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Muc-Off X3 Dirty Chain Machine
The Muc-Off X3 Dirty Chain Machine could be the help you need to keep your drivetrain clean
Does your chain suffer from regular grit and grime build up, tired of spending AGES cleaning your chain when all you want to do is get on the saddle and ride? Well Muc-Off have the solution... introducing the new Muc-Off X-3 Dirty Chain Machine! This patent pending ergonomic design boasts a heavy-duty construction and can clean your chain in seconds!
With bicycle chains carrying an ever increasing price tag, it makes sense to make them last. The only way to get the best out of your chain and it's running efficiency is to make sure it's regularly and properly cleaned and lubed. The X-3 Dirty Chain Machine is by far the easiest way to give your chain a good scrub!
Included in the kit is a 75ml measure of Muc-Off Drivetrain Cleaner. This revolutionary little liquid can be either sprayed over the drivetrain or poured directly into the top reservoir of the machine, which is then released by a control button. This ensures the application of the cleaner is quick and easy to control. The X-3 machine and Drivetrain Cleaner partner up to attack the worst of grease and grime from every possible angle to deliver the ultimate, deep clean on even the dirtiest bike chains.
The abrasive cleaning teeth and rotating brush wheels which have 120 contact points cover all areas of the individual chain link for a deep and thorough clean. Finally the excess dirty fluid drops into a second lower reservoir so it's kept away from the clean chain. No more recycled grime all over the chain! Muc-Off Drivetrain Cleaner is fully biodegradable and is safe to be disposed of down the drain if you previously used one of our bio chain lubes!
- Easily removes grease, grime and chain oil in seconds
- Deepest clean thanks to 120 contact points
- Easy to clean and re-use
- Heavy duty construction thats built to last
- Includes 75ml Muc-Off Drivetrain Cleaner
- Perfect for Road, MTB or Cyclocross bicycle chains
All orders dispatched by Royal Mail.
Items with a value of greater than £50 are sent Royal Mail signed for.
Bulky items (groupsets, wheels & turbo trainers) are sent by courier
- Unless damaged or defective, we accept the return of items only if they are unopened (except in cases where the item has to be tried for fit) and in their original condition. In the case of clothing which have to be tried for fit, any returns must be in their original packaging and with any labels still attached.We reserve the right to refuse a returned item if labels have been detached .
- Returns form must be included in your parcel failure to do so could result in delays .
- Must not exceed 2 kg
- Please ensure that you retain your proof of postage off Royal mail as this may be required to process refunds/exchanges and failure to provide this may result in your refund/exchange not being processed .
- We are unable to refund postage that you have paid for yourself unless it has been pre-authorized by Vanilla bikes.


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Public Justice Private Dispute Resolution and Democracy
Trevor C. W. Farrow
York University - Osgoode Hall Law School
July 21, 2008
CLPE Research Paper No. 18/2008
This paper is about the widespread and systematic privatization of the public civil justice system. In particular, it: (1) documents the move to privatize civil disputes across all aspects of the justice system (including courts, administrative tribunals and state-sanctioned arbitration regimes); (2) looks at some of the benefits and drawbacks of privatization, specifically including negative impacts on systems of democratic governance; and (3) identifies justice - rather than efficiency - as the primary benchmark by which civil justice reform initiatives should be judged.
Number of Pages in PDF File: 70
Keywords: privatization, civil justice, administrative law, alternative dispute resolution, arbitration, democracy, efficiency, reform
JEL Classification: K23, K41
Date posted: July 21, 2008
Suggested Citation
Contact Information

subset: commoncrawl


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Picnic with friends, pass the wine, and lean back as you enjoy a movie under the stars: it's summertime in L.A., and we're a population keen on transforming indoor activities into outdoor experiences. The season-long celebration of food, music, and movies is presented in open-air venues from parks to cemeteries (yes, we said cemeteries) throughout the city for an evening the entire family is sure to remember. Whether your taste in cinema leans more towards Almost Famous than Some Like It Hot, there is something for everyone. Here are our select choices for a night out at the movies sans theater:
Hollywood Forever Cemetery, 6000 Santa Monica Blvd.
June 1, 8, 15, 22, 29
Guests lay out their picnic spreads and DJs spin as the sun sets down and Hollywood heavy hitters like Marilyn Monroe, James Stewart, Martin Sheen, and Uma Thurman light up the screen on Fairbanks Lawn.
$8-15 for tickets
Street Food Cinema
Exposition Park, Downtown
Every Saturday from May 25 – August 17 with more dates to be announced.
With live music, movies, special guest hosts and food truck galore, Street Food Cinema brings all the entertainment to one place for an all-around perfect way to spend a warm summer evening.
$10 General Admission; $15 reserved seating; $5 children u6-12; Free for children 5 and under.
Oscars Outdoors
The Academy Hollywood Campus, 1341 Vine Street in Hollywood
Friday, June 14 – Saturday, August 24
Returning for its second year, Oscars Outdoors is presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and devotes every Friday night to classics and contemporary favorites aimed at adult audiences (American Graffiti, Grease, Blazing Saddles) and every Saturday night to family-friendly fare (Peter Pan, King Kong, Big).
$5 for the public; free for children 10 years and younger; $3 for Academy members and students with ID. Screenings begin at sunset.
Eat. See. Hear.
Venue alternates between East Side and West Side
Every Saturday from May 11 through September 14
Featuring films on the largest inflatable movie screen in Los Angeles, this series attracts a younger audience by offering some of the city's most talked about food trucks (Lobsta Truck, Border Grill Truck, Coolhaus) along with performances by up and coming local bands.
All tickets are $10 in advance plus a small service fee; children 12 & under are $8 and kids under 5 are free. Movies start 30 minutes after sundown and pets are welcome!
Movies On The Green
Warner Center Park, Woodland Hills
Saturday nights starting at dusk.
Kicking off their summer series this year is the broadway musical Annie on Saturday, July 13th, followed by a handful of contemporary animated flicks all season long that are sure to keep the little ones entertained.
Free admission although be prepared to pay $5 per car for parking.


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Hindustani Music Lessons
Trending Discussions
What is meant by G.S.P and G.S.T.P and Counter trade?
Kamlesh Sagar | 18 Nov
Dear Satyaprakash, The Generalized System of Preferences, or GSP, is a preferential tariff system which provides for a formal system of exemption from the more general rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO), (formerly, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade or GATT).
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Mr Mukherjee | 22 Nov
Nope. It is all about how much you dedicate yourself in order to take it to the next level. If you promise me that you would practice 40-60 minutes everyday....then I can promise you that you would sing significantly well in 1 year time. Cheers.
Ketan Music Academy | 24 Nov
No not at all, just require your interest and dedication when you are learning. Me have one simple method to understand basics and professional skills. For that you join my classes. Hundred percent out sure.
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Subhradeep Sahoo | 04 Oct
Please go to ITC Sangeet Research Academy...you will get all the great mastereos there....you may learn directly from them or from their talented students......Below is the link to contact.... http://www.itcsra.org/
Bhanu Roy | 07 Nov
Looking for BEST Hindusthani Music Classes BUT NOT IN BEST PRICES !!? SO EVERYTHING AS REASONABLY; This Subject Truely Not Reasonably as Consider a Best Harmonioum INR30K to 40k; Turning INR 3K to 3.5k ; Tanpura Approx INR 15k n it's Jawaree/Turning wth Anchor Steel Strings or Roslau SteelStrings (Imported) INR 1K Approx ; So How an Experienced MusicEducator aft 20hrs of Experiences in d Field as as Authentic Knowledges as Learnt frm Stalwarts/Maestro W'd be able to Offer 1=1 Classes Below 4k to 5k for 4 Classes by 1hr slot for EachClass; Is't Not Very REASONABLE !!? Otherwise Differences Between Raaga Maria n Todi or Differences Between BilashkhaniTodu n Bhai range Won't be Differenciated or Detailed ... As d Differences Between a Barbar nd a Surgeon! !? BestWishes. Thnq. BR.
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Sikha Datta | 10 Sep
There are two types of Indian classical 1 northenIndian classical(Hindustani classical )2 South Indian classical( Karnatake classical).
Manju Sanjay | 12 Nov
Indian classical music two types south Indian and north Indian classical music. North Indian classical is Hindustani music.
How to select chrochet classes?
Swati Kashyap | 26 Aug
Pls contact customer service in this regard.
Sva | 29 Aug
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I would stay there again in a heartbeat. The hotel staff was phenomenal. They were kind enough to upgrade us to what appears their best room. The on-site restaurant was great. The fact that a fabulous breakfast is free of charge with a nights stay makes it hard to resist. The Settlers Inn thinks of their customers comfort at every level. The mini kitchen at the end of the hall that accommodates guests so that they would be able to make tea or coffee at any time. They even had mints and chocolates out for guests.
The staff was very accommodating, we checked in late, and they opened up the kitchen to get my wife and I some appetizers.
The food is spectacular. Simple but amazing free breakfast and the dinner offerings are out of this world. Definitely fine dining at a great price.
The town is a nice small town and the residents friendly.
The room was dirty, stuffy and didn't smell good. There is no way to open a window and the room smelled like it was never aired out, despite the doors being kept open for rooms that aren't in use.
The bed was comfortable and the sheets were clean, but the pillows smelled absolutely horrible. Even after wrapping a few shirts around the pillows, the smell crept through.
There was also a larger spider in a web just above the bed.
We didn't get much sleep.
We loved Ledges! We had booked a short weekend getaway and received such a beautiful welcoming at an architecturally extravagant hotel. The area was serene and the staff were extremely friendly. Remember to utilize the free gym membership next door at Lake Region Fitness while you stay. Check out the views behind the hotel of the waterfall. Great on a star filled night. We definitely would love to come back!
Continental breakfast was extremely limited.
The hotel was very old fashioned but very clean and sports an excellent restaurant, with a great wait staff.
They had good food but not happy about any thing else
No elevators you could not close the bathroom door when sitting on the toilet, handle come off in my hand when I went to flush the toilet also the TV had a mind of it's own I was watching one channel and it just changed to something else.
I'm a big fan of history and the boutique experience. Hawley, PA is a historic little town that has let the rest of the world speed up while remaining quiet and simple; in a good way. The Belvedere captures that feeling perfectly. From the creaky stairs to the wonderful old photographs that hang throughout the hotel it is a step back in time. The restaurant downstairs is authentic Italian (complete with an absolutely gorgeous cadre of hostesses and servers) and serves made to order dishes with hearty portions and delicious sides. I came in to town for a local marathon and when I sign up next year I'll be staying at the Belvedere again.
It was close enough to where I had to be and while this hotel/restaurant was understaffed the employees were trying their very hardest.
I don't think anyone at the hotel new that I had made a reservation. It took an hour and a half to check due the fact that there was one person Bartending/waiting tables/bussing tables/running food and checking in guests.
The room was cheap enough but really dingy and It seemed that they cleaned it while i was waiting for my key. The owner needs to really consider how is staffing so close to holidays. His employees deserve much more.
Small dreary rooms. No amenities at all, not even Kleenex in room. Tiny bar of soap like wax. This was built in the 1950's and never updated. A real dump.
The band 'Katrina Love and the synergy band'
We were booked into a OFF Service room #224. I have pictures.This was the room assigned to us since I requested a higher floor room. The woman who checked us in must have thought this would be funny since she didnt like my request for a room on a high fl.
The variety of things to do ;bowling,pool and sauna,gym etc. Really liked the starbucks located in the lobby and the breakfast at the garden cafe was good.
The grounds were very nice and staff was very friendly.
The rooms were old and falling apart. But they were clean.
Although it could use some updating, the rooms where very clean. The owner was very nice. I liked that they had seating and bbq's around the property that made it feel quaint. There are also gorgeous gardens w/ info about the plants. would def. recommend
The many choices in activities and the delicious gourmet meals
The fact that all the staff refer to mature women as "Mam"
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Tina Rae Collins
August 17, 2016
Tina Rae Collins
August 17, 2016
Even a casual student of the Bible knows that it contains god-condoned heinous behavior. Believers in the inspiration of the book tend to ignore, downplay, or justify appalling acts of their god and his people, but today I feel the need to shine a tiny light on a few of these atrocities.
The writers of the Bible declared that their god accepted the practice of buying human beings and keeping them as property, and even bequeathing these slaves to their children.
Leviticus 25:44 As for your male and your female slaves, whom you may have; of the nations that are around you, from them you may buy male and female slaves. 45 Moreover of the children of the strangers who sojourn among you, of them you may buy, and of their families who are with you, which they have conceived in your land; and they will be your property. 46 You may make them an inheritance for your children after you, to hold for a possession; of them may you take your slaves forever: but over your brothers the children of Israel you shall not rule, one over another, with harshness.
That last part means, of course, that the Israelites could rule "with harshness" over those outside their tribes. So, no, this isn't just some form of indentured servitude.
The Bible also claims Israel's god told his people to murder babies.
1 Samuel 15:3 Now go and strike Amalek, and utterly destroy all that they have, and don't spare them; but kill both man and woman, infant and suckling, ox and sheep, camel and donkey.
Psalm 137:8 Daughter of Babylon, doomed to destruction, He will be happy who rewards you, As you have served us. 9 Happy shall he be, Who takes and dashes your little ones against the rock.
Furthermore, the Israelites begged their beloved deity to perform abortions.
Hosea 9:14 Give them—Yahweh what will you give? Give them a miscarrying womb and dry breasts.
And, behold, their wish was apparently his command. Four chapters later we read:
Hosea 13:16 Samaria will bear her guilt; For she has rebelled against her God. They will fall by the sword. Their infants will be dashed in pieces, And their pregnant women will be ripped open."
Finally, the writers of the Bible said their god commanded them to murder anyone who didn't believe in him or even tried to get them to worship a different god (they believed in gods other than their own).
Deuteronomy 13: 6 If your brother, the son of your mother, or your son, or your daughter, or the wife of your bosom, or your friend, who is as your own soul, entice you secretly, saying, Let us go and serve other gods, which you have not known, you, nor your fathers; 7 of the gods of the peoples who are round about you, near to you, or far off from you, from the one end of the earth even to the other end of the earth; 8 you shall not consent to him, nor listen to him; neither shall your eye pity him, neither shall you spare, neither shall you conceal him: 9 but you shall surely kill him; your hand shall be first on him to put him to death, and afterwards the hand of all the people. 10 You shall stone him to death with stones, because he has sought to draw you away from Yahweh your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage.
We know that human trafficking, killing infants, ripping apart pregnant women, and murdering anyone whose religion differs from ours are evil acts. That's because our ways and thoughts are higher than that of the biblical authors. If a god did indeed inspire the so-called holy Bible, his sense of morality is far beneath ours.
Tina Rae Collins
September 3, 2016
All citations are from the World English Bible. Italics are mine.
Christians complain about the violence of Islam and the Quran, ignoring the brutality in Judaism and the Old Testament. And when Christian hostility is mentioned, it's often attributed to a few "fake Christians." But Christianity is beset with cruel warfare. Otherwise, why did Jesus say he came not to send peace on the earth but a sword (Matt. 10:34)? Just what does that sword do?
While Christians can be physically abusive (and certainly we see this throughout history), the sword of Christianity more often slashes at the heart. It cuts asunder the love of a father for his son, a sister for her brother, a grandmother for her grandchild (Matt. 10:36).
Christians cast aside their most sacred relationships, no longer providing emotional support and acceptance of their loved ones, in a bid to gain heaven from violent gods who (some Christians believe) plan to torture the Christians' child, sibling, or grandchild. Rather than offering love that never fails (1 Cor.13:8), Christians oftentimes possess only conditional love that says, "Believe like I do, think like I do, talk like I do, act like I do–then we can be friends and get along. Otherwise I won't even eat with you" (1 Cor. 5:11).
Yes, Christians fling away their own flesh and blood for three beings (Yahweh, Jesus, and Holy Spirit) they aren't even sure exist–all so they themselves might possibly, if their gods turn out to be real, receive riches after they die. They throw their family under the bus in hopes of personal gain. Maybe they don't expect seventy-two virgins, but the concept is the same.
That's violence! And not just on the part of the gods but also on the part of the Christians who thrust the "sword" into their family members and slice off their familial bonds.
Yes, all of the Abrahamic religions are violent. They always have been. Even Christianity, as stated, has a history of bloodshed. But the emotional carnage of Christianity is no less harmful. And it continues to this day, even in the homes of esteemed Christians.
Tina Rae Collins
August 13, 2016
You live in a three-bedroom house and use one of the bedrooms while the other two remain empty. You have another house in the country where you can go relax.
You drive one car while a second sits in your garage just in case you need it. Several big-screen televisions decorate your home. Your closet is full, and you own enough shoes for you and all your friends.
You buy organic food and bottled water and go out to eat at least once a week. You take a vacation once or twice a year. You spend a fortune on Christmas presents for your loved ones.
A couple of times a week you dress up and make your way to a million-dollar building with a steeple and praise the Jesus who told you that if you have two coats you should give one away, who told you it's important to love your neighbor as yourself, who said that if you love Jesus you should deny yourself and be like him (Luke 3:11, Luke 10:27, Matt.16:24).
But you fight to keep the poor from having healthcare and food to eat (Matt. 5:42). If someone with an EBT card buys a steak, which you sometimes enjoy, you resent that he or she can also purchase one. You mock the poor for owning cell phones that you also possess. You proclaim boldly (quoting a man, not Jesus), "If a man will not work, neither should he eat!" (2 Thess. 3:10). All while you know nothing about the people who are receiving more government benefits than you happen to be receiving (yes, you like socialism when it benefits YOU; after all, you don't want to pay for private schools and a bodyguard).
And you claim to follow the Jesus who told you to feed the hungry, clothe the naked, and take care of the sick and the stranger (Matt. 25:35-36). Do you do what you believe he said? Do you really?
I'm not saying you should actually follow the words of Jesus and sell all you have and give the money to the poor (Matt. 19:21). Then you'd be poor and someone else would need to sell all to help you. But you could at least stop and think before you make your lame claims to superior morality and goodness as you look down your nose at those less fortunate than you.
I can hear your brain churning. I know what you're thinking.
It's not the government's place to help the poor, you say. Individual Christians and churches are supposed to do that. Well, if individual Christians and churches did what they admit they should be doing, you can be sure the government wouldn't have taken on the upkeep of the poor.
You're also thinking that many defraud the system. A few might, yes. But I'd rather feed a few who could feed themselves than to know even one child might go hungry. And I think your Jesus would say the same thing to you.
Finally, you want me to know that Jesus didn't actually tell YOU to sell everything. No, I guess not. So you go fix your supper; recline on your soft chair; watch Fox News; shake your head in disgust while you tell yourself the poor are just lazy and, anyway, the government shouldn't be picking up the slack for you and your church; and thank Jesus for all the many blessings he gives to you because you truly love and follow him.
You don't look like Jesus. You don't talk like he did. You don't walk like he did. And I think you know this to be true. At least be honest and admit it. Don't add lying to all your other failures to follow your Lord.
Yes, I know: I've taken the words of Jesus all out of context, right? Or maybe I'm just one of those lazy people wanting free stuff. Perhaps I'm angry at God and striking out at his people. You'll find some way to salve your conscience and go on feeling good about yourself while you condemn others. Oh look, Duck Dynasty is on.
Tina Rae Collins
Chapter Five: Saviors, Christs, and Other Gods: "Think Think Think"
I know some will read all that has been said here and contend that the older god-tales were changed after Jesus was born so they would sound the same. People go to great lengths, for instance, to prove that certain gods weren't born on December 25. Well, neither was Jesus. I have no doubt that these stories, like the stories about Jesus, were modified over the years to make them even more amazing. I have diligently sought the best sources I could and tried to use only what seemed to be supported by the evidence (remember, the Christians burnt a lot of the proof) and, when I could, found original sources. I certainly can't vouch for the truthfulness of all I have shared here (nor can I, or anyone, do so for the biblical record). But the point is that all the stories are alike, and Jesus was a Johnny-come-lately savior. Why would we dismiss all the older stories of gods we know existed prior to Jesus and latch onto this more recent one, when it sounds just like the others? Carl S. wrote:
"Depending on what major religion one belongs to, one believes: That Jesus, unaided, floated up from the Earth's surface, into the sky, and was never seen again, or, that his mother likewise, did the same, or, that Mohammed also floated up, but this time on a horse, or that the prophet Ezekiel, likewise, floated up into the sky, but in a chariot."[1]
(Or some might believe Jack went up into the sky via a beanstalk, where he found his "golden" happy ending.) Obviously, people believed fantastic stories about all the god-men. Otherwise, why were these men/gods worshiped or revered at all if the people worshiping them hadn't heard and didn't believe the imaginary stories told about them at the time they began to be worshiped, which was before Jesus was born?
Some may no doubt say that perhaps the Hebrews simply didn't write their stories down first, or maybe they did but the copies were lost or destroyed and it simply appears that the other stories were written first. While we might consider this possibility regarding the Flood or the giving of law, we certainly can't entertain that thought with regard to Jesus as a dying and rising savior—we know for a fact that he was not the first.
The questions I have are: How do we know which story to believe? Why pick one over the other? Why, especially, choose a newer story over an older one? Why not understand that all of these stories came from a common pool and are based on what the people saw and understood with regard to either the sky or the earth? Why not realize that the legends are meant to help people remember events or are the fabrications of ancient minds attempting to determine creation and causation in the world, and provide a way to alleviate grief over the loss of a loved one or fear of one's own death?
Graves said there have been at least thirty-four men who have been claimed to be gods. These men exhibited the same characteristics in their stories, and Dameron presented these characteristics as follows:
"Each of these saviors was born at midwinter and their births have excited the jealousy of some kingly tyrant, and, though themselves of royal descent, were born in caves or mangers, forced to pass their infancy in obscurity and not unfrequently cause the "massacre of all the innocents" in the district in which they are born. They are all miracle-workers, and are generally connected with some snake story, in which is represented the evil power which is adverse to them. They generally perform about the same class of miracles, preach the highest morals of the age in which they appear, and are benevolent and act the part of great reformers, and oppose the abuses of the times. They feed multitudes, cast out devils, heal the sick; finally they succumb to the powers of evil that oppose them; die a violent death, very often by crucifixion, descend to the lower regions to rescue lost souls, reascend to heaven and thenceforth become judges of the dead, mediators and redeemers of men, who offer up vicarious sacrifices to God for the sins of the people."[2]
According to Samuel Butler:
"Christianity is a copycat religion created by Emperor Constantine (for political purposes) based upon a myth (The Persian savior god Mithra, crucified 600 B.C. ? 400 B.C.?), which was based on other similar myths . . . There were 16 mythical crucifixions before Christ. The belief in the crucifixion of Gods was prevalent in various oriental or heathen countries long prior to the reported crucifixion of Christ. Of the 16 crucifixions, most were born of a virgin and about half of them on December 25th."[3]
Butler listed these crucifixions as follows: (1) Chrishna of India, 1200 B.C[4]; (2) Hindoo Sakia, 600 B.C.; (3) Thammuz of Syria, 1160 B.C.; (4) Wittoba of the Telingonesic, 552 B.C.; (5) Iao of Nepaul, 622 B.C.; (6) Hesus of the Celtic Druids, 834 B.C.; (7) Quexalcote of Mexico, 587 B.C.; (8) Quirinus of Rome, 506 B.C.; (9) (Aeschylus) Prometheus, 547 B.C.; (10) Thulis Of Egypt, 1700 B.C.; (11) Indra of Tibet, 725 B.C.; (12) Alcestos of Euripides, 600 B.C.; (13) Atys of Phrygia, 1170 B.C.; (14) Crite of Chaldea, 1200 B.C.; (15) Bali of Orissa, 725 B.C.; and (16) Mithra of Persia, 600 B.C.[5]
Whether all these gods were crucified, I can't say; but it's unreasonable to recognize any such fables as mere myths and then declare a later, similar story to be the honest-to-goodness truth. As Allegro wrote: "The death and resurrection story of Jesus follows the traditional pattern of fertility mythology, as has long been recognized. The hero is miraculously born, dies violently, returns to the underworld, and is then reawakened to new life."[6] I know Christians have written, and continue to write, books and articles to prove why their flawed and contradictory (not to mention scientifically impossible) stories are true; but surely if a god wrote a book for us, that divine book shouldn't require mere men to bolster it by writing tons of books to explain why it's the real McCoy even though it's just like all the other stories. If there is a god, he/she/it wants us to use our reasoning skills and consider whether we are being duped.
Tina Rae Collins
My goal is to share my book The Judaeo-Christian Myth one article at a time. If you find these articles interesting or you don't think I'll reach my goal (always a possibility, I suppose), and/or you just can't wait, you can purchase the book by clicking on the picture above or the title in this paragraph. Thanks for reading!
[1] Carl S., "Everyone Is Lacking In Faith." [2] Dameron, 58-59. See also: Kersey Graves, The World's Sixteen Crucified Saviors, "Address to the Clergy," 1875, The Secular Web: A Drop of Reason in a Pool of Confusion, infidels.org, web, 9 Sept. 2014. [3] Butler, "How Christianity Was Invented: The Truth!" [4] Butler notes: "Some say he was hung upside down from a tree. Other sources say he died from an arrow shot into his foot. Does it matter? They are different versions of a myth, anyway." [5] Butler, "How Christianity Was Invented: The Truth!" [6] Allegro, 154.
Chapter Five: Saviors, Christs, and Other Gods: "Caves, Crosses, and Sacrificial Deaths"
We saw earlier that the Old Testament patriarch Abraham was born in a cave. Eusebius wrote that Jesus was born in a cave and that Constantine erected a temple on the spot so Christians could worship there. Tertullian (200 CE) and Jerome (375 CE) stated the same and added that Adonis was believed by the pagans to have been born in the exact same cave. Chrishna, Bacchus, Apollo, Mithras, and Hermes were likewise born in caves. That element is, again, a part of the universal god mythos.[1] Not only are the events surrounding the births of gods similar, but the same is true of their deaths.
We know about the darkness and earthquakes that occurred when Jesus died, but these bizarre occurrences were recorded at the deaths of others as well. Prometheus was "with chains nailed to the rocks on Mount Caucasus, 'with arms extended,' as a saviour; and the tragedy of the crucifixion was acted in Athens 500 years before the Christian era."[2] We read the following regarding this crucifixion:
"When Prometheus was crucified on Mount Caucasus, the whole frame of nature became convulsed. The earth did quake, thunder roared, lightning flashed, the wild winds rent the vexed air, the boisterous billows rose, and the dissolution of the universes seemed to be threatened."[3]
Prometheus, according to Seneca and Hesiod, and in the words of J. P. Dameron, was
"nailed to an upright beam of timber, to which were affixed extended arms of wood, and this cross was situated near the Caspian Straits. At the final exit of this god . . . the earth shook, the rocks were rent, the graves were opened. . . the solemn scene closed, and the savior gave up the ghost."[4]
Likewise, when Romulus, one of Rome's founders, died, "the sun was darkened, and there was darkness over the face of the earth for the space of six hours."[5] Romulus was received into heaven via a fiery chariot, just as was Elijah (2 Kings 2:11).[6] (The story of Romulus even resembles the tale regarding the two disciples who ran into Jesus on the Road to Emmaus [Lk. 24:13-16]. Julius Proculus, under oath, stated that "as he was travelling on the road," he saw Romulus "looking taller and comelier than ever, dressed in shining and flaming armour." He asked Romulus why he had abandoned the "whole city to bereavement and endless sorrow." Romulus responded that it "pleased the gods . . . that we, who came from them, should remain so long a time amongst men as we did; and, having built a city to be the greatest in the world for empire and glory, should again return to heaven." Romulus told Proculus to tell the Romans farewell and that "by the exercise of temperance and fortitude, they shall attain the height of human power; we will be to you the propitious god Quirinus." Plutarch wrote that the story "seemed credible to the Romans, upon the honesty and oath of the relater," and that "indeed, too, there mingled with it a certain divine passion, some preternatural influence similar to possession by a divinity; nobody contradicted it, but, laying aside all . . . detractions, they prayed to Quirinus and saluted him as a god."[7]) When Julius Caesar died, again, the sun was eclipsed and darkness prevailed "for the space of six hours."[8] We read the same regarding Aesculapis and Hercules.[9]
If the idea of a cross had not pre-existed the crucifixion of Christ, he would not have told his followers to take up their "cross" and follow him, as they wouldn't have understood the reference (Mt. 16:24). Church father Tertullian admitted this when, trying to justify his own beliefs, he wrote that the heathens consecrated the cross and from it derived the origin of their gods.[10] The Egyptian cross, the ankh, in fact, represented eternal life.[11] Marcus Minucius Felix, who was a Christian apologist sometime between 150 and 270 CE,[12] wrote of the Egyptians: "Your victorious trophies not only imitate the appearance of a simple cross, but also that of a man affixed to it."[13]
Felix, in Octavius, expressed indignation that the cross was considered strictly Christian, claiming that the pagan "trophies not only represent a simple cross but a cross with a man upon it."[14] Tertullian, writing to pagans, said: "The origin of your gods is derived from figures moulded on a cross. All those rows of images on your standards are the appendages of crosses; those hangings on your standards and banners are the robes of crosses."[15] Tertullian further wrote: "There is not an image you erect but resembles a cross in part; so that we who worship an entire cross, if we do worship it, methinks have much the better on it of you who worship but half a cross."[16] In an attempt to defend and make palatable their beliefs, early Christians depended upon the fact that the pagans already worshiped deities who were just like Jesus; today, with the same motivation, some Christians deny these facts, while others declare that Yahweh wrote the tale in the sky (because Gentiles also needed a "schoolmaster," Gal. 3:24), which is why many such stories abound (although the one about Jesus is the true one).
Kersey Graves wrote:
"Nearly all the phenomena represented as occurring at the crucifixion of Christ are reported to have been witnessed also at the final exit of Senerus, an ancient pagan demigod, who figured in history at a still more remote period of time. And similar incidents are related likewise in the legendary histories of several other heathen demigods and great men partially promoted to the honor of Gods. In the time-honored records of the oldest religion in the world, it is declared, "A cloud surrounded the moon; and the sun was darkened at noonday, and the sky rained fire and ashes during the crucifixion of the Indian God Chrishna." In the case of Osiris . . . Mr. Southwell says, "As his birth had been attended by an eclipse of the sun, so his death was attended by a still greater darkness of the solar orb" . . .
"And similar stories are furnished us by several writers of Caesar and Alexander the Great. With respect to the latter, Mr. Nimrod says, "Six hours of darkness formed his aphanasia, and his soul, like Polycarp's, was seen to fly away in the form of a dove." (Nimrod, vol. iii. p. 458.) "It is remarkable," says a writer, "what a host of respectable authorities vouch for an acknowledged fable — the preternatural darkness which followed Caesar's death." Gibbon alludes to this event when he speaks of "the singular defect of light which followed the murder of Caesar." He likewise says, "This season of darkness had already been celebrated by most of the poets and historians of that memorable age." (Gibbon, p. 452.) It is very remarkable that Pliny speaks of a darkness attending Caesar's death, but omits to mention such a scene as attending the crucifixion of Christ. Virgil also seeks to exalt this royal personage by relating this prodigy. (See his Georgius, p. 465.) Another writer says, "Similar prodigies were supposed or said to accompany the great men of former days." . . .
"the same story was told of the graves opening, and the dead rising at the final mortal exit of several heathen Gods and several great men long before it was penned as a chapter in the history of Christ."[17]
These men were esteemed as gods after their sacrificial deaths. This is true also of Jesus.[18] We can't put him in a class of his own. If we wouldn't believe incredible accounts of the heroics of Hercules, why should we believe them about Jesus? I know some will say the events above are not as stated. Maybe not. While it's difficult to know how much of any version of the stories we read regarding these gods is actually the original belief, the same is true for Jesus. Different Gospels present quite different tales of the events in his life.
Tina Rae Collins
My goal is to share my book The Judaeo-Christian Myth one article at a time. If you find these articles interesting or you don't think I'll reach my goal (always a possibility, I suppose), and/or you just can't wait, you can purchase the book by clicking on the picture above or the title in this paragraph. Thanks for reading!
[1] Doane, XVI. [2] William W. Hardwicke, The Evolution of Man: His Religious Systems, and Social Ethics (London: Watts & Co., 1899), 218. [3] Potter's Aeschylus, "Prometheus Chained," last stanza. See also: Doane, XXI. [4] Dameron, 56. [5] Higgins, Anacalypsis, I, 616, 617. See also: Doane, XXI. [6] Graham, 247. [7] Plutarch, Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans, The Original Classic Edition, 21. [8] Higgins, Anacalypsis, I, 616, 617. See also: Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, Book XIV, Ch. XII, and Note; and Doane, XXI. [9] Aletheia, The Rationalist's Manual, 65. See also: Cox, The Mythology of the Aryan Nations; and Doane, XX. [10] Tertullian, Ad Nationes, I, Ch. XII, tr. Q. Howe, tertullian.org, 2007, web, 25 Aug. 2014 <http://www.tertullian.org/articles/howe_adnationes1.htm>. [11] Murdock, Christ in Egypt, 339. [12] "Marcus Minucius Felix," wikipedia.org, 30 June 2014, web, 25 Aug. 2014. [13] Marcus Minucius Felix, The Octavius of Minucius Felix, Ch. XXIX, Christian Classics Ethereal Library, 2005, web, 25 Aug. 2014 <http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf04.iv.iii.xxix.html>. [14] Minucius Felix, Octavius, Ch. XXIX, newadvent.org, copyright 2009 by Kevin Knight, web, 12 Nov. 2014. See also: Doane, XX. [15] The Apology of Tertullian, tr. William Reeve, AM (London, 1709), Ch. XVI. See also: Tertullian, Ad Nationes, Ch. XII, tr. Q. Howe, 2007; and Doane, XX. [16] The Apology of Tertullian, Ch. XVI. [17] Kersey Graves, The World's Sixteen Crucified Saviors: Or, Christianity Before Christ (Library of Alexandria), Ch. 17, The Secular Web: A Drop of Reason in a Pool of Confusion, infidels.org, 1995-2014, web, 12 Nov. 2014. [18] Doane, XII.
Chapter Five: Saviors, Christs, and Other Gods: "Alexander the Great, Plato, Pythagoras, Caesar, and Socrates"
The Greek gods often mated with humans. Some accounts of virgin births regarded men born before the time of Jesus.
Olympias, the mother of Alexander the Great (21 July 356 BCE–10 or 11 June 323 BCE), claimed that he was the son of Zeus via virgin birth, and Alexander himself believed this,[1] declaring that Zeus-Amen was his father.[2] The god Amen told Olympias she would have a son who would avenge her, and her husband (Philip II of Macedon) was told not to have intimate relations with her until the boy was born.[3] Although little is known about Alexander's youth, his "miraculous birth is well documented by historians," being "associated with great signs and wonders, such as a bright star gleaming over Macedonia that night and the destruction of the temple of Artemis [Diana] at Ephesus."[4] According to Plutarch, Diana's temple caught fire and burnt while she was away assisting at Alexander's birth.[5] Alexander, by the way, crossed the Pamphylian Sea in the same way that Moses crossed the Red Sea—dry-shod, as the waters opened up for him and made obeisance to him as the king. Josephus mentioned this in an attempt to sustain the belief that the same thing happened with Moses.[6] The historian Callisthenes, who accompanied Alexander on this expedition, wrote that the sea not only opened but rose and elevated its waters, paying Alexander "homage as its king."[7] Perhaps, as British Admiral Francis Beaufort declared, the north winds depressed the sea and Alexander took advantage of the opportunity to rush across.[8] We must look for a scientific explanation for this tale, yet we should believe without doubt that a god was involved in the Jewish story?
The Greek philosopher Plato (428/427-348/347 BCE) was also considered the child of a virgin birth, being the son of Apollo. Church father Origen (in Contra Celsus 1.37) mentioned this, as did Jerome in Against Jovianus (Adv. Jov. 1.42).[9] Plato's mother, the virgin Perictione, was impregnated by Apollo in the form of a bull (or Taurus).[10]
Pythagoras was also supposedly the son of Apollo. His mother was Parthenis, and from her name we get the word "parthenos, which means virgin."[11]
Both Julius and Augustus Caesar were deemed sons of a god. According to a poem written by Virgil, Augustus sprang from Jove.[12] Augustus also wore the title "saviour of the human race," and one legend says he was "born nine months after his mother was 'visited' by the god Apollo." In 40 BCE Virgil prophesied that a virgin would give birth to a king. While it wasn't true, the hoi polloi truly believed that in the year Augustus was born, the "Roman senate had ordered the murder of all other children."[13]
Even Socrates (469 BCE) was considered a god. When he was born, "Magi came from the east to offer gifts . . . bringing gold, frankincense and myrrh."[14] According to Higgins, these three gifts were "what were always offered by the Arabian Magi to the sun."[15] The god Chrishna was presented with sandalwood and perfumes while Mithras, like Jesus and Socrates, was given gold, frankincense, and myrrh.[16]
Dr. Nugent wrote that the children of gods who mate with humans are called Gaborim, which comes from the same root word as the name Gabriel. Nugent stated:
"In the second century, Gabriel appears in the Epistula Apostolorum. . . One of the secrets [Jesus revealed to his apostles after he rose] is that he is actually Gabriel. After Gabriel took on flesh and united with Mary, then he becomes Jesus. The idea that Christ was an angel was extremely popular in the early church."[17]
Tina Rae Collins
My goal is to share my book The Judaeo-Christian Myth one article at a time. If you find these articles interesting or you don't think I'll reach my goal (always a possibility, I suppose), and/or you just can't wait, you can purchase the book by clicking on the picture above or the title in this paragraph. Thanks for reading!
[1] Joshua J. Mark, "Alexander the Great," Ancient History Encyclopedia, ancient.eu.com, 14 Nov. 2013, web, 6 June 2014. [2] "Alexander the Great Biography: The Man and the Myth," All About Egypt, all-about-egypt.com, 2015, web, 29 Apr. 2015. [3] Robert M. Price, "Pagan Parallels to Christ Part 1," Tony Sobrado, youtube.com, 30 June 2012, web, 29 Apr. 2015. [4] Mark, "Alexander the Great." See also: Price, "Pagan Parallels to Christ Part 1." [4] Mark, "Alexander the Great." [5] Plutarch, Lives, Vol. 2 (New York: Random House, 2001). [6] Flavius Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, Book II, Ch. XVI. See also: Doane, VI. [7] Doane, VI. [8] Doane, VI. [9] Murdock, Christ in Egypt, 161-162. See also: Armstrong, 92. [10] Graham, 303. [11] Graham, 302-303. [12] Doane, XII. [13] Scaruffi, "Jesus and Christianity." [14] Graham, 308. See also: Doane, XV; and Godfrey Higgins, Anacalypsis, an Attempt to Draw Aside the Veil of the Saitic Esis, Vol. II (London: Longman, et al., 1836), 96. [15] Higgins, Anacalypsis, II (1836), 96. [16] Thomas Inman, MD, Ancient Faiths and Modern: A Dissertation upon Worships, Legends and Divinities In Central And Western Asia, Europe, And Elsewhere, Before The Christian Era. Showing Their Relations To Religious Customs As They Now Exist (London: Trubner & Co., 1876), Vol. 2. [17] Nugent, "'Many of These Gods Come from the Stars.'"


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Native Plants
Tree Talk & Winter WalkOur annual Tree Talk Winter Walk is a perfect time to explore the beauty and benefits of native trees and shrubs. Choose from over 70 species of native trees and shrubs. Note: availability of species subject to change.
Printer Friendly: Species List | List with Images | List with QR Tags to Mobile
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|Quercus fusiformis
|Escarpment live oak
Plateau live oak
Hill country live oak
Texas live oak
Scrub live oak
Plateau oak
Encino molino
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Chestnut oak
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Lance-leaf sumac
Lance-leaved sumac
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Prairie shining sumac
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Vintage Amethyst rectangular crystal is 30 x 22 mm, with a round 10 mm crystal on top. Both are prong set with purple rhinestones surrounding the crystals and "fringe" of purple rhinestones below. Total length of pendant is 2 1/2 inches long and 1 inch wide. The entire necklace has a purple chain of amethyst rhinestones, that splits to form swags on the sides. All stones are a 4 prong setting in goldtone metal. The 15 inch long necklace is finished with a hook clasp and a large round stone at the end. The condition is very good to excellent; the purple stones are a nice purple/pink color. No nicks or scratches at all. Back is shiny goldtone with no marks or flaws also.
3 other shoppers have this item in their Cart or Wish List .
One-of-a-Kind, Artisan Jewelry with semi-precious stones and Crystals
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Try one of the most exciting new experiences in Australia! The Jet Pack & Jet Board Experiences are awesome, safe adventures and almost anyone can do it with minimal training.
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Experience one of the most thrilling new adventures available in Australia today - Jet Pack or Jet Board! Choose which adventure on the day.
Or would you like to try the Jet Board! Minutes into your flight you will be comfortable enough to start reaching heights of up to 10 metres and able to perform figure eights, surface cruises and carve left and right in midair!
Whichever you choose, your instructor will be in constant communication and the power output of your jet pack is controlled by your instructor.
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Awesome experience and have told everyone how great it was.
Thoroughly enjoyed the jet board experience, I am planning my next one
It was another wonderful experience to add to my bucket list.
The staff were great, very helpful, enjoyed the experience but I am more of a wheels than water person lol. But would recommend to others.
The guys were FANTASTIC! Everything was explained beautifully and they were helpful and fun. My 10 y.o. son had the BEST EVER birthday present!
I stuffed up the booking on the website and went to the wrong place. Once I got to the correct place the staff were awesome and managed to fit me straight in which was great as I'm from the Sunshine Coast. I well and truly got my money's worth. Thanks guys
The team on the Gold Coast were fantastic and professional
I would definitely recommend this experience to anyone! It was such an amazing time and the staff were great. I will definitely be back to try again!
was the first time to try the Jet pack and was thriled and enjoyed it. hope to experienced it again. Thanks for the experienced Team. William G.
On rare occasions, choice may be limited to one device (either Jet Pack or Jet Board) if mechanical breakdown occurs. You may choose to undertake the available device (either Jet Pack or Jet Board) or reschedule to attend on another later day if your choice is unavailable.
Waterways Drive


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Tried the local oysters and was pleasantly surprised. Great salty taste and discovered they were actually farm raised! Also had some of the local shrimp which were delicious. God Bless those local shrimpers!
Does this restaurant offer free wifi?
Is this restaurant good for lunch?
Is this restaurant good for dinner?
Is this restaurant good for bar scene?
Does this restaurant offer valet parking?
Does this restaurant have private dining rooms?
Does this restaurant offer validated parking?
Is this primarily a bakery?
Is this a dessert shop?
Is this primarily a coffee shop?
Thanks for helping!Share another experience before you go.
Tried the local oysters and was pleasantly surprised. Great salty taste and discovered they were actually farm raised! Also had some of the local shrimp which were delicious. God Bless those local shrimpers!
Great views, great seafood, great service. They even have great music on the weekends. We have enjoyed Ed's for special occasions over the years. This was a birthday dinner. We enjoyed the fried green tomatoes, crab bisque, soft shelled po'boy, crab cake sandwich, and the grilled shrimp sandwich. The biggest problem with eating here is you never leave room for... More
Loved it! I can't remember what I had exactly I think it was the crab bisque at any rate I think whatever you get there is going to be great because it's a great great place!
Enjoy the sunset over the water with a cold beer and a dozen oysters on the half shell. I don't believe I've had better oysters. Certainly not in recent memory. This is a friendly family-type establishment with lots of local history.
Loved this one. I wondered about the slaw and saltines they started me with. Soooooo good!! I had catch of the day which was very good. The turnips were really good, too. The sunset view was wonderful. Service very good!
My wife and I had to leave I-10 because of a traffic jam and so we went in. The complementary coleslaw was very tasty! The Gumbo pot was a bit small and the Gumbo itself wasn't a highlight. As a main course we had grilled prawns which were tasty but not absolutely fresh I think. The cleanliness on the mens... More
Excellent food and service. Recommended by some locals when we visited the US Alabama-battleship (close by-approx 3miles from the US Alabama). They serve coleslaw with every meal and it is the very best coleslaw! I highly recommend this restaurant if you like seafood. We had fried shrimp (very good), hush puppies (just the way I like them semi-hard on the... More
Love the coleslaw appetizer - crisp and fresh. Shrimp and oyster fresh from the bay. Love the curly fries. We stop here often on the way to the beach. Always good!
This wasn't bad, but not great either. Service was sweet and the scenery is peaceful. I had the grilled scallops. They were slightly over-cooked but well seasoned. The rice pilaf was a brilliant mix of flavors; take advantage of the fresh green onion that they bring for garnish. My husband had red beans and rice with fried catfish. It also... More
This app showed the menu as including some items that weren't on the actual menu when I arrived to eat here. BUT after I asked about those items, the waitress kindly was able to still serve those items to me. I added Mahi to my meal and everything tasted good.
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Davina McCall was absolutely drop-dead ah-ma-zingly gorgeous as she partied with fashion's most fabulous at Gwyneth Paltrow's GOOP summer season launch party.
The TV personality showed off her ridiculously enviable figure in a rosy red "fits in all the right places" dress and ticked the oh-so stylish box when she topped off her look with those fabulous patent heels...
Cosying up to hubby Matthew Robertson AND posing for a few snaps with A-listers (as you do) Davina was well and truly the belle of the ball. We reckon she even outshone the swoon-worthy Mr Ford.
Take a peek at who else rolled up to the Mark's Club shindig...
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Celebrity Homes for Sale: Singer Jewel Lists Texas Home for $335K
Folk-pop singer Jewel is selling her Texas home for an affordable price of $335,000. According to Pop Sugar, Jewel and her ex-husband, Ty Murray, bought the ranch house back in 2007. The property is located just about two hours outside Dallas.
According to Variety, the 3,000-square-foot property that sites on 4.4 acres of land has a total of three bedrooms and two bathrooms. It was said that although the exterior of the home may not look that stunning, the interior was professionally decorated and gives out a charming character.
The interior has an open floor plan and it also features hand-scraped oak floors and whitewashed ceiling beams. There is also a colorful fireplace that has a large rough-hewn wood mantelpiece.
The kitchen is completely open to the living and dining areas. It features custom-painted and faux-distressed cabinetry and it is designed with gray concrete and mossy green Brazilian river-rock countertops. It is also has bead-board-paneled ceiling treatment and it is equipped with a full array of modern high end stainless steel appliances.
There is also a separate den that is lined with floor-to-ceiling shelves and media storage cabinets. It has a pair of French doors which open to the outdoor ranchlands.
It was revealed that Murray still owns several nearby properties while Jewel d moved to Nashville after she bought a brand spanking new, 5,000-square-foot home that sits on just 1 acre of land for $1.3 million in March 2015.
Jewel is one of the top selling female recording artists in history after selling over 27 million albums worldwide. She met and married pro rodeo cowboy, Ty Murray and gave birth to their son in 2011. It was said that the former couple bought the Texas ranch in January 2011 while planning for the arrival of their first born.
Celebrity Homes: Elvis Presley's Beverly Hills Home Is For Sale
Cornerstone Relocation Group Achieves Top Scores in the 2016 Trippel Survey
Beyonce 'Formation' Music Video: Transforming A Pasadena's Fenyres Mansion Into a Southern Gothic
New York Real Estate: Martin Scorsese's Childhood School Will Turn Into A Manhattan Apartment
Belgium Home For Sale: Countryside Home of Architect Victor Horta Lists For $5.04M
Luxury Condos in Brooklyn: 'Fourth Avenue Could Be The Park Avenue of Brooklyn' Says Carlo A. Scissura


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text: I know we've gone over this muchly, and i've read lots of other threads, but i've been trying to get a 7" released but have had my job rejected by Musicol Recording and United Record Pressing, asking them to also master it for me. here's a link to the audio i submitted C0U1 i know there may not be a refrence point to go by but could someone point in in direction as to why they woudn't master/print my music? is there too much high end? can't they roll that off? I'm not looking for maximun loudness, are my track lengths too long?


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United States District Court, N.D. Illinois, Eastern Division
August 12, 2004.
SUSAN E. NICOL, Plaintiff,
JOHN LAVIN, in his Official Capacity as DIRECTOR, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE & ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY; PAM McDONOUGH, in her Official and Individual Capacities as DIRECTOR, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE & COMMUNITY AFFAIRS; ROBERT L. HEARN, in his Official and Individual Capacities as SUPERVISOR, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE & COMMUNITY AFFAIRS; and ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE & ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY (formerly DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE & COMMUNITY AFFAIRS), Defendants.
Plaintiff Susan Nicol ("Nicol") filed a four-count second
amended complaint against Defendants John Lavin ("Lavin") in his
official capacity as Director of the Department of Commerce &
Community Affairs ("DCCA"), Pam McDonough ("McDonough") in her
individual and official capacities as the former Director of the
DCCA, Robert Hearn ("Hearn") in his individual and official
capacities as Supervisor in the Grant Monitoring Section of the
DCCA, and the Illinois Department of Commerce & Economic
Opportunity ("DCEO") formerly known as the DCCA. Specifically,
Plaintiff alleged race discrimination creating a hostile work
environment and retaliation in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1981
against Lavin, McDonough, Hearn, and the DCEO (Count I); creation of a hostile work environment
and retaliation in violation of Title VII of the 1964 Civil
Rights Act against the DCEO (Count II); race, national origin,
and skin color discrimination creating a hostile work environment
in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against Lavin, McDonough, and
Hearn (Count III); and race, national origin, and skin color
discrimination in violation of the Illinois Civil Rights Act of
2003 against the DCEO (Count IV). Plaintiff seeks a declaratory
judgment, damages, and injunctive relief. Defendants have moved
to dismiss all four counts pursuant to Rules 12(b)(1) for lack of
subject matter jurisdiction and 12(b)(6) for failure to state a
claim. For the reasons stated herein, Defendants' motion is
granted in part and denied in part.
Plaintiff Nicol is of Korean national origin, and was a grant
monitor with the DCCA when the alleged discrimination occurred.
(R. 20-1, Second Am. Compl. at 2, ¶ 2.) Defendant Hearn, an
African-American, is a Supervisor with the DCCA and supervised
Nicol. (Id. ¶¶ 6-8.) In July 2001, Nicol returned from
maternity leave and over the course of several months Hearn made
inappropriate oral remarks and physical gestures toward her, and
exhibited a demeaning attitude toward her work performance
because of her race, national origin, and skin color. (Id. ¶¶
12-14.) Hearn's conduct adversely impacted Nicol's work
environment. (Id. ¶¶ 12, 20.) After Nicol complained about
Hearn's conduct, Hearn used his supervisory role to take reprisal
actions against her. (Id. ¶¶ 12-13.) Despite Nicol's informal
written complaint and EEOC charges, the DCCA under McDonough's
direction never completed an internal investigation or resolved the complaints. (Id. ¶¶ 5, 15, 17-19.) Further,
during the alleged discrimination and retaliation, the DCCA had a
custom and practice of failing to adequately investigate and
provide relief to employees' complaints. (Id. ¶ 24.) Moreover,
McDonough knew about Hearn's discriminatory conduct, deliberately
failed to investigate or remedy the situation, and ratified
Hearn's actions. (Id. ¶ 22.) Consequently, Nicol resigned her
position with the DCCA on May 22, 2002. (Id. ¶ 21.)
A Rule 12(b)(1) motion is a defense asserting a federal court's
lack of subject matter jurisdiction over a lawsuit. See
Fed.R.Civ.Proc. 12(b)(1). The purpose of a Rule 12(b)(6) motion
is to test the legal sufficiency of a complaint, not the merits
of the case. Triad Assocs., Inc. v. Chicago Hous. Auth.,
892 F.2d 583, 586 (7th Cir. 1989). The Court must view the
allegations in the complaint "in the light most favorable to the
plaintiff, taking as true all well-pleaded factual allegations
and making all possible inferences from those allegations in his
or her favor." Lee v. City of Chicago, 330 F.3d 456, 459
(7th Cir. 2003). A complaint is not required to allege all,
or any, of the facts entailed by the claim; the plaintiff can
plead conclusions. Shah v. Inter-Continental Hotel Chicago
Operating Corp., 314 F.3d 278, 282 (7th Cir. 2003).
Consequently, the Court may grant the motion to dismiss "only if
it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff could prove no set of
facts entitling him to relief." Triad Assocs., Inc.,
892 F.2d at 586.
I. Count I: § 1981 Claim
42 U.S.C. § 1981 provides, in part:
All persons within the jurisdiction of the United
States shall have the same right in every State and Territory to make and enforce contracts, to
sue, be parties, give evidence, and to the full and
equal benefit of all laws and proceedings for the
security of persons and property as is enjoyed by
white citizens, and shall be subject to like
punishment, pains, penalties, taxes, licenses, and
exactions of every kind, and to no other.
42 U.S.C. § 1981(a) (2004).
A. Eleventh Amendment*fn2 Immunity
Under the Eleventh Amendment, a state and its agencies are
immune from private suits seeking damages or injunctive relief in
federal court unless by express and unequivocal language the
state or Congress waives the state's Eleventh Amendment immunity.
Kroll v. Bd. of Trustees, 934 F.2d 904, 907 (7th Cir.
1991). Eleventh Amendment immunity shields state agencies from
federal damages liability for § 1981 claims. Rucker v. Higher
Educ. Aids Bd., 669 F.2d 1179, 1184 (7th Cir. 1982). In
addition, a lawsuit against "a state official in his or her
official capacity is not a suit against the official but rather
is a suit against the official's office" and "is no different
from a suit against the State itself." Will v. Michigan Dep't of
State Police, 491 U.S. 58, 71 (1989) (internal citations
The State of Illinois has not waived its Eleventh Amendment
immunity for § 1981 claims. See 745 ILL. COMP. STAT. 5/1, 5/1.5 (2004). Also,
Congress "has not expressed in unequivocal language intent to
alter immunity" in § 1981 claims. Perkins v. Bd. of Trustees
Univ. of Illinois, No. 95 C 4320, 1996 WL 308292, at * 1 (N.D.
Ill. June 4, 1996). A state official, however, may be sued in his
or her official capacity when injunctive relief is sought because
"official-capacity actions for prospective relief are not treated
as actions against the State." Kentucky v. Graham,
473 U.S. 159, 167, n. 14 (1985); Ex parte Young, 209 U.S. 123, 159-60
(1908). See also Edelman v. Jordan, 415 U.S. 651, 668-69 (1974)
(stating that enjoining state officials' for past legal duty
breach where its "practical effect" is indistinguishable from a
retroactive damages award is barred by the Eleventh Amendment)
(followed by Brazdo v. Illinois Dep't of Prof'l Regulation, No.
94 C 134, 95 C 2066, 1995 WL 733445, at *4 (N.D. Ill. Dec. 8,
1995)). A plaintiff must show a "real or immediate threat of
future harm" to have standing to seek prospective equitable
relief. Sierakowski v. Ryan, 223 F.3d 440, 443 (7th Cir.
2000) (citing City of Los Angeles v. Lyons, 461 U.S. 95
Plaintiff Nicol alleges a § 1981 claim against the DCEO, Lavin,
McDonough, and Hearn in their official capacities. The DCEO is
entitled to Eleventh Amendment immunity. Because Plaintiff seeks
prospective relief in her complaint, including reinstatement, her
claim against Lavin and Hearn in their official capacities
survives as to those only. Finally, McDonough as former Director
of the DCCA is incapable of providing prospective relief, thus
the claim against her in her official capacity is dismissed.
B. Failure to State a Claim Under § 1981
Defendants argue that the complaint fails to state a claim
under § 1981 because it insufficiently alleges race
discrimination and personal involvement. To state a claim under § 1981,*fn4 Plaintiff must allege that (1) she is a member of
a racial minority; (2) Defendants intended to discriminate on the
basis of race; and (3) the discrimination concerned the making
and enforcing of a contract. See Morris v. Office Max, Inc.,
89 F.3d 411, 413 (7th Cir. 1996). Thus, per Morris, personal
involvement is not an element of a § 1981 claim.*fn5
Plaintiff's complaint contains sufficient allegations of the
first and third elements of her § 1981 claim. As to Hearn,
Plaintiff sufficiently alleges the second element of her § 1981
claim in alleging that Hearn engaged in the alleged conduct
"because of [her] race." As to McDonough, Plaintiff sufficiently
alleges the second element of her § 1981 claim in alleging that
McDonough, as the Director of the DCCA during the alleged race
discrimination, "knew" about Hearn's alleged race discrimination,
deliberately failed to fully respond to Plaintiff's internal
complaint and complete an internal investigation thereof, and
ratified Hearn's alleged race discrimination. Accordingly,
Defendants' motion to dismiss is denied as to Plaintiff's § 1981
claim against McDonough and Hearn.
C. Statute of Limitations
Defendants argue that Plaintiff's § 1981 claim is barred by a
two-year statute of limitations. Congress enacted a four-year
statute of limitations for federal statutory claims enacted after
December 1, 1990. Jones v. R.R. Donnelley & Sons Co.,
124 S.Ct 1836, 1839 (2004); 28 U.S.C. § 1658(a) (2002). The statute
provides "a general 4-year limitations period for any federal
statute subsequently enacted without one of its own." Jones,
124 S.Ct at 1845, n. 14 (quoting North Star Steel Co. v. Thomas, 515 U.S. 29, 34
(1995)) (internal quotations omitted). The Civil Rights Act of
1991 amended § 1981 such that the statute prohibited race
discrimination in the employment context. Jones,
124 S.Ct at 1846. See 42 U.S.C. § 1981(b) (2004). Therefore, the Supreme
Court in Jones held that the four-year statute of limitations
applied because the plaintiff's hostile work environment,
wrongful termination, and failure-to-transfer claims were brought
pursuant to § 1981 as amended by the Civil Rights Act of 1991.
Jones, 124 S.Ct at 1846.
Here, Plaintiff alleges race discrimination in the employment
context pursuant to § 1981 as amended by the Civil Rights Act of
1991, and therefore the four-year statute of limitations
contained in 28 U.S.C. § 1658(a) applies. Plaintiff alleges such
race discrimination by McDonough and Hearn until at least April
2002 and October 2001, respectively. Plaintiff filed her original
complaint on September 22, 2003, within the applicable four-year
statute of limitations. Accordingly, Defendants' motion to
dismiss Plaintiff's § 1981 claim pursuant to the statute of
limitations is denied.
II. Count II: Title VII Claim
Defendants argue that the Court should dismiss the race and
national origin discrimination allegations in Count II because
those allegations exceed the scope of her EEOC charge. Plaintiff
fails to directly respond to this argument.
Generally, "a Title VII plaintiff cannot bring claims in a
lawsuit that were not included" in an EEOC charge. Cheek v.
Western & Southern Life Ins. Co., 31 F.3d 497, 500 (7th Cir.
1994). The EEOC charge is a "condition precedent with which Title
VII plaintiffs must comply" that promotes dispute settlement
and provides notice and is "not jurisdictional." Id. (citing
Zipes v. Trans World Airlines, Inc., 455 U.S. 385, 392 (1982)
and Babrocky v. Jewel Food Co., 773 F.2d 857, 864 (7th Cir. 1985)). See also Gibson v.
West, 201 F.3d 990, 994 (7th Cir. 2000). A Title VII
plaintiff is not required to allege in an EEOC charge "each and
every fact that combines to form the basis of each claim" in the
complaint, a standard entailing "significant leeway." Cheek,
31 F.3d at 500 (internal quotations omitted).
An EEOC charge encompasses the claims in a complaint when (1)
there is a "reasonable relationship" between the EEOC charge's
allegations and the claims stated in the complaint; and (2) the
claims stated in the complaint can "reasonably be expected to
grow out of an EEOC investigation" of the charge's allegations.
Id. As to the first inquiry, the Seventh Circuit in Cheeks
stated that an EEOC charge and a complaint's claims are not
"reasonably related unless there is a factual relationship
between them" that at minimum describes the "same conduct" and
implicates the "same individuals." Id. at 501 (internal
quotations omitted). See Jayne v. ABF Freight System, Inc., No.
98 C 2680, 1999 WL 92920, at *4 (N.D. Ill. Feb. 16, 1999)
(concluding that plaintiff did not satisfy the Cheek test where
the EEOC charge and complaint failed to describe the same people
and failed to mention any individual by name). Additionally,
courts may look beyond the EEOC charge document when undertaking
the first inquiry. See Rush v. McDonald's Corp., 966 F.2d 1104,
1110 (7th Cir. 1992) (considering plaintiff's affidavit that
was attached to and filed with the EEOC charge). As to the second
inquiry, the Seventh Circuit has noted that this requires
"speculation as to what the EEOC might or might not discover"
during an investigation. Cheek, 31 F.3d at 501.
Plaintiff Nicol checked boxes on three EEOC charges indicating
race, color, national origin, sex, and age discrimination, and
retaliation. (R. 24-2, Defs.' Mem. Supp. Mot. Dismiss, Ex. D.)
With all three EEOC charges, Plaintiff attached and referred to a
statement, and two EEOC charges had attached and referred to
correspondence. (Id.) Each of these statements relates to allegations of discrimination and derogatory comments
regarding Plaintiff's sex or age, and retaliation. None of the
factual statements discuss or relate to her race or national
The Seventh Circuit has noted that "simple technicalities such
as `[w]hat boxes, for instance, are checked on the EEOC form do
not necessarily control the scope of a subsequent complaint.'"
Noreuil v. Peabody Coal Co., 96 F.3d 254, 259 (7th Cir.
1996) (quoting Kristufek v. Hussmann Foodservice Co.,
Toastmaster Div., 985 F.2d 364, 368 (7th Cir. 1993)). The
Court finds that Plaintiff's claims of race and national origin
discrimination are not reasonably related to her sex
discrimination and retaliation claims and cannot "reasonably be
expected to grow out of an EEOC investigation" of such claims.
Accordingly, those claims are dismissed from Count II. See Mohan
v. American Tel. and Tel. Co., 1999 WL 495113, at *10 (N.D. Ill.
Jun. 30, 1999) ("This Court finds that merely checking a box
without more does not fulfill the administrative purposes that
a charge with the EEOC is designed to serve, and does not provide
a basis for a later federal court discrimination complaint").
III. Count III: § 1983 Claim
Plaintiff premises Count III on § 1983, which protects
citizens' constitutional rights, privileges, and immunities from
being infringed by state actors. See 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (2004).
Defendants argue four grounds for dismissing Count III. First,
Defendants argue that Lavin, McDonough, and Hearn in their
official capacities, are entitled to Eleventh Amendment immunity.
Second, Defendants argue that Lavin, McDonough, and Hearn in
their official capacities, are not "persons" under § 1983. Third,
Defendants argue that the complaint fails to state a claim under
§ 1983 because it insufficiently alleges a constitutional
violation and personal involvement. Fourth, Defendants argue that
Plaintiff's § 1983 claim is barred by the statute of limitations.
The Court will address the arguments in turn. A. Eleventh Amendment Immunity
Defendants argue that Lavin, McDonough, and Hearn in their
official capacities, are entitled to Eleventh Amendment immunity.
As stated above, the Eleventh Amendment provides a state and its
agencies immunity from private federal suits unless by express
and unequivocal language the state or Congress waives the state's
Eleventh Amendment immunity. Kroll, 934 F.2d at 907. The State
of Illinois has not waived its Eleventh Amendment immunity for §
1983 claims. See 745 ILL. COMP. STAT. 5/1, 5/1.5 (2004).
Further, Congress has not abrogated the states' Eleventh
Amendment immunity from § 1983 claims. See Quern v. Jordan,
440 U.S. 332, 341 (1979) (followed by Horton v. Marovich,
925 F.Supp. 540, 545 (N.D. Ill. 1996)).
For the same reasons discussed above regarding Plaintiff's §
1981 claim, Plaintiff's § 1983 claim survives as to prospective
relief only. Because McDonough as the former Director of the DCCA
is incapable of providing prospective relief, Plaintiff's § 1983
claim against McDonough in her official capacity fails.
B. Persons Under § 1983
Defendants argue that Lavin, McDonough, and Hearn in their
official capacities, are not "persons" under § 1983. In Will v.
Michigan Department of State Police, the Supreme Court held that
"neither a State nor its officials acting in their official
capacities are `persons' under § 1983." Will, 491 U.S. at 71.
However, state officials are persons under § 1983 when sued for
injunctive relief in their official capacities. Id. at 71, n.
10 (citing Kentucky, 473 U.S. at 167, n. 14; Ex parte Young,
209 U.S. at 159-60). Thus, Plaintiff's claim against Lavin and
Hearn in their official capacities survives regarding injunctive
C. Failure to State a Claim Under § 1983
Defendants argue that the complaint fails to state a claim
under § 1983 because it insufficiently alleges a constitutional violation and personal
involvement. In order to state a § 1983 claim, Plaintiff must
allege that (1) Defendants violated Plaintiff's constitutional
rights; and (2) they acted under color of state law. Pickrel v.
City of Springfield, 45 F.3d 1115, 1118 (7th Cir. 1995);
Reichenberger v. Pritchard, 660 F.2d 280, 284 (7th Cir.
1981). As to McDonough, a supervisory official, Plaintiff must
allege that McDonough was directly responsible for the
constitutional violation and by her acts or omissions "knowingly,
willfully, or at least recklessly caused" the violation of
Plaintiff's constitutional rights. See McPhaul v. Bd. of Comm'rs
of Madison County, 226 F.3d 558, 566 (7th Cir. 2000)
(internal quotations omitted). Refining the inquiry as to a
supervisory official, Plaintiff need not allege "direct
participation" but merely acts or omissions at McDonough's
"direction," with McDonough's "knowledge and consent," or
exhibiting McDonough's "deliberate or reckless disregard" for
Plaintiff's constitutional rights. See Rascon v. Hardiman,
803 F.2d 269, 274 (7th Cir. 1986). Moreover, to state her § 1983
claim against both Hearn and McDonough pursuant to the Equal
Protection Clause, Plaintiff must allege that a state actor
purposefully discriminated against her because of her
identification with a particular group. See Sherwin Manor
Nursing Center, Inc. v. McAuliffe, 37 F.3d 1216, 1220 (7th
Cir. 1994). Plaintiff has sufficiently alleged each of the
elements of a § 1983 claim in her Second Amended Complaint.
D. Statute of Limitations
Defendants next argue that Plaintiff's § 1983 claim is barred
by the statute of limitations. Federal courts must adopt the
forum state's statute of limitations for personal injury claims
as the proper statute of limitations for § 1983 claims. Wilson
v. Garcia, 471 U.S. 261, 276 (1985). The appropriate statute of
limitations for § 1983 claims filed in the State of Illinois is
two years as set forth in 735 ILCS § 5/13-202. Mitchell v.
Donchin, 286 F.3d 447, 450, n. 1 (7th Cir. 2002); Ashafa v. City of Chicago, 146 F.3d 459, 461 (7th Cir.
Plaintiff alleges race, national origin, and skin color
discrimination creating a hostile work environment pursuant to
42 U.S.C. § 1983, and therefore the two-year statute of limitations
applies. Plaintiff alleges such discrimination regarding
McDonough and Hearn until at least April 2002 and October 2001,
respectively. Because Plaintiff's § 1983 claim arises out of the
same conduct alleged in her original complaint, it relates back
to the date of the original pleading under Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 15(c)(2). See Johnson v. Artim Transp. System, Inc.,
826 F.2d 538, 547 n. 9 (7th Cir. 1987). Plaintiff's original
complaint was filed on September 22, 2003, within the applicable
two-year statute of limitations. Accordingly, Defendants' motion
to dismiss Plaintiff's § 1983 claim pursuant to the statute of
limitations is denied.
IV. Count IV: Illinois Civil Rights Act of 2003 Claim
The Illinois Civil Rights Act of 2003 ("Illinois Civil Rights
Act") prohibits the state from engaging in race, color, or
national origin discrimination. See 740 ILL. COMP. STAT.
23/5(a)(1) (2004). Defendants argue that Count IV should be
dismissed because the conduct on which Count IV is based took
place before the effective date of the Illinois Civil Rights Act.
The Court agrees.
The Illinois Civil Rights Act states that its "[e]ffective"
date is January 1, 2004. See 2003 Ill. Legis. Serv. 93-425
(West). Where the legislature has clearly indicated a statute's
temporal reach, the Court must adhere to it absent constitutional
violation. Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Will County Collector,
749 N.E.2d 964, 971 (Ill. 2001). In addition, the legislature has
set forth the temporal reach of every statute lacking its own
limitations period in 5 ILCS § 70/4, the "Statute on Statutes"
forbidding retroactive application of substantive statutes. See
Caveney v. Bower, 797 N.E.2d 596, 603-4 (Ill. 2003) (following
People v. Glisson, 782 N.E.2d 251 (Ill. 2002)); 5 ILL. COMP. STAT. 70/4 (1874). Cf. Bottoms v.
Illinois Dep't of Human Services, No. 03 C 1881, 2004 WL
1403811, at *3 (N.D. Ill. June 22, 2004) (following Caveney and
concluding that 745 ILCS § 5/1.5, whose effective date was
January 1, 2004, could not be applied retroactively in light of
the statute's express temporal reach and the "default provisions
of the Statute on Statutes").
Here, Plaintiff's claims pertain to conduct and events that
occurred in 2001 and 2002. (See R. 20-1, Second Am. Compl. at
9, ¶¶ 2-22.) Indeed, when the Illinois Civil Rights Act became
effective on January 1, 2004, Plaintiff's case was already
pending in this Court. (See R. 1-1, Compl. at 9.) Accordingly,
Defendants' motion to dismiss Plaintiff's Illinois Civil Rights
Act claim is granted.
The Court grants in part and denies in part Defendants' motion
to dismiss.
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text:
The price is great but the facility needs a total remodel!!
Today:Open 24 Hours
7700 Biscayne Blvd,
Miami, FL 33138
(305) 757-8451
in Business
Regular Hours
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7150 Biscayne Blvd, Miami, FL
6730 Biscayne Blvd, Miami, FL
1850 NW 42nd St, Miami, FL


text:
Release Date: January 1st, 2008
Not Yet Rated|1 hr. 13 min.
Plot Summary
Four U.S. soldiers fight for their lives in a Saudi prison as their captor tortures them for the launch codes to their weapons.
Cast: Meeghan Holaway, Justin Huen, Gary Perez, Nick Thurston, Kenny McClain, Kevin Nichols,
Director: Angus Fletcher


text:
- Stepping Stones School Hindhead
Tower Road
- Head: Melissa Farnham
- E enquiries@step…gstones.org.uk
- A special independent school for pupils aged from 7 to 18
- Boarding: No
- Local authority: Surrey
- Pupils: 55
- Religion: None
- Ofsted report: View the Ofsted report
What the school says...
A school for children with acute or chronic medical conditions, hemiplegia or mild cerebral palsy; mental and/or emotional health needs; and mild autism.
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text:
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text:
Jimmy Witherspoon - Rockin' LA (1988)
Artist: Jimmy Witherspoon
Title Of Album: Rockin' LA
Year Of Release: 1988
Label: Fantasy
Genre: Blues, Jazz, Jump Blues
Quality: Mp3
Bitrate: 320 kbps
Total Time: 00:54:20
Total Size: 138 Mb
WebSite: allmusic.com
01. You Got Me Running (4:43)
02. Once There Lived A Fool (5:06)
03. Sweet Lotus Blossom (5:34)
04. Call It Stormy Monday (4:09)
05. Gee Baby, Ain't I Good To You (3:18)
06. Medley-Don't You Miss Your Baby, Careless Love, When Saints Go Marching, One ... (5:50)
07. SK Blues (3:45)
08. I Want A Little Girl (5:37)
09. Big Boss Man (4:38)
10. Don't Gotta (4:25)
11. Medley-Ain't Nobody Business, Please Send Me Someone To Love (7:15)
Jimmy Witherspoon - vocals
Teddy Edwards - leader, tenor saxophone
Gerald Wiggins - piano
John Clayton - bass
Paul Humphrey – drums
Recorded live at the Grand Avenue Bar, Biltmore Hotel (Los Angeles, CA)
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Accounts Manager In Ludhiana ( 2 - 4 yrs)
Bhatia Consultancy Services
RS1,50,000 To 2,25,000Ludhiana
Position: Accounts Manager In Ludhiana Job Location: Ludhiana Qualification: MBA (Finance)/M Com Experience: 1. Must have 2 to 4 years. Person having knowledge of SAP will be preferred. 2. Perfect in Tally ERP 9. 3. Vat Return/Sales Tax/TDS Re...
Key Skills : accountant executive,accountant,accounts manager,taxation executive,head corporate...
Accountant manager ( 0 - 5 yrs)
RS2,50,000 To 5,00,000Hyderabad, Chandigarh, Gurgaon, Panipat, Raipur - Haryana, Sonipat, Amritsar, Ludhiana, Agra, Kanpur
for more details login to www.recruitere.com
Key Skills : accountant executive,account,taxation executive
Nav Placement World
RS60,000 To 70,000Ludhiana
Fresher accountant required for a C.A Office. A very good opportunity to learn practical accounts and gain experience for future building. Urgent requirement
Key Skills : accounts,accounts executive,accountant,accounts manager,taxation,auditor,head corporate accounts,zonal accounts head,account & finance...
Accountant manager ( 2 - 6 yrs)
Sandeep Assi, Cga
RS1,25,000 To 3,25,000Chandigarh, Amritsar, Jalandhar, Ludhiana
An accounting office is seeking for an Accountant for the company based in Canada. Must be fluent in English and Punjabi. Good knowledge of excel and MS word. Training will be provided to the right individual. This is a full time position and working...
Key Skills : accountant manager,account,accountant,taxation manager
Nss N Associates
RS60,000 To 70,000Ludhiana, Nangal
Accountant Require in Nangal Rai
Key Skills : accountant,accounts executive,accounts manager,accounts,taxation,auditor,head corporate accounts,zonal accounts head,account & finance...
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Vsjl Hr Services
RS1,50,000 To 2,00,000Ludhiana
1 . Must have ability to handle all kind of account matters. 2 . With good knowledge of Tally , Billing , Cash Audit. 3 Handling invoices and tax receipts. 4. Substantiates financial transactions by auditing documents. qualification : ...
Key Skills : accountant,tds,service tax,vat,mis,accounts executive,accounts manager,taxation,auditor,head corporate accounts,zonal accounts...


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Apostles Creed
Prayers - The Apostles Creed by Catholic Shopping .com | Catholic Shopping .com FREE Digital Download PDF
The Apostle's Creed
The Apostles' Creed Infographic - Face Forward Columbus
This guide explores each of the twelve "articles", or lines, of the Apostles' Creed. The chapters examine the articles piece by piece and consider what each piece means. Quotes and prayers from various saints and theologians give more depth to the articles. Reflections and notebook sections conclude each chapter and provide ways for children to figure out how the articles apply in their own lives. This is a wonderful aid for catechists.
Apostles' Creed Cut and Paste Booklet | Catholic Religious Education Resources for Teachers and Homeschoolers
I believe in the Apostles`Creed because the bible tells me so.
The Creed – Don't Be a Robot: This video takes an in depth look at the creed we say at Mass. I think this format would appeal to teens and open up some discussion. I'm sharing this with our high school youth group. "When you recite the Creed, are you being real or are you being a robot? Do you even know what you are saying? Is there a difference between believing there is a God and believing in God?"
the apostles creed - Google Search
Printable Catholic Prayers for Kids: Posters and Copywork from CatholicIcing
Apostles Creed More


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Interior and Exterior Painting Contractors
SW Washington painting contractors for Vancouver, Camas, Washougal and surrounding communities.
Painting Contractors for North, Northeast and close-in Southeast Portland, Oregon
Interior and exterior painting or repainting of homes, condominiums, apartments, rental housing, residential new construction, and small commercial projects in Clark County.
Over 25 years of professional painting experience.
Licensed, bonded and insured.
Schedule a FREE quote:
Phone 800-604-4711 M-F (9:00 to 4:00)
Text or call anytime cell 360-609-5586
JW Interiors and Exteriors
315 E. Reserve Street
Vancouver, WA 98661