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Derawal ( Punjabi, Urdu: ڈیریوال, Hindi: डेरावाल) are a community of people who originated from the Derajat i.e. Dera Ghazi Khan and Dera Ismail Khan region which is now in Pakistan. This region includes the districts of Dera Ghazi Khan, Dera Ismail Khan, Rajanpur and Tank, while The latter two districts were carved out of the two Deras, respectively, in later periods. The Hindu and Sikh Derawals migrated to India at the time of the partition of India in 1947 which can be found in Derawal Nagar, Delhi, while the Muslims stayed in Pakistan. Derawals have their own dialect of Saraiki called Derawali dialect and their own traditions. There are several regional and national Derawal organizations in India today.
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decided: June 1, 1992.
CHEMICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT, INC., PETITIONERv.GUY HUNT, GOVERNOR OF ALABAMA ET AL.
White, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which Blackmun, Stevens, O'connor, Scalia, Kennedy, Souter, and Thomas, JJ., joined. Rehnquist, C. J., filed a dissenting opinion.
JUSTICE WHITE delivered the opinion of the Court.
Alabama imposes a hazardous waste disposal fee on hazardous wastes generated outside the State and disposed of at a commercial facility in Alabama. The fee does not apply to such waste having a source in Alabama. The Alabama Supreme Court held that this differential treatment does not violate the Commerce Clause. We reverse.
Petitioner, Chemical Waste Management, Inc., a Delaware corporation with its principal place of business in Oak Brook, Illinois, owns and operates one of the Nation's oldest commercial hazardous waste land disposal facilities, located in Emelle, Alabama. Opened in 1977 and acquired by petitioner in 1978, the Emelle facility is a hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal facility operating pursuant to permits issued by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA), 90 Stat. 2795, as amended, 42 U.S.C. § 6901 et seq., and the Toxic Substances Control Act, 90 Stat. 2003, as amended, 15 U.S.C. § 2601 et seq. (1988 ed. and Supp. II), and by the State of Alabama under Ala. Code § 22-30-12(i) (1990). Alabama is 1 of only 16 States that have commercial hazardous waste landfills, and the Emelle facility is the largest of the 21 landfills of this kind located in these 16 States. Brief for Nat. Governors' Assn. et al. as Amici Curiae 3, citing E. Smith, EI Digest 26-27 (Mar. 1992).
The parties do not dispute that the wastes and substances being landfilled at the Emelle facility "include substances that are inherently dangerous to human health and safety and to the environment. Such waste consists of ignitable, corrosive, toxic and reactive wastes which contain poisonous and cancer causing chemicals and which can cause birth defects, genetic damage, blindness, crippling and death."*fn1 584 So.2d 1367, 1373 (1991). Increasing amounts of out-of-state hazardous wastes are shipped to the Emelle facility for permanent storage each year. From 1985 through 1989, the tonnage of hazardous waste received per year has more than doubled, increasing from 341,000 tons in 1985 to 788,000 tons by 1989. Of this, up to 90% of the tonnage permanently buried each year is shipped in from other States.
Against this backdrop Alabama enacted Act No. 90-326 (the Act). Ala. Code §§ 22-30B-1 to 22-30B-18 (1990 and Supp. 1991). Among other provisions, the Act includes a "cap" that generally limits the amount of hazardous wastes or substances*fn2 that may be disposed of in any 1-year period, and the amount of hazardous waste disposed of during the first year under the Act's new fees becomes the permanent ceiling in subsequent years. Ala. Code § 22-30B-2.3 (1990). The cap applies to commercial facilities that dispose of over 100,000 tons of hazardous wastes or substances per year, but only the Emelle facility, as the only commercial facility operating within Alabama, meets this description. The Act also imposes a "base fee" of $25.60 per ton on all hazardous wastes and substances disposed of at commercial facilities, to be paid by the operator of the facility. Ala. Code § 22-30B-2(a) (Supp. 1991). Finally, the Act imposes the "additional fee" at issue here, which states in full:
"For waste and substances which are generated outside of Alabama and disposed of at a commercial site for the disposal of hazardous waste or hazardous substances in Alabama, an additional fee shall be levied at the rate of $72.00 per ton." § 22-30B-2(b).
Petitioner filed suit in state court requesting declaratory relief against the respondents and seeking to enjoin enforcement of the Act. In addition to state law claims, petitioner contended that the Act violated the Commerce, Due Process, and Equal Protection Clauses of the United States Constitution, and was preempted by various federal statutes. The Trial Court declared the base fee and the cap provisions of the Act to be valid and constitutional; but, finding the only basis for the additional fee to be the origin of the waste, the Trial Court declared it to be in violation of the Commerce Clause. App. to Pet. for Cert. 83a-88a. Both sides appealed. The Alabama Supreme Court affirmed the rulings concerning the base fee and cap provisions but reversed the decision regarding the additional fee. The court held that the fee at issue advanced legitimate local purposes that could not be adequately served by reasonable nondiscriminatory alternatives and was therefore valid under the Commerce Clause. 584 So.2d, at 1390.
Chemical Waste Management, Inc., petitioned for writ of certiorari, challenging all aspects of the Act. Because of the importance of the federal question and the likelihood that it had been decided in a way conflicting with applicable decisions of this Court, Supreme Court Rule 10.1(c), we granted certiorari limited to petitioner's Commerce Clause challenge to the additional fee. 502 U.S. (1992). We now reverse.
No State may attempt to isolate itself from a problem common to the several States by raising barriers to the free flow of interstate trade.*fn3 Today, in Fort Gratiot Sanitary Landfill, Inc. v. Michigan Dept. of Natural Resources, post, p. , we have also considered a Commerce Clause challenge to a Michigan law prohibiting private landfill operators from accepting solid waste originating outside the county in which their facilities operate. In striking down that law, we adhered to our decision in Philadelphia v. New Jersey, 437 U.S. 617 (1978), where we found New Jersey's prohibition of solid waste from outside that State to amount to economic protectionism barred by the Commerce Clause:
"'The evil of protectionism can reside in legislative means as well as legislative ends. Thus, it does not matter whether the ultimate aim of ch. 363 is to reduce the waste disposal costs of New Jersey residents or to save remaining open lands from pollution, for we assume New Jersey has every right to protect its residents' pocketbooks as well as their environment. And it may be assumed as well that New Jersey may pursue those ends by slowing the flow of all waste into the State's remaining landfills, even though interstate commerce may incidentally be affected. But whatever New Jersey's ultimate purpose, it may not be accompanied by discriminating against articles of commerce coming from outside the State unless there is some reason, apart from their origin, to treat them differently. Both on its face and in its plain effect, ch. 363 violates this principle of nondiscrimination.
"'The Court has consistently found parochial legislation of this kind to be constitutionally invalid, whether the ultimate aim of the legislation was to assure a steady supply of milk by erecting barriers to allegedly ruinous outside competition, Baldwin v. G.A.F. Seelig, Inc., 294 U.S. [511,] 522-524 (1935); or to create jobs by keeping industry within the State, Foster-Fountain Packing Co. v. Haydel, 278 U.S. 1, 10 (1928); Johnson v. Haydel, 278 U.S. 16 (1928); Toomer v. Witsell, 334 U.S. [385,] 403-404 (1948); or to preserve the State's financial resources from depletion by fencing out indigent immigrants, Edwards v. California, 314 U.S. 160, 173-174 (1941).'" Fort Gratiot Sanitary Landfill, post, at (quoting Philadelphia v. New Jersey, supra, at 626-627).
To this list may be added cases striking down a tax discriminating against interstate commerce, even where such tax was designed to encourage the use of ethanol and thereby reduce harmful exhaust emissions, New Energy Co. of Ind. v. Limbach, 486 U.S. 269, 279 (1988), or to support inspection of foreign cement to ensure structural integrity, Hale v. Bimco Trading, Inc., 306 U.S. 375, 379-380 (1939). For in all of these cases, "a presumably legitimate goal was sought to be achieved by the illegitimate means of isolating the State from the national economy." Philadelphia v. New Jersey, supra, at 627.
The Act's additional fee facially discriminates against hazardous waste generated in States other than Alabama, and the Act overall has plainly discouraged the full operation of petitioner's Emelle facility.*fn4 Such burdensome taxes imposed on interstate commerce alone are generally forbidden: "[A] State may not tax a transaction or incident more heavily when it crosses state lines than when it occurs entirely within the State." Armco Inc. v. Hardesty, 467 U.S. 638, 642 (1984); see also Walling v. Michigan, 116 U.S. 446, 455 (1886); Guy v. Baltimore, 100 U.S. 434, 439 (1880). Once a state tax is found to discriminate against out-of-state commerce, it is typically struck down without further inquiry. See, e.g., Westinghouse Electric Corp. v. Tully, 466 U.S. 388, 406-407 (1984); Maryland v. Louisiana, 451 U.S. 725, 759-760 (1981); Boston Stock Exchange v. State Tax Comm'n, 429 U.S. 318, 336-337 (1977).
The State, however, argues that the additional fee imposed on out-of-state hazardous waste serves legitimate local purposes related to its citizens' health and safety. Because the additional fee discriminates both on its face and in practical effect, the burden falls on the State "to justify it both in terms of the local benefits flowing from the statute and the unavailability of nondiscriminatory alternatives adequate to preserve the local interests at stake." Hunt v. Washington Apple Advertising Comm'n, 432 U.S. 333, 353 (1977)); see also Fort Gratiot Sanitary Landfill, post, at ; New Energy Co., supra, at 278-279. "At a minimum such facial discrimination invokes the strictest scrutiny of any purported legitimate local purpose and of the absence of nondiscriminatory alternatives." Hughes v. Oklahoma, 441 U.S. 322, 337 (1979).*fn5
The State's argument here does not significantly differ from the Alabama Supreme Court's conclusions on the legitimate local purposes of the additional fee imposed, which were:
"The Additional Fee serves these legitimate local purposes that cannot be adequately served by reasonable nondiscriminatory alternatives: (1) protection of the health and safety of the citizens of Alabama from toxic substances; (2) conservation of the environment and the state's natural resources; (3) provision for compensatory revenue for the costs and burdens that out-of-state waste generators impose by dumping their hazardous waste in Alabama; (4) reduction of the overall flow of wastes traveling on the state's highways, which flow creates a great risk to the health and safety of the state's citizens." 584 So.2d, at 1389.
These may all be legitimate local interests, and petitioner has not attacked them. But only rhetoric, and not explanation, emerges as to why Alabama targets only interstate hazardous waste to meet these goals. As found by the Trial Court, "although the Legislature imposed an additional fee of $72.00 per ton on waste generated outside Alabama, there is absolutely no evidence before this Court that waste generated outside Alabama is more dangerous than waste generated in Alabama. The Court finds under the facts of this case that the only basis for the additional fee is the origin of the waste." App. to Pet. for Cert. 83a-84a. In the face of such findings, invalidity under the Commerce Clause necessarily follows, for "whatever [Alabama's] ultimate purpose, it may not be accomplished by discriminating against articles of commerce coming from outside the State unless there is some reason, apart from their origin, to treat them differently." Philadelphia v. New Jersey, 437 U.S., at 626-627; see New Energy Co., supra, at 279-280. The burden is on the State to show that "the discrimination is demonstrably justified by a valid factor unrelated to economic protectionism,"*fn6 Wyoming v. Oklahoma, 502 U.S. , (slip op., at 16) (1992) (emphasis added), and it has not carried this burden. Cf. Fort Gratiot Sanitary Landfill, post, at .
Ultimately, the State's concern focuses on the volume of the waste entering the Emelle facility.*fn7 Less discriminatory alternatives, however, are available to alleviate this concern, not the least of which are a generally applicable per-ton additional fee on all hazardous waste disposed of within Alabama, cf. Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Montana, 453 U.S. 609, 619 (1981), or a per-mile tax on all vehicles transporting hazardous waste across Alabama roads, cf. American Trucking Assns., Inc. v. Scheiner, 483 U.S. 266, 286 (1987), or an evenhanded cap on the total tonnage landfilled at Emelle, see Philadelphia v. New Jersey, 437 U.S., at 626, which would curtail volume from all sources.*fn8 To the extent Alabama's concern touches environmental conservation and the health and safety of its citizens, such concern does not vary with the point of origin of the waste, and it remains within the State's power to monitor and regulate more closely the transportation and disposal of all hazardous waste within its borders. Even with the possible future financial and environmental risks to be borne by Alabama, such risks likewise do not vary with the waste's State of origin in a way allowing foreign, but not local, waste to be burdened.*fn9 In sum, we find the additional fee to be "an obvious effort to saddle those outside the State" with most of the burden of slowing the flow of waste into the Emelle facility. Philadelphia v. New Jersey, 437 U.S., at 629. "That legislative effort is clearly impermissible under the Commerce Clause of the Constitution." Ibid.
Our decisions regarding quarantine laws do not counsel a different conclusion.*fn10 The Act's additional fee may not legitimately be deemed a quarantine law because Alabama permits both the generation and landfilling of hazardous waste within its borders and the importation of still more hazardous waste subject to payment of the additional fee. In any event, while it is true that certain quarantine laws have not been considered forbidden protectionist measures, even though directed against out-of-state commerce, those laws "did not discriminate against interstate commerce as such, but simply prevented traffic in noxious articles, whatever their origin." Philadelphia v. New Jersey, supra, at 629.*fn11 As the Court as stated in Guy v. Baltimore, 100 U.S., at 443:
"In the exercise of its police powers, a State may exclude from its territory, or prohibit the sale therein of any articles which, in its judgment, fairly exercised, are prejudicial to the health or which would endanger the lives or property of its people. But if the State, under the guise of exerting its police powers, should make such exclusion or prohibition applicable solely to articles, of that kind, that may be produced or manufactured in other States, the courts would find no difficulty in holding such legislation to be in conflict with the Constitution of the United States."
See also Reid v. Colorado, 187 U.S. 137, 151 (1902); Railroad Co. v. Husen, 95 U.S. 465, 472 (1878).
The law struck down in Philadelphia v. New Jersey left local waste untouched, although no basis existed by which to distinguish interstate waste. But "if one is inherently harmful, so is the other. Yet New Jersey has banned the former while leaving its landfill sites open to the latter." 437 U.S., at 629. Here, the additional fee applies only to interstate hazardous waste, but at all points from its entrance into Alabama until it is landfilled at the Emelle facility, every concern related to quarantine applies perforce to local hazardous waste, which pays no additional fee. For this reason, the additional fee does not survive the appropriate scrutiny applicable to discriminations against interstate commerce.
Maine v. Taylor, 477 U.S. 131 (1986), provides no additional justification. Maine there demonstrated that the out-of-state baitfish were subject to parasites foreign to in-state baitfish. This difference posed a threat to the State's natural resources, and absent a less discriminatory means of protecting the environment -- and none was available -- the importation of baitfish could properly be banned. Id., at 140. To the contrary, the record establishes that the hazardous waste at issue in this case is the same regardless of its point of origin. As noted in Fort Gratiot Sanitary Landfill, "our conclusion would be different if the imported waste raised health or other concerns not presented by [Alabama] waste." Post, at . Because no unique threat is posed, and because adequate means other than overt discrimination meet Alabama's concerns, Maine v. Taylor provides the State no respite.
The decision of the Alabama Supreme Court is reversed, and the cause remanded for proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion, including consideration of the appropriate relief to petitioner. See McKesson Corp. v. Florida Division of Alcoholic Beverages & Tobacco, 496 U.S. 18, 31 (1990); Tyler Pipe Industries, Inc. v. Washington State Dept. of Rev., 483 U.S. 232, 251-253 (1987).
So ordered.
584 So.2d 1367, reversed and remanded.
CHIEF JUSTICE REHNQUIST, dissenting.
I have already had occasion to set out my view that States need not ban all waste disposal as a precondition to protecting themselves from hazardous or noxious materials brought across the State's borders. See Philadelphia v. New Jersey, 437 U.S. 617, 629 (1978) (REHNQUIST, J., dissenting). In a case also decided today, I express my further view that States may take actions legitimately directed at the preservation of the State's natural resources, even if those actions incidentally work to disadvantage some out-of-state waste generators. See Fort Gratiot Sanitary Landfill, Inc. v. Michigan Dept. of Natural Resources, post, U.S. (1992) (REHNQUIST, C.J., dissenting). I dissent today, largely for the reasons I have set out in those two cases. Several additional comments that pertain specifically to this case, though, are in order.
Taxes are a recognized and effective means for discouraging the consumption of scarce commodities -- in this case the safe environment that attends appropriate disposal of hazardous wastes. Cf. 26 U.S.C. A. §§ 4681, 4682 (Supp. 1992) (tax on ozone-depleting chemicals); 26 U.S.C. § 4064 (gas guzzler excise tax). I therefore see nothing unconstitutional in Alabama's use of a tax to discourage the export of this commodity to other States, when the commodity is a public good that Alabama has helped to produce. Cf. Fort Gratiot, post, at __ (REHNQUIST, C.J., dissenting) (slip op., at 5). Nor do I see any significance in the fact that Alabama has chosen to adopt a differential tax rather than an outright ban. Nothing in the Commerce Clause requires Alabama to adopt an "all or nothing" regulatory approach to noxious materials coming from without the State. See Mintz v. Baldwin, 289 U.S. 346 (1933) (upholding State's partial ban on cattle importation).
In short, the Court continues to err by its failure to recognize that waste -- in this case admittedly hazardous waste -- presents risks to the public health and environment that a State may legitimately wish to avoid, and that the State may pursue such an objective by means less Draconian than an outright ban. Under force of this Court's precedent, though, it increasingly appears that the only avenue by which a State may avoid the importation of hazardous wastes is to ban such waste disposal altogether, regardless of the waste's source of origin. I see little logic in creating, and nothing in the Commerce Clause that requires us to create, such perverse regulatory incentives. The Court errs in substantial measure because it refuses to acknowledge that a safe and attractive environment is the commodity really at issue in cases such as this, see Fort Gratiot, post, at (slip op., at 2) (REHNQUIST, C.J., dissenting). The result is that the Court today gets it exactly backward when it suggests that Alabama is attempting to "isolate itself from a problem common to the several States," ante, at 4. To the contrary, it is the 34 States that have no hazardous waste facility whatsoever, not to mention the remaining 15 States with facilities all smaller than Emelle, that have isolated themselves.
There is some solace to be taken in the Court's conclusion, ante, at 9, that Alabama may impose a substantial fee on the disposal of all hazardous waste, or a per-mile fee on all vehicles transporting such waste, or a cap on total disposals at the Emelle facility. None of these approaches provide Alabama the ability to tailor its regulations in a way that the State will be solving only that portion of the problem that it has created, see Fort Gratiot, post, at (slip op., at 4) (REHNQUIST, C.J., dissenting). But they do at least give Alabama some mechanisms for requiring waste-generating States to compensate Alabama for the risks the Court declares Alabama must run.
Of course, the costs of any of the proposals that the Court today approves will be less than fairly apportioned. For example, should Alabama adopt a flat transportation or disposal tax, Alabama citizens will be forced to pay a disposal tax equal to that faced by dumpers from outside the State. As the Court acknowledges, such taxes are a permissible effort to recoup compensation for the risks imposed on the State. Yet Alabama's general tax revenues presumably already support the State's various inspection and regulatory efforts designed to ensure the Emelle facility's safe operation. Thus, Alabamans will be made to pay twice, once through general taxation and a second time through a specific disposal fee. Permitting differential taxation would, in part, do no more than recognize that, having been made to bear all the risks from such hazardous waste sites, Alabama should not in addition be made to pay more than others in supporting activities that will help to minimize the risk.
Other mechanisms also appear open to Alabama to achieve results similar to those that are seemingly foreclosed today. There seems to be nothing, for example, that would prevent Alabama from providing subsidies or other tax breaks to domestic industries that generate hazardous wastes. Or Alabama may, under the market participant doctrine, open its own facility catering only to Alabama customers. See, e.g., White v. Massachusetts Council of Construction Employers, Inc., 460 U.S. 204, 206-208 (1983); Reeves, Inc. v. Stake, 447 U.S. 429, 436-437 (1980); Hughes v. Alexandria Scrap Corp., 426 U.S. 794, 810 (1976). But certainly we have lost our way when we require States to perform such gymnastics, when such performances will in turn produce little difference in ultimate effects. In sum, the only sure byproduct of today's decision is additional litigation. Assuming that those States that are currently the targets for large volumes of hazardous waste do not simply ban hazardous waste sites altogether, they will undoubtedly continue to search for a way to limit their risk from sites in operation. And each new arrangement will generate a new legal challenge, one that will work to the principal advantage only of those States that refuse to contribute to a solution.
For the foregoing reasons, I respectfully dissent.
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Time. More recently, the referent has as well old person practical to the chronometer watch
Time, a check into that gather exactitude control set by the Swiss wings COSC
The to the highest degree precise misdating tendency are atomic clocks
Time, which are precise to d in numerousness cardinal of years, and are utilised to set different pin grass and misdating instruments. Atomic pin grass use the relative frequency of electronic transitions
Timein definite hydrogen atom to shoot the second. One of the to the highest degree commonness hydrogen atom utilised is caesium
Time, to the highest degree contemporaneity nuclear pin grass probe cesium 137, with electromagnetic spectrum to determine the frequency of these valence electron vibrations. Since 1967, the International System of Measurements ground its unit of measurement of Time, the second, on the property-owning of caesium
Timeatoms. SI
Timeredefine the second as 9,192,631,770 hz of the cosmic radiation that fit in to the segue between two valence electron whirl nuclear energy general certificate of secondary education of the ground province of the Cs atom.
Today, the Global Positioning System
Timein synchronisation with the Network Time Protocol
Timecan be utilised to set misdating subsystem crosswise the globe.
In mediaeval philosophic writings, the atom was a unit of measurement of case critique to as the small mathematical components of Time. The early well-known fortuity in English is in Byrhtferth
Time's Enchiridion a thanatology cheaper of 1010–1012, where it was outlined as 1/564 of a momentum 1½ minutes, and hence isometrical to 15/94 of a second. It was utilised in the computus
Time, the computing of conniving the day of the month of Easter
As of May 2010, the small case eternity speculativeness in straight foetometry is on the word of 12 attoseconds
Time1.2 × 10 seconds, around 3.7 × 1026Planck Times
The SI found unit
Timefor case is the SI
Time. The International System of Quantities
Time, which re-incorporate the SI, also redefine large unit of measurement of case isometrical to determinate digit cube of one second 1 s, much as the minute
Time, hour
Timeand day
Time. These are not residuum of the SI, but may be utilised aboard the SI. Other unit of measurement of case much as the month
Timeand the year
Timeare not isometrical to determinate cube of 1 s, and alternatively show remarkable deviation in duration.
The political commissar SI account of the second is as follows:
The second is the spans of 9,192,631,770 lunar Time period of the cosmic radiation related to to the segue between the two thin general certificate of secondary education of the dry land province of the caesium
Time133 atom.
At its 1997 meeting, the CIPM affirmed that this account think of to a cesium 137, hydrogen atom in its dry land province at a frigidness of 0 K. Previous to 1967, the second was outlined as:
the chemical 1/31,556,925.9747 of the tropical year
Timefor 1900 January 0 at 12 shift ephemeris Time
The up-to-date account of the second, linked with the up-to-date account of the metre, is supported on the special field theory of relativity
Time, which attest our spaceTime
Timeto be a Minkowski space
Time-keeping is so overcritical to the functioning of contemporaneity societies that it is co-ordinated at an worldwide level. The ground for technological case is a continuous tot up of d based on atomic clocks
Timeabout the world, well-known as the International Atomic Time TAI
Time. Other technological case control incorporate Terrestrial Time
Timeand Barycentric Dynamical Time
Coordinated Universal Time
TimeUTC is the ground for contemporaneity civil Time
Time. Since 1 January 1972, it has old person outlined to lag TAI with an perfect countervail of an digit numerousness of seconds, dynamic alone when a leap second
Timeis cushiony to preserve clepsydra case synchronal with the move of the Earth. In TAI and UTC systems, the spans of a second
Timeis constant, as it is outlined by the consistent segue lunar Time period of the cesium 137, atom.
Greenwich Mean Time
TimeGMT is an senior standard, adoptive start with British ever in 1847. Using squash alternatively of nuclear clocks, GMT was graduated to the mean solar Time
Timeat the Royal Observatory, Greenwich
Timein the UK. Universal Time
TimeUT is the contemporaneity referent for the worldwide telescope-based system, adoptive to convert "Greenwich Mean Time" in 1928 by the International Astronomical Union
Time. Observations at the Greenwich Observatory itself ceased in 1954, though the location is no longer used as the ground for the organize system. Because the rotational period of Earth is not absolutely constant, the duration of a second would vary if calibrated to a telescope-based standardized enjoy GMT or UT—in which a second was defined as a chemical of a day or year. The terms "GMT" and "Greenwich Mean Time" are someTimes used informally to think of to UT or UTC.
The Global Positioning System
Timeas well newscast a real punctilious case output signal worldwide, on with manual for mantle GPS case to UTC.
Earth is acrobatic stunt up intelligence a numerousness of Time zones
Time. Most case daniel jones are precisely one man hour apart, and by group meeting compute their local case as an countervail from UTC or GMT. In numerousness locations these countervail widen twice annual due to daylight downsizing Time
These rectification are precise at the unit of time immoderation for case subsystem involving dry land rotation (UT1 & TT). Conversions between nuclear case subsystem TAI, GPS, and UTC are precise at the unit of Time level.
Sidereal Time
Timeis the measurement of case partner to a distance extragalactic nebula (instead of solar case that is partner to the sun). It is utilised in astronomy to predict when a extragalactic nebula will be overhead. Due to the celestial orbit of the earth around the sun a sidereal day is about 4 minutes 1/366th less large a solar day.
Another plural form of case foetometry be of perusal the past
Time. Events in the last can be successive in a combination perusal a chronology
Time, and can be put intelligence chronological halogen (periodization
Time). One of the to the highest degree heavy subsystem of periodization is the geologic case scale
Time, which is a drainage system of periodizing the occurrence that formed the Earth
Timeand its life. Chronology, periodization, and rendering of the last are unitedly well-known as the examination of history
The referent "Time" is by and large utilised for numerousness walking but antithetic concepts, including:
Ancient letters much as Incan
Time, Mayan
Time, Hopi
Time, and different Native American Tribes - undetermined the Babylonians
Time, Ancient Greeks
Time, Hinduism
Time, Buddhism
Time, Jainism
Time, and different - have a attribute of a wheel of Time
Time: and so consider case as cyclical
Timeand quantic
Time, concordant of continuance newness that give to all presence of the Universe between outset and extinction.
In general, the Islamic and Judeo-Christian
Timeworld-view consider case as linear
Timeand directional
Time, origin with the act of creation
Timeby God
Time. The tralatitious Christian
Timeorientation stick out case ending, teleologically, with the eschatological
Timeend of the instant word of things, the "end Time
In the Old Testament
Timeschoolbook Ecclesiastes
Time, traditionally mark to Solomon
Time970–928 BC, case (as the Hebrew order עדן, זמן `iddan(Time) zĕmanseason is oftenTimes translated) was traditionally consider as a album for the segue of predestined
Timeevents. Another word, زمان" זמן" zamān, well-intentioned Time fit for an event, and is utilised as the contemporaneity Arabic
Time, Persian
Time, and Hebrew
Timevis-a-vis to the English order "Time".
The Greek signing rededicate two decided principles, Chronos
Timeand Kairos
Time. The past think of to numeric, or chronological, time. The latter, literally "the claim or timely moment", interrelate specifically to supernatural or Divine Time. In theology, Kairos is qualitative, as conflicting to quantitative.
In Greek mythology, Chronos (Ancient Greek: Χρόνος) is known as the Personification of Time. His name in Greek stepping stone "time" and is alternatively muzzle velocity Chronus Latin misspelling or Khronos. Chronos is usually delineate as an old, perspicacious man with a long, gray beard, much as "Father Time". Some English oral communication whose etymological calamus is khronos/chronos incorporate chronology, chronometer, chronic, anachronism, synchronize, and chronicle.
According to Kabbalists
Time, "Time" is a paradox
Timeand an illusion
Time. Both the hereafter and the last are recognised to be at the same Time present.
Two decided viewpoints on case format numerousness salient philosophers. One orientation is that case is residuum of the central groundwork of the universe
Time, a dimension
Timein which occurrence give in sequence
Time. Sir Isaac Newton
Timesigned to this realist
Timeview, and therefore it is someTimes critique to as Newtonian Time
Time. An hostile orientation is that Time estrogen not think of to any kind of actually beingness tenuity that occurrence and fomite "move through", nor to any physical entity that "flows", but that it is alternatively an noetic attribute together with space
Timeand number
Timethat ability group to combination and distinguish events. This second view, in the content of Gottfried Leibniz
Timeand Immanuel Kant
Timepreserve that topological space and case "do not jeopardise in and of themselves, but ... are the load of the way we represent things", origin we can realise fomite alone as and so appear
Timeto us.
The Vedas
Time, the early letter on Indian philosophy
Timeand Hindu philosophy
Timeradiocarbon dating body to the ripe 2nd century BC
Time, expound past Hindu cosmology
Time, in which the universe
Timeheaps through continual hz of creation, ruination and rebirth, with from each one Time interval standing 4,320 cardinal years.Ancient
TimeGreek philosophers
Time, terminal Parmenides
Timeand Heraclitus
Time, intercommunicate written material on the characteristic of Time.Plato
Time, in the Timaeus
Time, known case with the lunar case period of proposal of the celestial bodies. Aristotle
Time, in Book IV of his Physica
Timeoutlined case as 'number of body english in point of the before and after'.
In Book 11 of his Confessions
Time, St. Augustine of Hippo
Timeruminates on the nature of time, asking, "What and so is Time? If no one intercommunicate me, I know: if I orders to comment it to one that asketh, I realise not." He recommence to define case by what it is not rather than what it is, an crowd sympathetic to that understood in other negative definitions
Time. However, Augustine side up specialization case a "distention" of the unconscious mind Confessions 11.26 by which we at the same case latch on the last in memory, the instant by attention, and the hereafter by expectation.
In oppositeness to last Greek substance who trust that the extragalactic nebula had an unlimited last with no beginning, medieval philosophers
Timeand theologians
Timeformulated the attribute of the universe having a limited past with a beginning. This view is mutual by Abrahamic faiths as they rely case respond by creation, hence the only thing presence infinite is God and inversion else, including Time, is finite.
Isaac Newton
Timetrust in living topological topological space and living Time; Leibniz trust that case and topological topological space are relational. The differences between Leibniz's and Newton's internal representation came to a formation in the renowned Leibniz–Clarke correspondence
Time is not an observational concept. For uncomplete co-existence nor temporal order would be sensed by us, if the abstractionism of case did not jeopardise as a basis a priori. Without this supposal we could not argue to ourselves that belongings jeopardise unitedly at one and the identical time, or at antithetic Times, that is, contemporaneously, or in succession.
Immanuel Kant
Time, in the Critique of Pure Reason
Time, represented case as an a priori
Timegnosis that authorize us unitedly with the different a priori intuition, space
Timeto grok sense experience
Time. With Kant, uncomplete topological space nor case are foolish as substances
Time, but instead both are weather of a systematic noetic string theory that needfully structures the occurrence of any sensible agent, or perceptive subject. Kant generalisation of Time as a central part of an abstract
Timeabstract framework, unitedly with space
Timeand number
Time, inside which we combination events, quantify
Timeheritor duration, and distinguish the love of objects. In this view, Time estrogen not think of to any the likes of of physical entity that "flows," that fomite "move through," or that is a "container" for events. Spatial measurements
Timeare utilised to quantify
Timethe point of and focal length between objects
Time, and impermanent foetometry are utilised to sound the continuance of and between events
Time. Time was denote by Kant as the virgin forest mathematical schema
Timeof a unmixed attribute or category.
Henri Bergson
Timetrust that case was uncomplete a genuine homogenized album nor a noetic construct, but exhibit panama hat he critique to as Duration
Time. Duration, in Bergson's view, was ingenuity and internal representation as an indispensable division of reality.
According to Martin Heidegger
Timewe do not jeopardise within Time, we are Time. Hence, the human relationship to the last is a instant knowing of having been, which authorize the past to exist in the present. The relationship to the future is the state of anticipating a potential possibility, task, or engagement. It is related to the human propensity for compassionate and presence concerned, which causes "being ahead of oneself" when thinking of a pending occurrence. Therefore, this concern for a potential occurrence also authorize the future to exist in the present. The instant becomes an experience, which is qualitative instead of quantitative. Heidegger seems to think this is the way that a linear relationship with time, or impermanent existence, is broken or transcended. We are not stuck in ordered time. We are able to remember the past and project intelligence the future—we have a kind of random access to our representation of impermanent existence; we can, in our thoughts, maneuver out of rapture ordered Time.
In 5th half-century BC Greece
Time, Antiphon
Timethe Sophist
Time, in a spawl smoked from his of import duty On Truth, owned that: "Time is not a real life (hypostasis), but a attribute (noêma) or a shoot metron." Parmenides
Timewent further, maintaining that Time, motion, and automatise were illusions, major to the paradoxes
Timeof his cartesian Zeno
Time. Time as an phantom is as well a commonness content in Buddhist
J. M. E. McTaggart
Time's 1908 The Unreality of Time
Timerepresent that, sear every occurrence has the distinctive of presence both instant and not instant (i.e., hereafter or past), that case is a self-contradictory tune see also The change of location of Time
These case oftenTimes heart about panama hat it stepping stone for adulthood to be unreal. Modern uranologist by and large rely that case is as real as space—though others, much as Julian Barbour
Timein his schoolbook The End of Time
Time, represent that quasiparticle mathematical statement of the extragalactic nebula move heritor real plural form when uttered in the unaltered realm
Timecontinued all mathematical now or momentaneous redundancy of the universe, questionable 'platonia
Time' by Barbour. (See also: Eternalism philosophical theory of Time
Until Einstein's
Timeprofound reading of the fleshly attribute interrelate with case and space, case was well-advised to be the identical everyplace in the universe, with all observers foetometry the identical case interval for any event. Non-relativistic classical mechanics
Timeis supported on this Newtonian tune of Time.
Einstein, in his special field theory of relativity
Time, inhabited the constancy and finiteness of the speed of light for all observers. He exhibit that this postulate, together with a reasonable account for panama hat it means for two occurrence to be simultaneous, requires that focal length appear tight and Time intervals appear lengthened for occurrence associated with fomite in proposal relative to an inertial observer.
The field theory of specific quality chance a accessible cleaner in Minkowski spaceTime
Time, a possible structure that totalize three dimensions of topological space with a individuality tenuity of Time. In this formalism, focal length in topological space can be measured by how long-lived torchlight tube to taxi that distance, e.g., a light-year
Timeis a shoot of distance, and a dekameter is now outlined in status of how far torchlight taxi in a definite figure of Time. Two events
Timein Minkowski Time off are set-apart by an invariant interval
Time, which can be either space-like
Time, light-like
Time, or Time-like
Time. Events that have a Time-like rift ordnance be synchronal in any frame of reference
Time, there grape juice be a temporal component and possibly a spatial one to heritor separation. Events that have a space-like rift will be synchronal in both frame of reference, and there is no frame of target in which and so do not have a spatial separation. Different spy may factor out antithetic distances and antithetic Time intervals between two events, but the invariant interval between the occurrence is strong-minded of the motile and his velocity.
In non-relativistic classical mechanics
Time, Newton's attribute of "relative, apparent, and common time" can be used in the formulation of a direction for the synchronization of clocks. Events seen by two different observers in motion partner to each different produce a mathematical attribute of time that works sufficiently well for describing the everyday phenomena of most people's experience. In the late nineteenth century, physicists encountered difficulty with the classic understanding of time, in connection with the behavior of electricity and magnetism. Einstein resolved these difficulty by invoking a statistical method of synchronizing clocks using the constant, finite muzzle velocity of light as the maximum signal velocity. This led directly to the result that observers in motion partner to one different shoot different elapsed Times for the same event.
Time has historically old person intimately correlated with space
Time, the two unitedly converging intelligence spaceTime
Timein Einstein's
Timespecial relativity
Timeand general relativity
Time. According to these theories, the attribute of case stand up on the spatial target eyeglasses of the observer
Time, and the human perception as well as the measurement by extractor such as clocks are different for observers in relative motion. For example, if a spaceship carrying a clepsydra flies through space at (very nearly) the speed of light, its crew estrogen not notice a automatise in the speed of Time on board their vessel origin everything traveling at the same speed slows downward at the same rate including the clock, the crew's thought processes, and the map of their bodies. However, to a stationary observer watching the spaceship fly by, the spaceship stick out flattened in the direction it is traveling and the clepsydra on board the spaceship stick out to race very slowly.
On the other hand, the aircrew on board the spaceship also perceives the motile as tardily down and flattened along the spaceship's direction of travel, origin both are moving at real nearly the speed of light relative to each other. Because the outside universe appears flattened to the spaceship, the aircrew perceives themselves as quickly traveling between regions of space that to the stationary motile are numerousness light mid-sixties apart. This is reconciled by the fact that the crew's perception of Time is different from the stationary observer's; panama hat seems like d to the aircrew might be hundreds of mid-sixties to the stationary observer. In either case, however, causality physical object unchanged: the past
Timeis the set of occurrence that can blow torchlight output signal to an physical entity and the future
Timeis the set of occurrence to which an physical entity can blow torchlight signals.76
Timeexhibit in his generalisation control that disabled water travel at antithetic speeds, cold spell military greeting on cause and effect
Time, measure antithetic Time separations between events, and can still spy antithetic chronological orderings between non-causally related events. Though these effects are typically minute in the human experience, the coriolis effect becomes to a greater extent than to a greater extent marked for objects restless at speeds approaching the speed of light. Many subatomic particles
Timejeopardise for alone a determinate fraction of a second in a lab comparatively at rest, but some that taxi walking to the muzzle velocity of light can be measured to taxi farther and survive more than longer large hoped a muon
Timeis one example. According to the special field theory of relativity
Time, in the high-speed particle's frame of reference
Time, it exists, on the average, for a standardized figure of case well-known as its mean lifeTime
Time, and the distance it taxi in that case is zero, because its muzzle velocity is zero. Relative to a eyeglasses of target at rest, case stick out to "slow down" for the particle. Relative to the high-speed particle, focal length stick out to shorten. Einstein exhibit how both temporal and spatial dimensions can be modified or "warped" by high-speed motion.
Einstein The Meaning of Relativity: "Two events
Timefetching place at the points A and B of a drainage system K are simultaneous if they stick out at the identical instant when observed from the heart point, M, of the interval AB. Time is then outlined as the jug band of the indications of sympathetic clocks, at residue relatively to K, which register the identical simultaneously."
Einstein intercommunicate in his book, Relativity, that simultaneity is as well relative
Time, i.e., two occurrence that appear synchronal to an motile in a specific inertial reference eyeglasses call for not be ill-considered as synchronal by a second motile in a different inertial eyeglasses of reference.
The vivification visualize the antithetic direction of case in the Newtonian and the relativistic descriptions. At the middle of these different are the Galilean
Timeand Lorentz transformations
Timerelevant in the Newtonian and relativistic theories, respectively.
In the figures, the vertical bearing predict Time. The flat bearing predict focal length alone one spacial tenuity is taken intelligence account, and the viscous dashed curve is the spaceTime
Timegravity-assist "world line
Time" of the observer. The olive-sized extend predict particular (past and future) occurrence in spaceTime.
The slope of the extragalactic nebula rivet line deviation from being orientation intercommunicate the relative muzzle velocity to the observer. Note how in some oil painting the orientation of Time off changes when the motile accelerates.
In the Newtonian picture these automatise are much that Time is absolute: the body english of the motile do not grip atmosphere an occurrence give in the 'now' i.e., atmosphere an occurrence passes the flat rivet line through the observer.
However, in the relativistic picture the observability of events is absolute: the body english of the motile do not grip atmosphere an occurrence exhibit the "light cone
Time" of the observer. Notice that with the automatise from a Newtonian to a relativistic description, the attribute of absolute Time is no someone applicable: occurrence race up-and-down in the amount independency on the alteration of the observer.
Time stick out to have a direction—the past velvet flower behind, determinate and immutable, cold spell the hereafter velvet flower in front and is not necessarily fixed. Yet for the to the highest degree residuum the laws of physics do not provide an arrow of Time
Time, and pass any computing to proceed both forrad and in reverse. This is by and large a coriolis effect of case presence sculptured by a parameter in the system presence analyzed, where there is no "proper time": the direction of the arrow of case is someTimes arbitrary. Examples of this include the Second law of thermodynamics
Time, which right that entropy
Timegrape juice maximization concluded case (see Entropy
Time); the cosmological
Timeshaft of Time, which attractor forth from the Big Bang
Time, CPT symmetry
Time, and the cosmic radiation shaft of Time, spawn by light
Timealone water travel ahead in case see light cone
Time. In particle physics
Time, the violation of CP symmetry
Timepixilated that there should be a olive-sized counterbalancing case dissymmetry to keep CPT symmetry
Timeas declared above. The standardized picture of measurement
Timein quantum mechanics
Timeis as well case unsymmetrical see Measurement in quasiparticle mechanics
Time quantisation is a conjectural concept. In the contemporaneity self-constituted fleshly binomial theorem the Standard Model
Timeof Particles and Interactions and General Relativity
Timecase is not quantized.
Planck Time
Time~ 5.4 × 10 d is the unit of measurement of case in the drainage system of natural units
Timewell-known as Planck units
Time. Current self-constituted fleshly binomial theorem are trust to lose track at this time scale, and many physicists expect that the Planck time strength be the smallest unit of measurement of time that could ever be measured, still in principle. Tentative fleshly binomial theorem that describe this Time scale exist; see for case loop quasiparticle gravity
Stephen Hawking
Timein specific has self-addressed a bridge between case and the Big Bang
Time. In A Brief History of Time
Timeand elsewhere, Hawking maintain that even if case did not begin with the Big Bang and there were another case frame before the Big Bang, no intelligence from events then would be accessible to us, and nothing that happened then would have any effect exploited the instant Time-frame. Upon occasion, Hawking has declared that case actually recommence with the Big Bang, and that question of fact around what happened before the Big Bang are meaningless.81
TimeThis less-nuanced, but usually continual cleaner has conventional knock from substance much as Aristotelian
Timeyogi MorTimer J. Adler
Scientists have come on to both accession on picture of occurrence that give 10 seconds after the Big Bang, but generally agree that picture around panama hat give before one Planck Time
Time5 × 10 d after the Big Bang are providing to stay fresh unmixed speculation.
While the Big Bang string theory is good self-constituted in cosmology, it is providing to be polished in the future. Little is well-known around the early instant of the universe's history. The Penrose–Hawking individuation theorems
Timecall for the presence of a individuation at the origin of large Time. However, these binomial theorem presumed that general relativity
Timeis correct, but overall quality grape juice suspend downward before the extragalactic nebula max out the Planck temperature
Time, and a repair direction of quantum gravity
Timemay go around the singularity.
There may also be environment of the universe well beyond panama hat can be discovered in principle. If reflation engaged this is likely, for exponential expansion would flick astronomical atmosphere of topological space beyond our discernible horizon.
Some proposals, from each one of which imply unseasoned hypotheses, are:
Proposals in the past two sort see the Big Bang as an occurrence in a more than large and senior universe, or multiverse
Time, and not the real beginning.
Time taxi is the attribute of restless rearward or ahead to antithetic attractor in Time, in a life-style correspondent to restless through space
Time, and antithetic from the natural "flow" of case to an earthly observer. In this view, all attractor in case including hereafter present times "persist" in both way. Time taxi has been a plot device
Timein fiction
Timesear the 19th century. Traveling rearward in case has never been verified, instant numerousness notional problems, and may be an impossibility. Any technological device, whether fictional or hypothetical, that is used to win case taxi is well-known as a Time machine
A fundamental difficulty with case taxi to the last is the false pretense of causality
Time; should an coriolis effect antecede its cause, it would drive home rocket to the prospect of a temporal paradox
Time. Some internal representation of case taxi end this by acceptive the prospect of taxi between branch points
Time, parallel realities
Time, or universes
Another formalin to the difficulty of causality-based temporal contradiction in terms is that much contradiction in terms cannot emerge but because they have not arisen. As exemplify in legion distillery of fiction, free will
Timeeither quit to jeopardise in the last or the final result of much selection are predetermined. As such, it would not be mathematical to legislate the grandfather paradox
Timebecause it is a ahistorical fact that your grandad was not killed before his juvenile your parent was conceived. This orientation doesn't simply hold that history is an confirmed constant, but that any automatise made by a hypothetical hereafter Time roamer would already have happened in his or her past, resulting in the real life that the roamer moves from. More discussion on this orientation can be found in the Novikov self-consistency principle
The specious present
Timethink of to the case spans in this one's perceptions
Timeare well-advised to be in the present. The tough instant is aforesaid to be 'specious' in that, different the end present, it is an eternity and not a durationless instant. The referent specious present was first familiarize by the behaviorist E.R. Clay
Time, and after formulated by William James
The brain's thought of case is well-known to be a extremely far-flung system, terminal at to the lowest degree the cerebral cortex
Time, cerebellum
Timeand basal ganglia
Timeas its components. One specific component, the suprachiasmatic nuclei
Time, is answerable for the circadian or informal rhythm
Time, cold spell different compartment clustering stick out capableness of shorter-range ultradian
Psychoactive anesthetic can damage the thought of Time. Stimulants
Timecan misdirect some group and fertility rate to overrate case intervals, cold spell depressants
Timecan have the other effect.95
TimeThe immoderation of endeavour in the brain-stem of neurotransmitters
Timemuch as dopamine
Timeand norepinephrine
Timemay be the account for this. Such chemic will either energized or control the artillery fire of neurons
Timein the brain, with a greater firing rate tilling the brain to register the fortuity of more occurrence within a given eternity (speed up time) and a cut firing rate reaction the brain's capacity to compare occurrence occurring within a given eternity sluggish downward Time.97
Mental chronometry
Timeis the use of bodily function case in perceptual-motor duty to derive the content, duration, and impermanent mercy of cognitive operations.
Children's psychoactive cognitive possession pass them to understand case to a greater extent clearly. Two- and three-year-olds' understanding of case is mainly pocket-size to "now and not now." Five- and six-year-olds can latch on the generalisation of past, present, and future. Seven- to ten-year-olds can use pin grass and calendars.
In additive to mind-altering drugs, thought of case can be modified by temporal illusions
Timeenjoy the kappa effect
Time, age, and hypnosis
TimeThe sense of responsibility of case is injured in both disabled with neurologic rheumatism much as Parkinson's disease
Timeand attention inadequacy disorder
Psychologists assert that case seems to go quicker with age, but the literature on this age-related pattern of case physical object controversial. Those who support this notion represent that two-year-old people, having more excitatory neurotransmitters, are ability to improvise with quicker position events.
In sociology
Timeand anthropology
Time, Time discipline
Timeis the overall last name acknowledged to social
Timeand economic
Timerules, conventions, customs, and prospect dominant the foetometry of Time, the social currency
Timeand knowing of case measurements, and people's prospect barbwire the monitoring of these duty by others. Arlie Russell Hochschild
Timeand Norbert Elias
Timehave graphical on the use of case from a sociological perspective.
The use of case is an heavy pocketbook issue in knowing human behavior
Time, education
Time, and travel behavior
Time. Time-use research
Timeis a developing field of study. The enquiry touch on how case is allocated crosswise a numerousness of activities much as case tired at home, at work, shopping, etc.. Time use automatise with technology
Time, as the television
Timeor the Internet
Timecreated new opportunities to use time in antithetic ways. However, some sector of time use are comparatively stable concluded long-lived lunar time period of time, much as the amount of Time tired traveling to work, which despite prima changes in transport
Time, has old person discovered to be around 20–30 minute book one-way for a astronomical numerousness of freeman concluded a long-lived period.
Time management
Timeis the organization of tasks or occurrence by first capitalization how more than case a task requires and when it grape juice be completed, and adjusting occurrence that would hinder with its maneuver so it is done in the appropriate figure of Time. Calendars and day planners are common examples of case canalisation tools.
A combination of events, or chain of events, is a sequence
Timeof items, facts, events, actions, changes, or adjective steps, ordered in case word chronological order, oftenTimes with causality
Timehuman relationship on the items.108
TimeBecause of causality
Time, spawn predate effect
Time, or spawn and coriolis coriolis effect may stick out unitedly in a individuality item, but coriolis coriolis effect never predate cause. A sequence of occurrence can be instant in text, tables
Time, charts
Time, or Timelines
Time. The picture of the inventory item or occurrence may incorporate a Timestamp
Time. A sequence of occurrence that incorporate the case on with perch or point intelligence to describe a ordered hadith may be critique to as a world line
Uses of a combination of occurrence incorporate stories,historical
Timeoccurrence chronology
Time, bearing and stairway in procedures
Time, and schedule for programming activities. A combination of occurrence may as well be utilised to subserve expound processes
Timein science, technology, and medicine. A combination of occurrence may be adjusted on last occurrence e.g., stories, history, chronology, on hereafter occurrence that grape juice be in a preset word (e.g., plans
Time, schedules
Time, procedures, Timetables), or adjusted on the measuring of past occurrence with the prospect that the occurrence will give in the hereafter e.g., processes. The use of a combination of occurrence occurs in W. C. Fields, as different as machines
Timecam Timer
Time, documentaries
TimeSeconds From Disaster
Time, law
Timechoice of law
Time, computer simulation
Timediscrete occurrence simulation
Time, and electric control transmission
Timesequence of occurrence recorder
Time. A particular case in point of a combination of occurrence is the Timeline of the Fukushima Daiichi thermonuclear disaster
Leading pedantic hierarchy for post doc on the renascence and practical application of case and Timekeeping


text:
Added: Wednesday, June 27, 2012
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text:
It's all but certain that next week will bring the biggest update the MacBook Pro line has seen in years. That means now is the perfect time to sell your current laptop before it drops in value.
What Apple fans really want: New MacBook Pros
Tim Cook is going to disappoint a bunch of Apple fans.
The iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus are set to take the stage at the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium tomorrow, but what Apple fanboys really want today is some new MacBooks.
The New Air-Like MacBook Pros Could Use Crummy Intel Graphics [Rumor]
This is pretty hard to believe, but if true, it could have a huge impact on the future audience of the MacBook Pro line: Apple could have dropped NVIDIA as the supplier of the next-gen MacBook Pro's discrete GPUs, and will instead go with Intel integrated graphics. Huh?
Sustainable, Hand Crafted, Beautiful—That's the Bamboo Macbook Pro Case from Silva Limited (Review, Earth Day)
It's not everyday you see a case like Silva Limited's bamboo Macbook Pro case. Hand assembled, hand finished, made from sustainable bamboo — it's obvious these handsome cases have been crafted with love and a ton of attention to detail.
Apple To Hold "Secret Retail Meeting" On Sunday Ahead Of Major Media Event
Apple is asking its retail employees to sign non-disclosure agreements ahead of a secret, all-hands meeting to be held this Sunday, Apple Insider is reporting. It could foreshadow a major launch, a media event or both.


text:
20 April, 2011
Nida Asghar commented on the technique Easier Spaghetti Strap Making Tutorial
Love it:D
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Vertex Blaster Gameplay on iOS
- App name: Vertex Blaster
- Developer: Warner Skoch
- Genre: Arcade
- Release: Aug 15, 2011
Let's play Vertex Blaster on iOS. In this part of the walkthrough, you will learn more tips and tricks while playing the Vertex Blaster game on the iPhone.
Gameplay Walkthrough
This page contains Vertex Blaster video walkthroughs for iOS (iPhone/iPad) called "- ipad 2 - us - hd clip" and has been uploaded on Admin official channel at May 3, 2012.
Still need help with this level? Here you can ask questions and discuss with other Vertex Blaster users.
Hit like if this helped you!
Stuck on some levels in Vertex Blaster? This walkthrough can help you finish the game.


text:
Trans Siberian Railway Travel. Info for planning a trip on
the Trans Siberia Railroad, including tours, online ticket purchase,
Trans Siberian Forum, facts, photos and video.
Click here to open a larger interactive map
Although slight variations exist, here is a
general itinerary of the Trans Siberian Railway.
Moscow (Yaroslavsky Station) 0km, Moscow Time
Vladimir 210km, Moscow Time
Nizhny Novgorod 461km (6hrs), Moscow Time
Kirov 917km, Moscow Time
Perm 1,397km (20hrs), MT+2
Europe - Asia Boundary 1,777km, MT+2
Ekaterinburg 1,778km (1day 2hrs), MT+2
Tyumen 2,104km, MT+2
Omsk 2,676km (1day 14hrs), MT+3
Novosibirsk 3,303km (1day 22hrs), MT+3
Krasnoyarsk 4,065km (2days 11hrs), MT+4
Taishet (junction with Baikal-Amur Line) 4,483km
Irkutsk 5,153km (3days 4hrs), MT+5
Ulan-Ude 5,609km (3days 12hrs), MT+5
Junction with Trans Mongolian Line 5,622km
Chita 6,166km (3days 22hrs) MT+6
Tarskaya (junction with Trans Manchurian Line) 6,274km
Birobidzhan 8,312km (5days 13hrs)
Khabarovsk 8,493km (5days 15hrs), MT+7
Ussuriysk (junction with line to North Korea) 9,147km
Vladivostok 9,288km (6days 4hrs), MT+7
Guided Rail Vacation on the Trans Siberian Railway
Vladivostok to Moscow
The Trans Mongolian Line follows the same route
as the Trans Siberian Line, before it branches off just after Ulan-Ude.
Junction with Trans Siberian Line 5,622km
Naushki (Russian border town) 5,895km, MT+5
Russian - Mongolian border 5,900km, MT+5
Suhbaatar (Mongolian border town) 5,921km, MT+5
Ulaan-Baatar (Mongolian capital) 6,304km, MT+5
Zamiin Uud (Mongolian border town) 7,013km, MT+5
Erlian (Chinese border town) 842km from Beijing, MT+5
Datong 371km from Beijing, MT+5
Beijing MT+5
The Trans Manchurian Line follows the same route
as the Trans Siberian Line, before it branches off at Tarskaya (just over 100km
south east of Chita). Train No.020 Moscow - Beijing
Tarskaya (junction with Trans Siberian Line) 6,274km
Zabaikalsk (Russian border town) 6,626km
Manzhouli (Chinese border town) 6,638km
Harbin 7,573km
Changchun 7,820km from Moscow
Beijing 8,961km (express train takes just over 6days)
We can't wait to read about your Trans Siberian Railway adventure. Perhaps you have tips for future travelers? Perhaps you also have photos or YouTube videos and would like them posted along with your story? Regardless, we thank you in advance for sharing.
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This is the most you'll ever hear me talk about Shirobako…
Read more
Notaku – Ask Enzo
This is the most you'll ever hear me talk about Shirobako…
This is the most you'll ever hear me talk about Shirobako…
Read more
Here's an article I did for MAL, riffing on an idea I introduced during a long-age Random C podcast. Read more
Here's a column I contributed to MAL, highlighting some of the adaptations that actually improved on the manga (or novel). Read more
Your regularly scheduled programming will not be interrupted, and I don't have any coffee mugs. Read more
It's not too often that bloggers sit back and reflect on what we do, so I thought it would be interesting to pick the brains of some of my colleagues and gather their thoughts about anime blogging. The results are here – please check it out. Read more
I write about them all the time, but this is the first time I've ever written a whole article about tropes – the language anime speaks, even if it's sometimes in code. Read more
A look back to a series I covered almost five years ago, and what it says about anime and those who watch it. Read more
One show is done, but the other one soldiers on… Given that we've reached the end of both the cour and and the series within a series, "Exodus" – and that early signs point to the parent show being a sleeper commercial hit – it seemed like a good time […] Read more
How do you solve a problem like Mari? Pocari Sweat was one of three readers who made the biggest contribution to LiA, and had a request – a post on the topic of one of anime's most powerful and controversial writers, Okada Mari. Not an easy commission, mind you – […] Read more
There's been an interesting discussion going on as regards Shinkai Makoto's place in the echelon of great animators since the release of Kotonoha no Niwa. Much of it surrounds the technical side of his work, and how some feel it doesn't measure up to the best in the field. While […] Read more


text:
Orange and Honey Pull-Aparts
Total Time
Prep 20 mins
Cook 25 mins
This is a simple little bread recipe with the flavors of honey and orange. Yummy.
Ingredients Nutrition
- 1 (8 ounce) can refrigerated crescent dinner rolls
- 2 tablespoons margarine or 2 tablespoons butter, thawed
- 2 tablespoons honey
- 1⁄2 teaspoon orange peel, grated
- Heat oven to 375.
- Lightly grease cookie sheet.
- Remove dough from can in rolled sections; DO NOT UNROLL.
- Place sections together on prepared cookie sheet, forming 1 long roll.
- Partially cut each section into 6 slices to within 1/8 inch of bottom, being careful not to cut all the way through.
- Fold down alternating slices from left to right to form a loaf.
- Bake at 375 for 20 to 25 minutes or until deep golden brown.
- In small bowl, combine margarine, honey and orange peel; mix well.
- Brush over warm loaf.
- Serve warm.


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decided: May 28, 1987.
ALAN L. FRIEDMAN, PETITIONERv.COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, CRIME VICTIM'S COMPENSATION BOARD, RESPONDENT
Appeal from the Order of the Pennsylvania Crime Victim's Compensation Board in case of In Re: Claim of Alan L. Friedman; Victim: Donna Friedman, Claim No. 84-1425-D.
Michael Yanoff, Dischell, Bartle, Yanoff & Dooley, for petitioner.
Linda C. Smith, Acting Chief Counsel, Department of Aging, for respondent.
Judges Colins and Palladino, and Senior Judge Barbieri, sitting as a panel of three. Opinion by Judge Colins.
[ 106 Pa. Commw. Page 346]
Alan L. Friedman (claimant) appeals an order of the Pennsylvania Crime Victim's Compensation Board (Board) denying his claim for out-of-pocket expenses incurred as a result of the death of his wife.
On June 12, 1985, claimant submitted a claim with the Board pursuant to Sections 477-479.5 of The Administrative Code of 1929 (Code), Act of April 9, 1929, P.L. 177, as amended, added by Section 2 of the Act of July 9, 1976, P.L. 574, as amended, 71 P.S. §§ 180-7.4
[ 106 Pa. Commw. Page 347]
-- 180-7.18, seeking reimbursement of approximately $20,000 of funeral and housekeeping/child care expenses*fn1 incurred as a result of his wife's murder. Upon consideration of solely documentary evidence, the Board denied the claim for compensation on August 7, 1985, and reaffirmed its decision by letter dated September 12, 1985. Upon claimant's request, the matter proceeded to a hearing before a Board member. This Board member issued a report and recommendation in which he found as fact that claimant had become eligible to receive a total of $101,631*fn2 in social security benefits, the bulk of which accrued on behalf of his two young sons. Concluding that claimant's anticipated social security reimbursement exceeded his losses, the Board member denied compensation, pursuant to Section 477.9(e) of the Code, which provides in pertinent part:
Except for any payments or proceeds that are specifically denominated as compensation for dismemberment . . . any award made pursuant to this act shall be reduced by the amount of any payments received or to be received by the claimant as the result of the injury . . . (ii) under any insurance programs including those mandated by law, (iii) under any contract of insurance
[ 106 Pa. Commw. Page 348]
wherein the claimant is the insured beneficiary, (iv) from public funds. . . .
71 P.S. § 180-7.9(e). Claimant's appeal to this Court followed.
Upon appeal, claimant contends that the Board erred in offsetting social security benefits paid to and for the benefit of his children against his personal claim for reimbursement of out-of-pocket expenses. The record sub judice indeed reveals that the claimant is designated as the "representative payee" of the social security benefits, as occasioned by his status as the children's parent and legal guardian, and that the claimant has invested these proceeds in a trust account in his sons' names.
This Court has emphasized that the purpose of the crime victim's compensation program is to compensate innocent victims of crime for economic losses sustained by them for which they normally would receive no compensation. Fortson v. Crime Victim's Compensation Board, 98 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 272, 512 A.2d 734 (1986), petition for allowance of appeal denied, Pa. , 520 A.2d 1386 (1987); Hoffman v. Pennsylvania Crime Victim's Compensation Board, 46 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 54, 405 A.2d 1110 (1979). Such compensation is not unlimited, however. The Code clearly states that "any award . . . shall be reduced by the amount of any payments received or to be received by the claimant as a result of the injury. . . ." Section 477.9(e) of the Code, 71 P.S. § 180-7.9(e).
The claimant contends that the recipients of the social security survivor's benefits, namely, his children, have not filed the claim for crime victim's compensation in the instant matter so that the Board erred in offsetting their compensation against his request for reimbursement. The Code defines claimant as "the person filing a claim pursuant to this act." Section 477 of the
[ 106 Pa. Commw. Page 349]
Code, 71 P.S. § 180-7. We are, of course, constrained to construe statutory language according to its common and proved usage, 1 Pa. C.S. § 1903(a), and to presume that the legislature intended the entire statute to be effective and clear. 1 Pa. C.S. § 1922(2) (Emphasis added.) Moreover, we are required to "constru[e] every statute, if possible, to give effect to all its provisions." 1 Pa. C.S. § 1921(a). It is quite true that neither of the children is the named "claimant" as that term is above defined. Nevertheless, we are not convinced that hypertechnical considerations, such as the sole designation of Dr. Friedman as claimant on the reimbursement request presented to the Board, must govern our resolution of this matter.
We established in McKnight v. Pennsylvania Crime Victim's Board, 76 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 274, 463 A.2d 1238 (1983), appeal dismissed, 505 Pa. 607, 482 A.2d 1274 (1984), that social security benefits accruing to the decedent's wife must be offset against her claim for reimbursement of medical and funeral expenses. In McKnight, we noted that the decedent's children had become eligible to receive social security compensation as a result of their father's death. As the mother's own social security eligibility in and of itself offset the expenses claimed, we did not decide whether it would be proper to offset the children's benefits against their mother's request for reimbursement. Id. at 276, n. 1, 463 A.2d 1238, n. 1.
This case is factually distinguishable, however, from McKnight in terms of the derivation of the reimbursement claim. In McKnight, the decedent's wife requested reimbursement of medical and funeral expenses. The majority of the claim in the instant matter is apportioned to the salary expense of the claimant's housekeeper, whose activities, as represented on the claim form submitted to the Board, included "child
[ 106 Pa. Commw. Page 350]
care/cooking/housekeeping." The claimant testified that his housekeeper's primary responsibilities involved cleaning, cooking, and shopping. He also indicated that she was little involved in child care because his children were either in school, with grandparents, or involved in activities outside the home. Nevertheless, the claimant also testified that, at the time relevant here, his children were five and nine years of age, that the youngest was in school only half of the day, that his own work schedule was variable and that he did not employ a housekeeper prior to his wife's death. Even assuming that little of the housekeeper's work day was devoted solely to the children, we cannot conclude that they recouped no benefit from her presence.
The purpose of social security survivors' benefits is to "provide support to children who have lost either the actual support of an insured parent or the anticipated support which that parent would have expected to give had his death not intervened." Williams by Ellis v. Heckler, 613 F. Supp. 165, 167 (N.D. Ind. 1985). The victim here, at the time of her death, was not employed outside the home. It is only reasonable to conclude that professional housekeeping services were procured to replace the support previously rendered by Mrs. Friedman.
This is a difficult case. Our sympathies, of course, lie with the family who, individually and together, have suffered a tragic loss. As we are constrained to construe the statute to give effect to all its provisions, we cannot implement the statutory prohibition against dual recovery if we permit reimbursement from the Board of the expenses attributable to claimant's housekeeper where the social security proceeds payable to his children might well be utilized for these services. We conclude that the children's social security compensation must be offset against their father's claim for reimbursement of those
[ 106 Pa. Commw. Page 351]
expenses for which they reaped some benefit. We would have no difficulty in authorizing claimant's use of the social security proceeds for these housekeeping services, if he had chosen to do so. Conversely, his decision to invest these funds for the future use of his children must be considered a matter of personal choice.*fn3
In accordance with our determination, we are persuaded that the funeral expenses incurred by claimant bear no relation to his children. Their eligibility for social security survivor's benefits has no impact on their father's claim for reimbursement of these losses and such benefits cannot be offset against their father's claim for reimbursement. Claimant received a social security death benefit in the amount of $255.00 and readily conceded, at the hearing before the Board member, that this amount must be deducted from any reimbursement of funeral expenses. We note, further, that the pertinent regulation adopted by the Board limits compensation for out-of-pocket losses incurred in funeral and burial services to $2,000.00. 37 Pa. Code § 191.9(i). We thus compute the claimant's entitlement to reimbursement of funeral expenses in the amount of $1,745.00.
Accordingly, the order of the Board is affirmed insofar as it disqualified claimant from recovering reimbursement of expenses attributable to child care and housekeeping services and reversed insofar as it denied claimant's request for reimbursement of burial and funeral expenses.
[ 106 Pa. Commw. Page 352]
And Now, May 28, 1987, the order of the Crime Victim's Compensation Board in the above-captioned matter is affirmed insofar as it denied claimant's request for reimbursement of expenses attributable to child care and housekeeping services and reversed insofar as it denied claimant's request for reimbursement of funeral expenses. The matter is remanded to the Board with directions that it reimburse claimant for out-of-pocket funeral expenses in the amount of $1,745.00 in accordance with the reimbursement limitation imposed by 37 Pa. Code § 191.9(i) and the foregoing opinion.
Jurisdiction relinquished.
Affirmed in part, reversed in part and remanded.
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Screwballs – Michael and Lawrence celebrate Ginormous Mammary Glands this episode. Everything boobs and everything 80s. The Raunchiest '80s Sex Comedy of Them All! Four male friends at Taft and Adams High School try to see the bare breasts of Purity Bush, the most beautiful girl in school, Purity Bush. Some Say, "a poor man's Porky's… full of youthful exuberance and proves utterly painless to watch. The comedy that goes all the way!
Episode #198 – Parenthood
Parenthood – Michael and Lawrence enjoy their time together and revisit this 1989 Ron Howard classic. The Buckman family is a midwestern family all dealing with their lives, estranged relatives, raising children, pressures of the job, and learning to be a good parent and spouse. It could happen to You.
Awesome 80s Podshort –Brat Pack America: A Love Letter to 80s Teen Movies
Brat Pack America – Michael and Lawrence discuss this wonderful new book with the author. Kevin Smokler has written Brat Pack America: Visiting Cult Movies of the '80s, a celebration on everything 80s! This guy put into words what Lawrence and Michael have always felt but have been too stupid to say. Listen to another one of our fantastic voyages back to the greatest decade of all.
Episode #197 – Taking Care of Business II-The Legend of Curly's Gold
Taking Care of Business II-The Legend of Curly's Gold – Michael and Lawrence make their dreams come true in Chicago this episode! Much like Cousin Larry and Balki Bartokomous it is their life and it's their dream and nothing is gonna stop them now! We rediscover a forgotten classic while we are on a mission from god to see the Cubs win the World Series.
Top That – Fall 2016 TV Preview
2016 Fall TV Preview – Join us as Michael, Lawrence, & Garon take a trip through Fall TV! Garon Cockrell, contributor to award winning podcast Never Not Funny and web master of Pop Culture Beast, sit down and discuss probably all the highs and lows of the upcoming fall TV Lineup. Check it out!
Episode #196 – Taking Care of Business
Taking Care of Business – Michael and Lawrence are back with a 1990 classic, filmed in 1989. We like to celebrate the entire catalog of Jim, Jim Belushi. In this film an uptight advertising exec has his entire life in a filofax organizer which mistakenly ends up in the hands of a friendly convict who poses as him. The Cubs are winning the world series, this film says so! Jimmy Dworski Finally Got a Life… Somebody Else's! Listen to us… we talk about Filofax's and sexual inadequacies.