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March 31, 2011
KRISTY SCHWARM, PATRICIA FORONDA, AND JOSANN ANCELET, ON BEHALF OF THEMSELVES AND OTHERS SIMILARLY SITUATED,PLAINTIFFS,v.HENRY CRAIGHEAD, AN INDIVIDUAL, DISTRICT ATTORNEY TECHNICAL SERVICES, LTD., A NEVADA CORPORATION, DBA COMPUTER SUPPORT SERVICES, AKA CHECK RESTITUTION/PROSECUTION PROGRAM, JOHN Q. LAWSON, AN INDIVIDUAL, MARY A. CHASE, AN INDIVIDUAL; AND DOES 1 THROUGH 20, INCLUSIVE, DEFENDANTS.
Defendant Henry Craighead founded defendant District Attorney Technical Services, Ltd. ("DATS"), to collect debts pursuant to California's Bad Check Diversion Act ("BCDA"), Cal. Penal Code §§ 1001.60-1001.67. Under the BCDA, district attorneys' offices could establish diversion programs for debtors who wrote bad checks and contract with private entities, such as DATS, to conduct the programs. Cal. Penal Code § 1001.60. Based on DATS' collection efforts, plaintiff Kristy Schwarm initiated this class action on June 29, 2005, alleging claims for 1) violations of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act ("FDCPA"), 15 U.S.C. §§ 1692-1692p; 2) violations of the Civil Rights Act, 42 U.S.C. § 1983, based on alleged procedural due process violations; 3) state constitutional procedural due process violations; 4) fraudulent misrepresentation; and 5) negligent misrepresentation.
On March 4, 2006, this court certified the case as a class action for "[a]ll persons who wrote checks in California to whom DATS mailed collection demands concerning dishonored checks, since June 29, 2003," and up until the date of the court's Class Certification Order.*fn1 (Mar. 4, 2006 Order 20 (Docket No. 42).) The court named Schwarm as the class representative and subsequently granted plaintiffs' motion to add plaintiffs Patricia Foronda and Josann Ancelet as class representatives. (May 25, 2007 Order 5 (Docket No. 134).)
After DATS filed Chapter 7 bankruptcy, this action was automatically stayed on August 18, 2006, pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 362(a). On September 20, 2006, this court lifted the automatic stay as to Craighead only and, on May 5, 2008, granted plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment with respect to Craighead's violations of subsections 1692e(2)-(5), (9)-(11), (14), 1692f(1), and 1692g(a) of the FDCPA. Schwarm v. Craighead, 552 F. Supp. 2d 1056 (E.D. Cal. 2008) ("Schwarm I"). In the same order, the court denied plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment on their claims based on alleged violations of their federal and state procedural due process rights. Id. at 1082-87. Three months later, plaintiffs sought summary judgment on the issue of damages, and the court awarded plaintiffs actual damages against Craighead in the amount of $741,387.05. Schwarm v. Craighead, No. 2:05-1304, 2008 WL 3286797 (E.D. Cal. Aug. 6, 2008) ("Schwarm II").
In granting plaintiffs' motions for summary judgment, the court found that Craighead was personally liable for violations of the FDCPA and the resulting damages based on his collection efforts on behalf of DATS. Schwarm I, 552 F. Supp. 2d at 1070-74. In both cases, the court emphasized that its findings would neither have a preclusive effect nor serve as the law of the case as to DATS because the case against it was stayed due to its pending bankruptcy. Id. at 1068 n.8; Schwarm II, 2008 WL 3286797, at *1.
In DATS' pending bankruptcy, plaintiffs filed claims in excess of four million dollars and ultimately received $160,242.43 from the bankruptcy estate.*fn2 (Pls.' Req. for Judicial Notice Ex. 3.) After the bankruptcy court issued a Final Decree indicating that the administration of the estate was complete, the automatic stay as to DATS was lifted. (Docket No. 213.)
Now, plaintiffs move for summary judgment against DATS based on the exact conduct and damages at issue in their prior motions for summary judgment against Craighead. Specifically, plaintiffs seek summary judgment against DATS with respect to its alleged violations of subsections 1692e(2)-(5), (9)-(11), (14), 1692f(1), and 1692g(a) of the FDCPA and joint liability for $741,387.05 in actual damages. Plaintiffs also seek an award against Craighead and DATS of $1,000.00 in statutory damages for each named plaintiff under subsection 1692k(a)(2)(A). Lastly, plaintiffs request the court to enter final judgment against Craighead and DATS, holding them jointly and severally liable for actual damages of $741,387.05 and statutory damages of $3,000.00 and attorney's fees and costs pursuant to § 1692k(a)(3). DATS filed a Statement of Non-Opposition to the motion and Craighead filed a document titled "Motion to Dismiss Summary Judgment upon New Evidence for the Defense," which the court will construe as a motion for reconsideration of the court's decisions in Schwarm I and Schwarm II.
1. Violations of the FDCPA
The FDCPA governs the conduct of debt collectors, which of which is the collection of any debts, or who regularly collects or attempts to collect, directly or indirectly, debts owed or due or asserted to be owed or due another." 15 U.S.C. § 1692a(6). Courts have routinely concluded that corporations constitute "persons" under subsection 1692(a)(6) and may thereby be liable as a "debt collectors" under the Act. E.g., Fox v. Citicorp Credit Servs., Inc., 15 F.3d 1507 (9th Cir. 1994); see also 1 U.S.C. § 1 ("In determining the meaning of any Act of Congress, unless the context indicates otherwise . . . the words 'person' and 'whoever' include corporations, companies, associations, firms, partnerships, societies, and joint stock companies, as well as individuals . . . ."); FCC v. AT&T Inc., --- S.Ct. ----, ----, 2011 WL 691243, at *5 (2011) ("We have no doubt that 'person,' in a legal setting, often refers to artificial entities. The Dictionary Act makes that clear.");; compare 15 U.S.C. § 1692a(6), with 15 U.S.C. § 1692a(3) (defining "consumer" as "any natural person obligated or allegedly obligated to pay any debt") (emphasis added). DATS, a corporation that exclusively engaged in the practice of collecting debts, is therefore subject to the FDCPA.
In its May 2, 2008, Order, the court held Craighead personally liable for violations of subsections 1692e(2)-(5), (9)-(11), (14), 1692f(1), and 1692g(a) of the FDCPA based on DATS' collection efforts. Craighead's personal liability derived from his role within DATS, which included serving as its founder, chief executive officer, president, and on its Board of Directors, designing its automated software, managing and maintaining its software program and computer system, marketing its products, negotiating its contracts with district attorneys' offices, managing its collection efforts, and interfacing with clients and debtors. Schwarm I, 552 F. Supp. 2d at 1073-74. Although the court's prior findings are not the law of the case as to DATS and do not have preclusive effect, the court's discussion throughout its order illustrates that Craighead's conduct giving rise to his liability under the FDCPA was indistinguishable from that of DATS.
More importantly, in light of DATS' non-opposition to plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment, the court incorporates its prior analysis herein, id. at 1074-82, and thereby concludes that DATS' conduct violated subsections 1692e(2)-(5), (9)-(11), (14), 1692f(1), 1692f(1), and 1692g(a) of the FDCPA for the reasons explained in detail in its prior order.
Similarly, the court's prior award of $741,387.05 in actual damages against Craighead was based exclusively on the diversion fees that DATS collected. While DATS was able to dispute the amount or its liability based on those fees in the pending motion, it has declined to do so and the court therefore incorporates its prior analysis herein. See Schwarm II, 2008 WL 3286797, at *2-3.
Accordingly, the court will grant plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment with respect to DATS' violations of the aforementioned subsections of the FDCPA and liability for actual damages in the amount of $741,387.05.
2. Statutory Damages
Based on a single violation, the FDCPA allows the court to award named plaintiffs "additional damages . . . not exceeding $1,000." 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(a)(2)(A)-(B). In determining whether to award statutory damages and the amount of any such award, the court must consider "the frequency and persistence of noncompliance by the debt collector, the nature of such noncompliance, and the extent to which such noncompliance was intentional." Id. § 1692k(b)(1).
Plaintiffs previously sought an award of statutory damages for the named plaintiffs and the court denied their motion on that issue, concluding that whether Craighead's "noncompliance was intentional" was a disputed factual issue. In opposition to that motion, Craighead represented that he believed he was lawfully implementing the BCDA at the request of and under the direction of California district attorneys' offices. Although he has not filed a similar declaration in opposition to the pending motion, the court will not interpret the silence of a pro se party as a concession. As the court previously concluded, if Craighead believed he was lawfully implementing the BCDA at the request of and under the direction of California district attorneys' offices, plaintiffs would be entitled to little, if any, statutory damages under § 1692k(a)(2).
It is also difficult for the court to find that the "nature" of Craighead and DATS' noncompliance is severe enough to merit statutory damages when DATS' collection efforts were performed pursuant to contracts with district attorneys' offices. While DATS' procedures did not comply with the FDCPA and did not follow all the procedures required for a bad check diversion program under the BCDA, see Schwarm I, 552 F. Supp. 2d at 1078-79, the court cannot overlook the fact that DATS and Craighead operated under contracts with district attorneys' offices. A lay individual contracting to work with a district attorney's office should be able to maintain some level of confidence that his conduct pursuant to that contract comports with the law.*fn3
Accordingly, the court will deny plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment on the issue of statutory damages because a genuine issue of material fact exists with respect to whether Craighead's violations of the FDCPA were intentional and plaintiffs have failed to show that the "nature" of the noncompliance merits an award.
3. Abandonment of Plaintiffs' Remaining Claims
In addition to their claims for violations of the FDCPA and federal and state procedural due process rights, plaintiffs' First Amended Complaint also alleges state law claims for fraudulent and negligent misrepresentation. Plaintiffs now indicate that they do not intend to pursue their remaining state law claims as the actual damages awarded against DATS and Craighead exceed defendants' assets. Plaintiffs also appear to have abandoned their remaining claims for actual damages stemming from bad check fees DATS collected, see Schwarm I, 552 F. Supp. 2d at 1080 n.17, the claims pertaining to Subclass 2, and their claim for statutory damages for the class.
Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(e), however, "claims, issues, or defenses of a certified class may be settled, voluntarily dismissed, or compromised only with the court's approval." Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e) (emphasis added); see also Diaz v. Trust Terr. of Pac. Islands, 876 F.2d 1401, 1408 (9th Cir. 1989) ("The district court must ensure that the representative plaintiff fulfills his fiduciary duty toward the absent class members, and therefore must inquire into the terms and circumstances of any dismissal or compromise to ensure that it is not collusive or prejudicial.") (citations omitted).
Rule 23(e) specifically provides:
The following procedures apply to a proposed settlement, voluntary dismissal, or compromise:
(1) The court must direct notice in a reasonable manner to all class members who would be bound by the proposal.
(2) If the proposal would bind class members, the court may approve it only after a hearing and on finding that it is fair, reasonable, and adequate.
(3) The parties seeking approval must file a statement identifying any agreement made in connection with the proposal.
(4) If the class action was previously certified under Rule 23(b)(3), the court may refuse to approve a settlement unless it affords a new opportunity to request exclusion to individual class members who had an earlier opportunity to request exclusion but did not do so.
(5) Any class member may object to the proposal if it requires court approval under this subdivision (e); the objection may be withdrawn only with the court's approval.
While Rule 23(e) does not provide exceptions to its notice requirements, courts have excused compliance with the notice requirements when doing so would not prejudice the class. See Gomez by Hernandez v. O'Connell, No. 93 C 3268, 1996 WL 51202, at *8 (N.D. Ill. Jan. 30, 1996) ("Although the language of Rule 23(e) is mandatory in character, there are exceptions to the notice requirements. . . . One exception is when the court finds dismissal will not result in any prejudice to the interests of absent class members."); Austin v. Pa. Dep't of Corr., 876 F. Supp. 1437, 1455 (E.D. Pa. Jan. 17, 1995) ("Although Rule 23(e) states without exception that 'notice of the proposed dismissal or compromise shall be given,' courts have consistently held that notice to class members is required only when consistent with the rule's purpose--the protection of absent class members.").
Here, DATS' bankruptcy estate is closed and plaintiffs have received only $160,242.43 from the estate--only slightly more than twenty percent of the actual damages awarded to plaintiffs herein. Requiring notice to the 36,407 class members about plaintiffs' abandonment of the aforementioned claims and issues would be a futile exercise when defendants' financial status would prevent any further recovery for plaintiffs if these claims were successfully pursued. The court therefore approves plaintiffs' decision to abandon the remainder of its claims and issues.
4. Attorney's Fees and Costs
Plaintiffs request an award of attorney's fees pursuant to 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(a)(3), which entitles plaintiffs in a successful action under the FDCPA to "the costs of the action, together with a reasonable attorney's fee as determined by the court." While § 1692k(a)(3) clearly entitles plaintiffs to their attorney's fees and costs, the court will address any such award when plaintiffs file a motion for attorney's fees and their Bill of Costs.
5. Craighead's Motion for Reconsideration A district court may grant a motion for reconsideration under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 59(e) "if the district court (1) is presented with newly discovered evidence, (2) committed clear error or the initial decision was manifestly unjust, or (3) if there is an intervening change in controlling law." Zamani v. Carnes, 491 F.3d 990, 997 (9th Cir. 2007) (internal quotation marks omitted). In his motion for reconsideration, Craighead indicates that, in a case alleging FDCPA and state law claims against an entity similar to DATS, the jury returned a verdict in favor of defendant. Assuming the claims and facts in that case are analogous to the claims and facts in the case at hand, a jury verdict contrary to this court's prior decision does not amount to "an intervening change in controlling law." Accordingly, because Craighead has not identified a reason warranting reconsideration under Rule 59(e), the court will deny his motion for reconsideration of the court's decisions in Schwarm I and Schwarm II.
IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that
(1) plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment with respect to DATS' violations of subsections 1692e(2)-(5), (9)-(11), (14), 1692f(1), and 1692g(a) of the FDCPA be, and the same hereby is, GRANTED;
(2) plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment with respect to an award of actual damages against DATS in the amount of $741,387.05 be, and the same hereby is, GRANTED;
(3) plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment with respect to statutory damages be, and the same hereby is, DENIED;
(4) plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment with respect to attorney's fees and costs is DENIED without prejudice; and
(5) Craighead's motion for reconsideration is DENIED. The Clerk of the Court is instructed to enter final judgment in favor of plaintiffs against Craighead and DATS, holding them jointly and severally liable to plaintiffs in the amount of $741,387.05.
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HERE'S an interesting little story I stumbled across while researching in the archives of the IMF last year. I was going through the declassified background documents connected with Pakistan's borrowing from the Fund through the 1980s, and discovered that on two occasions, a nasty leak to the media nearly derailed the talks.
The first leak came in 1981. Pakistan was in talks to enter a programme at that time and just as the talks had concluded and an agreement reached, but signatures not yet put down, a report ran in the Financial Times that began by saying that the easy part of negotiating a programme has just been concluded, but now came the hard part of implementing.
The report painted a ghastly picture of poverty in Pakistan, and went on to describe the terms of the agreement that was ready for signature in astonishing detail. Clearly, whoever leaked the information to the Financial Times reporter had access to the innermost details of the agreement, and was bent upon ensuring that the whole thing fell apart.
The leak was damaging enough to spark an internal investigation within the IMF. Then finance minister Ghulam Ishaq Khan angrily sent a clipping of the report (it was an era before the internet, so links were not emailed around), asking the Fund to investigate if the leak happened at their end. The Fund concluded the leak was at the government's end.
The nature of the leak had some clues as to who might have been responsible. It was directed at the Pakistani government, particularly the stewardship of Ishaq Khan in the finance ministry, and was clearly the work of someone who had it in for the finance minister and wanted to derail the programme just to spite him, to deny him the chance of claiming the successful conclusion to the negotiations.
It didn't work. The programme got under way successfully, although how it ended is another story, and no further attempts to derail it appear to have been made. At least none that were quite so public.
Whoever leaked the information to the 'Financial Times' had access to the innermost details of the agreement with IMF.
Then again in 1986, another episode of exactly the same sort happened. The government of Muhammad Khan Junejo was in talks with the IMF in the midst of rapidly depleting reserves, and at one point, when the talks appeared to make progress, a nasty and very damaging leak emerged, again in the Financial Times, and again carrying astonishing details of the programme.
Once again the government of Pakistan protested vigorously to the IMF that someone at their end was responsible for the leak. Once again the Fund investigated and found that nobody at their end was responsible.
The interesting thing about the second leak was that the level of detail was so well-sourced that even the Fund high-ups had to ask their staff whether what was stated in the article was in fact true. Specifically, the article had leaked that the new programme being negotiated calls for a 10pc devaluation of the rupee up front as a condition.
Those days the value of the rupee was a major rallying point for the government, even more so than it is today. Even small devaluations were seen as signs of failure, so something like 10pc devaluation up front was in fact a huge step. By comparison, today that would mean a Rs10 fall in the value of the rupee, something that could spark large-scale capital flight if rumours spread that it was imminent.
Precisely because this was such a sensitive issue, it was never spelled out in the letter of intent around which talks were taking place. There was a section that spoke about the currency in highly technical terms, and you would need to read the language carefully and run some calculations to actually figure out that they were talking about a large devaluation of the rupee.
So shrouded was the whole affair of the devaluation, that management actually had to ask staff involved in the negotiations whether it was true that a 10pc devaluation of the rupee was programmed in the document as a precondition. The staff responded in the affirmative.
So clearly whoever leaked the information had an extraordinary level of access and understanding to pinpoint the issue. And whoever it was, had access to the highest levels of international journalism.
The interesting thing is that the second leak was not directed at Ishaq Khan, since he was not the finance minister at that point. So whoever leaked that information, clearly wanted to derail the talks, but went no further than leaking damaging information about them. I'm willing to believe that it was the same person in both cases, since the fingerprints on the leak were identical.
They both pinpointed highly damaging information from the negotiations, and planted it in the hands of a reporter from the Financial Times, and in both cases the information was construed in such a way as to cause maximum embarrassment for the government for having been forced to agree to humiliating terms.
It was never discovered who the person was, although to me it is a little obvious. I'll refrain from naming anyone since it would be speculative, but whoever did the deed had to be a good economist, with access within government, contacts in the global media, and driven by a highly political and competitive streak. Draw your own conclusions.
The choice news outlet is not as important. Those were the days of controlled media, and the person leaking information could not be sure that a local journalist would indeed be able to run with the story. Even if the local journalist were able to do so, there was no guarantee that he or she could be counted upon to protect the source. And besides, the Financial Times gave the story an international profile that local media could never do, and therefore created far more embarrassment for the government, and the finance minister particularly than the same story in the local media could ever have done.
To me it's clear, that this was the intention all along: to embarrass the government and put
the finance minister in a difficult position, perhaps so difficult that he would be removed from the
post, creating an opening. Like I said, draw your own conclusions.
Source: http://www.dawn.com/news/1164463/leaks-like-a-knife


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My "package" changed on my bill without my doing. Confused.
Discussion in 'DIRECTV General Discussion' started by 996911, Feb 3, 2013.
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You appear confused too. Go read President Barack Obama's memoir , " Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance"Obama said in 2008 in front of a black church that he was born "as a result of two people falling in love and marching across a bridge in Selma, Alabama"...
"So they got together and Barack Obama, Jr. was born. So dont tell me I dont have a claim on Selma, Alabama.(Senator Barack Obama, Remarks At Brown Chapel AME Church, Selma, AL, 3/4/07)
Earlier in the day at a prayer breakfast, he said: "If it hadn't been for Selma, I wouldnt be here.(Clinton, Obama Link Selma March To Present, The Washington Post, 3/5/07)
The march in Selma was in 1965. He was born in 1961, 4 years earlier.
Barack Obama, Sr., abandoned Obama when he was a baby. His mother had already married Lolo Soetoro when the march took place in Selma. Obama was 4 years old.
It would have been a good story if it were true.
Seems Obama's confused about other things in his own past as well.
Barack Obama, our next President
There are 1457512 comments on the Hampton Roads Daily Press story from Nov 5, 2008, titled Barack Obama, our next President. In it, Hampton Roads Daily Press reports that:"The road ahead will be long. Our climb will be steep," Obama cautioned. Young and charismatic but with little experience on the national level, Obama smashed through racial barriers and easily defeated ...
Join the discussion below, or Read more at Hampton Roads Daily Press.
"Come Home America!"
Since: Nov 11
Claymont, Delaware 19809
#964699 Aug 15, 2013
"Bill Clinton could have "
Since: May 10
Prevented this
#964700 Aug 15, 2013
Can your religion do this?
Muslim Brotherhood terrorists push a police van
off a bridge (with the policemen still inside). Yeah that's who O'bama supports. They are his people. The ones he put in office. And there was nothing democratic about it.
#964701 Aug 15, 2013
lol! It's in the con rule book too son! Alinsky was so 'good,' you idiots improved on his work!
Be proud Alinsky is your 'grandfather'!!!!
"Constitutionalis t"
Since: Dec 10
#964702 Aug 15, 2013
31 today... hmmmmm. Obama is really building up quite a body count, isn't he?
How are his foreign insurgents doing in that "civil war" in Syria? Have they massacred any more Christian villages?
#964703 Aug 15, 2013
now we're getting somewhere.
who was the programmer?
names, dates, citations, all delivered promptly.
hop to. you're got 5 minutes....starting now!
#964704 Aug 15, 2013
lol! Birthers wouldn't know what they're looking at to begin with!!!!
#964705 Aug 15, 2013
Obama spending over 700 million promoting Obamacare which is very unpopular even among unions and federal employees while Republicans spending 50 million to repeal it which will save Taxpayers Trillion of Tax Dollars sound like money being well Spent REPEAL, REPEAL, REPEAL!!!
#964706 Aug 15, 2013
Stanley Armour Dunham, Ann Dunham's father, worked in the furniture business. Were/are there a lot of Communists in the furniture business?
#964707 Aug 15, 2013
lol! who'd you steal it from son?
#964708 Aug 15, 2013
This is the most unforgettable quote from Bush ever. It's bone chilling.
Boehner's in Jamaica on vacation?
#964709 Aug 15, 2013
Galt would gladly accept that deal.
In the early days of this country, everybody knew everybody at the polling place and ID was necessary.
Explain how voter ID suppresses any votes except for fraudulent votes.
"Constitutionalis t"
Since: Dec 10
#964710 Aug 15, 2013
I sent him a letter asking where that hunting lease was where you can go shoot lawyers.
What SS?
The "victim" was violating every hunting protocol. He thought he'd just wander over to some other hunter's location before the hunt was over.
Have you ever hunted before?
I've got a suggestion for you. If you haven't got a clue what you're talking about, just shutthefuck up.
Well, that would mean you couldn't post a single word here, wouldn't it?
#964711 Aug 15, 2013
Abraham Lincoln was the subject of the most vile racial cartoons.
#964712 Aug 15, 2013
ROTFLMAO!!!! If you even QUESTION if they're biased or not shows how far right you are son!
#964713 Aug 15, 2013
She's just sceeered that the black man goin' ta git whitey, tha's all.
Newly discovered mammal species is a cross between a house cat and a teddy bear
(how did that happen?, you gotta watch those cats while you're not home)
A Smithsonian researcher announced at a press conference at the Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C. that he had discovered a new mammal species that is a relative of the raccoon: the olinguito (oh-lin-GHEE-toe).
Oh goody, I think I'll use that word in scrabble. Olinguito! Has a cute ring to it.
"Come Home America!"
Since: Nov 11
Claymont, Delaware 19809
#964714 Aug 15, 2013
Before you talk more uninformed crap , I recommend that you Google ' Chrystal Lee Sutton'--She died because she was denied healthcare coverage for preexisting conditions.
#964715 Aug 15, 2013
What's a 'real documentary' son?
#964716 Aug 15, 2013
No, you just constantly report on what is on Fox.
Since: Jun 13
#964717 Aug 15, 2013
You obviously have no idea what you're talking about or have any knowledge of the details surrounding this particular county in North Carolina and how the government's intrusion affected the people there.
I also notice you never post any sites to back up anything you post that you claim are absolute facts.
If you know how to research, type in "food stamps in Ashe County" or "Brandi Legge wins SNAP award for Ashe County".
Or look up government food stamp quotas based on demographics, i.e. nanny state.
#964718 Aug 15, 2013
I know. It took GLB less pages to screw the economy.
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When the building where she lived in Mumbai suddenly collapsed killing her entire family along with 70 others, seven-year-old Sandhya Thakur found herself alone in the world and homeless. She spent the next 23 days in a hospital. The senior nurse during her hospital stay, Veena Kadle and her husband were childless and falling in love with the homeless girl they began trying to adopt Sandhya. In time, they were granted the adoption. Now Sandhya has a complete family.
This is what happens to us when we believe in Jesus Christ. We are adopted into the family of God. No longer alone nor homeless, we have a church family and a home in heaven. --Jim L. Wilson and Rodger Russell.
The Week, March 14, 2014. P. 2
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Winter in Yellowstone Park provides so many exciting possibilities that it may shock you. Snowcoaches are one of the most sought-after and well-liked modes of transportation in the park during the winter season. They're like a bus with steady tracks rather than wheels, which provides superior traction in snow.
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|May 12, 2009
|Filing date
|Jul 18, 2006
|Priority date
|Jul 25, 2005
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Brian C. LaCourse, Morteza Zandi
|Original Assignee
|Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (20), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (6), Classifications (27), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application claims priority to both U.S. Provisional Application 60/702,330, filed Jul. 25, 2005, the subject matter thereof being incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
1. Field of the Disclosure
The present invention relates to scintillating ceramic bodies, particularly, rare earth oxysulfide scintillating ceramic bodies that function to convert radiation such as X-ray radiation into visible light, and methods for forming such ceramic bodies.
2. Description of the Related Art
In fields such as the medical diagnostics and industrial non-destructive inspection, X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT) has been widely used to characterize a patient or sample under inspection. In the context of X-ray CT, scintillators are employed to receive X-ray radiation and emit visible light in proportion to the incident radiation intensity.
Typically, scintillators are solid state, in the form of a single crystal such as NaI, CsI, and CdWO4. While single crystal scintillators have found widespread acceptance within the X-ray CT industry, the industry has continued to seek alternative polycrystalline scintillators. Polycrystalline ceramic scintillators represent a promising alternative to single crystal scintillators, with advantages such as lower processing costs and shorter processing times (higher throughput), superior material utilization through near-net shape processing, better homogeneity with respect to incorporation of dopants, and access to ceramic processing techniques that may allow for compositional flexibility to achieve novel scintillating compositions that cannot be prepared by growth from a melt/solution processing pathway.
In the context of polycrystalline ceramic scintillators, several different compositional families have been exploited. One family, rare earth oxides having the cubic crystal structure, has the generalized formula (Gd, Y)2O3: activator. Another class of materials, rare earth oxysulfides are particularly well-suited for highly sensitive radiation detectors including X-ray CT detectors. Rare earth oxysulfides may have the generalized formula (M1-xLnx)O2S, where M stands for at least one element from the group of rare earth elements and Ln represents an activator.
Rare earth oxysulfide ceramic scintillators have been produced by several processing pathways. In one, densification takes place through a 'canning' or encapsulation process. In this process, a gas-tight canned or encapsulated body is placed into a hot isostatic pressing (HIP) processing apparatus. Here, encapsulation in a can prior to HIPing is utilized particularly for components having open porosity, commonplace in the context of ceramic compositions that are difficult to densify. That is, ceramic bodies with open porosity generally cannot be properly densified utilizing gas HIPing (GHIPing), as direct application of pressurized gas (without presence of the gas-tight intermediate can) on a porous body generally results in gas penetration and only limited densification.
In a second, distinct processing pathway for forming rare earth oxysulfide scintillators, use has been made of sintering, including pressureless (atmospheric) sintering, low pressure sintering (e.g., 1-20 atm), and hot pressing (particularly with limited pressures). Such approaches have been used in connection with starting materials composed of morphologically controlled powders, such as powders having a high surface area that enables successful densification in low pressure processes, notably pressures lower than utilized in HIPing operations.
Despite successful formation of high density scintillators, the foregoing processing pathways are not without drawbacks. For example, the so-called canning approach is cumbersome and difficult to execute. The gas-tight container or can is difficult to fabricate, and recovery of the densified material within the container is difficult. The sintering approaches utilizing high surface area powders do not suffer from the same disadvantages, but nevertheless are expensive, and may have limited throughput such as in the context of hot pressing. In addition, the precise morphology, particle size distribution and powder surface area must be carefully controlled to ensure proper densification, increasing cost and adding process control challenges.
While not specifically in the context of ceramic scintillators, glass HIPing, in which a molten glass rather than a gas is used to transfer pressure to the material undergoing densification, has been utilized for hard-to-densify ceramic materials. However, glass HIPing has other processing challenges, such as tendency of the glass to penetrate porosity and inhibit proper densification, occurrence of unwanted interactions between the glass and the material, as well as difficulty in material removal following glass HIPing.
As should be clear, there is interest in the development of alternative processing methodologies, as well as novel scintillating bodies formed thereby.
According to one embodiment, a method of producing a rare earth oxysulfide scintillating ceramic body includes heat treatment to form a consolidated body, followed by gas hot isostatic pressing (GHIPing or gas HIPing herein). A powder is first provided having the general formula (M1-xLnx)O2S, wherein M is a rare earth element, and Ln is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Eu, Ce, Pr, Th, Yb, Dy, Sm, Nd, and Ho, and 1×10−6<X<2×10−1. The powder is heat treated to form a consolidated body having closed porosity, wherein heat treating is carried out at a temperature Tht. The consolidated body is GHIPed to a density not less than 99% of theoretical density, in a GHIPing environment having a temperature Thip, where 1100° C.<Thip<1500° C., to form a densified body.
According to another aspect, rare earth oxysulfide scintillating ceramic body is provided. The body has a composition (M1-xLnx)2O2S, wherein M is at least one rare earth element from, Ln is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Eu, Ce, Pr, Th, Yb, Dy, Sm, Nd, and Ho, and 1×10−6<X<2×10−1, a density not less than 99% of theoretical density. The body has optical properties such as an afterglow of not greater than 200 ppm at 3 ms, and a light output not less than 1.75 times the light output of the CdWO4 standard.
According to one aspect of the present invention, a method for producing a rare earth oxysulfide scintillating ceramic body begins with the provision of a raw material powder that forms the base composition of the scintillating ceramic body. The powder, having a rare earth oxysulfide composition, has the generalized formula (M1-xLnx)2O2S, where M is at least one rare earth element, and Ln is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Eu, Ce, Pr, Tb, Yb, Dy, Sn, Nd, and Ho. The amount of substitution of Ln for M is generally limited, such as on the order of 1×10−6<X<2×10−1. Ln represents the activator dopant and co-dopant (if present) additives selected from the elements mentioned above. Activator/co-dopant combinations include, for example, Eu/Ce, Eu/Pr, Eu/Tb, and Pr/Ce. Particular working examples have an activator/co-dopant combination of Pr/Ce, and the Tb/Ce combination is also particularly suitable. Further refinements according to certain embodiments may have only an activator, without a co-dopant present.
According to a particular development of one embodiment, the rare earth element is selected from the group consisting of Y, La and Gd. Of the foregoing, Gd is utilized according to examples herein, and form what may be referred to herein as 'GOS' material, gadolinium oxy-sulfide. The base rare earth oxysulfide powder used for processing, such as GOS powder, may be fabricated utilizing appropriate precipitation techniques, known in the literature. For example, sulfur dioxide may be introduced into an aqueous suspension of rare earth oxide, forming a hydrogen sulfite complex solution. Sulfur dioxide may then be removed from the complex during heat treatment, resulting in precipitation of the rare earth sulfite. The precipitate is then generally heat treated in a reducing atmosphere to form a rare earth oxysulfide having the generalized formula noted above. Prior to precipitation, a dopant additive may be incorporated into solution, generally a precursor to the activator (Ln) component of the composition. Additional details are available in the art, such as in U.S. Pat. No. 5,296,163. Alternatively, commercially available GOS powder may be obtained from specialty powder suppliers.
To aid densification, a sintering aid can be added to the rare earth oxysulfide powder prior to further processing. Examples of sintering aid for GOS are LiF and Li2GeF6. The amount of sintering aid addition can range from up to 1.0%, for example up to about 0.5%. Some embodiments may contain up to about 0.25%. Following the preparation of the selected powder composition, the powder is formed into a powder compact either by cold die pressing, or cold die pressing followed by cold isostatic pressing. Cold isostatic pressing can be used if greater green densities are required. During cold die pressing, the powder is loaded into a die and pressed at pressures between about 3 ksi and 15 ksi, for example. Cold isostatic pressing can be carried out at 10 ksi to 60 ksi.
As a result of cold pressing, a green body is provided that may be handled for subsequent processing operations. According to a particular development of one embodiment, the cold pressed green body is then heat treated to obtain a consolidated body having closed porosity. Consolidation may be carried out by sintering (e.g., pressurciess sintering), although particular embodiments take advantage of uniaxial hot pressing. Hot pressing generally utilizes a hot pressing apparatus composed of a die having opposing punches, the die and the opposing punches defining an internal volume for disposition of the green body. Uniaxial forces are applied, typically at a pressure within a range of about 1 ksi, to about 50 ksi, such as within a range of about 1 to 30 ksi, 4 to 20 ksi, and even within a particular range of 4 to 15 ksi. Particular embodiments were processed within a range of 7-15 ksi. Generally, the pressure utilized during hot pressing is selected such that the pressure is sufficient to ensure closed porosity (free of open porosity) in the consolidated body, typically at a density not less than about 90%, such as not less than about 95% of theoretical density. However, excessive pressure is generally avoided, to improve throughput of the hot pressing processing step. For a given hot pressing apparatus, higher pressures are typically achieved through use of samples having reduced cross sectional area (perpendicular to the hot pressing axis), and accordingly, increased pressures require an attendant reduction in sample size. Accordingly, actual ingot sizes manufactured according to the processing techniques disclosed herein may be desirably large, oftentimes taking on geometries that have heretofore not been achievable through conventional hot pressing techniques. Ingots are generally disk-shaped, having a diameter of at least 4″, such as at least 5″, 6″, 7″ or higher. Indeed, commercial scale production may be operated at even larger sizes, such as on the order of 8″ or larger. Typical processing temperatures (Tht ) employed during hot pressing typically lie within a range of about 1100° C. to about 1500° C., such as within a range of about 1100° C. to about 1350° C. In one embodiment, 1100° C.<Tht<1500° C.
The resulting consolidated body or bodies are then subjected to a heat treatment operation to complete densification of the consolidated body to form the rare earth oxysulfide scintillating ceramic body. Here, densification is generally carried out by gas-hot isostatic pressing (GHIPing). The particular use of gas hot isostatic pressing is of particular significance in that bodies having fully closed porosity are a prerequisite for successful processing to full density, generally not less than about 99% of theoretical density, oftentimes not less than about 99.9% of theoretical density.
Gas HIPing, as the term is used herein, is specifically distinguished from other processing techniques such as canning (mentioned above), in that no can or encapsulating member is utilized to exert pressure on the consolidated body. Here, the pressurized gas in the HIPing chamber directly applies pressure to body undergoing densification. Accordingly, while canning may advantageously be effective to density bodies having open porosity (thus avoiding consolidation process steps, such as hot pressing), the above described drawbacks relating to separation of the material from the can, can fabrication and other processing complexities are overcome or attenuated through use of GHIPing.
According to a particular processing parameter of gas hot isostatic pressing, the consolidated body is densified at a relatively low temperature, generally at a temperature Thip, where Thip is greater than about 1100° C., and less than 1500° C. This particular GHIPing temperature range is of significance, as temperatures below 1100° C. result in bodies having insufficient density, while bodies GHIPed above 1500° C. generally result in bodies that have compromised mechanical integrity. For example, GHIPing at temperatures above 1500° C. result in unacceptably brittle and fragile components. Indeed, certain embodiments have even further confined GHIPing temperatures Thip, such as not greater than 1475° C., 1450° C., 1425° C., or even not greater than 1400° C. For clarification, the GHIPing temperature Thip mentioned herein represents the maximum temperature utilized during GHIPing, and is generally the hold temperature employed during the GHIPing operation.
In addition to the temperature parameters discussed above, the GHIPing environment is generally manipulated to attenuate unwanted reactions with the consolidated body. Accordingly, the GRIPing environment is generally composed principally of an inert gas, such as argon or nitrogen. Gas pressures of the GHIPing environment typically are within a range of 10 to 100 ksi, such as 20 to 50 ksi. Partial pressures of non-inert gases in the GHIPing environment are typically minimized, such as on the order of 10−8 bar or lower.
As noted above, rare earth oxysulfide materials such as GOS materials have been fabricated by differing pathways according to the state of the art, including sintering processes utilizing high surface area powders, as well as the particular HIPing operation known as canning described above. Other state of the art processing techniques, particularly techniques for densification of oxide-based ceramic scintillators (as opposed to oxysulfide based scintillators, the subject of the present disclosure), have utilized two-step densification procedures. Such two step densification process flows have utilized a combination of heat treatment to form a consolidated body, followed by densification through gas HIPing. However, the processing parameters and particular process flows utilized in the context of non-sulfide based compositions, such as rare earth oxide compositions, have proven to be unusable in the context of rare earth oxysulfide materials such as GOS. Of note, the excessively high temperatures utilized in GHIPing of oxide based compositions result in degradation of mechanical properties of the sulfide-based compositions as described herein.
As noted above, the GHIPing process may take place in an environment principally composed of an inert gas such as argon or nitrogen, but may contain a low partial pressure of non-inert species such as oxygen, and additionally low partial pressures of species of the rare earth oxysulfide material undergoing GHIPing. For example, in the context of oxygen it is not uncommon that the oxygen partial pressure within the GHIPing environment be on the order of 10−12 bar. A complication that may result under some processing conditions is the attendant reduction of compositional components of the consolidated body during the GHIPing process. Additionally, low partial pressures of elements and complexes of rare earth oxysulfide may lead to unwanted volatilization of species, and create undesirable phase changes in the material. While it may be desirable to conduct gas HIPing in an environment having higher concentrations of oxygen and/or complexes or elements of the rare earth oxysulfide, such highly stylized gaseous environments as applied to the entire GHIPing apparatus are generally not feasible. Accordingly, a localized environment may be created, the localized environment being rich in target species to prevent unwanted reduction reactions and/or volatilization.
Various approaches may be utilized to create a localized environment. In one approach, the consolidated body is provided in a crucible, a refractory container in which workpieces are set for a thermal processing. The crucible generally contains a processing gas source, and defines therein the localized environment. The processing gas source is generally one that releases a desired gaseous species, creating a localized species-rich area. In the context of prevention of reduction of ceramic bodies undergoing gas HIPing, an oxygen gas source is generally provided, usually in powder form. In combination, or alternatively, the processing gas source is composed of a rare earth oxysulfide, typically an oxysulfide containing the same rare earth species as the component undergoing GHIPing treatment. Most typically, the processing gas source contains principally the same base rare earth oxysulfide powder from which the component undergoing HIPing is formed. Since the rare earth oxysulfide powder may be doped during formation (e.g., prior to precipitation) as described above, the powder forming the processing gas source may have the identical dopant profile. Powder form is generally desirable, as the high surface area associated with powders enhance release of the target species. While the components undergoing gas HIPing may be placed on a powder bed composed of the processing gas source, desirable results have been achieved by embedding the component or components within the powder bed.
In the particular context of oxygen-releasing sources, it is preferable that the processing gas source undergoes reduction to establish a desirable oxygen partial pressure within the localized environment, before any appreciable reduction of the ceramic component. The processing gas source generally undergoes reduction more easily than the ceramic body. This ease of reduction is a function of the free energy change of thermochemical reduction and oxidation as a function of temperature, and may be determined by thermodynamic data from the Ellingham Diagram which is provided, for example, in R. A. Swalin, "Thermodynamics of Solids Second Edition," Wiley-Inter Science Publications, page 114 (1972), hereby incorporated by reference. In one sense, the processing gas source acts as a sacrificial GHIPing agent undergoing reduction prior to any appreciable reduction of the ceramic component, thereby creating the desired localized environment and protecting the components undergoing gas HIPing. Generally the localized oxygen partial pressure is greater than the equilibrium oxygen partial pressure of the gas HIPing environment at a given temperature and pressure of the system. Desirably, the partial pressure of oxygen is not less than about 0.1 atm in the localized environment, and in some embodiments, not less than 0.5 atm. In contrast, the HIPing environment has a reduced partial pressure of oxygen, such as on the order 10−10 atm and lower.
The particular architecture utilized for the creation of a stable localized environment may be achieved in a straightforward manner by nesting inverted crucibles, the inner crucible containing a powder bed in which the component or components are embedded, the outer crucible being oversized and inverted to overlie the inner crucible. An annular through-passage is generally created between the two crucibles to minimize any pressure gradient inside and outside the localized environment, to ensure proper gas HIPing. Generally, the configuration minimizes gas flow during HIPing to stably contain the localized species rich environment, and to attenuate escape of the processing gas species from the crucible and contaminating the HIPing environment. In addition, a gettering species or getterer may be provided in the opening, or adjacent to the opening to getter the processing gas species that would otherwise escape into the HIPing environment. For example, in the case of oxygen processing gas species, the getterer may be a metal that oxidizes in the high temperature HIPing environment upon contact with the oxygen from the gas source.
According to various embodiments, following the creation of a densified ceramic body from the GHIPing step, additional process steps may be carried out. For example, for certain activator/co-dopant combinations, such as the Pr/Ce activator/co-dopant combination, it may be desirable to carry out an annealing step in an oxygen environment such as air. In the particular context of Pr/Ce, Ce is generally added as a co-dopant do reduce afterglow in the scintillators, although other afterglow reducers may be utilized as a suitable co-dopant. As a result of GHIPing, it is believed that the Ce may be in a non-preferential energy level, such as in the +3 energy level believed to be the result of low oxygen partial pressures in the GHIPing environment and/or non-use of an oxygen-liberating powder bed as discussed above. Accordingly, annealing in an oxygen-containing environment, such as an air anneal, can advantageously modify the co-dopant to be in the +4 energy level. Typical annealing conditions include heat treatment at a temperature within a range of about 700° C. to 1500° C., such as 800° C. to 1200° C. Particular examples have been annealed within the range of 900°-1100° C.
Final processing may optionally include machining operations to form desirable geometries for the particular application of the fully densified rare earth oxysulfide scintillating ceramic body. For example, the densified rare earth oxysulfide body may be subjected to grinding and slicing operations to form a plurality of scintillating components or bodies. Typical geometries include blanks or plates, generally rectangular components having dimensions on the order of 10 mm to 50 mm in width, 20 mm to 80 mm in length, 0.25 to 7 mm in thickness. Plates may be further processed into pixels having a comparatively fine dimensions, generally on the order of (0.5 to 10 mm side) by (0.5 to 10 mm side) by (0.2 to 2 mm thickness). Pixels generally have equal length sides forming a square cross section; a particular embodiment has dimensions of 1-2 mm×1-2 mm×1.5 mm.
The following examples illustrate various working embodiments, notably including the formation of rare earth oxysulfide ceramic scintillators, notably gadolinium oxysulfide (GOS) scintillators.
The following table shows the effect of GHIP temperature on the density and handleability of GOS scintillators. Each of the samples below contained 0.06% Li2GeF6 as a sintering aid. They were then hot pressed at 1220C, 15 ksi pressure, under vacuum for a hold time of about 2 hours. The subsequent HIP temperature was within a range of 1220 and 1500C and held at the soak temperature for 1 hr. A suitable HIP temperature for producing a GOS scintillator which has a high density and a good handelability, such as 1400C. As the HIP temperature is decreased, the density decreases, which will effect the material's transparency and light output. As the HIP temperature increases, significant grain growth occurs and the material becomes very brittle and therefore difficult to handle and machine.
very brittle
Characterization of GOS scintillators has revealed desirable performance. For example, embodiments have demonstrated possession of both attenuated afterglow and strong light output, properties that are generally understood to be difficult to achieve in the same sample (e.g., afterglow reducers tend to reduce light output). Actual afterglow values are typically less than 200 ppm, such as less than 150 ppm, less than 100 ppm, less than 90 ppm, and even less than 80 ppm (relative to the original signal) 3 ms after the radiation is turned off (short term afterglow). In addition, samples may have afterglow values less than 20 ppm, such as less than 10 ppm at 500 ms (long term afterglow).
The foregoing afterglow measurements were made based on a light detection utilizing a photomultiplier tube. Additional measurements were carried out with use of a silicon photodiode, which provides additional useful information. Particularly, afterglow at 5 ms was found to be generally below 1000 ppm, with values not greater than 900 ppm, not greater than 800 ppm, 700 ppm, and indeed values below 600 ppm. Embodiments can have a value not greater than 500 ppm. At 20 ms, the afterglow values are notably lower, not greater than 200 ppm, such as not greater than 150 ppm, and several embodiments not greater than 100 ppm, based on silicon photodiode measurement.
Due to intrinsic technical difficulties in measuring actual light output of scintillator bodies, the industry generally measures light output against one of several industry standards. Here, light output has been measured against commercially available CdWO4 (cadmium tungstate) available from Saint-Gobain Crystals, a division of Saint-Gobain Ceramic and Plastics, Inc. Against this standard, in addition to desirably attenuated afterglow, samples have demonstrated light output of greater than 1.75 times the light output of the CdWO4 standard, with particular values not less than 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2 and even not less than 2.3 times the standard. Light output is partly a function of crystal transparency; the foregoing values represent high crystal transparency, a particularly desirable characteristic of ceramic scintillators.
Microstructural analysis has shown that embodiments have a fine grain size and a desirably tight distribution of grain sizes, with a monomodal grain size distribution unlike certain prior art technologies that produce bimodal distributions (e.g., small needle-like grains and larger quasi-isotropic grains). Here, reference is made to Dxx, representing the size at which xx % of the grains are smaller. The tightness of a distribution is quantified by the spread between D10 and D90, indicating the range within which 80% of the particles lie. According to embodiments herein, the D10-D90 spread may be less than about 120 microns, such as less than about 110 microns. Certain embodiments may have an even tighter spread, such as less than about 100 microns, 90 microns, 80 microns. Indeed embodiments herein may have a D10-D90 spread less than about 75 microns or even 70 microns. The D10-D90 spread is generally greater than about 30 microns, oftentimes greater than about 40 microns. Measured D50 values generally fall within a range about 20 to 100 microns, such as 30-75 microns. Actual measured values of two samples revealed D50 values of 39 and 62 microns.
Dopant (activator/coactivator) distribution according embodiments is believed to be desirably uniform, due at least in part to the achievement of fine grain sizes and D10-D90 spreads reported above. Such uniformity is particularly desirable, ensuring homogeneous light output and afterglow properties, properties that are particularly important in many of the end use applications of embodiments herein.
Embodiments of the present invention are particularly useful broadly in the context of detection of ionizing radiation. Broad markets or fields of use in which embodiments of the present invention may be useful include a wide array, including geophysical, industrial, medical, physics/research, and security. Detectors incorporating embodiments of the present invention may be utilized in the geophysical market to locate and compositionally analyze minerals, as well as locate oil and gas, for example. The industrial market spans a wide range, including gauging (e.g., measurement of physical parameters such as thickness, density and level), health physics (e.g., measurement of ionizing radiation for safety and protection of workers), materials analysis (e.g., provision of elemental content and physical structure of materials), nondestructive testing (e.g., detection of flaws or cracks in materials, density variation, elemental composition and alloy analysis in areas such as metal welds, printed circuit boards, automotive and truck tires, frozen and fresh food, for example), and safeguards (e.g., radiation sensors to prevent accidental or deliberate transport of radioactive materials beyond certain points). The medical industry utilizes radiation detectors in radioimmunoassay (RIA), bond mineral densitometry (BMD), thyroid uptake scanners and other diagnostic services. The medical field also includes nuclear medicine in which unique imaging is generated to provide information about organ function, for example. The physics/research field oftentimes takes advantage of custom-built scintillation detectors for a wide variety of uses, such as calorimetry, astrophysics, dark matter detection and intermediate energy spectroscopy. The security field continues to grow rapidly with particular uses in the context of x-ray or gamma-ray scanners utilizing transmitted and back scattered radiation to reveal objects and materials hidden in baggage, vehicles, cargo containers, and the like.
In addition to the general fields of use of embodiments of the present invention as detailed above, embodiments may be deployed in quite a wide variety of specific applications. Such applications include aerial survey, alpha detection, baggage scanners, beta detection, bone mineral densitometry, calorimetry, Compton's suppression, container scanners, density/thickness gauging, field spectrometry, flash radiography, food inspection, gamma ray detection, level-fill gauging, neutron activation, neutron counting, neutron detection, oil exploration, portal/vehicle, PET, production inspection, radioimmunoassay, SPECT, SNM identification, therapy imaging, thyroid scanning, computed tomography (CT), whole body monitors, wipe testing, and x-ray detection.
The above-disclosed subject matter is to be considered illustrative, and not restrictive, and the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications, enhancements, and other embodiments, which fall within the true scope of the present invention. Thus, to the maximum extent allowed by law, the scope of the present invention is to be determined by the broadest permissible interpretation of the following claims and their equivalents, and shall not be restricted or limited by the foregoing detailed description.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jun 18, 1982
|May 21, 1985
|General Electric Company
|Method for sintering high density yttria-gadolinia ceramic scintillators
|May 8, 1984
|May 21, 1985
|General Electric Company
|Preparation of yttria-gadolinia ceramic scintillators by sintering and gas hot isostatic pressing
|May 7, 1984
|Feb 18, 1986
|General Electric Company
|Preparation of yttria-gadolinia ceramic scintillators by sintering and gas hot isostatic pressing
|Jul 11, 1986
|May 31, 1988
|General Electric Company
|Rare-earth-doped yttria-gadolina ceramic scintillators
|Jul 26, 1993
|Mar 22, 1994
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Method for producing a scintillator ceramic
|Oct 13, 1992
|Jun 7, 1994
|General Electric Company
|Hole-trap-compensated scintillator material
|Jul 12, 1995
|Oct 8, 1996
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Phosphor having reduced afterglow
|Jan 31, 1996
|Jun 17, 1997
|Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba
|Rare-earth oxysulfide scintillators and X-ray detectors using rare-earth oxysulfide scintillators
|Jun 4, 1999
|Nov 27, 2001
|Regents Of The University Of California
|Single crystal scinitillator
|Sep 29, 1999
|May 7, 2002
|Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba
|Ceramic scintillator, method for producing same, and x-ray detector and x-ray CT imaging equipment using same
|Jul 12, 2000
|Jan 7, 2003
|Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba
|Ceramic scintillator material and manufacturing method thereof, and radiation detector therewith and radiation inspection apparatus therewith
|Jun 18, 1985
|Jan 2, 1986
|Milliken Research Corporation
|Resin colorants and resin coloration
|Aug 22, 1990
|Apr 3, 1991
|General Electric Company
|Preparation of high uniformity polycrystalline ceramics by presintering, hot isostatic pressing and sintering the resulting ceramic
|Jul 8, 1998
|Aug 16, 2000
|Hitachi Medical Corporation
|Phosphor, and radiation detector and x-ray ct unit each equipped therewith
|Sep 24, 2004
|Jun 7, 2006
|Toshiba Carrier Corporation
|Ceramic scintillator, and radiation detector and radiographic examination apparatus using same
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Sep 24, 2004
|Mar 31, 2005
|Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba
|Ceramic scintillator, and radiation detector and radiographic examination apparatus using same
|May 12, 2005
|Nov 24, 2005
|Philips Intellectual Property & Standards Gmbh
|Fluorescent ceramic and fabrication method thereof
|D. Krus et al., "Precision Linear and Two-dimensional Scintillation Cyrstal Arrays for X-ray and Gamma Ray Imaging Applications," SPIE International Symposium on Optical Sciences, SPIE vol. 3678, 12 pgs, Jul. 18-23, 1999.
|H. Mordoc, et al., "Large-Band-Gap SiC, III-V Nitride, and II-VI ZnSe-based Semiconductor Device Technologies," Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 76, No. 3, pp. 1363-1398, Aug. 1, 1994.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Apr 6, 2009
|Jun 11, 2013
|Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc.
|Rare earth oxysulfide scintillator and methods for producing same
|Dec 24, 2009
|Oct 28, 2014
|Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc.
|Ceramic scintillator body and scintillation device
|Dec 24, 2009
|Nov 4, 2014
|Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc.
|Ceramic scintillator body and scintillation device
|Dec 24, 2009
|Nov 3, 2015
|Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc.
|Ceramic scintillator body and scintillation device
|Dec 24, 2009
|Nov 10, 2015
|Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc.
|Ceramic scintillator body and scintillation device
|Apr 6, 2009
|Jul 30, 2009
|Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc.
|Rare earth oxysulfide scintillator and methods for producing same
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Oct 16, 2006
Owner name: SAINT-GOBAIN CERAMICS & PLASTICS, INC., MASSACHUSE
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:LACOURSE, BRIAN C.;ZANDI, MORTEZA;REEL/FRAME:018395/0637
Effective date: 20060831
|Oct 25, 2012
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Oct 27, 2016
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8


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- Description
Use our Zareba® 4 Slot Wire Fence Crimping Tool when splicing fence wire with crimping sleeves.
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Senior PR Manager
Bullet points
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The Company
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Brokeback Mining Station
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Brokeback Mining Station is a terran film.[1]
The title is likely a play on the film/short story Brokeback Mountain.
- ↑ Blizzard Entertainment. StarCraft II. (Activision Blizzard) Map: Scrap Station (in English). 2010.