text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Apr 28, 1998
|Filing date
|Feb 13, 1996
|Priority date
|Feb 13, 1996
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Ken K. Robinson, Rodney L. Mieville
|Original Assignee
|Mega-Carbon Company
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (29), Referenced by (33), Classifications (6), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to activated carbon articles of manufacture. More particularly, this invention relates to temperature-resistant activated carbon monoliths having a relatively high surface area.
Activated carbon is an excellent adsorbent. Activated carbon is commercially available in various forms, including granules and powders. In some applications of activated carbon, void spaces between carbon particles are important both for ensuring sufficient adsorbate contact and allowing fluid to pass through the carbon adsorbent without encountering an excessive pressure drop. In other applications, however, the void space is not a principal concern. In the storage of hydrogen, ammonia, or natural gas, for example, carbon adsorption is most efficient on a volume basis when the carbon is formed into a high-density block with most of the void volume between the individual particles greatly reduced or even eliminated.
Efforts at creating such high-density solid structures are reflected in techniques developed for compaction and binding activated carbon particles. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,000,236 to Redfarn et al. discloses a method for making a conglomerated activated carbon mass by means of a polymer rendered adhesive by a solvent. U.S. Pat. No. 5,306,675 to Wu is directed to a method for producing activated carbon structures using methyl cellulose binders and microwave radiation curing.
These and other conventional techniques suffer from one or more serious drawbacks as follows: loss of surface area, corrupted pore distribution, limited temperature resistance, overly fragile green state, and high manufacturing costs. The carbon structures produced utilizing such methods also tend to have reduced surface area, lower adsorption capacity, and an undesirable pore size distribution. Furthermore, these carbon structures are not temperature-resistant, but tend to disintegrate when subjected to elevated temperatures.
Conventional binding techniques in particular cause a significant loss in available surface area for the activated carbon particles. With heretofore available techniques, binding and related agents are known to plug pores of the activated carbon particles whereby the favorable pore-size distribution of the original carbon particles is corrupted in favor of undesirably larger pore sizes.
In addition to reduced surface area, the thermal stability of carbon structures made by conventional techniques is inadequate for many otherwise appropriate applications. In adsorption systems, for example, regeneration of spent adsorbent requires elevated temperatures, often exceeding 300� C. Consequently the carbon structure has to be stable under these and possibly more hostile conditions.
Most polymeric binders are not stable at such elevated temperatures, however. Efforts at using high-temperature polymeric resins have generally failed heretofore because only carbon structures with surface areas greatly reduced from those of the original carbon particles could be produced.
Inorganic binders also have been used as binders in carbon mixtures to impart strength and thermal stability. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,518,704 to Okabayashi et al. describes a process for making activated carbon bodies using a clay binder. Unfortunately, a very expensive sintering step is required for such inorganic binders, e.g. firing at 900� C. in an inert atmosphere. Furthermore, the mechanical strength of such bodies is inadequate for many applications.
Many uses for activated carbon require that the adsorbent fit into canisters and other devices of varying shapes and sizes. Such potential applications for temperature-resistant activated carbon articles of manufacture thus far have gone unrealized because the required shapes and sizes for the solid articles could not be obtained. Standard binding methods for creating temperature-resistant structures often do not permit molding into unique shapes and sizes because the uncured, or green state, of the structure is either too fragile or too inflexible, thereby limiting workability.
Thus, there continues to be a need for improved temperature-resistant activated carbon structures as well as for methods for making such activated carbon structures.
A highly adsorbent, temperature-resistant monolithic activated carbon article is obtained by forming a slip mixture constituted by activated carbon particles having a surface area in excess of about 2000 m2 /gram and an aqueous emulsion of a silsesquioxane binder, forming the obtained slip mixture into a shaped structure, and thereafter curing the structure.
The monolithic activated carbon article produced in the foregoing manner exhibits substantially no change in compressive strength upon heating to 350� C. and consists essentially of active carbon and a silsesquioxane binder present in an amount up to about 20 percent, based on the weight of the composition. The monolithic activated carbon article has an open pore structure, a surface area in excess of about 2000 m2 /g of article, a pore size distribution such that at least 50 percent of total pore volume is constituted by pores less than about 2 nanometers in diameter and at least about 80 percent of total pore volume by pores less than about 4 nanometers diameter. The monolithic activated carbon article has a bulk density of at least about 0.25 grams/cubic centimeter.
While this invention is susceptible of embodiment in many different forms, there will be described herein in detail specific embodiments with the understanding that the present disclosure is to be considered as an exemplification of the principles of the claimed invention and is not to be limited to the specific embodiments illustrated.
The temperature-resistant monolithic article of the present invention consists essentially of activated carbon particles bonded together with a silsesquioxane binder while maintaining an open pore structure. The monolithic article is formed by activated carbon particles having a surface area greater than about 2000 m2 /g and pores preloaded with water, which particles are then combined with a silsesquioxane binder to form a slip mixture which is then cured. The preloading of pores can be effected either by prewetting the carbon particles with water or by combining the particles with an aqueous emulsion of silsesquioxane binder.Prewetting with water is preferred.
The resulting mass is a slip mixture which is then formed to a desirable shape by manipulation such as molding or extrusion. The article is then cured to a rigid shape by heating. Suitable emulsifying and rheology modulating agents may be added to the slip mixture as necessary to achievea desired consistency.
The solid monolithic articles of the present invention made in the foregoing manner exhibit relatively high adsorption capacity as well as relatively high compressive strength of the order of about 500 psi, or higher, at temperatures up to 350� C.
The principal ingredient of the present invention is activated carbon. Activated carbon is a non-graphitic microcrystalline form of carbon which has been processed to produce carbon particles having relatively high porosity. This microcrystalline form of carbon is made up of six-member carbon rings separated by areas of disorganized carbon. The pore scheme adopted by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry classifies pores according to their width as follows: micropores-pores which are less than about 2 nanometers in diameter, mesopores-pores which are about 2 to about 50 nanometers in diameter, and macropores-pores whichare more than 50 nanometers in diameter.
Activated carbons having BET in the range of 450 to 3000 m2 /g are commercially available with various types of microporosity present in the activated carbon. Depending on the intended application, the activated carbon can vary as far as particle size, surface area, adsorption capacityfor hydrocarbons, adsorption efficiency, porosity, pore size, etc. The carbon can be of single type or a blend of types. However, activated carbon suitable for the present invention has a BET surface area above about 2000 m2 /g, and about 50 percent of total pore volume of the activated carbon constituted by pores smaller than 4 nanometers in diameter. Preferably, the active carbon BET surface area is above 2500 m2 /g and about 80 percent of total pore volume is constituted by pores smaller than 4 nanometers in diameter.
One type of activated carbon suitable for use in practicing this invention is commercially available from The Kansai Coke & Chemicals Co. Ltd (Amagasaki, Japan) under the designation "Maxsorb." A particularly preferred variety of activated carbon is activated carbon designated as "Maxsorb 2400." Another type of suitable activated carbon is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,082,694 to Wennerberg ("PX-21"; Amoco Corporation, Chicago, Ill.).
In making the carbon structures of this invention, the activated carbon preferably is in the form of a fine powder wherein about 50 percent of theparticles have a size of 5-50 microns as measured by Coulter Counter technique. Commercially available carbons can be ground to smaller sizes by conventional methods if desired.
A critical component of the present activated carbon article is the silsesquioxane binder. In the present article, the silsesquioxane is present in an amount up to about 20 percent by weight, based on the weightof the composition. Preferably, in the present articles the silsesquioxane is present in an amount in the range of about 1 percent by weight to about20 percent by weight, more preferably about 5 percent by weight.
Silsesquioxane compounds are oligomers composed of tetracyclosiloxane ringsand can be represented as follows: ##STR1##In the above formula, R can be the same group or a different group in any given polymer and is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, an alkoxygroup, an alkenyl group, or a phenyl group. Illustrative alkyl groups are the C1 to C4 alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, and the like. Illustrative substituted alkyl groups are the C1 to C4 hydroxyalkyl groups, the C1 to C4 haloalkyl groups, and the like. Exemplary compounds include
Such silsesquioxanes have a plurality of consecutive SiO3 R--groups, forming SiO cages of "T" structures or ladders. The various rough geometries depend on the value of n in the above formula, which may vary from 2 to 12 or greater. A catalyst may be incorporated with the silsesquioxane to promote curing rate.
Suitable silsesquioxanes are commercially available from General Electric Company's Silicone Products Division (Waterford, N.Y.) and include hydroxy-terminated methylphenylsilsesquioxanes under the designations "SR240" and "SR165" and methoxy-terminated methylsilsesquioxanes under thedesignations "TPR178" and "TPR179." Silsesquioxane "SR240" is a preferred binder for present purposes. Tetrabutylphosphonium acid acetate (availablefrom GE under the designation "SRC-11") and zirconium ethylhexanoate are preferred catalysts for these silsesquioxanes.
An optional but preferred component of the article of the present inventionis a co-binder. Suitable co-binders are water insoluble polymers that cure at temperatures lower than the temperatures required to cure the silsesquioxane. The use of a co-binder permits a two stage curing schedulein which a partially cured article is stable for handling and shaping already after the first or initial stage. Polyvinyl acetate is a preferredco-binder and is commercially available from Union Carbide Corporation (Danbury, Conn.) under the designation "UCAR 379."
An important part of the method for preparing the temperature-resistant carbonaceous monolithic articles of the present invention is the wetting of the carbon particles with water. Water is used in an amount sufficient to fill a major portion of, preferably substantially all, the pores of theactivated carbon particles. The carbon particles may be either prewetted ortreated with an aqueous binder emulsion that allows the water to preferentially fill the small pores of the carbon particles. Prewetting ispreferred, but not necessary.
The amount of water combined with the carbon particles is not critical and is determined primarily by the desired flow properties for the produced carbon slip. The resulting wetted carbon has slurry-like, paste-like or dough-like consistency that can be further modulated by the addition of a thickener, if desired.
The silsesquioxane binder is emulsified in an aqueous medium before combining with the wetted activated carbon. If necessary or desirable for emulsification, the binder can be first dissolved in a non-polar, organic,and therefore water-insoluble, solvent. Preferably, the amount of solvent used to form the resulting solution that is to be emulsified is minimized.Toluene has been used successfully for this function in toluene-to-silsesquioxane weight ratios ranging from about 1:2 to about 2:1 by weight.
The optional co-binder is emulsified in an aqueous medium in a manner similar to that of the silsesquioxane.
The aqueous emulsions produced in the foregoing manner are next combined with the wet or dry carbon to form a slip or slip mixture. At any step in the preparation of this slip mixture, emulsifying agents and rheological aids can be used to achieve the desired characteristics. For example, a surfactant can be used to aid in the emulsification of the silsesquioxane in water. The surfactant can be anionic, non-ionic, cationic, as well as amphoteric, depending upon the particular binder. In general anionic surfactants are preferred.
Thickeners can be combined with the wetted carbon to impart greater fluidity and strength to the slip mixture, as well as greater strength to the uncured, or green state structures formed from the slips. A number of thickeners are available that are suited for use in the present invention.These include water-soluble polymers such as methyl cellulose available from Aldrich Chemical Company Inc. (Milwaukee, Wis.), methyl cellulose ether available from Dow Chemical Co. (Midland, Mich.), and polyacrylic acid available from B.F. Goodrich (Akron, Ohio) under the designations "Carbopol ETD 2691" and "Carbopol 674."
The rheological properties of the slip mixture can be adjusted as required for the desired shaping method. A gel-like consistency for the slip mixture is usually desirable. Where the slip mixture is too thick, a thinner can be added. Suitable thinners are typically surfactants and include but are not limited to naphthalene sulfonates--available from W.R.Grace and Co. (Boca Raton, Fla.) under the designation "Daxad 19-L," 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-5-decyne-4,7-diol--available from Air Products and Chemicals Inc. (Allentown, Pa.) under the designation "Surfynol GA," trisodium phosphate, sodium lauryl sulfate, and the like.
Where the slip mixture is too thin, a thickener such as methyl cellulose can be added to the carbon slip and improve green strength. While use of emulsifying agents and rheological aids sometimes requires an iterative approach, these additives are readily substitutable and are optional rather than critical aspects of the present invention. With regard to the emulsification step, for example, greater mixing intensity during emulsification can replace the use of a surfactant.
Various fillers also can be added to the original mixture in order to impart specific characteristics or properties to the shaped and/or dried structure. Fillers can be present in an amount up to about 25 percent by weight, preferably about 0.1 to about 5 percent by weight, of the total weight of the dried monolithic article. Formation of the admixture, with proper dispersion of the fillers is enhanced by addition of surfactants previously described. One preferred filer, chopped carbon fibers, can be added to reinforce the structure of the monolithic carbonaceous article. Suitable carbon fibers are available from Amoco Corporation under the designation "Thornel T-300".
To form a desired shape of the carbonaceous structure, the slip mixture maybe cast in a mold and then cured by heating. After the slip mixture has been poured in a mould, a compression step can be used to dewater and densify the slip mixture. Alternatively, the slip can be poured into a plaster of Paris mold or other water absorbent material. In addition, a degassing step can be included, for example by subjecting the filled mold to vibration or a vacuum.
The filled mold is heated, preferably in stages. In the first stage, the mold is heated at temperatures up to about 120� C. to dry the slip and to set co-binders, if present. In the second stage, the temperature isgradually increased to levels sufficient to cure the silsesquioxane present. As tested, sufficient temperatures fall within the range from 150� C. to 200� C. If desired, the slip cast can be removed following the first stage and then heated outside the mold.
As an alternative to the molding, the slip mixture can be extruded into desired shapes using commercially available extruders. The produced extrudates then can be heated in a separate step to fully cure the silsesquioxane.
After curing, the monolithic carbonaceous structures of the present invention has several key features. Thermal stability, or temperature resistance, is an important feature. Structures according to the present invention retain good mechanical strength upon heating to 350� C. Furthermore, these structures have high adsorption capacity per unit volume when compared to prior art active carbon structures.
This high-adsorption capacity is obtained because the active carbon structures of the present invention have relatively high surface area, favorable pore distribution, and high bulk density. With these structures,available surface area exceeds 2000 m2 /g of article and at least 50 percent of the pore volume is supplied by micropores. Also significantly, bulk densities in excess of 0.25 grams/cm3 can be achieved.
Monolithic carbon structures constructed according to the present inventionare particularly useful for ammonia adsorption in a refrigeration cycle. Asrequired in this application, the adsorbent must have a high adsorbent capacity per unit volume as well as mechanical strength temperature cyclesfrom as low as 0� C. to as high as 250� C., or higher.
A key benefit of the process of the present invention is the use of a silsesquioxane binder that causes minimal loss of retention volume or surface area. During fabrication, carbon pores are filled with water and thereby protected from plugging with binder. This protection is obtained because the silsesquioxane binder is applied as an emulsion in a water medium.
No high-cost firing or sintering step is required when practicing the present invention. Rather, curing is substantially complete upon drying the slip mixture at a temperature that does not exceed about 200� C. Despite the absence of a traditional firing or sintering step, the present monolithic carbonaceous structures so formed have high mechanical strength as well as thermal stability and structural integrity.
A further benefit of the method of the present invention is that the uncured slip mixtures can be made strong enough for handling after moderate heating and minimal use of environmentally unfriendly organic solvents.
The present invention is illustrated by the following examples.
Prewetted, high surface area activated carbon particles, were combined withan aqueous emulsion of a silsesquioxane binder and a polyvinyl acetate co-binder and cured to produce a monolithic carbon structure exhibiting good thermal stability and adsorption capacity.
The high surface area of the unbound activated carbon particles was retained inasmuch as carbon pores were pre-filled with water and the binder was in the form of an aqueous emulsion. Filled with water, pores were inaccessible to the binders.
In particular, the following ingredients were used:
______________________________________activated carbon 50 g(Amoco PX-21, 2500 m2 /g; dried)vinyl acetate emulsion (50% solids) 3 gwater addition 30 gmethyl cellulose solution (0.5 wt %) 20 gsilsesquioxanes (GE SR240) 10 gtoluene (solvent) 20 gcatalyst (GE SRC-11) 50 μl______________________________________
Water was added to the dried carbon to fill the pores and protect them fromtoluene which was added later as part of the silsesquioxane emulsion. A carbon paste was obtained. The methyl cellulose solution was added to the carbon paste.
An emulsion was prepared by dissolving the silsesquioxanes in toluene and then pouring the obtained solution into an aqueous surfactant solution which was being stirred as the silsesquioxane/toluene solution was added. The catalyst was added to the silsesquioxane/toluene solution. The catalyzed silsesquioxane emulsion was then added to the carbon paste. Thereafter, the vinyl acetate emulsion was added and the resulting admixture was blended thoroughly. Additional water was added to achieve the desired fluidity of the produced slip.
The slip was poured into a mold and vibrated with a hand vibrator to removeair bubbles, and then gently compressed with a wafer or piston on top and bottom to partially dewater. The dewatered slip was gradually heated to 120� C. to remove water and to set the vinyl acetate binder. Thereafter the temperature was increased to 200� C. to activate thecuring process for the silsesquioxane binder. The temperature was maintained for about one hour, and thereafter the mold was permitted to cool to ambient temperature. A temperature-resistant, microporous, monolithic carbonaceous block was obtained with a surface area of about 1990 m2 /g of article or on a unit carbon basis, 2290 m2 /g. Thecrush strength was 1100 psi.
An additional structure was prepared according to the procedure of Example 1 except that a different activated carbon was used and no additional water was added to the carbon slip. In particular, the following ingredients were used:
______________________________________activated carbon 2.5 g(Kansai Maxsorb 2200, dried)vinyl acetate emulsion (50% solids) 0.15 gmethyl cellulose solution (0.5 wt %) 0.25 gsilsesquioxanes (GE SR240) 0.5 gtoluene (solvent) 1 gcatalyst (GE SRC-11) 2.5 μl______________________________________
The resulting activated carbon structure was evaluated for ammonia adsorption, achieving 600 mg NH3 /g carbon.
Activated carbon articles were prepared from mixtures of Kansai Maxsorb 2400 and Maxsorb 3000 particles in a manner similar to Example 2, above. The activated carbon particle mixture had an equivalent surface area of about 2600 m2 /g. After curing, the compressive strength and the surface area of the produced articles were determined. The results are shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1______________________________________Silsesqui- Vinyl Compressiveoxane Level, Acetate Strength at Surface SurfaceGE SR240 Co-binder Room Tem- Area* Area*(wt %) (wt %) perature (psi) (m2 /g carbon) (m2 /g block)______________________________________4 0 722 2573 21448 0 991 2548 221217 0 1699 2572 20570 3 722 2578 25010 6 1402 2393 22974 3 867 2322 21608 3 1558 2274 2024______________________________________*Iodine Number results, correlated per Proceedings of "Carbon 92," International Carbon Conference, Essen, Germany, June 1992.
The effect of silsesquioxane binder level in the activated carbon structureon surface area was evaluated. Using a procedure similar to that of Example1, a series of activated carbon structures were prepared with varied levelsof silsesquioxane binder to determine the resulting effect on surface area retention. The samples were prepared from activated carbon particles having a surface area of about 2600 m2 /g. Results are reported in Table 2.
TABLE 2______________________________________Silsesquioxane Surface SurfaceLevel Area* Area*(wt %) (m2 /g carbon) (m2 /g block)______________________________________0 2611 --4 2573 21448 2548 221217 2572 2057______________________________________*Iodine Number results, correlated per Proceedings of "Carbon 92," International Carbon Conference, Essen, Germany, June 1992.
Table 2 shows that the surface area per unit weight of carbon is generally unaffected by binder level. Of course, surface area per unit weight of theactivated carbon structure decreases with increasing levels of binder because carbon is replaced by binder.
To determine the effect of silsesquioxane binder and vinyl acetate co-binder level on compressive strength, a number of cylindrical discs (0.62 in. diameter and 0.25 in. thick) were prepared using a procedure similar to that of Example 1. Compressive strength was measured by applying compressive force to the flat surfaces of the discs until fracture. Results are reported in the Table 3.
TABLE 3______________________________________Silsesquioxane Vinyl Acetate Co- Compressive Strength atLevel (wt %) binder (wt %) Room Temperature (psi)______________________________________4 0 6768 0 92717 0 15900 3 6760 6 13124 3 8118 3 1458______________________________________
Table 3 shows that compressive strength generally increases with increasingsilsesquioxane and vinyl acetate binder level.
To demonstrate the effect of carbon fiber fillers on the compressive strength of the activated carbon structures of the present invention, a sample was prepared with 8 percent silsesquioxane binder by weight, no co-binder, and 0.1 percent chopped carbon fibers. The sample structure exhibited a compressive strength exceeding 2600 psi, a significant increase over the compressive strength exhibited by a sample having the same level of silsesquioxane binder but lacking carbon fibers, 927 psi.
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|Jun 13, 1996
Owner name: MEGA-CARBON COMPANY, ILLINOIS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:ROBINSON, KEN K.;MIEVILLE, RODNEY L.;REEL/FRAME:007989/0891
Effective date: 19960419
|Sep 20, 2001
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Oct 13, 2005
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Nov 30, 2009
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Apr 28, 2010
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Jun 15, 2010
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20100428


text:
To the delight of economic skeptics everywhere, Jim Rogers recently said the dollar was a "total disaster" long-term, and managed to directly call out Chairman Bernanke as a clown in the same speech.
From Bloomberg:
The U.S. dollar is going to be a "total disaster" in the long term because of the country's position as the world's largest debtor and the policies being pursued by Federal Reserve Chairman Ben S. Bernanke, according to investor Jim Rogers.
The Chinese yuan is likely to be a "safe" currency, although it is difficult for investors to buy, Rogers, the chairman of Rogers Holdings, told a conference in Edinburgh.
"The situation is getting worse and I expect to see severe problems in the U.S.," Rogers said today. "Dr Bernanke doesn't understand economics, he doesn't understand finance, he only understands printing money and we can't quadruple the amount of money in the next slowdown."
Jim Rogers is a real man's Warren Buffett. Just saying…
Exhibit B: US dollar purchasing power chart 1971-2011:
I've been thinking a lot lately about how the dollar's fall is likely to play out. The world is far bigger, richer, and healthier than it was during the last big currency shakeup. In the 1930′s, when the Pound Sterling lost its status as #1 reserve currency, the world had just 2 billion people with an average life expectancy in the 40s (today it's 69.2 – which is good in a societal sense, yet very bad in a govt-entitlement sense).
Its citizens are also saddled with many times higher debt-per-capita. Gold and silver-backed money has disappeared. Hence, the currency wars and economic turmoil we're starting to see.
Importantly, the global financiers are (arguably) more thoroughly-entrenched in political/biz power structures than ever before. And they will have their way for now, like it or not.
Read Simon Johnson's 2009 piece, The Quiet Coup, if you haven't yet. Unfortunately, things have gotten worse since, during what will likely be seen in retrospect as the only real opportunity for financial reform this time around. Too late, Obama, if you even give a sh1t. So we are all-but guaranteed another, bigger crisis in the next few years. All anyone has done so far is kick the can down the road, in the direction of a muddy ditch.
EU v. Dollar, QE 2.80
The euro should provide quite an interesting challenge to the dollar over coming years. The two currencies will vie for the title of "least-shitty" reserve option.
Germany has tough decisions to make, such as how best to slaughter the EU debt-beasts. Orchestrating a bond default of this magnitude, particularly the part where they try to convince euro banks to eat losses, will not be pretty. But it's going to happen (unless the populace as a whole agrees to be become debt serfs, and dedicate their entire lives to grinding away on 20% + debt for eternity.
No, that will not happen, which is why we're seeing rising unrest on the streets.
This transition can be orderly, or it can be ugly. But debt will, somehow, be restructured. If the program looks like that oh-so-horrible Irish packages, with taxpayers and pensioners bearing the brunt for banks/financiers, things will get ugly. Those Greek riot pictures you've seen? Pretty bad.
But picture such an event in Detroit, my dad's hometown. Or my current city, Baltimore MD. When food stamps, unemployment, and medicare stop providing the desired level of assistance, residents in these areas should expect things to get bad for a while.
In the US, the only decision I see Bernank and Co. making is how best to sell QEx to the public. As long as we have a dovish captured president, and Dudley, Geithner, Bernanke, Yellen, and other bank-loyal Bob Rubin types remain in power, that won't change. Unrestrained, these folks' proteges should be orchestrating round 28 of Quantitative Easing in 2025.
I suspect and hope that America's crazy fiat experiment will be stopped before then. QE6 is where I think things will start to get really nasty (if we get there). By that time, the rampant, in-your-face, undeniable-despite-vigorous-CPI-massage-style-inflation will force even those such as Pulitzer-Prize winning economic doveologue David Leonhardt to question the Bernank's wisdom (when he does, probably time to sell gold).
But for now, the Fed is determined in their mission to destroy the dollar and inflate. Pushed on by lazy politicians who don't want to cut taxes or slash spending, and by banks who stand to reap enormous profits from their TBTF status.
Why will QE3, 4, and 5 appear?
Don't worry, the Bernanke assures us. More money-printing won't be necessary*, (unless prices start to fall). Then, well… we'll have to reevaluate. BTW, prices tend to fall when we stop printing money, and that inevitably leads us to print more money. It's one of those vicious-cycle things, like Fat Bastard.
The QE brand will only last so long, so a new name and acronym seem inevitable. Maybe the powers that be could arrange a stock-split of sorts, 10:1. Make it a more publicly-digestible QE2.80? Or get tricky, and do something like Version 2.08. Then it looks like more of an extension of QE 2, with upgrades.
QE 2.80 or v2.08 – or something far more ridiculous and abstract – might fool a few hundred million people, and it would certainly look better for the Feds in a headline than this: US Central Bank Surprised For 27th time in a Row, As QE28 suddenly seen as necessary to prevent imminent and super scary deflation.
It'd be just like Citigroup's (NYSE:C) reverse-split, but forward (by the way, how is that $.01 per-share dividend is a "dividend reinstatement" after a 1:10 reverse split, Vikram? Gotta love clumsy financial obfuscation..)
Whatever name QE3 takes, I think we should all agree ahead of time to call it that, regardless of the ridiculous acronym attached.
Back to EUR/USD
My gut says that long-term, the euro will stay stronger than the dollar (I don't trade FX, and am but a lowly metal-owning sideline currency-heckler).
John Taylor said in January of this year that at some point in 2011, the USD and euro should trade at parity (with the euro even going lower). Of course, he's right when he says that the market was/is overly optimistic on Europe. But it's at least as bad in the US, long-term, and markets are starting to realize that, evidently. EUR is up 7% this year against USD.
Both economies have their strong and weak points.
Germany – Europe's largest economy by far – is quite healthy. California, New York? Not so much. Texas, PA, NJ? Pretty bad too. And the US Federal Government? Likely worse off than Greece, long-term.
Almost all states in the US have big deficits, incredibly underfunded pensions, stagnant wages, rising prices, and very slow growth (likely negative in real terms). There are some bright spots, like Wyoming and North Dakota. But they make up a tiny portion of the total economy. The US manufacturing base has been exported, and will take time to rebuild.
Germany, meanwhile, is the EU's top dog. And they have strong views on the necessity of controlling inflation.They also tend to focus on real economy and manufacturing, as opposed to America, where we have a big ol' soft spot for finance/banking, expensive health care, and the military-industrial complex. Lots of good companies, but they are currently drowned out by TBTF crud. Financial-sector profits are back to 40% of ALL US profits, by the way…
Neither economy is perfect. But if I had to bet on a socialist-leaning economy with a strong manufacturing base and sound(er) monetary policy (GEUrmany), or the socialist-corporatist land of TBTF banks and reckless military spending (US), I pick the former. Europe will inevitably get hit hard when Greece, Ireland, Portugal, and others go through their bond-default pain. But these things happen in economies, and economies rebound surprisingly fast from such trauma (see: Iceland, Russia, Asia).
Europe's future is cloudy, like America's. But on a purely economic basis, I'd say the EU is sitting prettier.
China will be tenting its fingers, a la Mr. Burns, in the corner, deciding how to play its increasingly sweet-looking hand; economically, politically, and militarily. There will be bumps along the road, like brewing housing-bubbles and inflation issues, but power is steadily shifting their way. They have over $3 trillion in foreign reserves, a growing domestic economy, and the luxury of letting their currency appreciate, if/when they want to.
China is an aspiring superpower snatching up resources across the globe. Notably, they're doing it all in a very peaceful way. Sure, they have human rights issues at home, but thus far they haven't even bombed a single country! Seems like a good sign for the world's superpower heir-apparent.
The world has never seen such a currency war before, and it should provide observers with entertainment for years to come. Hopefully not decades.
Chart via DollarDaze.org.

subset: commoncrawl


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Tag Archive For "Sample Business Apology Letter"
Sample Business Apology Letter Template
One of the hardest things to do in life is to apologize. Committing mistakes is part of life, but some people find it difficult to admit their wrongdoings or mistakes. If you cannot do it in person, then writing an apology letter can help in proving your sincerity. Below are the steps on writing an …
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On July 15, 2016 Deputy John Carter graduated from the SC Criminal Justice Academy Basic Law Enforcement Class 650 where he received the Clifford A. Moyer marksmanship award for being top shooter in his class. Carter graduated as a Class I certified law enforcement officer along with 54 officers from around the state.
Three people were arrested on drug charges in two separate incidents on the same day.
An unknown, possibly female suspect called in a bomb threat to KershawHealth on Monday evening.
Lugoff Fire-Rescue (LF-R) Engine 10 might be a total loss following a collision with a tractor trailer on U.S. 1 in Lugoff early Wednesday afternoon. The collision happened at 1:10 p.m. Wednesday as Engine 10 was responding to a woods fire near Elgin, according to LF-R Chief Dennis Ray. Ray said Engine 10 was backing up a brush unit from the Doby's Mill Fire Department due to no response from the Blaney or Pine Grove volunteer fire departments.
The Camden Police Department (CPD) is seeking information about a man who is allegedly using a technique called "stringing" to steal change from coin operated machines while retaining the bill used to make the change.
A 911 call from a woman locked in a bedroom led Kershaw County Sheriff's Office (KCSO) deputies to arrest an 18-year-old east Camden man on first degree burglary and other charges Monday.
An 18-year-old Lugoff man stopped for DUI Saturday is behind bars on multiple counts of breaking into motor vehicles. According to a Kershaw County Sheriff's Office (KCSO) press release, deputies charged Dayton Lee Rock, 18, of Sherwood Court.
The Kershaw County Sheriff's Office (KCSO) is seeking information about the man in this picture who appears to be stealing an air conditioning unit from a home on Smyrna Church Road near Elgin around 3:30 p.m. Saturday. According to KCSO Capt. Steve Knafelc, the subject stole the outside air conditioning unit and tried to unsuccessfully gain entry to the home through a back door. Knafelc said the residence was the site of another burglary just five days earlier. "I feel this person has knowledge of the first burglary, and obviously needs to be held accountable for the ...
A Camden man on probation on armed robbery and burglary charges from 2008 is behind bars again after leading Kershaw County Sheriff's Office (KCSO) deputies on a high speed chase during the early morning hours of July 2.
Jack Rushing, a Camden resident and former S.C. State Law Enforcement Division (SLED) agent is the new captain of administration at the Kershaw County Sheriff's Office (KCSO). Sheriff Jim Matthews made the announcement in a press release Wednesday.
Kershaw County Sheriff's Office (KCSO) deputies arrested a 33-year-old Gadsden man riding a motorcycle following a brief chase on U.S. 601 in Lugoff on June 30.
Once again, the Camden Fire Department (CFD) has brought home top honors for its efforts in fire safety and public education.
The Camden Police Department (CPD) is looking for a man they believe placed a card skimmer device on a downtown bank's ATM.
Agents from four agencies took to the air recently in an effort to eradicate marijuana field operations. The search turned up such an operation June 22, leading a Lugoff woman to turn herself into authorities the next day.
A Columbia man will have to come up with $135,000 cash in order to get out of the Kershaw County Detention Center after deputies arrested him Monday night on various drug and gun charges.
Page 3 of 84
Heroin use and sales are on the rise nationally and locally, bringing with it a host of problems.
The Kershaw County Sheriff's Office is seeking a man they believe robbed a Lugoff business and pistol whipped an employee.
A Columbia man was arrested after a high speed chase Saturday on Flat Rock Road near Camden.
During Thanksgiving week, Kershaw County Sheriff's Office investigators arrested and charged five individuals with 2-17 counts of breaking into a motor vehicle, receiving stolen ...
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November Luncheon: Teach for America
On Wednesday, Nov. 7, Gillian Smith, Vice President of Marketing for Teach For America, will share how the organization has used sound marketing and public relations strategies to ignite their explosive growth. Non-profits and for-profits alike can learn from this presentation.
Teach For America is the national corps of outstanding recent college graduates who commit two years to teach in urban and rural public schools and become lifelong leaders in expanding educational opportunity. This year, more than 5,000 corps members are teaching in over 1,000 schools and more than 12,000 Teach For America alumni continue working from inside and outside the field of education for the fundamental changes necessary to ensure educational excellence and equity.
When: Wednesday, Nov. 7, 11:30 a.m.
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The PRSA Houston Chapter will partner once again with the Texas Public Relations Association (TPRA) to sponsor the 2008 Silver Spur/Best of Texas Awards Competition.
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The Silver Spur/Best of Texas Awards Competition is the only statewide contest for Texas public relations practitioners and recognizes excellence in programs, projects and tactics.
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Deedra Moe, public affairs advisor for ExxonMobil, has relocated to Baton Rouge, La.
Christine Miller has been promoted to director, North American Region Communications, for Rohm & Haas and relocated to Philadelphia, Pa.
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ePRo is the electronic newsletter of the Houston chapter of the Public Relations Society of America (PRSA Houston), and is a tool for you. Deadline for submitting items for the December newsletter is November 23, 2007. We love hearing your thoughts and news, so send generously to Stephanie Pertuit.


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APPEAL from the Circuit Court of Will County; the Hon. THOMAS
W. VINSON and EDWIN B. GRABIEC, Judges, presiding.
In this appeal, Richard Venturi, the lessee of a gasoline service station, seeks review of an order which denied his request for a temporary injunction to restrain enforcement of a judgment in favor of his lessor, Bulk Petroleum Corporation, rendered in a forcible entry and detainer action.
In 1975 Venturi and Bulk entered into a one-year lease of an E-Z Go service station located at the northeast corner of the intersection of Route 53 and Greenwood Avenue in Romeoville, Illinois. At the same time Venturi and Bulk executed a contract, titled "Automotive Gasoline Agreement," which required Venturi to purchase motor fuels from Bulk for resale and which provided that Bulk would determine the quantities to be delivered and the prices to be paid by the dealer. The lease was renewed for a second one-year term, and then, on September 30, 1977, Bulk sent Venturi written notice that the lease would not again be renewed and that possession of the premises was to be delivered to Bulk on November 19, 1977. Venturi refused to vacate upon the expiration date, and on November 23, 1977, Bulk filed a forcible entry and detainer action, Docket No. 77-B-6718M, in the Circuit Court of Will County to recover possession. Venturi's answer, which does not show a filing date, denied that Bulk was entitled to possession, and the cause was set for trial on December 27, 1977, before Judge Edwin B. Grabiec.
On December 23, 1977, Venturi filed a separate action against Bulk in the Circuit Court of Will County charging Bulk with price-fixing, restraint of trade and other practices in violation of the Illinois Antitrust Act (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1977, ch. 38, par. 60-1 et seq.). This action was assigned Docket No. 77-G-3382CH. In his complaint Venturi alleged that Bulk used one-year leases to police and maintain the retail price of gasoline and that leases were not renewed unless "certain coercive conditions" prescribed by Bulk were met. Venturi asked that Bulk be enjoined from, inter alia, attempting to evict Venturi in pending cause No. 77-B-6718M, and that Venturi be awarded $600,000 damages. According to the record, Venturi filed a motion for a temporary injunction on December 28, 1977, gave notice that the motion was set for hearing on December 30, 1977, but no hearing was held on December 30.
On December 27, 1977, at the forcible entry and detainer trial in No. 77-B-6718M before Judge Grabiec, Venturi asked for a continuance until his request for an injunction in the antitrust action had been heard. The continuance was denied, and the hearing on the merits commenced. Bulk introduced into evidence the lease and the notice of termination. The trial was then recessed until January 19, 1978, at which time additional evidence was heard, including Venturi's defense that Bulk had extended the lease for another year by accepting a check for $784.52 sent to Bulk by Venturi on December 30, 1977. The check contained a marginal notation that it was a rental payment for the period from November 4 to December 30, 1977. Bulk notified Venturi on January 4, 1978, that the check had been credited to his account "due to our nonacceptance" of the rental payment. After taking the cause under advisement, the trial court on January 26, 1978, entered judgment for possession in favor of Bulk. Venturi filed a notice of appeal, and the writ of restitution was stayed from time to time until Venturi obtained a ruling on his claim for an injunction under the Antitrust Act.
The motion for an injunction was heard before Judge Thomas Vinson on February 23, 1978, and was denied. The docket entry recites that the court does not have jurisdiction to hear this request for an injunction, and Judge Vinson stated orally that issuance of an injunction would amount to a collateral attack on a prior judgment and would thus be improper. Venturi appealed from this order, and the two appeals have been consolidated by order of this court.
1 First, we must consider Bulk's request that these appeals be dismissed because Venturi failed to file his praecipes for record in both causes within the time required by Supreme Court Rules 307 and 322 (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1977, ch. 110A, pars. 307, 322) and also failed to file the records on appeal within the time specified in Rules 307 and 326. Venturi says that he was unable to prepare the praecipe in either case until this court had ruled upon his motion for a stay of execution and for consolidation. Although we do not condone a disregard for the rules of the supreme court, we are cognizant of the provision in Rule 301 that no step, other than the filing of a notice of appeal, is jurisdictional. Therefore, we decline to dismiss this appeal on procedural grounds and elect, in the exercise of our discretion, to consider the merits of this appeal.
One issue originally raised on appeal concerned whether Bulk's acceptance of Venturi's December 30, 1977, check created another one-year tenancy. That issue is now conceded by Venturi to be moot since, if a new tenancy had been created, it would have expired on November 19, 1978, and thus Bulk would now be entitled to possession in any event.
Venturi contends that he was denied his constitutional right to due process of law by the rulings of two circuit court judges. First, Judge Grabiec refused a three-day continuance of the forcible entry and detainer action to permit the chancery court to consider issuing an injunction to stay the forcible entry proceeding and instead proceeded to try the issue of possession and to award judgment to Bulk. Then, Judge Vinson refused to consider the merits of Venturi's request for an injunction on the ground that the prior judgment could not be collaterally attacked.
2 We note here that Venturi does not claim that the court in the forcible entry and detainer suit erred when it denied his request for a continuance. Generally where two actions between the same parties on the same subject, brought to test the same rights, are commenced in different courts> having concurrent jurisdiction, the court which first acquires jurisdiction has a prior right of jurisdiction. (People ex rel. Scott v. Jones (1970), 44 Ill.2d 343, 255 N.E.2d 397; 14 Ill. L. & Prac. Courts> § 253 (1968).) It is possible for the court with prior jurisdiction of an action at law to stay the proceeding before it, pending the determination of a suit in equity where the parties and subject matter are the same, but whether a stay is to be granted in a particular case is discretionary with the court. (1 C.J.S. Actions § 133(c)(1), (3) (1936).) We have not been asked to determine whether Judge Grabiec's denial of the continuance was an abuse of discretion, and hence we assume his decision was proper.
3, 4 The issue which we are required to decide is whether the equity court erred in refusing to consider the merits of Venturi's request for an injunction to stay the enforcement of the eviction order. Equity does have jurisdiction to enjoin the prosecution of a forcible entry and detainer suit, where the issues in the equity suit are necessary to the determination of the rights of the parties, and a party seeking such a remedy is not required to assert his claim by way of an equitable defense in the forcible entry and detainer action. (Bartelstein v. Goodman (1st Dist. 1950), 340 Ill. App. 51, 90 N.E.2d 796. See also Allensworth v. First Galesburg National Bank & Trust Co. (2d Dist. 1955), 7 Ill. App.2d 1, 128 N.E.2d 600.) In a recent forcible entry and detainer case where the lessee filed an affirmative defense alleging antitrust violations similar to those pleaded here, the reviewing court held the antitrust charges to be not germane to the question of possession. (Clark Oil & Refining Corp. v. Thomas (1st Dist. 1974), 25 Ill. App.3d 428, 323 N.E.2d 479.) The same question was again presented in Clark Oil & Refining Corp. v. Banks (1st Dist. 1975), 34 Ill. App.3d 67, 70, 339 N.E.2d 283, 286, where the court said:
"[I]n this action plaintiff's claim for possession is predicated solely upon its right to terminate defendant's lease at the end of its term in accordance with the leasing agreement. A tenant who becomes a defendant in a forcible entry and detainer action is not left without a forum within which to present his antitrust claims against his landlord; indeed, defendant is a named plaintiff in a pending antitrust action against Clark Oil * * *."
In both Clark Oil cases, the affirmative defenses based on antitrust violations were stricken as not germane to the question of possession under a lease. We believe that the case at bar presents an analogous situation and that the issues involved in the antitrust suit are not necessary to the determination of Venturi's right to possession after the term of the lease expired.
5 Bulk suggests that Bartelstein and Allensworth should be distinguished because here judgment had been entered before the motion for a temporary injunction was heard, while in those cases the forcible entry proceeding was pending. Thus the motion before Judge Vinson was a request to enjoin execution of the judgment in the prior proceeding. It has been said that one court may not enjoin enforcement of a prior judgment rendered by another court unless the judgment is void on its face, or it has been satisfied, or unless the injunction is merely incidental to other relief (21 C.J.S. Courts> § 499 (1940)), although the same authority has also said that in the case of fraud or mistake, or a showing of manifest irreparable injury, equity may restrain a plaintiff who has obtained judgment in a possessory action from having restitution of the possession (36A C.J.S. Forcible Entry & Detainer § 75 (1961)). Under either test we see no basis in the record for an injunction to prevent enforcement of the judgment awarding Bulk possession of its own property upon the expiration of Venturi's lease.
6 There is nothing in the record to indicate why the hearing on Venturi's request for injunction was postponed from December 30, 1977, to February 23, 1978. Insofar as we can determine, Venturi must bear the responsibility for not obtaining a hearing prior to January 19, 1978, when the forcible entry and detainer trial was concluded. This fact buttresses our conclusion that Venturi was not denied due process of law. Furthermore, Venturi still has his pending antitrust action for damages.
For the reasons stated, we affirm both the judgment of the Circuit Court of Will County in No. 77-B-6718M and the order denying an injunction in No. 77-G-3382CH.
STOUDER, P.J., and ALLOY, J., concur.
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Category:Litton, Somerset
From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository
English: Litton is a small village between Chewton Mendip and West Harptree in the Mendip Hills, Somerset, England. Very close to the village are the Litton Reservoirs.
This category has the following 2 subcategories, out of 2 total.
- ► Litton Reservoirs (7 F)
- ► St Mary's Church, Litton, Somerset (3 F)
Media in category "Litton, Somerset"
The following 7 files are in this category, out of 7 total.


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Alfresco AB-DDC-L Stainless Steel 32" Three Drawer Unit with Door on Left
Home > Appliance Stop > Outdoor > Grill Accessory > Drawers > Doors
|Alfresco, AB-DDC-L, Grill Accessory, Stainless Steel, Outdoor, Drawers/Doors 32 Three Drawer Unit with Door on LeftAlfresco was founded in the year 2000 with a single goal: to bring the products and features professional chefs demand to the backyard. While several high-end grill lines existed by this time, no one had created the complete line of products necessary to build a true open air kitchen. Alfresco set out to change that. 30 plus years of experience designing and building equipment allowed Alfresco to create a superior product. For too long, outdoor cooking has been anything but efficient, relying heavily on the indoor kitchen for support. Alfresco has succeeded in its original goal of creating the products needed to build the ultimate open air kitchen, and create an outdoor food preparation environment that would please the most demanding professional chef.This Alfresco Door & Drawer Combo Unit is constructed from 304 grade stainless steel. The unit features an access door on the left and triple access drawers on the right. The access door is equipped with multiple mounting options and an internal storage rail. The triple access drawers on the right are German engineered with smooth gliding full extension rails. Alfresco AB-DDC-L Features:Stainless Steel ConstructionLeft Access DoorSmooth Full Extension Glide RailsMultiple Mounting OptionsAlfresco AB-DDC-L Specifications:Product Weight: 24 lbs.L: 19.25 H: 18.44 W: 31.81
Alfresco Part Number: AB-DDC-L


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Coffee-Kahlua Balls
Total Time
Prep 20 mins
Cook 0 mins
Similar to rum balls, but with a coffee-Kahlua flavour instead. From Chatelaine magazine.
Ingredients Nutrition
- 250 g vanilla wafers or 250 g purchased vanilla wafer crumbs
- 1⁄3 cup Kahlua or 1⁄3 cup other coffee liqueur
- 1 teaspoon instant coffee
- 2 tablespoons corn syrup
- 1 cup icing sugar
- 3⁄4 cup chopped nuts
- 1⁄2 cup icing sugar, for rolling
- Pulse wafers in a food processor until finely ground.
- Stir coffee granules in Kahlua until dissolved. Stir in corn syrup, 1 cup icing sugar and crumbs until evenly mixed. Stir in nuts.
- Shape mixture into 1 inch balls and place on a waxed paper lined tray or baking sheet.
- Roll balls in 1/2 cup icing sugar.
- Store in an airtight container with waxed paper between the layers and keep refrigerated for up to 2 weeks but at least overnight. Flavours improve with time.
Most Helpful
Made them to use up a bag of gluten and fructose free cookies which were impossible to eat... I think this recipe improved the cookies very much, but the cookies didn't improve the recipe. I don't like the strong Kahlua taste, so I gave them to MIL who said they were good. Made for Comfort Cafe Snowqueen's Round 2010.
This has a mild Kahlua flavor-very nice! It was very easy to put together but I had to fight the mix into balls. LOL! It was really sticky. I used almonds that I ran through the food processor. Thanks so much for posting! Made for the Comfort Cafe event.
These are amazing! So easy and so delicious, more mellow tasting than traditional rum balls. The flavour really does improve over a few days so plan to make them ahead of time. I've made these for Christmas the last two years and they always disappear quickly from the cookie plate.


text: Tazamo is Digital Marketing Agency based in Shrewsbury, Shropshire. To find out what we can offer visit www.tazamo.co.uk We specialise in Web Design and Development, Social Media and SEO, offering full support for your business. From E-commerce and Brochure Websites, Graphic Design, Branding and logo design, we are here to support you through out. Our team of industry leading experts offer a complete digital marketing solution. You will be working with our team of gifted web designers and developers, marketing specialists, social media and SEO experts.


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Inventions Teacher Resources
Find Inventions educational lesson plans and worksheets
Showing 73 - 96 of 4,150 resources
Wright Again: 100 Years of Flight
Aspiring aeronautical engineers demonstrate different forces as they construct and test paper airplanes. This lesson plan links you to a website that models the most effective paper airplane design, an animation describing the forces...
5th - 8th Visual & Performing Arts
Great Minds: Filippo Brunelleschi
New ReviewThe first modern engineer earned the title by winning a competition to build a dome. A video focuses on the work and life of Filippo Brunelleschi, who invented an entirely new way of constructing buildings, including new designs,...
5 mins 9th - 12th Social Studies & History
Failure: Seeds of Innovation
"If at first you don't succeed, try, try again!" Through this assignment, emerging engineers examine how failed experiments are simply part of the process of an outstanding design. They begin with some reading about the microwave oven,...
3rd - 12th Technology & Engineering CCSS: Adaptable
The Amazing Life and Strange Death of Captain Cook
View this presentation to take a look into the life and death of Captain James Cook. The video also includes an overview of imperialism, colonization of Australia and New Zealand, and the ritual structure of early Hawaiian culture.
10 mins 9th - 12th Social Studies & History CCSS: Adaptable
Where Did Earth's Water Come From?
It's commonly known that over 70 percent of of the earth's surface is covered by water, but exactly where did it all come from? Join this short video as it travels back to the beginning of the universe in search of the origins of this...
4 mins 6th - 12th Science CCSS: Adaptable
History of the Telephone, Radio, and Light Bulb
Students research and discuss the history of the telephone, radio, and light bulb. In this invention history lesson, students access Internet sites to explore the inventors and the invention of the telephone, the radio, and the light...
4th - 5th Social Studies & History
World History and Geography to 1500 A.D.
Here's a great resource for your curriculum library. The 240-page packet, organized into units by topics, includes sample lesson plans, links to primary and secondary source documents, worksheets, activities, and sample assessments.
6th - 10th Social Studies & History CCSS: Adaptable
The Creation of Chemistry - The Fundamental Laws
New ReviewImagine if scientists today were killed for their thoughts, ideas, and beliefs. And yet, Antoine Lavoisier was beheaded for just those things in 1794. Learn about this fascinating aspect of science along with the contributions of...
11 mins 8th - 12th Science CCSS: Adaptable
Mr. Goldman's Good Idea
Shopping carts are a modern convenience that many people take for granted. Make sure your pupils do not fall into that category by completing the activities in this plan. There are ideas included for language arts, social studies, math,...
3rd - 5th English Language Arts CCSS: Designed


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This book is an exploration of failure in tanks, vessels, and pipes. This is done from an engineer's perspective, which means that it has to be usable to make run-or-repair decisions, to decide whether the component is still "fit for service," or whether it should be repaired or replaced. Fitness-for-service is the understanding of why, when, and how tanks vessels, and pipes fail. The answer is at the crossroads of mechanical design and analysis, metallurgy, welding, corrosion, inspection, and a good grasp of operations. These disciplines have to merge into a succinct and clear answer, preferably a single number: how much longer can the component operate safely. In answering this question, the engineer will have to rely on experience and science, and will have to reach a quantitative answer in the form of time to failure or margin to failure. This book is a modest addition to the many documents that address the interesting question of fitness-for-service. Foremost among publications dealing with the topic is the American Petroleum Institute's Recommended Practice API 579 Fitness for Service, a document which through its elegance, completeness, and practical value remains unmatched. The reader is urged to apply the API practice and other codes and standards referenced in the text, as they are the authoritative references to be used in making fitness-for-service and run-or-repair decisions.


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Transportation :SUMIF and SUMPRODUCT functions
This is a study guide for me to use to study for an upcoming exam. I need detailed solution so I can be familiar with how to do a step by step solution. Excel is very hard for me unless I can see it clearly.
Please see attachment.
PROBLEM 1. Given the following information and diagram, determine the lowest cost routes to ship furniture from production sites 1 and 2 to stores at locations 3 and 4. The costs of shipping along the arrows are listed on each arrow and the quantity supplied or demanded is listed by each location. Complete an actual Excel worksheet in the format given below, solve it using the Excel Solver Program, and submit your excel file as the solution to this problem. This problem must be solved using the SUMIF and SUMPRODUCT functions.
Solution Preview
Please see attached files for complete response to your ...
Solution Summary
Excel file contains solution of transportation problem using solver tool and SUMIF and SUMPRODUCT functions..