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Half-Life 2 has sold over 4 million copies worldwide, and earned over 35 Game of the Year Awards. Episode One is the first in a series of games that reveal the aftermath of Half-Life 2 and launch a journey beyond City 17. Also features two multiplayer games. Half-Life 2 not required.Read full description
Half-Life 2 has sold over 4 million copies worldwide, and earned over 35 Game of the Year Awards. Episode One is the first in a series of games that reveal the aftermath of Half-Life 2 and launch a journey beyond City 17. Also features two multiplayer games. Half-Life 2 not required.
User score
Though much shorter in comparison to Half-Life-2, Episode One brings plenty of new things to the series, not to mention it advances the plot and sets the ground for the massive cliffhanger that is Episode Two. With the exception of the "Zombines", the are now new enemies or weapons. There is a however an addition that definitely makes the game worth it: Alyx, which was a major NPC previously that only helped in battle briefly near the end of Half-Life 2 is now your companion (and friend, not to mention potential love interest) for the entirety of the game. She is much more human than most other sidekicks in gaming and also very capable and helpful (she can do the things that you aren't allowed to, essentially). The graphics are improved (the image of City 17 in ruins is very well-done), some of the puzzles are more imaginative than ever and the finale complete with a strider battle and NPC rescue sequence (also, Barney is present in this one; too bad this is the last we see of him canonically). The soundtrack is also mostly new (which is commendable), with some tracks that are especially memorable. All in all, while not as remarkable as the rest of the games in the franchise, the high quality that the series is known for is present here as well.
Half-Life 2: Episode 1 continues after the cliffhanger of HL2. Several Vortigaunts rescue Gordon Freeman and Alyx from stasis. Right afterwards, the threat of an imminent explosion from the damaged citadel as a result of the climax of the earlier game looms over the protagonists. From there on, Gordon and his sidekick must ensure they have enough time to escape and survive the disordered Combine force and hostile alien lifeforms that still lurk in City 17. The only allies they have are the remaining rebel force. With that said, the story and the realistic aftermath are to be praised in this game. Though gameplay received minor tweaks, it is still solid, with the fast paced action and suspense present. While the game does end the suspense left from HL2, Episode 1 is woefully short. It can be completed within at least 5 hours. To make matters worse, the game then leaves another cliffhanger for Episode 2 to take place. Given the short length and overall lack of new content, I give the game a C for allowing fans to alleviate their wait but were then presented with more waiting for Episode 2 after being forced to deal with a short sequel.
After finishing Half life 2 with the gman talk, you are back in action with Alyx and Dog back in city 17, this is the shortest game of the series (not mentioning Lost Coast), but it doesn't mean the game isn't good, Alyx will show how useful she is, that you can even beat the game just shooting one bullet, the graphics and physics are the same from the first game, no new weapons were added.
Hl2 episode one is first episode of valve's universally acclaimed fps hl2.Episode one isn't a lenghty game like hl2 but game really has some great moment.Games has many really fun mission designes like escorting civillians to train station and blocking antlion holes by cars.During most mission alyx's has a companion role that makes episode one different from hl2.Episode one has also some novelties like combine zombies, alyx's rollermine hack ability etc.By presentation side game has game top notch graphics and sound design like it's predecessor also some textures has better resolution. Hl2 episode one is a very enjoyable game.The short length isn't a detractor, you'll definitely come back to fell great atmosphere of the game.
This game has some problems because it is divided into different episodes this Gordon Freeman is located in city 17 and must be able to overcome all those faces to go to another level, this game is a little complex but playability is fantastic and 100% is recommended for good graphics and little demand in requirements would be nice if they have the opportunity to buy the "Half Life Completed" brings all its episodes.
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|Found 3782 Recipes
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Salsa Bean Scoopsby wheremyvegat1986 These are so fun and simple to prepare with just a few pantry ingredie..
Panko Crusted Onion Petalsby wheremyvegat1986 So crispy and satisfying.
Roasted Chickpeasby wheremyvegat1986 Such a delightful snack. Chickpeas get nice and nutty when roasted and..
Basil Pinwheelsby wheremyvegat1986 A fun use for Pillsbury Crescent Rolls. Rolled up with fresh basil, ch..
Slow Cooker Spinach & Artichoke Dipby wheremyvegat1986 I actually tried this at a friends for the first time and had never ac..
Cheeseburger Dipby wheremyvegat1986 I love creamy dips and this is one of my favourites. Adding crumbled "..
Jalapeno Popper Dipby wheremyvegat1986 Why not turn the popular appetizer into a dip?
Crispy Fried Zucchini Chipsby wheremyvegat1986 I always order these on any menu when I eat out so it was a delight to..
Artichoke Bruschettaby wheremyvegat1986 A twist on the classic recipe with artichoke and bocconcini.
Beef'less' Stuffed Mushroomsby wheremyvegat1986 Super flavourful rice with fresh vegetables and beef'less' ground stuf..
Lime & Cilantro Guacamole stuffed Potato Skinsby wheremyvegat1986 Potatoes are my favourite food so it is only natural I find various wa..
Pecorino and Parmigiano Reggiano Cheese Biscuitsby almabts Bake up some cheesy treats with these ridiculously simple pecorino and..
MINI CHICKEN ALFREDO PIZZASby cynthiaspoons I have always loved anything to do with chicken and/or pizza, and I wa..
Corn Croquettes – Quick & Simple Starter-Appetizersby Manisha Bharani This version is my favorite of all croquettes. This is mouth watering ..
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Easy-Cheesy Chicken Quesadillasby the_silver_angel_13 A simple, "cheesy-goodness" dish great for beginners! This was the fi..

subset: commoncrawl


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21/11/2016 Zobrazení celkem: 9962 Dnes: 4
Apartment Malcesine 2 offers accommodation in Malcesine, 500 metres from Malcesine Bus Station and 500 metres from Malcesine Bus Station. Byt se skládá z 1 bedroom and 1 koupelna, fitted with a bath or shower. A microwave and a toaster can be found in the kitchen. Cable car Malcesine – Monte Baldo je 100 metres from Apartment Malcesine 2, while Castello Scaligero is 400 metrů. Villafranca Airport is 42 km. (Byt 2 Malcesine hotels booking).


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Warren Deli & Grill
$15 to Spend on Sandwiches & More
- Save 53%
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98% recommendedin LivingSocial customer ratings
A local institution since the 1980s, Warren Deli & Grill still sports that neighborhood-y vibe -- glass display case and all -- even after recently revamping its menu under new ownership:
• $7 for $15 to spend on food
• Menu offers sandwiches, wraps, burgers, paninis, and more
• We like the ranchero sandwich w/ grilled chicken, pepper Jack & ranch dressing
PAID VALUE EXPIRES ON December 10, 2021
PROMOTIONAL VALUE EXPIRES ON April 15, 2014


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text: Package: icedove-3.0 Version: 3.0.3-1 Severity: important I'm unable to use Search; I haven't changed anything it just stopped working whatever I search for it returns "No messages match your search". I do have "Enable Global Search and Indexer" option checked. Adnan -- System Information: Debian Release: squeeze/sid APT prefers unstable APT policy: (900, 'unstable'), (500, 'testing'), (100, 'experimental') Architecture: amd64 (x86_64) Kernel: Linux 2.6.32-trunk-amd64 (SMP w/2 CPU cores) Locale: LANG=en_US.UTF-8, LC_CTYPE=en_US.UTF-8 (charmap=UTF-8) Shell: /bin/sh linked to /bin/dash Versions of packages icedove-3.0 depends on: ii icedove 3.0.3-1 mail/news client with RSS and inte icedove-3.0 recommends no packages. icedove-3.0 suggests no packages. -- no debconf information -------------- next part -------------- A non-text attachment was scrubbed... Name: signature.asc Type: application/pgp-signature Size: 900 bytes Desc: OpenPGP digital signature Url : https://lists.ubuntu.com/archives/ubuntu-mozillateam/attachments/20100318/83612e78/attachment.pgp


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- Published in issue 10/1994 on page 50
PIC programming course (3):
So far in the course we have been dealing with the hardware structure of the PIC processors. This third instalment, and the one to come, will deal with programming aspects and the PIC instruction set. This instalment also introduces the MPALC assembler tor PIC devices, which may be obtained on diskette.
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This image, according to CNN iReport contributor Matthew Dishler, shows three white students at New York state's Waverly High School wearing blackface during a skit at the school's homecoming pep rally:
Three white students were to perform a skit in black face, depicting Chris Brown and Rhianna [sic] most notibly [sic]. In this skit they would display acts of domestic violence as satire to an audience that included not only students but parents, faculty, and various members of the media and community leaders. None of them stopped the skit.
The story, published early Monday morning, has stirred up plenty of conversation in the Waverly community. Students and alumni have shown support and shame. But more often than not, the response seems to be defensive.
Apparently, this is not the first blackface sketch in Waverly — a village with a 97 percent white population, according to the 2010 census.
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On October 9th, 2012, Tropical Foods had its Flavors of the Fall Recipe Contest with the culinary students at the Charlotte Campus of Johnson & Wales University. This recipe, Nutty Buffalo Chicken, was created by Quantel Floyd.
- Yield
- 4
- Active Time
- 15 minutes
- Total Time
- 35 minutes
- 1 cup Tropical Food's Buffalo Nuts®
- 4 boneless, skinless chicken breast halves
- 3 slices wheat bread, toasted & torn into pieces
- 2 large eggs
- 1 cup all-purpose flour
- 4 oz. goat cheese
- 1 yellow habanera, minced
- 1 orange habanera, minced
- 2 tbsp. Italian parsley, chopped
- Salt and pepper
- Preheat oven to 450 degrees. Line a baking sheet with aluminum foil and spray with cooking spray. In a food processor, pulse Tropical Food's Buffalo Nuts® and toasted bread until coarsely ground; transfer to a medium bowl. In another medium bowl beat eggs, season generously with salt and pepper. Pour flour into a third medium bowl and set up a breading station. Dredge chicken breasts in flour, then coat in egg and finally roll in Buffalo Nuts® breading, until completely coated. Transfer to prepared baking sheet. Bake 15-20 minutes until chicken reaches 165 degrees. Put goat cheese on top of each hot chicken breast. Garnish with mixed habaneras and parsley.
Nutritional Info
- Calories813
- Carbohydrates53 g(18%)
- Fat33 g(52%)
- Protein74 g(149%)
- Saturated Fat9 g(44%)
- Sodium1006 mg(42%)
- Polyunsaturated Fat6 g
- Fiber6 g(26%)
- Monounsaturated Fat15 g
- Cholesterol278 mg(93%)


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Ratings based on 101 Verified Reviews
They paid and stayed. We double-checked.
4.5 Room cleanliness
4.7 Service & staff
4.2 Room comfort
4.3 Hotel condition
Expedia Verified ReviewsThey paid and stayed. We double-checked.
by A verified traveler
Bezahlbare Bungalows direkt am (Privat-)StrandPosted Oct 23, 2016
Pros: Die Lage, der Strand, das Meer, der wirklich von Herzen kommende Service...
Cons: Eine der Pflanzen hat (ohne Witz!) nach frischem Bündnerfleisch gerochen... etwas gewöhnungsbedürftig, aber so ist Natur.
Die Kichanga Lodge in Michamwi auf Sansibar liegt direkt am Strand auf einer leicht erhobenen Düne. Super Lage, toller Strand (mit den Sansibar-typischen extremen Gezeitenunterschieden). Noch in Laufdistanz zur Blue Lagoon, für alle, die gerne Schnorcheln. Das Personal ist wirklich super freundlich und zuvorkommend. Insgesamt sehr empfehlenswert.
by GINA from MEXICO
HOTEL KICHANGA, ZANZIBARPosted Jul 25, 2016 on Hotels
by A verified traveler
Nettes Hotel in schöner abgelegener UmgebungPosted Jul 22, 2016
Das Hotel hat einen authentischen zambianischen Charakter. Das Personal war sehr freundlich und stets hilfsbereit. Landschaftlich zwar sehr abgelegen aber an wunderschönem Strand. Schwimmen ist nicht einfach wegen der Fluten, kleiner Hotelpool bietet jedoch Alternative. Extras (Getränke, Essen, Ausflüge) fanden wir sehr teuer.
by A verified traveler
Posted Jul 10, 2016 on Hotels
Beautiful, peaceful spot, with good food and incredibly welcoming staff who can't do enough for you. Spent lots of time relaxing in the hammock on our private veranda, or strolling along the beautiful beach. The best part was doing yoga classes watching the sunrise over the Indian Ocean - pure bliss
by Mikael Belin from Stockholm
Lugna dagarPosted Jul 5, 2016 on Hotels
Några sköna dagar, mysiga bungalows, maten som ingår är dock ingen höjdare.
by A verified traveler from New York, NY
AMAZING VACATION!Posted Jul 4, 2016
Pros: The staff was incredibly friendly and SO helpful! They truly make sure you're stay is as relaxing as possible!
Location: Do the snorkeling tour - book it at the front desk - it's only $20 USD and it was amazing! Also, go to The Rock for dinner!
A friend and I stayed here for 4 days following a month long study abroad trip to Tanzania. We chose Kichanga based off a recommendation from another friend who had stayed here the previous year after her study abroad. She told us it was a nice place, but it exceeded every expectation we had! First of all, the room was amazing. We had a wonderful (albeit, a little hard) king sized bed, with an amazing bathroom and even a changing room! Everything was provided for us - from the beach towels, to the beach bag, to bottled water everyday. The food was really great. Breakfast and dinner were included with our stay - and how can you go wrong with that. We both usually had the fish dish every night and it was always prepared nicely. They also have yoga, which we scheduled for sunrise. The yoga instructor, Ilse, is amazing! I've never done yoga before and she made sure to explain all the positions and ensure I was doing it properly to not hurt myself. It was a great way to start the day. The service and staff were probably the best I've ever encountered. A few days before we were set to arrive, I received an email asking if I'd like a car service to pick us up from the airport. We also wanted to set up some tours for one of the days, and we went to the front desk and they took care of literally everything - so we were able to do the Spice tour, Stone Town and Prisoner Island all in one day for only $95 USD.
by Mikael
Posted Jul 3, 2016 on Hotels
by Silvana from NYC
Things to doPosted Jul 2, 2016 on Hotels
It was very Nice but there is not much to do besides going to the beach. Beautiful and peaceful.
by A verified traveler from Milano
Puro relax nella naturaPosted Mar 21, 2016
Abbiamo soggiornato una settimana in questo lodge. Piccolo e confortevole, personale simpatico e sempre disponibile. L'hotel molto isolato ma in un contesto stupendo dove si può godere il cambiamento della marea con colori e sfumature uniche. Appassionata di fotografia un vero paradiso. Colazione molto buona con succhi freschi e cena servita al tavolo tutto molto curato e buonissimo. Dal bungalow una vista mozzafiato dove si può ammirare l'alba. Consiglio questo lodge per che cerca tranquillità
by A verified traveler
Posted Mar 20, 2016 on Hotels
Very good facility got relaxing on the beach. Nice pool. Comfortable room. No AC.


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state of grace
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This Gif entitled state of grace was created from the youtube video 3 years ago. It uses 12 frames per second and is displayed at 240px resolution. This animated image plays for 5 seconds, was built with normal quality and an estimated weight of 922.08 KB for download. This animation was originally created from the State of Grace Fortunate Son Part 3 (S 2 Ep 8) video from 00:31 to 00:36.
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Harvester (2006)
Critic Consensus: No consensus yet.
Harvester Videos
Harvester Photos
Movie Info
Watch it now
as Marshall Lawson
as Dwayne Dixon
as Tia
as Seth
as Werner
as Robinson
as Aroon
as Phil
as Carl
as Ambassador
Critic Reviews for Harvester
All Critics (1) | Fresh (0) | Rotten (1) | DVD (2)
...even the most ardent Seagal fan would be hard-pressed to sit through this monstrosity of a production in just one sitting (for the record, it took me almost a dozen).
Audience Reviews for Harvester
Even for Seagal this is ridiculous. And trust me, I've seen them all and this one is definitely the weirdest. I don't understand any of it, and I don't understand how the drug turns you into the alien that kills himself at the beginning of Men in Black. Or why the drug gives you super powers. The action is okay, I've definitely seen way better from Seagal. This one is just stupid and not in the usual accepted stupid Seagal has.
Well let me say that I have always been a Steven seagal fan and his movies are usually great but this "Attack Force" just don't measure up to the rest. This in my opinion is very stupid I did not like it all. The biggest reason I don't like it is because it is very flawed and to me does not make much sense. The acting is very bad even Steven seagal does not do good acting, The rest of the actors I can see because they just do direct to video movies. It does not follow a straight storyline everything happens at once so that why it doesn't make much sense.
Super Reviewer
I "can" believe just how awful this movie is in nearly every way possible. No one can argue that point. Its just another Seagal film to point and laugh at. People take it seriously, I just sit there and laugh my ass off. First, Seagal's own voice is dubbed half of the time. Someone completely different takes over. Second, there are so many major continuity errors. Third, Seagal is too funny to take seriously in this. Proof? The poster is obviously edited to make him look in shape. Fourth, the story changes during the editing stages. Fifth, it makes for a good unintentional comedy and isn't for anyone to take seriously. And last, the entire supporting cast is killed off and Seagal survives with some random Asian extra who is swiftly introduced in the final scenes... wow. But hey, I was cheering for the guy instead of anyone else. This extra was the most compelling actor. Honestly, he had only two lines and just followed Seagal around with a gun. He gets thrown against the wall, beat up, and still walks out alive. Cheers~
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Subject: Re: Thai Curry
Newsgroups: gmane.education.english.engfor
Date: Friday 1st August 2008 17:47:53 UTC (over 8 years ago)
Hi Billy, You are suppose a good cook for Thai cuisine, I will learn it from you. I have fish sauce, but I don't know how to cook Thai food. If you don't mind, could you post the recipe ? I will try to make, and appreciate it for your kindness. Regards, Elly T. ----- Original Message ---- From: Bill Kelly


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Welcome to the Aberdeen Anaesthesia Website
The Department of Anaesthesia in Aberdeen, part of NHS Grampian, provides anaesthetic services to all the NHS hospitals in Aberdeen.
All major specialties are present on the Foresterhill site, including cardiac and thoracic surgery, major vascular surgery, trauma, head and neck surgery, plastic surgery, neuro-surgery and paediatric surgery. Find out more in the About section.
World Congress of Anaesthesia 2016
One of the strengths of the department is the training in Human Factors and non-technical skills. Our reputation in this area resulted in the department being featured in the conference TV commissioned for the 2016 World Congress of Anaesthesia in Hong Kong. The resulting Aberdeen film, shot by the global leader and award winning conference TV company Websedge can be seen below.


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Mystic Heroes Cheats
To continuously continue hurting enemy bosses before they can counter you, or enemy soldiers and peons, once you knock them to the ground after your normal attack combos, jump and do the triangle magic (not square). If the magic hits (works best with bolt), run to the enemy really fast and you will find that you can add more normal hits to the combo. WHen the last hit of the combo knocks them away, do another jump magic attack, and repeat till dead. Works great with Bruin!
Recent Threads
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Regent Seven Seas Officially Holds The Largest Speciality Restaurant At Sea
October 13, 2016
Regent Seven Seas Cruises is transforming its signature restaurant, Compass Rose, into the largest speciality restaurant at sea. This is revolutionising its gourmet dining experience fleet-wide. The new concept for Compass Rose will offer a new menu that features an […]
Read More »
British Airways Announce That Cuts Are On The Way For Economy
August 15, 2016
Airline giant British Airways have announced that they will no longer offer second meals for economy passengers on flights under 8 ½ hours long. It has been said that this will also affect premium economy travellers on flights less than […]
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The Price Of Speciality Dining Is On The Rise… Again!
August 8, 2016
Yet another cruise line has now announced that they are putting up the price of speciality dining on-board. Holland America have revealed that they are following the trend and increasing the price of three of their speciality restaurants: The Pinnacle […]
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Cruising Then and Now – The History Of Cruising Will Surprise You!
June 23, 2016
Cruising as we know and love has changed a great deal over the years, its roots trace back to the 1800's and used to be a much more exclusive affair, with only the wealthiest clientele choosing to cruise. The modern […]
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Diet Expert Proves Cruising's Perfect For Losing Weight
January 26, 2016
In a recent book released by a dieting expert, cruising was mentioned as the perfect way to lose weight. No, we're not talking about calorie counting or even exercising more or any combination of the two. Instead this awesome dieting […]
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21 Of The Oddest Burgers On The McDonalds Menus From Around The World
November 5, 2015
One of the best things about cruising all around the world (in our opinion anyway) is that you get to experience a variety of different countries and cultures in one holiday whilst still staying in the luxurious comfort of your […]
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9 Fashion Disasters That Will Get You In Trouble Abroad
August 25, 2015
A lot of debate goes into the different dress codes on cruise ships dress and there can be a lot of passion created on both sides of the argument. Should you dress up? Can you go casual? Something that often gets […]
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Written on: 27/03/2007 by emza2511 (176 reviews written)
The Feeling, Twelve Stops and Home is very much a feel-good, relaxing album. With some great catchy songs and still catchier slower songs. The Feeling have already had 5 singles from this album so there is much to recommend and more, with 'Fill My Little World' being my personal favourite track. A good listen, would recommend.
As rated by our community of reviewers
" Stunning. superb, sensational! " Read More
" Best song in years " Read More
" Vieem's Mildone ( Review) " Read More
" Avril Lavigne's The Best Damn Thing is sooo catchy, it makes me wan... " Read More
" Best ever " Read More
Written by sandy1965


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jul 8, 1986
|Filing date
|Oct 3, 1984
|Priority date
|Oct 3, 1984
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Constance J. Araps, Steven M. Kandetzke, Ellen L. Kutner, Mark A. Takacs
|Original Assignee
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (9), Referenced by (52), Classifications (19), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to a method of preparing semiconductor structures and devices which utilize polymeric dielectric materials. In particular, the method permits fabrication of semiconductor structures bearing conductive patterns or connections and utilizing polymeric dielectrics such as polyimides.
Methods of manufacture of semiconductor devices are frequently comprised of a series of steps during which layers of various materials are applied to the semiconductor structure. Some of the layers remain as part of the device at the end of manufacture, while others are utilized as masking for subsequently applied layers and are removed prior to completion of manufacture. Frequently removal of a masking material is achieved by use of a solvent which dissolves the masking material while leaving surrounding materials, which are intended to be a permanent part of the semiconductor device, intact.
In some cases the materials which are intended to become a permanent part of the semiconductor device are sufficiently similar in nature to the masking materials that they are affected by the solvent used to remove the masking material. This is particularly true when polymeric materials are utilized both as permanent functional components and as masking materials. As a result, the polymeric materials intended to be a permanent functional part of the semiconductor device become contaminated with solvent used to remove the polymeric masking materials and do not function as intended. In addition, because the solvents used to remove the masking are frequently volatile, they tend to evaporate and migrate over time, so that the functioning of the polymeric materials within the device and thus the functioning of the device itself changes over time.
Examples of processes utilizing multi-layer material depositions and masking layers which are subsequently removed include U.S. Pat. No. 4,256,816 Dunkleberger, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,224,361 Romankiw (assigned to the assignee of the present invention). Interest in replacing traditional inorganic dielectric materials in semiconductor devices with polymeric materials, e.g. as device dielectric isolation layers, trench dielectric, and interlevel passivation layers, has been significant due to improved ease of fabrication and potentially better thermal and electrical properties obtainable when the polymeric materials are used. This interest is manifested in the form of U.S. patents which disclose the use of polyimides, polyimide-polyamide or like materials as insulating or passivating materials in electronic components. Among such patents are: U.S. Pat. No. 3,700,497 Epifano et al; U.S. Pat. No. 3,846,166 Saiki et al; U.S. Pat. No. 3,486,934 Bond; U.S. Pat. No. 3,515,585 Chamberlin et al; U.S. Pat. No. 3,985,597 Zielinski; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,367,119 Logan et al.
Due to the interest in using polymeric materials such as polyimides as dielectric materials in semiconductor devices, it is necessary to provide a method of preventing contamination of such polymeric materials by the solvents used in the fabrication process. The present invention solves this problem by providing for use of a substitute polymeric material as a space holder and surface protective entity during certain processing steps, with subsequent replacement of this substitute material using the desired polymeric dielectric.
In accordance with the invention, a method is provided for formation of conductive patterns and connections within semiconductor structures having segments thereof isolated from each other by dielectric-filled trenches in the structure. The dielectric material used to fill the trenches, as well as the interface between the dielectric and the trench surface, are protected from contamination by use of a space-holding substitute polymeric material during certain process steps. The substitute material is subsequently removed and replaced with the desired polymeric dielectric. The method of the present invention comprises:
(a) filling the trenches of a semiconductor structure with a removable polymeric underlay;
(b) performing intermediary processing steps upon the semiconductor structure;
(c) removing the polymeric underlay from the trenches of the semiconductor structure; and
(d) refilling the trenches with a permanent polymeric dielectric material.
In one preferred embodiment, the space-holding substitute polymer is used during processing steps wherein deposition of a conductive pattern occurs, wherein the method of the invention comprises:
(a) coating the semiconductor structure and concurrently filling the trenches thereof with a layer of a removable lift-off polymeric underlay;
(b) forming a barrier film over the polymeric underlay;
(c) forming a mask/imaging layer over the barrier film, with the mask layer having a pattern of openings defining a desired conductive pattern;
(d) sequentially dry etching, through the openings in the mask, the barrier film and the polymeric underlay to the surface of the semiconductor structure;
(e) depositing a blanket layer of conductive material over any remaining mask layer, barrier film layer and on the exposed surfaces of the semiconductor structure;
(f) removing the polymeric underlay from the semiconductor structure and the trenches with concurrent complete removal of any barrier film layer and mask layer positioned over the polymeric underlay;
(g) filling the trenches and concurrently coating the semiconductor structure with a dielectric composition.
The preferred method of removing the polymeric underlay and barrier layer from the semiconductor structure in the patterned area of mask openings [step (d) above] is dry etching.
Additional process steps may be utilized to planarize the structure and to seal off the trench dielectric from ambient conditions, such steps comprising:
(h) planarizing the dielectric material to a level even with the surface of the semiconductor structure surrounding the trenches and simultaneously exposing the conductive pattern upon other portions of the semiconductor structure;
(i) blanket coating the semiconductor structure with exposed conductive pattern thereon with silicon nitride film;
(j) blanket coating the silicon nitride film with a layer of a silicon dioxide dielectric to a level above the conductive pattern; and
(k) planarizing the silicon dioxide layer and the silicon nitride film by dry etching thereof to a level exposing the top surface portions of the conductive pattern.
The method of the present invention permits filling of the trenches (and subsequent encapsulation if desired) with the polymeric trench isolation dielectric without detrimental exposure of the polymeric dielectric to any harsh lift off solvents. The integrity of the polymeric isolation dielectric is thus preserved and performance of a semiconductor device utilizing the prepared substrate is not affected by contaminants.
The above and many other features and attendant advantages of the invention will become apparent as the invention becomes better understood by reference to the following accompanying drawings and detailed description.
FIG. 1 is a diagramatic cross-sectional view of a semiconductor structure containing trenches with a layer of removable lift-off polymeric underlay covering the surface of the structure and filling the trenches. A barrier film is shown covering the upper surface of the polymeric underlay and a mask/imaging layer is shown upon the upper surface of the barrier film.
FIG. 2 is a view of the same semiconductor structure after dry etching through the barrier film and polymeric underlay in the area of the mask pattern, and subsequent application of a conductive layer over the surface of the barrier layer and the exposed surfaces of the semiconductor substrate. Note that the mask/imaging layer has been substantially removed during the same dry etch operation.
FIG. 3 is a view of the semiconductor structure after removal of the polymeric underlay from the semiconductor structure and the trenches, with concurrent complete removal of any barrier film layer and remaining imaging layer positioned over the polymeric underlay.
FIG. 4 is a view of the semiconductor structure after refilling of the trenches and concurrent coating of the semiconductor surface and accompanying conductive deposits with a polymeric dielectric material.
FIG. 5 shows the semiconductor structure after planarization of the dielectric material to a level even with the surface of the semiconductor substrate and exposure of the conducting pattern thereon.
FIGS. 6 and 7 show possible additional process steps in which the dielectric trench material is sealed off from ambient conditions by first applying a layer of a barrier film followed by a layer of dielectric, with subsequent planarization of the dielectric to expose the top surface portions of the conductive pattern.
Preparation of semiconductor structures which use trench isolation technology requires the use of a trench isolation dielectric. Polyimide has been used as the isolation dielectric with some success; however, if deposition of the polyimide is followed by process steps utilizing organic solvents, the polyimide can become contaminated by the solvents. In order to avoid such contamination of the polyimide dielectric, the process of the present invention provides for use of a removable lift-off underlay material as a space holder and surface protective entity during certain processing steps, with subsequent replacement of this lift-off underlay material with the polyimide dielectric.
Referring to FIG. 1, the lift-off underlay material 12 is applied to the semiconductor structure to be processed 10 so that the isolation trenches 14 are filled and a planarized surface above the structure 10 is obtained. The lift-off underlay material may be comprised of any number of materials such as polysulfone, PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate), PMS (poly-α-methylstyrene) and diazoquinone-novolak compositions. Subsequent to application of the underlay 12, a dry etch barrier 16 is deposited upon the surface of the underlay 12. The barrier material may be comprised of materials such as organo-silicate glass, plasma HMDS (hexamethyl disilizane), and plasma DVS (divinylstyrene). An imaging photoresist layer 18 is then produced upon the surface of the barrier layer 16.
Reactive ion etching is then used to remove the barrier layer 16 and portions of the organic underlay 12 in areas which are not protected by the photoresist layer 18. During the etching procedure, substantially all of the photoresist layer 18 is also removed. A conductive layer is then deposited upon the overall surface structure, producing the composite shown in FIG. 2, wherein the conductive layer 20 may be comprised of a combination of materials such as chromium underlaid aluminum-copper alloy.
The remaining underlay material 12, barrier material 16 and conductive layer 20 which overlay the underlay material 12 are subsequently removed to produce the structure shown in FIG. 3, wherein only the structure 10 and portions of the conductive layer 20 remain. Removal of the organic underlay 12 and other layers supported by its presence (lift-off) is accomplished by dissolving away diazoquinone-novolak composition or polysulfone underlay using NMP (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone) solvent, or by heating PMMA or PMS underlay to about 300� C. to depolymerize, and subsequently dissolving away the depolymerized PMMA or PMS using diglyme followed by toluene, or using any similar method appropriate to the underlay utilized.
Once the structure shown in FIG. 3 is obtained, the trenches 14 are filled with the dielectric material 40, which is applied so that a planarized surface above the structure 10 and conductive layer pattern 20 is obtained, the trenches 14 are filled with the dielectric material 40, which is applied so that a planarized surface above the structure 10 and conductive layer pattern 20 is obtained as shown in FIG. 4. The dielectric material, such as polyimide, may be deposited from a solution or obtained via in situ cure of a polymerizable oligomer such as polyamic acid, the corresponding amic ester, the corresponding isoimide, the corresponding imide, analogues thereof, or mixtures thereof as described in U.S. patent application, Ser. No. 556,731, filed Nov. 30, 1983 and pending before the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, (assigned to the assignee of the present invention). Planarization of the surface of the dielectric material 40 may be achieved by more than one application of the dielectric prior to final cure at temperatures ranging between 180� C. and 400� C., depending on the dielectric material used.
Following planarization and final cure of the dielectric, the dielectric is then etched back as shown in FIG. 5, by a method such as oxygen RIE (reactive ion etching), to the trench surface 50, eliminating a sharp step over the trench to the dielectric and exposing the conductive layer pattern 20. A bake at about 300� C. may then be utilized to eliminate ambient moisture from the polyimide.
Additional process steps can be utilized to seal off the dielectric trench material from ambient conditions. FIG. 6 depicts a composite structure obtained by plasma deposition of a nitride layer 60 over the dielectric-containing surface of the structure shown in FIG. 5. After plasma deposition of the nitride layer 60, planar sputtered oxide 62 is deposited over the surface of the nitride layer 60. Subsequent etchback of the sputtered oxide layer 62 provides exposure of the conductive layer pattern 20 and planarization of the oxide layer 62 as shown in FIG. 7. Thus, the dielectric has been encapsulated as the trench isolation material, without exposure to potentially detrimental lift-off solvents and the integrity of the dielectric has been maintained.
The following is a detailed example for preparation of a semiconductor structure containing a dielectric trench isolation material which has been sealed off from ambient conditions.
An 82 μm silicon wafer was processed to provide the desired surface contours and platinum silicide formation in contact areas. A layer of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) underlay material was applied in order to fill the approximately 6 micron deep isolation contours (trench) in the substrate and produce a roughly planar film about 2 to 3 microns thick over the surface of the semiconductor structure in general. The underlay material was applied using standard solution coating techniques. A first layer of the PMMA solution was applied via spin coating, following by an oven bake at about 200� C. to obtain solvent removal. A second layer was then applied in the same manner followed by a second oven bake.
Subsequently, a dry-etch barrier of HMDS about 0.2 microns thick was plasma deposited on the surface of the PMMA. A photo imaging layer of AZ (diazoquinone-novolak) positive resist was then formed over the HMDS using standard photolithographic techniques.
The resultant structure was that shown in FIG. 1 wherein a portion of the silicon structure 10 containing trenches 14 had been coated with PMMA underlay material 12 to fill the trenches and provide a coating over the upper surface of the silicon substrate in general. The dry-etch barrier layer of HMDS 16 had been applied over the PMMA surface, and the imaged AZ photo resist layer 18 provided a mask for subsequent processing operations.
Once the imaged AZ photo resist layer was in place on the surface of the HMDS layer, the lift-off pattern to be used for deposit of the conductive pattern was created by using sequential reactive ion etching by CF4 and then oxygen etching to remove portions of the HMDS layer, PMMA underlay material, respectively (and concurrently substantially all of the protective AZ photo imaging layer).
A 1.4 μm layer of Cr/Al/Cu 20 was then applied, after which the lift-off structure was removed. To accomplish the lift-off, the structure was heated to about 300� C. to promote depolymerization of the PMMA underlay material. Depolymerization was followed by an acetone rinse to remove any residue. The resultant structure after lift-off is shown in FIG. 3, wherein the conductive Cr/Al/Cu pattern was properly located on the silicon structure 10 and isolated from other areas of the structure 10 via trenches 14.
An amino silane coupling agent was applied to the semiconductor substrate, and the trenches 14 were subsequently filled using two solution coating applications of Skybond 703 polyimide. The skybond 703 was dissolved in NMP to provide a 5:3 dilution, respectively. Each application of solution coating was followed sequentially by a 10 minute bake on an 88� C. hot plate and a 10 minute bake in a 200� C. oven. The second application was also subjected sequentially to a bake in a nitrogen-purged oven for 30 minutes at 300� C. followed by 30 minutes at 400� C., to provide for cure and planarization of the polyimide.
FIG. 4 shows the composite structure after processing, wherein the Skybond 703 polyimide 40 filled the trenches 14 of the silicon structure 10 and covered the Cr/Al/Cu conductive pattern 20.
After final cure of the polyimide, oxygen RIE (reactive ion etching) was used to etch the polyimide 40 back to the surface of the trenches 50, exposing the conductive pattern 20 as shown in FIG. 5. A 300� C. bake of the structural composite shown in FIG. 5 was used to eliminate moisture from the polyimide.
In order to seal off the trench material from ambient conditions and prevent future moisture pick up by the polyimide, a plasma nitride deposition 60 ranging between 0.2 and 0.3 μm was made over the entire surface of the composite, as shown in FIG. 6. Planar sputtered silicon dioxide 62 was then deposited over the plasma nitride deposition 60. CF4 RIE followed by argon sputtering was subsequently used to expose the conductive Cr/Al/Cu pattern 20 as shown in FIG. 7 and to polish and planarize the surface of the composite structure, respectively.
The above description presents the best mode contemplated for carrying out the present invention. The invention is, however, susceptible to modifications in terms of materials used and process conditions, some of which are described in this specification in more general terms. Consequently it is not intended to limit this invention to the particular embodiment disclosed. On the contrary, the intent is to cover all modifications and alternate constructions falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as expressed in the appended claims.
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Owner name: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION, ARMON
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text:
Review | Dates to Watch For | Follow-Up | U.S. Economic Calendar | Consensus Estimates | Coming Earnings | Coming U.S. Auctions
Come Monday, the dirty little secret will be out. Those who can track down Grandma and Grandpa's address may also be able to discover how much they really earned at the end of the Great Depression.
That's because the U.S. government is going public with personal responses to the 1940 Census, the first year it included a question on income of up to $5,000. Those who earned more than $5,000 didn't have to say how much more. But because 95% of the populace earned less, it wasn't much of an issue.
Details: Genealogists who know where their ancestors lived will be able to learn some well-kept secrets. William Waitzman for Barron's
Although broad results of the survey have been available for some time, the 72-year privacy-protection clause expires Monday, and the specific answers to the questions, including whether Grandma was married more than once, and how old she was the first time she tied the knot, will be on the Web for public consumption. The details will be freely available at 1940census.archives.gov. But the data won't be searchable by name (paid sites Ancestry.com and FamilySearch have said they'll compile a name index). Those who don't want to pay will have to locate the "enumeration district" where their ancestors lived, to find personal responses.
"Income taxes were quite low, and most people didn't pay them at all," says Richard Sylla, professor of economics and financial history at NYU's Stern School of Business. Wages were much lower, too. The median annual wage for men was $956 in 1939 dollars, compared with $33,276 in 2010. But some things never change: Women are still earning a whole lot less.
Next Week: Preview
Monday 2
The Bank of Japan's tankan business-sentiment survey for March likely will show a modest improvement in business conditions, says Brown Brothers.
The ISM manufacturing index is seen improving a bit in March by Bank of America Merrill Lynch. It expects February construction spending to rise 0.5% in February. China issues its March purchasing managers' index.
A New York bankruptcy judge considers whether MF Global Holdings should pay for any legal expenses of former CEO Jon Corzine should he be accused of any wrongdoing.
NYSE Euronext hosts investors.
Yahoo! YHOO 1.110269997476659% Yahoo! Inc. U.S.: Nasdaq USD40.07 0.44 1.110269997476659% /Date(1480716000331-0600)/ Volume (Delayed 15m) : 7201126 AFTER HOURS USD40.05 -0.0200000000000031 -0.04991265285749938% Volume (Delayed 15m) : 1387418 P/E Ratio N/A Market Cap 38231749327.9651 Dividend Yield N/A Rev. per Employee 442130 More quote details and news » may begin significant job cuts, ahead of a restructuring, Dow Jones Newswires reports.
Markets in Argentina close. China's markets are closed through Wednesday for Tomb-Sweeping Day.
Tuesday 3
Major auto makers issue domestic-vehicle sales numbers for March. UniCredit sees a probable reversal from February's spike to a four-year high. Still, sales should remain strong.
Minutes from the Fed's March meeting are released.
Republican primaries take place in Wisconsin, Maryland, and Washington, D.C.
Ascena Retail Group ASNA 20.240137221269297% Ascena Retail Group Inc. U.S.: Nasdaq USD7.01 1.18 20.240137221269297% /Date(1480716000378-0600)/ Volume (Delayed 15m) : 23050416 AFTER HOURS USD6.95 -0.0599999999999996 -0.8559201141226819% Volume (Delayed 15m) : 43628 P/E Ratio 70.1 Market Cap 1365295737.63214 Dividend Yield N/A Rev. per Employee 106088 More quote details and news » splits, 2-for-1.
Wednesday 4
The European Central Bank is seen holding rates steady.
Red Robin Gourmet RRGB -1.5340364333652925% Red Robin Gourmet Burgers Inc. U.S.: Nasdaq USD51.35 -0.8 -1.5340364333652925% /Date(1480716000284-0600)/ Volume (Delayed 15m) : 78925 AFTER HOURS USD51.35 % Volume (Delayed 15m) : 501 P/E Ratio 22.13362068965517 Market Cap 660258270.194245 Dividend Yield N/A Rev. per Employee 44630.1 More quote details and news » and Devon Energy meet with analysts.
An independent trustee for Dynegy Holdings DYN -5.2631578947368425% Dynegy Inc. U.S.: NYSE USD7.74 -0.43 -5.2631578947368425% /Date(1480716121125-0600)/ Volume (Delayed 15m) : 6959136 AFTER HOURS USD7.74 % Volume (Delayed 15m) : 167876 P/E Ratio N/A Market Cap 907739427.960434 Dividend Yield N/A Rev. per Employee 1530300 More quote details and news » could be appointed by a bankruptcy judge. A court-ordered investigation into asset-shuffling before Dynegy's Chapter 11 filing found it to be "fraudulent transfer."
Look for ADP's measure of private employment to expand by 200,000 in March, says Bank of America Merrill.
France auctions bonds.
Monsanto MON 0.3961352657004831% Monsanto Co. U.S.: NYSE USD103.91 0.41 0.3961352657004831% /Date(1480716127921-0600)/ Volume (Delayed 15m) : 1913323 AFTER HOURS USD103.6786 -0.231399999999994 -0.2226927148493889% Volume (Delayed 15m) : 15700 P/E Ratio 34.18092105263158 Market Cap 45530869231.9067 Dividend Yield 2.078721970936387% Rev. per Employee 648558 More quote details and news » and Bed Bath & Beyond BBBY -1.4093811935696983% Bed Bath & Beyond Inc. U.S.: Nasdaq USD44.77 -0.64 -1.4093811935696983% /Date(1480716000002-0600)/ Volume (Delayed 15m) : 1725067 AFTER HOURS USD45.151 0.381 0.8510163055617601% Volume (Delayed 15m) : 15836 P/E Ratio 9.118126272912424 Market Cap 6808800733.22327 Dividend Yield 1.1168192986374805% Rev. per Employee 195101 More quote details and news » report quarterly earnings.
Markets are closed in Hong Kong.
Thursday 5
The Bank of England is expected to stand pat on interest rates.
Challenger, Gray & Christmas posts its job-cut announcements for March.
Chain stores report sales at stores open at least a year for March.
Markets are closed in Argentina, Mexico, Venezuela and others for Maundy Thursday. India markets also close.
An FDA advisory panel discusses Astellas Pharma's 4503.TO -0.07358351729212656% Astellas Pharma Inc. ADR U.S.: OTC USD13.58 -0.01 -0.07358351729212656% /Date(1480720800000-0600)/ Volume (Delayed 15m) : 128599 P/E Ratio 15.66320645905421 Market Cap 29410319979.5358 Dividend Yield N/A Rev. per Employee 695525 More quote details and news » bladder treatment.
Friday 6
Nonfarm payrolls should rise by 220,000 in March, after a nearly like rise in February, BofA Merrill says.
The U.S. fixed-income market closes at noon EDT for Good Friday. Foreign-exchange futures markets on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange close at 10:15 CT, while most other contracts on the exchange are closed.
Most major equity markets around the world are closed, including the U.S., U.K., Brazil, and Hong Kong.
Sunday 8
Easter is celebrated.
Week's Highlight
Friday April 6: The March employment report will be the focus, although the U.S. bond market closes early, and the U.S. and many other equity markets are closed.
E-mail: email@example.com


text:
|Property type
|Minimum Stay
|7 nights
Your booking will be backed by our Book with Confidence Guarantee when you complete your reservation online and finalise payment on HomeAway.Learn more
Casa Amarillo is a fabulous modern villa situated 300 metres from the beach of Ensenada Pelada a beautiful natural beach with sandstone cliffs around a small bay.The villa is finished to a high standard and has a private heated swimming pool, a hot tub and mature gardens to 3 sides.
The interior consists of the ground floor has a large open plan lounge and dining area English television channels (bbc1,bbc2, ITV, ch4 & ch5). There are patio doors to the garden at the rear which over looks the sea, further patio doors to the side open onto the pool area. There is a kitchen with modern appliances and a shower room. The first floor has a master bedroom with an en suite bathroom and balcony with spectacular sea views. The second bedroom is a twin room with an option for a third bed or cot and also has an en suite shower room. The lower ground floor there is a laundry area.
Your holiday: Please do not hesitate to contact us if you have any special requests or you require further details/ information by either telephone or email.
We had a week in Casa Amarillo recently and LOVED the property. It was lived in by the owners for many years so is furnished as a home to a very high standard and not your usual cheap reantal basics. Pool, hot tub and garden are lovely. House is bigger then you think, very spacious. Immaculate inside and out. Owners live locally and will be on hand if needed. They are very friendly and really helpful. We had a small medical matter when we arrived and they counldn't have done more for us. So helpful! El Medano is a small town, very spanish, not touristy but only 20 mins from Los Christianos and Playa da los Americas. Very central, 15 mins from airport. Small negative, planes fly in over villa but not too bad. Walk to beach and local shop. HIGHLY RECOMMENDED! We'll be back!
We have just returned from a lovely stay in Casa Amarilla. The house is built and furnished to a very high qulity and very spacious, we were party of 5 adults and there was plenty of indoor and outdoor space and 4 bathrooms, the house is very light and has lovely gardens on 3 sides. The house is a 20 min flat walk from the town of El Medano, so if this is a problem you might want to hire a car, we did and this allowed us to travel around the island.
We loved the quiet location and easy access to the rest of the island. El Medano is a lovely seaside town, unspolit by too much tourism.
We WILL be returning!
Casa Amarillo is a lovely villa with everything that you need for a great holiday. It's beautifully finished and great for couples or families. Dennis and Christine were very friendly and went out of their way to make us feel welcome and enjoy our stay.
The house was beautifully presented and in a lovely area just outside El Medino. The facilities were second to none with the pool, hot tub and sunbeds. The house had all the facilities we needed as a family of five.With easy access to some quiet beaches just five minutes walk away. El Medino itself was really nice and allthough there was plenty of places to eat etc it was nice to know you could walk down the front without waiters pestering you. This place is quite a gem and unspoilt and we would definitely recommend it. Cant wait for Aug 2010.
El Medano, situated on the south coast of Tenerife, the main square (Plaza) overlooks the large natural sandy beach with safe shallow waters, which boast the Blue Flag of excellence. Along the long boardwalk to the right of the beach are the sand dunes and Montana Roja where Wind and Kite Surfers give magical displays, lessons are available for both activities. To the left of the main beach is Playa Chica a tiny beach where small fishing boats launch, around this area are a variety of Tapas Bars looking directly over the sea.
In the town itself there is a wealth of Bars and Restaurants catering for all tastes and budgets, from snacks to fine dining.There are boutiques,banks and supermarkets also a weekly street market in the main square. There is peace, tranquility and natural beauty around every corner and a huge cross section of people from all walks of life so if you want to embrace a more Spanish culture then come to El Medano the hidden treasure of Tenerife. Hope to see you soon.
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A non refundable deposit of £150 per week is required per booking. There is also the option to pay both the deposit and balance in euros.


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Today, I went clothes shopping. I took my little daughter into the dressing room while I tried some clothes on. She somehow managed to open the door while I was changing. A lady outside then bitched me out for "exposing" myself to her kids. FML
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What constitutional protection for freedom of scientific research?
- 1Corte d'Appello, Milano (I), Milan, Italy; Università degli Studi di Pavia, Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale European Centre for Life Sciences, Health and the Courts (Presidente), Pavia, Italy
- 2Procura della Repubblica per i Minorenni di Torino (I), Torino, Italy; Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale European Centre for Life Sciences, Health and the Courts, Università di Pavia (I), Pavia, Italy
- 3Dottoranda in Diritto Costituzionale, Università degli Studi di Milano (I), Milan, Italy
- Correspondence to: A Santosuosso Corte d'Appello, Milano (I) Milan, Italy; Università degli Studi di Pavia, Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale European Centre for Life Sciences, Health and the Courts (Presidente), Pavia, Italy; amedeo.santosuosso{at}unipv.it
- Received 29 January 2007
- Accepted 29 January 2007
Is freedom of research protected at the constitutional level? No obvious answer can be given to this question, as European and Northern American constitutional systems are not unequivocal and the topic has not been discussed deeply enough.
Looking at the constitutions of some European and Northern American countries, it is possible to immediately note that there are essentially two ways to deal with freedom of scientific research. On the one hand, in Canada and in the US, constitutions have no specific provisions to protect freedom of scientific research, with the result that such freedom ends up having to be protected as a specific aspect of the wider freedom of thought and expression (protected by the First Amendment of the US Constitution). On the other hand, other countries' constitutional systems, mainly European ones, expressly recognise freedom of research and teaching arts and science. For instance, article 5 of the German Constitution states that "Art and science, research and teaching are free", article 33 of the Italian Constitution1i establishes that "The arts and sciences as well as their teaching are free" and article 59 of the Slovenian Constitution states that "Freedom of scientific research and artistic endeavor shall be guaranteed".
Within this second group, some constitutions limit their protection to the provision of freedom of scientific research, whereas other fundamental laws engage governments in promoting and supporting it. For example, the Italian Constitution, which states that "The Republic promotes cultural development and scientific and technical research" (article 9), the Spanish Constitution, according to which "public authorities shall promote science and scientific and technical research for the benefit of general interest" (article 44) and, also, the Greek Constitution, whose article 16 establishes that art, science, research and their teaching are free, and their promotion is mandatory for the State.2 It …


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Get your purple tolex on, 2X12 (Celestion) - 50 watt tube combo, 2 X KT-66 power section, 1 channel with a footswitchable extra gain stage (kicks an extra 12AX7 into the preamp circuit), reverb, effects loop, a rocker, EC * Sorry, we no longer ship used amps. In-store sales only! * (SN:M-2007-07-0850-2) Item ID 130U-10862
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A magnificent home that emanates the Austin way of life! Outstanding chef's kitchen showcasing granite countertops and working island; beautiful floors and custom built-ins throughout; laundry upstairs; large bedrooms and bathrooms; manicured lawn displaying Texas native landscaping, sprinkler system and a backyard retreat for entertainment; close to Arboretum/Great Hills Country Club & Golf Course. This is a must see!!!
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SAE J1091 2013 Edition, November 1, 2013
Complete Document
Earthmoving Machinery - Operator's Field of View
Includes all amendments and changes through Cancellation Notice , November 2013
Additional Comments: CNCL NO S/S
Published By:SAE International (SAE)
Page Count:18
This SAE Standard specifies a stationary test method for determining the masking effect caused by parts of the base machine with equipment as specified by the manufacturer on a visibility test circle around the machine from the eye position point of a seated operator. It specifies a method for evaluating the maskings that may be present.
It applies to earthmoving machines which have a specific operator's station. It does not consider evaluation of maskings which may be present with operational movement of working tools.


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Description of this paper
Bluefield Corporation has 4 million shares of Common Stock,
Problem 1--WACC: Bluefield Corporation has 4 million shares of Common Stock, 750,000;shares of $100 par, 7% percent preferred stock, and 200,000 11 percent bonds, (Par Value 1,000;semi-annual interest) outstanding. The Common Stock currently sells for $38 per share and has a;Beta () of 1.05. The Preferred Stock currently sells for $80 per share, and the bonds have 15;years to maturity and sell for 91.5 percent of $1000 par. The market risk premium is 6 percent, Tbills are yielding 1.7 percent, and Bluefields aggregate tax rate is 40 percent.;a. What is the firms market value capital structure?;b. If Bluefield is evaluating a new investment project that has the same risk as the firm;as a whole, what rate should it use to discount the projects cash flows?
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Halloween Puppy Chow
Linda Rupp
What a fun way to serve up an old family treat. Puppy Chow or Muddy Buddy Mix, either ways this is fun and a bit scary.
Featured Pinch Tips Video
Be the First
4 to 10 hungry goblins
1 Hr
20 Min
Stove Top
- 9 c
- chex mix cereal ; or crispix
- 1 c
- semi-sweet or dark chocolate chips
- 1/4 c
- butter
- 1 tsp
- vanilla extract
- 1 1/22 c
- powdered sugar
- 1 1/2 c
- reeses peices or fall m n m's
- 2 c
- pretzels- mini or sticks
- 1 c
- peanuts - optional
- 2 c
- bugels - optional
- 1 bag(s)
- gummie worms - optional
- 1 1/2 c
- candy corn or pumpkins
Directions Step-By-Step
1Pour cereals into a large bowl & set aside. melt chocolate chip, peanut butter n butter together either in microwave or stove top. Poor chocolate mixture over cereal and mix well with hands, using gloves or with a wooden spoon.
2Place cereal mixture in a large paper bag and pour the powdered sugar over, close tightly and shake bag well to coat the cereal. Spread out on a cookie sheet to cool.
3In a large serving bowl, combine cereal, candy corn, peanuts, pretzels, bugel's and gummie worms all together well. See the picture for a neat serving idea.
About this Recipe
Course/Dish: Candies, Chocolate, Other Snacks
Main Ingredient: Rice/Grains
Regional Style: American
Dietary Needs: Low Sodium
Other Tag: For Kids
Hashtag: #Holiday Halloween Snack


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20 mile radius
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search and into current practice theories and models relating to education and training. Mandatory Units Theories, Principles and Models in Education and Training (20 Credits) Level 5...more
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filed: December 4, 1981.
JOSEPH A. BANYAS, III, APPELLANT,v.LOWER BUCKS HOSPITAL AND YOUNG KIM, M.D. AND C.R.N.A. TANYA O'NEILL AND ALVIN MERKIN, M.D.
No. 836 Philadelphia, 1980, Appeal from the Order of the Court of Common Pleas of Bucks County, Civil Division, at No. 79-8439-05-2
Steven E. Wolfe, Bensalem, for appellant.
Arthur B. Walsh, Doylestown, for Lower Bucks, appellee.
Allan C. Molotsky, Philadelphia, for Kim, etc., appellees.
Brosky, Watkins and Montgomery, JJ.
[ 293 Pa. Super. Page 124]
This suit was instituted by appellant who seeks damages for mental distress which he claims appellees caused him to suffer. The complaint contained counts charging appellees with both intentionally and negligently inflicting emotional distress upon him. The lower court sustained preliminary objections in the nature of a demurrer and dismissed the complaint. We affirm the order as to the negligence counts but reverse as to the count alleging an intentional infliction of mental distress by appellees.
Our Supreme Court has summarized the guidelines we are to follow in determining whether the preliminary objections were properly granted.
It is axiomatic in the law of pleading that preliminary objections in the nature of a demurrer admit as true all well and clearly pleaded material, factual averments and all inferences fairly deducible therefrom. Yania v. Bigan, 397 Pa. 316, 155 A.2d 343 (1959); Byers v. Ward, 368 Pa. 416, 84 A.2d 307 (1951). Conclusions of law and unjustified inferences are not admitted by the pleading. Lerman v. Rudolph, 413 Pa. 555, 198 A.2d 532 (1964). Starting from this point of reference the complaint must be examined to determine whether it sets forth a cause of action which, if proved, would entitle the party to the relief sought. If such is the case, the demurrer may not be sustained. On the other hand, where the complaint fails to set forth a cause of action, a preliminary objection in the nature of a demurrer is properly sustained. Finally, where the propriety of an order sustaining a demurrer is being reviewed by a court of last resort, the fact that the theory for recovery relied upon has not been previously sanctioned, is not conclusive. It must be remembered that "[e]very cause of action . . ., however, was once a novel
[ 293 Pa. Super. Page 125]
claim and the absence of Pennsylvania authority for appellant's proposition is not an end to the issue." Papieves v. Kelly, 437 Pa. 373, 376-77, 263 A.2d 118, 120 (1970).
Sinn v. Burd, 486 Pa. 146, 404 A.2d 672 (1979).
We have paraphrased the complaint's allegation of facts pertinent to this appeal as follows. On July 27, 1977, Thomas Lavin was admitted to the emergency room of Lower Bucks Hospital complaining of facial and jaw injuries which resulted from an altercation with Joseph A. Banyas, III. Mr. Lavin was admitted to the hospital for surgical reduction of what was diagnosed as a fractured jaw. On July 28, 1977, Mr. Lavin was taken to the operating room for the reduction and was placed under the care of Alvin Martin, M.D., Young Kim, M.D., and C.R.N.A. Tanya O'Neill. Mr. Lavin died at that time due to the negligence of the named defendants (the hospital and persons named in previous sentence), their agents, servants or employees acting within the course and scope of their employment. The death of Thomas Lavin was due solely to the acts of the defendants and was due to no act or failure to act on the part of Mr. Banyas.
The complaint alleges three causes of action, all of which incorporate the above recited factual allegations. The first count charges that the defendants knowingly, wilfully, recklessly and intentionally prepared records indicating that Mr. Lavin's death was due solely to the injuries inflicted upon him by Mr. Banyas. Banyas stated in his complaint that as a result of the wrongful preparation of records, he was charged with the crimes of aggravated assault, simple assault, recklessly endangering another person, murder, third degree murder and voluntary manslaughter. He seeks recovery for severe mental anguish and emotional stress which he claims to have suffered as a result of having been charged with the above-mentioned crimes.
The second count charges that Mr. Banyas suffered damages as a result of what he claims was the negligent,
[ 293 Pa. Super. Page 126]
reckless and wanton preparation of records by the defendants.
The third count traced the cause of Mr. Banyas' being charged with crimes to the death of Mr. Lavin and sought damages for what the complaint alleged to be the negligence which caused his death.
The intentional infliction of mental distress is an actionable wrong in Pennsylvania. See Papieves v. Lawrence, 437 Pa. 373, 263 A.2d 118 (1970); Jones v. Nissenbaum, Rudolph and Seidner, 244 Pa. Super. 377, 368 A.2d 770 (1976); Chuy v. Philadelphia Eagles Football Club, 595 F.2d 1265 (1979).
Section 46 of the Restatement (Second) of Torts § 46 (1965) provides in part:
(1) One who by extreme and outrageous conduct intentionally or recklessly causes severe emotional distress to another is subject to liability for such emotional distress, and if bodily harm to the other results from it, for such bodily harm.
Comment d to Section 46 explains,
Liability has been found only where the conduct has been so outrageous in character, and so extreme in degree, as to go beyond all possible bounds of decency, and to be regarded as atrocious, and utterly intolerable in a civilized community. Generally, the case is one in which the recitation of the facts to an average member of the community would arouse his resentment against the actor and lead him to exclaim, "Outrageous!"
As the Supreme Court said in Jones, supra, "It is apparent that the gravamen of this tort is that the conduct complained of must be of an extreme or outrageous type." Id., 244 Pa. Super. at 383, 368 A.2d at 773.
We have found the Third Circuit Court's opinion in Chuy, supra, helpful in our analysis of this case. In Chuy, a professional athlete sought recourse for mental distress he experienced as a result of the publication of a newspaper
[ 293 Pa. Super. Page 127]
article that falsely stated that he suffered from a potentially fatal disease. The plaintiff contended that making such a false statement constituted "extreme and outrageous conduct." The court found sufficient evidence to support his claim and wrote, upholding motions for judgment N.O.V. and for new trial that,
Accepting as we must at this stage Chuy's version of the events, we have a statement to the press by a physician assumed to know the facts that a person is suffering from a potentially fatal disease, even though the physician was aware that the person was not stricken with that condition. This, of course, constituted intolerable professional conduct. 595 F.2d at 1274.
The court continued explaining that
Reckless conduct causing emotional distress renders an actor as liable as if he had acted intentionally . . . [I]f Dr. Nixon's statements were intentional, he need not have been aware of the natural and probable consequences of his words. It is enough that Chuy's distress was substantially certain to follow Dr. Nixon's rash statements. Intentionally to propagate a falsehood, the natural and probable consequences of which will be to cause the plaintiff emotional distress is equivalent, in the language of the Restatement comment i, to the "deliberate disregard of a high degree of probability that the emotional distress will follow."
595 F.2d at 1265.
If the appellees in the present appeal, defendants below, in fact intentionally propagated a falsehood when they wrote that Mr. Lavin's death was attributable solely to Mr. Banyas, we believe that they could also be found liable for the emotional distress suffered by Mr. Banyas. We would find an intentional misstatement of the cause of death to be intolerable professional conduct and extreme and outrageous. Certainly, Mr. Banyas was substantially certain to suffer emotional distress following such a report.
[ 293 Pa. Super. Page 128]
Therefore, if proven, the facts alleged by appellant in this first count would entitle him to relief.
We come to a different conclusion as to the remaining counts, both of which are based on averments of negligence.
The second count seeks recovery for the negligent infliction of mental distress and is based on the factual allegations previously recited.
The Restatement (Second) Torts, § 436 provides:
§ 436. Physical Harm Resulting from Emotional Disturbance
(1) If the actor's conduct is negligent as violating a duty of care designed to protect another from a fright or other emotional disturbance which the actor should recognize as involving an unreasonable risk of bodily harm, the fact that the harm results solely through the internal operation of the fright or other emotional disturbance does not protect the actor from liability.
(2) If the actor's conduct is negligent as creating an unreasonable risk of causing bodily harm to another otherwise than by subjecting him to fright, shock, or other similar and immediate emotional disturbance, the fact that such harm results solely from the internal operation of fright or other emotional disturbance does not protect the actor from liability.
(3) The rule stated in Subsection (2) applies where the bodily harm to the other results from his shock or fright at harm or peril to a member of his immediate family occurring in his presence.
Restatement (Second) Torts, § 436A states:
§ 436A. Negligence Resulting in Emotional Disturbance Alone
If the actor's conduct is negligent as creating an unreasonable risk of causing either bodily harm or emotional disturbance to another, and it results in such emotional disturbance alone, without bodily harm or other compensable
[ 293 Pa. Super. Page 129]
damage, the actor is not liable for such emotional disturbance.
Comment A to the Section explains that "Under the rule stated in this Section, the negligent actor is not liable when his conduct results in the emotional disturbance alone, without the bodily harm or other compensable damage." See also Sinn v. Burd, supra, 486 Pa. at 175-177, 404 A.2d at 687, 688 (Roberts, J. dissenting).
Appellant's complaint avers no physical harm. We find it does not state a cause of action for negligent infliction of emotional distress. See Niederman v. Brodsky, 436 Pa. 392, 261 A.2d 84 (1970), and Sinn v. Burd, 486 Pa. 146, 404 A.2d 672 (1979), both of which discuss this tort. In each case, the opinion states that damages were sought for physical and emotional injuries.*fn1
Until 1970, our courts required as an element of the tort that the plaintiff has suffered a physical impact from a negligent force. See Sinn v. Burd, supra, at 675, 676. Neiderman, supra, altered this rule to the extent of granting a cause of action to a plaintiff within the "zone of danger" of such impact. Sinn abolished that requirement where a mother witnesses the violent death of her small child and suffers injury therefrom. The later case, Hoffner v. Hodge, 47 Commonwealth 277, 407 A.2d 940 (1979), emphasizes the narrowness of the holding in Sinn v. Burd.
In sum, given the restrictions that our courts have consistently imposed on recovery for this tort, we would err in finding a cause of action without an allegation of bodily harm.
Appellant's third count seeks damages for what the complaint alleges was the negligent causation of Mr. Lavin's death.
[ 293 Pa. Super. Page 130]
It is axiomatic that a finding of negligence requires a finding that the defendant breached a duty owned to the plaintiff. The complaint does not allege nor do we find a duty owed to Mr. Banyas as to the care rendered to Mr. Lavin.*fn2
Our Supreme Court discussed the concept of duty in Sinn v. Burd, supra. Citing Prosser Palsgraf Revisited, 52 Mich.L.Rev. 1, 14-15 (1953), the court noted:
In the end the court will decide whether there is a duty on the basis of the mores of the community, "always keeping in mind the fact that we endeavor to make a rule in each case that will be practical and in keeping with the general understanding of mankind." Id., 486 Pa. at 164, 404 A.2d at 681.
It would be impractical to find a duty here. It was not Mr. Lavin's death that caused any emotional distress suffered by appellant, but, rather, his being accused of causing that death which may have harmed him. Such accusation did not arise from the fact of the death, but from the facts surrounding the altercation between Messrs. Lavin and Banyas, and perhaps, from an explanation of the cause of death given by the medical personnel.
Finding no duty owed to Mr. Banyas as to care given to Mr. Lavin, we find that appellant did not state a cause of action in the third count of his complaint.
The order of the lower court granting appellee's motion for demurrer on the first count is reversed; the order is affirmed as to counts two and three.
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Fantastic service as always. Food was amazing and hospitality even better. Can't wait until our next visit
My parents live in Arnold so Emilios has always been our go to place, it truly is a hidden gem in Arnold, the food is superb and they offer a good selection including the different mezes they do! The staff are wonderful and the owner Emilio is truly the nicest man you will ever meet! Its well priced and the...
Family birthday meal, ages ranged from 3 years to 60 years,party off 20, everyone had the best time,
Food was great 👍 atmosphere amazing! Dancing,entertainment staff all brilliant,Emilio goes the extra mile personally to make sure all his guests are happy,we are definitely going back soon.
What a great night, the service was great, the food was beautiful. The best steak ever. I sampled my friends meatballs that were gorgeous. Great atmosphere. Would definitely return.
Thank you so much for your lovely review
Please, welcome back Soon.
Emilios & Staff
another great night spent at emillios staff are all amazing ,we went for family party and there was 45 of us so we chose the meze which was amazing and plentiful it was all great value for money and food was delicious ,
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Went to here on Thursday, was fairly quiet but had booked anyway. Waiter was very friendly all evening and well spoken.
Myself and my partner both had the Special Mezze, Wow, this was a lot of food and best if you starve yourself for the day before going!
Plate after plate was brought out to us with the name and...
Absolutely fantastic! Awesome food and really nice staff that went the extra mile to make us feel like part of their family! Will definitely come there again and recommend it to all my friends! 5 stars!!
Really good quality food cooked fresh .Really good choice of menu. Held our wedding reception there cannot fault it.
What a great night, food was excellent, staff were amazing( even catering for an unexpected guest when they where already fully booked) there where 40 of us and no one had to wait for food, everyone had a great time, the disco and Greek dancing finished off a brilliant night.
A very warm welcome followed by cold tasteless food and cringing entertainment. I'm sorry but the only Greek thing about the place was an olive on my friends starter!!
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Britney Spears Lucky Magazine Photo Controversy
Britney fans are pissed. What did Lucky Magazine do to Britney Spears?
1. Yesterday, these pictures of Britney Spears in Lucky Magazine were released online. She is apparently wearing a wig.
3. After the pictures were released, Lucky Magazine was bombarded with a barrage of negative tweets from Britney fans.
8. Which prompted Lucky to respond:
Thoughts? Was it really that bad?
Check out more articles on BuzzFeed.com!
More News About Britney Spears
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In The News Today
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- At least 2 women say Stanford offered them money to close federal probes into its handling of sexual assault cases.
- Dozens of employees and patients say the US's biggest psychiatric chain locks up people for insurance money.


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Check in from 13h / Check out prior to 12h
Riverside Hotel Killarney: Find photos, reviews, information, amenities and compare prices for 4 stars hotels in Killarney, Ireland.
Situated in Killarney, this 4-star property is modern and cosy. The multiple facilities this contemporary hotel offers include an express check-in and check-out feature, facial treatments and 24-hour room service.
Hotel description
Every modern room at Riverside Hotel Killarney includes cable/satellite channels and ironing facilities, while the bathrooms feature showers and hair dryers.
A satisfying breakfast is available for purchase, and there are numerous restaurants and cafés nearby. International and seafood cuisines are served at the hotel's restaurant.
Killarney Riverside Hotel is close to the area's sightseeing attractions, and the Kerry Way is also within walking distance. Those wishing to discover the area are able to visit Killorglin, situated an easy drive from the property.
Hotel features
Room Service, Restaurant, Cable / Satellite TV, Hair Dryer, TV, Shower, En suite, Private Bathroom
Elevator / Lift, 24 Hour Reception, Dry Cleaning, Babysitting / Child Services, Currency Exchange, Safe-Deposit Box, Laundry service, Photocopier, Luggage Storage, Express Check-In/Check-Out
Fitness Room/Gym, Massage / Beauty Centre, Golf Course, Water Activities, Fishing, Massage, Spa & Wellness Centre
Facial Treatments, Private Toilet, Packed Lunches
Availability and Prices
Booking Site
Room Type
Per room
Per night
Per night
Users who viewed Riverside Hotel Killarney also viewed these 4 stars Killarney hotels:
Loch Lein Country House
N 72 Fossa, Killarney
N 72 Fossa, Killarney
Fair Hill House
4 Fair Hill, Killarney
4 Fair Hill, Killarney
Cahernane House
Muckross Road, Killarney
Muckross Road, Killarney
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Hello Dear All,
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