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Dear Evan Hansen has changed now that it's on Broadway, in ways that make it an even more affecting musical. Ben Platt's performance, impressive from the get-go, is even better. But what's changed the most is the world outside the theater, turning the story of a lie that gets out of hand into something more […]
Dear Evan Hansen on Broadway (review)
Sweet Charity Review: Sutton Foster in Escapist Revival
Leigh Silverman, director of the 50th anniversary Off-Broadway revival of Sweet Charity starring Sutton Foster, recently spoke about art being "a tool for education, revolution, and resistance." But it's also, she said, great for escape: "People staggered into Sweet Charity desperate for community..and to be lifted away from this reality" the weekend after the election. […]
Natasha, Pierre and The Great Comet of 1812 review: Broadway welcomes Josh Groban and immersive theater
An opera with an unwieldy title based on Tolstoy's War and Peace seemed an unlikely crowd-pleaser, but I was thrilled when I saw it Off-Broadway, first at Ars Nova in 2012, and again in a circus tent in 2013. When they announced a Broadway run, however, I wondered how they could possibly pull it off.
Fugard's "Master Harold"….and the boys Review: The effects of trickle-down racism
Had I seen Signature Theatre's fine revival of Athol Fugard's most popular play just a few days earlier, I might have appreciated it primarily as a well-wrought work of theater, relegating its depiction of the brutal effects of state-approved racism to a safely distant time and place. Now the play feels more like an urgent […]
Women of a Certain Age review: An Election Day Without Trump
The Gabriels: Election Year in the Life of One Family, a trilogy of plays by Richard Nelson presented in real time at the Public Theater, ends the way it began eight months ago – with the Gabriel family talking little about the election and nothing about Donald Trump. This time around, the omission is exasperating. […]
Sweat Review: Lynn Nottage's Grapes of Wrath for Our Time
Like Grapes of Wrath, Lynn Nottage's Sweat offers a devastating look at social and economic breakdown, told not with rants or statistics, but through a riveting tale about good people in a bad situation. The characters in Sweat live in Reading, Pennsylvania, which 2010 U.S. Census data identified as the poorest city in America.
The Front Page Review: Nathan Lane leads all-star newspaper comedy revival
The best way to sum up the fourth Broadway revival of The Front Page, the 1928 play about Chicago newspapermen, is the way their ads do: Nathan Lane, John Slattery, John Goodman, Jefferson Mays, Holland Taylor….Robert Morse. The show's appeal, in other words, rests largely in its star turns, which often feel like cameos.
Plenty Review: Rachel Weisz as a self-destructive World War II veteran
Of all the crazed, destructive, female characters that the stage has given us, Susan Traherne may be among the least interesting, at least as performed by Rachel Weisz in the Public Theater revival of Plenty, David Hare's 1978 play about a woman who served in World War II and never recovered from it.
The Cherry Orchard Review: Diane Lane in Updated Chekhov
When Diane Lane, returning to Broadway after nearly four decades, enters on stage in the Roundabout's ambitiously reinterpreted production of The Cherry Orchard, her Lubyov seems an impossibly glamorous lady returning after five years abroad to her cherished estate. But Lubyov's life, we soon learn, is actually a mess, her past tragic, her future doomed.
Oh, Hello on Broadway Review: Gil and George's inside jokes and overstuffed tuna sandwich
I was surprised at how little I laughed during Oh, Hello on Broadway, a comedy act by Nick Kroll and John Mulaney, who have been called "two of the hottest voices in comedy." They portray Gil Faizon, a "Tony Award viewing" actor, and George St. Geegland, a failed novelist, who have been roommates for 40 […]


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The Delegation produces a number of publications, which are listed below. In addition, European Union publications can be obtained from the EU Bookshop at http://bookshop.europa.eu/
Study in Europe
September 2014
download [4 MB]
See also the Study in Europe pages on our website
If you would like a hard copy, please contact us on firstname.lastname@example.com
Who do you call when you want to call Europe? - June 2014 update [732 KB]
Key Facts on the EU-Australia relationship
The 2014 updated version of the booklet European Union and Australia: Key Facts, which gives an overview of facts and statistics on this very important relationship, is now available.
download [586 KB]
If you would like a hard copy, please contact us on firstname.lastname@example.com
New educational booklet about the EU for 13-18 year olds
"Europe is somewhere else". This nonsensical yet provocative statement launches the first chapter of a new brochure for young adolescents. We are of course in the middle of Europe and the brochure attempts to explain what that actually means. Who runs Europe? What impact does the European Union actually have on daily lives? Where is Europe heading in a globalized world? All these questions are tackled in the brochure, using interactive features, tasks, quizzes and games, in a language appropriate for 13 to 18 olds. Please contact email@example.com if you would like copies of this booklet (in many languages)
Who do you call when you want to call Europe? - February 2014 update [858 KB] [10 MB]
July 2013
Celebrating 50 years: EU Australia [10 MB]
|February 2013
|The EU-Australia Economic Relationship [654 KB]
|January 2013
|Key Facts 2012 [3 MB]
|September 2012
|Erasmus Mundus winners 2012 [230 KB]
|February 2012
|Who do you call when you want to call Europe? [383 KB]
|September 2011
|EU-Australia Economic Relations [223 KB]
|February 2011
|Study in Europe 2011 [5 MB]
|February 2011
|European External Action Service [333 KB]
|December 2010
|EU Emissions Trading Scheme [786 KB]
|March 2010
|Partnership Framework booklet [421 KB]
|December 2009
|Partnership Framework [623 KB]
|December 2009
|Education Cooperation [2 MB]
|December 2009
|Lisbon Treaty [546 KB]
The Delegation has copies of the following publications, which are also available from the Europa bookshop.
Please call our information office on +61 2 6271 2743 to obtain copies.
Europe in 12 LessonsTravelling in Europe 2011/12 Let's Explore Europe
Of interest also is Kids' Corner, http://europa.eu/kids-corner/index_en.htm which is available in 22 languages, and contains games, quizzes, maps, cartoons and videos about the EU.
Teachers' Corner http://europa.eu/teachers-corner/index_en.htm contains resources for the classroom.

subset: commoncrawl


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Wanna join the discussion?! Login to your Long distance hiking trails forum accountor Register a new forum account. Or Connect via Facebook
From late October to mid-April could travel. No rain as well as insurance against roughly speaking:. There's no rule that you have to go from North to South or vice versa, you can also change according to directions.
For example: Watch. Return to the Observatory and Horn. Netafim to shachorth and Netafim to Taba.
Just check the most unprofessional site that will give you an exact answer about the average temperature and rainfall in the area (South is likely to be nil.)


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According to a report from Ken Rosenthal, the Cubs are "strong in the mix" for Aroldis Chapman. Rosenthal reported there are at least two other clubs involved. The Nationals are believed to be the frontrunner to acquire Chapman. Brian Cashman was given clearance by ownership to trade Chapman. And Rosenthal reported late Saturday that the Yankees told teams they were close to dealing Chapman. The Yankees also told teams they will hold onto Andrew Miller, at least for now. Rosenthal … [Read more...]
Yankees Reportedly Close to Trading Aroldis Chapman, Telling Teams Will Hold Andrew Miller
According to a report from Ken Rosenthal, the Yankees are telling teams they are nearing a deal for LHP Aroldis Chapman. The Yankees were expected to move Chapman before the Aug. 1 non-waiver trade deadline. Reports have suggested the Nationals are the favorites to acquire Chapman. According to Jon Heyman, the Nationals, Cubs, Giants and Indians were all in on Chapman the last he heard. Ken Rosenthal also reported the Yankees have told interested teams that LHP Andrew Miller will not be … [Read more...]
Josh Reddick, Rays Pitchers High on Cubs List
Reports continue to surface connecting the Cubs with veteran outfielder Josh Reddick. According to a report from Jon Heyman, the Cubs "are showing interest" in Reddick and Jon Paul Morosi reported for the third time in as many days the Cubs, along with the Indians and Dodgers, are in the mix for Reddick. During his show Saturday morning on 670 The Score (Inside Baseball), Bruce Levine said Reddick is "the ideal guy to plug into the outfield." Chris Coghlan has dealt with injuries and been … [Read more...]
Cubs Reportedly a Potential Suitor for Outfielder Jay Bruce
The front office would like to add a left-handed hitting outfielder to the Cubs roster before the deadline. The Cubs have been connected to Josh Reddick since April and those rumors have increased in the last 24 hours. According to Jon Paul Morosi, the Cubs are a potential suitor for Reds' outfielder Jay Bruce. The Reds have been looking to trade Jay Bruce since last summer. Reports have suggested the Reds have been close to moving Bruce on several occasions but have not been able to work out … [Read more...]
More Rumblings about Cubs Interest in Josh Reddick
The front office would like to add a position player to the Cubs roster, preferably one that hits from the left-side and plays the outfield. The Cubs have been on Josh Reddick for weeks. Jon Paul Morosi reported multiple times Thursday are interested in Reddick. And Ken Rosenthal picked up the story Friday morning. John Shea asked Reddick about the trade rumors. Reddick said "it's disheartening" there wasn't a new contract worked out with the A's. Reddick would "love to" stay in Oakland. … [Read more...]
Cubs Reportedly Looking at Outfielder Josh Reddick
Cubs reportedly still interested in Oakland outfielder Josh Reddick As previously reported, the Cubs are interested in outfielder Josh Reddick. The Cubs would like to add a left-handed hitting outfielder to the mix and have been connected to Reddick since Kyle Schwarber suffered the season-ending knee injury. Theo Epstein and the front office are very familiar with Reddick from their days in Boston. The Red Sox drafted Reddick while Epstein was calling the shots. And Reddick has always … [Read more...]
Reports: Boone Logan a Possible Late-Inning Lefty Option for Cubs
The Cubs have already added a left-handed pitcher to the Major League staff. Mike Montgomery will join the Cubs in Milwaukee and give Joe Maddon another lefty in his bullpen. Theo Epstein said Wednesday after the trade with the Mariners that the Cubs were not done and still have areas the front office would like to address. The Cubs have internal options in Brian Matusz and Jack Leathersich from the left-side. Most think the front office will go outside the organization and acquire another … [Read more...]
Cubs Are Not Done After Acquiring Lefty Mike Montgomery
The Cubs are not done making additions and the front office is still exploring ways to improve the roster before the non-waiver trade deadline. The Cubs are believed to still be in on Andrew Miller and Aroldis Chapman according to multiple reports. And other late inning relievers could still be in play including lefty Boone Logan. "I like making this kind of a move early," Theo Epstein said to the beat writers. "We have not touched certain parts of our prospect inventory. That will keep us … [Read more...]
Report: Cubs Nixed a Blockbuster Deal that Would Have Cost Javier Baez
According to Ken Rosenthal, the Cubs recently discussed a three way deal that "never got close" but would have "amounted to a bombshell if it had come to fruition." Rosenthal's sources indicated the Cubs talked to the Padres about Drew Pomeranz before he was traded to the Red Sox for Anderson Espinoza. The Cubs would not have kept Pomeranz, he would have been flipped to an unknown team for a starting pitcher "whose name is not out there publicly and is probably not going to go anywhere … [Read more...]
Yankees Keep Floating a Deal with Cubs for Andrew Miller Must Include Kyle Schwarber
With the non-waiver trade deadline quickly approaching, Buster Olney reported that his sources indicated Tuesday that nothing has changed in the talks between the Cubs and Yankees. Any deal involving Andrew Miller going to the Cubs would have to include Kyle Schwarber. Brian Cashman reportedly really likes Kyle Schwarber and someone within the Yankees organization is making sure the mainstream media knows it. Cashman covets Kyle Schwarber according to Jeff Passan. And Schwarber sits atop a … [Read more...]


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Automatic SVN Revision Numbering in ASP.Net MVCSun 14 December 2008 0 Comments
While working on an internal ASP.Net MVC project at work, I wondered if it was possible to get the SubVersion (SVN) repository number to be automatically updated on the webpages I was creating every time I did a build or check-in.
The footer at the bottom of the StackOverflow.com site is what we're trying to do here (though I suspect after listening to their podcasts that they've got theirs updated using custom build tasks in Cruise Control.Net..
After a couple of hours of investigation, trial and error, here's one way to do it.
Before we begin, we'll need TortoiseSVN installed, and a local working copy of your ASP.Net MVC project checked out.
There are essentially 3 steps..
1. Create a Html Helper
This greatly simplifies the return of the SVN number as a string which is then trivial to place in our View Page or footer.
Create the following file:
2. Create a Batch File and add it as a custom build task to the project
Next we create a Batch File (.bat) in the root of our project, which will call the TortoiseSVN command to retrieve the SVN revision number from our working copy.
We'll call it
CreateSvnRevFile.bat. Here's the contents:
Then we need to add a custom Build Event action to call the Batch File. (The Build Events dialog is in "My Project > Compile > Build Events")
As shown above, we need to add the following line to the "Post-build event command line:" box..
3. Add the SVN revision number to our Page
With all of that background plumbing in place, all we need to do now is add a couple of lines of code in the appropriate
.aspx file wherever we want our SVN revision number to appear:
The first line imports our Project Namespace (which will obviously depend on your project - you may need to rebuild at this point before the
<%= Html. autocomplete picks up the
.SVNRevision() HtmlHelper).
And we're done:
So, how does it work?
The Post-build task
CreateSvnRevFile.bat does most of the work by creating a temporary text file called
svn_rev.txt containing the string "$WCREV$", and then calls the TortoiseSVN command SubWCRev.exe on the text file to replace the string with the working copy revision number. It's worth noting that the revision number is held in the working copy .svn folder so this method doesn't require a call to your SVN server to work.
The Html Helper code then simply tries to read the updated text file and returns the contents as a string, or it returns a dash ("-") if there was a problem.
Obviously, if we're using this on a high-traffic website or frequently referenced page then we'd want to cache the string rather than reading it from the file every time. We could do this by modifying the Html Helper to read the file once into a variable, which we could do by wrapping the actual file reading up in a singleton object, for example.
I hope you find it useful :smiley:


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Aurelius Capital International II Form D
The Cayman Islands-based Aurelius Capital International II, Ltd. released Form D about $472.77 million offering. The date of first sale was 2014-07-01. The Corporation raised $472.77 million. The offering is still open. The total private offering amount amount was $472.77 million. The form was filed on 2016-07-14. Aurelius Capital International II, Ltd.'s clarification was: The fund charges a management fee that is described in the fund's offering documents..
Aurelius Capital International II is based in Cayman Islands. The firm's business is Pooled Investment Fund. The D form was submitted by David Newman COO of the Investment Manager. The company was incorporated in 2014. The filler's address is: Globeop Financial Svcs (Cayman) Ltd., 45 Market St., Ste 3205, W. Bay Rd S, Grand Cayman, E9, Cayman Islands, Ky1-9003. Don Seymour is the related person in the form and it has address: Dms Management Ltd., P.O. Box 31910, 20 Genesis Close, Grand Cayman, E9, Cayman Islands, Ky1-1208. Link to Aurelius Capital International II Filing: 000090266416007594.
Analysis of Aurelius Capital International II Offering
On average, companies in the Pooled Investment Fund sector, sell 37.80% pooled investment interest. Aurelius Capital International II sold 100.00% of the offering. The average offering amount is $24.76 million for companies in the Pooled Investment Fund industry sector. The minimum investment for Aurelius Capital International II 's offering was $100000.
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text:
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Rated 3.9 out of 5 by 12 reviewers.
Rated 5 out of 5 by CleoC Beautiful game board! I received the Backgammon game as a gift and it came in perfect condition. I love it as the game and also as wall art in my family room. I plan on buying the other three to make a playful yet sophisticated wall statement! August 24, 2015
Rated 5 out of 5 by wnwggg Great Family Fun We are enjoying all of our game boards. We bought all three and play them with children ranging in ages from 2 years to 25 years. This was a Christmas present from my husband and it has been my favorite gift in a long time. January 28, 2016
Rated 5 out of 5 by MEA67 Beautiful board I bought this board plus 2 others to hang. There were holes for hanging but did take some very precise measuring. They look beautiful. February 17, 2016
Rated 5 out of 5 by SilverSlippers Very Nice!! I have looked longingly at this item in the catalog for a long time and finally had a place to put it. It looks exactly like it does in the catalog. Very colorful and sturdy. The back is covered with black velvet. There are holes in the back with which to hang the board. The velvet is cut slightly and can be pushed aside to use the holes for hanging. The board is made of something extremely solid. I just used slanted nails to hang it. The holes are very shallow and the material is so dense I doubt they could be deepened but there doesn't appear to be any problem using nails. The game pieces are included and it was well packaged - arrived in perfect condition. I am very happy with this purchase. I wish I had room for the other game boards. May 19, 2016
Rated 5 out of 5 by Yakn I ordered all four games boards! Superior quality! All four game boards completed our sports area room. The shipping was also excellent as each board was delicately bubble wrapped. No scratches! These boards bring back the fun of family and friends game time with style! June 2, 2016
Rated 5 out of 5 by Lynne1 Backgammon game board This was a gift and the recipient was very please. August 6, 2016
Rated 5 out of 5 by Funn Great product We purchased the whole 4-game board set for our basement game room and we are very happy with them. They are well made and are nice looking. We hung them using 3M command strips. We love playing these games with our kids. One thing I noticed for those who want to hang them the traditional way, the hanging holes on the backside are not that easy to see because they are covered up by the backing material...just have look for them carefully. October 26, 2016
Rated 4 out of 5 by Alady Useful pop of color Wonderful useful pop of color. My only complaint, which has been mentioned before is the ability to hang these games. I used Command picture hanging strips which worked well. July 12, 2016
(1 Question : 4 Answers)Product Q&A
Get help about this item from fellow customers. Ask your questions. Share your answers.
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4 answersHow do you suggest hanging this?
I bought 4 of these to hang up on the wall at the cabin - much like what is shown in your picture of the game boards in your catalog.
When the games arrived, there was no hardware to hang them. How do you suggest I hang them & also use them on a flat surface for playing? (As you photo suggests)
Thank you,
I bought 4 of these to hang up on the wall at the cabin - much like what is shown in your picture of the game boards in your catalog.
When the games arrived, there was no hardware to hang them. How do you suggest I hang them & also use them on a flat surface for playing? (As you photo suggests)
Thank you,
Length of Ownership: < 1 year
10 months ago
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Answer:Thank you for your interest in the Backgammon Game Board Tray. This item and our other Game Board Trays comes with a keyhole hanger on the back.
9 months ago
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Answer:We bought 3 of them and used straight nails to hang. That way you could just pull off of the wall.
Length of Ownership: < 1 year
8 months ago
Chicago, IL, USA
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Answer:It's a bit time consuming, but the standard picture hooks are working. The boards just lift off when needed. It was tricky to get them even but that leaves the back surface of the board flat. Hope this helps you!
4 months, 4 weeks ago
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Answer:There are shallow holes in the back of the board. You can push the velvet aside to hang it. The velvet might show where the holes are if you do this but this would not affect the ability to put the board on a flat surface for playing. I used hangers that are basically slanted nails and it worked out just fine.
5 months, 1 week ago
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- Home
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- Baseball/Softball
- Field Equipment
- Professional Removable Pitching Rubber
Product Description
This super heavy duty unit is made with all steel ground anchor to be cemented into ground. Pitcher's rubber is bolted and silicone-sealed to the top stanchion. Comes with two rubber anchor plugs. Official size 6 x 24. Weight: 21 lbs.
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text: Home Gallery Video Apple WSJ Apple: WSJ Published on May 03, 2006 Editor's Pick Rate this Ad You must be registered to rate the ad. Please Login or Register Now About CreditsDateMay 03, 2006Online Editor:Brian RobinsonColorist:Stefan SonnenfeldAudio Mixer:Chris HildrewSound Design:Cindy CareySound Designer:Paul HurtubiseMusic Executive Producer:Robert MiltenbergComposer:Mark MothersbaughPost Producer:Chris NovielloEditorial Producer:Gary WardEditor:Lucas EskinProducer:Anita WetterstedtExecutive Producer:Jerry SolomonDirector:Phil MorrisonAgency Senior Producer:Mike RefuerzoAgency Executive Producer:Cheryl ChildersSenior Copywriter:Jason SperlingSenior Art Director:Scott TrattnerACD/Copywriter:Barton CorleyCreative Director:Eric GrunbaumCreative Director:Duncan MilnerWorldwide Chief Creative Officer:Lee ClowTelecine:CO3Production Company:Epoch FilmsEditorial Company:Mad River PostMusic Company:Mutato MusikaAudio Mix:PlaySound Design/Audio Post Company:Stompbox SoundClient:AppleAgency:TBWA/Chiat/Day Los AngelesSee more credits Tagscomputers/software GenreComedy/Dialog Latest Creativity News on Ad Age Lady Gaga Dances to Her Own Tune in Bud Light Ad TBWA/Media Arts Lab Names Brent Anderson Chief Creative Officer Creative Hires at McCann London, BBH, Cutwater Advertisement Ad Age Reports Partner White Paper 7 Tips for Keeping Your Creative Team Inspired Beat the creative slump with this informative guide which includes great advice on how to keep your team positive, productive and inspired. Brought to you by Shutterstock Premier. Learn more Related work Apple: iPhone - Balloons TBWA/Media Arts Lab Apple: Midnight Apple: James Corden Has Tons of Delightfully Awful Ideas for Apple Music Commercials Want to see your work in our gallery? Submit now


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Meissen Macaw Porcelain Table Lamp Right - Porcelain Parrot Lamp.
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text: Home Gallery Print (Slideshow) StreetEasy Find Your Formula StreetEasy Will Make New Yorkers Laugh at Their Own Misfortune Rats and Roaches Just Might Be Okay By Ann-Christine Diaz. Published on Feb 17, 2016 Editor's Pick A lot of New Yorkers know they pay a huge price for living in the "center of the world," a fee that includes less-than-ideal living situations that can include any (or all of) the folllowing: roaches, rodents, crazy roommates, no light, no space, too much noise, no closets -- and the list goes on. Office of Baby, the agency created by former Goodby Silverstein NYC creatives Paul Caiozzo and Nathan Frank, captures that reality with sharp humor in this outdoor campaign asking New Yorkers to "Find Your Formula." It illustrates the trade-offs and compromises city dwellers face in order to find an acceptable abode. For example, if you want to live in the West Village and have outdoor space, that means you'll have four roommates. If you're hoping to live in a loft, have a fancy supermarket nearby but don't mind toxic waste, then Gowanus is your hood. Previously, while at Goodby NYC, Mr. Caiozzo and Mr. Frank debuted StreetEasy's first campaign, which made clever use of subway station infrastructure to showcase New Yorker's less-than-perfect accommodations. Rate this Ad You must be registered to rate the ad. Please Login or Register Now About CreditsDateFeb 17, 2016Agency:Office of Baby Client:StreetEasyCreative Partner:Paul CaiozzoCreative Partner:Nathan FrankCopywriter:Steve McElligottCopywriter:Jerome MarucciArt Director:Esai RamirezExecutive Producer:Anthony NelsonIllustrator:Shy the Sun CategoryOOH Latest Creativity News on Ad Age 1stAveMachine, Click 3X, Humble Add Director Duos Lowe's Latest Spot Is 'Multi-Porpoise' Romance, Bromance Ruined by a Cheeky Skywriter in Slim Jim's New Spot Advertisement Ad Age Events Nov 02 Los Angeles, CA SummitAd Age Brand Summit The Ad Age Brand Summit in Los Angeles peels apart the layers of brand building with a carefully crafted roster of top marketing, technology, and creative leaders. Learn more Related work StreetEasy: Find Your Formula - LES/Queens Office of Baby StreetEasy: NYC Subway Domination Goodby, Silverstein & Partners New York ZocDoc: Escape the Wait Office of Baby Want to see your work in our gallery? Submit now


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 17, 2009
|Filing date
|Aug 4, 2006
|Priority date
|Oct 25, 2005
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Terrence L. Blevins, Deji Chen, Mark J. Nixon, Gregory K. McMillan
|Original Assignee
|Fisher-Rosemount Systems, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (14), Non-Patent Citations (24), Referenced by (19), Classifications (7), Legal Events (2)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation-in-part of the application entitled "Non-periodic Control Communications in Wireless and Other Process Control Systems," filed Oct. 25, 2005, and assigned Ser. No. 11/258,676, the entire disclosure of which is hereby expressly incorporated by reference.
The present invention relates generally to process control systems and, more particularly, to the transmission and processing of wireless and/or non-periodic control communications in process control systems.
Process control systems, such as distributed or scalable process control systems like those used in chemical, petroleum or other processes, typically include one or more process controllers communicatively coupled to each other, to at least one host or operator workstation and to one or more field devices via analog, digital or combined analog/digital buses. The field devices, which may be, for example, valves, valve positioners, switches and transmitters (e.g., temperature, pressure and flow rate sensors), perform functions within the process such as opening or closing valves and measuring process parameters. The process controller receives signals indicative of process measurements made by the field devices and/or other information pertaining to the field devices, and uses this information to implement a control routine to generate control signals which are sent over the buses to the field devices to control the operation of the process. Information from the field devices and the controller is typically made available to one or more applications executed by the operator workstation to enable an operator to perform any desired function with respect to the process, such as viewing the current state of the process, modifying the operation of the process, etc.
Some process control systems, such as the DeltaV� system sold by Fisher Rosemount Systems, Inc., headquartered in Austin, Tex., use function blocks or groups of function blocks referred to as modules located in the controller or in different field devices to perform control operations. In these cases, the controller or other device is capable of including and executing one or more function blocks or modules, each of which receives inputs from and/or provides outputs to other function blocks (either within the same device or within different devices), and performs some process operation, such as measuring or detecting a process parameter, controlling a device, or performing a control operation, such as the implementation of a proportional-derivative-integral (PID) control routine. The different function blocks and modules within a process control system are generally configured to communicate with each other (e.g., over a bus) to form one or more process control loops.
Process controllers are typically programmed to execute a different algorithm, sub-routine or control loop (which are all control routines) for each of a number of different loops defined for, or contained within a process, such as flow control loops, temperature control loops, pressure control loops, etc. Generally speaking, each such control loop includes one or more input blocks, such as an analog input (AI) function block, a single-output control block, such as a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) or a fuzzy logic control function block, and an output block, such as an analog output (AO) function block. Control routines, and the function blocks that implement such routines, have been configured in accordance with a number of control techniques, including PID control, fuzzy logic control, and model-based techniques such as a Smith Predictor or Model Predictive control (MPC).
To support the execution of the routines, a typical industrial or process plant has a centralized control room communicatively connected with one or more process controllers and process I/O subsystems, which, in turn, are connected to one or more field devices. Traditionally, analog field devices have been connected to the controller by two- or four-wire current loops for both signal transmission and the supply of power. An analog field device that transmits a signal to the control room (e.g., a sensor or transmitter) modulates the current running through the current loop, such that the current is proportional to the sensed process variable. On the other hand, analog field devices that perform an action under control of the control room is controlled by the magnitude of the current through the loop.
More recently, field devices superimpose digital data on the current loop used to transmit the analog signals. For example, the Highway Addressable Remote Transducer (HART) protocol uses the loop current magnitude to send and receive analog signals, but also superimposes a digital carrier signal on the current loop signal to enable two-way field communication with smart field instruments. Another protocol generally referred to as Fieldbus defines two sub-protocols, one supporting data transfers at a rate up to 31.25 kilobits per second while powering field devices coupled to the network, and the other supporting data transfers at a rate up to 2.5 megabits per second without providing any power to field devices. With these types of communication protocols, smart field devices, which are typically all digital in nature, support a number of maintenance modes and enhanced functions not provided by older control systems.
With the increased amount of data transfer, one particularly important aspect of process control system design involves the manner in which field devices are communicatively coupled to each other, to controllers and to other systems or devices within a process control system or a process plant. In general, the various communication channels, links and paths that enable the field devices to function within the process control system are commonly collectively referred to as an input/output (I/O) communication network.
The communication network topology and physical connections or paths used to implement an I/O communication network can have a substantial impact on the robustness or integrity of field device communications, particularly when the network is subjected to adverse environmental factors or harsh conditions. These factors and conditions can compromise the integrity of communications between one or more field devices, controllers, etc. The communications between the controllers and the field devices are especially sensitive to any such disruptions, inasmuch as the control routines typically require periodic updates of the process variables for each iteration of the routine. Compromised control communications could therefore result in reduced process control system efficiency and/or profitability, and excessive wear or damage to equipment, as well as any number of potentially harmful failures.
In the interest of assuring robust communications, I/O communication networks used in process control systems have historically been hardwired. But unfortunately, hardwired networks introduce a number of complexities, challenges and limitations. For example, the quality of hardwired networks may degrade over time. Moreover, hardwired I/O communication networks are typically expensive to install, particularly in cases where the I/O communication network is associated with a large industrial plant or facility distributed over a large area, for example, an oil refinery or chemical plant consuming several acres of land. The requisite long wiring runs typically involve substantial amounts of labor, material and expense, and may introduce signal degradation arising from wiring impedances and electromagnetic interference. For these and other reasons, hardwired I/O communication networks are generally difficult to reconfigure, modify or update.
It has been suggested to use wireless I/O communication networks to alleviate some of the difficulties associated with hardwired I/O networks. For example, U.S. Patent Publication No. 2003/0043052, entitled "Apparatus for Providing Redundant Wireless Access to Field Devices in a Distributed Control System," the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference, discloses a system utilizing wireless communications between controllers and field devices to augment or supplement the use of hardwired communications.
Unfortunately, power consumption may be a complicating factor for wireless communications in process control. Disconnected from the I/O network, the field devices may need to provide their own power source. Accordingly, field devices may be battery powered, draw solar power, or pilfer ambient energy such as vibration, heat, pressure, etc. For these devices, energy consumed for data transmission may constitute a significant portion of total energy consumption. In fact, more power may be consumed during the effort to establish and maintain a wireless connection than during other important operations performed by the field device, such as the steps taken to sense or detect the process variable being measured.
More generally, reliance on wireless communications for control-related transmissions has been limited due to, among other things, reliability concerns. As described above, modern process control relies on reliable data communication between the controller and the field devices to achieve optimum control levels. Moreover, typical controllers execute control algorithms at fast rates to quickly correct unwanted deviations in the process. Undesirable environmental factors or other adverse conditions may create intermittent interferences that impede or prevent the fast communications necessary to support such execution of control algorithms.
In accordance with one aspect of the disclosure, a method is useful for controlling a process with a control signal. The method includes the step of implementing iterations of a control routine to generate the control signal. When an indication of a response to the control signal is unavailable, the method includes the steps of maintaining a feedback contribution to the control signal over one or more of the iterations of the control routine, and modifying the feedback contribution upon receiving the response indication. The modifying step includes the step of determining the feedback contribution in accordance with an elapsed time between the received response indication and a previous communication of the response indication.
In some cases, the feedback contribution is a reset contribution. Alternatively or additionally, the feedback contribution is a derivative contribution.
The modifying step may further include or involve determining the elapsed time based on a difference between times of receipt for the received response indication and the previous communication of the response indication. Alternatively or additionally, the modifying step may include or involve determining the elapsed time based on time stamps associated with the received response indication and the previous communication of the response indication.
In some embodiments, the response indication is a measurement of a process parameter controlled by the control routine. The process parameter may then be a process variable controlled by a field device responsive to the control signal.
The control routine may be a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control routine for controlling a process variable in accordance with a set point. The feedback contribution is then generated by one of the integral and derivative components of the PID control routine, and the response indication is a measurement of either the process variable or a process parameter responsive to the control signal to control the process variable. Alternatively, the control routine implements a model predictive control (MPC) scheme such that the feedback contribution is based on a process model response.
The method may also include the step of monitoring a new value flag to determine when the indication of the response to the control signal is unavailable. The maintaining step may then include or involve calculating a reset contribution based on the new value flag, which, in turn, may include or involve utilizing feedback from a downstream element to determine the reset contribution. The calculating step may also include or involve maintaining the reset contribution if a changed value of the feedback from the downstream element is not received when expected.
In some cases, the method may further include the step of receiving the response indication via a wireless transmission. The method may alternatively or additionally further include the step of transmitting the response indication to facilitate the modifying step once the response indication is available.
The iterations of the control routine may be event-triggered. Alternatively or additionally, the iterations may be periodic
In accordance with another aspect of the disclosure, a device for controlling a process with a control signal includes a processor, a communication interface to receive an indication of a response to the control signal, and a computer-readable medium in which a control routine is stored for execution by the processor to generate the control signal. The control module is configured to determine a contribution to the control signal based on the response indication, maintain the control signal contribution over one or more iterations of the control routine when the response indication is not received by the communication interface, and update the control signal contribution based on an elapsed time between updates of the response indication.
In some cases, the communications interface is configured to receive the response indication via a wireless transmission.
In some embodiments, the control routine is further configured to determine a reset contribution based on the new value flag and feedback from a downstream element.
For a more complete understanding of the disclosure, reference should be made to the following detailed description and accompanying drawing figures, in which like reference numerals identify like elements in the figures, and in which:
While the disclosed system and method are susceptible of embodiments in various forms, there are illustrated in the drawing (and will hereafter be described) specific embodiments of the invention, with the understanding that the disclosure is intended to be illustrative, and is not intended to limit the invention to the specific embodiments described and illustrated herein.
Disclosed herein are process control systems, devices and methods that implement communication and control techniques to support the transfer of process control data between a controller and field devices, or between field devices, such as transmitters and other instrumentation. In another aspect of the disclosure, the disclosed techniques enable the process measurements and other information gathered by the field devices to be used by the controller (or other control element(s)) in the implementation of one or more process control routines.
In the past, such measurements were obtained and transmitted to the controller on a regularly timed, or periodic, basis to ensure that updated data was available for each iteration of the periodic execution of the process control routines. In contrast, the disclosed techniques allow the transmission of such data to be non-periodic and/or at intervals longer than the control execution period. As a result, the disclosed techniques may be well-suited for supporting process control measurements that may be provided intermittently, unreliably, or otherwise less frequently or non-regularly. Non-regular or less frequent transmissions may be advantageous for a number of reasons, and may result from any number of factors, conditions or aspects of the process control system or its environment.
In accordance with some embodiments, the disclosed techniques are utilized in connection with communication schemes, such as wireless communications, involving process control data transmissions made on a report-by-exception basis. Exception reporting of the process control data in a wireless communication context may present a number of advantages. For example, the rate at which power is consumed in the field by the transmitters or other field devices may be lowered, thereby conserving battery power or other limited power supplies.
Unlike past exception reporting, however, the disclosed techniques support the transmission of data utilized in a process control routine executed on a periodic basis. And despite the admonitions of the past discouraging the execution of process control routines utilizing data provided on an event-triggered basis, practice of the disclosed techniques accommodates the periodic execution of process control routines without detrimental sacrifices in performance.
Although well suited for, and described at times herein in connection with, wireless communication schemes, practice of the disclosed techniques is not limited to any particular communication scheme, context, or protocol, or any process control network, architecture, controller or system. Instead, the disclosed techniques may be applied in any number or variety of contexts in which process control data is transmitted less frequently than the control routine execution period, and for any desired reason. Such contexts may present undesirable or adverse conditions making communications unreliable or intermittent. Accordingly, the following description is set forth with the understanding that practice of the disclosed techniques is not limited to the low-power or other wireless communication schemes described below.
Referring now to
More generally, the field devices 15-22 may be any types of devices, such as sensors, valves, transmitters, positioners, etc., while the I/O cards 26 and 28 may be any types of I/O devices conforming to any desired communication or controller protocol. In the embodiment illustrated in
The controller 11 includes a processor 23 that implements or oversees one or more process control routines (or any module, block, or sub-routine thereof) stored in a memory 24. The process control routines stored in the memory 24 may include or be associated with control loops stored therein. Generally speaking, the controller 11 communicates with the devices 15-22, the host computers 13 and the data historian 12 to control a process in any desired manner. It should be noted that any control routines or modules described herein may have parts thereof implemented or executed in a distributed fashion across multiple devices. As a result, a control routine or module may have portions implemented by different controllers, field devices (e.g., smart field devices) or other devices or control elements, if so desired. Likewise, the control routines or modules described herein to be implemented within the process control system 10 may take any form, including software, firmware, hardware, etc. Any device or element involved in providing such functionality may be generally referred to herein as a "control element," regardless of whether the software, firmware, or hardware associated therewith is disposed in a controller, field device, or any other device (or collection of devices) within the process control system. For the purpose of this disclosure, a control module may be any part or portion of a process control system including, for example, a routine, a block or any element thereof, stored on any computer readable medium. Such control modules, control routines or any portions thereof (e.g., a block) may be implemented or executed by any element or device of the process control system, referred to herein generally as a control element. Control routines, which may be modules or any part of a control procedure such as a subroutine, parts of a subroutine (such as lines of code), etc., may be implemented in any desired software format, such as using object oriented programming, using ladder logic, sequential function charts, function block diagrams, or using any other software programming language or design paradigm. Likewise, the control routines may be hard-coded into, for example, one or more EPROMs, EEPROMs, application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), or any other hardware or firmware elements. Still further, the control routines may be designed using any design tools, including graphical design tools or any other type of software/hardware/firmware programming or design tools. Thus, the controller 11 may be configured to implement a control strategy or control routine in any desired manner.
In some embodiments, the controller 11 implements a control strategy or scheme using what are commonly referred to as function blocks, where each function block is an object or other part (e.g., a subroutine) of an overall control routine that operates in conjunction with other function blocks (via communications called links) to implement process control loops within the process control system 10. Function blocks typically perform one of an input function, such as that associated with a transmitter, a sensor or other process parameter measurement device, a control function, such as that associated with a control routine that performs PID, fuzzy logic, etc. control, or an output function which controls the operation of some device, such as a valve, to perform some physical function within the process control system 10. Of course, hybrid and other types of function blocks exist and may be utilized herein. The function blocks may be stored in and executed by the controller 11, which is typically the case when the function blocks are used for, or are associated with standard 4-20 ma devices and some types of smart field devices such as HART devices. Alternatively or additionally, the function blocks may be stored in and implemented by the field devices themselves, or other control elements of the process control system, which may be the case with systems utilizing Fieldbus devices. While the description of the control system 10 is provided herein using a function block control strategy, the disclosed techniques and system may also be implemented or designed using other conventions, such as ladder logic, sequential function charts, etc. or using any other desired programming language or paradigm.
As illustrated by the exploded block 30 of
With reference now to
Generally speaking, the disclosed techniques address the challenge of transmitting the measurement values at such high rates. For example, and as described above, the sensing functionality associated with the measurement may not consume much of the power supply for the sensor or transmitter, but the transmission of the measurement value via a wireless communication link may, over time, constitute a significant power supply drain. Even if measurement and control execution are synchronized, as in Foundation Fieldbus control schemes, the conventional approach to scheduling control 4-10 times faster than the process response may still result in too much power consumption during data transmission. Thus, to reduce transmitter power consumption, the disclosed techniques generally support minimizing how often a measurement value is communicated.
To that end, and in accordance with one aspect of the disclosure, the disclosed techniques generally configure the process control system 10, and the controller 11 and transmitting and other field devices thereof, to transmit a new measurement value on a non-periodic basis when certain conditions are satisfied. In one embodiment, a new measurement value is transmitted based on whether the process variable has changed by more than a predetermined threshold (e.g., an amount determined to be significant). More specifically, if the magnitude of the difference between the new measurement value and the last communicated measurement value is greater that a specified resolution, then a trigger may be generated such that the measurement will be updated.
In other cases, a new measurement value is transmitted when the difference exceeds the specified resolution (as in the prior case), as well as when the time since the last communication exceeds a predetermined refresh time. In other words, either a change in the process variable (e.g., the process response between control execution iterations 48 and 50), or the passing of a default time (e.g., the time elapsed between iterations 52 and 54), may result in a measurement transmission. The refresh, or default, time for measurement transmission may vary between control loops, inasmuch more or less frequent updates may be suitable depending on whether the process is slow moving or rapid in response (as indicated, for instance, by the process time constant). In some cases, a determination may be made during the tuning of the control loop based on the time constant, and adjusted thereafter as desired. In any case, the default or refresh time acts as an integrity check, or override, after periods of time without a measurement update. Such checks may be useful to, for instance, facilitate the final drive of the process variable to target.
In the meantime, the transmitter, sensor or other field device responsible for obtaining the measurement values may still be periodically sampling the measurement at any desired rate, such as the conventional 4-10 times the process response time. The disclosed techniques then determine whether the sampled values are transmitted to the controller 11.
Although the operational context set forth in connection with
It should further be noted that, for ease in illustration, a number of wireless field devices have been added to the process control system 10, with the field devices 15-22 remaining hardwired to the controller 11 via the I/O devices 26 and 28. In alternative embodiments, one or more of the field devices 15-22 may also or alternatively communicate with the controller 11 wirelessly in accordance with the disclosed techniques.
In the exemplary case shown in
On the receiving end of the wireless communication links, the controller 11 may have one or more I/O devices 68 and 70 with respective antennas 72 and 74. More generally, practice of the disclosed techniques is not limited to any configuration of transmitters or wireless equipment. For instance, wireless transmissions in addition to those with the controller 11 may be involved in implementing the disclosed control techniques. In the exemplary case shown in
Each of the transmitters 60-64 may transmit a process signal indicative of a respective process variable (e.g., a flow, pressure, temperature or level) to the controller 11 for use in one or more control loops or routines. Other wireless devices, such as the field device 71, may also receive the process signals wirelessly, and/or be configured to transmit other signals indicative any other process parameter. Generally speaking, the controller 11 and other wireless devices, such as the field device 71, may include a number of elements directed to supporting such wireless communication and, specifically, reception, of the process signals. The elements may include or constitute, for example, software routines stored in the memory 24 or hardware or firmware resident elsewhere in the controller 11. In any case, the manner in which the wireless communications are received (e.g., demodulated, decoded, etc.) may take any desired form, and will only be generally addressed herein. In one example, the controller 11 may include a communications stack 80 to process the incoming signals, and a module or routine 82 to detect when an incoming signal has provided a measurement update. The detection routine 82 may then generate a flag or other signal to denote that data being provided via the communications stack 80 includes a new measurement value or measurement update. The new data and the update flag may then be provided to one or more control modules 84 (or function blocks) to be implemented as discussed above in connection with the routines generally shown in
In some cases, the communications stack 80 and the update detection module 82 are implemented by one or more of the I/O devices 26, 28, 68 and 70 (
The communication techniques described above for the wireless (or other) transmitters generally result in non-periodic, irregular or otherwise less frequent data transmissions. However, the communication of measurement values from the field to the controller 11 has traditionally been structured to report in a periodic manner to, in turn, support the periodic execution of the control routine(s). In other words, the control routines are generally designed for, and rely on, periodic updates of the measurement values.
To accommodate the non-periodic or otherwise unavailable measurement updates (and other unavailable communication transmissions), further aspects of the disclosure are generally directed to modifying or re-structuring the control routine(s). In this manner, the process control system 10 may rely on non-periodic or other intermittent updates that occur less frequently than the control execution period. In this way, the disclosed techniques may, in some cases, generally support a form of exception reporting for the process variable measurements despite the periodic execution of the process control routines. As described below, the disclosed techniques may also address and support a form of exception reporting involving transmissions between the control routine and the devices downstream of the control routine, e.g., the actuators and other devices or elements responsive to the control signal generated by the control routine.
The underlying assumption in the control design (e.g., using z transform, difference equations, etc.) and digital implementation of the control routines, such as proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control, is that the algorithm is executed on a periodic basis. If the measurement is not updated, then steps such as the integral (or reset) portion or contribution of the routine may not be appropriate. For example, if the control algorithm continues to execute using the last, outdated measurement value, then the output will continue to move based on the reset tuning and error between the last measured value and the setpoint. On the other hand, if the control routine is only executed when a new measurement is communicated, then the control response to setpoint changes and feedforward action on measured disturbances could be delayed. Control routines may also include calculations based on the time elapsed since the last iteration. But with non-periodic and/or less frequent measurement transmissions, calculating the reset contribution based on the control execution period (i.e., the time since the last iteration) may result in increased process variability.
In view of the foregoing challenges, and to provide accurate and responsive control when measurement values are not updated on a periodic basis, disclosed herein are control techniques that generally modify the process control routine based on whether an update of the process variable is available. In some cases, the control routine may be restructured in accordance with the disclosed techniques based on the expected process response since the last measurement update.
An exemplary embodiment of a control scheme configured in accordance with one aspect of the disclosed techniques is shown in
In this exemplary case, the controller 11 implements a single closed-loop control routine, such as a PI control routine. Accordingly, the control loop includes several standard PI control scheme elements, including a summing point 108 for comparing the setpoint with the process variable data, a proportional gain element 110, another summing point 112 for combining, for instance, the proportional and integral contributions, and a high-low limiter 114. In addition to the standard elements of the control scheme, this embodiment of the disclosed control technique utilizes a modified filter 116 to provide an indication of the expected process response to the control signal. In this exemplary case, the expected process response is approximated as first order and is realized by the modified filter included in the positive feedback loop that determines the integral contribution of the PI control scheme. More generally, the expected process response utilized in the control implementation may be provided by any model of the process, and is not limited to incorporation in a positive feedback loop, a filter or an integral or reset contribution. For example, the control utilizing a model to provide the expected process response may incorporate a derivative contribution such that the control routine implements a PID control scheme. Several exemplary embodiments incorporating an exemplary type of derivative contribution are described below in connection with
The modified filter 116 differs from a traditional reset or integral contribution in a number of ways. By way of background, a traditional PI controller may be implemented using a positive feedback network to determine the reset contribution. Mathematically, it can be shown that the transfer function for the traditional implementation is equivalent to the standard formulation for unconstrained control i.e. output not limited.
A variety of other control schemes may be utilized in connection with the disclosed techniques. For instance, as shown in
In accordance with one aspect of the disclosure, the control technique implemented by the disclosed system and method involves using a non-periodic measurement update of the process variable. The positive feedback network of the reset contribution (or other filter or routine) is modified to accommodate such updates. Specifically, the filter 116 (or other routine) is configured such that the last calculated filter output is maintained until a new measurement is communicated (e.g., received). When a new measurement is received, the filter 116 calculates the new filter output based on the last controller output (i.e., the control signal) and the elapsed time since a new measurement value was communicated. An exemplary case of this control technique is set forth below:
In this way, the control routine accounts for the expected process response to the last measurement transmission when calculating the control input based on the new measurement. And as a result, the transmitter may implement any communication techniques in which an update is not provided for every iteration of the control execution, such as the techniques described above. For those communication techniques involving wireless transmissions, this allows wireless transmitters and other devices to minimize the amount of power consumed as a result of data transfer for process control.
It should be noted that the reset contribution of a closed-loop control routine such as that described above may provide an accurate representation of the process response in a number of ways, such as if the process exhibits steady-state behavior. Other processes, such as deadtime dominant processes, may involve the incorporation of additional components in the routine modeling the expected process response, as discussed below. But with regard to processes well represented by a first-order model, the process time constant may be used to determine the reset time for the PI (or PID) controller. More specifically, if one sets the reset time equal to the process time constant, the reset contribution generally cancels out the proportional contribution such that, over time, the routine reflects the expected process response. This approach is reflected in the exemplary embodiment of
As an example, the number of communications during the duration of a test involving the disclosed techniques was reduced by over 96%. The impact of non-periodic measurement updates on control performance was also minimized through the use of the above-described, modified PI algorithm. Specifically, the difference in control performance is shown below in Table 1 in a comparison of the Integral Absolute Error (IAE) for periodic measurement update vs. non-periodic updates.
Number of
Periodic Communications
with Standard PI Controller
Disclosed Techniques
(Non-periodic communication
with modified PI control)
For those processes that require PID control, the derivative contribution, also known as rate, to the PID output may also be recomputed and updated only when a new measurement is received. In those cases, the derivative calculation may similarly use the elapsed time since the last new measurement.
As shown in
Referring now to
The derivative contribution is configured in a manner similar to that described above in connection with the integral contribution to accommodate non-periodic or otherwise unavailable updates of the process measurement. The derivative contribution may also be restructured to be based on the elapsed time since the last measurement update. In this way, a spike in the derivative contribution (and the resultant output signal) is avoided.
The derivative contribution is determined by a derivative element or component 132 that receives the error signal in parallel with the elements dedicated to the proportional and integral contributions. While other PID configurations may also be utilized (e.g., a serial configuration), the proportional, integral and derivative contributions are combined at a summing junction 134 as shown in
To accommodate unreliable transmissions and, more generally, the unavailability of measurement updates, the derivative contribution is maintained at the last determined value until a measurement update is received. This allows the control routine to continue with periodic execution. Upon reception of the updated measurement, the derivative gain element 132 may determine the derivative contribution in accordance with the following equation:
With this technique for determining the derivative contribution, the measurement updates for the process variable (i.e., control input) can be lost for one or more execution periods without the production of output spikes. When the communication is reestablished, the term (eN−eN-1) in the equation may generate the same value as that generated in the standard calculation of the derivative contribution. However, for the standard PID technique, the divisor in the derivative determination would be the execution period. In contrast, the disclosed technique utilizes the elapsed time between two successfully received measurements. With an elapsed time greater than the execution period, the disclosed technique produces a smaller derivative contribution, and reduced spiking, than the standard PID technique.
To facilitate the determination of the elapsed time, the communications stack 80 may provide the new value flag described above to the derivative contribution element 132 as shown in
An actuator or other downstream element controlled by the controllers described in connection with
The potential for abrupt control changes because of loss communications between the controller and the downstream element may be addressed by incorporating actual downstream data in place of the controller output last execution in the determination of the feedback contribution(s) to the control signal. Generally speaking, such actual downstream data provides a feedback indication of a response to the control signal, and thus may be measured or calculated by a downstream element (e.g., a process control module) or a device (e.g., an actuator) that receives the control signal. Such data is provided in lieu of an implied response to the control signal, such as the controller output from the last execution. As shown in
As with the previous embodiments, the filter 144 is configured to accommodate situations involving the absence of measurement updates for the process variable. The filter 144 similarly maintains its output during such absences. But upon reception of a measurement update, the filter 144 no longer relies upon feedback of the control signal to modify its output. Rather, the actual response data from the actuator is utilized as shown below:
FN=New filter output
FN-1=Filter output last execution=filter output after last new measurement
AN-1=Actuator position at last execution
ΔT=Elapsed time since a new value was communicated
The use of an actual indication of the response to the control signal can help improve the accuracy of the disclosed techniques, both during periods of periodic communications and after a period of non-periodic or lost communications from the PID control element to the downstream element, e.g., an actuator. But the transmission of the actual response indication will typically require additional communication between a field device and the controller, if implemented in different devices. Such communications may be wireless, as described above, and therefore be susceptible to unreliable transmissions or power constraints. Other reasons may also lead to the unavailability of the feedback data.
As described below, the disclosed techniques can also address situations in which such response indications are not communicated in a periodic or timely manner. That is, application of the disclosed techniques need not be limited to the absence of measurement updates for the process variable. Rather, the disclosed techniques may be advantageously utilized to address situations involving the absence of other response indications, such as the position of an actuator or the output of a downstream control element. Still further, the disclosed techniques may be utilized to address situations involving the loss, delay or other unavailability of transmissions from the controller (or control element) to the downstream element, such as a field device (e.g., actuator) or another control element (e.g., cascaded PID control, splitter, etc.).
The wireless or other unreliable transmission of additional data to the controller or control element (i.e., the response indication or downstream element feedback), or from the controller or control element (i.e., the control signal), provides additional potential for communication issues and/or problems. As described above, feedback from the downstream element (e.g., actuator) may be involved in determining the integral contribution (or other control parameter or contribution). In this exemplary embodiment, the control routine relies on two feedback signals rather than the single process variable fed back in the embodiments described above. And if the control signal never reaches the downstream element, the process will not receive the benefit of the control scheme. Transmissions of either one of these signals may be delayed or lost and, thus, the techniques described herein address either eventuality.
The absence of the response indication involved in the filter or other control computations may be addressed by maintaining the filter output (or other control signal component) until an update is received. The filter output (or other control signal component) may then be modified in accordance with the expected process response over the time since the last update and the last feedback value of the downstream element, e.g., valve position.
When the control signal does not reach the downstream element, the response indication (i.e., feedback) from the downstream element will not be changing. In such cases, the lack of a change in value may trigger logic in the controller (or control element) to similarly maintain the filter output (or other control signal component) until a change in value is received.
The disclosed techniques may also be implemented in scenarios where actual feedback data is either not desired or unavailable. The former case may be advantageous in those situations where the simplicity of using an implied response to the control signal is beneficial. For instance, the communication of the actual feedback data may be problematic or impractical. The latter case may involve actuators or other devices not configured to provide position measurement data, as described above. Older devices may not have such capabilities.
To accommodate such devices, a switch or other device may be provided to allow either an implied or actual response indication to be used by the disclosed techniques. An exemplary embodiment is shown in
In any of the foregoing embodiments, the controllers may utilize a time stamp or other indication of time upon receipt of a measurement update. In these cases, any one or more of the feedback contributions discussed above may then be modified in accordance with the time stamp rather than use of the update flag to determine the time that the measurement update was received. This may be useful when the time of receipt is significantly different than the measurement time due to, for instance, a delivery delay. Delivery delays may arise from a variety of causes, including, for instance, a wireless transmission having to travel between a number of nodes or repeaters. Each node or repeater may introduce a finite delay even when conditions for transmission and reception are suitable. During adverse conditions, the nodes or repeaters may have a store, hold and release sequence (or other procedure) to facilitate the successful transmission of the data. For these reasons, the delivery or other delays may vary to a significant extent. The time stamps can also help avoid the errors that would otherwise arise from the varying delays.
In embodiments utilizing time-stamped data, the feedback contributions determine the elapsed time parameter (ΔT) as the difference between two successive time stamps. That is, the elapsed time parameter is determined by calculating the difference in the time values indicated by the time stamps received with two successive measurement update communications.
In some cases, the controller may elect not to use the time stamps communicated with the measurement updates. For instance, if the data is published at an appropriate time during each periodic execution of the control routine, then the controller may determine that significant delay has not occurred, and then utilize the execution period to determine the elapsed time parameter.
The same techniques for analyzing an incoming communication may be utilized to determine whether the time of receipt may be relied upon to determine the elapsed time parameter.
As shown by the above-described embodiments, the feedback, filter or other routine responsible for determining the expected process response to the control signal may involve any type of model, network or other arrangement of process control elements that help remove any offset or other error from the remainder of the process control routine. In this way, the disclosed techniques are well suited for a variety of different processes, and are not limited to those that exhibit first-order behavior. Quite to the contrary, the disclosed techniques are applicable in contexts in which different models, filters or blocks are involved in determining the expected process response, and need not be limited to use in situations where the process model is highly accurate.
As described above, the disclosed techniques support a process control configuration that avoids the need for oversampling process variables, thereby facilitating the use of wireless communications and other transmitter scenarios where measurement values may not be available regularly or as often as the control execution period. In short, the disclosed techniques avoid having to constantly transmit measurement data for process control routine execution. As a result of the disclosed changes in the transmitter (or other field device) design and control modifications, measurement values are generally transmitted to only communicate significant changes (from the last communicated value) or after a refresh time. As a result, both the frequency of the transmitter communications and the amount of power used for data transmission drop significantly.
In accordance with some aspects of the disclosure, the techniques described herein may be applied in contexts in which a number of different wireless (or other) communications between the controller and the field device(s) or other elements of the process control system are undesirably delayed or lost. Accordingly, the foregoing examples regarding communication problems between the controller and a transmitter, and between a controller and an actuator, have been set forth with the understanding that they are exemplary in nature. Furthermore, the parameters involved in the communications are not limited to process variables being controlled by the control routine. On the contrary, the disclosed techniques may be applied in connection with communications involving any parameter being measured or fed back or otherwise communicated for use by the control routine. As a result, the response indications described above (i.e., a process variable measurement and an actuator position) are set forth with the understanding that they are exemplary in nature. Communication problems involving other data indicative of a response to the control signal may also be addressed by the disclosed techniques. As a result, any communication of data from an element (e.g., field device, another process control routine, etc.) downstream of the control routine may be involved.
In some (but not all) cases, the power consumption of the transmitting device may also be the reason for the lack of communication. In other cases, conserving power utilized for data transmission will not be an issue, as is the case with field devices requiring large amounts of power for other purposes, such as actuation. Nonetheless, communications may be lost, delayed, intermittent, non-regular or otherwise unavailable due to undesirable environment factors or other adverse conditions, as described above, or for any other reason, including, for instance, heavy data traffic loads on a wireless network.
Practice of the disclosed methods, system and techniques is not limited to any one particular wireless architecture or communication protocol. Suitable exemplary architectures and communication support schemes are described U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/156,215 entitled "Wireless Architecture and Support for Process Control Systems," which was filed on Jun. 17, 2005, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. In fact, the disclosed modifications to the control routines are well-suited for any context in which the control routine is implemented in a periodic manner, but without process variable measurement updates for each control iteration. Other exemplary contexts include where a sampled value is provided irregularly or more seldom by, for instance, an analyzer or via lab samples.
Practice of the disclosed technique is not limited to use with single-input, single-output PI or PID control routines, but rather may be applied in a number of different multiple-input and/or multiple-output control schemes and cascaded control schemes. More generally, the disclosed technique may also be applied in the context of any closed-loop model-based control routine involving one or more process variables, one or process inputs or other control signals, such as model predictive control (MPC).
The term "field device" is used herein in a broad sense to include a number of devices or combinations of devices (i.e., devices providing multiple functions, such as a transmitter/actuator hybrid), as well as any other device(s) that perform(s) a function in a control system. In any event, field devices may include, for example, input devices (e.g., devices such as sensors and instruments that provide status, measurement or other signals that are indicative of process control parameters such as, for example, temperature, pressure, flow rate, etc.), as well as control operators or actuators that perform actions in response to commands received from controllers and/or other field devices.
When implemented, any of the software described herein may be stored in any computer readable memory such as on a magnetic disk, a laser disk, or other storage medium, in a RAM or ROM of a computer or processor, etc. Likewise, this software may be delivered to a user, a process plant or an operator workstation using any known or desired delivery method including, for example, on a computer readable disk or other transportable computer storage mechanism or over a communication channel such as a telephone line, the Internet, the World Wide Web, any other local area network or wide area network, etc. (which delivery is viewed as being the same as or interchangeable with providing such software via a transportable storage medium). Furthermore, this software may be provided directly without modulation or encryption or may be modulated and/or encrypted using any suitable modulation carrier wave and/or encryption technique before being transmitted over a communication channel.
While the present invention has been described with reference to specific examples, which are intended to be illustrative only and not to be limiting of the invention, it may be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that changes, additions or deletions may be made to the disclosed embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
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|Apr 15, 2009
Owner name: FISHER-ROSEMOUNT SYSTEMS, INC., TEXAS
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Marcus Manchild Reporting via Text from Magic City
Houston rapper Marcus Manchild and his label partners at AMG (Authentik Music Group), Wodie, George, Chad and Nate, are currently traveling the country as part of the Smoker's Club Tour, headlined by Method Man, Curren$y and Big K.R.I.T. The Smoker's Club tour was at Warehouse Live November 11 (read the review), and Marcus agreed to check in with Rocks Off once a week to let us know how it's going.
Wus goooooood!!!!
Man, so much has gone on since the last time I holla'd at y'all. We done been through Sacramento, San Francisco, Hollywood, Vegas, Dallas, Austin, Houston and Atlanta. Cali showed so much love and they got the best weed; can't even lie. We was high as shit and the crowd was crazy.
The Houston show was some shit out of a movie. I brought out Slim Thug and Paul Wall. They showed me love. Shout out, Slim & Paul. I love my city.
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Ima holla at y'all BOIIIIII!!!!!
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