text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 1, 1988
|Filing date
|Oct 22, 1987
|Priority date
|Dec 24, 1986
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Peter E. Haferl
|Original Assignee
|Rca Licensing Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (5), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (10), Classifications (11), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to a sawtooth generator that pruduces S-corrected signal for a television deflection system. In particular, it relates to such generator that may be used in, for example, a deflection system, arranged for reducing the visibility of flicker.
The threshold of perception of field flicker in a television display system is a function of the flicker frequency and the brightness of the display. Over the years displays have increased in brightness to the point where flicker is noticeable even in relatively high field rate systems (e.g., the NTSC 60 Hz system) and clearly objectionable in lower field rate systems (e.g., the PAL 50 Hz system). A solution to this problem is to double the field rate of displayed images. In one prior art system, a video input signal is stored in a field memory. Each stored field is recovered or "read" twice from the memory and displayed on a display scanned at double the line rate and double the field rate of the incoming video signal thereby doubling the flicker frequency of displayed images and thus reducing the visibility of flicker.
In a copending U.S. Pat. application No. 857,375 entitled TELEVISION DISPLAY SYSTEM WITH FLICKER REDUCTION PROCESSOR, in the names of W. den Hollander, et al, herein incorporated by reference, a television display arrangement that provides flicker reduction is described. In the den Hollander arrangement, an interlaced baseband television input signal having a given field rate is provided. A timing unit, responsive to the video input signal, supplies a vertical synchronizing signal having a pulse waveform that repeats on a four-field basis. The pulses of the pulse waveform cause a corresponding phase modulation of the deflection current such that the durations of corresponding vertical scanning cycles vary on a field basis and repeat on a four field basis.
A conventional vertical deflection circuit may include a sawtooth generator, synchronized to a synchronizing signal having a constant phase that generates a drive signal having a sawtooth waveform. In the generator, a capacitor is discharged, during retrace, by a switch and charged, during trace, by a current source. The drive signal is coupled to a switching circuit that produces a deflection current having a corresponding sawtooth waveform. The drive signal includes a ramping portion that corresponds with vertical trace such that the beginning time of the ramping portion corresponds with a deflection current that causes scanning at the top of the raster of the display.
Because of the phase modulation of the pulse waveform of the vertical synchronizing signal that is required in, for example, the den Hollander, et al. arrangement, the peak amplitude of the drive signal at the end of vertical trace may also change on a field basis in accordance with the pulse waveform pattern.
Different peak amplitudes of the drive signal may cause the beginning time of the ramping portion to be different relative to the corresponding pulse of the vertical synchronizing signal that causes such ramping portion. This is so because the discharge time of the capacitor of the sawtooth generator may vary in accordance with the peak amplitude of the drive signal that may be different in different fields. The result is that the phase of the trace portion of the deflection current may, disadvantageously, vary from that established by the phase modulated vertical synchronizing signal. Consequently, the requirement that even field should overlap even field, odd field should overlay odd field and even and odd field pairs should interlace, disadvantageously, may not be fulfilled.
Therefore, it may be desirable in each deflection cycle to prevent, for example, the beginning time of the ramping portion of the drive signal from being substantially affected by variations in an amplitude, such as the peak amplitude, of the drive signal.
It may also be desirable to generate the drive signal such that a nonlinearity type distortion that is discussed below is corrected by S-shaping of the sawtooth waveform of the drive signal. Nonlinearity distortion may be attributable to the fact that the effective center of deflection of the electron beam is not coincident with the center of radius of curvature of the screen of the kinescope. A common method of compensating for such nonlinearity is to form a deflection current that, rather than being a substantially linear ramp during the recurrent scanning intervals, it becomes a segment of a sinewave having a reduction in the rate of change of deflection current at the positive and negative extremes of the deflection current relative to that at the center. This S-shaping in turn creates a slight reduction in the rate of scanning of the electron beam near the top and bottom edges of the raster relative to the center and a reduction in the stretch nonlinearity.
In some prior art vertical deflection circuits, the S-shaping of the deflection current that corresponds with, for example, the one extreme of vertical trace is done by S-shaping the drive signal that is generated in the sawtooth generator. S-shaping of the deflection current that corresponds with the other extreme of vertical trace is controlled by, for example, a voltage that is developed in a capacitor that capacitively couples the drive signal of the sawtooth generator to a vertical amplifier.
As explained in Den Hollander, et al., it may be desirable to DC-couple the drive signal to the deflection winding. Therefore, the above-mentioned way of S-shaping that utilizes capacitive coupling may not be suitable.
A sawtooth generator, embodying an aspect of the invention, includes a switch responsive to a synchronizing input signal at a frequency that is related to a deflection frequency, such as, for example, a synchronizing signal that is phase modulated. First and second capacitors that are coupled in series form an arrangement that is coupled to a first terminal of the switch. A source of current is coupled to the first terminal for producing a ramping first portion of an output signal of the sawtooth generator when the switch is nonconductive. When the switch is conductive, each capacitor is discharged and clamped to a predetermined level that is unaffected by the modulation of the input signal. The conducting switch produces a ramping second portion of the output signal that changes in opposite direction to that of the first portion. The output signal is coupled to a junction terminal between the first and second capacitors through a first impedance to provide S-shaping of the output signal at one end time of one of the first and second portions of the output signal. The first impedance includes, for example, a third capacitor which is also discharged and clamped to a predetermined value when the switch is conductive. A second impedance is coupled to the junction terminal to provide S-shaping in the other end time of the corresponding portion of the output signal.
In accordance with a further aspect of the invention, a deflection current is generated, in accordance with the output signal, and coupled to a deflection winding. A trace portion of the deflection current is phase modulated in accordance with the control signal. The trace portion is maintained in phase, in each deflection cycle, with the trace portion of the output signal.
In accordance with a yet further aspect of the invention, a television deflection apparatus responsive to a synchronizing input signal at a frequency that is related to a deflection frequency includes a controllable switch responsive to the input signal for operating the switch at a frequency that is related to that of the input signal. First and second capacitors form a series arrangement that is coupled to a terminal of the switch. A source of current is coupled to the capacitors for generating a sawtooth signal at the terminal having a ramping trace portion that changes at a first direction when the switch is in a first state and a ramping second portion that changes at an opposite direction, when the switch is in a second state. An impedance having a first terminal that is coupled to a junction terminal between the first and second capacitors generates a current that is coupled to the junction terminal to control S-shaping of the sawtooth signal. Clamping means coupled to the first and second capacitors clamps each corresponding voltage across each of first and second capacitors to a corresponding predetermined level prior to a beginning time of one of the first and second portions. The sawtooth signal that is S-corrected is used for generating a deflection current in a deflection winding that is S-corrected.
FIG. 1 illustrates a vertical scan generator that includes a sawtooth generator embodying an aspect of the invention;
FIGS. 2a and 2b illustrate waveforms useful for explaining the operation of the circuit of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 illustrates a block diagram of a television receiver that includes the generator of FIG. 1;
FIGS. 4A-4D are waveform diagrams illustrating the operation of the receiver that utilizes the generator of FIG. 1; and
FIG. 5 illustrates waveforms useful for explaining the operation of the arrangement of FIG. 1.
Referring to FIG. 1, a sync pulse 2V' is coupled to a vertical oscillator circuit 501 of a vertical scan generator 64, embodying an aspect of the invention, that may be used in conjunction with 110� 45AX type picture tube. Pulse 2V' that is phase modulated, is generated in a manner that is described later on. Pulse 2V' has a nominal frequency of 2fv, where fv is the frequency of the vertical sync in a baseband television signal such as of the NTSC or the PAL standard. Pulses 2V' are separated by corresponding intervals of slightly different durations, with the nominal duration being equal to 1/2V. V represents the vertical scanning interval of 20 milliseconds, in, for example, the PAL standard.
A ramp generator 500 that is controlled by circuit 501 includes a charging current generating resistor R2 that is coupled to a terminal 500a of series coupled capacitors C1 and C2. Resistor R2 charges capacitors C1 and C2 to form a trace portion of a voltage V0 ' at terminal 500a. Terminal 500a is driven by an open-collector switching transistor U6a of a comparator U6 for discharging capacitors C1 and C2 to form a vertical retrace portion of voltage V0 '. Voltage V0 ' is coupled to an inverting input terminal of a comparator U5. A noninverting input terminal of comparator U5 is DC biased by an arrangement that includes a variable hold control resistor R20. Pulse 2V" that is formed by a differentiating network that includes a capacitor C4 and a resistor R18 is coupled via a capacitor C5 to the noninverting terminal of comparator U5. An output terminal of comparator U5 is coupled to a noninverting input terminal of comparator U6 to form a voltage VU4 on a conductor U4a. An inverting input terminal of comparator U6 is DC biased by a voltage across a resistor R24.
During vertical trace, the voltage at the noninverting input terminal of comparator U5 is more positive than the voltage at the corresponding inverting input terminal. Consequently, voltage VU4 is more positive than the voltage at the inverting input terminal of comparator U6. Therefore, output transistor U6a of comparator U6 remains nonconductive.
At the end of trace, when voltage V0 ' is at its peak, as illustrated at time t0 in FIG. 2b, a leading edge 900 of pulse 2V' of FIG. 1 occurs. As a result of the differentiation of its leading edge 900, the voltage at the inverting input terminal of comparator U5 becomes smaller than in the corresponding inverting input terminal. The result is that voltage VU4 changes to a level that is smaller than that at the inverting input terminal of comparator U6, causing transistor U6a of comparator U6 to become conductive. Conduction of transistor U6a discharges capacitors C1 and C2, causing voltage V0 ' to be at the saturation level of transistor U6a that is approximately zero volts.
When, as a result of leading edge 900 of pulse 2V', voltage U4a changes, a time-out capacitor C6 causes a corresponding voltage change at a noninverting input terminal of a comparator U4, operating as a one-shot, to a level that is below that at the inverting input terminal of comparator U4. Consequently, comparator U4 sustains voltage VU4 at the low level for a predetermined interval that is determined by capacitor C6 and resistors R22 and R23. As long as voltage VU4 is at the low level, voltage V0 ' remains approximately zero, because output transistor U6a of comparator U6 is conductive. Transistor U6a is conductive in intervals that are illustrated schematically in FIG. 2a such as, for example, between times t0 and t2. Thus, the conduction time of transistor U6a is independent of the duration of input pulse 2V'. When voltage VU4 of FIG. 1 changes to a high level, the trace portion of voltage V0 ' of FIG. 2b, such as, for example, between times t2 and t3 of FIG. 2b, begins. Thus, when leading edge 900 of pulse 2V' occurs, capacitors C1 and C2 of FIG. 1 begin discharging to the saturation voltage level of transistor U6a. In the event that pulses 2V' of FIG. 1 are missing, comparators U4, U5 and U6 that form vertical oscillator 501 produce the required pulses of voltage VU4.
Each pulse of voltage VU4 of FIG. 1 causes output transistor U6a to clamp voltage V0 ' to its saturation voltage level for the predetermined duration of voltage pulse VU4 up to time t2 of FIG. 2b, thus preventing voltage V0' from upramping. Voltage V0 ' of FIG. 1 is coupled via a transistor Q2, operating as an emitter follower, to produce a voltage V0 of FIG. 2b having a controllable average value that, like voltage V0 ', is also of a sawtooth waveform.
An upramping, first, or trace portion of voltage V0 ' or V0, occurs during an interval such as interval t2 -t3. The first portion begins upramping from a predetermined constant level that is equal to the saturation voltage of output transistor U6a of comparator U6 of FIG. 1 in a way that is not affected by phase modulation of pulse 2V'. Thus, the upramping first portion begins upramping at an instant, such as time t2 of FIG. 2b. A downramping second portion of voltage V0 occurs, for example, during interval t0 -t1. A flat third portion occurs during interval t1 -t2. The phase modulation of the pulses of voltage VU4 of FIG. 1 that are separated by intervals, having correspondingly different lengths, causes correspondingly different peak values of ramp voltage V0 to occur such as at times t0, t3, t6 and t9, respectively, of FIG. 2b.
The sum of the intervals that corresponds with the second and third portions is a predetermined constant that is not affected by the peak value of voltage V0 of FIG. 1. The interval between the beginning of the downramping portion and the beginning time of the upramping portion of voltage V0 such as interval t0 -t2 of FIG. 2b may be maintained, illustratively, constant so as to be unaffected by the phase modulation of pulses 2V' of FIG. 1.
Ramp generator 500 includes an S-correction arrangement 700, embodying aspects of the invention. A capacitor C3 of arrangement 700 is coupled between the emitter electrode of emitter follower transistor Q2 and a terminal 701. Terminal 701 is coupled, via a series arrangement of a variable, linearity control resistor R4 and a resistor R5, to a junction terminal 703. Terminal 703 is coupled between capacitors C1 and C2. A diode D1 that, during retrace, clamps voltage V2, at the junction of capacitors C1 and C2, to a predetermined positive level is coupled between terminal 703 and the emitter of transistor Q2. A diode D2 that discharges capacitor C3, during retrace, is coupled in parallel with a resistor R8 and between ground and terminal 701.
FIG. 5 illustrates waveforms useful in explaining the operation of the circuit of FIG. 1. Similar items and functions in FIGS. 1 and 5 illustrate similar items or functions.
At the beginning of vertical trace, voltage V0 ' of FIG. 1 is approximately zero, as described before. A positive voltage V2 at terminal 703 is equal to the sum of saturation voltage V0 ', the emitter-base forward voltage of transistor Q2, and the forward voltage of diode D1. Also, voltage V4 at terminal 701 is slightly negative as a result of the clamping operation of diode D2. Because voltage V2 is more positive than voltage V4, capacitor C2 begins discharging through resistors R5 and R4 and through capacitor C3 at a rate of change that initially is, substantially unaffected by the value of resistor R8. Later on, during trace, when an emitter voltage V3 of FIG. 5 of transistor Q2 of FIG. 1 attains a sufficiently high voltage level, capacitor C2 of FIG. 1 is charged through capacitor C3. The initial decrease in voltage V2 causes the rate of change of voltage V0 ' to be higher at, for example, the center of trace than at its beginning. As described before, the difference between voltages V2 and V4 causes a partial discharge of capacitor C2, at the beginning of trace. The discharge of capacitor C2 causes a slower rate of increase of voltage V3 of FIG. 5, that is developed at the emitter of transistor Q2 of FIG. 1, than at the center of trace. Thus the slower rate of increase provides S-shaping at a first half of trcce that occurs between the beginning and the center of trace, as shown in FIG. 5.
In accordance with an aspect of the invention, during a second half of vertical trace, S-shaping becomes increasingly affected by resistor R8 which increasingly loads capacitor C2 as voltages V2 and V4 increase. Resistor R8 reduces, at the end of trace, the current supplied through capacitor C3 that is available for charging capacitor C2.
Voltage V4 is higher toward the end of trace than, for example, at the center of trace. Therefore, the current that is supplied through capacitor C3 that is bypassed by resistor R8 and that is prevented by resistor R8 from flowing in capacitor C2 becomes increasingly larger toward the end of trace. The result is that voltage V3 is S-corrected at the second half of trace. It follows that an increase, for example, in the value of resistor R8 changes the rate of change of voltage V0 ' at the end of trace in an opposite manner to that caused by an increase of, for example, resistor R4.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention, S-corrected ramp generator 500 produces voltage V0 ' in which the rate of change, in a given vertical trace, is independent of vertical frequency variations or of the trace time of a preceding vertical trace. Such result is obtained because of the clamping operation of transistor U6a, diode D1 and diode D2 that clamp voltages V0, V4 and V2 during retrace.
FIG. 1, advantageously, also includes a switched vertical deflection circuit 100 of generator 64 that is controlled by a vertical control circuit 120 of generator 64. The operation of deflection circuit 100 and of control circuit 120 is described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 4,544,864 in the name of P. E. Haferl, entitled SWITCHED VERTICAL DEFLECTION CIRCUIT WITH BIDIRECTIONAL POWER SUPPLY, that is incorporated by reference herein. It should be understood that ramp generator circuit 500 may be employed as the sawtooth generator for other types of DC coupled vertical deflection output stages to obtain proper registration of the displayed image.
Control circuit 120 provides, in accordance with voltage V0, width modulated horizontal, or line rate, switching signals to a switching element 21, illustratively shown as comprising a transistor 118 and an integrated antiparallel diode 19. Transistor 118 may comprise a power field effect transistor. Using such power field effect transistor is particularly advantageous when the horizontal rate is substantially higher than the horizontal frequency in, for example, the PAL standard. High rate horizontal frequency may be used in computer monitors, video display terminals or in television receivers, operating with deflection currents at, for example, twice the horizontal and vertical deflection frequencies, respectively, for reducing the visibility of flicker. Switching element 21 is coupled to a terminal 126 of a storage capacitor 126' via a winding 23 of a flyback transformer 124 that is series coupled with an energy storage coil 25. Terminal 126' of capacitor 126 is coupled to a vertical deflection winding 27. The other terminal of vertical deflection winding 27 is coupled to a voltage supply designated +Vl.
A horizontal output stage 33 is switched at the horizontal deflection rate by signals applied from a horizontal oscillator and driver circuit 134. The switching operation of output stage 33 generates a horizontal deflection current i2H at twice the horizontal frequency, fH, of the sync signal of a baseband video signal VBB that is mentioned later on. Output stage 33 produces a retrace voltage at the horizontal rate of 2fH across each winding of flyback transformer 124.
Ramping voltage VO is fed to a noninverting input terminal of a comparator 66 of FIG. 1 to control the switching operation of switching element 21. Horizontal retrace pulses, applied via a resistor 74, charge a capacitor 75 to obtain a horizontal ramp which is compared with the vertical sawtooth of voltage VO. Comparator 66 serves as a pulse width modulator. An output terminal of comparator 66 that generated pulses at the horizontal rate 2fH, having variable duty cycle that vary in a vertical manner, provides gate drive to MOS transistor 18.
The operation of deflection circuit 100 consists of the horizontal rate charge and discharge of storage capacitor 26 which supplies a vertical deflection current i27 that flows in winding 27. Horizontal rate switching is performed by switching element 21.
At the beginning of vertical trace, during each horizontal period, transistor 18 of switching element 21 is conductive for a negligible short interval that occurs immediately prior to each horizontal retrace. Consequently, the large retrace pulse in winding 23 is clamped by diode 19 and generates a current i23 that is large in winding 23 flowing in a direction opposite to that of the arrow that causes capacitor 126 to be charged to a voltage that is more positive than voltage +V1. The resulting voltage at terminal 126 that is more positive than voltage +V1 causes negative defelection current i27 to flow in winding 27, in a direction opposite to that of the arrow. As a result, deflection current i27 charges capacitor C12 positively. Control circuit 120 progressively increases, during the vertical scanning trace, the conduction interval of transistor 118 that occurs in each horizontal trace. This causes the negative portion of current i23, flowing through diode 19, to decrease progressively and the positive portion of current i23, flowing through transistor 118, to increase progressively. As a result, the average voltage across capacitor 126 at terminal 126' decreases and causes, in turn, a decrease of deflection current i27.
At the center of vertical trace, equal portions of current i23 that are at opposite polarities flow through diode 19 and transistor 118, respectively. Consequently, no charge is added to capacitor 126. Also, the voltage at terminal 126' is equal to voltage +V1; therefore, deflection current i27, at the center of vertical trace, is zero.
During the second half of the vertical trace, control circuit 120 further increases progressively the conduction time of transistor 118. The sum of the portions of current i23 at the opposite polarity, flowing through diode 19 and transistor 118, respectively, increases progressively in the positive direction from zero, causing capacitor 126 to discharge. The voltage at terminal 126 decreases progressively and causes deflection current i27 that flows in the direction of the arrow to increase. As a result, deflection current i27 discharges capacitor C12. At the end of trace, the conduction time of diode 19 is small compared with that of transistor 118. The conduction of diode 19 is controlled by transistor 118 and by energy storage inductor 25 which determines the rate di/dt of current i23 that is substantially constant during each horizontal retrace period. It follows that from the beginning to the end of vertical trace deflection current i27 changes in an upramping manner and reverses polarity at apprximately the center of vertical trace.
During vertical retrace, transistor, 118 is nonconductive and diode 19 conducts a large amount of negative current i23 ; consequently, deflection winding 27 and capacitor 126 cause a half cycle of oscillation. A resulting vertical retrace voltage charges capacitor 126 to a voltage that is larger than voltage +Vl that causes deflection current i27 to reverse its polarity.
It can be seen that the current through resistor 122 is equal to the deflection current i27. Therefore, the voltage developed across resistor 122 is proportional to current i27, the vertical deflection current. The voltage developed across deflection current sampling resistor 122 is produced by deflection current i27 and provides negative feedback to vertical control circuit 120. This feedback provides information to vertical control circuit 120 to enable the driving of transistor 18 into conduction for the appropriate duration each horizontal interval to generate vertical deflection current i27. Current i27, during vertical trace, is linearly proportional to sawtooth ramp voltage VO ' or V0.
When the leading edge 900 of pulse 2V' occurs, such as, for example, immediately prior to time t0 of FIG. 2b, the downramping, second portion of voltage V0 begins. The beginning of the downramping portion of voltage V0 causes deflection current i27 in winding 27 of FIG. 1 to begin its corresponding downramping retrace portion. When a trailing edge of the pulse of voltage VU4 occurs, the upramping trace portion of deflection current i27 of FIG. 1 begins. Voltage V0 controls the instantaneous level of deflection current i27 during the vertical trace portion of deflection current i27.
In each vertical scanning cycle, each of the voltages V0, V2, V3 and V4 is at the same corresponding predetermined voltage level when the trailing edge of the pulse of voltage VU4 occurs, because, of the clamping operation, as described before. Consequently, as described later on, proper image registration is obtained. The phase modulation of pulse 2V' results in a modulation of the vertical trace time. Capacitors C1, C2 and C3 provide "S" shaping, as described before. The voltage across each of capacitors C1, C2 and C3 requires clamping during pulse VU4 to obtain in each such capacitor the corresponding predetermined charge or voltage level at the beginning of each trace interval in a way that is unaffected by the duration of the trace interval of any previous field. Without the clamping action of diodes D1 and D2, each of capacitors C1, C2, and C3 would have carried slightly modulated charge from previous fields which may upset proper image registration. Because of the clamping action in capacitors C1, C2 and C3, the ramping trace portion in each deflection cycle of both voltage V0 and of deflection current i27 of FIG. 1 is in phase with, and follows phase variations of the corresponding leading edge 900 of pulse 2V'.
As described later on, the phase modulation of pulse 2V' provides the precise timing that is required to provide a displayed image in which proper image registration occurs such that even fields overlay even fields, odd fields overlay odd fields and such that even and odd field pairs are interlaced.
It should be understood that as a result of the way the waveform of voltage V0 or V0 ' of FIG. 2b is generated, the interval from the end of vertical trace of a given deflection cycle of deflection current i27 of FIG. 1 to the beginning of vertical trace of the following deflection cycle is also constant.
The DC component of the vertical sawtooth of voltage V0 or V0 ' of FIG. 2b should be, preferably, preserved and transmitted to deflection winding 27 of FIG. 1. DC coupling may, preferably, be used between sawtooth generator circuit 500 and vertical deflection circuit 100 as well as to deflection winding 27. DC coupling is preferred so that the phase modulation of pulse 2V' does not change the level of deflection current i27 that corresponds with a given level of voltage V such as at the beginning of trace.
Height control is provided by a variable resistor R6 that controls, in accordance with a voltage V5, the rate by which capacitors C1 and C2 are charged, during trace. Centering is provided by a variable resistor R10 that is responsive to voltage V5 for controlling the average value of voltage V0. Voltage V5 at a terminal 999 of resistor R2 is proportional to both the sawtooth AC portion of voltage V0 and also to its DC average level. Therefore, voltage V5 forms a DC reference for deflection circuit 100 that maintains picture centering while picture height is being adjusted by varying resistor R6.
The features of deflection current i27, that were mentioned before, may be useful, for example, in a television receiver circuit of FIG. 3, that is similar to that described in the aforementioned den Hollander application, where the vertical deflection current is phase and amplitude modulated in accordance with a phase modulated vertical sync signal.
The receiver of FIG. 3, that generates pulse 2V' of FIG. 1, includes a tuner 10 of FIG. 3 having an input terminal 12 for connection to an antenna or other source of video input signal and having an output for supplying baseband video output signal VBB that was mentioned before to a video processing unit 14. For purposes of illustration it will be assumed that the baseband video output signal is of the PAL standard. It will be appreciated, however, that the principles of the invention apply also to other standard interlaced video signal formats. Video processor 14 includes a PAL decoder that converts the input signal to Y, R-Y and B-Y component form. The signal could be processed, if desired, in R, G, B component form but R, G, B components each have full video bandwidth while the color difference signals (R-Y, B-Y) have a lower bandwidth. Accordingly, a field store for color difference signals can be realized with fewer memory elements than would be the case if processing were done using R, G, B components.
The Y, R-Y and B-Y component signal are low pass filtered by filters 16, 18 and 20 and converted to digital form by analog-to-digital (A/D) converters 22, 24 and 26 for storage in a memory 40. Filters 16-20 minimize aliasing and have cutoff frequencies of 7.5 MHz for Y and 2.8 MHz for the color difference signals R-Y and B-Y for the assumed PAL input signal. Lower cut off frequencies would be appropriate for NTSC standard signals.
Converters 22-26 digitize the low pass filtered components to an 8-bit resolution using a sample clock CL that is phase locked to a multiple of horizontal sync in order to obtain a constant number of samples per horizontal line. After A/D conversion the digitized components are applied to memory 40 via respective delay units 28, 30 and 32. The delay units may be variable and are included to equalize the delay times of the three input signal paths. The color difference components R-Y and B-Y are applied to memory 40 via a multiplex switch (MUX) 34 controlled by a horizontal line rate signal H. Switch 34 combines the two 8-bit wide color differences into a single 8-bit wide signal to minimizing storage requirements in memory 40.
As one field of the multiplexed 8-bit signal and the 8-bit luma signal are stored in memory 40, a field previously stored is read out twice using a read clock signal 2 CL of double the write clock CL frequency. This doubles the field rate (100 Hz for PAL, 120 Hz for NTSC) and so reduces the perception of flicker where the signal is displayed on display unit 60. A multiplex switch 42 demultiplexes the color difference signals which, with the double field rate luma signal, are converted back to analog form by digital to analog converters 44-48. Low pass filters 50-54 suppress the repeat spectra after D/A conversion, suitable cut-off frequencies being 13.5 MHz for luma and 6.75 MHz for chroma. The double field rate analog signals are then converted to R G B form for application display 60 which is synchronized by means of double speed horizontal deflection current i2H and vertical deflection current i27 provided by generators 62 and 64, respectively. Generator 62 generates deflection current i2H at twice the frequency fH of the horizontal sync of baseband video output signal VBB.
A field consists of 312.5 lines in the PAL standard. At double speed read out this field together with its repetition must consist of 625 lines. This can be realized when one of the two fields consists of 312 lines and the other consists of 313 lines. Memory 40 of FIG. 3 is supplied with timing signals from unit 70 to provide the field sequence shown in FIG. 4A in which 312 lines are produced in the first read cycle (fields A or B) and 313 lines are produced during the second memory read cycle (field A' or B') with the 313th line being blank.
The double field rate vertical sync pulse 2V' required for generator 64 has the pulse pattern illustrated in solid line in FIG. 4B. For comparison purposes, pulses in dashed-line are provided, which represent a situation of equidistant double rate vertical sync pulses having a period of 312.5 line. The solid line pulses represent pulse signal 2V' of FIGS. 2 and 3, which is periodic on a four-field basis. As shown, there are 312 lines in field A, 312.5 lines in the repeat field A', 312 lines in field B and 313.5 lines in repeat field B'. Pulse 2V' controls vertical deflection generator 100, as described before, to produce the vertical scan waveforms of vertical deflection current i27. The vertical trace portions of current i27 are shown schematically in FIG. 4C. The scanning current waveform sequence of FIG. 4c results in the interlace pattern shown in FIG. 4D in which the first fields (A, A') overlay first fields, the second fields overlay second fields (B, B') and in which the first and second field pairs (AA', BB') are interlaced. For purpose of comparison, the dashed lines in FIG. 4D illustrate scan lines which would result if sync pulses 2V' of FIG. 4B were equidistant rather than being shifted or phase modulated. To ensure proper registration of displayed fields, the sawtooth voltage of FIG. 4C provided by generator circuit 500, that was described before, always starts at the same value and all retrace times (T0-T0', T1-T1', T2-T2', etc.) are equal.
Timing signals for controlling the digital converters, memory, switches and scan generators are provided by timing unit 70 of FIG. 3. Unit 70 generates, as described in den Hollander, two-field and four-field pulse sequences for memory control and for scan generation of pulse 2V' for ensuring that even fields overlay even fields, odd fields overlay odd fields, and that even and odd pairs of fields are interlaced when the double field rate signal is displayed.
The irregularly spaced double field rate vertical sync pulses 2V', absent the operation of ramp generator circuit 500 and of circuit 501 of FIG. 1, embodying aspects of the invention, may, disadvantageously, produce a variation in the phase of the trace portion of deflection current i27 relative to the corresponding pulse 2V' over the four field sequence.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Apr 13, 1951
|Jun 15, 1954
|Zenith Radio Corp
|Television receiver
|Mar 10, 1970
|Jul 18, 1972
|Philips Corp
|Circuit arrangement for adjusting the linearity of the deflection signal generated for a deflection system
|Jan 8, 1973
|Oct 15, 1974
|Gen Electric
|S-corrected vertical deflection circuit
|Apr 16, 1973
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|Rca Corp
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|Constant-current vertical amplifier
|A Portion of a Schematic Diagram of a Blaupunkt 100 30 Color Television Chassis Dated Jun., 1985 and an Accompanying Sheet that Includes Corresponding Waveforms, U.S. patent application No. 943,044 entitled, Television Apparatus for Generating a Phase Modulated Deflection Current in the Name of Willem den Hollander.
|A Portion of a Schematic Diagram of a Blaupunkt 100-30 Color Television Chassis Dated Jun., 1985 and an Accompanying Sheet that Includes Corresponding Waveforms, U.S. patent application No. 943,044 entitled, Television Apparatus for Generating a Phase Modulated Deflection Current in the Name of Willem den Hollander.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 1, 1988
|Jun 12, 1990
|U.S. Philips Corporation
|Picture display device including a staircase generator
|Oct 11, 1996
|Mar 2, 1999
|National Semiconductor Corporation
|Vertical and horizontal scanning correction system for video display
|Feb 18, 1997
|Aug 10, 1999
|Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba
|Multimedia television receiver
|Jun 27, 2002
|May 30, 2006
|Silicon Light Machines Corporation
|Triangular bidirectional scan method for projection display
|Jul 28, 2003
|Jul 11, 2006
|Pelikon Limited
|Control of electroluminescent displays
|Feb 24, 2006
|Mar 16, 2010
|Panasonic Automotive Systems of America division of Panasonic Corporation of North America
|System and method for processing video signals
|Jun 27, 2002
|Aug 26, 2004
|Webb Douglas A.
|Triangular bidirectional scan method for projection display
|Jul 28, 2003
|Jan 13, 2005
|Fryer Christopher James Newton
|Control of electroluminescent displays
|Feb 24, 2006
|Aug 30, 2007
|Troemel Hans A Jr
|System and method for processing video signals
|Sep 24, 1997
|Nov 29, 2007
|National Semiconductor Corp.(N.D.Ges.D.Staates Delaware), Santa Clara
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Oct 22, 1987
Owner name: RICA CORPORATION, A CORP. OF DE
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:HAFERL, PETER E.;REEL/FRAME:004779/0409
Effective date: 19871013
|Jun 20, 1988
Owner name: RCA CORPORATION, A CORP.
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. SUBJECT TO AN AGREEMENT DATED DEC. 8, 1987. (COPY OF CHANGE OF NAME ATTACHED);ASSIGNOR:GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY, A DE. CORP.;REEL/FRAME:004904/0954
Effective date: 19880615
|Mar 23, 1992
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Mar 28, 1996
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Mar 28, 2000
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
Head of Donetsk Regional State Administration Andriy Shyshatsky has confirmed that two people were killed when a winch tower collapsed at Bazhanov coal mine in Makiyivka, Donetsk region, on Friday.
"At the moment we can say there are two dead – a woman and a man. A man is under a slab, which has to be raised," Shyshatsky told reporters on Friday.
He noted that at the time of the crash, there were 14 or 15 people at the site, two of them were killed, three injured, and eight or nine people are under rubble. The governor said that tapping sounds are coming from under the debris of the collapse.
"They are tapping," Shyshatsky said.
Search and rescue teams are working at the site. The mine's operation has been temporarily suspended, and the cause of the accident is being investigated.
Emergency Situations Ministry spokeswoman Yulia Yershova said that an elevator at the Bazhana mine in the eastern Donetsk region collapsed on Friday morning, killing two workers.
A total of 538 miners were working in the mine at the time of the accident.
They are returning to the surface along reserve routes by themselves.
The 65-meter winch tower collapsed at 09.40 on Friday.
The mine's operation has been temporarily suspended, and the cause of the accident is being investigated.
Earlier in the day, a powerful explosion rocked a different mine, also in eastern Ukraine, killing 17 workers and injuring three.
Rescuers are looking for eight who are still missing.
According to preliminary data of the branch of the State Committee for Industrial Safety, Labor Protection and Mining Supervision in Luhansk region, an explosion of methane-air mixture is a likely cause of the accident at mine.
President Viktor Yanukovych was also expected to fly to the site later in the day, according to his office.
The administration of the OJSC Krasnodonvuhillia association will pay Hr 1 million to the families of the killed miners.
Читайте об этом на www.kyivpost.ua

subset: commoncrawl


text:
00 Old Dean Road Barnard, VT 05031
Listed by John Snyder of Snyder Donegan Real Estate Group
Call Four Seasons Sotheby's International Realty Real Estate for more information.
Lot Size: 85.1 acres
Price/Acre: $4,994
Property Description
Lovely 85.1 acres parcel, mostly wooded, already subdivided into two buildable lots. Multiple desirable building sites; pond potential, and magnificent views of Ascutney, the Rt 12/Woodstock Valley and into the Presidential Range of NH.
- Property Type: Land
- Zoning: Residential
- Acreage: 85.1
- Lot description: Mountain View, Sloping, View, Wooded
- State: VT
- Street: Old Dean Road
- Building Number:
- Development/Subdivision: 0
- Zip Code: 05031
- County: VT-Windsor
- Town: Barnard
- Area Description:
- Elementary School: Barnard Academy
- Junior High: Woodstock Union Middle Sch
- High School: Woodstock Senior UHSD #4
- Water: None
- Sewer: None
- Electric: At Street, On Adjacent Property
- Services:
- Land Restrictions:
- Taxes: $216
The New England Real Estate Network provides Multiple Listing Services (MLS) in the States of New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts and Maine.
Copyright© 2016 The New England Real Estate Network. All rights reserved. This information is deemed reliable but not guaranteed. The data relating to real estate displayed on this Site comes in part from the IDX Program of NEREN. The information being provided is for consumers personal, non-commercial use and may not be used for any purpose other than to identify prospective properties consumers may be interested in purchasing. Data last updated on 12/04/2016.


text:
You purchased this item onView this order
Rapunzel, Vegan Vegetable Bouillon, No Salt Added, 8 Cubes 2.4 oz (68 g)
- You earn loyalty credit for every order you place at iHerb!
- Loyalty credit is equal to 10% of the value of your order, excluding shipping charges.
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Our receiving department does its best to verify and then enter the correct expiration dates for all incoming products. However, discrepancies do occur from time to time. This being said, the exceptionally high turnover at iHerb ensures that our inventory is among the freshest in the industry.
Shipping Weight:?0.18 lbs (0.08 kg)Shipping WeightThe Shipping Weight includes the product, protective packaging material and the actual shipping box. In addition, the Shipping Weight may be adjusted for the Dimensional Weight (e.g. length, width & height) of a package. It is important to note that certain types of products (e.g. glass containers, liquids, fragile, refrigerated or ice packed) will often require protective packaging material. As such, these products will reflect a higher Shipping Weight compared to the unprotected product.
- Product Code: RZL-07300
- UPC Code: 735037073009
- Package Quantity: 8 Cubes 2.4 oz (68 g)
- Dimensions: 4 x 2.4 x 0.6 in, 0.15 lbs (0.07 kg)
|Combo Discount:
|- $3.00
- Member Organic Trade Association
Rapunzel proudly offers a line of three delicious varieties of vegan/vegetable bouillons:
- Vegetable Bouillon with sea salt
- Vegetable Bouillon with herbs
- Vegetable Bouillon/ no salt added
Using only premium organically grown ingredients, Rapunzel bouillons are created without the use of any chemical fertilizers or pesticides according to law. We combine fresh organic vegetable and herbs to bring you the finest, delectable flavor base for all your cooking needs.
Suggested Use
Dissolve one cube in 2 cups boiling water.
Uses: Flavor base for soups, sauces, stews and casseroles. To accompany noodles and rice.
Other Ingredients
Yeast extract, organic non-hydrogenated palm oil, organic rice flour, organic carrots 2.1% organic onions 2.1%, organic celery 1.8%, organic parsley, organic turmeric, organic mace.
Not a sodium free food.
Non-GMO- We do not use ingredients that were produced using biotechnology according to law.
Store in a cool dry place.
|Supplement Facts
|Serving Size: 1/2 cube (4.25 g)
|Servings Per Container: 16
|Amount Per Serving
|%Daily Value*
|Calories from fat
|Total Fat
|2 g
|Saturated Fat
|1 g
|Trans Fat
|0 g
|140 mg
|Total Carb.
|less than 0 g
|2 g
|*Percent Daily Values (DV) are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.
I use the bouillon in almost everything I cook, from soups to steamed vegetables. It just makes everything taste better! Click on my username for more reviews! If you thought that this review was helpful please feel free to press the 'yes' button.
Title says it all. No salt, and tastes good. Plus, it dissolves easily. I became best friends with this product two years ago, when I was battling gallbladder issues and began a vegetarian regiment. It has very tiny bits of vegetables, like particles of carrots, etc., so you can feel like you are eating a little bit of something, even though it is virtually calorie-free.
Great Flavor
Posted by 5017968226559265396 on Dec 01, 2016
I was really impressed as soon as I opened up a bouillon cube because it was very soft. It mixes easily in boiling water and has a very natural, pleasant, vegetable flavor. I will be buying this when I start running out, which may take a while. The bouillon cubes are somewhat large and I can get away with using about 1/4 to 1/5 of the cube for a single-serving soup/stew. It's great stuff.
Taste better
Posted by 5672590820329554123 on Dec 01, 2016
Makes any vege dish taste good
Wonderful product!
Posted by 4895417700521425360 on Oct 28, 2016
I'm very pleased with this product...it tastes good, is reasonably priced, and works well with my no-salt diet.
Convenient use for a tasty soup
Posted by 4945693124308789385 on Oct 25, 2016
I use this veg cube to cook noodle soup and porridge for my kids. They just simply love it.
Love the smell
Posted by 5535338423176274373 on Oct 22, 2016
I just used this and I love the smell of the bouillon cube. Made great seitan nuggets out of it too. :)


text:
Definition of ice hammer
Definition of ice hammer from the Collins English Dictionary
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New on the Scrabble blog
Allan Simmons, a former Scrabble champion, shares his tips on how to learn words to improve your Scrabble game.
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All the latest wordy news, linguistic insights, offers and competitions every month.
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|Latest Word Submissions
Nearby words of 'ice hammer'
- ice fishing
- ice floe
- ice foot
- ice hammer
- ice hockey
- ice house
- ice lolly


text:
Learn about the basics of the 10 questions used in acupuncture to find out the patterns of our patients. Make your treatments more personalized, get better results, and speak knowledgeably about systemic issues that can be helped with acupuncture. Information on tongue, pulse, and basic systemic patterns will also be discussed.
In this webinar, you will learn:
Dr. Deb Genrick
This webinar will be available on an on-demand basis. When the content is available, we will email you a link to view the webinar.
Dr. Deb Genrick is a clinic owner and practitioner. She has been incorporating acupuncture with chiropractic for over eight years. She has been a chiropractor since 1997 and received her Masters in Acupuncture in 2012. She received both degrees from Northwestern Health Sciences University. Dr. Genrick has been lecturing on acupuncture and helping with Northwestern's Chiropractic Acupuncture program since 2009. She loves to speak and is excited to be included in the MCA's Convention agenda.
Remember Me
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11/1/2016New Gallup-Palmer College of Chiropractic Survey
10/21/2016Anti-Discrimination Battle and Legislative Issues
10/20/2016 » 4/30/2017Clean Needle Technique Webinar
12/8/2016Metro East District with MCA Leadership
© 2016 Minnesota Chiropractic Association™. All Rights Reserved.


text: Please Register or Log in to view imagesI used to have the old TTR for my ipodtouch 1.1.4 jailbroken.It used to work fine.It was the version that kept on asking you for your name.I updated tot he new version and it doesn't work properly.Does anyone have the file for the old TTR? IF so can you please give it to me. Thanks!


text:
15 Dec 2006, 12:10pm by P. Ryan Wilson
I know what you're thinking: Brad Johnson packs heat? Wrong Johnson. From the AP: "Chicago Bears' defensive tackle Terry 'Tank' Johnson was charged Thursday with six counts of possession of a firearm without a gun owner identification card after police said they found six guns at his Gurnee home."
73 comments, Last at 18 Dec 2006, 5:15pm by Andrew
14 Dec 2006, 04:17pm by P. Ryan Wilson
I'd like to think this won't devolve into an Addai-Maroney discussion, but I know you people. In all seriousness, right now, Vince Young gets my vote (and it would've been Marques Colston if he didn't miss a couple of games with an injury).
123 comments, Last at 18 Dec 2006, 5:06pm by OMO
14 Dec 2006, 12:26pm by Aaron Schatz
Hines Ward is widely regarded as one of the best receivers in the league at picking up first downs. But do the statistics back it up? (Click link to read more.)
0 comments
14 Dec 2006, 11:15am by Aaron Schatz
Lamar Hunt was the Dallas oil man who turned Kansas City into a major league sports town, even though he never lived there. He was one of the men behind the AFL and he was responsible for the term "Super Bowl." He died last night at the age of 74 due to complications from prostate cancer.
26 comments, Last at 15 Dec 2006, 1:55pm by Richie
13 Dec 2006, 03:00pm by P. Ryan Wilson
There isn't much to this Star-Telegram piece but I'm posting it to point out that DeAngelo Hall might be the most overrated cornerback in the NFL. From the story: "Hall, in his third year, has four interceptions this season and is usually assigned to the opposing team's top receiver. While the Falcons' pass defense is ranked 31st in the league, the 5-foot-10, 197-pound Hall can stop some of the best wideouts in the league." That's funny because against No. 1 and No. 2 receivers the Falcons rank 30th and 32nd, according to DVOA. (Free registration/bugmenot required.)
37 comments, Last at 19 Dec 2006, 3:24pm by zlionsfan
13 Dec 2006, 01:28pm by P. Ryan Wilson
Did the Dolphins' defense know Tom Brady's protection calls? That would help explain the five quarterback sacks and endless pressure. The Boston Globe's Mike Reiss has an interesting look at what may have happened and how the Patriots are likely to combat it going forward.
39 comments, Last at 14 Dec 2006, 6:24pm by Sophandros
13 Dec 2006, 12:40pm by Mike Tanier
The Rookie of the Year race is coming down to the wire. Mike Tanier provides an analysis of which contenders remain. (Click link to read more.)
0 comments
12 Dec 2006, 11:55pm by Bill Barnwell
Well, that didn't last long. Doug Gabriel's been cut by the Patriots, who will seemingly actually be employing a combination of Troy Brown, Reche Caldwell, and Jabar Gaffney as their wide receiver options. The Patriots also cut James Patrick, which makes sense, since he's 43 and can't skate.
38 comments, Last at 14 Dec 2006, 2:23pm by Sam!
12 Dec 2006, 03:11pm by P. Ryan Wilson
From Page 2: "TMQ is here to educate you that we're all inadequate losers standing in Mike Shanahan's shadow." (For the record, I'm an inadequate loser standing next to most people.)
57 comments, Last at 14 Dec 2006, 11:49am by zip
12 Dec 2006, 02:47pm by P. Ryan Wilson
From SI.com's Jeffri Chadiha: "After spending last week with the Titans, I started thinking that the NFL is becoming too complicated for its own good. I say this because the Titans have helped Young become an immediate success by keeping things simple. Instead of forcing him to fit into a system they've been running for years, they've modified their offense to fit his rare skills (a move that even included installing some of Young's college plays)." Somebody get Greg Knapp on the phone.
10 comments, Last at 13 Dec 2006, 2:38am by joe
This week: a bad coach gets paid, then insulted; a bad quarterback gets optimistic; another bad quarterbcak gets a cunning plan; a bad play gets Matt Ryan irked; a bad play gets burned; and Jets and Raiders fans get drunk.


text:
Need a Food Sensitivity Test in Washougal, WA? Simply order online 24/7 and get a fast, affordable Food Sensitivity Test at a lab near you (Find More Locations):
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The Food Sensitivity Test checks for blood markers related to food sensitivity. People in Washougal, WA order the Food Sensitivity Test for general screening or when experiencing specific symptoms.
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Our Food Sensitivity Test price include the doctor's order that you need to get tested in Washougal, WA, all lab fees and taxes, and a pdf copy of your results. For current prices, please CLICK HERE.
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text:
82 Diamond Drive Waterboro, Maine 04061
Listed by Rebecca Mann of Bhg Masiello Sanford
Call Four Seasons Sotheby's International Realty Real Estate for more information.
3 bed / 2.0 bath
- Property Type: Residential
- State: Maine
- Street: Diamond Drive
- Zip Code: 04061
- Town: Waterboro
- APX Fin Ag SqFt: 1,100
- Bedrooms: 3
- Total Bathrooms: 2.0
The New England Real Estate Network provides Multiple Listing Services (MLS) in the States of New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts and Maine.
Copyright© 2016 The New England Real Estate Network. All rights reserved. This information is deemed reliable but not guaranteed. The data relating to real estate displayed on this Site comes in part from the IDX Program of NEREN. The information being provided is for consumers personal, non-commercial use and may not be used for any purpose other than to identify prospective properties consumers may be interested in purchasing. Data last updated on 12/10/2016.


text:
The Original and Multi-Award Winning TV Craft
Join The Club >>
Members Area >>
Add items to your basket to see applied discounts and Flexi-pay options
Flexi-pay, our interest-free scheme
Thank you for nominating us for 8 awards – we'd appreciate
your vote >>
10% DISCOUNT FOR CLUB MEMBERS - Buy Today for £11.69
Bursting with festive flare, this Heartfelt Creations die set includes snowflake backgrounds and a festive tag, formed as part of the 'Snow Kissed' Collection!
Create and Craft special offers are only available for a limited time, previously recorded videos may contain pricing, exclusivity claims or promotional offers that have expired.
Formed as part of Heartfelt Creations 'Snow Kissed' collection, this festive die set includes Snow Kissed Flakes and a Festive Tag die, featuring a selection of snowflake backgrounds and focal points, as well as a tag.
These dies would be perfect for adding a touch of personalisation to gift bags, cookie platters and tags. Use singularly or combine to build wonderful scenes on your festive or winter inspired projects!
Heartfelt Creations dies are compatible with leading die-cutting and embossing machines, these versatile design is suitable for multiple projects - use your creative inspiration to dynamically inspire, uplift and add value to your craft projects!
Your order will be despatched within 3-5 working days. Most deliveries require someone to accept and sign for the delivery to ensure the goods are received correctly. To help you we can arrange for delivery to be made elsewhere.Click here for more information.
We hope you like your purchase, however, if you are not entirely satisfied, your item* may be sent back to us for a refund, provided it is returned within 14 days (unless otherwise specified)
from the date of despatch. *Please note: Exceptions apply. Please click here for more information.
Only £12.99
Club Price £11.69


text:
Corwin of Amber
this wiki
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In Warcraft: Orcs and Humans, Corwin of Amber is the message that allows the use of cheat codes when entered in the chat prompter.[1] In the Macintosh version it also enabled a cheat menu from the menu bar (when the menu bar is enabled).
Corwin is the narrator and main character of Roger Zelazny's machiavellian series of books, "The Chronicles of Amber", which begins with "Nine Princes in Amber". Corwin is a Prince of Amber with power over the Pattern and thus has god-like abilities including super human strength and endurance, nigh immortality and the ability to effect probability and mold reality to his own choosing. Like the rest of his family, Corwin is a backstabbing, egotistical, power-hungry cheat and liar even though he'll probably convince you otherwise.
Corwin is the only Amberite, other than his grandfather Dworkin, to have every successfully inscribed a new primal Pattern thus creating his own multiverse.


text:
Score +92
Deal DetailsPromoted 06-26-2016 by SubZero5 at 12:33 PM View Original Post
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Target REDCard holders may save an additional 5% off this purchase. The benefits of the card include 5% off most items, free shipping on online orders, and an extended return period.
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Free Store Pickup or Free Shipping on $25
- 12" Lodge Cast Iron Pre-Seasoned Skillet [target.com] $16.99
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text:
Located in Charles City, Piney Grove at Southall's Plantation is in a rural location and within the region of Sherwood Forest Plantation and Westover Plantation. This bed & breakfast is within the region of Freedom Park and Williamsburg Botanical Garden.
Make yourself at home in one of the 6 air-conditioned rooms featuring fireplaces. Conveniences include desks and refrigerators.
Enjoy recreation amenities such as an outdoor pool or take in the view from a garden.
Meet other guests and eat at a complimentary reception. For your convenience, a complimentary breakfast is served daily.
Business, Other Amenities
Free self parking is available onsite.


text:
Wow. Wow! WOW! This expanded Maple Glen colonial is completely updated and move-in ready! Not one square inch of this house has been left untouched. Tons of recent renovations and upgrades make this the best value on the market today (across the street, new construction of the same size starts at 630k)! When you first enter, you can't help but be drawn to the most amazing kitchen, which literally forms the heart and hub of the house. Level 3 granite, frost cabinetry with soft-close doors and drawers, high-end Samsung appliances, a double stainless farm sink, and a huge peninsula that comfortably seats six! Extra-wide working area, plenty of counter space, a coffee nook, damask-accented display cases, not to mention a GIANT pantry closet for almost endless storage capacity. The kitchen's "modern/vintage blend" even extends to the unique tiled backsplash which is inspired by antique tin ceiling patterns. Matching satin nickel hardware and fixtures throughout the house. Nothing about this renovation is "builder's grade!" Gorgeous new premium flooring has the look of rustic weathered barn wood, not just on the first floor but throughout the second floor as well. Powder room on the first floor, a full bath upstairs, and an en-suite full bath off the master bedroom. Formal dining room, in addition to the eat-in kitchen. Large step-down den features a wood-burning fireplace. The back of the house has been expanded with a large room addition that can serve many purposes (could even be converted to a 5th bedroom if desired). The exterior features a new roof, new siding, new gutters and shutters, and fresh landscaping. Plenty of parking with a huge driveway and a two-car garage. The large full basement begs to be used for all kinds of future expansion possibilities! Oil heat has been converted to gas. Newer high-capacity water heater. All on a half-acre corner lot with a rear patio and backyard that are great for summer barbecues and entertaining (even a raised-bed garden for your fresh herbs and vegetables)! This home is close and convenient to everything, and has one of the best school districts in the country. Make an appointment to see it for yourself!
Listing Area: U Dublin Twp
The data relating to real estate for sale on this website appears in part through the TREND Internet Data Exchange program, a voluntary cooperative exchange of property listing data between licensed real estate brokerage firms in which Callaway Henderson Sotheby's International Realty participates, and is provided by TREND through a licensing agreement and identified with the TREND IDX Logo. Some properties which appear for sale on this website may no longer be available because they are under contract, have sold or are no longer being offered for sale. Some real estate firms do not participate in IDX and their listings do not appear on this website.Some properties listed with participating firms do not appear on this website at the request of the seller.
2016 TREND, All Rights Reserved. Information Deemed Reliable But Not Guaranteed.


text:
Russell Oil, Inc. was incorporated January 1987 in Russell, Kansas as an operating company whose purpose was to assume operations of a group of oil and gas properties acquired by the company founders from Pioneer Operations Co, Inc.
From inception the focus of operations for Russell Oil, Inc. has been in the relatively shallow and profitable Mid-Continent region of the United States. Licensed to operate in Kansas and Oklahoma, the drilling and exploration activities have been focused in western Kansas. Through close association with highly reputable partners, Russell Oil, Inc. investors have joint ventured in significant Oklahoma oil and gas developments.
Russell Oil, Inc. currently operates 90 leases consisting of 157 wells located in 14 counties in central and northwest Kansas.Ivan LeRoy Holt II
Rumback A #16-1 Drilling Successful
The Rumback A #16-1 (909' FSL; 2188' FEL Sec. 16-T11S-R32W), Logan County, KS has been successfully completed as a producing oil well. The Rumback Field extension location was spud September 23, 2016 and completion work was finalized in early October. Surface...read more
Rumback Field Extension Drilling Commenced
Drilling has commenced on the Rumback A #16-1 well (909' FSL; 2188' FEL Sec. 16-T11S-R32W) located 2 ½ miles southwest of the City of Oakley, KS. The Rumback A #16-1 is the second well drilled to extend the Rumback Field discovery drilled by Russell Oil, Inc. in...read more
#1 Baker HA Unit Farm-out Successful
First production is reported from the Palomino Petroleum, Inc. #1 Baker HA Unit #1 (573' FNL; 2552' FWL Sec. 4-T16S-R35W) Wichita County, KS. WW Drilling Rig #20 drilled the well to a reported 4824' LTD. Production commenced August 16, 2016. The well is producing from...read more


text:
Award-Winning ISEE Tutors in Fayetteville, GA
Sean ...work, explaining the process used to arrive at the answer, and providing examples when necessary. I understand that everyone learns differently, and I am willing to learn about the person I am working with and be flexible to best address their needs. In my free time I enjoy listening to music, playing guitar, and playing...
Kennesaw State University - BS, Biochemistry
John ...to grasp in an instant. This problem of student discouragement is a serious one, because learning starts with motivation; students will not be motivated to learn in an environment where they feel overwhelmed, scared, or unintelligent. That's where tutoring comes in. I've found that the best way for anyone to learn is by meeting with...
University of Georgia - BA, English and History
Kim ...and I am "great at showing multiples ways to solve problems." I love to tell stories to help students connect and relate to material and I have a great sense of humor. For the past four years, I have worked as an Instructional Support Teacher. Specifically, I provide instructional and compliance support to the Special...
Marist College - Bachelors, Special Education/Psychology
Georgia State University - Masters, Mild Disabilities
Jean ...an attorney. I am passionate about continuing my work in education through tutoring. I enjoy tutoring many subjects, particularly History, SAT Reading and Writing, College Essays, and Spanish. I love assisting students in implementing simple but effective changes in their preparation for Standardized Tests that show immediate results. I find this motivates students to continue...
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Emily My original experience in tutoring comes from my friends and family asking me for help with their math assignments. Currently, I attend Georgia Tech and am a math tutor. I also tutor beginner's Latin and test preparation. Besides tutoring, I am interested in horseback riding, photography and being outdoors.
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Ralston ...knowledge in various areas, but one of the things that I find fun about learning is seeing how subjects connect to the real world. It makes things a lot more interesting once you start seeing these connections. I am a very personable and patient individual and I can work with any kind of student.
Emory University - BA, Classics
Quiana ...one in Spanish with a concentration in Latin American Studies and the other in Music with a concentration in Vocal Performance. I have 5 years of experience in the Education industry, working as a full-time Teacher and Tutor. I can tutor various core subjects, however I am most passionate about Spanish, Mathematics, Computer Science, and...
Spelman College - BA, Spanish
Darryl ...to become the first in my immediate family to receive a doctoral degree. I hold a deep passion for education (Creative Reading, Writing, History, Geography, Social Studies, ect.) and for helping students of all ages. My goals are to inspire and enhance students with the skills to maximize their potential. Away from work, I enjoy...
Alabama State University - Bachelor's, Social Science/Secondary Education
Argosy University-Atlanta - Specialist's Degree, Instructional Design
Brinna ...to maintaining a thorough knowledge of instructional standards, practices, and methodologies for the education of children. My passion is helping students. I appreciate the way that tutoring allows a one-on-one connection and the ability to track success that is not always possible in a classroom setting. In my free time I enjoy hiking, reading, cooking...
University of Georgia - BS, Early Childhood Education
Piedmont College - MA, Early Childhood Education
State Certified Teacher


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You purchased this item onView this order
Jarrow Formulas, MK-7, Vitamin K2 as MK-7, 90 mcg, 60 Softgels
- You earn loyalty credit for every order you place at iHerb!
- Loyalty credit is equal to 10% of the value of your order, excluding shipping charges.
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Expiration Date:?May 2018Expiration Date
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Our receiving department does its best to verify and then enter the correct expiration dates for all incoming products. However, discrepancies do occur from time to time. This being said, the exceptionally high turnover at iHerb ensures that our inventory is among the freshest in the industry.
Shipping Weight:?0.12 lbs (0.05 kg)Shipping WeightThe Shipping Weight includes the product, protective packaging material and the actual shipping box. In addition, the Shipping Weight may be adjusted for the Dimensional Weight (e.g. length, width & height) of a package. It is important to note that certain types of products (e.g. glass containers, liquids, fragile, refrigerated or ice packed) will often require protective packaging material. As such, these products will reflect a higher Shipping Weight compared to the unprotected product.
- Product Code: JRW-30001
- UPC Code: 790011300014
- Package Quantity: 60 Softgels
- Dimensions: 3.3 x 1.8 x 1.8 in, 0.1 lbs (0.05 kg)
|Combo Discount:
|- $4.00
- Super Value!
- Promotes Bone Health
- Dietary Supplement
Jarrow Formulas MK-7 is made via fermentation by Bacillus subtilis natto. MK-7 (Menaquinone-7) is an enhanced bioactive form of vitamin K2 found naturally occurring in Natto that is ten times better absorbed than K1 from spinach. MK-7 is responsible for the carboxylation of specific bone proteins needed for building bones.
Suggested Use
Take 1 softgel per day or as directed by your qualified healthcare professional.
Other Ingredients
Non-GMO medium chain triglycerides, evening primrose oil and non-GMO soybean oil. Softgel consists of gelatin, glycerin, water and caramel (as a light barrier).
No wheat, no gluten, no dairy, no egg, no fish/shellfish, no peanuts/tree nuts.
Note: If you have a medical condition, are pregnant, lactating, or trying to conceive, under the age of 18, or taking medications (especially anticoagulants [e.g. warfarin/Coumadin]), consult your healthcare professional before using this product.
Keep out of the reach of children.
|Supplement Facts
|Serving Size: 1 Softgel
|Servings Per Container: 60
|Amount per Serving
|%Daily Value
|MK-7 (Vitamin K2 as Menaquinone-7) (from non-GMO Natto Extract)
|90 mcg
|*Daily Value not established.
Jarrow Forumula provides the best, most highly absorbably, biologically active form of Vitamin K2 that has been clinically proven to REVERSE arterial calcification by up to 50% in test subjects. Excess calcium in the arteries is a far better indicator of cardiovascular risk than cholesterol which is the hoax that has been used to brainwash the American populace as the principal cause for heart attacks and strokes. MK-7 helps the body assimilate calcium in the bones and teeth while preventing calcification of the soft tissue as well as maintaining arterial elasticity which helps regulates blood pressure. Vitamin K has many benefits for the body beyond proper blood clotting...I have only listed a few of its benefits. Read the medical literature you will be surprised as I was. Jarrows Forumlas a great price for a clinically effective dose in one softgel.
I had low vitamin K due to Celiac Disease(Gluten Intolerance) and antibiotics that killed the natural K producing bacteria. This is the best absorbed Vitamin K supplement on the market in my opinion.
Posted by 4869545968628951959 on Dec 01, 2016
Yutması kolay . D vitaminini yanına ekleyerek alıyorum.
Good product
Posted by Reviewer1278744 on Nov 02, 2016
consistency or product doubtful & no notice given of change in product. Have been using for a while & had been happy but latest order....the capsules look much different
Good product
Posted by 5252874491559514811 on Oct 21, 2016
This is good vitamin for your heart and bone. It does work. And it is non-GMO.
Mircle vitamin.
Posted by 5363481765847276541 on Sep 28, 2016
Don't know if this works as there are no blood tests to verify levels. Hopefully scanning my carotid wil give me some indication
Great for bones and heart
Posted by Benice2U on Sep 05, 2016
This allows your calcium and Vitamin D3 to get into your joints rather than forming spurs and arthritic processes. Also, according to Dr. Dennis Goodman, the Cardiologist who has multiple board certifications in Cardiology, it helps to lower the calcification in your arteries. The menaquinone version of K2 is the effective one. I will not be ingesting any statins as I think the Pharma reps are way too pushy about them and they cause so many adverse serious side effects, which did lead to my late father's death. I will be using this Vitamin from now on though. The stench of Natto is intolerable, however beneficial it is to my health. One of these a day is much preferred and it is derived from Natto without any odor. So reasonably priced as compared to the co-pays for statins.


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film 157
blogged at Oh, Hey Great!
You should have seen how fast I went around the block to get back to this car. But then, if you'd seen it in real life, you would have done the same.
When I saw the rear of this car, it suddenly became very, very apparent why someone named it the Cutlass.
507 views
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Taken on April 13, 2009


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In the Heart of the CityValova street.1 minute walk to Rynok Square. 3rd floor in a 3-story historic brick building3 rooms:18.9/16.1/10.1 square meters. One room has separate entry but can be rejoined to 2 others if wanted.Kitchen-9.4 square meters.Bathroom-3.0 square meters.Hall-1.9 square meters.Basement-10.4 square meters.There is an attic(loft) over this flat.The flat needs renovation.The ceiling height-3.30 metersRoom windows overlook a small quiet gardenIndependent heating system is independent (2 heating stoves)Running water-all day longTelephone line Those interested can contact Protected content Best Regards


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Sherbert Punch Recipes
Rainbow Sherbet Punch - Just 3 Ingredients!
Sherbert Punch - pineapple juice, pineapple sherbert, 7up. Can change it up and use other flavors & add fruit flavored alcohol
Basic Punch Recipe: *2 liters of Sprite or 7-up *Lg Can pineapple juice *1 jar of cherries *1 quart sherbert, slightly thawed ~For pink punch: use rasberry sherbert ~For green punch: use lime sherbert ..Basically, the color of your sherbert determines the color of the punch.
The Holidays aren't complete without a punch recipe. This Christmas Sherbet Punch is the ultimate punch recipe and is so decadent, it could even be dessert!
Sherbet Church Punch by thechicsite: Perfect for church gatherings and bridal and baby showers. #Punch #Sherbet
Looking for a fabulous punch to serve at your Halloween party? Well, look no further. This Orange Sherbet Punch is AMAZING! It is full of orange flavor and is so decadent, it could even be dessert! This punch is super easy to make with jus
Aloha Party Punch Recipes
This Sherbet Party Punch is perfect for potlucks, baby showers & Valentines Day! @natashaskitchen
Pink Party Punch Recipe ~ pink lemonade, raspberry sorbet, lemon-lime soda
Rock-A-Bye Baby Punch Recipe - 3 quarts raspberry sherbet, softened 6 liters ginger ale, chilled. Just before serving, place sherbet in punch bowl. Add ginger ale; stir until sherbet is almost melted. Yield: about 2 gallons (about 64 half-cup servings). (I suppose you could use any flavor/color sherbet to change colors.)


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text: All the spiders I've seen walking around brazilian mountains! Enjoy. ImagesThe second friendSpider with its pray! Argiope ArgentataThe nephila...big but harmlessNew friend, the TarântulaLasiodora spA third friend, different one, really!I saw that one inside"A life hangs in the balance"Be careful with what youi can find in the DARK!Husband and wifeCareful, I can hurt you!Architis spPlaying dead!Looking at me like that she said:[ View Gallery - 18 More Images ]


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Digital Tipping Point
Paw Prints: Writings of the maddog
In 2004 I was at the FISL conference in Porto Alegre, Brazil when I was introduced to a young man who wanted to create a documentary about the Free Software movement. His name is Christian Einfeldt and he is a lawyer in San Francisco, California
Christian and Paul Donahue, his cameraman, had flown to Brazil to capture some of the excitement and flavor of Free Software that occurs at FISL. At the conference I contributed some video on the early days of the Alpha port and other topics.
Later I found that Christian was traveling to Extremadura, Spain for the Free Software World Conference and when I went to wine country on a trip to California I invited Christian to join Eric Allman (Sendmail) and Michael Shiloh (Openmoko) to join us for a relaxing day.
The Tipping Point project has captured over 350 hours of video from various people around the world, and after the taping was over, the daunting task of editing and conversion of formats began. I think it took longer than Christian thought it would, but he is not the type of guy who gives up.
Today I was informed that the footage I made back in 2004 has reached the Internet Archive under the Digital Tipping Point Video Collection (IA DTP VC). My footage is made up of five segments, and the first is here:
which you can view, "rip, mix, and burn under the Creative Commons Attribute - ShareAlike license" as stated by Christian on the site.
For those of you who do not do "ogg", there are MPEG1 and MPEG4 versions also.
Christian is looking for people to contribute transcriptions of various parts, edits, music, graphics and animations to the project.
For more about "The Digital Tipping Point", you can go to their main Wiki.
Enjoyed editing the interview!I thoroughly enjoyed doing the initial rough-edit on the interview and your speech, Jon. There is a ton of good information and history in both of them, so I personally hope folks take a look at them. I've already compiled the clips from your speech and made a whole video, albeit the video being little more than cat'ing the clips together and adding some titles.
I hope others do the same - grab some clips and use your favorite FOSS video editor and increase history.
Tom King
Issue 194/2017
Buy this issue as a PDF
openSUSE Rolls Out 42.2 Leap
New release targets Linux professionals.
Cutting-Edge Fedora 25 Released
The Fedora project adds Wayland and Gnome 3.22
CeBIT 2017: The Open Source Forum
CeBIT 2017: Open Source Forum Call for Papers
Say it Ain't So! Microsoft Joins the Linux Foundation
Long-time Linux antagonist joins the revolution.
How to Bypass Authentication on a Linux System
Major bug affects Debian/Ubuntu distributions.
Ubuntu Core 16
Canonical releases the minimal edition for embedded devices, Internet of Things, and cloud deployments.
Red Hat Releases Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.3
The new release features improvements across the board, from performance to security.
The Linux Foundation Announces a New Board of Directors
Two out of three of the new members are women.
OpenStack Summit in Barcelona
More than 5,000 people attended the event.
Linux Voice Joins the Linux New Media Family
Linux Magazine will include the best of both magazines.


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Elton High School
- JShelby Pilgrimjenningsdailynews.net
- JRhoda Landry Marshjenningsdailynews.net
- JMarjorie Delafossejenningsdailynews.netMidtown
- JOn a mission: Local schools join Substance Abuse Prevention initiativejenningsdailynews.net
- JMcNeese to host financial aid workshops at local schoolsjenningsdailynews.net
- JElton student places sixthjenningsdailynews.net
- JElton opens fall camp with high hopes on horizonjenningsdailynews.net
- JWhat could have been: Elton legend recalls career-ending injury at LSUjenningsdailynews.net
- JElton graduates 30 seniorsjenningsdailynews.net
- School OKs eagle feathers in graduation garb for Indiansdothaneagle.com
- JElton native honored by LSU College of Agriculturejenningsdailynews.net
- 5 things to know about Scott Quigg as he prepares to face Carl Frampton in ManchesterThe Daily RecordIreland
- JHounds claim 4-2A title with 64-53 win over Mamoujenningsdailynews.net
- JJames "Clyde" Fuselierjenningsdailynews.netDewana
- JJHS hosts Career Fair and Expojenningsdailynews.net
- JCarbalan named middle school Student of the Yearjenningsdailynews.net
- JEHS athletic department wins $4,000 awardjenningsdailynews.net
- JEHS' Smith named Louisiana Counselor of the Yearjenningsdailynews.net
- JDespite injury, Newell thankful for time on the gridironjenningsdailynews.net
Frequent names
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60 min
16 Nov 2014
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Bourdain heads to Jamaica, a destination well known for delicious Caribbean delicacies and feel-good vibes. The host travels along the Northeast region of the island and explores life in Port Antonio and Winnifred Beach. He also delves into the importance of music legend Bob Marley, with his producer Chris Blackwell, and takes a side trip to the home of author Ian Fleming (the setting of James Bond novels). A main topic in this episode is the ever-burgeoning tourist industry and how it continues to affect the local population.
Starring: Anthony Bourdain,
Genres: Documentary,
Tags: Putlocker Jamaica Full Episode, Jamaica full Episode, watch series online, watchseries online free, Jamaica 123movies, putlocker9
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In the surface waters of the tropical and subtropical open ocean, dissolved H2 concentrations typically range from 1–3 nmol l−1, equivalent to 300–900% supersaturation relative to atmospheric equilibrium (Herr et al., 1984; Conrad and Seiler, 1988; Moore et al., 2009). The magnitude of the dissolved H2 pool is determined by the 'oceanic H2 cycle' which reflects the balance between production and loss processes. As such, the main source of H2 is considered to be biological dinitrogen (N2) fixation (Herr et al., 1984; Scranton et al., 1987; Moore et al., 2009), whereby N2 is reduced to ammonia (NH3), as shown in Eq. (1):
where ADP and ATP are adenosine-5′-diphosphate and adenosine-5′-triphosphate respectively, H+ is hydrogen ion, e- is electron and Pi is inorganic phosphorus (Simpson and Burris, 1984). While N2 fixation is more commonly measured than H2 production, it is unwise to use the theoretical stoichiometry predicted in Eq. (1) to provide an estimate of H2 production associated with nitrogenase activity. This is due to several inherent issues associated with H2 cycling linked to N2 fixation, as listed below:
- (i) Measurements of H2 production alongside measurements of N2 fixation are always less than the equimolar stoichiometry predicted in Eq. (Schubert and Evans, ; Wilson et al., ). This is because all diazotrophs contain uptake hydrogenases that re-assimilate a variable portion of H2 released during N2 fixation to conserve energy (Burns and Hardy, , Tamagnini et al., ).
- (ii) Rates of net H2 production by diazotrophs appear to be highly species-specific. Laboratory-maintained cultures of two diazotrophs, Crocosphaera and Trichodesmium produce H2 at approximately 1% and 25% of their respective rates of N2 fixation, as measured by the acetylene reduction (AR) assay (Wilson et al., ). The comparatively high rates of net H2 production by Trichodesmium are a consequence of the cells fixing N2 during the daytime as the supply of photosynthetically derived energy and reductant decreases the need to re-assimilate the H2 as an energy source, resulting in an increase of net H2 production (Wilson et al., 2012b). By comparison, Crocosphaera fixes N2 during the dark period restricting the supply of cellular energy to nitrogenase from the respiration of photosynthetically fixed carbon (Waterbury et al., ; Berman-Frank et al., ). This causes a greater demand for the energy and reductant obtained from oxidizing H2 and therefore decreases the net H2 production (Wilson et al., ).
- (iii) Field measurements of N2 fixation can be conducted using the 15N2 assimilation technique or the AR assay. The 15N2 tracer technique is considered to be a measure of net N2 fixation as it does not account for dissolved organic and inorganic material released from cells (Montoya et al., ; Mulholland et al., ). The AR assay measures total nitrogenase activity by quantifying the reduction of acetylene (C2H2) to ethylene (C2H4) and therefore represents an indirect assay of N2 fixation (Burris, ). Because H2 production is equimolar with N2 fixation (Eq. ), the AR assay should represent a better measurement when estimating the total amount of H2 produced by nitrogenase.
Due to the issues listed above, to define the role of N2 fixation in the global H2 cycle (e.g. Price et al., 2007), it is imperative to conduct field measurements of both N2 fixation and H2 production. In this study, simultaneous measurements of N2 fixation, biological H2 consumption and dissolved H2 concentrations were conducted in the surface waters of the open ocean where diazotrophs are present. Results are presented showing the diazotrophic community composition (as measured by nifH gene abundance and diversity), rates of net and gross N2 fixation (as measured by 15N2 tracer assimilation and AR assay respectively), H2 concentrations and H2 oxidation rates (using 3H2 as a tracer). Quantitative interpretation of the field data is aided by the recent measurement of net H2 production and N2 fixation in laboratory cultures of diazotrophs to infer the relative contribution of the representative marine N2-fixing microorganisms to the oceanic H2 cycle.


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RMC Enviro Care Tough Job Cleaner
Raw Eco Score:
Bio-based, heavy-duty cleaner/degreaser offers a green complete solution for heavy-duty cleaning and degreasing. Enviro Care Tough Job Cleaner removes carbon and greasy residues on walls, floors, machinery and any washable surfaces. Use on walls, countertops, floors and other heavily soiled surfaces as a spray-and-wipe cleaner, for damp mopping or through auto scrubbers. Simply squeeze and fill the upper chamber with concentrate to then pour the cleaner into your spray bottle (sold separately) and fill with water for easy cleaning. Enviro mix packaging allows you to accurately and easily mix concentrates with a built-in measurement system in a designated spray bottle (sold separately). Dilution ratio for the VOC-compliant formula is 1/2 oz. to 1 oz. of cleaner per 31 oz. of water.
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