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How often is a gift called "transformational?" That's a big claim. The word was used by University of Rhode Island President David M. Dooley, referring in 2013 to a $15 million gift from former CVS Caremark Corp. President and CEO Thomas M. … more
Well before Larry J. Merlo became CEO of Woonstocket-based CVS Health Corp. in 2011, the company knew how to get big by acquisition, scooping up many hundreds of drugstores, decades after decade. Named president in 2010, Merlo came onboard … more
A family-based business composed of ingenious thinkers who know how to reinvent themselves to meet changing conditions. That's the formula that has kept New England Construction going strong, now in its second generation of leadership. … more
It turns out, strange as it sounds, that sharks like nuts. Who knew? That was good news in 2013 for three Providence-area entrepreneurs who were building a business that makes and sells high-protein nut butters, almond butters and protein powder. … more
Beta Group Inc., of Lincoln, started small – with three employees in 1982 – and it has continued to grow, taking a leap, for example, in mid-2012, when it acquired the landscape architecture firm Gates, Leighton & Associates, which became a new … more
Dunkin' Donuts is celebrating National Doughnut Day on Friday by offering customers a free doughnut of their choice with the purchase of any beverage. more
By PBN Staff
CANTON, Mass. – Reebok International Ltd. is collaborating with footwear-component supplier AF Group in Lincoln, which has a technology lab in Burrillville; equipment maker Rampf Group Inc. in Wixom, Mich.; and international raw material supplier … more
FALL RIVER – More than 500 job seekers and nearly 80 companies filled the Government Center atrium Oct. 19 for Fall River's Fall Job Fair, The Herald News reported. Many employers said local competition makes recruiting difficult. … more
(Updated 12:26 p.m.) CVS/pharmacy President Helena B. Foulkes made a "surprise" appearance on ABC's Jimmy Kimmel Live Friday to say that those long receipts the chain is known for will soon be a thing of the past for customers who want to go digital. more
By Lori Stabile
Sports Authority Inc., still seeking a buyer, has no current plan to liquidate, a lawyer for the bankrupt retailer said. more
By Steven Church


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If not now, when?
April 7, 2014
The Economist
If Congress will not budge, Mr Obama could use his executive authority to thaw relations further—loosening travel restrictions, taking Cuba off the list of state sponsors of terrorism, and trying to negotiate a swap of prisoners. But that is second best. The embargo increasingly exists only because it happens to be there.
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Scarfies Smoked Fish Chowder
Total Time
Prep 15 mins
Cook 10 mins
A wonderful dish in winter and a hit at a dinner party. Came from Aunty Bertha.
Ingredients Nutrition
- 2 cups diced raw potatoes
- 3⁄4 cup finely chopped onion
- 1⁄2 cup diced celery
- 2 teaspoons salt
- 3 cups water
- 225 g smoked fish fillet, flaked
- 4 tablespoons butter
- 4 tablespoons flour
- 1⁄4 teaspoon pepper
- 1⁄2 teaspoon mustard
- 1 1⁄2 teaspoons Worcestershire sauce
- 2 cups milk
- 1 1⁄2 cups grated cheese
- 1 cup canned tomatoes or 1 cup cooked tomatoes
- Place potatoes, onions, celery, 1/2 salt and all the boiling water in a deep saucepan.
- Add the flaked fish and simmer with lid on for 10 minutes.
- While this cooks, melt butter in small saucepan. Add flour and remaining salt, pepper, mustard, Worcestershire sauce and milk.
- Cook, stirring, until thick; add cheese.
- Stir until melted.
- Add sauce to fish and veggie mixture; stir until smooth and then add tomatoes.
- Season if necessary and serve with fresh bread rolls.
Most Helpful
This was good on a cold day and made excellent use of some fish we'd smoked however it lacked "something". Some tabasco at the table lifted it a bit and I think chicken stock instead of salt and water would improve it too. I like lots of veg in my chowders, so would use carrot, capsicum, corn or peas (or any combo of whatever I had of these on hand) to add to it. I could have eaten the entire cheese sauce on its own-it was delicious.
excellent recipe. I poached the fish in the milk, which I used for the sauce. I didnt add the tomatoes, but will try that next time. Everyone was very impressed!!! thanks auntie Bertha
This is a good chowder. I changed the prep a bit in that I sauteed the onions and the celery in the butter and then added the rest. Then I pureed the tomatoes into the soup instead of leaving them in chunks, just a preference for a smoother soup (and a 2 year old with texture issues!). I added the potatoes and fish last. I used all the ingredients and seasonings.It didn't say what kind of cheese so i used monterey jack because thats what i had. My husband commented that it would be even better it if were a bit spicey- so i might put some cajun seasoning on the table to go along with it. Thanks for a good recipe!


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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|May 8, 1984
|Filing date
|Jun 2, 1983
|Priority date
|Jun 2, 1983
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|William J. Roe
|Original Assignee
|Nalco Chemical Company
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (21), Referenced by (27), Classifications (8), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is related to Ser. No. 364,463 filed on Apr. 1, 1982, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,410,431.
This invention relates generally to chemical processing aids for use in conjunction with mining operations, and relates more particularly to chemical compositions for altering the water function characteristics in various bulk mineral handling procedures. In one specific aspect, the present invention relates to chemical aids for dewatering of ores including coal, lead, copper and taconite ores, glass sands and the like.
Water is commonly employed in coal crushing and washing operations as a vehicle and to collect and suppress fines. However, water is desirably removed from cleaned ores and coal prior to delivery of the product to a user for two important reasons. First, surface moisture much in excess of about five percent can result in serious freezing of ore in railroad cars when shipment is made in sub-freezing weather. Second, and more importantly, in the case of coal any included moisture acts as a B.T.U. thief, the fuel value of clean coal being an inverse function of its moisture content. Likewise in the further processing of ores, moisture must often be removed.
In the past, partial dewatering of ore slurries has been accomplished by such procedures as filtration and centrifugation, sometimes followed by thermal drying to a target moisture level. In addition, dewatering aids have been utilized heretofore in instances where the cost effectiveness of the chemical additives exceeded the incremental equipment charges and related energy costs. One commonly employed dewatering aid has been a surface active chemical species known generically as sodium dialkylsulfosuccinate (see for example U.S. Pat. No. 4,210,531); but this material is often prohibitively expensive in its application, usually exhibits a very significant foaming tendency, and therefore has limited utility.
My commonly assigned related application, Ser. No. 364,463 filed Apr. 1, 1982, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,410,431, hereinafter incorporated by reference, discloses and claims the use of certain non-ionic surfactants useful as de-watering aids which have been combined with Tall Oil Fatty Acids so as to solubilize higher concentrations of the non-ionic surfactant. It was discovered, quite surprisingly in that application, that the two ingredients act synergistically in the dewatering of mineral concentrates.
The present invention resides in a special composition of a surfactant material having an advantageous hydrophile-lipophile balance, in combination with a hydrotrope or coupling agent which serves as an adsorption inhibitor for the surfactant. This novel composition has been manifestly useful in reducing the moisture content of various mineral products, exhibits beneficial residual effects, and test results suggest the presence of synergism in the combination. In one specific aspect, the instant invention contemplates the blending of a hydrotrope or coupling agent, preferably sodium xylene sulfonate, with an ethylene oxide adduct of a primary aliphatic alcohol of moderate chain length, such as tridecyl alcohol. Aliquot proportions of the ingredients have proved useful, while blends incorporating as much as sixty-five percent hydrotrope have exhibited less than optimum activity.
An additional useful component for the composition of this invention is urea. While providing freeze protection to the composition, urea also appears to add to the activity of the composition when treating metallic ores, notably copper ores. It is speculated that the amide functionality serves as a blocking agent on the ore surface.
The compositions of the invention are effective at low dosage rates per unit reduction in moisture content of the selected mineral product and, if desired, can be applied neat in order to avoid the necessity of both a dilution step and the corresponding equipment. The instant compositions are also desirably non-foaming in a centrate and act advantageously to modify the freezing characteristics of ores that have been dewatered by their use.
It is therefore a general object of the present invention to provide a new and improved composition for altering the water function characteristics of mineral slurries.
Another broad object of the instant invention is to provide a new and improved drying aid for dewatering wet, particulate mineral masses.
Still another object of the invention is to provide a chemical agent that combines dewatering effectiveness with residual freeze protection for coal and other mineral slurries.
These and other objects and features of the invention will become more apparent from a consideration of the following descriptions.
Data from the working examples to be described hereinafter are set forth in graphical form in the drawings wherein: FIGS. 1-4 are plots of the moisture content of particulate coal products (1/4"�28 mesh centrifuge discharge) versus the dosage rate of various dewatering aids expressed as pounds of additive per ton of dry substrate. FIG. 5 relates moisture contents of copper concentrate filter cakes to product dosage, again expressed in pounds of additive per dry ton.
The compositions of the present invention are formulated for altering the water function characteristics of a wet, particulate mineral mass by combining a surfactant material component having a specific hydrophile-lipophile balance, with a surfactant adsorption inhibitory agent. The surfactant component is selected so as to maximize its hydrophobic character without adversely affecting its water solubility; and the adsorption inhibitory agent is selected to couple the nonionic surfactant into the water phase and away from the mineral solid/liquid interface, thus keeping the surfactant in solution in the water phase where it can perform the function of lowering surface tension, thereby enhancing capillary flow of water through a solid bed as in a filtration or centrifugation, and affecting dewatering.
The surfactant component of the invention is selected to comprise a single surfactant material or a mixture of surfactants in order to exhibit the required hydrophile-lipophile balance; and the surfactant component is advantageously selected to have an HLB number between from about 6.0 to about 12.0 and preferably between about 7.0 and about 10.0. It is speculated that it is energetically more favorable for a greater proportion of the more hydrophobic surfactant moieties to migrate and align in the mineral slurry at the air/liquid interface as HLB decreases, rather than adsorb at the solid/liquid interface. Moreover, in the case of non-ionic surfactants consisting of ethylene oxide adducts, adsorption of the surfactant very likely would involve an acid-base interaction utilizing unshared pairs of electrons on the oxygen in the polyoxyethylene ether linkages. Thus, the higher ethoxylates not only exhibit greater water solubility but also offer a greater number of adsorption sites. Regardless of the mechanism, however, it appears that the surfactant material desirably is arranged to remain in the aqueous phase where it serves an active function, enhancing capillary flow of water through a filter cake by reducing the surface tension and the viscosity of the filtrate.
One eminently useful class of surfactants for use in the practice of the present invention comprises the condensation products of one mol equivalent of a primary aliphatic alcohol with from 2 to 7 mol equivalents of ethylene oxide. The straight chain aliphatic alcohols containing from 6 to 13 carbon atoms are particularly useful in the practice of the invention; and it has been determined that alcohols containing more than 13 carbon atoms are insufficiently water soluble whereas molecular chains containing less than 6 carbon atoms provide a surfactant molecule which is insufficiently hydrophobic. Similarly, when the alcohol is ethoxylated with more than 7 mols of ethylene oxide, the water solubility of the resultant surfactant has proved excessive.
Tridecyl alcohol is an especially useful ingredient for the surfactants used in the present invention. The adduct of one mol equivalent of tridecyl alcohol with 3 mol equivalents of ethylene oxide exhibits a highly desirable HLB number of 7.5 whereas the corresponding reaction product with 5 mols of ethylene oxide gives a surfactant with a desirable HLB number of 9.8.
The surfactant adsorption inhibitory agent of the instant composition is usefully selected to be a hydrotrope or coupling agent which will act to increase the amount of surfactant that can be dissolved in aqueous solution. The hydrotrope or coupling agent may be selected from among various groups including alkyl aryl sulfonates, cumene sulfonates, ethylene glycol ethers, ethylene glycol esters, diethylene glycol, and materials sold under the tradenames Carbitol and Cellosolve. A preferred hydrotrope useful in this invention is the alkali metal salt of xylene sulfonate, preferably exemplified by sodium xylene sulfonate. While aliquot proportions of surfactant and adsorption inhibitory agent have been conveniently utilized, the practical limits for inclusion of the hydrotrope component in a neat composition according to the invention are between about 10 percent and about 65 percent by weight of the total composition. Inclusion of the hydrotrope component in the present compositions has also been found to assist in solubilizing the surfactant component, particularly when the latter material approaches the upper limits of acceptable hydrophobicity.
In addition to the hydrotrope-surfactant composition previous described, I have found that it is often advantageous to include urea in my compositions. Urea, while not only providing freeze protection for the hydrotrope combination, was in the case of certain minerals, and most notably copper concentrates, appearing to act synergistically with the hydrotrope surfactant combination in the drying of these types of ores. When urea is employed, it is generally added at a freeze protecting amount, generally from a level of from 2-3.5% by weight of the composition, preferably 5-30% and most preferably 7-25%.
The compositions of the present invention are added to mineral/water slurries at levels from about 0.1 to about 1.0 pounds per dry ton of the particulate mineral material. Furthermore, the instant compositions are advantageously utilized in conjunction with a mechanical dewatering procedure such as filtration, centrifugation or the like, in order to promote and accelerate the chemical dewatering action of the additive composition.
For purposes of describing the invention more fully, the following working examples are given without however limiting the invention to the precise details and conditions set forth.
Compositions designated A-F were formulated in acccordance with the invention as set forth above. In addition, the comparison proposes a composition formulated according to my co-pending application, Ser. No. 364,463 filed on Apr. 1, 1982, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,410,431. This composition is identified as composition I. The formulations of these products are set forth below.
______________________________________Composition A 40% tridecyl alcohol ethoxylate (5 mole ethylene oxide) 30% sodium xylene sulfonate 9% urea, prilled 21% waterComposition B 30% tridecyl alcohol ethoxylate (5 mole ethylene oxide) 20% sodium xylene sulfonate 22% urea, prilled 28% waterComposition C 40% tridecyl alcohol ethoxylate (5 mole ethylene oxide) 35% sodium xylene sulfonate 25% waterComposition D 30% tridecyl alcohol ethoxylate (5 mole ethylene oxide) 25% sodium xylene sulfonate 9% urea, prilled 36% waterComposition E 30% tridecyl alcohol ethoxylate (5 mole ethylene oxide) 25% sodium xylene sulfonate 45% waterComposition F 30% tridecyl alcohol ethoxylate (5 mole ethylene oxide) 45% sodium xylene sulfonate 25% waterComposition I 50% tridecyl alcohol ethoxylate (5 mole ethylene oxide) 50% Tall Oil Fatty Acid______________________________________
In order to determine the effectiveness and show the synergism of the components of the subject invention, tests were performed on an eastern coal substrate using a pilot centrifuge according to the method detailed in Example 1 of co-pending application, Ser. No. 364,463 filed on Apr. 1, 1982, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,410,431, which is hereinafter incorporated by reference. As shown in FIG. 1, composition C yields a lower percentage of moisture in a treated coal than its individual ingredients or the sum of its individual ingredients.
Experimental work was conducted on an eastern coal according to the procedure previously described. Results showing the effect of the compositions of the instant invention are shown as FIGS. 2-4.
Compositions of the subject invention were tested as drying agents on a sample of copper concentrate ore from a copper producer in the western part of the United States.
FIG. 5 shows the effect of the composition of the instant invention as compared to composition I. Surface tension indicates the amount of water removable from the copper concentrate. Table 1 shows the effect and gives percent moisture results for the filter cakes obtained using the composition of the instant invention.
TABLE 1______________________________________COPPER CONCENTRATE FILTRATION RESULTSDrying Aid Product Dosage Percent MoistureProduct (pound/dry ton) in filter cake______________________________________(Blank) -- 17.4%Composition A 0.8 14.9%Composition E 0.8 16.6%Composition D 0.8 16.0%Composition B 0.8 15.5%Composition F 0.8 16.3%______________________________________
In order to show the effect of urea on the drying of mineral concentrates, experiments were run comparing compositions B, D and E at similar dosage levels. Results showing the effect of added urea, while maintaining other ingredients equal, is shown in Table 2.
TABLE 2______________________________________EFFECT OF UREA CONTENT ON CAKE MOISTUREDrying Aid Product Dosage Percent MoistureProduct (pound/dry ton) in filter cake______________________________________Composition E 0.8 16.6%Composition D 0.8 16.0%Composition B 0.8 15.5%______________________________________
Composition C was evaluated in a commercial coal preparation plant in the eastern portion of the United States. The use of composition C reduced the CMI dryer product moisture from 7.5% to 5.5% at a dosage of 0.3 lbs per ton. At a dosage of 0.6 lbs per ton, moisture was reduced from 7.5% to 4.5%. At higher dosages composition I did not perform as well, but matched the performance of composition C at dosages at or below 0.2 lbs per ton.
The plant chosen for this test produces on the order of 600 tons of coal per hour. Of this total, 270 tons/hr. of 1/4"�28 are mechanically dewatered by way of three sets of dewatering screens and tandem CMI centrifugal dryers. Approximately 100 tons/hr. production results from the fine coal circuit (28�0) via banks of disc filters. The plant currently thermally dries all of the 1/4"�28 production, and half of the 28 �0 production. The target moisture content for coal leaving the plant is 6%.
A single 1/4"�28 dewatering screen and CMI dried were isolated and outfitted with spray bars and application equipment. Sample ports were cut into the discharge chutes of the CMI dryer, in order that CMI product could readily be obtained. Results are shown in Table III.
TABLE 3______________________________________TABULAR RESULTS OF DRYING AID EVALUATIONEASTERN U.S. COAL PREPARATION PLANT DosageDate Product (pounds/ton) % Moisture______________________________________1st day (blank) -- 7.97" C 0.20 7.26" C 0.35 5.46" C 0.65 4.65" (blank) -- 7.862nd day (blank) -- 7.58" (blank) -- 7.20" I 0.30 6.37" C 0.30 5.63" (blank) -- 7.40" (blank) 7.48" C 0.20 6.41" I 0.20 6.60" I 0.10 6.71" C 0.10 6.98" (blank) -- 6.99" C 0.70 4.10" I 0.70 5.99______________________________________
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Nov 20, 1934
|Dec 7, 1937
|Kormann Frederick A
|Antifreezing means
|May 8, 1937
|May 10, 1938
|Johnson March Corp
|Method and composition for treating coal
|Mar 1, 1939
|Nov 19, 1940
|Gulf Research Development Co
|Laying dust in coal mines
|Mar 20, 1942
|Apr 17, 1945
|Intava Ltd
|Compositions for the prevention of the formation or accretion of ice on exposed surfaces
|Mar 12, 1943
|Feb 17, 1948
|Johnson March Corp
|Composition of matter
|May 17, 1943
|Nov 30, 1948
|Hillel Sapiro Reuben
|Prevention of mist and frost on glass and similar sheet material
|Oct 21, 1952
|Aug 23, 1955
|Fain Jacob M
|De-icing and freeze depressant composition
|Jan 14, 1965
|Jan 17, 1967
|Nalco Chemical Co
|Prevention of freezing together of coal particles and compositions thereof
|Sep 15, 1964
|Oct 31, 1967
|Shell Oil Co
|Foamable de-icing/defrosting composition and method of de-icing and defrosting
|Feb 15, 1965
|Jan 9, 1968
|British Petroleum Co
|Inhibited antifreeze composition
|Feb 27, 1970
|Nov 30, 1971
|Allied Chem
|Inhibition of corrosive action of fluid deicer composition
|May 15, 1969
|Dec 28, 1971
|Allied Chem
|Deicer composition
|Dec 11, 1972
|Feb 26, 1974
|Nalco Chemical Co
|Method for preventing the freezing together of coal particles
|Mar 19, 1975
|Aug 2, 1977
|Sanyo Chemical Industries, Ltd.
|Hydroextracting composition for wet and finely pulverized ores
|Nov 28, 1977
|Sep 26, 1978
|The Dow Chemical Company
|Method and composition for reducing the strength of ice
|Sep 28, 1977
|Oct 31, 1978
|The Procter & Gamble Company
|Compositions containing nonionic surfactant and sulfonated aromatic compatibilizing agent
|Dec 5, 1978
|Jun 3, 1980
|American Cyanamid Company
|Dewatering aid composition
|Dec 5, 1978
|Jun 10, 1980
|American Cyanamid Company
|Process for dewatering mineral concentrates
|Mar 8, 1979
|Sep 30, 1980
|Nalco Chemical Company
|Alkyl phenoxy poly(ethyleneoxy)ethanol in fuel oil to prevent coal particles from freezing together
|May 12, 1980
|Aug 25, 1981
|The Procter & Gamble Company
|Highly concentrated fatty acid containing liquid detergent compositions
|Sep 22, 1980
|Jul 13, 1982
|Union Carbide Corporation
|Method of reducing the strength of adhesion of solid particulate materials to metal surfaces
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 10, 1984
|Jul 30, 1985
|Nalco Chemical Company
|Dewatering agent compositions for sulfide materials
|Jun 25, 1987
|Jan 30, 1990
|Katayama Chemical Works Co., Ltd.
|Composition and a process for promoting dewatering of granulated slag
|Oct 30, 1990
|Feb 18, 1992
|Betz Laboratories, Inc.
|Methods for dewatering coal and mineral concentrates
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|Methods of using natural products as dewatering aids for fine particles
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|Ge Betz, Inc.
|Dewatering sand with surfactants
|May 16, 2000
|Oct 5, 2004
|Roe-Hoan Yoon
|Method of increasing flotation rate
|Jun 7, 1999
|Feb 15, 2005
|Roe-Hoan Yoon
|Methods of enhancing fine particle dewatering
|May 9, 2006
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|Baker Hughes Incorported
|Clean-up additive for viscoelastic surfactant based fluids
|Aug 3, 2007
|Oct 26, 2010
|Mineral And Coal Technologies, Inc.
|Methods of enhancing fine particle dewatering
|Feb 3, 2006
|Aug 30, 2011
|Mineral And Coal Technologies, Inc.
|Separation of diamond from gangue minerals
|Jan 31, 2007
|Dec 6, 2011
|Georgia-Pacific Chemicals Llc
|Maleated and oxidized fatty acids
|Jan 30, 2009
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|Georgia-Pacific Chemicals Llc
|Oxidized and maleated derivative compositions
|Jan 31, 2008
|Dec 18, 2012
|Georgia-Pacific Chemicals Llc
|Oxidized and maleated compounds and compositions
|Jan 15, 2009
|Nov 4, 2014
|Georgia-Pacific Chemicals Llc
|Method for the froth flotation of coal
|Jan 15, 2009
|Jan 6, 2015
|Georgia-Pacific Chemicals Llc
|Method for the beneficiation of coal
|May 1, 2002
|Nov 13, 2003
|Small Terrence P.
|Dewatering sand with surfactants
|Feb 14, 2005
|Jun 30, 2005
|Roe-Hoan Yoon
|Methods of enhancing fine particle dewatering
|Mar 15, 2005
|Apr 27, 2006
|Konica Minolta Photo Imaging, Inc.
|Image capturing apparatus
|Feb 3, 2006
|Nov 9, 2006
|Yoon Roe H
|Separation of diamond from gangue minerals
|May 9, 2006
|Nov 16, 2006
|Baker Hughes Incorporated
|Clean-up additive for viscoelastic surfactant based fluids
|Aug 3, 2007
|Mar 6, 2008
|Yoon Roe H
|Methods of Enhancing Fine Particle Dewatering
|Jan 31, 2007
|Jul 31, 2008
|Georgia-Pacific Chemicals Llc
|Maleated and oxidized fatty acids
|Jan 15, 2009
|Jul 16, 2009
|Georgia-Pacific Chemicals Llc
|Method for the beneficiation of coal
|Jan 30, 2009
|Aug 6, 2009
|Georgia-Pacific Chemicals Llc
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|Jun 18, 1993
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|Unilever Australia Limited
|Method of dewatering slurries
|Sep 28, 2000
|Apr 4, 2002
|Yoon Roe Hoan
|Methods of using natural products as dewatering aids for fine particles
|U.S. Classification
|252/60, 210/728, 210/778, 210/727, 210/729
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Feb 29, 1984
Owner name: NALCO CHEMICAL COMPANY, OAK BROOK, IL, A CORP OF D
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:ROE, WILLIAM J.;REEL/FRAME:004226/0553
Effective date: 19840523
|Oct 13, 1987
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|Dec 10, 1991
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|Sep 14, 1995
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text:
Bryan Singer Directing X-Men: Days of Future Past - Part 3
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Re: Bryan Singer Directing X-Men: Days of Future Past - Part 3
Originally Posted by
The majority of the film takes place in 1973, ergo McAvoy, Fassbender, and Lawrence remain the leads.
But that doesn't mean Hugh Jackman, Patrick Stewart and Ian McKellen won't be one of the leading characters too. They already appeared in at least 3 X-Men movies and I doubt FOX would downgrade them as a supporting character.
Originally Posted by
Is that so? Quinto had Heroes. A short lived NBC drama that, like most NBC shows, was watched by nobody.
Fassbender had critical buzz from Inglorious Basterdz and Shame.
I'd say they were about the same.
I never heard of Fassbender before I saw First Class. I know Inglorious Basterdz because of Johnny Depp but I never heard buzz from Fassbender for appearing in that movie. Then when Shame came out, First Class was already released in theaters.
I knew Quinto because I watched Heroes but Heroes got a lot of buzz during its 1st/2nd season and for a NBC show, that ratings for the 1st season was really good. And a couple of actors in that show got a lot of buzz.
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text:
Search for Blair's replacement officially begins
By TOM GODFREY
The race is on.
A search for a new top cop to replace Chief Bill Blair officially began last week as a Toronto consulting firm was hired to prepare a short-list of contenders.
A job call was issued last Monday by the Toronto Police Services Board and applicants from here and abroad have until February 20 to submit their resumes.
The Board has retained recruiters Odgers and Berndtson "to conduct a broad national and international search to identify the best person to lead the Toronto Police Service".
"Odgers Berndtson has capably assisted many other Boards in the appointment of senior police executives across Canada," said Board Chair Dr. Alok Mukherjee.
Mukherjee said a short list will be handed over to the Board, whose members will conduct interviews with candidates seeking the job, which comes with a driver and pays more than $360,000 a year.
The seven-member Board, that includes Mayor John Tory, will then have about three weeks to select a chief, just in time as Blair rides into the sunset in April.
Blair has been keeping a low profile lately and has not been seen much around 40 College St. He has not appeared in any recent sound bites and someone this week called him a "lame duck" chief.
His silence has prompted his deputy chiefs and other top police brass to rush to the court of public opinion as they jockey for positions that could lead to the Chief's large office.
Deputy Chief Peter Sloly has lately been seen attending a number of events with Dr. Mukherjee, including Black History Month activities and budget negotiations at City Hall.
Sloly was at a Rotary Club of Toronto West Awards last week and a Toronto-U.S. police exchange a week before.
Deputy Chief Mark Saunders has also picked up the pace with more appearances and a decent speech at Covenant House last week. There are also contenders from some GTA forces whose chiefs are said to be interested in the Toronto opening.
And don't forget the speculation about Vancouver Police Chief Jim Chu, who recently resigned and is said to have his eyes on Blair's job.
I don't blame any of the skilled contenders for applying for the job. Who wouldn't want to lead the cutting-edge Toronto Police Service, with more than 5,500 cops, in a city that loves cops.
"We are hoping to get a list of some strong candidates," said Mukherjee. "We have some crucial issues that have to be dealt with."
He said a new chief will work with the Board to ensure the Toronto police service is among the top forces in North America.
"It will be quite laborious," Mukherjee said of the selection process. "We will ensure we have the candidate with the track record we want."
Community members are also keeping a keen eye on the process and have their own views of the type of qualities an incoming chief should possess.
Most of us want a chief with excellent people and community skills, who is a good administrator, and can lead by example and inspire others.
Community activist Kingsley Gilliam, of the Black Action Defense Committee (BADC), believes it's time for a more culturally sensitive chief.
"What we need in the new chief is respect for the dignity and worth of every person, as enshrined in the Preamble to the Human Rights Code," said Gilliam. "These principles should not only be verbally enunciated but demonstrated in their practice."
We need someone who will take us past racial profiling and carding and to move beyond. The board also has to find someone with social skills, who can work with the mentally ill, homeless or marginalized in our communities.
We are all better off for this selection process, in that we will get a new chief and with a relatively new mayor, they will be poised to face bigger challenges as Toronto grows by leaps and bounds.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Apr 11, 1972
|Filing date
|Oct 28, 1970
|Priority date
|Oct 28, 1970
|Publication number
|Cotton Robert B
|Original Assignee
|All American Ind
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (5), Classifications (10), Legal Events (2)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1 e lilssste gtates Patent 1151 3,6553% Qotton 54 ENERGY SQHNG ROTY PISTON 3,452,723 7/1969 Keylwert ..l23/8.07 PUMP FOREIGN PATENTS OR APPLICATIONS [72] Inventor: Robert 13. Cotton, Media, Pa. 1,133,762 11/1956 France [73] Assignee: All American Industries, linc., Wilmington,
Del. Primary Examiner-Carlton R. Croyle Assistant Examiner-John J. Vrablik [22] Wed: 1970 AttorneyConnolly and Hutz [21] Appl. N0.: 84,825
[57] ABSTRACT Related Application Dam An energy absorbing device, which is highly effective for use [63] Continuation-impart of Ser. No. 756,035, Aug. 28, in an aircraft arresting gear, is provided by mounting a rotary 1968, Pat. No. 3,549,110.
pump having a pressure related characteristic within a container of fluid. The pump circulates the fluid from and back [52] U.S. Cl ..4l8/61, 418/188 into the n in r her by it absorbs energy in response to a [51] Int. Cl ..F0lc1/02, F04c 1/02, F040 15/02 mechanical input n r n mi his energy to the fl id in the 53 Field of Search ..418/60, 61, 183, 185, 186-188; container in the form of heat A highly effective form of this 123/833 3 5 device utilizes a rotary piston-type pump having an axial input channel in its shaft connected to radial passageways extending 56 R f C-ted throu h its cam disc and rotating piston. The fluid is I 1 e Memes disch rged through pressure relief valves of the compressed UNITED STATES PATENTS air cushioned type. The rotary piston-type pump is particularly advantageous for such service because its rotor rotates 3,l 15,871 12/1963 LllClf ..418/61 slower than the i p shaft, thus the mass of the 3,255,737 6/1966 Nallinger ..418/61 pump to provide a given amount ofenergy absorption. 3,340,853 9/1967 Link ..418/61 3,413,961 12/1968 Keylwert ..123/8.45 5 Claims, 21 Drawing Figures .40 O O 0.3 O 37 0 0 (46A 0 0 l 5 fl 0 102A A? 1270 54A I ma 944? O l A O O .543 [22 322 69 G 122 O 0 100B 0 29 O 125 4&8 7 1023 til .525 5.34,
0 Q25 0 66B 0 O o o .54 o
SHEET 5 [1F 7 I ENERGY ABSORBING ROTARY PISTON PUMP CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 756,035, filed Aug. 28, 1968 now U.S. Pat. No. 3,549,110.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to an energy absorbing device for aircraft arresting gear and a unique pump which is particularly useful therein.
2. Description of the Prior Art Various fluid-operated devices have been used for absorbing energy in aircraft arresting gear. Most of such energy absorbing devices develop torque as a function of velocity which enhances their energy-absorbing capacity. Their velocityresponsive nature, however, does not allow for sufficient torque control to obtain an efficient deceleration curve during the arrest, particularly for a wide range of airplane weights and airplane engaging velocities. Hydraulic pumps having pressure related characteristics have been proposed for such use, but no prexisting pump arrangements have had sufficient capacity to absorb the peak energy required to arrest modern high speed aircraft. See British Pat. No. 287,189 (1928).
SUMMARY This invention utilizes several novel features which are useful both independently and in combination. An efiicient energy absorbing device is provided by mounting a rugged rotary pump having a pressure related characteristic within the interior of a substantially large container of fluid. The fluid is circulated from the container through the pump and back into the container in response to rotation of the pump. This absorbs considerable mechanical input energy transmitted by the pump to the substantial body of fluid in the container in the form of heat. Recirculation of the fluid within the container makes it possible for a limited amount of fluid to absorb considerable energy.
A rotary piston pump is particularly effective for such service because of its simplicity and step down ratio between rotor and input shaft speeds. This minimizes the mass of the pump necessary to provide a given amount of energy absorption. Such a pump (which is also independently useful) advantageously includes pressure relief-type or program actuated outlet valves and an inlet flow system including a hollow cam shaft having radial port in the cam disc and triangular piston. Sealing means of variable effectiveness may be provided between the triangular rotary piston and the walls of the epitrochoidal housing within which it rotates to by-pass, minimize resistance of the pump at higher speeds of operation and to reduce the back pressure in the container required to prevent cavitation of the pump.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Novel features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent to one skilled in the art from a reading of the following description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein similar reference characters refer to similar parts and in which:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of one embodiment of this invention being used in an aircraft arresting gear;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the energy absorber shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a bottom cross-sectional plan view taken through the energy absorber shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 and through FIG. 4 along the line 3-3;
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view taken through FIG. 3 along the line 4-4;
FIGS. SA-SE are schematic cross-sectional views taken through the housing of the energy absorber shown in FIGS. 2-4 illustrating the cycle of operation of the inlet and outlet valves;
FIG. 6 is a perspective view of edge and side sealing means for the rotary piston of the energy absorber shown in FIGS. 2-5;
FIGS. 7A and 7B are schematic diagrams showing operation of an optional form of sealing means for bypassing fluid during high speed operation;
FIG. 8 is a front elevational view of another embodiment of this invention illustrating a rotary device and its fluid control system;
FIG. 9 is a side elevational view of the embodiment described in FIG. 8;
FIG. 10 is a front elevational view shown in FIGS. 23-9;
FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view taken through the rotary device along lines 11-11 of FIG. 10;
FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram illustrating the basic geometry of the rotary device; and
FIGS. l3A-I3D are schematic diagrams illustrating various positions of the pistons and crankshaft of the rotary device during its operational cycle.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS In FIG. I is shown an airplane 10 being arrested by aircraft arresting gear 12 engaging in hook 14 extending from below the tail of aircraft 10. Aircraft arresting gear 12, for example, includes a deck pendant or cable 16 extending across runway 18 on flight deck 20 of naval aircraft carrier 22. Each end of pendant 16 extends through sheave blocks 24A and B mounted on each side of runway 18 and connected to long lengths of payout line, such as steel cable 26, which extend over pulleys 28A and B, 30A and B and through deck apertures 32 A and B to below-deck linear storage and payout device 34. Device 34 is for example of the type utilizing steel cable as described in copending application for U.S. Pat. Ser. No. 632,289 filed Apr. 20, 1967, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,467,347, by this same inventor. Linear storage and payout device 34 may be of any effective type, such as a simple reel of nylon tape, for example as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,172,625. The cable or nylon (which may be referred to as a linear payout element) and the storage device are mounted above and connected to energy absorber 37 of system 36.
FIGS. 2-4 show energy absorbing system 36 including rotary piston-type pump 38 mounted within a container 40 of a substantial amount of fluid, such as ethylene glycol and water.
Rotary piston-type pump 38 is an adaptation of the rotary piston engine commonly referred to as the Wankel engine. This engine is described in various publications including: The Way the Things Work published by Simon and Schuster, New York, Second Printing, Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 67-2792; Paper 886d, presented Aug. 1964 at the S.A.E. National West Coast Meeting, entitled The Curtiss-Wright Rotating Combustion Engines Today by Charles Jones, Wright Aeronautical Division, Curtiss-Wright Corp.; an article in the Apr. 1966 issue of Popular Science Magazine, pages 98-107 entitled The Engine Thats Giving Detroit Wankel Fever" by Devon Francis and U.S. Pat. No. 3,391,677.
Pump 38 as shown herein differs in many respects from the Wankel rotary piston engine but similar terminology is employed herein for similar features. Pump 38 may also be any rugged and dependable rotary pump having a pressure related characteristic, such as a gear or lobed pump. The rotary piston pump illustrated herein is particularly advantageous because of its relatively low mass relative to energy absorbing capability by virtue of the slower rotation of its rotor relative to input shaft speed for reasons later explained in detail.
Pump 38 includes triangular piston 42 rotating within housing 44 having an epitrochoidal cross section, presenting an oval-shape slightly constricted in the middle. A pair of outlet valves 46A and B discharge fluid during discharge phases of operation into container or tub 40. Fluid is introduced to pump 38 through: axial inlet channel 48 and cutout sector 50 in rotary cam 49 and through radial ports 52 in triangular of the rotary device piston 42. The space between triangular piston 42 and the inside of housing 44 is sealed by resilient wipers 54A, B and C of the type described on page I06 of the aforementioned Popular Science article. Wipers 54A, B and C are generally referred to as wipers 54.
Pressure accumulator system 56 is provided for energizing the retrieval of cables 26A and B and for tensioning pendant 16 after retrieval. System 56 includes pressure storage cylinder 58 with free piston 69 separating hydraulic fluid 62 from compressed air 64. The pressure supply to cylinder 58 is provided through pipe lines 66A and B connected to chamber 68A and 68B of pump housing 44. Lines 66A and 66B merge into a single pipe line 70 connected to pressure cylinder 58 through check valve 72.
Retrieve motor 74 is supplied through pipe 76 connected to pressure cylinder 58 through control valve 78. Retrieve motor 74 is connected to linear storage and payout device 34, for example through a sprocket and chain assembly 80. Since linear storage and payout system 34 might not be capable of withstanding the force of pendant tensioning, tensioning control device 82 is provided to bypass check valve 72. This permits pressure to be directed from cylinder 58 into pump chambers 68A and B in the reverse direction, thus applying a very slight reverse displacement to pump 38, which is on the output or capstan side of the linear storage and payout system. This permits the linear payout elements and runway pendant to be tensioned without unduly stressing the storage and payout system. This is particularly important in the cable storage and payout system described in the aforementioned copending patent application Ser. No. 632,289, filed Apr. 20, 1967, by this same inventor. Makeup fluid for pressure cylinder 58 is stored in gravity tank 84 and adequate pressure in the system may be verified through pressure gauge 86.
In FIGS. 3 and 4 are shown details of energy absorbing device 37. FIG. 3 is a plan view looking upwardly through a broken away portion of energy absorber 37 when installed in the position shown in FIG. 1. FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view taken through FIG. 3, illustrating energy absorber 37 inverted from the position shown in FIG. I to facilitate illustration of the working parts. FIG. 4 therefore shows shaft 88 pointing downwardly instead of upwardly as it is actually installed in FIG. 1.
Energy absorber 37 in FIGS. 3 and 4 includes a pair of rotary pistons 42 and 42X to eliminate the need for a counter weight. Piston 42 is lighter than piston 42X by virtue of lightening holes 90 in piston 42 to provide dynamic balance with respect to shaft 88. Rotary cam means 49 is also made lighter than rotary cam 49X by holes 92 in rotary cam 49 for the same purpose. Bearing 125 of bronze material is disposed peripherally between cam 49, 49X and rotary piston 42 and 62X. Also the rotary pistons are laterally separated by a partition wall I27 thereby forming two separate chambers.
As shown in FIG. 3, output valves 46A and B are of the pressure relief type and more particularly of the compressible fluid-actuated type, operated for example by compressed air trapped in chambers 94 within cylinders 96A and B. Valving assemblies 98A and B include pistons 100A and B connected to valve discs 102A and B through stems 104A and B. Pistons 100A and B force valve discs 102A and B against 106A and B when the pressure in corresponding chambers is below a predetermined minimum pressure. The operating pressure may be varied by adjusting the pressure of compressed air in chambers 94A and B and this pressure may be programmed during portions of the cycle of operation if desired by a pressure varying arrangement not shown.
The following description directed to piston 42 applies also to piston 42X. Piston 42 is rotated in response to an input from shaft 88. Shaft 83 includes threads 108 for attachment to a linear storage and payout system. Enlarged portion H of shaft 88 is received within bearing H2, which is for example a journal bearing. Pressure for journal bearing H2 is obtained from pump chambers 68A and B through space 114 between rotary piston 42X and adjacent plate H6 of container or cylinder 40. Pressure from bearing 112 is discharged through small holes 118 extending into axial cavity 320 within shaft 88.
Inlet fluid 62 to pump 3% from container 40 is conducted through inlet passageway 48 and sector 50 within cam disc d9 whose sides 122 form an approximate l20 angle. The base of cutout sector 50 is a portion of a circle 122 as shown in FIG. 3 to provide adequate flow through to inner cam disc 49X. The cyclical phase of walls 122 of sector 50 relative to ports 52A, B and C through piston 42 directs inlet fluid during proper portions of the cycle into chambers 68A and B when they are not under compression. In FIG. 2 chamber 68A is under compression, which lifts valve disc 102A off its seat and discharges fluid through valve 46A. Valve fiB is closed because chamber 688 is not under compression and fluid is entering it through opened port 52A. Pressure is maintained by wiping seals 54, which are later described in detail in conjunction with FIGS. 6, 7A and 7B.
The phases of operation of rotary piston pump or energy absorber 37 are shown in FIGS. 5A through E, which illustrate the events occuring during one rotation of input shaft 83 During this single rotation of shaft 88, cam disc 49 engaged within piston 42 makes one revolution and piston 42 rotates in of a revolution. This rotation is effected by the described cam action of disc 49 rotating within circular hole 125 in piston 42. Immersion of the piston 42 and cam 49 within fluid 62 adequately lubricates relative rotation without undue wear and obviates the need for gearing between the cam and piston. Such gearing might, however, be utilized in the same manner as it is utilized in combustion engine versions of the Wankel engine.
In FIG. 5A the blank portion of 49 is opposite port 52C. Chamber 68A is therefore sealed, thus causing rotation of piston 42 to compress the fluid therein and creating a pressure which moves valve 46A off its seat to discharge into container 40. At the same time sector 50 is connected to port 52A which allows inlet fluid from container 40 to enter into chamber 683. Valve 46B is closed because there is not enough pressure to open it. Outer seal 54A wipes in contact with the pinch 69 between chamber 68A and 688 in FIG. 5A.
In FIG. 5B piston 42 has rotated slightly clockwise, but substantially the same flow conditions exist, with valve 46A being open and valve 468 being closed. There is one difference however, in that sector 50 is no longer connected with valve port 52A but with valve port 528 to allow fluid to enter the lower portion of chamber 68A.
In FIG. 5C fluid is still entering chamber 68A through aligned sector 50 and port 52B, but the pressure has as yet not been built up sufficiently in chamber 688 to open discharge valve 463.
In FIG. 5D the pressure in chamber 63A has been built up sufficiently to open discharge valve 468 and the arrows through it indicate the direction of flow. Sector 50 is no longer communicating with valve port 52B into chamber 68A, but with valve port 52C behind wiping seal 54A to allow fluid to flow into the portion of chamber 68B behind it.
In FIG. 5E valve 465 is still open between the seals effected by wipers 54A and 5413 plus discharging pressure through valve 468 while fluid is entering chamber 688 behind seal 54A through sector 50 and connecting port 52C. One revolution of shaft 88 has therefore rotated triangular piston 42 through via of a revolution. This provides a significant mechanical advantage and minimizes the mass of pump 38 to provide a given amount of energy absorption. The energy ab sorbed is given up in the form of heat into the body of fluid 62 within tub 40. Energy absorber 37 is particularly effective with the illustrated rotary piston-type of pump but an effective energy absorber may be provided by any rugged positive flow rotary pump such as a gear pump or a lobed pump.
FIG. 6 shows a form of wiping seal 54, including a spring urged wiping feeler 12 within a radial slot 126 in a vertex of piston 42. An end seal is provided by resilient strip 128 in peripheral end slot 139. These seals are, for example, of the type described in the aforementioned literature and patents relating to the Wankel type of internal combustion engine.
FIGS. 7A and 7B show a modified form of seal 131 having variable effectiveness in accordance with the internal pressure within housing 38. Seals 131 include a spring bow 132 of relatively large area having ends 134 received within longitudinal slots 13-5 adjacent the vertices of piston 42. FIG. 7A illustrates a low pressure condition in which bow seal 132 firmly contacts against the wall of housing 44. This is the condition that exists at relatively slow speeds of rotation and at no rotation.
FIG. 78 illustrates how spring bow sealing element 132 is deflected back against the vertices of piston 42 under relatively high speed and high pressure conditions of flow to bypass fluid between the vertices of piston 42 and the wall of housing 38. This minimizes the size of the inlet port. For example, onehalf of the available flow from the pump is dissipated between the rotor tips and the housing. This reduces rotor tip and housing wear and also reduces the stress level in the rotor. Spring bow wipers I32, for example, may be arranged to deflect and bypass at a pressure of 500 psi and over. Sealing to the housing is required to effect tensioning of the pendant 16 by means of a reverse pressure flow back to the rotor as discussed in conjunction with FIG. 2 and in the following detailed description of operation.
The power of an illustrative energy absorber of this type is, for example, 62,500 horse power, which would be capable of arresting a 125,000 airplane at 210 knots and 1,000 ft. ofline runout, within required operational capabilities. This would give such an aircrfit arresting device an energy capacity of 24l,000,000 foot pounds with a cable in a cable storage and payout system of the type described in the aforementioned copending application of 1% inches diameter. The cable weight, for instance, would be 3,600 pounds per engine making it 50 percent of the lightest airplane to be arrested. The dynamic loads used with a nylon tape cable storage and payout system would also be minimal. Assuming a pressure in the pump of 3,000 psi, the maximum flow would be 600 gallons per second or 26.5 gallons per shaft turn or 79.5 gallons per turn ofthe rotor. FOr a 16 inch deep rotor the diameter of the rotor would be 38 inches. With an allowable temperature rise of water at 40 F, the tub diameter would be approximately 8% feet storing 540 gallons. It is believed that outlet valves 46 need not be programmed, but if such becomes necessary, it can be accomplished to adjust to airplane weights ranging from 1 1,000-125,000 pounds.
Another important advantage of this invention is that it provides an energy absorber which is shallow enough to be mounted just under the deck of an aircraft carrier. This isalso extremely important in view of the minimal space available aboard vessels.
During the arrest, the orifices in lines 66A and 66B permit pressure to be accumulated in storage cylinder 58 for retrieval and pendant tensioning. Valves 46A and 46B are opened by pressure through lines 76, 77, 79, 87A and 878 when retrieve valve 73 is opened. This minimizes the pressure necessary to operate retrieve motor 74. As shown in FIG. 2, orifices valve 85 allows main outlet valves 46A and 468 to close after retrieve control valve 781s closed.
After retrieval, pendant i6 is tensioned by operating tensioning valve 82. This operates rotor 42 in a direction opposite to its rotation when absorbing energy and exerts a pull on the capstan side (not shown) of linear storage and payout system 34 when it is the type described in the aforementioned copending patent application and avoids the necessity of transmitting tensioning loads through motor 7d, sprocket assembly 80 and the connected portions of the linear storage and payout system 34. Only a small displacement is needed to tension deck pendant 16, but some fluid will leak through the bearing. A makeup pump for the accumulator 84 is therefore required to restore the necessary pressure and one-horse power pump 138 is sufficient. During arrest, it is necessary to close the tensioner valve 82 and this is accomplished from energy absorber pressure through lines 70 and 71 to tension valve 82. Tensioning may also be accomplished by a jacking motor (not shown) connected directly to shaft 38 which eliminates t e need for the illustrated reverse hydraulic and control cormections to pump 38.
FIGS. 8-11 show the pump control system 36A and details of rotary device 38A, which is useful as a pump or energy absorber. The system 36A consists primarily of a circular container or reservoir 40A vertically mounted between two bearing blocks 91A and 91B. The reservoir 40A contains hydraulic fluid 62A in which wall mounted rotary piston type pump 38A, is immersed. The rotary pump 38A includes a rotary cam or crankshaft 49A engaged with triangular piston or rotor 42A that rotates within a housing 44A having an epitrochoidal cutout 45A. The cut-out 45A forms two oval-shaped chambers 68A-68B. Connected to these chambers are diametrically opposing exhaust ports 47A and 478. From these opposing ports are connected two exhaust piping circuits 53A and 53B that will later be described in more detail. Crankshaft 49A has at its free end an axial suction inlet port 48A that provides the necessary communication between hydraulic fluid 62A via radial inlet ports 52A into chambers 68A-68B. Crankshaft 49A includes drive shaft portion 88A that axially extends through the flanged end wall of reservoir 40A, seal 79 and a sleeve bearing 81. Shaft 88A is connected to motor 89 through flexible coupling 93 to impart the necessary rotational power required by the pump.
For test purposes the reservoir 42A is rotatably mounted in bearings 91A and 918. A bracket 77 extends parallel and radially downward from the side wall of reservoir 42 to which load cell 75 is attached, thereby allowing for the various required torque test. Counterweights 87A and 87B are attached to crankshaft 49A to maintain the dynamic balance required, or unbalancing for test.
FIG. 12 illustrates the geometry details of the rotary pump 38A. A pinion gear 55 with center 57 is fixed to the stationary housing 44A. Rolling around this fixed pinion 55 is a ring gear 59 with center 61. This ring gear 61 is attached to the triangular piston or rotor 42A which has an outer point (R radially displaced from center 61. When center 61 is rotated once around center 57 at a constant angular velocity and with the gear teeth of pinion 55 and ring gear 59 in proper mesh, a line from R to center 61 will rotate at ls this constant angular velocity and point R will describe the element of the trochoid from R to R As center 61 is rotated two more times, point R will describe the trochoid from R to R and from R back to the starting position R on the last revolution of center 61. To accomplish this action with positively acting hardware, center 61 is driven by the crankpin (eccentric) of a crankshaft turning in the center 57 of the fixed pinion 55. Thus, the rotor 42A makes one complete revolution for every three revolutions of the crankshaft 49A; and three points on the rotor 43A-43C, equidistant from center 61 and spaced apart, each generate the trochoidal housing contour 45. The rotor 42A is machined to an appropriate arc between these points so that a minimum positive clearance (c) exists at the position shown in FIG. 13A.
The following schematic diagrams FIGS. TBA-13D illustrate various positions of piston 43A and crankshaft 49A, during operational cycle.
The rotary pump 30A is comprised of three pistons 43A-43C; that is each of the three faces of the rotor 42A. The pistons, by moving with the crankshaft 49A as we described previously, will suck fluid via axial inlet port 48A into the housing 44A and thence force it out of the housing; through valved exhaust port 47A or 47B dependant upon piston cycle position.
In FIG. 13A piston 43A is at top dead center. This means that the crankshaft 49A has pushed the rotor face to a point of minimum volume between this face 43A and the housing 44A; i.e., minimum cylinder volume for piston 43A. At this point it can be seen that the crankshaft inlet port 48A has just opened to the mating port 52A in the rotor 42A (it has in fact opened at 24.9 before T.D.C., measured in crankshaft rotation). The volume which will be swept by piston MA will fill from the crankshaft l9A as shown in FIG. 13B, while fluid is being forced out of the machine by piston 413B, through the exhaust port 47B on the periphery of the pump housing 44A.
Following the rotation of the crankpin center 61 about fixed center 57, as shovm in FIG. 13C that when the crankshaft 49A has turned 270piston 43A has rotated 90 and is at bottom dead center (B.D.C.); i.e., maximum cylinder volume for the piston 43A. At this point the crankshaft inlet port 48A just overlaps and closes the inlet port 52A for piston 43A, and the discharge stroke commences.
Referring to FIG. 13B, piston 43C is at bottom dead center and FIG. 13C shows piston 43C in its discharge stroke position.
In retracing the motion of the rotor as shown in FIGS. 13A and 13B, it will be seen that piston 43A returns to top dead center in the next 270 of crankshaft rotation. This condition is shown in FIG. 13D with piston 43A facing the opposite exhaust port 47B from the condition shown in FIG. 13A, 540 earlier in the cycle.
Clearance between rotor tips R R and R and chamber wall 45A ranges from 0.030 to 0.043 inches (average 0.037 inch) yet allows adequate operating pressure to be maintained, such as maintaining 1,600 psi at 700 foot pounds of shaft torque.
OPERATION F I68. 8 and 9 illustrate rotary piston type pump 38A, which is a scale working model of a full size machine.
As shown in the drawings, hydraulic fluid 62A passes through axial inlet chamber 33A into cut-out section 50A of rotor 42A, whereby it is directed radially through ports 52A into chamber 68A. The slug of fluid directed into chamber 68A is trapped by piston face 43A as rotor 42A rotates, whereby it is discharged into exhaust piping system 533 via exhaust port 47B. Exhaust piping system 5313 is a pressure controlling system that conveys the fluid 62A from the exhaust port 478 to reservoir inlet 73B.
Fluid 62A leaves exhaust port 473, flows through tee 63B, having connected a pressure gauge 658, then through adjustable orifice 673 or fixed orifice plate 698. The fluid continues through shut-off valve 713, from which it reenters reservoir 40A at inlet 73B. Exhaust piping system 53A connected between exhaust port 47A and 73A serves the identical function. The adjustable and fixed orifices control the exhaust pressure and resultant torque in conjunction with the area of the clearance between the rotor tips and easing.
1. A rotary piston pump comprising a housing having an epitrochoidal cross section with a pair of chambers, a triangular piston means with convex sides and a centered circular aperture, rotary cam means having cam disc means rotatably inserted within said circular aperture in said piston means for rotating it in said housing, said cam disc means being secured to a rotatable cam shaft means, outlet valve means in each of said chambers, inlet conduit means extending radially through said piston means and through said rotary cam means whereby fluid is conducted into said chambers of said pump from which rotation of said piston means discharges it through said outlet valve means, inlet valve means disposed in said inlet conduit means, said inlet valve means comprising inlet valve port means extending radially through said piston means, inlet channel means extending axially through said camshaft means and radial cutout means through said cam disc means.
2. A rotary piston pump as set forth in claim 1 wherein said outlet valve means are of the pressure relief type.
3. A rotary piston pump as set forth in claim 1 wherein said housing includes a dividing pinch between said chambers, and said outlet valve means comprise a pair of outlet valves each disposed adjacent diametrically opposite sides of said pinch for prolonging the compression portion of the pumping cycle.
4. A rotary piston pump as set forth in claim 1 wherein said radial cutout means in said cam disc means approximately comprises a sector in said cam disc means.
5. A rotary piston pump as set forth in claim 5, wherein said sector covers arpproximatelv and the corresponding portrons of said in e valve port means through said piston means cover substantially less are than the contacting portions of said sectors.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jan 28, 1960
|Dec 31, 1963
|Borsig Ag
|Rotary piston engine
|Dec 28, 1962
|Jun 14, 1966
|Daimler Benz Ag
|Rotary piston injection engine
|Apr 1, 1965
|Sep 12, 1967
|Edwin A Link
|Rotary piston engine
|Sep 22, 1966
|Dec 3, 1968
|Kloeckner Humboldt Deutz Ag
|Rotary piston engine, especially circular piston internal combustion engine
|Mar 15, 1967
|Jul 1, 1969
|Kloeckner Humboldt Deutz Ag
|Rotary piston internal combustion engine,especially circular piston internal combustion engine
|Title not available
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Nov 8, 1985
|Mar 29, 1988
|Oleg Kotlyar
|Method and tool for logging-while-drilling
|Sep 2, 1994
|Jul 11, 1995
|Aquino; Giovanni
|Rotary positive displacement device
|Nov 5, 1999
|Jan 2, 2001
|Soundesign, L.L.C.
|Wankel type pump for transporting fluid with entrained particulate matter
|Oct 7, 2011
|Aug 1, 2013
|Tokyo Electron Limited
|Water treatment device and water treatment method
|Apr 27, 1996
|Nov 6, 1997
|Norbert Bischof
|Pump with two- or three-cornered rotors
|U.S. Classification
|418/61.2, 418/188
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jun 7, 1988
|Security interest
Owner name: ALL AMERICAN ENGINEERING COMPANY
Effective date: 19880520
Owner name: IBJ SCHRODER BANK & TRUST COMPANY, A NEW YORK BANK
Owner name: SIEVERS, GEORGE, R.
|Jun 7, 1988
Owner name: IBJ SCHRODER BANK & TRUST COMPANY, A NEW YORK BANK
Owner name: SIEVERS, GEORGE, R.
Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:ALL AMERICAN ENGINEERING COMPANY;REEL/FRAME:004886/0088
Effective date: 19880520


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Castle Drogo – a 20th Century granite masterpiece. Shame about the visitor centre….
On Sunday I went to Castle Drogo, which is just a few miles further on from Exeter in the SW of England. Having joined the National Trust a month ago during my visit to the Lake District the first really … Continue reading


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The European Union is facing the deepest crisis in its history. The exit of countries from the common currency is being openly discussed as Red Pepper goes to press, as is the idea of a eurozone made up only of the 'core' countries.
Until now, the defence of the euro has been the primary engine for integration. But it has become clear that the design of the common currency, in particular the way that it reinforces the imbalances between the core countries and the 'periphery', has played a key role in the crisis. Any plausible progressive way forward must address the fundamental flaws of the euro.
How should the left in Europe respond? By arguing for countries to leave the eurozone as a first step towards pan-European co-operation of a different kind, or to remake the rules of the eurozone on the basis of principles of solidarity and symmetry?
The obsession with austerity
First, to ask an obvious question: why does the EU have this obsession with austerity? Why is Europe being dragged down the risky road that could trigger a 1930s-like depression?
The EU/IMF loan packages are about saving the big banks, mostly German and French, that lent money by the truckload in the past, and are now in trouble. The financial markets have been demanding austerity before they will lower the interest rate on fresh loans to troubled economies. This in turn, is seen as a prerequisite for saving the euro – and saving the eurozone in its present form has been central to the interests of countries at the core of both the EU and the eurozone (Germany, France and maybe Finland and the Netherlands). These countries have benefited from the common currency, and are prepared to fight hard to preserve it on its present basis.
The real crisis
Here's the problem. The crisis does not come from public debt but from private debt. Most of the countries (including Ireland and Spain) were regarded as safe and sound before the financial crisis, and both were in compliance with the Stability and Growth Pact. Where it appears to be a public debt crisis, it's mainly because governments have taken on the huge debts of banks.
An indispensable key to understanding the crisis is to see how unfettered competition in the eurozone left Ireland, Portugal, Spain, Greece and Italy as the losers. Before the common currency, a weakness in competitiveness could be met with devaluation. Without that tool, the 'periphery' of the eurozone has steadily lost ground in terms of balance-of-trade and balance-of-payments – pushed by, among other things, stagnant and low real wages in Germany. The ensuing imbalance is clearly illustrated in the European Commission's statistics of 'competitveness', measured in the nominal labour cost per unit.
When the private sector in these countries started losing ground to transnational corporations from Germany, the Netherlands, Finland and other countries, governments could do little to remedy the situation. The rules of the economic and monetary union preclude massive public investment, and the common currency made it impossible to use devaluation to make local products cheaper and regain competitive edge. With real wages stagnant in Germany, and price hikes in the periphery putting an upward pressure on nominal wages (not real wages, they hardly changed), the private sector turned to borrowing. This led to credit-driven growth that came to an abrupt end with the financial crisis in 2008.
The break-up scenario
Against this background there are two roads that could be followed, leading to either a break-up or a consolidation of the common currency.
Economically speaking, those who argue for a break-up of the euro have a couple of good cards in their hands. In a break-up scenario, the imbalances would be partially overcome if a group of countries decided to leave the eurozone entirely and return to their old currencies. This would enable them to devalue and possibly catch up economically.
Of course, adherents to this position would have to provide a model of an orderly break-up. There are important precedents that could encourage this option. When Argentina defaulted in 2002, it dropped the peg to the dollar that had produced the same effect as the euro has for the eurozone periphery in terms of the erosion of competitiveness of its industry. Argentina managed to negotiate its debt down by 50 per cent, and in the years before the global crisis in 2008, its economy grew by 58 per cent.
If this option is chosen, it would dampen the pace of the present form of neoliberal European integration. The eurozone would either be smaller or disappear altogether; the prospect of a European state would be pushed into the future; and many key social struggles would have national politics as their decisive battleground. If this strategy is pursued – or indeed if the euro collapses – it would not stop European integration as we know it but brakes would be put on it. The present drive to have common rules of economic governance at the European level to drive down wages and social expenditure via undemocratic procedures in Brussels would be aborted, and instead it would be up to social movements to gain terrain at the national level.
This would leave many problems unresolved, of course. In itself it would do little to drive back neoliberalism or the power of transnational and financial corporations. The question is how to build a progressive new Europe in the context of a breakdown of the old model. There are both dangers and opportunities.
With the euro
As for those who prefer a strategy in which the euro is retained, the first step is easily identified. The Stability and Growth Pact would have to be loosened, either by adjusting the threshold levels for debt and deficit or by making the rules of enforcement more flexible. But in all cases two problems would have to be addressed.
The first is the imbalance between core and periphery. In the course of the debate on the crisis, a number of proposals have been made that could take some pressure off the countries in the periphery of the eurozone. These include eurobonds. Such bonds would make lending cheaper, but they would do nothing to address the underlying imbalances. That could only be done by ensuring transfers from the core states, such as Germany and Finland – as when the dollar was backed by a federal US state that transferred money to the poorest states.
To give an impression of what would be needed, one expert estimate suggests that the EU would have to have 5-10 per cent of GDP at its disposal annually to deal with asymmetries like the one we see at the moment (Lord Skidelsky, EU Observer, 13 December 2010): 'The euro was constructed in a way that benefited an export-led economy like Germany, but not everyone else. They have repressed wages to create room for exports, which then chokes off growth paths for other eurozone countries, who can't readily increase their exports to Germany . . . If the euro is to survive, it has to develop a central treasury with a budget of five to 10 percent of GDP capable of dealing with asymmetric shocks, such as they have in federal systems like the USA . . . Logically, you will have to start all over again with a better design.'
The second and related problem is that a currency union has to be backed by a common fiscal and economic policy. A common currency is a common economic destiny. Decisions made by some will affect others – for example, budgetary decisions may affect inflation or in another way influence the common currency. Gaps between the standing of different economies may lead to attacks by speculators on financial markets.
So, a common currency requires a common policy, and if that policy is to be even remotely social, a strong European democracy would be essential. That, in turn, would require a massive makeover of the European institutions that over the past two decades have been shaped to impose neoliberal formulae in an authoritarian manner and ignore or sideline public debate.
The Euromemorandum (see below) outlines the kinds of radical changes that would be needed to meet the aspirations of the growing social movements and the public at large. A new kind of European integration through new democratic institutions cannot, however, be easily built on the back of the present architecture and the present political framework, the EU Treaty.
The spectre in Europe
Any strategy would be haunted by the spectre of right-wing nationalism. One question to consider is whether the break-up of the euro, or an exit of a group of countries, might be an attractive development to promote chauvinistic politics, and if this could even become the issue that the extreme right could rally people around. Indeed, in France this seems to be happening already.
The adherents to a euro-friendly strategy face a dilemma too. For years to come, people in a large part of the EU will come to know the union as something from which they get nothing but anti-social diktats. That is bound to spark a strong reaction, and if progressives are in any way seen as defenders of an undemocratic monster, the extreme right will be the ones to pick up the anger.
On the positive side, the protests have hitherto been led by progressive forces. Building on the protests in Greece, Spain, Italy and Portugal, a European progressive alternative – and one that would sideline the right-wing populists – could be within reach.
Kenneth Haar is a researcher with Corporate Europe Observatory. He writes here in a personal capacity
Europe's left alternative
The EuroMemo group (Economists for an Alternative Economic Policy in Europe) coordinates an impressive network of socialist and other progressive economists across Europe. It has been in the forefront of the debate about the crisis in the eurozone and in arguing for a radical change in the economic policy pursued by European Union governments.
Unlike many on the left, the group refuses to be restricted to purely national policy options. It insists that in an era of globalisation it is essential that the 17 countries in the eurozone and the 27 wider EU states integrate their economic and social policies far more closely, not least to influence the future evolution of the global capitalist system.
In its latest annual report, EuroMemo confronts the current debt crisis head on and spells out some fundamental changes in policy that the labour movement and other progressive forces should fight for at a European level. Among the proposals are:
After the EU referendum we are seeing both horror at anti-migrant sentiment and pandering to it, writes Joseph Todd – but only a radical economic offer can carve a way through
The World Transformed organiser Joseph Todd speaks to Nick Srnicek about his recent book making the case for a post-work society
Labour is now opposing toxic trade deals, but what sort of trade do we want? Asks Nick Dearden.
Marina Prentoulis lambasts those on the left who see success in the Brexit disaster
Will Podmore 27 March 2012, 11.39
The euro was supposed to bring economic convergence and political stability, leading to perfect economic and political union. As Keynes observed, "He who controls the currency controls the country."
But the euro is a weapon of mass destruction. The EU forces members into a Procrustean bed, hacking them into fitting it. Under the EU's recent proposals, Greece has to cut its budget by 20 per cent of GDP by next year. No country has ever gone through such a disaster. To blame Greece is to excuse the EU, just as to blame only the bankers for the crisis is to excuse the EU.
The EU is ordering Greece to change its constitution to make paying its debt its top priority. The EU wants 'an enhanced and permanent presence on the ground in Greece'. The infamous Lisbon Treaty gave the EU the powers to install governments it wants, as in Italy.
The GDP of the whole EU is down 1.7 per cent, the eurozone down 1.9 per cent. The EU, not just the euro, is strangling recovery.
Every EU member country should be raising the demand -Out of the EU now!
Comments are now closed on this article.
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The Compatibility with DaveBrubeck Test
Movie Buddy
Ok... so we like the same kind of movies, but we're completely different people, and completely different lovers.
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Complete Opposite
Whoa! You're the bizarro DaveBrubeck. Considering what was in that last section, you're probably very relieved about this. I imagine the opposite of me is some kind of sp... Read more
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Heartbeat Away
You have found yourself in the oddest category this test has! Quite an achievement! You love and lust just like I do. That's fantastic! You don't like the same movies, but who cares, a... Read more
Movie Buddy
Ok... so we like the same kind of movies, but we're completely different people, and completely different lovers. That's cool! Movies are always better when you're sitting with someone ... Read more
Porn Watcher
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Romantic Comedy
Well you might not be a pervert, and you might not care about the weather so much, but we could totally catch a movie sometime. We match on the movies and sensuality sections. We'd pr... Read more
Erratic Lover
You absolute perv! You're just like me, except you seem to be more sociable and don't care so much about career and all that stuff. I can't believe you're into the stuff on that... Read more
The Poet
So you know where you're going, and it's nowhere near me! You seem to have a good idea of where you stand in life and can appreciate the sheer beauty of nature. Unfortunately for me, y... Read more
Freaky Friend
So no movies and romance, let's just be perverts together, huh? Okay! Sure! I bet we could go around being the neighbourhood voyeurs and have a blast! That sounds like your thin... Read more
Halfway Romantic
You've found yourself into an odd little category here - You seem to live a similar life and like to be sensual, but you're not into movies (or the same kind of movies) and, not surprisingly, ... Read more
So-Close Lover
How can you not like movies?! That's the only way we differ. So long as we don't talk about what's new at the box-office, we'd make a great pair! You're even into all that perverted... Read more
Good Friend
Hey budsky! We should definately go to the movies sometime! You're not into the way I love (or lust), but you obviously have a great taste in music, and like to live the way I do too! ... Read more
Lusty Lover
So you're into all the same kind of stuff as I am except all that lovey dovey stuff? You're happy with the pervert page but you squirm at me brushing your hair? You sound really intere... Read more
Wonderous Love
Why Hello! Do you know what you are? You're normal! We're compatible in every way except that last, perverted page! This is terrific! If nothing else, we should definately watch... Read more
Perfect Match!
WHOA! You're perfect for me! You live the same kind of way I do, you like similar movies, you ever do all that perverted stuff on the last page! The big question is: ... Read more
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NORWALK - Organizers cut the ribbon Tuesday ahead of the 39th annual Norwalk Oyster Festival.
The festival is being set up at Veterans Park in Norwalk. It's run by the Norwalk Seaport Association and will raise money to help restore the Sheffield Island Lighthouse.
Organizers say the entire festival is put on by 1,000 volunteers. All the old favorites, including music, food and rides, will be back this year. Special events are planned for Sunday to honor and remember first responders of the Sept. 11 terror attacks.
Sawyer Fredericks, who won season eight of NBC's "The Voice," will headline the event on Saturday.
Organizers are expecting 40,000 people this weekend.


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Thread: Leaving a good host - how to?
03-02-2004, 11:32 PM #1WHT Addict
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Leaving a good host - how to?
I'm currently hosted by a real nice guy who runs a great service but I'm ready to move on. I've been researching HostGator for awhile and want to move all my domains to them on a reseller account.
I can get a better package with more transfer and space for cheaper.
Now to the question, how do you leave a host that has never done anything wrong to join another host? I feel bad, the guy has been great to me and my company but I just need more...
Help please...
03-02-2004, 11:42 PM #2Web Hosting Master
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Just be honest with the guy! It can't hurt and will only help him and give him a boost of confidence
03-02-2004, 11:43 PM #3Junior Guru Wannabe
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At least you care This happens from time to time. It is just a matter of your need for better resources or maybe you should phrase it different resources.
Make sure you back up everything B4 you do anything, though.
Good Luck
03-02-2004, 11:45 PM #4Hosting Specialist
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I had this in the past, and actually today. The client was moving to a local server and he emailed me asking me if I wanted a testimonial, feedback or anything relivent. This really put a smile on my face. I think offering the host something like testomonial, feedback, ratings or anything relivent would be just fine.
Everyone moves hosts at some point the hosting company shouldn't get upset unless there really small and that money makes there bills each month.Axcelx Technologies - James
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03-03-2004, 12:01 AM #5Junior Guru Wannabe
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Should be nice though and ask if your current host if he will match the price. It sounds like he works hard and shouldn't suffer for it.
03-03-2004, 12:05 AM #6Retired Moderator
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Why won't you stay if everything's great? That's one of the greatest mystery. What if you move and it's not to your expectations (with all due respect to the host you want to move to).
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03-03-2004, 12:19 AM #7Texas Female
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Nice response sprintserve, and I agree totally.
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03-03-2004, 12:27 AM #8Web Hosting Evangelist
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Since your existing host is so good, you might want to drop them an email asking do they offer the similiar package HostGator offers?******** - ASP, ASP.NET. Windows 2008 Hosting - Windows Reseller Plans
1 Exabyte = two to the sixtieth power byte, 1,152,921,504,606,846,976 bytes
03-03-2004, 12:31 AM #9Junior Guru Wannabe
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- Jun 2003
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- 64
I moved from a host i liked, but was too expensive, to hostgator as well. One of the things that makes them great, is that their packages offer a lot for a little.
03-03-2004, 12:40 AM #10Community Guide
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- Apr 2003
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- Atlanta, Jawja
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The problem, though, is that sometimes, you really find out just how good your original host was (has happened to a few of my clients) after you've been with the new host for a few months. I had a customer of a customer that actually came to me, simply because he couldn't get half the stuff he needed... and yes, this was a guy that went with HostGator...Douglas Hazard - Certifiable Sports Junkie and Sports Community Enthusiast
Host of Two Cents Radio - Follow @TwoCentsRadio on Twitter (@BearlyDoug on Twitter)
03-03-2004, 12:43 AM #11WHT Addict
- Join Date
- Nov 2001
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- 137
I don't require much
PHP, Pop mail and tons of bandwidth.
I mean I'm not leaving cause of anything but increase of service for the price.
The only problem I've ever had with my current host is it is only 1 guy working there and it is hard to get response sometimes. I dunno, I'm just pondering things in my head.


text:
| 本帖最后由 锴锴456 于 2011-12-7 10:40 编辑
Jack has a clock
Mum: Jack, come here! I want to give you a clock for your birthday.
Jack: Relly? I come in.
Jack: How nice! It is very smart. Look, it is a house clock. And there are some trees next to the house clock.
Mum: Do you like it?
Jack: yes, I like the clock very much. Thank you mum!
Jack is sitting on the sofa and looks at the clock. "Six o'clock! Six o'clock!"
Jack: Oh mum, I'm hungry! And it's the time to have dinner!
Mum: ok!