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Welcome to the Community Loan Fund of the Capital Region
The Community Loan Fund of the Capital Region is a non-profit community development financial institution serving the Capital Region of New York State -- Albany, Columbia, Fulton, Greene, Montgomery, Rensselaer, Saratoga, Schenectady, Schoharie, Warren & Washington Counties. Incorporated in 1985, our mission is to promote sustainable community development efforts for economically underserved people and communities. We provide access to capital by pooling investments and donations from socially concerned individuals and organizations, and re-lending it to non-profit organizations for affordable housing and community services, to micro enterprises for business development, and to individuals for home ownership and repair. We also offer training and technical assistance programs. Explore our work and join us in this partnership by becoming an investor, a donor, or a nonprofit or small business borrower – together we can bring communities to life and life to communities.
Join us for our 31st Annual Event
Please join us for our 31st Annual Event at Levels Banquet Hall, 69 N. Pearl Street in downtown Albany, on Wednesday, October 26th from 5-7 pm. Rocky Ferraro, retiring Executive Director of the Capital District Regional Planning Commission, will provide the Keynote Address: "State of the Region: Challenges & Opportunities." With everything that is happening in the region right now, the challenges can be daunting. Rocky will unravel it all for us and help us focus on the opportunities that lie ahead. To RSVP, please call Tina Ross at (518) 436-8586 x810.
Visit us in Schenectady!
In March of 2014, the Community Loan Fund opened a satellite office at 920 Albany Street (the Schenectady County Community Business Center) in Schenectady's Hamilton Hill neighborhood. The office is open Monday thru Friday from 9-5 (unless we're out at a meeting). Please call us at (518) 436-8586 to make an appointment or for more information. We look forward to continuing our work in Schenectady and being part of its revitalization.

subset: commoncrawl


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Additional Information:
Enjoy all the benefits of this prime location! You'll be close to Victoria Park Thames Park and some of downtown London's trendiest shops restaurants entertainment and boutiques. This quiet well-maintained building offers large and bright living spaces for the ultimate in comfortable living.
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The project, Scalable Cleantech and ICT solutions for societal needs has continued to attract a great deal of interest after the summer. The application period was originally supposed to end on 17 September, but it is now extended until 19 October 2015.
This is to provide an opportunity to as many consortiums as possible to submit a strong application. The extended application period will also facilitate the work of our Indian partner GITA (Government of India through Global Innovation and Technology Alliance) in India.
For further information, please contact:
Pia Salokoski
Puh. 029 505 5672
Christopher Palmberg
Tel. +358 50 5577 966


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Wild Doe Sunset Lighting Yellowstone National Park
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Sasha Pivovarova
A First Look Inside Grace Coddington's New Book
With the release of Grace: The American Vogue Years (Phaidon), our Creative Director at Large, Grace Coddington, demonstrates yet again that fashion and form, art and beauty seem to be at her fantastical command. What follows are examples of her distinctively poetic and emotional work from our pages—work that spans seasons and trends, models, celebrities, and photographers. It's an exquisite peek into the eccentric imagination of a legend.View Slideshow
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IBM's Business Analytics & Strategy (BA&S) service line is looking for a TRIRIGA Managing Consultant. The TRIRIGA Managing Consultant leads exploration and design phases for the implementation of TRIRIGA's product suite to clients. The Managing Consultant works closely with client stakeholders to define and document client specific business needs and application requirements.Key Responsibilities:* Develop process diagrams, use cases, gap analysis, and functional design documents* Interact with customers to ensure documentation of accurate and comprehensive data and reporting requirements* Lead configuration and development phases to ensure all requirements are being implemented as designed* Assist the management team in project development, management, and timely completion of project milestones* Ensure timely issue escalation and resolution* Conduct quality assurance activities through validation and testing processes* Work with Application Developers and other team membersYour future, made with IBM.We live in a moment of remarkable change and opportunity. Data and technology are transforming industries, society and even the workplace—by creating professions that didn't exist before the emergence of data, cloud, social, and mobile. IBM Global Business Services is a leader in this transformation and just the place to define and develop your consulting career. At IBM, you'll work to solve some of society's most complex problems and uncover what's possible as you help our global clients succeed. Join us and discover what you can make of this moment.What will you make with IBM? ibm.com/jobs (2252) WWAM
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We reached Kromberk by mistake that we luckily made.
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Today's KU Athletics press conference leaves many unanswered questions
The press conference didn't address questions about some of the people involved in the ticket investigation.
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This is the full research report for 18.104.22.168, which is an IP address.
BRVZ Bau- Rechen- u. Verwaltungszentrum Gesellschaft m.b.H.
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Senator Ben Murray Bruce has said that there are many Mark Zuckerbergs in Nigeria.The Facebook founder is currently in the country.He took to his twitter page to share this..
There are many Mark Zuckerberg's in Nigeria. The problem is they are looking at govt instead of looking inwards to their talents and skills!
— Ben Murray-Bruce (@benmurraybruce) August 30, 2016
There Are Many Mark Zuckerbergs In Nigeria But……- Ben Murray-Bruce on LATEST NIGERIAN NEWS BREAKING HEADLINES NEWSPAPERS.


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Louis Vuitton Damier Azur Canvas Key Pouch
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Small damier azur canvas "key pouch" has a zipper closure at the top. Open interior. Bag normally comes with a chain and key clip but this is missing.
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Burberry Pays Tribute to Founder with Short Film
This short film about Burberry founder Thomas Burberry is a three-minute affair that plays like a trailer for a full feature film.
Burberry Pays Tribute to Founder with Short Film
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Jessica Chastain Fronts Prada Resort 2017 Campaign
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Tom Hiddleston Fronts New Gucci Campaign
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The Realest Real: Kenzo Short Film
We take a look at the new Kenzo campaign that features an Emmy award winner as they showcase the brand's new fall/winter 2016 collection.
Jennifer Lawrence Stars in Dior Accessory Campaign
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British model Jourdan Dunn, together with seven other talented personalities are muse for Kate Spade's campaign this fall.
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Calvin Klein Unveils New Fall 2016 Lineup
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As far as the autumn/winter 2016-2017 ready-to-wear and accessories campaigns go, the tease is definitely on.
Chanel Coco Crush New Face Keira Knightley
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The German label puts its latest suit to the test with the help of champion cliff diver David Colturi.
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September 17, 2010
MDL Docket No. 1948
This multi-district litigation involves numerous patent infringement actions that Plaintiff VTran Media Technologies, LLC ("VTran") commenced throughout the United States.*fn1 On June 10, 2008, the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation coordinated and consolidated these actions for pretrial proceedings before now retired Judge Bruce Kauffman in this Court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1407. VTran alleges, inter alia, that Defendants,*fn2 who are cable television providers, offered "video on demand" services ("VOD services") that purportedly infringe upon VTran's two patents-U.S. Patent No. 4,890,320 (filed Jun. 9, 1988) ("the '320 Patent") and U.S. Patent No. 4, 995,078 (filed Oct. 10, 1989) ("the '078 Patent," collectively with the '320 Patent, "VTran Patents" or "the Patents").*fn3 In short, the VTran Patents, titled "Television Broadcast System for Selective Transmission of Viewer-Chosen Programs at Viewer-Requested Times" and which have virtually identical specifications, describe "an invention that allows multiple viewers to view the same transmission of a program at the same time." In re VTran Media Techs., 2009 WL 2169155 (July 17, 2009) (Kauffman, J.) ("VTran I").
On July 17, 2009, Judge Kauffman construed the disputed claim terms in the VTran Patents pursuant to Markman v. Westview Instruments, Inc., 52 F.3d 967 (Fed. Cir.1995) (en banc), aff'd 517 U.S. 370. Id. Subsequently, this case was reassigned to the undersigned. (ECF No. 60.) On October 15, 2009 VTran moved to allow discovery. (ECF No. 63.) Although Defendants opposed VTran's motion, inter alia, on the basis that the Markman claim constructions support summary judgment, rendering VTran's infringement contentions "fatally flawed" (ECF No. 64, at 3--10), the Court granted in part VTran's Motion to Allow Discovery (ECF No. 67), which authorized written discovery, i.e., interrogatories, requests for documents, and requests for admissions. Defendants apparently objected to certain discovery. The Court scheduled a hearing on the discovery disputes, but the parties resolved all issues before the hearing. No other motion to compel pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 37 has been filed. (See Summ. J. Hr'g Tr. 56:5-10, Aug. 26, 2010, ECF No. 94.)
Presently before the Court is Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment of Non-Infringement (ECF No. 80), filed on May 21, 2010, which contends that the VOD services that Defendants offer are not covered by, and thus, do not infringe upon, the VTran Patents (ECF No. 80). On August 13, 2010, the Court heard oral argument on the Motion. (ECF No. 94.) For the reasons that follow, the Court is inclined to grant Defendants' Motion, but will give VTran an opportunity to submit an affidavit pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(f), that explains the need and scope of the additional discovery it requests.
I. Legal Standards
A. Summary Judgment
Summary judgment is appropriate "if the pleadings, the discovery and disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). An issue is "genuine" if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the non-moving party. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). A factual dispute is "material" if it might affect the outcome of the case under governing law. Id.
A party seeking summary judgment always bears the initial responsibility for informing the district court of the basis for its motion, and identifying those portions of the record that it believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986). When the non-moving party bears the burden of proof on a particular issue at trial, the moving party's initial burden can be met simply by "pointing out to the district court that there is an absence of evidence to support the non-moving party's case." Id. at 325. After the moving party has met its initial burden, the adverse party's response must, "by affidavits or as otherwise provided in [Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56] set out specific facts showing a genuine issue for trial." Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e). Summary judgment is appropriate if the non-moving party fails to rebut by making a factual showing "sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party's case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial." Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322. Under Rule 56, the Court must view the evidence presented on the motion in the light most favorable to the opposing party. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255.
B. Patent Infringement
"Determining whether a patent claim has been infringed involves two steps: (1) claim construction to determine the scope of the claims, followed by (2) determination whether the properly construed claim encompasses the accused structure." Bai v. L & L Wings, Inc., 160 F.3d 1350, 1353 (Fed. Cir. 1998); see also Markman, 52 F.3d at 976. As already noted, in this case, the first step has been completed. A patent owner may establish infringement under one of two theories: literal infringement or the doctrine of equivalents. See id.
The first of the two theories, literal infringement, requires "every limitation in a patent claim [to be] found in an accused product, exactly." Southwall Techs., Inc. v. Cardinal IG Co., 54 F.3d 1570, 1575 (Fed. Cir. 1998). "A literal infringement issue is properly decided upon summary judgment when no genuine issue of material fact exists, in particular, when no reasonable jury could find that every limitation recited in the properly construed claim either is or is not found in the accused device." Bai, 160 F.3d at 1353.
In contrast, "[i]nfringement may be found under the doctrine of equivalents if every limitation of the asserted claim, or its 'equivalent,' is found in the accused subject matter, where an 'equivalent' differs from the claimed limitation only insubstantially." Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. v. U.S. Surgical Corp., 149 F.3d 1309, 1315 (Fed. Cir. 1998). In performing the infringement analysis pursuant to the doctrine of equivalents, a court may consider "[w]hether a component in the accused subject matter performs substantially the same function as the claimed limitation in substantially the same way to achieve substantially the same result." Id. At its core, "[t]he doctrine of equivalents allows the patentee to claim those insubstantial alterations that were not captured in drafting the original patent claim but which could be created through trivial changes." Festo Corp. v. Shoketsu Kinzoku Kogyo Kabushiki Co., 535 U.S. 722, 733 (2002).
"When, however, the patentee originally claimed the subject matter alleged to infringe but then narrowed the claim in response to a rejection," prosecution history estoppel bars the patentee from "argu[ing] that the surrendered territory comprised unforeseen subject matter that should be deemed equivalent to the literal claims of the issued patent." Id. at 733-34. "Were it otherwise, the inventor might avoid the PTO's gatekeeping role and seek to recapture in an infringement action the very subject matter surrendered as a condition of receiving the patent." Id. at 734. In such cases, "the amendment a patentee makes to a patent narrows the patent's scope and may be presumed to be a general disclaimer of the territory between the original claim and the amended claim," and "the patentee . . . bear[s] the burden of showing that the amendment does not surrender the particular equivalent in question. Id. at 740. The Supreme Court has recognized three situations in which "the patentee can overcome the presumption that prosecution history estoppel bars a finding of equivalence": (1) "The equivalent [was] unforeseeable at the time of the application," (2) "the rationale underlying the amendment . . . bear[s] no more than a tangential relation to the equivalent in question," or (3) "some other reason suggest[s] that the patentee could not reasonable be expected to have described the insubstantial substitute in question." Id. at 740-41. "The determination of infringement under the doctrine of equivalents [is a] question[] of law." Panduit Corp. v. HellermannTyton Corp., 451 F.3d 819, 826 (Fed. Cir. 2006).
II. Markman Decision
During the claim construction stage of this litigation, the parties disputed four claim term, two of which are relevant to the pending Motion for Summary Judgment of Non-Infringement.*fn4
The following chart sets forth the two relevant disputed claim terms*fn5 and the constructions Judge Kauffman adopted:
Disputed Claim Term Adopted Construction
"a viewer-requested time," '078 Patent, col. 13, "a specific time of day chosen and scheduled by 13, l. 23; col. 14, ll. 2, 6 (Claim 10), or "requested the viewer where at the time the choice is made time," '320 Patent, col. 10, ll. 51, 55-56, 60 the viewer can choose from any time of day" (Claim 1) (Defendants' modified construction)
"a television transmission system for "a system that allows multiple viewers to choose transmitting programs thereover for reception by the same program at the same time such that once a plurality of receivers," '078 Patent, col. 13, ll. the chosen program is scheduled for transmission 12-14 (Claim 10 Preamble); see also '320 Patent, on a particular channel, additional viewers can be col. 10, ll. 34-37 (Claim 1 Preamble) added by transmitting the appropriate descrambling signals to the requesting viewer's receiver" (Defendants' construction)
The Court asked VTran's counsel at the summary judgment hearing, "whether any discovery that you have taken, you believe warrant a reopening of the Markman issues." (Summ. J. Hr'g Tr. 5:16-17.) VTran, however, did not answer this question in the affirmative either at the hearing or in its supplemental brief to the Court. Because VTran has not requested reconsideration of the claim constructions in light of discovery, and because Judge Kauffman's reasoning, which is detailed below, is amply supported by the intrinsic record, the Court sees no reason to disturb his claim constructions.
A. "Viewer-Requested Time"
Turning first to "viewer-requested time" and "requested time," Judge Kauffman determined that "[t]he prosecution history makes clear that the applicants gave the term a special meaning by distinguishing the patents from prior art." Id. at &7 n.9. Judge Kauffman found that VTran oversimplified the terms in its proposed construction of "the time a viewer requests a program." Id. at *7. Judge Kauffman reasoned that the VTran Patents involved two "times," "the time that a request is made," and "the time scheduled by the viewer for the transmission of the chosen program to begin." Id. Judge Kauffman then found that the specification of the '320 Patent differentiated the VTran Patents from "prior art that did 'not allow the viewer to determine when the program is to be scheduled," id. (quoting '320 Patent, col. 2, ll. 42-43), which the applicants expressly described as "schedul[ing] transmission times (a) by the provider only (meaning that viewers could never schedule the time of the program), or (b) on-demand (meaning that programs are transmitted as soon as possible after the viewer requests the program, but viewers cannot schedule the program at a later, specific time)." Id.
Judge Kauffman, however, also declined to adopt Defendants' initial proposed construction that specified that "the viewer can choose from among multiple available times of day," "misleading[ly] . . . suggests that there is a predetermined number of times from which a viewer can select (e.g., in fifteen-minute increments, or every hour on the hour)," a limitation unsupported by the intrinsic evidence when "the system can, at least in theory, accommodate any requested time of day," which "clearly encompasses 'immediately' as a possible viewing time." Id. at *8, 8 nn.10, 11 (emphasis added). Judge Kauffman therefore adopted Defendants' subsequent proposal that modified their initial construction by clarifying that "the viewer can choose from any time of day." Id. at *8 (emphasis added).
B. "Television Transmission System"
The "television transmission system" claim term appears in the preamble to Claim 1 of the '320 Patent and Claim 10 of the '078 Patent. VTran contended that the claim preambles in question, rather than limiting the claims, were only informational by clarifying that the claimed methods are to be performed within pre-existing cable television systems, and thus, the claim term should be construed "simply as 'a system for transmitting programs to receivers.'" VTran I, 2009 WL 2169155, at *4, 6. Judge Kauffman disagreed, finding that the preambles "recite[] essential structure-'a' television transmission system'-that . . . later . . . method claims" repeatedly refer to as "the system" in describing the invention. Id. at *4--5. Judge Kauffman therefore concluded that the preambles "give[] meaning to the claim itself," without which, later references in the patent to "the system" would be "meaningless." Id. at *4--5.
Accordingly, in construing the "television transmission system" claim term, Judge Kauffman determined that the specification of the '329 Patent "imparts a special meaning to the term" by describing the "present invention" as "allow[ing] multiple viewers to view the same transmission of a program at the same time," id. at *6 (citing '329 Patent, col. 10, ll. 9-19), as embodied in Defendants' proposed construction. In addition, Judge Kauffman found additional support for Defendants' construction in the prosecution history of the '320 Patent, in which the applicants "distinguished their invention from a prior art reference" on the basis that through the use of "appropriate descrambling signals to requesting viewers," "'the applicants' system allows many viewers . . . to choose the program for viewing at the same time.'" Id. at *6-7 (quoting '320 Patent, 7/6/89 Resp. to Official Action at 8 (emphasis removed)). Judge Kauffman then adopted Defendants' proposed construction. Id. at *7.
III. Discussion
In moving for summary judgment, Defendants assert two bases purportedly indicating that none of their VOD services infringed, either literally or under the doctrine of equivalents, upon the VTran Patents: that the accused VOD services do not meet the VTranPatents' (1) "requested time" limitation, or (2) "television transmission system" limitation. (Def.'s Summ. J. Mot. 1.) The Court will address each in turn.
A. "Requested Time" Limitation
The Court will turn first to whether VTran can demonstrate that Defendants infringed upon their Patents by meeting the "requested time" limitation under a theory of literal infringement, before examining whether VTran can show infringement under the doctrine of equivalents.
1. Literal Infringement
a. The Parties' Contentions
For literal infringement of the "requested time" limitation, Defendants aver that undisputedly, their VOD services "are 'on-demand' services that solely transmit a selected program immediately after the viewer requests that program," and that the viewer has no "ability to choose and schedule a time of day for the transmission of that program," such as "arriv[al] in the future or at a later, specific time." (Def.'s Summ. J. Mot. 8 (some internal quotation marks omitted); see also Def.'s Summ. J. Reply 4.) According to Defendants, their accused products have the same immediate viewing-only feature of prior art "on-demand" services differentiated by VTran during the prosecution history of the Patents. (Def.'s Summ. J. Mot. 10.) Defendants argue that a contrary conclusion is not warranted merely because their VOD services permit a viewer to "re-watch a previously-purchased program as many times as desired within the [24-hour] time period [after first ordering the program] without having to pay any additional fee," because a "subsequent request to view a particular program," even within that 24-hour time period, "represents a first-time request or a subsequent request to view a particular program" that is "separate from and independent of any previous transmissions of the program" and still "begins immediately." (Defs.' Summ. J. Mot. 11, 13.) Defendants assert that the only difference between subsequent requests to view a previously-purchased program within 24 hours of the prior purchase, and requests after the 24 hours have elapsed, is that the former are not charged an additional rental fee, meaning that the "24 hour period is solely for billing purposes." (Defs.' Summ. J. Mot. 12-13.)
VTran responds that Defendants have misapplied the Court's construction of "requested time" and the doctrine of prosecution history estoppel, because at no point did the applicants disclaim "ordering a program that arrives immediately," as Judge Kauffman acknowledged. (Summ J. Resp. 23.) In particular, VTran avers that upon purchasing a program, a viewer using the accused products can now "choose from any time of day over the next 24 hours," the "functional period in which a program is made available to a viewer from the time of his initial selection," to "view the program again," therefore allowing the viewer to choose and schedule a specific time of day to view the program. (Summ. J. Resp. 24-26.) According to VTran, such a conclusion is supported by the fact that the menu option accompanying an already purchased program during the 24 hour period indicates that such program is "IN-PROGRESS" or "CURRENTLY SELECTED." (Summ. J. Resp. 26.) Moreover, VTran contends that rather than constituting new and separate transmissions that are assigned unique Stream IDs, subsequent requests to view a program purchased in the preceding 24 hours, Defendants' exhibits demonstrate that such transmissions fall within the "current open session established at the original transmission." (Summ. J. Resp. 28.) VTran concludes that these facts, which are supported by the declaration of its expert, Dr. Steve Smoot, demonstrate that there are material facts in dispute, thus precluding summary judgment relief. (Summ. J. Resp. 24.)
b. Analysis
The parties largely dispute whether Defendants' accused services enable a viewer to "choose" and "schedule" a "specific time of day" to view the selected program. Turning first to "choice," during the period when a program is available, a viewer can choose to purchase the program at any time, and can rewatch the program at no additional fee during the subsequent 24 hour period. Even though a viewer cannot program Defendants' VOD services to begin or resume the program automatically at a specific, later time, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to VTran, a jury reasonably could conclude that a viewer can choose to purchase the program at any time of day, that being the time of day when he or she decides to navigate through the menu and completes the steps for purchasing the program.
In contrast, Defendants' VOD systems do not permit a user to "schedule" a particular viewing time, as required by the construction of "requested time," insofar as "schedule" indicates that the VOD systems can be programmed by the viewer to show the program at a later, specific time. Although viewers retain the ability to view a purchased program at no additional cost at any point during the 24 hours following the purchase, this does not meet the definition of "schedule," which Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary describes as "to appoint, assign, or designate for a fixed time." Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary 1041 (10th ed. 1995) (emphasis added). There is a distinction between choosing a window of time in which a program can be viewed, and communicating to the viewing program a later time when the user intends to watch the program. In light of this distinction, VTran cannot set forth a literal infringement claim respecting the requested time claim limitation, because it cannot show that "every limitation in [its] patent claim" has been "found in [Defendants'] accused product[s], exactly." Southwall, 54 F.3d at 1571.
Moreover, the prosecution history indicates that the applicants distinguished prior on-demand programs that did not permit more than immediate viewing, i.e., "cannot schedule the program at a later, specific time." VTran I, 2009 WL 2169155, at *7. As a result, a jury could not reasonably conclude that Defendants' VOD services literally infringed upon the VTran Patents.*fn6
2. Doctrine of Equivalents
Defendants contend that VTran has only "obliquely allege[d] that each Defendant has practiced, currently practices, and/or can practice this 'requested time' step under the doctrine of equivalents," but has failed to serve an "articulable explanation" of its doctrine of equivalents infringement contentions, as required under Northern District of California Local Patent Rule 3-1. (Defs.' Summ. J. Mot. 14, 14 n.1.)Defendants then aver that prosecution history estoppel bars the application of the doctrine of equivalents, because VTran disclaimed coverage of the "very 'on-demand' systems" offered by Defendants in order "to secure issuance of the asserted claims." (Summ J. Mot. 15.) Finally, Defendants reassert that because "the accused VOD services do not provide viewers a choice of later times of day for viewing a program" upon purchasing a program, a finding that their services infringe the VTran Patents would "entirely eliminate 'requested time' as a limitation in the claims," which is impermissible.(Defs.' Summ. J. Mot. 15-16.)
In responding to Defendants' arguments, VTran reasserts its arguments that it did not broadly disclaim coverage of immediate-viewing services during the Patents' prosecution history, and that Dr. Smoot's "unopposed" expert opinion indicates that "Defendants' VOD systems have the same function and result as the claimed 'requested time.'" (Summ. J. Resp. 33-35 (emphasis removed).)
Although Defendants' accused devices do not permit "scheduling" insofar as scheduling allows users to input into the on-demand services a fixed time to automatically view selected programs, what is less clear is whether they nonetheless are "equivalent" to the services covered by the VTran Patents. In arguing that the differences between the choice and scheduling features of the systems covered by the VTran Patents and the accused VOD services are insubstantial, VTran relies on the declaration of its expert, Dr. Smoot.
A plaintiff can prove structural equivalence by way of the "function-way-result test." Applied Med. Resources Corp. v. U.S. Surgical Corp., 448 F.3d 1324, 1334 (Fed. Cir. 2006).
"Infringement analysis under the doctrine of equivalents proceeds element-by-element; a generalized showing of equivalency between the claim as a whole and the allegedly infringing product or process is not sufficient to show infringement." Abbott Labs. v. Sandoz, Inc., 566 F.3d 1282, 1296 (Fed. Cir. 2009). A plaintiff can show equivalency by meeting the "primary test for equivalency," which is the "'function-way-result' or 'triple identity' test, whereby the patentee may show an equivalent when the accused product or process performs substantially the same function, in substantially the same way, to achieve substantially the same result, as disclosed in the claim." Id. Accordingly, in performing the function-way-result test, the court must "first determine that the accused and disclosed structures perform the identical functions," and then, compare " the way in which these functions were performed by the two structures," and the "results" of the services, to determine whether the functions, ways, and results, are substantially the same. Applied Med. Resources Corp. v. U.S. Surgical Corp., 448 F.3d 1324, 1334 (Fed. Cir. 2006); see also Malta v. Schulmerich Carillons, Inc., 952 F.2d 1320, 1327 n.5 (Fed. Cir. 1991).
Turning first to function, drawing all factual inferences in favor of VTran, the non-movant, a jury could conclude that the services covered by the VTran Patents and the accused services have the same function of allowing the viewer to choose the time of day to view a selected program. The specification of the Patents explain that the covered services differ from prior art that did "not allow the viewer to determine when the program is to be scheduled." '320 Patent, col. 2, ll. 42-43. Moreover, as Judge Kauffman explained in his Markman decision, in prosecuting the VTran Patents, the applicants only distinguished prior art for which the "viewers could never schedule the time of the program," and on-demand programs in which the programs "are transmitted as soon as possible after the viewer requests the program." VTran I, 2009 WL 2169155, at *7 (citing '078 Patent, 5/21/90 Resp. to Office Action at 9-10). Such intrinsic evidence demonstrates that the VTran Patents aimed to allow viewers to choose the time for immediate or future viewing. Similarly, the accused products permit viewers to choose later times for viewing the program at the time the request is made, because viewers can resume or re-watch the chosen program in the 24 hours following the initial selection, as Smoot opined in his declaration. (Smoot Decl. ¶ 100.)
As for the "way" in which the VTran Patents and accused products carry out the function, the Patents permit the viewer to schedule any particular present or future time for viewing, whereas Defendants' on-demand services allow a user to "have access to the programming" at any time within the 24 hours following the purchase of a program. (Smoot Decl. ¶ 102.) As a result, the accused products "allow a user to select a program and purchase or initiate it without intended to view it at the instant it is initiated," but to plan to, and in fact, view the program at a later, more convenient time. (Smoot Decl. ¶ 102.) While these systems do not have the identical means as the VTran Patents, a jury could conclude reasonably, as did Dr. Smoot, that the differences in means are insubstantial.
The end result in the services covered by the VTran Patents and Defendants' services, is that the user can view a selected program at any particular time of day of the user's choosing, which allows users to "enjoy [] the benefits of shifting their viewing just as was contemplated by the [VTran] [P]atents," (Smoot Decl. ¶ 103). Although the accused products "may or may not be given the option to input a future time to receive the program they select," they are "easily able to produce the same result." (Smoot Decl. ¶ 102.) Accordingly, VTran has demonstrated that a jury could conclude reasonably that the functions, ways, and results of the accused products and the technology covered by the VTran Patents are substantially the same, with only inconsequential differences.
Moreover, contrary to Defendants' contention that Dr. Smoot's declaration is "conclusory" (Defs.' Supp. Br. 2, ECF No. 97),*fn7 the Court cannot conclude at this time that Dr. Smoot's statements fail to provide the necessary "particularized testimony and linking arguments" from which a jury could conclude that VTran proved infringement under the doctrine of equivalents. Dr. Smoot's declaration detailed the function, way, and result of the viewer-requested time feature of Defendants' on-demand services, and compared these to those described in the VTran Patents. (Smoot Decl. ¶¶ 20, 42-47, 100-103.) His declaration, thus, is not wholly conclusory by providing "unsupported conclusion[s] on the ultimate issue of infringement," that cannot set forth an infringement claim. Arthur A. Collins, Inc. v. N. Telecom Ltd., 216 F.3d 1042, 1046 (Fed. Cir. 2000); see also Novartis Corp. v. Ben Venue Labs., Inc., 271 F.3d 1043, 1050 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (affirming the district court's decision to not credit "wholly deficient and empirically groundless" expert affidavits).
In addition, prosecution history estoppel does not apply to prevent VTran from claiming patent infringement against Defendants' on-demand services respecting the "requested time" claim limitation, under the doctrine of equivalents. VTran did not disclaim coverage over services such as Defendants', that permit a viewer to watch a program immediately but also re-watch or resume the program at any time of the viewer's choosing in the 24 hours following the initial purchase; instead, VTran distinguished in the prosecution history only prior art which did not permit viewers to schedule the program time or transmitted the program as soon as possible after the request is made. See VTran I, 2009 WL 2169155, at *7. Accordingly, by asserting that the accused products are "equivalent to the literal claims" of its Patents, VTran is not impermissibly "seek[ing] to recapture . . . the very subject matter surrendered as a condition of receiving the patent," Festo, 535 U.S. at 734. Thus, the Court is not prepared to award summary judgment to Defendants on the basis that the accused products cannot be found to have infringed upon the VTran Patents' "requested time" claim limitation under the doctrine of equivalents.
B. "Television Transmission System" Limitation
For literal infringement of the "television transmission system" limitation, Defendants aver that unlike the invention covered by the VTran Patents, Defendants' accused VOD services do not "allow additional requesting viewers to be added to a transmission by transmitting appropriate descrambling signals." (Summ J. Mot. 16.) Instead, Defendants assert that their services create "a new and separate transmission in response to each request to view a program," as evidenced by the fact that each such transmission has a unique "'Stream ID' (or equivalent, such as 'Stream Handle')" that "identifies each stream on a video server so that VCR-like functionality, such as fast forward, rewind, or pause, can be applied to the proper stream." (Defs.' Summ. J. Mot. 16-17.) According to Defendants, VTran's contention that "QAM tuner[s]," a device that the Court will detail below, permit additional viewers to access a user's transmission on Defendants' VOD services, is "absurd," given that such a theory "relies on a 'hacker' or unauthorized viewer stealing VOD services." (Defs.' Summ. J. Mot. 17-18.) Defendants continue that such a theory "completely fails to describe a system that meets the Court's definition of 'television transmission system,'" because the hacker has "failed to ask the VOD provider for authorized access to a program," and was only able to access the transmission because the transmission was not scrambled," as required by the Court's construction of the claim term. (Defs.' Summ. J. Mot. 18.)
VTran responds that Defendants' "reasoning completely ignores the physical architecture of their hybrid fibre-coaxial networks," which is that "[e]very subscriber within a node will receive every transmission sent from the headend on that node," including on-demand transmissions, although "only the requesting viewer can have the VCR-like control over the transmission and only a viewer who can find the dynamically assigned virtual channel that the program is being displayed on can view it." (Pl.'s Summ. J. Resp. 30-31.) VTran continues that "[t]hrough the use of a QAM tuner," which is neither illegal nor unauthorized, and is in fact described on two of Defendants' own websites, "a viewer can access all cable programming that is being transmitted through to his home," although the tuner is not "able to read the signal providing the dynamically assigned virtual channel." (Pl.'s Summ. J. Resp. 31; see also Summ. J. Hr'g Tr. 30-36.) VTran thereby concludes that Defendants' VOD systems, like the invention covered by the VTran Patents, allow "multiple viewers to choose the same program at the same time." (Pl.'s Summ. J. Resp. 31; see also Summ. J. Hr'g Tr. 59:21-23.) Finally, VTran contends that a genuine issue of material fact exists as to the capabilities of the accused systems, that being whether Defendants' products always have the capacity to allow users to have their own streams. (Pl.'s Summ. J. Resp. 32.)
Judge Kauffman construed the claim term "television transmission system" in the VTran Patents as allowing "additional viewers [to] be added by using appropriate descrambling signals" so that only authorized viewers can view a program. VTran I, 2009 WL 2169155, at *4. In so finding, Judge Kauffman examined the prosecution history, in which applicants distinguished their product from prior art that did not use descrambling signals to allow only authorized viewers to watch the chosen program, and did not allow "additional, simultaneous" viewers to be added to an existing channel. Id. at *6-7 (internal quotation marks omitted). At no point has VTran contended that the accused products use descrambling signals to prevent unauthorized viewing or that the accused products can add viewers to an existing transmission. (See Pl.'s Summ. J. Resp. 31-32 ("[Defendants] argue that their systems do not add viewers to a current transmission. That may be true.").)
Instead, VTran contends that the accused products permit multiple viewers to access Defendants' on-demand services, thereby satisfying the television transmission claim limitation of the VTran Patents. (Summ J. Resp. 31.) Dr. Smoot's declaration explains that "QAM" stands for "'quadrature amplitude modulation,' the format by which digital cable channels are encoded and transmitted via cable." (Smoot Decl. ¶ 8.) According to Dr. Smoot, "[a] QAM capable receiver has the ability to receive and demodulate [the QAM] signal format" (Smoot Decl. ¶ 7), allowing "viewers with QAM receiving capabilities . . . to view programming that is broadcast unsecured on certain groups of channels used for 'on demand' broadcast" and "free reception of unenrypted digital cable programming offered by certain cable providers" (Smoot Decl. ¶¶ 60, 62.) VTran contends that users of QAM tuners can "access all cable programming," but cannot " read the signal providing the dynamically assigned virtual channel, thus operating as a way to prevent viewing by a non-requesting viewer." (Summ J. Resp. 31.) The Court will discuss below whether this argument may set forth a theory of infringement under the doctrine of equivalents; however, VTran's argument cannot establish literal infringement by showing that Defendants' products meet the exact specifications of the VTran Patents' television transmission system. Thus, in light of the absence of any evidence suggesting that the accused products add additional viewers to an existing channel and employ descrambling signals, "no reasonable jury could find" that the "television transmission system" claim limitation, one of the "limitation[s] recited in the properly construed claim" is "found in the accused device[s]," Bai, 160 F.3d at 1353.
Defendants reassert that VTran "obliquely alleges" that the accused devices infringe the Patents under the doctrine of equivalents, again without articulating its explanation as to how the doctrine applies. (Summ J. Mot. 18, 19, n. 14.) Defendants further aver that prosecution history estoppel bars the application of the doctrine to the "television transmission system" limitation of the VTran Patents, because the patentees expressly distinguished prior art on the basis that their invention "permit[s] many users to use shared resources (including shared transmission lines)," as Judge Kauffman found in construing the disputed claim terms. (Summ J. Mot. 19 (internal quotation marks omitted).) Defendants then contend that because their VOD services "do not allow multiple viewers to choose the same program at the same time such that additional requesting viewers can be added to a transmission on a particular channel by transmitting appropriate descrambling signals," applying the doctrine of equivalents to find that the accused services infringe upon the "television transmission system" limitation of the VTran Patents would result in "improper claim element vitiation." (Defs.' Summ. J. Mot. 20.)
VTran responds that it is not estopped from making doctrine of equivalents arguments respecting the "television transmission system" limitation, because "the rationale underlying the narrowing amendment bore no more than a tangential relation to the equivalent in question." (Pl.'s Summ. J. Resp.. 36 (internal quotation marks omitted).) Turning first to the requirement that "multiple viewers [be able] to choose the same program at the same time," VTran and its expert Dr. Smoot contend that Defendants' VOD systems do allow for this through the "common and authorized use of QAM tuners." (Pl.'s Summ. J. Resp. 37.) In addition, although the VTran Patents describe using "appropriate descrambling signals," Defendants employ an equivalent, "channel mapping information with the transmission so that only a requesting cable set-top box can find the dynamically assigned virtual channel associated with that transmission." Pl.'s Summ. J. Resp. 37.) VTran again concludes that Dr. Smoot's "unopposed opinion is more than sufficient evidence from which a jury could find for VTran on the 'television transmission system' limitation." (Pl.'s Summ. J. Resp. 38 (emphasis removed).)
According to VTran, Dr. Smoot's declaration "provided substantial evidence that the QAM tuner capabilities of the Defendants' systems allow multiple viewers to choose the same program at the same time such that once the chosen program is scheduled for transmission on a particular channel, additional viewers can be added." (Pl's Supp. Br. 5.) VTran further contends that Dr. Smoot conducted a "function-way-result analysis" that shows that the accused systems "perform substantially the same function, in substantially the same way, to achieve substantially the same result, i.e., to transmit the appropriate descrambling signals to the requesting viewer's receivers." (Pls.' Supp. Br. 5.)
Turning first to the "function" of Defendants' systems and the system described in the VTran Patents, Dr. Smoot contended that "[e]ach allow[s] only the requesting set-top box to view the requested transmission." (Smoot Decl. ¶ 113.) This purported "function," however, is at odds with the specification and prosecution history which Judge Kauffman analyzed in his Markman decision, and described as follows: "[Applicants] clearly and consistently described a television transmission system that allowed multiple viewers to watch the same program transmission simultaneously and that used descrambling signals to achieve this objective." VTran I, 2009 WL 2169155, at *7. Thus, while aggregation may not have been the primary goal of the VTran Patents,*fn8 the intrinsic evidence demonstrates that in describing a "television transmission system," the function the Patents aimed to achieve was that of viewer aggregation.
As for the means of carrying out this function, the VTran Patents describe having users of the same program employ the same channel, to which additional viewers can be added, and using appropriate descrambling signals to allow only authorized users to view a selected program. See id. at *6-7. In contrast, the evidence in the record does not indicate that in the accused services, multiple viewers use the same channel to view the same on-demand program at a particular time. VTran assert that the use of QAM tuners technically allows all cable users to access cable programming, but that a "dynamically assigned channel signal" is used to permit only an authorized viewer to access the program. (Summ J. Resp. 31.) Arguing that all cable users have access to cable programming, however, is not the same as evidence establishing that multiple viewers can watch the same stream of a purchased on-demand program, and that additional viewers can be added.
The Court need not determine at this time whether the record demonstrates that Defendants' systems use dynamically assigned channel signals and encryption to allow only authorized users to access on-demand programming, as VTran contends, because even assuming arguendo that this is the case, a jury could not reasonably conclude that Defendants' systems meet the television transmission system claim limitation by allowing for multiple, authorized users to watch an on-demand program at the same time. Users of QAM tuners are not "requesting viewers" under the VTran Patents, because they have not chosen the time of day to watch the program. Even if they are able to watch an on-demand program purchased or selected by another individual, the users of QAM tuners passively watch this program, and must be subject to the pausing, rewinding, and fast-forwarding decisions of the on-demand purchaser, nor is there any indication that the QAM tuner users are authorized users.
Moreover, Judge Kauffman already disposed of VTran's argument that "communicating the specific channel number . . . only to the requesting viewer" prevents intelligible viewing in a similar way as using descrambling signals. See VTran I, 2009 WL 2169155, at *8. In construing "preventing intelligible viewing," another disputed claim in the patent that is not at issue in the Motion under consideration, Judge Kauffman concluded that these two systems are distinguishable because under a system that only communicates the channel for the on-demand program to the requesting viewer, as in Defendants' accused systems, "non-requesting viewers who inadvertently encounter the program when changing channels would be able to view it intelligibly." Id.
As a result, a jury cannot conclude based on the evidence in the record that the ways in which the VTran Patents and the accused products allow for multiple viewers, but only permit authorized users to view the program, if they do at all, are substantially similar to VTran's patented system. VTran, even with Dr. Smoot's testimony, cannot satisfy the function-way-result test to establish the equivalence of Defendants' accused products for purposes of the "television transmission system" limitation.*fn9 Thus, the Court is inclined to grant Defendants' Summary Judgment Motion on the basis that the accused products do not meet the "television transmission system" limitation of the VTran Patents.
IV. Request for Additional Discovery
In responding to Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment, VTran contended that although it received discovery respecting numerous, relevant factual issues, "Defendants were none the less able to provide cherry picked discovery which was never subjected to explanatory deposition," and VTran "concurrently moves for Discovery to be reopened in this case." (Summ J. Resp. 16.) VTran's responding brief, however, did not specify what additional discovery was sought nor was an affidavit providing such specificity appended, as required by Rule 56(f), nor, as already explained, did VTran file a Rule 37 motion to compel that requested that the Court require additional discovery (see Summ. J. Hr'g Tr. 56:5-10).
At oral argument, the Court gave VTran the opportunity to specify the additional discovery it seeks in a post-hearing affidavit pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(f). (See Summ. J. Hr'g 56:12-17.) Rule 56(f) provides that the Court can deny a summary judgment motion or order a continuance to enable additional discovery to be undertaken "[i]f a party opposing the [summary judgment] motion shows by affidavit that, for specified reasons, it cannot present facts essential to justify its opposition." Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 56(f); see also Pastore v. Bell Telephone Co. of Pa., 24 F.3d 508, 510-11 (3d Cir. 1994) (explaining that "[i]f a party believes that s/he needs additional discovery, Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(f) specifies the procedure to be followed, and explicitly provides that the party must file an affidavit setting forth why the time is needed," and thus, that a concession that the party has failed to do so is "usually fatal").
VTran then submitted a supplemental letter brief reasserting that additional discovery is warranted, that summary judgment is inappropriate prior to such discovery, and requested that it is entitled to deposition testimony regarding whether subsequent transmissions within a 24 hour period are within the current open session or separate transactions, and the degree to which Defendants "encrypt their VOD systems" to affect the functionality of QAM tuners, which is a "highly confidential aspect of their systems." (Pl.'s Supp. Br. 16-18.) Strikingly, VTran, though reciting the Rule 56(f) affidavit requirement (Pl.'s Supp. Br. 15), has still never provided such an affidavit.
The Court notes that VTran has repeatedly ignored opportunities and its obligation to timely request additional discovery and to file a Rule 56(f) affidavit in connection with its request for more discovery before the Court adjudicates Defendants' Summary Judgment Motion. The first opportunity or obligation arose before Defendants filed their Motion for Summary Judgment. This Court had never finally ruled on any limitations on discovery. Although the Court's initial discovery Order expressly authorized only written discovery, nothing in the Order forbade eventual depositions of the parties or third parties. As noted above, a scheduled discovery hearing was cancelled because the parties reached agreement. Perhaps VTran wanted to see if it could secure denial of Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment without undergoing the expense of further discovery, but it never articulated such a strategy. VTran's failure to seek additional discovery opened the door to a substantial risk that summary judgment would be granted, and that there would be no additional discovery. Why VTran decided to undertake such risk is unclear.
VTran subsequently had a second opportunity to file a Rule 56(f) affidavit as part of its opposition to Defendants' Summary Judgment Motion, prior to oral argument. Again, VTran filed to file the affidavit.
VTran's third opportunity arose after oral argument, when the Court clarified that VTran should file a Rule 56(f) affidavit detailing what further discovery it needed, the reasons why it is entitled to such discovery, and what discovery it hoped to find which would warrant denial of summary judgment in Defendants' favor. (See Summ. J. Hr'g Tr. 56:12-17.) VTran again failed to do so.
Perhaps VTran's counsel is under the impression that the Smoot Declaration satisfies its Rule 56(f) obligations; however, it does not. The Court believes the record would warrant denial of VTran's latest request for further discovery, particularly in the continued absence of a Rule 56(f) affidavit, which VTran has already had three opportunities to file, but is loathe to grant summary judgment merely because of a procedural default.
Reluctantly, the Court will give VTran one last opportunity to file a Rule 56(f) affidavit. In doing so, VTran must be very specific, either by naming deponents or detailing the subject matter of a deposition it would take pursuant to Rule 30(b)(6) of a corporate designee. In addition, VTran should detail why it did not previously request this discovery, what facts it expects to learn from these depositions, why it cannot secure the information from either its own witnesses, its own experts, or from documents it has already received, and how that deposition would aid the Court and result in denial of Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment, on the "television transmission system" issue.
For these reasons, out of an abundance of caution, the Court will give VTran an additional twenty-one (21) days to file such an affidavit, although the Court expresses no opinion as to whether such an affidavit would change the Court's analysis of whether Defendant's Summary Judgment Motion should be granted. Defendants may respond within fourteen (14) days.
V. Conclusion
For the reasons above, the Court is inclined to grant Defendants' Motion, but will give VTran an opportunity to submit an affidavit pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(f).
An appropriate Order follows.
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docket number, case citation or footnotes. Upon purchase, docket numbers and/or
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Dick Cheney at Reagan National Defense Forum 'He's at the point where we don't need you guys anymore'
The CNN Reporter got a good dose of logic from the former VP.
The CNN Reporter got a good dose of logic from the former VP.
He also provides insight on the presidential transition process.
A new report and Senate testimony.
Some of them are not only good for Trump, but genuinely good picks!
It is not just Christmas folks, It's morning in America.
Georgia Lawmaker pushes to block sanctuary school funding.
Rep. Michael McCaul has some strong words for the detractors who are doubting the next administration will actually build a wall and make Mexico pay for it.
How many things did you think that the mainstream journalists missed in the 2016 election? Here is an interesting list of 10 things that slipped right past them
ANOTHER Hate Hoax?
And the plot thickens.
Police officers are human beings and are part of a community, they have families and are being targeted. They are being emboldened by Obama's comments.
Judge Jeanine's opening statement tonight focused on the absurd recount that has been initiated by the former Green Candidate for President, Jill Stein.
It doesn't take a doctor, right Jill, to figure out that this is an attempt to blunt Trump's momentum heading into the inauguration in January.
This is how a President Trump will prove that he is nothing like the current oval office occupier.
On Thanksgiving Day, the Associated Press published a story raising eyebrows at president-elect Donald Trump
Following the announcement that unknown fashion designer who helped clothe Michele Obama, refuses to dress Melania Trump as FLOTUS but world-famous designer Tommy Hilfiger believes that's a bad idea.
The liberals will never understand that this is what a President is supposed to do.
Take a listen to what the General had to say.
Join our mailing list to receive the latest news and updates from our team.


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- nkhan
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We purchased a recliner lounge suite from chateau Dax in South Africa who shut down in Nov 2013. Our recliner is not even a year old and the cushioning is collapsing and we can hear loose springs when we sit on the suite. Now that they are out if the country I sm not sure who will uphold the warranty??We paid a premium price for this suite and this is not the quality we expected.Add comment


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Let's face it: You're tired.
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Even Martha Stewart ended up in prison trying to live a perfect life. 😉
The real problem: Impossible Standards
Trying to be perfect robs you of the confidence and security you could give your family. It robs you of sleep and relaxation. It robs you of peace with your spouse.
But you don't have to sit by, and you don't have to give up. There's hope.
We believe that YOU can manage your home well, keep stress in check, and have a stinkin' awesome time along the way.
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The toilet paper will be immediately replaced by the person who emptied it!
And then…I woke up.
This place is a zoo – and the only person concerned about hand towels is…me – and maybe Martha Stewart.
It's awesome how God sends reality to teach us that we know jack squat.
Through trying to be perfect and failing – I realized something.
I'm miserable – this is crazy – and I can't do this any more.
There is no perfect home. There is no perfect home management system. There is no perfect family and no one will ever put the hand towel back perfectly.
What works for me might not work for you. What works for Martha might not work for Sandra Lee. But nobody doesn't like Sara Lee.
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There are 10 categories of scents that humans can sense, according to a pair of U.S. researchers who say they have culled the thousands of scents humans can detect into their most basic essence. The 10 categories are: fragrant, woody/resinous, fruity (non-citrus), chemical, minty/peppermint, sweet, popcorn, lemon, pungent and decayed.
Full Story:BBC


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Arcade racing video games
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Arcade racing video games are racing video games that are not focused on realism and/or simulation, thus avoiding the "simulation racing" genre. They are also not focused on battling and item usage like kart racers tend to be. Arcade racers can be thought of as a middle ground between the two.
The arcade racing game is usually easy to learn, a pick-up-and-play and experience.


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Phytoceramides is a youth and skin beauty supplement for women You get more information to watch here youtube video.
City: 45202 Cincinnati
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Oak Ridge Boys
Rock of Ages: Hymns and Gospel Favorites
Oak Ridge Boys$13.99Add Your ReviewThis all-new recording, Rock of Ages, features the unmistakable harmonies that have made The Oak Ridge Boys a household name among country and gospel music fans for decades. Complete with the warm tones of the fiddle, banjo, mandolin and harmonica, they breathe new life into... Learn More
Bill Gaither's Country Gospel Favorites
Bill Gaither, Brenda Lee, Gaither Vocal Band, George Jones, Gloria Gai...$13.99Add Your ReviewEnjoy performances from some of country music's most acclaimed artists with Bill Gaither's Country Gospel Favorites. Household names such as the Oak Ridge Boys, George Jones, Ronnie Milsap, the Statler Brothers and more deliver powerhouse gospel songs with their signature ... Learn More
Country Gospel
Oak Ridge Boys$7.99Add Your ReviewTrack Listing: Track 1: Since Jesus Came Into My Heart Track 2: There Must Be A City Track 3: Till The Power Of The Lord Comes Down Track 4: My Saviors Care Track 5: Jezebel Track 6: Get Your Soul Right Track 7: Baptism Of Jesus Track 8: Its Hard To Get Along Trac... Learn More
The Oak Ridge Boys: 40th Anniversary
Oak Ridge Boys$13.99Add Your ReviewTheir award-winning legacy is forever sealed in the history of American music - and now, The Oak Ridge Boys have created the quintessential collection of their most beloved hits spanning the past four decades. The Oak Ridge Boys: 40th Anniversary (1973 - 2013) - Celebrating ... Learn More
Bill Gaither's Best of Homecoming 2013
Bill Gaither, Booth Brothers, David Phelps, Gaither Vocal Band, Guy Pe...$13.99Add Your ReviewEach year, Bill Gaither chooses some his favorite songs from the year's Homecoming releases to share with fans. His picks from the 2012 collection include songs from The Booth Brothers, The Crabb Family, Guy Penrod, David Phelps, the Oak Ridge Boys and Lynda Randle, ju... Learn More
Country Gospel
Oak Ridge Boys$5.00Add Your ReviewGreat artists and great tracks makes this a great value. Country Gospel continues to grow, and the Hymns on this collection are among the very best. Value priced with name artists makes this a title for any music section! Learn More
A Gospel Journey
Bill Gaither, Oak Ridge Boys$13.99Add Your Review


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Discussion in 'Music, Movies, TV, and Videos' started by JoshuaCaputo, Jul 30, 2009.
Check it out please and gimme your opinion.
Lyrics were hard to understand, but I can't tell if this is serious or not.
Too repetitive, even for amateur rap.
Spittin Legends sounds better, but not that good.
Thanks for feedback and looking at it your right.
By the way, i just use my macbook mic Please Register or Log in to view images.
Please Register or Log in to view images
What program to record with?
Oh if you got something purple put it in the cup
Oh if you got something purple purple fill it up
Oh if you got something purple put it in the blunt
Oh if you got something purple purple purple
Yeah... Sitting so clean
Sippin on an ounce of that purple lean
Purple... when it should be green
something like tinky winky on the tv screen
Mixing purple weed with the nicotine
Perfect Combination for the swisher sweet
When it gets the heat, its the lips it meets
best believe im gonna inhale that weed real deep.
Oh I love that weed (that purple stuff)
Oh I love that lean (that purple stuff)
Oh I love p*ssy (that purple stuff)
Oh I gotta feed on (that purple stuff)
This was originally created to make a little bit of fun of Renegade, 187, (older) So Cal and Yung Keyz.
------------------double post merged------------------
Garageband, beat made in soundtrack pro
The beat is repetitve, but it has potential.
Take that deep voice parts out, it sounds like crap.
Lyris were extremely repetitve.
Kinda sucked, to be honest. The beat sounded too Soulja Boy-ish. Also, Purple Drank isn't ANYWHERE near AZ, so that confused the hell outta me.
yea lose the beat and go for a dr. dre or mobb deep beat and change your deep voice but you got potential. when i hear a beat like that it reminds me of crap rap
Separate names with a comma.


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Latest Updates
September 24, 2012
Libya's political leadership must take immediate steps to end ongoing human rights abuses and establish the rule of law.
September 20, 2012
As conflict continues in Mali, civilians are on the receiving end of horrific abuses including amputations, sexual violence and extra-judicial executions.
September 18, 2012
Every day Syrian civilians are killed or injured in their homes or in the street, while running for cover or trying to shelter from the bombings.
September 18, 2012
Civilians, many of them children, are the main victims of a campaign of relentless and indiscriminate attacks by the Syrian army.


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Enchanting Cottage Near Beach with Free Bikes!
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Description from the owner
Description from the owner
Bedrooms: 1/
Bathrooms: 1/
Sleeps: 3/
Type: Cottage
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Dogwalk Musings: Gere Fosters "Ugly American" Image
Hollywood actor Richard Gere, left, hugs and kisses Bollywood actor Shilpa Shetty during an event for HIV-AIDS awareness in New Delhi, India, in this March 15 AP file photo.
During my years of international travel with my husband, we were constantly reminded of the reason the term "Ugly American" came into the world's vocabulary. We were rude, poorly dressed and generally obnoxious. Then the sentiment moved on to arrogant Germans and pushy Japanese. It would seem it has come full circle. Actor Richard Gere, another actor who I guess expects a pass for bad behavior, nearly got himself jail time and also put a popular young Bollywood actress at risk. "The Kiss", at a public AIDS awareness event in India, has been all over the news. His attitude, when asked about the episode on the Daily Show, was no big deal. No one ever goes to jail for these things here -- Mari/Dogwalk Musings.
Question: Do you still think Americans have a bad image when they travel overseas?
You must be logged in to post comments. Please log in here or click the comment box below for options.comments powered by Disqus


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text: Only the awesome power of the Voice Over can save a stranded astronaut in this metafictional short filmLauren Davis1/26/13 1:00pmFiled to: short filmsvoice overshortsMetafictionshort filmMartin roseteLuiso berdejotweetFbTop501EditPromoteShare to KinjaToggle Conversation toolsGo to permalink Voice Over opens with an astronaut who has crash-landed on a distant planet and needs to reach his capsule before he runs out of air. The only thing that can possibly save him? The mighty voice over, which narrates the astronaut's story as well as those of two other potentially doomed souls. But how can the voice redirect the narratives to a single, fulfilling end? Advertisement Written by Luiso Berdejo and directed by Martin Rosete, Voice Over has been racking up awards on the film festival circuit. And it's clear why: it's an intelligent and beautifully shot exploration of narrative structure and the conventions of storytelling.Voice Over [via Kuriositas]Gear from Kinja DealsYour Five Nominations For Best Gaming MousepadTwelve South's Fermata Headphone Stand Displays and Charges Your CansSaturday's Best Deals: Amazon Ray-Ban Sale, Smart Thermostat, $5 Off All BooksReply50 repliesLeave a reply