioner's office on April 1, 1969 have on the interpretation of the uninsured motorist endorsement?
There are many basic differences in the creation of the Fund on the one hand and the uninsured motorist endorsement on the other. The basic theories underlying both the Unsatisfied Claim and Judgment Fund and the policy endorsements are the same, but the schemes of compensation to an injured party are different. Exum v. Marrow , 112 N.J. Super. 570, 574-575 (Law Div. 1970). That being so, it is impossible for this court to give effect to a statement that the interpretation of the endorsement should be as broad as the Fund law. Some basic differences between the two are as follows:
1. The uninsured motorist endorsement is optional. 17:28-1.2.
The coverage provided by the Fund is effective without consent.
2. The definition of hit-and-run in the Fund law (N.J.S.A. 39:6-78) and in the endorsement are different and are vastly dissimilar.
[123 NJSuper Page 67]
3. The Fund retains the right to trial by jury (N.J.S.A. 39:6-67). No corresponding right is given to the carrier when claim is made under the uninsured motorist endorsement.
4. The Fund has been given the power to compel cooperation of the insured (N.J.S.A. 39:6-68). No corresponding right is given the carrier under the uninsured motorist endorsement.
5. The Fund has full discovery available to it. (N.J.S. 39:6-67, 68). No corresponding right is given to the carrier under the uninsured motorist endorsement.
6. The Fund does not distinguish between intentional and nonintentional torts. Proskurnja v. Elder , 73 N.J. Super. 466 (Law Div. 1962). See, also, the case of Lascari v. Iannaci , 56 N.J. 317 (1970). This distinction is made under the uninsured motorist endorsement.
7. The Fund has the right of direct recovery or reimbursement from the uninsured. (N.J.S.A. 39:6-77). Under the uninsured motorist endorsement, the carrier has the right of recovery but by way of subrogation.
8. There are exclusions with respect to the right to recover under N.J.S.A. 39:6-70 which are not applicable to those making claim under the uninsured motorist endorsement.
9. The procedural nature of N.J.S.A. 39:6-70 is a shield not available to the carrier under the uninsured motorist endorsement.
10. The notice provisions of N.J.S.A. 39:6-65 do not apply to the carrier under the uninsured motorist endorsement.
11. Prior to any recovery from the Fund, the claimant must demonstrate that he has exhausted all remedies against the uninsured driver. N.J.S.A. 39:6-71. This does not apply to a claim made under the uninsured motorist endorsement.
These noted differences suffice to indicate the impossibility of attempting to interpret the language of the uninsured
[123 NJSuper Page 68]
motorist endorsement as broadly as the Fund law. Any attempt to do so would require the court to rewrite the endorsement. This is the responsibility vested by the Legislature in the Commissioner of Insurance.
This court accordingly concludes that the evidence of the alleged accord reached in the office of the Commissioner of Insurance on April 1, 1969 is of no aid or assistance in interpreting the uninsured motorist endorsement. This conclusion is fortified by the lapse of a period of four years without any change being made in the uninsured motorist endorsement as it was written and approved on April 2, 1969.
This court concludes that the uninsured motorist endorsement clearly requires, under the circumstances of this case, corroboration and reporting to police. It is undisputed that neither requirement has been met, and accordingly plaintiff has no right to recover on the uninsured motorist endorsement against State Farm.
Plaintiff is left to pursue her rights against the Board.
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