text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Dec 21, 1999
|Filing date
|May 19, 1997
|Priority date
|May 19, 1997
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Stanton H. Breitlow
|Original Assignee
|Watlow Electric Manufacturing
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (18), Referenced by (47), Classifications (9), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates generally to electronic menuing systems and more particularly to a user definable menuing system for process controllers.
Industrial heaters are often controlled by specially configured electronic controller modules. In effect, these controller modules are small computers, complete with memory, a processing unit, a display for the output of information, and a means for the input of data from the user. Like more conventional, multi-purpose computers, the controller modules are ever increasingly powerful. With that power, however, comes complication and the loss of ease of use and "user-friendliness."
Recent models of process controllers, such as the Series 988 by Watlow Controls, Inc. of Winona, Minn., are extremely powerful, but that power in part comes from the ability to set well over 100 various parameters. With only a 2 by 4 array of seven-segment LED's to display all of the various parameters, the entry and altering of the parameters can often be a tedious task.
The Series 988 controls organize the different parameters into a tree with multiple branches, to facilitate easier access thereto, which may be referred to as menus. Nonetheless, it can take over 30 button pushes to reach a desired parameter, and on top of that, the user must know exactly under which branches and sub-branches of the menu tree the parameter lies. The positions of the various parameters are fixed at the time of manufacture, and are not adjustable.
Although, the particular problem has not been addressed with smaller devices that have only seven-segment displays for their output, and the intricacies that are thereby involved, others have tried to simplify the use of analogous menuing systems in personal computers and the like.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,261,042 to Brandt discloses a menuing system that keeps track of the different branches of the menu tree through which the user has traversed. It then allows the user to back track to any branch in the tree the user desires, by displaying the path taken to the current location in the menu tree with the press of a particular button. The user may then choose to go to any previous branch point, selected from the displayed list.
This solution is not complete, as the user must still know on which branch a particular menu lies. This system does, however, speed up the trial and error process of finding the desired menu. This system is also not suitable for a small computer such as a process controller, as there are no means to display the entire list of branches taken, at once.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,179,653 to Fuller, discloses a 3-tier menu system, which breaks up a large list of menu choices into different zones. One press of a button moves the user from one zone to any other zone. Once again, a process controller is not going to be able to take advantage of such a system, given its limited output.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,220,675 to Padawer et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 5,287,514 to Gram, both assigned to Microsoft Corporation, disclose customizable menus very similar to each other. In each case, the finished customized menu is easy to use, but the process of customizing the menu is not as simplified as possible and requires a complex user interface not available on a process controller.
It is an object of this invention to provide user-definable menuing system adaptable specifically for limited output computers, and more specifically for process controllers.
It is another object of this invention to provide a user-definable menuing system that can be used with a seven-segment array display. Other objects and features will be in part pointed out or become apparent from the description herein below.
In keeping with the above, the present system is contained within a process controller, usually for controlling industrial heating processes. The process controller has leads that control an actuator. Typically the actuator may be a power supply for a heater, compressor, or valve, but is by no means limited to such. The process controller also has other leads, which are connected to a feedback mechanism, such as, but not limited to thermocouples, RTDs, transmitters or similar devices. The controller also has a display, typically consisting of two rows of four seven-segment LED's. The user input comes from a keypad, usually having four buttons.
The present invention involves a menuing system which contains all of the components of a conventional menuing system of a process controller, plus the present invention adds additional components thereto. One additional component is a configurable menu which is easily accessible. Another additional component is a special mode for customizing the configurable menu.
During normal use, the process controller typically displays the current temperature at the location of the thermocouple and the "set point" or desired temperature for the location. In the prior art, the user would navigate from this point through a tree of menu items with several branches, using various buttons on the process controller. In the present menuing system, the user pushes the "cycle" button to cycle through the configurable menu items from the current temperature display.
A different key sequence is used to change modes. One of the available modes in the present menuing system is the customization mode. The user cycles through each of the positions in the configurable menu and can change the parameter associated with the position. One key sequence will step through the positions, while another key sequence will step through the available parameters for use with the configurable menu. The most frequently used parameters are selected for insertion into the configurable menu. Obviously, these selections will differ based on the particular application or process being controlled.
So that the manner in which the above-recited features, advantages, and objects of the present invention are attained and can be understood in detail, a more particular description of the invention, briefly summarized above, may be had by reference to the embodiments thereof which are illustrated in the appended drawings.
It is noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrate only several typical embodiments of this invention and is therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope, for the invention may admit to other equally effective embodiments. Reference the appended drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1A is a schematic diagram of a first section of a prior art menuing system;
FIG. 1B is a schematic diagram of a second section of a prior art menuing system;
FIG. 1C is a schematic diagram of a third section of a prior art menuing system;
FIG. 2 is a front view of a process controller implementing the present menuing system, shown in the configuration stage;
FIG. 3 is a partial listing of available parameters for the present menuing system and the appearances thereof in seven-segment array display form;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the "factory" section of the present menuing system;
FIG. 5 is a logical representation of the present menuing system in an OEM default configuration;
FIG. 6 is a logical representation of the present menuing system in use by an end user; and
FIG. 7 is a logical representation of the present menuing system in the configuration stage.
Referring now to FIGS. 1A-1C, the menu layout 10a-c is shown in three sections for a prior art menu system. This particular menu layout 10 is used with the Series 988 process controllers (not shown) by Watlow Controls, Inc. of Winona, Minn. During normal operation, if the user wants to adjust any parameters of the controllers, he or she will first have to determine in which menu section the desired parameter is located. The menu sections are named, "operation menus" 10a, "setup menus" 10b, and "factory menus" 10c. The user reaches each menu system by entering a predetermined key sequence, generally involving holding a plurality of keys simultaneous for a fixed length of time.
Each menu section 10a-c in turn, logically houses a plurality of menu branches 12, each with an appropriate name. From within each menu section 10a-c the user can press the up arrow button (logically represented by 14) to cycle through the various menu branches 12. Once the user finds the branch 12 containing the desired parameter, the mode button (logically represented by 16) is depressed one or more times to cycle through the parameters to the desired parameter.
As is readily seen it is often difficult for the user to find even frequently used parameters, because it is not possible to memorize the entire menu tree. Often the user will have to search through manual pages to find the location of the desired parameter, or use trial and error, haphazardly searching through the tree. A very small number of parameters may be stored at the very top of the tree 18. With this prior art system, however, no means are available for customizing which parameters go at the top of the tree 18. These parameters must be hard wired into the controller and will be the same for all users regardless of the application.
In FIG. 2 a process controller 50 is shown generally, which incorporates the present invention. Externally, the process controller 50 appears similar to its prior art counterpart. The front panel 52 of the process controller 50 comprises both input and output means. The input means consists of a plurality of buttons. In the preferred embodiment these include a mode button 54, an infinity button 56, an up arrow button 58, and a down arrow button 60. More or fewer buttons may be utilized.
The output means consists primarily of a display panel 62 composed of an array of seven-segment display units 64. The display units 64 are well known in the art and are found in many common everyday items such as most digital clocks. The display units 64 are typically either of the liquid crystal display (LCD) type or the light emitting diode (LED) type. There is no specific number of display units 64 that may be incorporated into the display panel 62, however enough should be used that sufficient information may be presented to the user, but not so many as to require that the process controller 50 be very large. The inventor has found that two rows of four display units each works well. Aside from the display units 64, the display panel could also have one or more individual LED's (not shown).
In addition to the user input and output means located on the front panel 52, the process controller 52 electronically receives input from one or more thermocouples (not shown) or temperature sensors. Similarly, the process controller 52 electronically sends output to a power supply (not shown) which feeds power to the heater(s) (not shown) being controlled. As the present invention can be adapted for use with a variety of process controller types, it should be stated more generally that the process controller 52 receives feedback from the process being controlled and correspondingly sends output signals to control said process.
Internally, the process controller 50 is a miniature computer. It comprises a microprocessor, memory, and a program, either physically stored in the memory or physically hardwired into the microprocessor. As noted above, it also has input and output means.
During normal operation as a heater process controller, the top row of the display panel 62 displays a preprogrammed default parameter, typically the temperature as reported by the thermocouple. Meanwhile, the bottom row of the display panel 62 typically displays the current set point, the target temperature at the location of the thermocouple. This default display configuration is shown as 66 in FIG. 6. The user can view the most frequently used parameters by pressing a single button. In the exemplary embodiment, the mode button 54 is used for this purpose. As seen in FIG. 6, pressing the mode button 54 once places the user at the first position 68 of the customizable menu 100, in this instance the user has chosen the "Proband 1" parameter for this position. At this point the user may change the parameter using the other keys.
Another depression of the mode button 54 places the user at the second position 70 of the customizable menu 100, in this instance the user has chosen the "Percent Output" parameter for this position. Each successive depression of the mode button 54 advances the user another position in the customizable menu 100. When the user reaches the last position of the customizable menu 100 that has a parameter assigned thereto, a depression of the mode button 54 returns the user to the default display 66.
Any number of positions may be used in the customizable menu 100. The preferred embodiment has sixteen positions in the configurable menu. This number allows room for all of the frequently used parameters most users will require, yet is small enough to keep the customization process simple. More than sixteen positions may be used, however if too many menu positions are created for the customizable menu 100, the advantage of the invention becomes diminished if not lost altogether. Likewise, less than sixteen positions may be used, however the fewer positions available to the user, the more likely the possibility that certain users will not have adequate space for all of their frequently used parameters.
As in the prior art, the present invention allows access to other menus by using more complex button sequences. This is necessary not only to reach the less frequently used parameters on the occasions when they are needed, but also to customize the customizable menu 100. The customization process can be seen in FIGS. 4 and 7. In the exemplary embodiment, the customization process is reached from the "Factory" menu 72. The "Factory" menu 72 is reached by simultaneously pressing the mode button 54 and the infinity button 56, and holding them for six seconds. The first option of the "Factory" menu 72 is the customization mode. When the user first enters the "Factory" menu 72 as described above, the display 62 will appear as shown in 74, with the letters, "CUSt" in the top row, and the letters, "FCtY" in the bottom row.
From the customization option display 74, pressing the mode button 54 will begin the customization process for the first menu position 68. The process is shown in FIG. 7 as if all of the menu positions were empty. The menu position is indicated, preferably on the bottom row, by the letter "P" and position number, e.g. "P1" for the first menu position 68 and "P2" for the second menu position 70. The parameter associated with the menu position is indicated preferably on the top row with its designation using seven-segment display units, or with the letters "nonE" if no parameter has been associated therewith. FIG. 3 shows typical parameters and their respective designations using seven-segment display units.
It should be noted that the customized menu positions function as shortcuts to parameters. A parameter placed in a customizable menu 100 still exists in its original position in the standard conventional menu. When a parameter is placed in the customizable menu 100, therefore being found in two locations, changing the parameter from either place, will change the parameter as seen from both locations. Furthermore, when a parameter is hidden from view of the user due to the controller being in a certain mode of operation, the same parameter if located in the customizable menu is also hidden in the same manner. It is preferable, however, that even when a particular parameter is hidden from view, the menu item still be accessible for placement in the customizable menu 100. 68a is the display of the first menu position 68 in customization mode before a parameter has been entered. To associate a parameter with the menu position the user repeatedly depresses the up arrow button 58 until the desired parameter is displayed above the menu position indicator. The resulting display will appear similar to 68b. An additional depression of the mode button 54 results in the display 70a, allowing for the customization of the second menu position. Once again, the up arrow button 58 is depressed until the desired parameter is displayed above the menu position indicator as shown by 70b. This process is repeated until each frequently used parameter is associated with one of the menu positions. This will of course be limited by the number of available menu positions--sixteen in the preferred embodiment. When the user returns to the normal operating mode, the customizable menu 100 will appear as desired by the user for his or her particular application.
The values of each parameter, both those located inside and outside the customizable menu 100, and the associations of parameters with given menu positions are stored in electronic memory. While the process controller 50 is on, the parameter values and menu positions are preferably stored in a random access memory, such as SRAM. Such memory is volatile, losing its contents when power is lost or when the process controller 50 is turned off. Therefore, if SRAM or similar volatile memory is used, the parameters should also be stored in a non-volatile memory, such as an EPROM or EEPROM. When power is restored to the process controller or it is once again turned on, it should initialize its volatile memory with the parameter values and menu positions stored in the non-volatile memory. This eliminates the need for the user to reconfigure the customizable menu 100 each time the power is cycled on the process controller 50.
An original equipment manufacturer (OEM) may preset the customizable menu 100 with parameters particularly useful for a specific application. The OEM could then ship the process controller 50 preprogrammed with an entire system, alleviating any need for end user intervention. A typical such preprogrammed configuration is shown in FIG. 5.
While the foregoing is directed to the preferred embodiments of the present invention, other and further embodiments of the invention may be devised without departing from the basic scope thereof, and the scope thereof is determined by the claims which follow.
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|U.S. Classification
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|May 19, 1997
Owner name: WATLOW ELECTRIC MANUFACTURING, MISSOURI
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:BREITLOW, STANTON H.;REEL/FRAME:008570/0276
Effective date: 19970513
|Apr 8, 2003
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jul 5, 2007
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Nov 5, 2007
|Surcharge for late payment
Year of fee payment: 7
|Nov 5, 2007
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|May 25, 2011
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


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The stock of Federal-Mogul Holdings Corp (NASDAQ:FDML) hit a new 52-week high and has $10.40 target or 3.00% above today's $10.10 share price. The 8 months bullish chart indicates low risk for the $1.77 billion company. The 1-year high was reported on Nov, 25 by Barchart.com. If the $10.40 price target is reached, the company will be worth $53.10 million more.
The 52-week high event is an important milestone for every stock because it shows very positive momentum and is time when buyers come in. During such notable technical setup, fundamental investors usually stay away and are careful shorting or selling the stock. About 50,375 shares traded hands. Federal-Mogul Holdings Corp (NASDAQ:FDML) has risen 7.78% since April 22, 2016 and is uptrending. It has outperformed by 2.37% the S&P500.
Analysts await Federal-Mogul Holdings Corp (NASDAQ:FDML) to report earnings on March, 6.
Federal-Mogul Holdings Corp (NASDAQ:FDML) Ratings Coverage
Out of 2 analysts covering Federal-Mogul (NASDAQ:FDML), 1 rate it a "Buy", 0 "Sell", while 1 "Hold". This means 50% are positive. Federal-Mogul has been the topic of 2 analyst reports since October 29, 2015 according to StockzIntelligence Inc. The rating was maintained by FBR Capital on Thursday, October 29 with "Mkt Perform". As per Thursday, October 29, the company rating was upgraded by Gabelli.
According to Zacks Investment Research, "FEDERAL MOGUL CORPORATION is a leading global supplier of powertrain, chassis and safety technologies, serving the world's foremost original equipment manufacturers of automotive, light commercial, heavy-duty, agricultural, marine, rail, off-road and industrial vehicles, as well as the worldwide aftermarket. The company's leading technology and innovation, lean manufacturing expertise, as well as marketing and distribution deliver world-class products, brands and services with quality excellence at a competitive cost. Federal-Mogul is focused on its sustainable global profitable growth strategy, creating value and satisfaction for its customers, shareholders and employees. Federal-Mogul was founded in Detroit in 1899. The company is headquartered in Southfield, Michigan, and employs 50,000 people in 35 countries."
Insitutional Activity: The institutional sentiment increased to 1.19 in 2016 Q2. Its up 0.08, from 1.11 in 2016Q1. The ratio improved, as 12 funds sold all Federal-Mogul Holdings Corp shares owned while 23 reduced positions. 11 funds bought stakes while 28 increased positions. They now own 165.89 million shares or 0.30% less from 166.39 million shares in 2016Q1.
State Board Of Administration Of Florida Retirement accumulated 19,442 shares or 0% of the stock. Blackrock Gru owns 17,808 shares or 0% of their US portfolio. Invesco Ltd has 133,703 shares for 0% of their US portfolio. Geode Mngmt Ltd has 0% invested in the company for 298,103 shares. Renaissance Technology Ltd Liability holds 229,830 shares or 0% of its portfolio. Price T Rowe Associate Md, a Maryland-based fund reported 10,100 shares. Sei Invs last reported 0% of its portfolio in the stock. Rhumbline Advisers has invested 0% of its portfolio in Federal-Mogul Holdings Corp (NASDAQ:FDML). Deutsche National Bank & Trust Ag, a Germany-based fund reported 11,777 shares. New York State Common Retirement Fund reported 27,700 shares or 0% of all its holdings. First Manhattan, a New York-based fund reported 267,439 shares. Metropolitan Life Ins Ny last reported 23,201 shares in the company. Morgan Stanley holds 223,515 shares or 0% of its portfolio. Spark Inv Management Limited Liability Com, a New York-based fund reported 161,300 shares. Wells Fargo Com Mn has 0% invested in the company for 7,915 shares.
More recent Federal-Mogul Holdings Corp (NASDAQ:FDML) news were published by: Prnewswire.com which released: "Federal-Mogul Holdings Corporation Investigated By Block & Leviton Regarding …" on September 30, 2016. Also Fool.com published the news titled: "Why Federal-Mogul Holdings Corp. Shares Skyrocketed" on February 29, 2016. Prnewswire.com's news article titled: "FEDERAL-MOGUL SHAREHOLDER NOTICE: Faruqi & Faruqi, LLP Announces the …" with publication date: September 09, 2016 was also an interesting one.
FDML Company Profile
Federal-Mogul Holdings Corporation, incorporated on March 24, 2014, is a supplier of technology in vehicle and industrial products for fuel economy, emissions reduction and safety systems. The Firm operates in two divisions: Powertrain segment and Motorparts segment. The Powertrain segment focuses on original equipment products for automotive, heavy duty and industrial applications. The Motorparts segment sells and distributes a portfolio of products in the global aftermarket. The Firm supplies a range of components, accessories and systems. The Firm serves the original equipment manufacturers (OEM) and original equipment servicers (OES) (collectively OE) of automotive, light, medium and heavy-duty commercial vehicles, off-road, agricultural, marine, rail, aerospace, power generation and industrial equipment. The Firm offers brands, OE replacement and entry/mid-level products for all aftermarket customers.
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Archive | Salad
Cauliflower "Rice"
This recipe is destined to become a family staple. You can adapt it to your taste preferences by changing up the seasonings and offering it with a variety of meals. […]Read More
- 8/30
Coriander Roasted Carrots
This week, I'm featuring a beautiful side dish from my friend, Chef Frank Giglio. I love all of Frank's recipes because they are simple and delicious. This side dish is […]Read More
- 8/9
Heart-Warming Brussels Sprouts
This week, we are featuring a comforting side dish from my friend and colleague, Dr. Deanna Minich. Dr. Minich is the author of Whole Detox, and she offers a unique […]Read More
- 6/28
Zoodle (Zucchini Noodles) Shrimp Sc...
This week we have a special recipe from our friends at Veggie Pasta! You won't miss spaghetti at all with this spiralized zucchini and shrimp dish. It's the perfect meal […]Read More
- 6/14
Spinach & Strawberry Salad
This week we're featuring a recipe from my friend, Chef Frank Giglio, of Three Lily Farm. This classic spring recipe pairs the sweetness of strawberries with fresh, crisp spinach. A […]Read More
- 5/17
California Kale Cobb Salad
With artichoke hearts and avocado, this colorful and hearty kale salad from my new book, Eat Fat, Get Thin will fill you up and fuel you with veggies, healthy fats, […]Read More
- 4/19
Basic Salad with Vinaigrette Dressi...
Adding a tossed green salad to any meal is a great way to increase your vegetables. Dark leafy salad greens are packed with nutrition. The darker the leaves, the better […]Read More
- 4/4
Curried Egg Salad (and how to make ...
This recipe from my new book, Eat Fat, Get Thin spices up standard egg salad with an Indian-style twist. Hard-boiled eggs last up to a week in the refrigerator, so […]Read More
- 1/18
Sesame Cucumber Salad
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- 10/5
Massaged Kale Salad
There is nothing like a great massaged kale salad. When your body is craving greens, this is one of the best kinds of salads to make. Filled with beautiful colors […]Read More
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Roasted Beet Salad with Bacon, Figs...
This scrumptious Roasted Beet Salad with Bacon, Figs and Walnuts recipe is ideal for those doing the Basic Plan! Nutritional analysis per serving (1 1/4 dressed salad): calories 202, fat 12 […]Read More
- 8/19
Citrus Crab Salad
Citrus Crab Salad. Crab is low in saturated fat but a good source of iron, vitamin B12, zinc, copper, and selenium, all of which reduce inflammation. Sunflower sprouts are simply […]Read More
- 11/14


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Chapter 4 Demand and Supply
Updated 9/02/16 Please
I. The Marketplace
II. Demand 4 Videos
III. Supply
IV. Equilibrium 1 video
V. Ceilings and Floors 1 videos
VI. Changes
in Supply & Demand Videos 2
VII. Valuing Bonds 1 video
XI. Political Economy Book Summaries
XII. 2016 Presidential Issues
Return to Economics Internet Library
Math Reviews basic math skills, calculus
for microeconomics by R. L. Reynolds, Boise State.
II. Demand is willingness to buy.
E. More is bought as price
drops because of the Income and Substitution Effects.
1. Income Effect: as the price of a good drops, consumers feel richer and buy more.
2. Substitution Effect: as the price of a good drops, it becomes cheaper relative
to other goods and consumers buy more.
3. Income and Substitution Effects Video
4. Example
5. Optional
a) Indifference Curves and Budget Lines Video 11 minutes
b) Graphic Analysis using budget lines and indifference goods Video 23 minutes
Note: Increase is to the right
| H. Explorations
in Economic Demand by Kim Sosin, Department of Economics
of the University of Omaha has good examples.
I. Demand and Supply Quiz
III. Supply is willingness to
What determines supply
IV. Equilibrium is where suppliers and demanders agree
on price and quantity
as depicted by the intersection of their supply and demand curves.
A. If the price is too high, a surplus results and price must be lowered as when
the world economic slowdown in 1999 required lowering price to work down supply.
B. If the price is too low, a shortage results. This happens with toys every Christmas i.e.
Cabbage Patch Dolls
C. If they can not agree, as happened with Beta videotape machines, then the curves do
not intersect and the goods are not sold.
Disequilibrium, Surplus, and Shortage
V. Government
imposed price ceilings and floors
A. A price ceiling keeps prices from rising (rent control) helping renters but often
resulting in a shortage of housing as investors seek higher returns elsewhere.
B. A price floor keeps prices from falling (farm price supports) helps farmers
though a surplus often results as more of supported crops are produced.
C. Econ Concepts in 60 Seconds Video on Government Price Controls
VI. Changes in supply and demand affect equilibrium
A. Econ Concepts in 60 Second Video on Double Shifts in Supply and Demand
B Econ Concepts in 60 Seconds Video on Shifting Supply and Demand
C. Another View
D up and S
up equally
D up causes
D up and S
D up causes
S down causes
Result is
D down and S
up equally
D down causes
P down and Q down
S up causes
P down and Q up
Result is
P down and Q same
D down and S
down equally
D down causes
P down and Q down
S down causes
View a dynamic model of
Changes in
Supply, Demand and Market Equilibrium
|E. Unequal Shifts in Demand and Supply
D up and S up
D up and S down more
Excellent Supply/Demand Practice from
VII. Valuing Bonds Using Supply and Demand
1. A bond is a promise to pay over time.
2. Suppose you buy a twenty year, $10,000 bond paying 5% per year at face value
of $10,000. Face value is called par value.
a) A few years go by and you need money and one choice is to sell the bond.
b) If the interest rates on a bond goes down, people will be very anxious to buy,
demand will be high pushing price up and your will receive more than $10,000.
c) If rate shave gone down, no one will give you $10,000, demand will be low,
so if you need the money, it will sell for less, below par.
d) You can hold for twenty years and receive par value.
3. Therefore, interest rates and bond values (prices) go in the opposite direction,
if interest rates down, old bond price up because they are at the old higher rate.
4. This is called the interest rate risk for bonds. Other risks have to do with issuer
default and monetary inflation.
5. Market Value of Issued Bond Kahn Video from Khan Academy
6. studyfinance.com calculates the new bond value when interest rate drops.
|Last Chapter
|Chapter 4 Class Discussion Questions
|Chapter 4 Homework Questions
|Next Chapter
|Table of Contents
|Economics Internet Library


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Donington Park Operators Enter Administration
John Kelly - Partner | November 18th 2009More News by John Kelly
The company which held the lease over the Donington Park motor racing circuit has entered administration.
The affairs of Donington Ventures Leisure Limited (DVLL) are being handled by partners Nigel Price, John Kelly and James Martin from the Birmingham office of corporate recovery specialists Begbies Traynor.
DVLL had a 17-year contract with Formula One Administration to host the British Grand Prix round of the Formula One World Motor Racing Championship, signed in July 2008. It also had a 150-year lease on the circuit, with landlord, Wheatcroft & Son Limited, signed in January 2007, which also hosts the likes of pop concerts, corporate days and markets as well as motor sport.
Work has already begun to develop the circuit to Formula One Grand Prix standard.
Mr Price said: "This need not be the end of Formula One racing at Donington.
"We are certainly hopeful that a 2011 Grand Prix could take place at the site. "We are looking for a purchaser for the business and the potential opportunity to bring Formula One to this part of the Midlands by funding the work that needs to be carried out to the circuit.
"It still remains a fantastic location – next to an airport and main motorway connections.
"It needs people of vision to get the dream to the starting grid and we would be very interested in talking to interested parties."
Mr Price said Begbies Traynor was still assessing how much was owed to creditors.
About the author
John Kelly
John has specialised in Corporate Recovery, Restructuring and Insolvency since 1977 and has accumulated an extensive experience in a wide range of sectors mainly in the East and West Midlands. A former partner in Ernst & Young and Kroll, John joined Begbies Traynor in 2004. He has gained a reputation for dealing with the more challenging cases for lending institutions whether it is for a recovery or restructuring assignments.
John is a past president of Birmingham and West Midlands Society of Chartered Accountants.


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Performed by Garrison Keillor and an ensemble castLutherans have given us hotdish, church ladies, self-effacement, and solid advice ("Watch your manners, make yourself useful, and mind your own business"). Now they've given us a new Prairie Home Companion collection. Well, it could be worse.
And much more. So sit quietly, moderate your laughter, and don't draw attention to yourself as you visit Land of the Lutherans.
I'm a Lutheran
Lutheran Tours: Vacation Guilt
Potato Salad
Elim Lutheran Anniversary with Philip Brunelle
Iniquity on the Tundra with Charles Keating
LYLE: Lutheran Youth League for Evangelism
St. Patrick's Day
The Story of Bob with Vern Sutton
Church Directory
Guy Noir: New Year's Eve Indiscretion
LOL: Lutherans On Line
Lutheran Polka
Summer Vacation
Flood: Floating Away with Your Pastor
Evelyn Lundquist Counseling Agency (ELCA): Easter Briefing
Church Organist
Format: CD
Publisher: HighBridge Company
Publication date: 09/09/2009
Unabridged, 2.5 hours


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A truck driver with a camera attached to the dashboard of his 18-wheeler, captured a shocking motor home crash in Louisiana this week.
According to the Louisiana State Police, 30-year-old Jonathan Mendel, of Metairie, was driving his semi on Interstate 10 in Ascension Parish on Monday, when his dash camera captured a tire blowout on a passing motor home.
The driver of the motor home, 69-year-old Royce Denmon of Kilgore, Texas, was unable to maintain control of the vehicle as it veered into the center median, where it impacted a cable barrier, police said.
"After impacting the cable barrier, the motor home overturned and slid on its side across both eastbound lanes," state police posted on their Facebook page.
After witnessing the crash, Mendel stopped his truck and called 911. While the motor home and the vehicle it was towing sustained heavy damage, Denmon and his passenger were able to walk away with minor injuries.
State police said the outcome could have been much worse, if the cable barrier system had not been in place to prevent the motor home from veering into oncoming traffic.
"While not designed for heavy articulated vehicles like a motor home, the system was able to redirect a vehicle weighing over 20,000 pounds," state police said.
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July 11, 2011
STATE OF NEW JERSEY, PLAINTIFF-RESPONDENT,v.ERNEST PANNELL, DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.
On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Essex County, Indictment No. 05-01-0007.
Submitted February 15, 2011
Before Judges Graves and Messano.
Defendant Ernest Pannell was charged in a three-count indictment with third-degree possession of a controlled dangerous substance (cocaine), N.J.S.A. 2C:35-10(a)(1) (count one); third-degree possession of cocaine with intent to distribute, N.J.S.A. 2C:35-5(a)(1) and (b)(3) (count two); and third-degree possession of cocaine with intent to distribute within a school zone, N.J.S.A. 2C:35-7 (count three). Following a jury trial, defendant was acquitted of count three but convicted of counts one and two.
At sentencing on August 15, 2005, the trial court granted the State's motion to impose an extended term of imprisonment under N.J.S.A. 2C:43-6(f) because defendant was "a repeat drug offender." After merging count one with count two, the court sentenced defendant to an eight-year prison term with four years of parole ineligibility. Appropriate statutory penalties and assessments were also imposed.
On appeal, defendant presents the following arguments:
DEFENDANT'S CONVICTIONS MUST BE REVERSED BECAUSE DETECTIVE BROWN OFFERED EXPERT OPINION TESTIMONY WITHOUT BEING QUALIFIED AS AN EXPERT; THE ASSISTANT PROSECUTOR IMPROPERLY RELIED UPON THIS "EXPERT" TESTIMONY IN SUMMATION; AND THE COURT FAILED TO GIVE ANY CAUTIONARY JURY INSTRUCTION ON THIS TESTIMONY. (Not Raised Below).
DETECTIVE BROWN'S TESTIMONY, WHEREIN HE INDICATED THAT HIS NARCOTICS ENFORCEMENT TACTICAL TEAM FOCUSED ON APPREHENDING INDIVIDUALS USING TAXICABS TO TRANSPORT ILLEGAL NARCOTICS, WAS TOTALLY IRRELEVANT AND HIGHLY PREJUDICIAL, SUCH THAT IT DENIED DEFENDANT HIS RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL. (Not Raised Below).
PROSECUTORIAL MISCONDUCT DEPRIVED DEFENDANT OF HIS RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL. (Not Raised Below).
We have considered these contentions in light of the record and applicable law, and we affirm.
The facts are not complicated. During defendant's trial, the State presented testimony from two members of the Newark Narcotics Enforcement Team (the team). Officer Lee Brown testified he was a member of the Newark Police Department for eight years and during that time, he had made "[m]ore than a thousand" controlled dangerous substance arrests. Officer Samantha Robinson was a seven-year veteran of the police department, and she testified that she had made "[h]undreds" of controlled dangerous substance arrests.
On the morning of September 28, 2004, the two officers were in plain clothes in an unmarked vehicle along with two other undercover officers. Detective Lima*fn1 was driving the unmarked police vehicle, Robinson was seated in the rear seat, and Brown was a front-seat passenger. Brown testified that the team was specifically focusing on taxicabs and busses because it was "making a lot of arrests with the ATTF, Auto Theft Task Force, with narcotics in vehicles."
At approximately 10:00 a.m. that morning, Brown observed that a taxicab had stopped at the corner of Seventh Street and Fourteenth Avenue and that a passenger, subsequently identified as defendant, was speaking to another individual standing on the curb. As the unmarked police vehicle approached, the individual standing on the curb "backed away," defendant "slouched down" in the back seat of the cab, and the taxicab "took off at a high rate of speed." In response, the police activated their lights and sirens and pursued the vehicle, which pulled over four blocks later.
Officer Robinson and another member of the team then walked to the front of the taxicab to speak with the driver, while Officers Lima and Brown "approached the rear of the vehicle." As Robinson was talking with the driver, Brown testified he was "looking in the back seat of the vehicle" and saw defendant drop a small plastic bag on the floor. The plastic bag contained twenty-six "little Ziplock bags," which contained cocaine. Defendant was then arrested and searched, and the police recovered $3005 in cash. Defendant told the police that he was going to court "to pay his fines."
Defendant did not testify at trial, but the taxicab driver, John Montflery, testified on defendant's behalf. Montflery said he was driving defendant to the Newark Municipal Courthouse on Green Street when he was stopped by the police. Montflery also testified that he was not issued a ticket for speeding or careless driving, and he denied that defendant ever spoke to anyone standing outside the taxi.
During his summation, defendant's attorney argued that the taxicab driver was "the most credible" witness and that the testimony of the State's witnesses was "incredible, outrageous and unthinkable." He also told the jury that the police officers "lied to you. They absolutely lied to you."
In his first point, defendant argues that his convictions must be reversed because Brown, a lay witness, "offered his opinion about the packaging of drugs for sale," and the prosecutor improperly relied upon the testimony to argue there was "no doubt that [the drugs received from the taxicab] were packaged for distribution."
Specifically, defendant challenges the following testimony by Officer Brown:
[PROSECUTOR]: You said that . . . you've seen these kinds of bags before packaged with these little cookies*fn2 before, correct?
[OFFICER BROWN]: Yes. [PROSECUTOR]: And why are they packaged this way?
[OFFICER BROWN]: They're sold individually at street cost and this . . . is what they use . . . because they're so small, they put so many of them in a bag. Like usually 30 to a bag.
[PROSECUTOR]: And they're sold out of the bigger bag?
[OFFICER BROWN]: Yes.
According to defendant, this testimony by Brown was inadmissible because he was not qualified as an expert witness under N.J.R.E. 702. In response, the State contends that Brown's testimony was permissible lay opinion testimony pursuant to N.J.R.E. 701. In addition, the State argues that even if the testimony was improper, it was not sufficiently prejudicial to require a new trial.
We agree with defendant that Brown's testimony regarding the packaging of drugs for sale was inadmissible because he was not qualified as an expert witness. See State v. McLean, 205 N.J. 438, 461 (2011) (noting that experts with appropriate qualifications "may explain the significance of quantities of narcotics or its distinctive packaging which are matters that would not otherwise be known by an average juror") (citing State v. Odom, 116 N.J. 65, 76 (1989)).
Nevertheless, because there was no objection to Brown's testimony, we infer that defense counsel did not consider the testimony to be significant in the context of the trial. State v. Macon, 57 N.J. 325, 333 (1971). In addition, the State presented eyewitness testimony that defendant dropped the drugs on the floor of the taxicab; the "little Ziplock bags," which were identified as "twenty-six bags of cocaine" were admitted into evidence during the trial; and, when defendant was searched, the police found $3005 in cash. Thus, the State presented substantial evidence to establish defendant's guilt, and the defense was that the police officers had fabricated their testimony. Under these circumstances, we conclude that the improper testimony by Brown was not "clearly capable of producing an unjust result." R. 2:10-2.
Additionally, defendant claims that he did not receive a fair trial because Brown's testimony that the team was targeting taxicabs was irrelevant, and it created an unfair inference that defendant was a drug dealer. In response, the State argues that Brown's testimony was relevant to explain why Brown initially noticed the taxicab and to show that "Officer Brown was not acting in an arbitrary manner."
Defendant's argument cannot be viewed in a vacuum. In his opening statement, defense counsel told the jury that Officer Brown would testify "that he found the drugs at the feet of my client in the taxicab," and that Brown's testimony would be "incredible, outrageous, and unthinkable." Moreover, in his summation, defense counsel argued that there was no valid reason for the police to stop the taxicab: "[Defendant] has the right to be in a taxicab without having the taxicab stop[ped] for no reason. There [was] no reason, ladies and gentlemen, the police could not [articulate] one reason." Thus, the challenged testimony was relevant to explain why Brown initiated the motor vehicle stop, and we find no plain error. State v. Bankston, 63 N.J. 263, 268 (1973) (noting that when a police officer approaches a suspect based upon information received, such testimony is admissible "to show that the officer was not acting in an arbitrary manner or to explain his subsequent conduct").
In his final point, defendant argues that he is entitled to a new trial because the prosecutor improperly vouched for the credibility of the State's witnesses. This argument is clearly without merit. R. 2:11-3(e)(2). The prosecutor's summation was an appropriate response to defense counsel's attack on the officer's credibility. State v. Murray, 338 N.J. Super. 80, 88 (App. Div.), certif. denied, 169 N.J. 608 (2001).
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Representative/Community Counselor for International Au Pairs in Ephraim, Utah!
- Ephraim, UT, US
Volunteer Opportunity posted by EurAupair Intercultural Child Care Programs on June 22, 2016
Join EurAupair today and make a difference! By taking the time to help an international young person, you will know that you're doing your part to help achieve a more peaceful world. Email Area Coordinator Sarah at firstname.lastname@example.com or apply online at https:www.euraupair.com/counselors/ for information on how you can become a EurAupair Community Counselor today!
As a trained EurAupair Community Counselor, you'll receive on-going support from your EurAupair Area Coordinator and Regional Director as you take on a variety of challenging roles! Not only will you help young people from around the world, you will also get to know better the families in your own area. In addition, you will expand your circle of community contacts by establishing relationships with local business, civic groups, clubs and other organizations as you promote awareness of the EurAupair Program in your area.
This is a paid volunteer position and is part-time! You will meet with the au pairs once a month for the monthly meetings and contact the host family once a month.
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Duration:3 months or longer
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Schedule:Flexible schedule
Extra details:Stipend provided


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Quick Look
Property brokered by
Get more listing details on brokerage site
Presented By:
Judith Tracy
(800) 210-0321
Email Agent
Judith Tracy
(800) 210-0321
Email Agent
Property DetailsWOW! This beautiful 5-bdrm home in Wesley Chapel is move-in ready. The 2-story foyer opens to a dble staircase w/bridge that overlooks 2 story great room. Brazilian cherry hardwoods highlight the main living area. The lg ktchn has lg island & brkfst area w/ huge dome window looking out to private fenced backyard. The lg mstr bdrm has a tray ceiling w/dble closets leading to a lg mstr bath. 1st floor has ofc w/ French doors, guest bdrm opens to oversize deck, also a laundry room and large pantry.
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Additional Property InformationThis single family listing located at 6314 Pumpernickel Lane, Monroe, NC offers five bedrooms and three bathrooms. A 2 story, transitiona style property, it is presently offered for $364,000.
Features include attic stairs pulldown, gardentub, deck, fenced yard.
This property is listed by Judith Tracy of Allen Tate Company - Charlotte headquartered in North Carolina.


text: Seattle Sounders vs LA Galaxy Live Score MLS 2016 Live Streaming LAG v SS Match Preview Prediction 9th July: Seattle Sounders hosts LA Galaxy at the CenturyLink Fields in Seattle for the 17th match day of the Major League Soccer. (Watch: Philadelphia Union vs DC United Live Score.) Seattle Sounders are ninth on the table in West group with 17 points in the 16 games they have … [Read more...]


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Sponsored by Hy-Vee Columbia. If you're a mid-Missouri local, this post is for you. Maybe you heard that two of the Hy-Vee stores in Columbia have now opened a restaurant called Market Grille. And, maybe like me, you were skeptical when you first heard it. A restaurant in a grocery store? Really? Why would I go …Read More
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Hi-Tec St Moritz 200 Snow Boots
As I started up the car this morning, it chirped up a large red snowflake and announced that it was -5C, which went some way to explain why it was so hard to scrape the windows and why my fingers felt like mini milks.
I had a morning of working on a charity stall ahead and wasn't looking forward to standing on cold concrete, with the chill coming up through my feet for the next 4 hours. So I turned to the Hi-Tec St. Moritz Snow Boots, which are a great-looking and chunky pair of suede boots designed for cold, snowy weather.
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Technically, this isn't actually a "royal" wedding, since neither the bride nor the groom are in fact actually royals themselves...although the bride is a royal-in-law, so...
Anyway! Pippa Middleton has set the date for her nuptials to hedge-fund guy James Mathews, so save the date for May 20, 2017 royal-watchers. (PS They couple has actually sent out the save the dates already so if you haven't gotten yours yet...tough luck old chum).
The big event is happening in Berkshire, England, and here's the best part (other than whether Harry will bring Meg as his date): George and Charlotte are in the bridal party! Prince G will be a page boy and the little princess will be a flower girl. Kate's not a bridesmaid, but she apparently will be doing a reading at some point in the ceremony.
Source: Getty Images
Major spoilers ahead.
The most important order of business at ELLE Canada on a Monday morning? Talking about the Gilmore Girls revival—over coffee, of course. Watch editors Sarah Laing, Carli Whitwell and Liz Guber offer their thoughts on the food, the cameos and THAT ending.
Source: Getty
Is it warm in here?
World, meet your new favourite song. Yesterday, Taylor Swift and Zayn Malik dropped their surprise track "I Don't Wanna Live Fovever," from the 50 Shades Darker soundtrack. Swift teased the track on Instagram.
In celebration, Malik posted an adorable photo of Swift and her cat because obviously in addition to being collaborators, they are also best friends.
And ICYMI, click here for the super NSFW 50 Shades Darker trailer.
There are two types of people in the world: Those who can watch this 50 Shades Darker trailer with a straight face, and those who can't.
With no judgement either way, here's the brand new teaser for Jamie Dornan and Dakota Johnson's second round as Christian Grey and Anastasia Steele, featuring masquerade costumes, helicopters, and approximately one shirtless Jamie Dornan per second. As you might expect from an R-rated film things get NSFW pretty quickly, FYI.
50 Shades Darker hits theatres Valentine's Day 2017.


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Sci fi/Fantasy image byQuinton Alexander
This Melissa another character from Federation X. She is a postitute who becomes Q's love interest in the series. She somehow has the ability to unlock certain memories from Q's past. Specifically of a lover in his previous existence.
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A/B testing at King
I gave a lightning talk at tonight's Lean Tribe Gathering in Stockholm about A/B testing at King, how we develop games, features and decide which improvements to make. Here are my slides and notes from the presentation. Building games at King we face challenges similar to most organizations: What should we build? How to build read more


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Udayan Shalini Fellowship Programme (USF)
Through monetary and mentoring support, girls from weaker sections of society are able to continue higher education. Since its inception in 2002, USF has supported 2678 girls. Today, we are proud that our girls, whom we call Shalinis, are pursuing fields like Engineering, Medicine, CA, Computer Sc, among others. Some of the unique features of USF are mentoring and regular motivational workshops to create a force of sensitive, trained and enlightened citizens. To become socially aware as well as socially responsible, they fulfill 50 hours of mandatory social work. USF is currently present in 9 cities in India.
Udayan Shalini Fellowships is for girls from weak socio economic backgrounds. However the Eligibility Requirements are as follows:
Due to the economic and social background the beneficiaries are able to avail limited opportunities and barely manage to finish their schooling before being forced to drop out to get married. The girls however, are ambitious, and due to the exposure around them are aware of the prospects they may venture into if well educated. As daughters of clerks, watchmen, drivers, shopkeepers they have been subjected to various monetary strains of the family. The family income of most of the households is between Rs. 2000 to 8000 monthly and the fellows face numerous societal challenges to break away from the conventional custom of survival. Such monetary strains and orthodox thinking induces a girl to drop out and give up on her education.
The USF Residential Camp 2013 was held at the Udayan Ghar in Greater Noida.The camp saw the participation of 27 fellows comprising of a heterogeneous group of school and college going fellows. This year's camp was centered on the theme of "LEADERSHIP & PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT".
The theme of the workshop was chosen with the specific purpose of inculcating a sense of leadership amongst the Shalinis and providing them with the necessary exposure to develop themselves into strong personalities.
Please let us know your feedback! Please visit our website to know more about the programmes at www.udayancare.org. Please write to email@example.com if you have any question related to this projcet, Will be happy to answer them.
Project Reports on GlobalGiving are posted directly to globalgiving.org by Project Leaders as they are completed, generally every 3-4 months. To protect the integrity of these documents, GlobalGiving does not alter them; therefore you may find some language or formatting issues.
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Hi-hubby & I are taking an anniversary trip to San Francisco next week & decided we would like to spend the last weekend(Easter)before flying out on Tuesday in the Guerneville area. We are about to book a reservation at the Sonoma Orchid Inn(anyone stayed at this Inn before?)and could use some advice on how to plan our days. One day we woudl like to do the coast-maybe Jenner, up to Fort Ross & a little beyond if we have time. Another day we would like to visit Armstrong Redwoods, check out the town of Guerneville, Korbel Winery, maybe Healdsburg or Sonoma. Can't decide. We are not huge wine drinkers but are interested in visiting maybe one winery, besides Korbel, but mainly want to just get out & see the countryside, take photographs, have a picnic lunch somewhere and at a leisurely pace. I would really appreciate it if someone could help me route out a basic itinerary for our two full days. Also, does anyone happen to know if restaurants, etc. will be open on Easter Sunday in this area? Thanks in advance for any help!
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Guerneville Weekend Stay-Advice on Making the Most of Our Time
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You could head up to Healdsburg via Westside Road. This is off of the River Road along the Russian River. You can go all the way into Healdsburg or continue up to Lambert Bridge Road in the Dry Creek Valley.
Lots of options. Sorry I can't help with restaurants.
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It's such a big weekend getaway area for the Bay Area that I'm sure many, if not most, businesses will be open. If you think you'd like a reservation for Easter dinner I suggest you ask your hosts to make recommendations.
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If you want both a nice drive and a very photogenic winery, take the Westside Road up to Healdsburg and then the Dry Creek Road north to teh Ferrai Carano Winery. Beautiful gardens, decent wines and an interesting place to visit.
The Dry Creek Store along the road is also worth a stop.
Another that, at last in my opinion, has better scenery than wine, the Francis Ford Copola place just off the 101 north of Healdsburg.
A couple of restaurant ideas, but asking your hosts is likely a very good idea
"Zin" and Dry Creek Kitchen in Healdsburg.
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I think you have the right ideas. Since you only have a weekend, I think the coast (a drive can last the whole day) then Armstrong Woods and a few wineries will be plenty.
You will then see the rest the next time you visit.
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Thanks to those of you who took time to answer!
@boom_boom, appreciate the great suggestions. That's exactly what I was looking for. The Ferrari-Carano Winery looks beautiful-hope we can fit that in. A friend suggested Chateau Montelana & Castello di Amorosa for the photo ops mainly. Wish we had more time! But as Austin said, we will have more to come back for!!
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I just came back from Healdsburg today.
In the Guerneville area, other wineries that will be open are De Loach, Hook and Ladder, Martin Ray and Sonoma-Cutrer.
Sonoma-Cutrer is the best of these wineries. They make Chardonnay and Pinot Noir. Their Chardonnay is superb and not inexpensive. Best to call ahead for an appointment. 707-237-3789.
Just South of Guerneville is the funky town of Occidental. There is an excellent restaurant there, Bistro des Copains. http://www.bistrodescopains.com/site/home
This restaurant would make a great anniversary place for dinner.
Korbel has a deli onsite.
Having lived in the area for many years, there almost no drive that isn't scenic.
Zin restaurant in Healdsburg might be good, but for this week's restaurant week, their $29 prix fixe menu had their interpretation of Pork and Beans as the main course. I passed.
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Thanks Rasta! The Bistro sounds like the perfect place for our anniversary dinner out-their menu sounds amazing!
Can't blame you for passing on the "pork & beans". Born & raised in the Southeast, I grew up on that dish but haven't touched it since leaving home at 18!! I will look at their menu though. Appreciate all of your suggestions!
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If Zagat means anything to you, they rate 3 items, food, decor and service. The theoretical high score is 30 for each, but I've never seen a restaurant over 29.
Bistro des Copain is food = 27, decor = 21, service = 25.
That score rates is almoost at the top of Bay Area restaurants, including San Francisco.
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Second the Bistro. Had dinner there a year ago and it was a great experience all the way around.
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I recently dined at the Girl and the Fig in Sonoma- I thought it was very good and gets good reviews.
Its not a quiet date night kind of place though- was packed with people.
I would love to have spent more time in Healdsburg- only had a lunch and then had to move on.
It looks like a very cute little town-
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Thanks for all of the ideas! I think we'll have a great anniversary trip thanks in part to all of the help from this forum.
Rasta-got our dinner reservation made at Bistro des Copains! So looking forward to it & thanks again for the idea.
sunbum-I keep reading about the Girl & The Fig. Hope we can work that into our schedule somehow too.
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We also drove over to Bodega Bay and stopped at a great bakery on the way - it is just at a junction - couple of buildings there and bakery is packed-
The cinnamon rolls are worth the drive
Lots to see and do in the area -
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Sims Wikia- my first day
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Hi everyone!
I am Megustaa, aka, Prishaa yarthini. I am an 11 year old kid living I'm singapore..
My days in sims wikia are precious, coz I love the sims, I got the sims by my father, who introduced me to the sims 2 PSP I really loved that game.. I am currently having the sims 2 deluxe and double deluxe, the sims 3 base game and the sims 3 supernatural... I hope to get seasons ASAP..
It was great blogging on my first day...check out my blog on google, just type this website or click the website habpluslover.blogspot.com.
Write me a fan mail to my google email address email@example.com
Thanks for listening, Megustaa aka Prishaa