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April 5, 1996
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Illinois. No. 94 CR 40037--J. Phil Gilbert, Chief Judge.
Before CUMMINGS, ROVNER, and DIANE P. WOOD, Circuit Judges.
A jury convicted Charles Howard and Darren Green of distributing eight-tenths of a gram of crack cocaine to Eddie Lee Brown, a government informant, in violation of 21 U.S.C. sec. 841(a)(1) and 18 U.S.C. sec. 2. The conversations surrounding the defendants' procurement of the cocaine for Brown were covertly recorded and transcribed. Howard and Green contend that the transcript was riddled with inaccuracies and should not have been introduced at trial. Howard also challenges the district court's refusal to comply with the jury's request during deliberations for the transcript of a key witness' testimony and the sufficiency of the evidence against him. Green challenges the quantities of cocaine attributed to other transactions treated as relevant conduct for sentencing purposes. We affirm the convictions of both defendants, but vacate Green's sentence and remand for reconsideration of the drug quantities attributed to him.
In July or August of 1993, Eddie Lee Brown informed Carbondale police officer Chuck Shiplett (on assignment to the Southern Illinois Enforcement Group, a narcotics task force comprised of federal, state, and local law enforcement officials) that he could purchase crack cocaine from Darren Green. Brown himself had used crack cocaine, and had purchased small amounts of the drug from Green on twenty to thirty occasions. Green had told Brown that he obtained the cocaine from Charles Howard. Law enforcement officials agreed to have Brown attempt to make a purchase from Green and Howard.
In the early evening of August 31, agents dropped Brown near a group of housing projects in Carbondale known as the Elm Street projects, where Brown's aunt Willabelle Brown lived. Previously the agents had frisked him to make sure he had no drugs on his person and supplied him with $120 to purchase the crack. Brown proceeded to his aunt's residence and there met Darren Green and his uncle Donald Green. Donald Green then drove them all to the Carbondale Mobile Home Park, where Howard had a trailer. En route to the trailer, Brown gave Darren Green the purchase money; Donald Green gave him another $40 for a smaller purchase of his own. When they arrived, Green got out of the car alone and met briefly with Howard outside of Howard's trailer. Brown later testified that he saw Green hand Howard the purchase money. Green then returned to his companions, telling them that he had given Howard the money and that Howard had said he would have "your all shit" in twenty minutes. Aug. 31 Tr. 13. A moment later Green spotted an acquaintance, Melvin Foster, who invited them all to wait in his own trailer, not far from Howard's. They accepted the invitation. Eventually, Green left Foster's trailer and again met with Howard alone. When he returned, he delivered what was purported to be a "sixteenth" of crack cocaine (one-sixteenth of an ounce) to Brown and two "twenties" (small, $20 "rocks" of crack cocaine) to Donald Green. The others proceeded to smoke some of the crack Green had procured for Donald, but Brown abstained. With encouragement from Foster, however, Darren Green repeatedly urged Brown to share with them a portion of the cocaine he had purchased; Brown refused. An unhappy Darren Green and his uncle drove Brown back to his aunt's home. Brown proceeded immediately to the authorities and turned over the drug; he was again searched to ensure that he had not retained any of the narcotic or the purchase money for himself. Tests confirmed that the substance Brown had produced was 0.8 grams of cocaine base.
Brown testified at the defendants' trial, so the jury had the benefit of his first-hand account of the transaction. Brown was wearing a microcassette recorder and two transmitters throughout the transaction, and the resulting tape recording documented Brown's conversations that evening with Darren and Donald Green. Thus, Brown is heard counting out the purchase money to Green during the drive to the trailer, and Green is heard, following his first meeting with Howard, telling Brown and Donald Green that Howard would have the cocaine in twenty minutes. He is also heard in the course of the ensuing wait in Foster's trailer discussing his history of trafficking in narcotics with Howard.
In addition to this evidence, the jury heard the testimony of Carbondale police officer Scott Miller, who was one of six or seven people who conducted surveillance of the transaction. Miller observed Brown and the Greens arrive at the mobile home park and then saw Darren Green meet with Howard. He watched as Brown and the Greens retired to Foster's trailer, and later noticed Darren Green leave and return to Howard's trailer. Howard met Green at the door of the trailer and then the two met alone inside of a vehicle in which two women had recently arrived to visit Howard.
Clinton Wooley, a user of crack cocaine, testified that he had purchased the drug from Charles Howard on a number of occasions. He had also purchased crack from Darren Green on approximately five occasions. Like Brown, Wooley recalled Green saying that he obtained the cocaine from Howard.
Finally, Melvin Foster testified that when Brown and the Greens had visited his trailer on the day of the transaction, all of them had immediately begun smoking crack cocaine that Brown had brought with him. Foster insisted that he had not seen anything change hands between Darren Green and Brown. *fn1
A. The Transcript
The conversations recorded on August 31, 1993 by virtue of the microphone hidden on Brown's person are, like so many covertly recorded dialogues, difficult to make out at times. The original transcript produced by the government to the defendants is thus rife with "inaudibles" and unidentified speakers. However, two weeks in advance of trial, the government produced a revised transcript in which much of the dialogue is clarified and the speakers are in most instances identified. The government reported that it had taken the prosecution team four twelve-hour days to make the corrections. Motion Hrg. Tr. 18. Both defendants sought in limine to exclude the revised transcript from trial, arguing principally that the tape recording itself was so garbled that use of the transcript would unduly invade the jury's factfinding province and prejudice the defendants. The defendants themselves never submitted a transcript of their own.
At the start of trial, Judge Gilbert heard the defendants' objections to the transcript and subsequently reviewed the tape and transcript himself during a break in the proceedings. After listening to portions of the tape, Judge Gilbert agreed that the conversations were difficult to follow, but saw nothing in the revised transcript that he could discern to be "clearly inaccurate or a fabrication." Motion Hrg. Tr. 32. Finding that the transcript would aid the jury (id. at 33), he overruled the defendants' objections and permitted the government to provide copies of the transcript to the jurors when the tape was played. He did, however, admonish the jury that the tape recording itself was the evidence of the conversations, not the transcript. Tr. 95.
Green argues on appeal that the audio tape was so difficult to comprehend that the defense could neither be expected to stipulate to the accuracy of the government's transcript nor prepare an alternate version. Nor could the jury, he reasons, be expected to decipher the tape and make an independent assessment of the transcript's accuracy. Green also points out that the government never presented any evidence as to how the identity of the speakers was determined for purposes of the transcript. Under these circumstances, he argues, the district court erred in permitting the jury to see the transcript. Although, as we have noted, Judge Gilbert did deliver cautionary instructions about the limited purpose of the transcript, his failure to do so "consistently," in Green's view, "compounded the harm" to him. Green Br. 18.
Howard argues more broadly that in the absence of a stipulation to the accuracy of the transcript or the submission by the defense of an alternate version, the district court may not, when the defense has objected to the accuracy of the government's version, permit the jury to see that version. In this case, Howard objected to several passages of the transcript in which his name is mentioned. Where, as here, the tape recording is lengthy and in many instances difficult to hear, Howard reasons, it is unrealistic to expect that the jury will merely use the transcript as an "aid" in determining whether it really was his name that was mentioned and what else the speakers actually said. Pragmatically speaking, he argues, the jury will simply yield its fact-finding function to the government and accept the representations of the transcript.
The district court enjoys broad discretion in determining whether to permit the use of written transcripts as an aid to the jury in listening to recorded conversations. E.g., United States v. Durman, 30 F.3d 803, 811 (7th Cir. 1994), cert. denied sub nom. Castellanos v. United States, 115 S. Ct. 921 (1995); United States v. Doerr, 886 F.2d 944, 966 (7th Cir. 1989). Conversations recorded covertly are often challenging to follow. In part this is due to the technological limitations of surveillance equipment. But there are other reasons for the difficulty that are inherent in human discourse. People unaware that their words are being recorded for posterity do not take care with their diction, mumble at times, and often speak over one another. Listening to these conversations, it is sometimes difficult to keep up not only with what is being said but who is saying it. When more than two speakers are involved, as is the case here, the challenge to the listener is all the greater. Written transcripts thus play a useful role in helping listeners to keep pace with the conversation when the tape is played at trial (when jurors do not have the opportunity to pause and replay the tape at will), to get an overall sense of the conversation, and to identify the critical portions of the tape.
In this case, Judge Gilbert listened to "quite a bit" of the tape recording and found that "[i]t is one of the more difficult tapes in following it because of everybody speaking at the same time . . . ." Motion Hrg. Tr. 32. The jurors, he predicted would "have to be on their toes listening to everything at the same time." Id. at 33. "I dare say that my snap, crackle and pop court reporter would never be able to take all that down with everybody talking at the same time." Id. He therefore found it appropriate to permit the government to provide jurors with the revised transcript to use as an aid. We see no abuse of discretion in this assessment. The conversations that took place in Donald Green's automobile and in Foster's trailer at times involved up to five speakers, and our own review of the tape recording leads us to agree with Judge Gilbert that the jury would have had a difficult time keeping up with these conversations without the transcript.
Of course, as the defendants have aptly pointed out, the danger in using a written transcript is that the jury ultimately will ignore the real evidence of who said what--the tape itself--and rely solely on the transcript. When the tape is particularly difficult to decipher, this danger is perhaps most acute. The district court thus bears an obligation to make sure in the first instance that the tape recording is, within reason, intelligible. See United States v. Vega, 72 F.3d 507, 513 (7th Cir. 1995) ("the trustworthiness of a recording is left to the discretion of the district court") (citing Durman, 30 F.3d at 811), petition for cert. filed (Mar. 11, 1996) (No. 95-8299). A tape that is partially unintelligible may still be admitted unless the incomprehensible portions are so significant as to render the tape as a whole unreliable. United States v. Robinson, 956 F.2d 1388, 1395 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 506 U.S. 1020, 113 S. Ct. 654 (1992). But "[t]he inaudibility of a portion of a tape, which is generally audible, is relevant only to its weight, a jury question, not its admissibility." Id.
Although in this case, Judge Gilbert did not review the entire tape, he listened to significant portions, focusing particularly on passages where the government's revised transcript indicated that Howard's name ("Chuck") was spoken and where Howard's counsel insisted she could not hear it. Having done so, Judge Gilbert was satisfied that the tape, although difficult to decipher, was not unintelligible. Given that the matter was not brought to him until the trial was already underway, he was obligated to do no more. Having listened to the tape ourselves, we too are satisfied that the tape was not so unintelligible that a jury could not reasonably be expected to rely on it, rather than a written transcript, as the evidence of the recorded conversations.
Which brings us to the government's transcript. When objections are raised to the accuracy of any transcript that is to be supplied to the jury, the preferred procedure is for the judge to conduct a hearing and assess the accuracy of the transcript. United States v. Allen, 798 F.2d 985, 1003 (7th Cir. 1986). *fn2 But beyond making sure that the transcript is reasonably accurate, it is not the district court's job to resolve every dispute as to who said what on the tape. Rather, as we explained in United States v. Zambrana, 841 F.2d 1320 (7th Cir. 1988):
Initially, the district court and the parties should make an effort to produce an "official" or "stipulated" transcript, one which satisfies all sides. If such an "official" transcript cannot be produced, then each side should produce its own version of the disputed portions. In addition, each side may put on evidence supporting the accuracy of its version or challenging the accuracy of the other side's version.
Id. at 1336 (quoting United States v. Llinas, 603 F.2d 506, 509 (5th Cir. 1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1079, 100 S. Ct. 1030 (1980)). The transcripts with which we were concerned in Zambrana were English translations of recorded conversations spoken in Spanish. But its mandate applies here as well. See Robinson, 956 F.2d at 1395.
In this case, the parties did not stipulate to the accuracy of the government's revised transcript and neither defendant offered an alternate version as to any portion he disputed. We should note that Howard did propose to submit as his own version the government's first draft of the transcript, which he viewed as more favorable to him, but in view of the fact that this was merely the government's own preliminary transcript, it was within the district court's discretion to exclude it. Motion Hrg. Tr. 27. Green, on the other hand, suggests that it is unreasonable to expect him to have either stipulated to the accuracy of the revised transcript or prepared an alternate, given that the government's revisions were tendered to the defense only two weeks before trial. But taking into consideration the fact that the tape recording itself was but one hour long and had long been available to the defense, we do not think it unreasonable to expect the defendants to prepare any alternate within that time. See Zambrana, 841 F.2d at 1335. Most tellingly, neither defendant sought more time in which to prepare such an alternate.
Under these circumstances, we find no abuse of discretion in the district court's decision to permit the government to use its transcript at trial. Having heard the defendants' objections to the accuracy and reliability of the transcript, the district court had itself reviewed portions of the tape and compared it with the written transcript. The court found that "the government's second version is as accurate as a [transcript] can be knowing that there may be some interpretation between the tape and what's on the transcription, but that's what the cautionary instruction is for. And I do not see anything that the government has included in their second version of the transcription that is clearly inaccurate or a fabrication . . . ." Motion Hrg. Tr. 32. Again, having reviewed the tape ourselves, we are satisfied that the revised transcript was sufficiently faithful to the tape that it could be tendered to the jury as an aid. The defendants were free to challenge the accuracy of that transcript before the jury as we indicated in Zambrana and as the district court itself apprised the defense here. Motion Hrg. Tr. 33. Indeed, it is worth noting that despite their complaints about the accuracy of the transcript, the defendants have not singled out any portion of that transcript on appeal that they believe to be inaccurate.
As should now be clear, we reject the defendants' contention that the tape was so difficult to hear that, in the face of defense objections, the transcript should have been excluded lest the jury rely on the transcript as the real evidence. The jury was given ample guidance as to the nature of the transcript. Before the tape was played for the jury, Judge Gilbert carefully explained to the jurors that the transcript was merely the government's representation of what was said on the tape, that it was being provided to them merely as an aid to assist them in listening to the tape, that they should listen carefully to the tape, that the tape rather than the transcript was the evidence, and that if their understanding of the tape diverged from the transcript, their own interpretation of the tape was controlling. Tr. 95. The judge repeated this admonishment in his final charge to the jury. R. 39 (Court's Jury Instr. No. 11). The tape was by no means so difficult to hear that the jury could not comply with this instruction, and we presume that it did. See generally, e.g., United States v. Butler, 71 F.3d 243, 252 (7th Cir. 1995); United States v. Mohammad, 53 F.3d 1426, 1433 (7th Cir. 1995). Green's suggestion that the court did not admonish the jury "consistently" enough on this subject is frivolous. At the outset of the trial, the court recited to counsel the instruction it would give (Motion Hrg. Tr. 28-29), and the record reflects no request by any party that he instruct the jury differently or more often that he did. *fn3 Any error in this context would have to be plain for us to recognize it (see generally United States v. Kellum, 42 F.3d 1087, 1092 (7th Cir. 1994)), and there was no plain error here.
We are troubled by one aspect of the transcript. Because among the various participants in the conversations recorded on the tape, only Brown and Foster testified, the jury did not have an evidentiary basis from which it could independently determine the identity of any speaker other than these two individuals. Only the transcript, which was not admitted into evidence, provided that information. Brown was not asked to identify particular speakers on the tape, nor was he even asked whether the transcript's representations as to the identity of the speakers was correct. This is a significant omission, and had either defendant objected below to the use of the transcript on this ground, we would consider the issue to be serious. In fact, however, our review of the record reveals that this point was never brought to the district court's attention. *fn4 Short of plain error, therefore, the issue has been waived. Moreover, Green, who has raised this issue on appeal (Howard did not participate in any of the recorded conversations) does not identify any prejudice to him flowing from the lack of evidence on this subject. He does not, for example, claim that a particular remark attributed to him on the transcript was in fact made by someone else. Under these circumstances, we view any error in the use of the transcript, even if plain, to be harmless.
B. Sufficiency of the Evidence Against Howard
Howard was convicted of aiding and abetting Green in the distribution of the cocaine. He contends that the evidence was not sufficient to sustain this charge. He points out that Brown did not see where Green went when he left Foster's trailer to obtain the cocaine. Moreover, none of the surveillance officers who witnessed both of Green's meetings with Howard saw anything change hands on either occasion. Finally, when Green surrendered himself to the police, he identified not Howard but Robert Lewis, who lived in a trailer nearby Howard's, as his sole source of crack cocaine.
We must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the government, of course (e.g., United States v. Brown, 71 F.3d 1352, 1354 (7th Cir. 1995)), and so viewed it is more than enough to sustain Howard's conviction. Whatever Green may have said to the authorities upon his arrest, to his friends he identified Howard as the source of the cocaine. For example, when Brown first met with Green that evening, he explained that he would have to go to Howard to obtain the crack. "Cause Chuck ain't comin back out. He's on house arrest so I got to go out there." Aug. 31 Tr. 3. As Brown drove with the Greens to the mobile home park, Green asked him: "Will you give me the money, so I can give it to Chuck man?" Id. at 5. When they arrived at the park, Green met with Howard in view of Brown as well as the surveillance officers. None of them could hear what the two men said to one another, and Officer Miller conceded it was possible that Howard told Green to obtain the cocaine elsewhere. Tr. 157. And yet Brown saw Green hand the money to Howard (Tr. 88, 112), and when Green returned to the car, he assured Brown that "I gave him ya' all money. He said come back twenty minutes, he have your all shit in twenty, you know Chuck ain't gonna fuck you all, man." Aug. 31 Tr. 13. During their wait for the cocaine, when Brown asked Green how long he had been selling for Howard, Green explained that he had "just started sellin' for Chuck," although together the two "owned" Elm Street, Green working one end and Howard the other. Id. at 30. Finally, when Green left Foster's trailer to pick up the cocaine, it was Howard that he was seen to meet with, not Lewis. Tr. 149-52. Thus, although none of the prosecution's witnesses actually saw Howard hand the cocaine to Green, Green's own words and the balance of the circumstances support the inference that Howard was indeed Green's source. Under these circumstances, the jury could reasonably conclude that Howard aided and abetted Green in the distribution of the cocaine.
C. Jury's Request for a Transcript of Testimony
Shortly after the jury began deliberating, it sent a note to the court requesting a transcript of Officer Miller's testimony. Miller's testimony had not yet been transcribed, and Judge Gilbert did not want to delay the jury's deliberations while a transcript was prepared; he also expressed some concern that providing the jury with a transcript might give undue emphasis to Miller's testimony. "Note from the Jury" Tr. 3-4. *fn5 Over Howard's objection, Judge Gilbert therefore denied the request, explaining to the jury that a transcript was not available and that the jury should rely on its recollection of Miller's testimony. R. 37. Howard contends that the refusal amounted to an abuse of discretion. He emphasizes that Miller was a key witness because only he saw Green visit Howard's trailer to pick up the cocaine. Howard also argues that Miller's testimony "was confusing in nature and in need of review by the jury" because, at the time Miller was cross-examined, the defense was unaware that Miller had prepared a report of his surveillance on August 31st. Thus, although Miller was subjected to lengthy defense cross-examination about what he saw that evening, he was not tested as to the consistency between his report and his testimony at trial. *fn6
It is well settled that the decision whether to comply with the jury's request for the transcript of a witness' testimony is one " 'purely within the trial court's discretion.' " United States v. Guy, 924 F.2d 702, 708 (7th Cir. 1991) (quoting United States v. Keskey, 863 F.2d 474, 476 (7th Cir. 1988)). The trial in this case lasted only two days, and although Howard argues that there may have been some "confusion" as to Miller's testimony, our own review of the record reveals the testimony to be fairly straight-forward. Any questions raised by the late disclosure of Miller's report could, as Howard himself suggests, have been answered by asking that he be recalled to the stand. Howard Br. 12; see n.6. Howard elected not to pursue that course, and we do not see how provision of the transcript would have helped the jury resolve any matters left lingering as a result. Under these circumstances, it was reasonable to expect the jury to rely on its own collective recollection of Miller's testimony. See Guy, 924 F.2d at 708.
D. Drug Amount for Sentencing Purposes
When choosing the base offense level in a narcotics case, the district court must take into consideration not only the drug amounts involved in the offense of conviction, but any "that were part of the same course of conduct or common scheme or plan as the offense of conviction." U.S.S.G. sec. 1B1.3(a)(2) & comment. (n.2); see United States v. Beler, 20 F.3d 1428, 1431 (7th Cir. 1994). The government must establish the drug quantity for which the defendant is to be held accountable by a preponderance of the evidence. Id. Given its factual nature, the district court's calculation of the drug amount is a determination we review only for clear error. Id. We must be satisfied, however, that the calculation is based on reliable evidence; speculation and unfounded allegations will not do. Id. at 1432-33.
At trial, Brown testified that he had begun purchasing cocaine from Green "last year," i.e. the same year as the charged offense. Tr. 70. Brown explained that he became a customer of Green's because, during the summer of 1993, Green spent most of his time at the home of Willabelle Brown, whom Brown visited often. Tr. 70-71. Brown estimated that he had purchased $20 rocks from Green on approximately twenty to thirty occasions, "kind of." Tr. 67, 71. Brown did not indicate just how big a $20 piece of cocaine was, other than to say it was small. Tr. 67. Brown did make clear, however, that these previous purchases were for his own personal use and that he never sold crack cocaine. Id.
Clinton Wooley testified, as we noted earlier, that he had purchased cocaine from Green on at least five occasions during the previous fall and winter (in other words, after the August 31st transaction for which Green and Howard were indicted). Tr. 220, 225. Like Brown, Wooley bought "twenties" from Green, single rocks of cocaine that Wooley described as small. Tr. 220-21.
Based on this testimony, the probation officer made the following finding in her presentence report:
The total amount of cocaine base that is readily attributable to the defendant under the relevant conduct provision of the sentencing guidelines is 0.8 grams (distribution in the indictment), plus 0.5 gram[s] (purchased by Clinton Wooley), plus at least 2 grams (Darren Green's sales to Eddie Lee Brown). The minimum total amount attributable to Darren Green is at least [3.3] grams. Green PSR at 4 para. 9. *fn7
Use of this drug quantity resulted in a base offense level of 22 and a corresponding sentencing range of 41 to 51 months. Green objected to the calculation, contending primarily that any amounts he allegedly sold to Brown and Wooley on occasions other than the one charged in the indictment were too distant in time and location to be considered relevant conduct for purposes of section 1B1.3(a)(2). *fn8 The district court overruled the objection and adopted the probation officer's calculation. Green was sentenced to the maximum term of 51 months.
Green contends on appeal that the evidence does not support the district court's finding that the other sales to Brown and Wooley were part of the same course of conduct or common scheme or plan as the 0.8 gram sale underlying the conviction. *fn9 As he did below, Green argues that these other sales were not sufficiently close to the August 31st sale to be treated as relevant conduct. He adds that the August 31st sale, unlike the other purchases from Green that Brown and Wooley had recounted, was of a resale rather than a personal use quantity. He also attacks the testimony of Brown and Wooley as incredible, noting that both were admitted users of crack and that both were somewhat vague about when, how often, and how much cocaine they had purchased from Green. Finally, he points out that nowhere did either Brown, Wooley, or any other witness estimate, as the probation officer and the district court did, that the $20 rocks these two had purchased from Green weighed at least 0.1 gram apiece.
We find no clear error in the district court's decision to treat the additional sales to Brown and Wooley as relevant conduct for purposes of the guideline. The fact that these other sales took place at the Elm Street projects rather than the Carbondale Mobile Home Park and at times in 1993 other than August does not undermine the court's determination that these sales were part of the same course of dealing. All of the sales took place in the Carbondale area and in the months preceding and following the transaction for which Green was indicted. Green consistently identified Howard as the source of the crack he sold to Brown and Wooley. Green himself is heard to boast on the August 31 tape that he and Howard "owned" Elm Street. The sale that Green helped arrange on that date would thus appear to be part of an ongoing pattern of distributing crack cocaine that he obtained from Howard to residents and visitors of the Elm Street projects. The fact that the August 31st sale took place at the mobile home park is explained, as Green himself pointed out on tape, by the fact of Howard's house arrest as opposed to any break in the defendants' trafficking or their relationships with Brown, Wooley, and their other customers. Finally, the fact that on August 31 Brown purchased a relatively large amount of crack--a quantity large enough for resale--certainly made this transaction unique from Brown's point of view. Brown testified that he previously had bought only smaller quantities consistent with personal use. Tr. 71, 82-83. But there is nothing in the record suggesting that the quantity rendered the transaction unique from Green's point of view; whether Brown was purchasing the crack for his own use or to sell to others was immaterial to Green, who in either instance was paid upfront in cash for the purchase. Compare United States v. Kipp, 10 F.3d 1463, 1465-66 (9th Cir. 1993), with United States v. Snook, 60 F.3d 394, 395-96 (7th Cir. 1995).
Despite our decision that the district court was correct in considering these other sales, the lack of an evidentiary basis from which one can reasonably infer the minimum quantity of cocaine Green distributed to Brown and Wooley on occasions other than that alleged in the indictment persuades us that Green's sentence must be vacated. Estimates of the drug quantities attributable to the defendant are permissible, of course, so long as they are based on evidence possessing sufficient indicia of reliability and not " 'nebulous eyeballing.' " United States v. Henderson, 58 F.3d 1145, 1151 (7th Cir. 1995) (quoting United States v. Mumford, 25 F.3d 461, 467 (7th Cir. 1994)); Beler, 20 F.3d at 1432-33; U.S.S.G. sec. 6A1.3(a). In this case, the probation officer arrived at an estimate of the total quantity of crack Green had distributed to Brown and Wooley by taking their own estimates of the minimum number of times they had purchased crack from Green and multiplying that figure by what she believed to have been the minimum quantity sold on each occasion. Her approach is one that we previously have deemed acceptable. E.g., United States v. Clay, 37 F.3d 338, 344 (7th Cir. 1994); Beler, 20 F.3d at 1434. The problem here lies in the fact that although Brown and Wooley each testified that they typically purchased $20 rocks from Green, neither revealed just how much such a rock typically weighed. Drug quantities can, of course, be extrapolated from the amount of money used to purchase the drugs (e.g., Henderson, 58 F.3d at 1153; United States v. Rivera, 6 F.3d 431, 446 (7th Cir. 1993), cert. denied, 114 S. Ct. 1098 (1994); see also U.S.S.G. sec. 2D1.1 comment. (n.12)), but the record here contains little evidence from which we might surmise how much crack $20 would have gotten Brown and Wooley on the streets of Carbondale in 1993. None of the testifying police officers, for example, provided that information. We do know that on August 31st, the $120 authorities had given Brown netted 0.8 grams of crack. Using that purchase as a benchmark, we might surmise that $20 would have translated into 0.133 grams of the drug. The probation officer's assumption that each purchase involved only 0.1 grams appears fairly conservative against that backdrop. We do not know, however, whether the smaller quantities of cocaine Brown and Wooley purchased on other occasions would have been sold at the same price per gram or tenth of a gram as the larger quantity Brown obtained at the behest of the government. *fn10 Indeed, the presentence report does not itself make clear whether the probation officer based her 0.1 gram estimate on the August 31st transaction or on something else altogether.
Where either the probation officer or the prosecution offers an estimate of the drug quantities for which the defendant should be held responsible, the defendant ought to be on notice of all assumptions, rationale, and methodology underlying the calculation. Here it is not apparent why the probation officer assigned a weight of 0.1 gram to each of the purchases Brown and Wooley had made from Green. Without this information, the defendant, in assessing the accuracy of the proffered estimate, can only speculate as to the basis for it. Because it is the government's burden to establish the drug quantity, we do not think the defendant should be placed in this position. For that reason, we decline the government's invitation to simply take judicial notice on appeal that no quantity smaller than 0.1 gram could have been purchased by either Brown or Wooley. Regardless of whether we are well versed enough in the facts of narcotics trafficking to make that determination (and we are not), the time for taking such notice is at sentencing, when the defendant has the opportunity to challenge it. *fn11
It may well be true, as the government has argued, that the probation officer's calculation was conservative to the point of generosity to Green. But absent a reliable evidentiary basis supporting the probation officer's assumption as to the amounts Brown and Wooley were able to purchase from Green for $20, we are unwilling to rest on speculation. Cf. Henderson, 58 F.3d at 1152 ("The court could not appropriately choose a random number simply because it believed more drugs were involved than the sales indicated."); United States v. Sepulveda, 15 F.3d 1161, 1198-99 (1st Cir. 1993) (district court erred in calculating total drug quantity using "average" drug purchase derived from witness' sweeping generalities as to minimum and maximum amounts involved), cert. denied, 114 S. Ct. 2714 (1994). The Sentencing Guidelines impose stiff penalties on distributors of crack cocaine, with the offense level rising in many instances with each gram of this particular narcotic. See U.S.S.G. sec. 2D1.1(c)(8)-(14). In this context, tenths of a gram do make a difference. See Sepulveda, 15 F.3d at 1198. Recall that Green was deemed responsible for 3.3 grams; had the total come to 2.9 grams, his offense level would have dropped to 20 (sec. 2D1.1(c)(10)) and the high end of the resulting sentencing range (41 months) would have been ten months less than the term he received.
On remand, it will be the government's responsibility to proffer some evidentiary basis from which a reasonable and reliable estimate may be made of the amounts Brown and Wooley purchased from Green on the other occasions. Green, of course, will have the opportunity to challenge that evidence and to present any of his own on this subject. Whether Brown and Wooley were credible in their estimates as to the number of times they purchased cocaine from Green is a matter for the district judge, who heard their testimony first-hand. See Clay, 37 F.3d at 344; United States v. Robinson, 30 F.3d 774, 787 (7th Cir. 1994).
The convictions of Green and Howard are AFFIRMED. Green's sentence is VACATED and his case REMANDED to the district court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
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Mapping a route. Progression on the 'Secret Project'.
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Bigfoot is one of those creatures that is so well known that very little background is necessary. But I'll talk about it anyway. Please note that some of the background information below first appeared in my earlier piece on Wolter's hunt for Bigfoot.
Stories of wild men and hairy creatures the live in the woods are as old as time, though only rarely do they take the specific form of an ape-like creature, at least not before the modern era. The first wild man in literature is perhaps Enkidu, the hairy wild man from the Epic of Gilgamesh. The Roman god Sylvanus influenced medieval myths of the wild man of the woods. Others have a more scientific basis. When Hanno the Carthaginian, for example, encountered actual apes in Africa during his famous journey down the African coast in the sixth century BCE, he had no idea that apes (probably chimpanzees) were a different species and not hairy humans. He wrote that he came across a land "full of savage people, the greater part of whom were women, whose bodies were hairy, and whom our interpreters called Gorillae" (trans. I. P. Cory). Pliny records what seems to be an account of gibbons and calls them wild men of the woods: "These people screech in a frightful manner; their bodies are covered with hair, their eyes are of a sea-green colour, and their teeth like those of the dog" (Natural History 7.2, trans. Bostock and Riley). Similar stories occur in the Americas, where distant tribes were sometimes described as a giants, hairy, or even cannibals—typical descriptions of found globally to symbolize the distinction between civilization and savagery.
The best known of such legends is probably that of the Yeti, an originally mythical snow god who became more and more humanoid in the telling. In 1832, B. F. Hodgson reported seeing what he considered an orangutan in Nepal, but otherwise the story only starts to really take off in 1899, when L. A. Waddell reports on the legend in his Among the Himalayas:
Some large footprints in the snow led across our track, and away up to the higher peaks. These were alleged to be the trail of the hairy wild men who are believed to live amongst the eternal snows, along with the mythical white lions, whose roar is reputed to be heard during storms. The belief in these creatures is universal among Tibetans. None, however, of the many Tibetans I have interrogated on this subject could ever give me an authentic case. On the most superficial investigation it always resolved itself into something that somebody heard tell of. These so-called hairy wild men are evidently the great yellow snowbear (Ursus isabellinus), which is highly carnivorous, and often kills yaks. Yet, although most of the Tibetans know this bear sufficiently to give it a wide berth, they live in such an atmosphere of superstition that they are always ready to find extraordinary and supernatural explanations of uncommon events.
The modern history of Bigfoot is scarcely six decades old—the first Bigfoot report was in 1958, the result of reports coming out of California of extra-large footprints. It is likely not to be a coincidence that the earliest Bigfoot claims came on the heels of the Yeti flap and took a very similar form to the growing Yeti story. The more recent history of the creature is so familiar that I doubt anyone needs to be reminded of the various sightings, the strange claims made for the creature, or, after 1976, its increasing ties to UFOs, the Nephilim, and interdimensional travel. Today, there are those who believe that Bigfoot is a "relic hominid" that somehow survived millions of years and crossed the Bering Strait, and others who believe Bigfoot hitches rides on UFOs or could pop in between dimensions.
Bigfoot researchers have reached into the past to tie the modern myth of a giant ape to various precedents from the past. These involve tying the beast to Native American legends of cannibal giants (themselves of somewhat dubious origin) and wild men of the woods, as well as to pretty much any weird thing that ever happened in the forest. That's how, for example, Theodore Roosevelt became a Bigfoot theorist.
Roosevelt, as Wolter says in a scene cut from this episode but posted online months ago to promote the show, "was the only president to publicly endorse the idea that Bigfoot could be real." This is false. Bigfoot was not so named in Roosevelt's time, nor did he ever describe the creature as a large ape-like being. What Roosevelt actually said about "Bigfoot" is too long for met to paste in here, but I've added it to my Library for your reading enjoyment. The long and short of it is that in 1890 an old backwoodsman told Roosevelt a tall tale about something that he said had happened to him decades before, which even Roosevelt implies might well have been a bear walking on two legs. There is no mention of Bigfoot, nor is there any indication that the story involved an ape. Roosevelt himself called it a "goblin story" and attributed it to the superstitious belief of the backwoodsman:
He must have believed what he said, for he could hardly repress a shudder at certain points of the tale; but he was of German ancestry, and in childhood had doubtless been saturated with all kinds of ghost and goblin lore. So that many fearsome superstitions were latent in his mind; besides, he knew well the stories told by the Indian medicine men in their winter camps, of the snow-walkers, and the specters, and the formless evil beings that haunt the forest depths, and dog and waylay the lonely wanderer who after nightfall passes through the regions where they lurk. It may be that when overcome by the horror of the fate that befell his friend, and when oppressed by the awful dread of the unknown, he grew to attribute, both at the time and still more in remembrance, weird and elfin traits to what was merely some abnormally wicked and cunning wild beast; but whether this was so or not, no man can say.
The figures are those of human beings, the largest approaching life-size, the remaining ones being relatively smaller. The largest figure, that on the right (a), represents weeping, the arms with hands pendent, being extended as when making the gesture sign for rain, while the lines extending downward from the eyes denote tears, signifying, literally, eye-rain or weeping. It is evident that the recorder intended to convey the idea of sorrow, on account of the suffering expressed in the gestures and attitudes of others of his band shown in connection herewith. The six figures (designated by c) appear to be persons of different degrees of rank or social standing in the tribe, as indicated by the various lengths of the plumes. […] The Indians who now occupy this valley know nothing whatever of the origin of the record, nor the tribe that made it. (emphasis in original)
It's fascinating that the image only became associated with Bigfoot after the Bigfoot myth developed in the middle twentieth century. In fact, it was only in 1973 that the identification was made. By rights, were there anything to the Bigfoot myth, we ought to have clear indications much earlier—surely someone would have argued that this picture was a giant ape-man sooner. Bigfoot enthusiasts point to oral traditions that identify Hairy Man with Bigfoot-like behavior, but these stories were collected only after the Bigfoot myth became popular (it calls Bigfoot by name); versions collected before featured a more mythological and godlike character. Some anthropologists feel that the original intention may have been to depict a shamanic bear-man figure, or even a simple depiction of a rearing grizzly.
The Episode
We open with a map of the United States glowing red with the more than 3,300 pulsing locations of Bigfoot sightings and intercut with dramatic reenactments of such sightings. In Lind Lakes, Minnesota, Ed Welch leaves a voicemail for Scott Wolter informing him of his own Bigfoot sighting, and then we cut to the opening credits. After that, Wolter tells us that eyewitnesses are consistent in their description of Bigfoot, but because no remains of the creature has ever been found, so he remains a "hard core skeptic" of the creature. He admits, too, that as a geologist, he has little standing to investigate Bigfoot, except that he hopes to discover whether Native American rock art can help determine whether Bigfoot "is or was real." To that end, he's off to Rice Creek Park Reserve in Lino Lakes, Minnesota, to meet Bigfoot eyewitness Ed Welch.
Welch takes Wolter into the woods and recounts his October 2008 sighting of Bigfoot. He says he heard a loud crack, turned, and saw an eight-foot-tall gray creature that made no sound and seemed to float through the trees. Welch says he chased the creature, which seemed to disappear. Welch reports that he immediately suffered a panic attack and spent three days in shock. I'll give him this: This is at least a more realistic reaction than the people who report encounters with aliens, demons, and monsters as a more or less orgasmic experience.
Wolter likens the Bigfoot to other monsters of world folklore, like the Australian Yowie (last seen on In Search of Aliens) and the South American Mapinguari, which the show illustrates with a drawing of a giant ground sloth. The Yeti, of course, is the most famous of these analogues, and one whose legend predates the 1958 creation of Bigfoot.
Welch sends Wolter to Blaine, Minnesota, to meet with Doug Hajicek, described as a Bigfoot investigator. What the show doesn't tell you is that Hajicek is the former producer of the History Channel series MonsterQuest as well as Sasquatch: Legend Meets Science for the Discovery Channel. He is the president of Whitewolf Entertainment, and his appearance here continues the incestuous round-robin of History Channel affiliated figures mutually reinforcing each other's views. Hajicek says he's been researching Bigfoot for 24 years, but he's found nothing that would convince a skeptic.
Wolter wonders if Bigfoot is related to Gigantopithecus, the extinct giant ape from Asia that stood around ten feet tall and was the largest primate known to science. Hajicek shows Wolter a model of a Gigantopitecus skull and some casts of alleged Bigfoot footprints. Hajicek speculates that Gigantopithecus crossed the Bering Strait land bridge to enter North America, though it left behind no bones. "Who's to say it didn't migrate over to North America with other species?" Wolter asks before saying there is no evidence that they did so and he is unconvinced. As we go to commercial, Hajicek claims that he has "authentic" Bigfoot hair.
Segment 2
After the break, Hajicek gives Wolter some alleged Bigfoot hair he obtained from a man who claims to have seen the beast. The men look at the hair under a microscope, and Hajicek claims that the scaling pattern on the hair is consistent with a primate. Because the hair has never been cut, he says this represents the hair of a wild animal. Wolter and Hajicek agree to have the hair tested for DNA to prove whether it belongs to the legendary ape. Wolter says he remains skeptical of the creature's existence because there are no bones or bodies. Hajicek says that the response to that is that no one finds skeletons of black bears, but Wolter has! We get some gross video of a deer rotting and being scavenged to show how fast an animal corpse can vanish.
Hajicek directs Wolter to the painted California pictographs I discussed above, as well as to another man who claims to have seen Bigfoot and to have taken video of it.
So Wolter is off to Stanislaus National Forest in Sonora, California, to look at the famous "Hairy Man" petroglyph and evaluate it as evidence of Bigfoot. Wolter meets with archaeologist Kathy Moskowitz Strain, who is a Bigfoot researcher and the author of Giants, Cannibals & Monsters: Bigfoot in Native Culture (2008). She holds an M.A. in Behavioral Science and serves as the Forest Heritage Resource and Tribal Relations Programs Manager for the Stanislaus National Forest. As we cut to commercial, Strain says she'll show Wolter Bigfoot's bones.
Segment 3
After the break and the typical on-screen recap, Strain takes Wolter to a pile of rocks that Strain says "symbolize" Bigfoot bones, but the story she tells is one of giants that she seems to be linking to Bigfoot. Strain says that mythic giants are large and hairy and therefore are Bigfoot stories. She shows Wolter an image of the Hairy Man pictograph, and both identify the Hairy Man figure as Bigfoot. Wolter finds the picture and Native American folklore to be "very compelling" evidence of Bigfoot, but neither consider other explanations for the Hairy Man figure beyond Bigfoot, nor place it in any sort of context. The identification of the picture as the Hairy Man, for example, dates to 1900 (reported in 1929) and cannot be assumed to be an accurate translation of the intention of the artist who drew it sometime between 1 CE and 1200 CE. As we saw above, when Hoffman investigated in the 1880s, the Native people of the area denied knowledge of the images.
Wolter flies off to the Himalayas to investigate whether the Yeti is related to Bigfoot and therefore supports the Bering Strait crossing hypothesis.
Segment 4
After a very long travelogue and recap, Wolter is in the Himalayas, in Nepal, at Namche Bazaar. Wolter buys a hat and explains to us who the Sherpa are. He meets with Sona Hishi Sherpa, a retired guide, and asks him about legends of the Yeti. He tells Wolter that in the 1960s the Yeti killed six yaks by squeezing them to death. He says that the Yeti lives only above the timber line and that there are no other animals who live so high and could explain the death of the yaks.
The men trek high into the mountains and meet with an old man who claims that he saw a white-fur-covered Yeti when he was fourteen years old. He tells Wolter that the Yeti will only come when everyone is quiet and there are few people around. Sona Hishi Sherpa tells Wolter that there is some tangible proof, a Yeti scalp kept in the Khumjung monastery. Sir Edmund Hillary obtained an alleged Yeti scalp from this same monastery in 1960, and it turned out to be the hair of a serow, a Himalayan antelope. Wolter does not mention this.
Segment 5
After an on-screen recap, Wolter arrives at the monastery where caretaker Tenzig Tashi Sherpa shows him the alleged Yeti scalp, which he claims is 500 years old. Wolter asks the caretaker to let him examine the scalp in order to compare the hair to alleged Bigfoot hair, and he agrees on the condition that Wolter take only pictures and lay no hand on the artifact, which identifies as of special value to the Sherpa people. Wolter's photo shows that the hair has been cut and therefore is likely to be that of a domestic animal that had been sheared at some point. Logically, this isn't necessarily true; in theory, a shaggy Yeti could have been trimmed after death to be more presentable for display, but it's unlikely.
Wolter's trip to the Himalayas was a huge waste of time, and it produced less interesting evidence that Josh Gates's similar trek in search of the Yeti on Destination Truth back in 2008. On that show, Gates found alleged Yeti footprints that Bigfoot researcher Jeffrey Meldrum (seen on In Search of Aliens) authenticated before changing his mind. Wolter went all the way to Nepal and didn't even try to go on a Yeti stakeout.
Segment 6
Back in Minnesota, Wolter recaps the episode and reminds us about the DNA testing he commissioned on the alleged Bigfoot hair. Meeting Hajicek on a road, Wolter informs him that the DNA test completed in May 2014 revealed that the hair was human. "I disagree," Hajicek said. "Every time I have had a Bigfoot hair tested, they always come back as human." Hajicek, who seems to be a bit fuzzy on the concepts of DNA and evolution, says that the hair tests as human because Bigfoot is the "missing link" between human beings and the extinct great apes like Gigantopithecus. He believes Bigfoot is humanity's closest living relative! I think I liked it better when Bigfoot was a time-travelling Nephilim.
Following this, Joe Frascella arrives to tell Wolter about his encounter with Bigfoot in Minnesota. He has an iPad with him and says that he saw on the news that in July 2011 a farmer and his wife recorded an auburn-colored animal using an iPhone, and this video of an encounter just ten miles from where Frascella saw Bigfoot is therefore proof of Bigfoot's reality. Hajicek tells Wolter that Frascella's testimony and the iPhone video support one another and prove that each is "legit." The blurry video, which made the rounds in August 2011, was first posted on YouTube, and the couple who claim to have shot the footage naturally refused to discuss it once investigators began poking around and some began to suspect it was a person wearing a coat. Remember, folks, Hajicek is a TV producer—this is the quality of the "evidence" used for nonfiction TV.
Wolter tells the two men that he won't abandon his skeptical opinion of Bigfoot without hard evidence such as a body. However, he says that he feels oral history is an important resource and that because so many people believe Bigfoot is real we can't discount Bigfoot's existence just because there isn't any evidence in favor of it. The producers clearly had a hand in making sure Wolter left open the door to the "mystery" of Bigfoot, but his final statement is unintentionally a description of his own quixotic quest for the Holy Bloodline of Jesus. Wolter's efforts to find any scrap of support for a hypothesis born of fraud and faith mirrors that of the Bigfoot believers, but it's doubtful that he would ever see the parallels.


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Check in from 4:00 PM / Check out prior to 11:00 AM
Hotel Art Furrer: Find photos, reviews, information, amenities and compare prices for 4 stars hotels in Riederalp, Switzerland.
Situated in Riederalp, Hotel Art Furrer is a short drive from Bettmeralp and offers a swimming pool, a sauna and parking. It is conveniently located for guests wanting to sightsee in the area.
Hotel description
Hotel Art Furrer provides a lift as well as comfortable rooms. There is an on-site spa and a golf course.
Art Furrer Hotel Riederalp has 60 traditional rooms that are equipped with all the essentials to ensure an enjoyable stay.
A satisfying breakfast is served every morning at the hotel, and there are numerous restaurants and cafés close by.
Hotel features
Elevator / Lift
Fitness Room/Gym, Swimming pool, Golf Course, Sauna, Spa & Wellness Centre, Pool Indoor
Availability and Prices
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Adult Swim made a short, "non-canonical" stop motion series to tide over Rick and Morty fans until the new series arrives. These parodies of popular movies are even better than the originals.
Go Ahead Tours' customer relation team nailed Halloween this year with this amazing photoshoot.
"We vote on a theme, then cast who will play which character.
"Most of us spend those two months gathering pieces of our costumes and putting it together. This year, a group of us spent the whole week before Halloween cutting and spray-painting pieces of cardboard to create our Iron Throne."
TMZ is reporting that the extremely famous couple is calling it quits after 12 years together and people are not handling the news very well. Except for Jennifer Aniston, who is probably sipping a nice big cup of tea right now.


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Despicable thieves stole a teenager's wheelchair after she'd left it outside her grandmother's home during a Christmas visit.
Pearl Kelly, 17 – who has curvature of the spine – went to see her grandma in Orrell Park, Liverpool, on December 21. When she went to leave at 5pm, her specially-adapted wheelchair was gone.
She told the local paper: "I was with my nan inside when it was taken. It's my only wheelchair and I use it every day.
"Since it's been taken I haven't been out, I'm in the house. I rang the police and they said they'll keep an eye out.
"I'm just upset and angry that someone could steal it."
A spokesman for Merseyside Police said: "We would like to hear from anyone who has any information about this incident or who is offered the wheelchair for sale.
"This was a despicable crime and the victim is still distressed. This woman has had one of her only means of mobility taken away from her.
"It is vital that we find the people responsible for this callous crime and bring them to justice."
Anyone with information is asked to call police on 101 or Crimestoppers, anonymously, on 0800 555 111.
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4 Bedrooms House - £300,000
Downend Road, Downend, Bristol, BS16 5EA
First listed on: 24th March 2016
Nearest stations: Milton Keynes Central (1.7 mi)Bristol Parkway (2.3 mi)Stapleton Road (2.5 mi)Filton Abbey Wood (2.6 mi)Lawrence Hill (2.8 mi)
Interested in this property? Call See phone number 01179574000
Further Informations
Property Features
- Large Period Property
- 4 Bedrooms * Upstairs Bathroom
- 2 Separate Receptions
- Popular Downend Location
- In Need Of Improvement/Updating
Property Description
Michael Nicholas are delighted to offer to the market this large and imposing Period terraced property. The property is located within the Downend area, its close to bus routes, road networks and the local shopping areas of Fishponds and Downend.
In brief the property offers, entrance
From our office in Downend proceed along Downend Road passing Downend Cricket Club and through the traffic lights. Continue along until you reach number 177 on the left hand side.
Entrance door into entrance vestibule.
Entrance Vestibule
Ceiling cornice, double width doors into entrance hallway.
Entrance Hallway
Feature staircase to first floor, radiator, doors to:
16\' 5\'\' x 13\' 6\'\' (5.01m x 4.12m) Double glazed bay window to front, radiator, ceiling cornice, radiator, gas fire with surround, feature stone wall.
Dining Room
15\' 11\'\' x 10\' 7\'\' (4.87m x 3.24m) Double glazed sliding doors to rear garden, radiator.
Breakfast Room
12\' 1\'\' x 8\' 6\'\' (3.69m x 2.62m) Double glazed window to rear, gas fire with back boiler & wood mantle surround, wood effect flooring, large under stairs storage cupboard, opening through to kitchen.
12\' 0\'\' x 6\' 2\'\' (3.67m x 1.88m) Double glazed window to rear, double glazed window to side, part double glazed door to garden, wall and base units with matching worktop surfaces over, space for range cooker with extractor over, space for washing machine, sink drainer unit with mixer tap.
Airing cupboard, doors to:
Bedroom 1
13\' 8\'\' x 10\' 7\'\' (4.18m x 3.24m) Double glazed window to front, radiator.
Bedroom 2
15\' 8\'\' x 8\' 0\'\' (4.8m x 2.45m) (Maximum measurements). Double glazed window to rear, radiator.
Bedroom 3
22\' 0\'\' x 6\' 1\'\' (6.73m x 1.87m) (Measured as a whole length, width extends to 2.09 meters). Double glazed window to side, double glazed window to rear, radiator.
Bedroom 4
9\' 11\'\' x 7\' 8\'\' (3.04m x 2.35m) Double glazed window to front, radiator.
Obscure double glazed window to rear, 3 piece suite comprising of low level WC, bath with shower system over, wash hand basin, fully tiled walls.
Rear Garden
Paved patio area leading to lawned area & further patio area, timber shed, enclosed by timber fencing & wall, outside light, outside tap, gated access to hardstanding/parking.
Parking Area
Hardstanding for 2 vehicles served by a rear access lane (accessed from Grace Road or Cassell Road).Read more
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Listed prices are those submitted to us and may not reflect the actual selling price of this property.
|History Details
|Property listed at £300,000
Disclaimer Property reference F4822E0AC40597_343448. Details are provided and maintained by Michael Nicholas Estate Agents. Nethouseprices.com makes no warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of aforementioned details.
Disclaimer Property reference F4822E0AC40597_343448. Details are provided and maintained by Michael Nicholas Estate Agents. Nethouseprices.com makes no warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of aforementioned details.


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Happy December 1st. I hope you had an enjoyable Thanksgiving. My mother has made great strides since her illness last summer, and she set out vintage Santas and even made fried apples. Everyone brought food, and we were so busy eating, no one remembered to take a picture. My great niece kept us all entertained with her bright personality and charming ways. During the holiday, we had the best news: I will be a great aunt for the second time. I'm excited to see what you brought to this week's Foodie Friday and Everything Else. And I love hearing about you, from the weather in your neck of the woods to your kitchen adventures to your holiday activities.
Thursday, December 1, 2016
Tuesday, November 29, 2016
A Merry Little Tablescape
I'm delighted to launch Christmas festivities with 20-plus bloggers for a holiday tablescape blog hop, organized by the darling, talented Chloe at Celebrate and Decorate
Posted by Rattlebridge Farm at Tuesday, November 29, 2016 38 comments:
Thursday, November 24, 2016
Foodie Friday and Everything Else--Thanksgiving Edition 2016
Rattlebridge Farm wishes you a happy Thanksgiving. I am grateful for Foodie Friday because it has introduced me to so many lovely people over the years. The party began in the winter of 2009, and it has remained the highlight of my week.
Thursday, November 17, 2016
Foodie Friday and Everything Else
Welcome to the pre-Thanksgiving party at Foodie Friday and Everything Else. The holiday is almost here. Are you ready? How do you find time to blog and entertain (and prepare your home for guests)? Do you have any time-saving tips?
Wednesday, November 16, 2016
The Forest Feast Gatherings with the Novel Bakers Part II
I'm so happy to join the Novel Bakers for part two of A Forest Feast Gatherings by Erin Gleeson. If you missed part one, you can catch up by visiting Jain, Mary, Linda, and me. I was enchanted by the Bakers' unique presentations of this extraordinary cookbook, and I know you will love them, too.
Monday, November 14, 2016
The Forest Feast Gatherings with the Novel Bakers
I'm excited to join the Novel Bakers today and Wednesday for a delightful romp through The Forest Feast Gatherings by Erin Gleeson. If you aren't familiar with her recipes, you will be drawn to her simple, elegant style and equally simple (and delicious) recipes.
Thursday, November 10, 2016
Foodie Friday and Everything Else
It's always a delight to see you at Foodie Friday and Everything Else. Glad you're here. Thanksgiving is two weeks away, so you've come to the right place today for recipes and ideas. Let's take a look at last week's party:
Wednesday, November 9, 2016
Woodland Thanksgiving Vignettes
I'm delighted to join a group of talented bloggers for the Thoughts of Home Thanksgiving Vignettes Tour. The week-long event launched Monday, November 7th, and will continue through Friday, November 11th, featuring twenty amazing bloggers. Since Monday, I have toured 14 beautiful homes, each one filled with holiday ideas and creativity. I'm looking forward to the rest of the week!
Posted by Rattlebridge Farm at Wednesday, November 09, 2016 41 comments:
Monday, November 7, 2016
November Nesting
I'm looking forward to the holidays. Bit by bit, I'm getting the house ready. The Halloween items have been put away, and I filled the little cupboard with brown and white pottery. I began collecting it many years ago, and I don't mind if it's old or new--if it's brown and white, I adore it.
Posted by Rattlebridge Farm at Monday, November 07, 2016 16 comments:
Thursday, November 3, 2016
Foodie Friday and Everything Else
I'm delighted to see you today at Foodie Friday and Everything Else. I've spent the week doing chores in the house and garden--and I've still got miles to go.
Monday, October 31, 2016
Not Your Typical Before and After
This is not a post that features a "meh" before and an awesome after. Rather, I'm sharing an "after" that's experimental.
Posted by Rattlebridge Farm at Monday, October 31, 2016 28 comments:
Saturday, October 29, 2016
Spells and Spirits
The magical light of October calls for a celebration. Since we're on the cusp of All Hallows Eve, my thoughts turned playful. Why not serve something mystical? A tiny feast with spells and spirits. I set up a wine and cheese bar on the porch, complete with a resident ghost. If you don't blink, you can see him floating over the table, peering into the orange wine glasses.
Posted by Rattlebridge Farm at Saturday, October 29, 2016 17 comments:
Labels: autumn wine and cheese party, Halloween
Thursday, October 27, 2016
Foodie Friday and Everything Else
Welcome to Foodie Friday and Everything Else, our last party in October. The next time I see you, we'll be in the 11th month, a time that launches the holiday season. November summons images of warm browns and gold, feathers and acorns, woolly scarves and walking sticks, nubby sweaters and herringbone jackets. The first frost is the last call for the garden, a reminder of things to come. November is Winter's opening act. But we have a few more sparkling days in October, and I'm enjoying every minute. I hope you are, too.
Wednesday, October 26, 2016
The Charm of a Store-bought Picnic
It is a sunny, mellow afternoon in October, the kind that makes you crave a picnic. But I wasn't prepared. The fast-food cupboard was empty, and I didn't have time to bake something from scratch. Also, I didn't want to miss one moment of this warm, sparkling day. All too soon we'll be pulling on boots and heavy sweaters. I dashed off to the grocery, gathering a few delectable items.
Posted by Rattlebridge Farm at Wednesday, October 26, 2016 22 comments:
Labels: autumn picnic
A Walk in the Country
All of a sudden, October is winding down. Sunset comes sooner and sooner, bringing a sharpness to the air, making me think of two words I dread more than rats and bees (polar vortex). It's time to bring out nubby sweaters, scarves, and tartan blankets. Time to relish these waning days, enjoying the last of the roses and hydrangeas, watching the sun stretch out over the hilltop.
Posted by Rattlebridge Farm at Wednesday, October 26, 2016 16 comments:
Labels: autumn walk, nature
Monday, October 24, 2016
Late October in the Living Room
Even before we moved to Rattlebridge, I knew the living room would present design issues. In its former life, it was all cut up, with a 1970s sunken living room. At some point, a sun room was added. Our contribution was to open the space, allowing for unrestricted views of the distant mountains; but the remodel also created my biggest decorating challenge to date.
Posted by Rattlebridge Farm at Monday, October 24, 2016 26 comments:
Thursday, October 20, 2016
Foodie Friday and Everything Else
Welcome to Foodie Friday and Everything Else. This week, I've been busy painting my old wicker and re-doing the upper level screened porch. I had planned on neutrals, but the man cave's ambient beige has made me realize how much I love--and need--color (along with old fashioned comfort and simplicity). Though the wicker project hasn't been without mishaps, it's been interesting--and colorful. I still haven't painted the sofa (glossy black, maybe).
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We haven't covered anything new in our STYLE section of late. But, this one is surely of your interest. After all, what you wear inside has a direct impact on what you wear outside!
|Shape-wear from Jockey, at Zivame.com!!
Yes, we are talking about the shape-wear lingerie, which is not just important and a must-have for a working woman, but also for all those women who usually face a major problem when it comes to their bulges, or flabs that eventually spoil the over all look of their outer wear...
|This Style is Perfect if you Have Bigger Hips & Waist
Additional, the brand claims that the feel and the look has an international appeal along with the features.
What We Liked:
Don't assume that we tried and tested these, but we are simply judging the product on the basis of their price point. And, that' what we liked, They seem to be moderately priced, not burdening your pocket with overwhelming price.
The collection is starting at 569/-
Fact File:
Zivame is a new online lingerie store in India, and features more than 2000 lingerie styles. From bridal, plus size, every day wear, shape-wear lounge wear, nightwear and swimwear for women, they have almost everything.
And, guess what? We are soon going to review some of their products out of their so-called 2000 plus range, only for our readers. So, next time you shop from this portal, make sure to go through our feedback.
Keep watching this space for the same!!


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Your coupon will be applied to the highest regular-price, eligible item in your cart.
Offer good for one item at regular price only. Limit one coupon per customer per day. Must present coupon at time of purchase. Offer is not valid with any other coupon, discount or previous purchase. One cut or one bolt of fabric or trim "by the yard" equals one item. Online fabric & trim discount is limited to 10 yards, single cut. Excludes Heidi Swapp™ Minc.™ Foil Applicator, CRICUT® products, Gemini Machine™ Crafters Companion, Silhouette CAMEO® Machine, candy & snack products, gum & mints, helium tanks, gift cards, custom orders, special orders, labor, rentals or class fees. Cash Value 1/10¢.
Make a statement with on-trend decor pieces.
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Everything for holiday baking and party making.
Get the supplies every artist is pining for.
Cozy on up to all sorts of needle art lovelies.
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Because handmade is what's in.
Time to match accessories to your personality.
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I love it! Add to wish list


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A Method for Estimating Carrying Capacity of Range Lands
Abstract:This article questions the reliability of estimates of carrying capacity based on the methods now used in range surveys, and Suggests a new method based on (1) the estimated weight of each species, (2) a proper-use (or allowable-cropping) factor, and (3) a preference rating which indicates the amount of each species that will be consumed when the key species receives no more than allowable cropping.
Document Type: Journal Article
Affiliations: District Ranger, U. S. Forest Service, Globe, Ariz.
Publication date: 1945-06-01
More about this publication?
- The Journal of Forestry is the most widely circulated scholarly forestry journal in the world. In print since 1902, the Journal has received several national awards for excellence. The mission of the Journal of Forestry is to advance the profession of forestry by keeping forest management professionals informed about significant developments and ideas in the many facets of forestry: economics, education and communication, entomology and pathology, fire, forest ecology, geospatial technologies, history, international forestry, measurements, policy, recreation, silviculture, social sciences, soils and hydrology, urban and community forestry, utilization and engineering, and wildlife management. The Journal is published bimonthly: January, March, May, July, September, and November.
2015 Impact Factor: 1.476
Ranking: 22 of 66 in forestry
Also published by SAF:
Forest Science
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Morris's Tribute
All about Morris
Pet Tip
Senior Citizens and Their Precious Pets – Pet tip 193
It's a difficult thing to think about but many pet owners are in their later senior years and some of them have young pets. In the event that older pet owners fall ill or pass away, what will happen with …
- Owner:
- monica calderon
- City:
- austin
- Province, Country:
- TX, United States
- Type/Breed:
- tabby
- Date of Birth:
- 2/12/1995
- Date of Death
- 27/27/07
- Sex:
- Male
- Height:
- Not Provided
- Weight:
- Not Provided
- Coat Colour:
- white/auburn/light brown
- Eye Colour:
- hazel, green
There aren't enough words to describe Morris and his enthusiasm for people and life. Morris was a great cat. Everyone who came in contact with him loved him; even those that are allergic to cats loved Morris. He was a very fun loving and spirited cat. He was an indoor cat for about 6 years and an outdoor cat for about the same time. I guess being inside all those years made him enjoy the outside that much more. He had trouble fitting in at first with the other cats because he didn't know really how to defend himself. He got the hang of it and never wanted to come in, even when it was raining. His tiny paws would scratch at the door to let us know that he needed something, whether it was attention, food, water, and love. He was an angel and my best friend. Morris will forever be loved and missed. Rest in peace MOPO.


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Posts Tagged 'Sounds of Pernambuco'
Watch the Sounds of Pernambuco
June 19th was an important day. First off, it was the launch of VAMOS, THE guide to Latin culture in London, and secondly, it was the night of Sounds of Pernambuco, bringing three bands from the north-east of Brazil to XOYO in London.
Posted July 4, 2011
Interview with Rivotrill
Rivotrill are an instrumental trio from Recife with a huge range of influences and an electrifying live show that they are bringing to London this summer as part of Sounds of Pernambuco, with Fim de Feira & Eta Carinae.
Posted June 7, 2011
Sounds of Pernambuco @ XOYO
Three bands from Pernambuco in the North-East of Brazil will be coming to London, as part of the Blaze festival, in this special presentation from Como No and JungleDrums.
Posted May 22, 2011


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Monthly subscription - 10KR
This covers: The fee is to cover the yearly costs of running our meetup group.
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Refunds are not offered for this Meetup.
My plan is to create a lovely supportive community for parents and children to get together. I decided to start this group as I noticed there are not many groups for us Expat mummys and dads to share experiences of living in Stockholm with little ones.
I know how lonely it can be in a new country and think finding friends who you can relate to makes the move and integration into a new place so much easier.
I plan to arrange coffee mornings, picnics, play sessions, kids activities etc. Perfect for mums and little ones.
I look forward to meeting you all and making this group a happy fun place.
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Robinson abandons plans for Rentokil
Sir Gerry Robinson, the financier who has been trying to seize control of Rentokil Initial, has walked away from the support services company after talks with shareholders broke down on Friday.
His investment vehicle, Raphoe Management, said in a statement it had not been able to find a satisfactory agreement with Rentokil shareholders.
On Monday, Robinson announced he had decided against making a bid for the company, but was instead counting on shareholder support to install him as Rentokil chairman in return for accepting that his pay package be performance-related. He claimed that some shareholders were discussing his plan.
Rentokil denied that Raphoe had managed to broker discussions between shareholders supportive of Robinson's plans and the board.
Raphoe Management wanted a 2.55% stake in Rentokil if Robinson became chairman and delivered on certain targets over three to four years, in a deal that could earn Robinson as much as £55m (€81.2m). His proposals had never before been performance-related.
Robinson today apologised to Rentokil employees.
"This was a genuine attempt to make a change with the existing shareholders staying involved. This has been an unsettling time for employees of Rentokil Initial and I apologise for that," he said in a statement.
Rentokil responded by saying it welcomed an end to the "distraction", and said the management could now focus on improving performance.
"We have a lot of work to do -- but our recovery plan is absolutely on track and we are clear on what we need to do to restore Rentokil Initial to profitable growth," Rentokil chief executive Doug Flynn said in a statement.
Greenhill advised Rentokil. Europa Partners, a corporate finance boutique, advised Raphoe.
Rentokil shares fell 2.25% to 151.62p at 16.20 GMT today