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Chef Joey Z's Turkey Bacon and Bean Soup for Two
Total Time
6hrs 20mins
Prep 20 mins
Cook 6 hrs
This recipe is for a 2.5 quart slow cooker. Its very easy and good for you too.
Ingredients Nutrition
- 1⁄2 lb dried navy beans (soaked overnight)
- 1 carrot (diced)
- 1 celery rib (diced)
- 1 (8 ounce) can tomato sauce
- 1 tablespoon vegan margarine
- 2 pieces bacon (cubed turkey bacon)
- 1 small dried chili (optional)
- 1 bay leaf
- salt and pepper (to taste)
- Saute the carrots, celery, onion and bacon.
- Drain the beans of soak water and rinse them until they are no longer scummy.
- Put the sauted veggies and bacon into the crock pot.
- Fill the pot with water within 2 inches from the top of the crock.
- *NOTE*: Do not use anything with tomato in it if you decide to use soup broth instead of water as tomato inhibits the cooking of the beans.
- Depending on the beans it should take about 6-8 hours to cook.
- Once all the ingredients are soft, add the tomato sauce, salt and pepper. Let cook for another 1/2 hours.
- Bon Apetit.


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North Alabama Insurance Agency
30484 Ardmore Ave Ardmore, Alabama 35739(256) 423-2141 Website
Print | Save | Directions
AboutBy providing access to more than 17 insurance companies, we have the flexibility to offer you affordable prices and individualized options. With a combined 67 years of insurance experience, our licensed agents and
staff are capable to recommend the proper coverage for all your insurance needs. Whether you need business or home insurance, our friendly staff will customize a plan to suit your needs
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Key Contacts
- Martie Norman
- Owner

subset: commoncrawl


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Some co-workers will try to use fake sympathy or intimidation to manipulate you, executive coach Joyce Russell writes. Limit your interaction with these people, and find a confidante with whom to share your misgivings. "When you first start defending yourself against a manipulator, they'll try harder to control you," Russell writes. "Remember this and stay firm, don't get defensive and don't take the bait if they push you."
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Trumpery in America
Trump stood in front of an audience in West Palm Beach, Florida following his Super Saturday victories justifying his penis size and boasting about what a "winner" he is. When asked a serious policy question on same sex marriage, Trump refused to respond, telling the reporter to "sit down."
This has been the theme of his candidacy. Appealing to the public through "showmanship," Trump has turned the presidential race into the ultimate reality show. Through one liners, insults, and fear mongering Trump has successfully created a smokescreen that has concealed - to some - his own inability to think critically, much less lead a nation. Sadly, those who support "The Donald" haven't figured out that his campaign in based on trumpery defined as deceit, fallacy, and although showy, of little value.
Trump's refusal to respond to questions on policy is not new. Although sometimes rather than flat out refusing, he fumbles through responses like a child who didn't finish his homework but is trying to convince the teacher otherwise.
Thanks to George Takei for demonstrating this so eloquently in his recent Facebook Post.
Donald Trump answers the question: What is 2+2? "I have to say a lot of people have been asking this question. No,...Posted by George Takei on Sunday, March 6, 2016
When questioned on ISIS, unable to offer a detailed strategy, Trump responded, "I will...quickly and decisively bomb the hell out of ISIS, will rebuild our military and make it so strong no one -- and I mean, no one -- will mess with us."
When asked about his support for torturing and "taking out" the families of terrorists, Trump claimed that soldiers would commit such illegal acts under his orders; "They're not going to refuse me, believe me, If I say do it, they're going to do it."
Personal attacks are a staple in Trump's strategy to deflect questions and regain the attention of the public. He attacked Megyn Kelly for questioning his misogynistic comments by calling Kelly a "bimbo" and suggesting she was being aggressive because she was menstruating.
During the Fox News Michigan debate, when pushed for a response on foreign policy by Marco Rubio, Trump responded by saying that everyone in Florida hates "Little Marco" and he wouldn't be elected as a "dog catcher." Trump never responded to the question on foreign policy.
And it is with these ridiculous responses that Trump has mesmerized a nation lacking the ability to think critically. Refusing to respond while entertaining the masses; it is trumpery in full effect.
This fact is not lost on the Republican Party. Some have called for a third-party option stating they will not vote for Trump. Former presidential candidate Mitt Romney stated that Trump is "a phoney, a fraud...His promises are as worthless as a degree from Trump University. He's playing members of the American public for suckers." And the GOP national security leaders issued an open letter opposing Trump's candidacy calling him "fundamentally dishonest," condemning his "hateful, anti-Muslim rhetoric," call for increased use of torture, support for trade wars, and esteem for Vladimir Putin.
While Chris Christie jumped on the Trump wagon in hopes of breathing life into his political career, on Super Tuesday his eyes told the world that he realized he made a deal with the devil.
His blatant inability to comment on domestic or foreign policy is alarming and Trump is yet to offer a realistic strategy that would lead to a successful presidency. As David Brooks points out, his campaign is a sham just like Trump University and Trump Mortgage. And a President Trump would be a debacle just like Trump Air, Trump Steaks, and Trump Vodka.
Nonetheless, a large segment of the American public appears hungry for the careless, politically uninformed, objectionable billionaire bully whose bid for the White House is an attempt to achieve the ultimate symbol of power. Through hate speech and stances that undermine actual American values, Trump has created a "new red scare" and many are buying into it hook, line, and sinker. He has successfully played on the fears of many allowing himself to climb in the polls - a similar factor that resulted in the rise of other fascist leaders, including Adolf Hitler.
Disturbingly, some Trump enthusiasts are unable to distinguish between statements by Trump and Hitler. Those who support his candidacy claim that Trump "tells it like it is," is a successful businessman, and funds his own campaign. Perhaps they should review John Oliver's response to these notions.
Trump has no experience and is clueless as to what the job of POTUS entails. Like the root meaning of his name, he is deceitful, showy but useless and has simply become the clown who has taken center stage in the circus built by American politics. With his "trumpfoolery" he has revealed a disturbing temperament in the nation while duping some Americans into believing a Trump presidency will mean a "reclaiming" of America using anti-American values.
If the trumpery of his campaign strategy is evidence of what a Trump presidency would look like, the US should be prepared for deceitful and dangerous commander in chief who will continue the "new red scare" and limit the freedom so many assume he will defend as an American right. As Louis CK said referring to Trump, "Don't vote for your own cancer."
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Mary Trent
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Property DetailsFor more information, contact Mary Trent at (501) 831-1559. Visit http://www.crye-leike.com/littlerock/16029458 to view more pictures of this property. Well chosen & stylish condo for the most particular Buyer! 9' ceilings top off the generous sized rooms. The foyer opens into a spacious great room w/eye-catching fireplace. Lovely library/office room with French doors & wall of shelving. Kitchen w/quartz counters, walk in pantry & large window looks on to the fireplace. Formal dining & fixture...a must see. Master on the back & 2nd bedroom on the front...3 walk in closets. Wet Bar off great room. Enjoy peaceful/private courtyard & classy wood windows!
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Additional Property InformationThis listing located at 32 Windsor Court, Little Rock, AR boasts two bedrooms, two bathrooms and one partial bathroom. The property is currently selling at $202,000.
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Art has fascinated me since childhood, but it was only later in adulthood that art became important as a personal form of expression. I discovered I could sculpt about the same time we discovered my husband, Don, had Alzheimer's.
雇用居家护理助手 (Hiring In-Home Help)
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Thursday, January 1, 2004


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December 02, 2016
December 05, 2016
Sorry I don't watch baseball :(
naturaldeal (rep: 3.3k) posted Oct 16, 2012
I am a huge baseball fan (though also not a Yankees fan) and am just in awe at how the Yankees as a team are not hitting in the postseason. ARod is definitely in the spotlight because of how much money he makes ($30 million this year), but he is not the only one struggling at the plate. Granderson, Swisher, and even Cano are also not hitting. As for retiring, I doubt he wants to, and ARod still has five or six years left on his contract with the Yanks. Whether they try to get out of the contract is still to be seen.
shopange08 (rep: 15.7k) posted Oct 16, 2012
Being a Oriole fan, we hated the Yankees and the RedSox.
I didn't thumb you down MdavidK30, that is not my style. I voiced my opinion, if someone doesn't like it, so be it.
kimeeb (rep: 128k) posted Oct 20, 2012
5 days ago
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For individuals who have completed their undergraduate studies, a master's program can prove to be very beneficial. As bachelor's degrees become more common in today's job market, having a postgraduate degree has gained greater clout. Individuals who decide to attain master's degrees can obtain higher positions within their current companies or elevate their status within the current job pool.
What is a Master in International Human Resource Management? This degree focuses on the affects of human resource practices at a global level. As with other human resource management degrees, it incorporates management principals and behavioral science theories while placing a special emphasis on specific strategies that help global companies to function properly and efficiently. Professionals who graduate from this program can expect to have a heightened understanding of human resource principles and then learn how to effectively apply them in global enterprises.
A Master in International Human Resource Management helps individuals advance within their current position or within the human resource field. The degree is also versatile with its management and training elements.
No master's degree has a set price. Different factors affect the price, so it varies between institutions. The location of the school, the common price of study at the particular institution, and whether you study on campus or online are all factors that can impact the cost.
A Master in International Human Resource Management opens a wide door of opportunity. Individuals can choose to stay within the human resource realm with virtually any type of company, or they may venture into management or training positions. With a master's degree, individuals can expect to secure positions starting in middle management.
For those looking for a degree that is versatile and people-focused, a Master in International Human Resource Management could be the perfect choice. There are a number of quality programs to choose from to meet the specific needs of every individual. To learn more, search for your program below and contact directly the admissions office of the school of your choice by filling in the lead form.
This program will teach and train students in hospitality related fields whether it is in a classroom context or in a hotel. The program is developed to prepare the students to create proper Human Resource strategies by understanding Human resource theories, using the proper tools, analyzing critical situations and being able to suggest proper solutions for intricate Human Resource problems. [+]
Master International Hotel Management - Human Resources and training
This program will teach and train students in hospitality related fields whether it is in a classroom context or in a hotel. The program is developed to prepare the students to create proper Human Resource strategies by Human Resources Management and Training understanding Human resource theories, using the proper tools, analyzing critical situations and being able to suggest proper solutions for intricate Human Resource problems.
At the end of the program the student will also be specialists in employment relations and be capable of developing training programs for the hospitality industry in order to retain talent and assure high performance of the organization. Having a good under-standing of human resource management is extremely important especially in an industry with high turnover and large training and learning needs.... [-]
Our MA Human Resource Management programme is highly valued and holds an international reputation for quality. The programme is designed for those who want to pursue senior level careers in human resource management (HRM) and covers essential skills for your professional development and future career. [+]
Fisher's MHRM program is one of the very few HR graduate programs in the United States taught within a college of business. In addition to learning from leading HR and organizational experts, your focus while enrolled in the program will be to take HR theories and apply them in real-world settings. [+]
The Master of Arts in Human Resources and Industrial Relations is widely considered to be one of the top programs of its kind in the nation and is available through a full-time or part-time option. Taught by world-renowned faculty, the curriculum gives students a thorough understanding of contemporary HR practices and the underlying theories that are necessary for successful careers in the field. [+]
Our Master of HR Management will provide you with the tools necessary to contribute to businesses of every scale, from small enterprises to multinational corporations, in an evolving global business landscape. [+]
The online Master of Human Resource Management degree program from New England College of Business provides a focused, advanced education for those who want to excel in their human resource management (HRM) career. [+]
Today, the dynamic and complex process of development and globalisation calls for an enhanced understanding of the way to support more and better jobs in different development contexts. [+]
The Master program in Applied Labour Economics for Development (MALED) of the Turin School of Development (ITC-ILO) is a response to the need for more and more diverse expertise in the design and evaluation of evidence-based policies, in which international labour standards and fundamental rights at work go hand in hand with job creation and productive employment. The program is delivered as a First Level Master Degree by the Department of Economics of the University of Turin.
This Master program is intended to prepare students and professionals from both advanced and developing countries to become experts in designing, analysing and evaluating policies that place employment at the core of economic, social and development policy making. The degree will combine rigorous training in analytical and quantitative economic methods with an emphasis on what constitutes an appropriate policy, legal and institutional framework for employment and decent work in different development contexts.... [-]
The programme introduces the basics of strategic personnel management. You will develop a strong foundation in strategic and operative thinking for your... [+]
Master in International Management · Human Resources
The importance of employees has grown steadily over the last decades. The term human resource management illustrates that employees are an important resource and key factors in organisational competitiveness. In a time of demographic and economic change, the management of human resources has become a decisive factor in the success or failure of companies.As a result, human resources is now a general management focus. This four-semester study programme gives you the skills to deal effectively with this business function.The programme introduces the basics of strategic personnel management. You will develop a strong foundation in strategic and operative thinking for your management career. With the help of personnel strategy, you will come to understand the meaning of employees as a strategic success factor for organisations.You'll also explore international approaches to human resource management as well as relevant research. When you graduate, you will be able to apply management and motivational concepts and personnel development measures. With a strong background in international management, you will be able to create a personnel strategy tailored to global challenges.... [-]
In Master Programme HR management treat the full range of HR topics. The lecture dine among other things from the scientific [+]
Human Resource Management Master
Degree: Master of Science (M.Sc.)
In Master Programme HR management treat the full range of HR topics. The lecture dine among other things from the scientific work of FOM own research institutes: Both the Department of Personnel and Organizational Research under the scientific direction of Prof. Dr. Marco rooms, as well as the Institute for Work & personnel under the scientific direction of Prof. Dr. Ulrike Hellert, let the latest research results in the doctrine incorporated thus ensuring next unconditional actuality a high scientific level of the events. Committed to the optimal transfer between theory and practice, the FOM also binds experts from the business community as a lecturer in the lectures a. The quality of the Master's program Human Resources Management is Professor em. Dr. Willi Küpper from the University of Hamburg as Director of Studies. After completing your studies run the academic title Master of Science (M.Sc.) in Human Resource Management.... [-]
The proposed Master of Human Resources Management (MHRM) program of YU will be the pioneer in local market to produce human resource professionals with advanced and applied human resource management capabilities. [+]
The management and administration of human resources can be approached from many perspectives, which is why the Master in Management and HR ESDE Business School is designed to raise awareness of different tools and techniques designed to provide an overview and give response to the needs and challenges of the market. [+]
International People Management is very much a cross-disciplinary major which seeks to teach you everything you will need to know to be a successful manager of an international team. [+]
Master in International Business - International People Management
International People Management is very much a cross-disciplinary major which seeks to teach you everything you will need to know to be a successful manager of an international team.Objectives International People Management specialization is a cross-disciplinary major which teaches students to be successful managers of an international team. Students will learn how to: Create and manage a team Define each individual's role Evaluate both the team's and individual performances Recruit employees and oversee career progression Understand and apply company HR policies Understand a company's social responsibility Develop your leadership skills and professional efficiency ... [-]
The International Master in Human Resources and Employment (Italian-Spanish) allows to specialize their training in an emerging area of our production system, [+]
International Master in Human Resources and Employment (Italian-Spanish) The International Master in Human Resources and Employment (Italian-Spanish) allows to specialize their training in an emerging area of our production system, from a social approach. Divulgazione Dinamica offers this degree to meet the growing demand on the domestic and international professionals specialized and well prepared on the interlingual and intercultural, to address all needs in a context that is becoming increasingly global. CONTENTS: 1. LABOUR MARKET- Employment and Training Policies- The characteristics of the workforce in our country in the late twentieth century, in relation to new technologies and new sources of employment 2. PSYCHOLOGY OF UNEMPLOYMENT- Psychological theories that link the Labor and Mental Health- Approaches to be adopted by the psycho-social intervention programs that mitigate the impact of unemployment 3. CAREER GUIDANCE- Define what is meant by Career Guidance, how to organize this process, what methodology to use, what type of clients attending services Guidance and analyzes the characteristics of these groups for more effective and efficient. 4. EMPLOYABILITY- The process of professional integration- Active labor market policies, aimed at both enterprise creation and to promoteemployment and inclusion training 5. TECHNICAL INVESTIGATION OF SOCIAL- Tools and methodology that facilitate the analysis of realityin the investigation-action 6. PROJECT DESIGN- Levels of planning: plan, program, project- Levels of projects- Phases of a project- Elements of a project- Quality of the projects. Guide to Action 7. NUOVA ECONOMY- Economy- Economy and Environment- Nuova economy- I nuovi giacimenti occupazionale 8. MANAGEMENT COMPANY multicultural- Migration- Treatment of the difference in the organization- Culture and intercultural relations and professional skills- Intercultural competencies and skills- Intercultural training in the company 9. TRAINING FOR HUMAN RESOURCES- Importance of training in enterprises; Functions of the training;Characteristics of training; design tasks;Continuing Education 10. HOW TO DRAW AND DEVELOP TRAINING- Teaching, teaching, curriculum and training- Conceptualization and characterization of the curriculum- The approaches, types and elements of the curriculum- The design, development and evaluation of curriculum- Objectives and contents- Methodology and activities- Learning resources- Time and its organization- Space and groupings 1 1. TEACHING MATERIALS AND RESOURCES- Approach to the use of new technologies in vocational training- New technological tools applied to vocational training: Internet- The computer-assisted teaching: interactivity 12. EVALUATION OF TRAINING AND PROFESSIONAL SKILLS- Approach full evaluation- Valuation approach of training, teaching and curriculum- Assessment of training needs- Evaluation of the training process- Evaluation of training results- Impact assessment of training 13. PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT OF PROFESSIONAL PRACTICES- Regulatory framework governing professional practices- Duties of the teacher-tutor to the center- Duties of the tutor in the company- Planning of professional practice- Evaluation and monitoring of professional practices- The evaluation of the internship program 14. NEW TECHNOLOGIES APPLIED TO EDUCATION- Conceptualization and sources of knowledge. The knowledge society- Media as media and educational resources for ICT in education- Platforms: free software (Moodle) and commercial software 15. MANAGEMENT ABILITIES- Decision making. Time management. Stress management. Communication.Negotiation. Leadership. Presentations in public. Motivation. Teamwork... [-]


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Levon Aronian maintains his position on FIDE Rating ListFIDE has published 2016 FIDE Rating List as November 1. World Champion Magnus Carlsen (2853) is leading the list. Italian player Fabiano Caruana (2823) is on the second place, and Maxime Vachier-Lagrave is on 3rd place. As the Chess Federation of ... Panorama.am, 1 month ago
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And we are Back!!
If you tried to access Green & White in last few hours, you might have seen a maintainence notice or some errors in the site. We apologize for the inconvenience
We were in the process of upgrading the Blog to latest wordpress and moving the host. Now we are back.
Going forward there will be few announcements from our side, and some activity as well which has been missing for some time.
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Jun 3, 1969
|Filing date
|Apr 15, 1966
|Priority date
|Apr 15, 1966
|Publication number
|Fry William Charles David, Parker Patrick Neilan, Parry Jimmy H, Ross William M Jr
|Original Assignee
|Dow Chemical Co
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (10), Referenced by (41), Classifications (7), Legal Events (1)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
June 3, 1969 v w. c. D. FRY ET AL 3,447,608
OPEN HOLE CEMENT PLUGGING Filed April 15, 1966 I'Nl/ENTORS Wf/fiam M Ross, Jr. W/Y/l'am Char/e5 D0 via Fry P0 fr/cfi Nev/0x7 Park ex" BY d/mmyh a y arrow/5 United States Patent 3,447,608 OPEN HOLE CEMENT PLUGGING William Charles David Fry and Patrick Neilan Parker,
Tulsa, Okla., and William M. Ross, Jr., Metairie, and Jimmy H. Parry, Morgan City, La., assignors to The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Mich., a corporation of Delaware Filed Apr. 15, 1966, Ser. No. 542,892
Int. Cl. E21b 33/13 U.S. Cl. 166-293 7 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE The improved method of emplacing a cement plug in a mud-containing open hole which comprises first positioning a temporary plug in the hole comprising an aqueous liquid and a cohesively cementitiously relatively lowdensity autonomously solidifying particulate material slurried therein which sets relatively quickly to a solid of relatively low strength but of greater supporting strength than the mud in the hole and, after allowing the emplaced slurry to solidify, emplacing a relatively high density, relatively high strength and relatively slow setting cement slurry on top of the temporary plug to form a more-or-less permanent plug.
The invention is an improved method of plugging open holes.
Open holes, e.g. oil or gas wells, often require that a cement plug be placed therein. Illustrative of situations wherein a cement plug is desired to be placed in open holes includes whipstocking, well recompletion, and water shut-01f.
To place a plug in an open hole, a distance from the bottom of the hole, employing a settable slurry, it is necessary that this slurry be located and retained at the desired level until sufiiciently set to be self-supporting.
A problem that has been long associated with placement of cement plugs in open holes has been the difiiculty of preventing the plug, in a process of being positioned, from falling through the mud into the lower part of the hole. Wherein attempts have been made to solve the problem by lowering the density of the cement slurry being positioned in the hole to a sufiicient amount by low density for it to remain in the upper part of the mud, the compressive strength of the cement when set has been reduced to the point where the plug is too Weak to satisfy the requirements for which it was being used.
The principal object of the invention is to provide an improved method for emplacing a cement plug of adequate strength in an open hole. The invention is primarily directed to use in a wellbore containing mud in the lower portion thereof or into which mud is pumped prior to positioning the plug. However, a plug may be positioned, in accordance with the invention at a desired level relatively near the bottom of a hole, in the absence of mud, in accordance with the practice of the invention.
Almost invariably, a hole to be plugged off contains some mud. Accordingly, the invention will be described in general in relation to a hole containing some mud.
The way by which this and related objects are attained is made clear in the ensuing description defined in the appended claims.
3,447,608 Patented June 3, 1969 The invention, broadly, in its preferred embodiment consists of locating, in a mud-containing hole, to be ccmented off, a temporary plug having a density not substantially greater than the mud, in position just below the place wherein a cement shut-oft is desired and locating a more-or-less permanent cement plug on top of the temporary plug. The term more-or-less permanent plug, as used herein, refers to a plug of high strength and durability suitable for prolonged use, usually until it is drilled out or otherwise positively removed or the well is abandoned.
The annexed drawing shows wellbore 1 having mud 2 in the lower part thereof and temporary plug 3 in the upper part of the mud and more-or-less permanent cement plug 4 resting on the temporary plug. Sometimes, as shown, some less dense mud or water 5 may be pres ent above the permanent cement plug.
The material of which the temporary plug is made is a material which is of lighter density than the more-orless permanent plug. It is not of substantially greater density than the mud and is preferably of about the same or of lighter weight than the mud in the hole. Some of the materials which may be used are of sufiicient inherent strength to be used alone or, in some instances, they are advisedly mixed with portland or aluminous cement. The preferred materials to em loy for preparing the temporary plug are (l) a mixture of hydraulic cement and a suitable light-weight extender, e.g. bentonite, pozzolana, diatomaceous earth, perlite, or gilsonite, or '(2) a linear or cross-linked acrylamide polymer-glycol or polymer-glycerol system containing some water or (3) a cross-linked acrylamide polymer-selected brine system. The density of the material for use in making the temporary plug may be readily adjusted either by varying the ratio of the ingredients Where portland cement is a constituent thereof or by adding a desired amount of a weighting agent, e.g. BaSO in the case of the systems containing the acrylamide polymer.
The term acrylamide polymer, as used herein, includes various homopolymers and copolymers of acrylamide or methacrylamide, e.g. as described in US. Patents 2,706,186, 2,713,041, 2,780,610, or 2,798,058. The term also includes, for use in the invention, such carbamoyl polymers as the N-substituted acr-ylamides, e.g. N-methyl acrylamide and N-propyl acrylamide and copolymers of acrylamide or methacrylamide with another ethylenically unsaturated monomer, e.g. acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, vinylsulfonic acid, vinylbenzylsulfonic acid, vinylbenzenesulfonic acid, or alkali or alkaline earth metal salts wherein the acrylamide or methacrylamide provides more than 50 percent by weight of the monomeric mixture. The term also includes the cross-linked acrylamide polymers employing in the polymerization thereof such cross-linking agents as methylenebisacrylamide, divinylbenzene, vinyl ether, divinyl ether of ethylene glycol, and the like, as described more fully in the above-numbered patents. The glycols which may be employed with the acrylamide polymer include ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and trimethylene glycol; glycerol also may be used. Some water is required to be present. The amount of water necessary for the polymer and glycol or glycerol mixture to form a solid gel for use in making the temporary plug, is rather small, as little as 2 percent by weight being satisfactory. Not over 10 percent of water is recommended since higher amounts of water result in gel times which may be too fast to control while injecting the slurry in position. It is recommended that some polyglycol be employed in the polymer-glycol or polymer-glycerol system, e.g. diethyleneglycol, triethylene glycol, or tetraethylene glycol of a molecular weight approaching about 10,000, or propylene oxide polymers of a molecular weight approaching about 2,000, so long as the polyglycol is a liquid.
The recommended procedure for preparing the polymer-glycol or polymer-glycerol, system is to admix a glycol or the glycerol, e.g. ethylene glycol, containing 2 to percent by weight of water, with a polyglycol, e.g. diethylene glycol, and then add the polymer, e.g. polyacrylamide in a particulated state in an amount of between about 0.3 to 1 part by weight of polymer, either linear or cross-linked, per part of glycol-polyglycol mixture. Between about 0.4 and 0.6 part of the polymer per part of glycol or glycerol or mixture thereof is recommended. It is suggested that 40 to 60 parts by weight of the glycol or glycerol be used with 60 to 40 parts by weight of the polyglycol; about 50:50 by weight is quite satisfactory. Mixing at any temperature at which the glycols are liquid and the gel time is not too fast may be used, ambient temperature usually being employed. The composition so made gels to a solid between about minutes to an hour at 70 F. to 80 F. and within somewhat less time at higher temperatures.
When the cross-linked acrylamide polymer-selected brine type temporary plug is used, the polymer may be prepared and admixed with the selected brine, e.g. an aqueous solution of CaCl and FeCl preferably substantially saturated, as described briefly in Example 6 hereinafter and more fully in application Ser. No. 371,665, filed June 1, 1964, now US. Patent No. 3,306,870.
The materials for preparing the more-or-less permanent plug are those used in conventional cement plugging including any one or mixture of Class A to Class G cements as classified in API RP 10B, 14th edition. The proportions by weight of water in the aqueous cement slurry employed are between about and about 55 parts of Water per 100 parts of dry cement, a proportion of 46 parts of water to 100 parts of the cement being illustrative. Fluidloss'additives, e.g. as described in US. Patent 3,140,269, may advisably be used therewith. The more-or-less permanent plug is placed in position by injecting the aqueous cement slurry by the use of conventional equipment according to conventional procedures.
The density of the mud in a borehole, in which a cement plug is to be placed, is usually known. If not, it can be readily ascertained by sampling the mud and weighing a. given volume. A fluid composition suitable for forming the temporary plug is then prepared and pumped into place employing equipment and general borehole plugging procedures. After the temporary plug has been allowed to set sufficiently to support the cement plug of a permanent type (which may require no more than about 20 minutes to an hour) the permanent plug material in a slurry state is pumped down the hole and brought to rest on the temporary plug.
The following examples illustrate the process of the invention. It is to be understood that the examples are only for purposes of illustration and are not limitations. Other hydraulic cements, extenders, and light-weight polymers which gel to a solid of sufficient strength to support an aqueous hydraulic cement slurry during the setting time thereof may be employed.
The choice of materials employed for both the temporary plug and the selection of cement for the more-orless permanent plug is dependent upon those which are deemed to be most suitable to meet the borehole conditions, e.g. depth and temperature.
EXAMPLE 1 Bentonitc, a natural montmorillonite clay, is admixed 4 with an API cement, e.g. Class A (a general purpose portland cement), and the resulting mixture thereafter admixed with water employing the following amounts:
Pounds Bentonite 12 Water 102 Class A cement The resulting slurry has a density of 12.6 pounds per gallon.
The slurry so prepared in an amount sufiicient to provide a plug of adequate length, usually between about 25 and 75 feet vertically in the wellbore, is pumped down the borehole and brought to rest in the upper part of the mud therein. The cement slurry containing the bentonite is allowed to stand for a time sufficient for it to acquire strength to support the subsequently injected permanent plug material. The length of waiting time varies with well conditions and materials used and, as aforesaid, may be as little as 20 to 30 minutes.
Thereafter, an aqueous cement slurry, consisting of 100 parts of Class A cement and 46 parts of water, is prepared and pumped down the wellbore and brought to rest on top of the, at least partially set, temporary bentonite-cement plug. The well is then closed in until the cement slurry has set to provide the more permanent plug.
EXAMPLE 2 Example 1 is repeated except that the bentonite is prehydrated by admixing it with water for about 2 to 4 hours. Thereafter the water containing the then prehydrated bentonite (with which additional Water may be admixed if needed), in an amount of about 3 parts of prehydrated bentonite in 102 gallons, is admixed with 100 parts by weight of Class A cement. The slurry so made is pumped down the wellbore and positioned in the upper part of the mud therein, allowed to set at least partially and is then followed by an aqueous cement slurry consisting of Class A cement and water substantially as performed in Example 1, i.e. it is pumped down the well and brought to rest on the bentonite-cement plug.
EXAMPLE 3 In this example, water is admixed with gilsonite, a type of natural asphalt (of the nature of that obtained in the Unital basin of Utah), and having the following specifications:
Specific gravity 1.07 Bulk density, pounds per cubic foot 50 Absolute volume, cubic foot per 50 pounds 0.75 Melting point, F. 385
It is usually particulated to a mesh size ranging between about 4 mesh and about 100 mesh, US. Bureau of Standards Screen Series.
The proportions of the gilsonite and the water employed may vary, but 50 pounds of gilsonite with between about 50 and 60 pounds of water are usually used. This amount of gilsonite-water slurry so made is then admixed with 100 parts of hydraulic cement. A composition consisting of 50 pounds of gilsonite, 58 pounds of water and 100 pounds of portland cement has a density of about 12.43 pounds per gallon.
In the practice of the invention, this prepared slurry is pumped down a wellbore, having mud therein and requiring a cement plug, into the upper part of the mud and is allowed to set sufliciently long to support the subsequently emplaced more-or-less permanent cement plug. Thereafter an aqueous hydraulic cement slurry compris ing for example, 100 parts of portland cement, e.g. Class A, and 46 parts of water is injected down the wellbore and positioned on top of the temporary plug.
EXAMPLE 4 This example is substantially the same as Example 3 except that it consists of a mixture of both gilsonite and bentonite with hydraulic cement in water. The amounts employed are as follows:
Usually the bentonite and gilsonite are admixed with water and the resulting slurry admixed with the cement. The density of the slurry employing the amounts, used as illustrative above, is about 10.77 pounds per gallon. As in the previous examples, this slurry is pumped down the wellbore in an amount sufiicient to provide a plug of adequate length, say 50 feet, in the wellbore in the upper part of the mud and allowed to set (i.e. harden) sutficiently to support the required amount of conventional aqueous cement slurry pumped down the Well to provide a more-or-less permanent plug. Thereafter, an aqueous cement slurry comprising, for example, 100 parts of portland cement and 46 parts of water by weight is pumped down the well and brought to rest on top of the temporary plug.
EXAMPLE 5 Pulverized granules of polyacrylamide are admixed with a mixture of about 50:50 parts by weight of ethylene glycol (containing between about 2% and by weight water) and diethylene glycol, to provide about 0.3 part of the polymer per part by weight of the glycol mixture. The resulting slurry is pumped down a wellbore, containing mud in the lower part thereof, for the purpose of providing a temporary plug therein in accordance with the practice of the invention. After allowing the temporary plug so provided to gel for a period of about 30 minutes or longer, an aqueous slurry consisting of 100 parts portland cement, e.g. Class A and 46 parts of water is prepared and pumped down the borehole coming to rest on top of the temporary plug.
EXAMPLE 6 A temporary plugging composition employing a polymer dispersed in a brine solution, according to Ser. No. 371,665, filed June 1, 1965, now US. Patent No. 3,306,870 is prepared as follows: Acrylamide is polymerized with between about 500 and 5000 parts by weight of N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide as a cross-linking agent, per million parts by weight of acrylamide, in sufiicient water to make a 30 to 60 percent by weight aqueous solution. Polymerization is conducted under a nitrogen blanket. A cross-linked polymer is thereby made. It is then admixed with a substantially saturated solution of FeCl;; and CaCl (40 percent CaCl and 43 percent FeCl by weight in an amount of about 4 pounds of the polymer per gallon of the aqueous solution at room temperature. (Higher temperatures may be used but the resulting accelerated gel rate, due to such higher temperature, must be kept in mind.) Any of the other polymers admixed with any of the other aqueous salt solutions as described in Ser. No. 371,665 may be employed to provide the temporary open hole plug in accordance with the practice of the present invention without departing from the spirit of the invention; when such other polymer-brine solutions are used, comparable results are obtained.
The composition so emplaced is allowed to stand during which it gels to a solid within about 20 minutes to an hour, dependent upon the temperature of the formation. Thereafter, a slurry of an hydraulic cement of Class A to G as described in API RP 103 (selected on the basis of wellbore conditions e.g. temperatures) is pumped down on top of the gelled polymer and allowed to remain substantially undisturbed until set, usually for between about 12 to 24 hours, dependent on the type of cement employed and the temperature of the formation.
Reference to the examples shows that a relatively light weight cement slurry which sets to a unitary solid plug of adequate strength to provide a firm site for a subsequently injected slurry of relatively high density cement slurry settable to a high strength plugging solid (without danger of it sinking down to the bottom of the mud that is present in the wellbore and without danger of contaminating the cement) may now be advantageously employed in accordance with the invention.
Where it is desired to practice the invention wherein none, or only a relatively small amount of mud is present in a wellbore, mud may be pumped into the wellbore (prior to positioning the temporary plug) to provide the desirable amount of mud to serve as a cushion at the desired level for positioning the temporary plug. Similarly where too much mud is present to permit placement of the permanent plug at the desired level in a substantial uncontaminated state, some mud may be pumped out of the wellbore prior to positioning the temporary plug.
Having described our invention what we claim and desire to protect by Letters Patent is:
1. The method of emplacing a cement plug in an open hole which comprises preparing and positioning in the hole just below the desired location of said cement plug a temporary plug by injecting an aqueous slurry comprising (A) a liquid selected from Water and brines and (B) an ingredient, which sets to a low-density solid from an aqueous slurry, selected from the class consisting of particulate (1) mineral material which is cohesively cementitious when wet and is of less-density than portland cement, (2) bituminous and asphaltic materials (3) polymers that gel to a solid subsequent to contact with a liquid selected from the class consisting of water, brines, and water in admixture with liquid hydroxy compounds selected from the class consisting of alkylene glycols, polyalkyleneglycols, and glycerol, and (4) portland cement in admixture with ingredients selected from the class consisting of 1) and (2) and mixtures thereof which slurry sets to a solid of a density not greater than that of the mud in the borehole; allowing the slurry thus positioned to solidify sufllciently to support an aqueous slurry of an hydraulic cement; locating on the temporary plug so provided an aqueous slurry of an hydraulic cement in proportions of between 35 and 65 parts of water per parts of the cement and allowing the cement slurry thus positioned to set to a unitary solid to form a more-or-less permanent cement plug.
2. The method according to claim 1 wherein said ingredient which sets to a low-density solid is a mixture of portland cement and a relatively light-density ingredient selected from the class consisting of 1) a cohesively cementitious mineral material that sets to a solid of less density than portland cement, (2) bituminous and asphaltic materials, and (3) mixtures of 1) and (2) in proportions of the portland cement to said light-density ingredient to provide a solid plug of a density not substantially greater than that of the mud in the lower part of the open hole.
3. The method according to claim 1 wherein said liquid, identified as A, is a substantially saturated solution of both FeCl and CaCl and said low-density solid, identified as B, is polymerized acrylamide cross-linked with between about 500 and 5000 parts of a diolefinic crosslinking agent, per million parts by weight of acrylamide.
4. The method according to claim 1 wherein said low density solid, identified as B, is a polymer made by admixing between about 0.3 and 1.0 part of polymerized acrylamide with 1 part by weight of a mixture of alkylene glycols, polyalkylene glycols, and water in a ratio of between 40 and 60 percent of each of the alkylene glycols and polyalkylene glycols and at least 2 percent by weight of water to make a 100 percent liquid mixture.
7 8 5. The method according to claim 1 wherein said low- 2,236,987 4/1941 Bechtold 16631 density solid, identified as (B), is pozzolana cement. 2,880,096 3/1959 Hurley 16631 6. The method according to claim 1 wherein said low- 2,985,239 5/1961 Shell 16631 density solid, identified as (B) is bentonite. 3,036,633 5/ 1962 Mayhew 166-31 7. The method according to claim 1 wherein said low- 3,079,268 2/ 1963 Brooks 16631 X density solid is a mixture of bentonite, gilsonite, and 3, 7/1964 Wa l t a 1 31 X pozzolana cement. 3,220,863 11/1965 Mayhew 166-31 X References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,075,882 4/1937 Brantly 16629 10 us. 01. X.R. 2,206,389 7/1940 Cannon 16629 166294, 295 2,219,325 10/1940 Maness 16633 X STEPHEN J. NOVOSAD, Primary Examiner.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Oct 4, 1935
|Apr 6, 1937
|Brantly John E
|Method of cementing wells
|Sep 27, 1939
|Jul 2, 1940
|Standard Oil Dev Co
|Method of cementing wells
|Jan 9, 1939
|Oct 29, 1940
|Dow Chemical Co
|Method of cementing wells
|Jan 4, 1939
|Apr 1, 1941
|California Portland Cement Co
|Method of cementing wells
|Dec 6, 1954
|Mar 31, 1959
|Phillips Petroleum Co
|Cement compositions and process of cementing wells
|Jun 25, 1956
|May 23, 1961
|Phillips Petroleum Co
|Cement compositions and process of cementing wells
|Jul 7, 1958
|May 29, 1962
|Halliburton Co
|Oil and gas well cementing composition
|Apr 25, 1960
|Feb 26, 1963
|Jersey Prod Res Co
|Cementing composition
|May 9, 1960
|Jul 7, 1964
|Dow Chemical Co
|Hydraulic cement composition containing a mixture of polymeric additaments and method of cementing a well therewith
|Nov 15, 1961
|Nov 30, 1965
|Halliburton Co
|Well cementing compositions
|Citing Patent
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|Oct 7, 1969
|Jun 8, 1971
|Dow Chemical Co
|Method for sealing off passageways
|Jul 18, 1972
|Aug 27, 1974
|Hole Pluggers Inc
|Hole plugging method
|Jul 29, 1971
|Dec 31, 1974
|Halliburton Co
|Oct 25, 1977
|Sep 19, 1978
|Union Oil Company Of California
|Method for cementing high temperature wells
|Jan 11, 1980
|Feb 23, 1982
|Lammiman Steven A
|Pumping of aqueous slurries
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|Aug 7, 1984
|Nl Industries, Inc.
|Method for effecting seals in earth boreholes
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|Composition and method for effecting seals in earth boreholes
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|Arnall F James
|Tamp hole plug system and method
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|Sep 13, 1988
|Marathon Oil Company
|Rate-controlled polymer gelation process for oil recovery applications
|Jul 30, 1986
|Apr 4, 1989
|Mobil Oil Corporation
|Method for suspending wells
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|Apr 11, 1989
|Mobil Oil Corporation
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|Armeniades C D
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|Methods and materials for zonal isolation
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|Apr 22, 2014
|Halliburton Energy Services, Inc.
|Inverse emulsion polymers as lost circulation material
|Feb 27, 2003
|Sep 2, 2004
|Creel Prentice G.
|Compositions and methods of cementing in subterranean formations using a swelling agent to inhibit the influx of water into a cement slurry
|Feb 27, 2003
|Sep 2, 2004
|Reddy B. Raghava
|Method of using a swelling agent to prevent a cement slurry from being lost to a subterranean formation
|Oct 18, 2004
|Apr 20, 2006
|Santra Ashok K
|Methods of generating a gas in a plugging composition to improve its sealing ability in a downhole permeable zone
|Mar 25, 2005
|Sep 28, 2006
|Creel Prentice G
|Methods of delivering material downhole
|Jul 13, 2005
|Jan 18, 2007
|Fang Cindy C
|Inverse emulsion polymers as lost circulation material
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|Apr 30, 2009
|Cooke Jr Claude E
|Applications of degradable polymers for delayed mechanical changes in wells
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|Mar 18, 2010
|Schlumberger Technology Corporation
|Methods and materials for zonal isolation
|Dec 6, 2010
|May 19, 2011
|Halliburton Energy Services, Inc.
|Inverse Emulsion Polymers as Lost Circulation Material
|Sep 26, 2012
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|Schlumberger Technology Corporation
|Methods for Servicing Subterranean Wells
|Sep 20, 2012
|Mar 20, 2014
|Schlumberger Technology Corporation
|Methods for Plug Cementing
|Sep 19, 2014
|Jun 14, 2016
|Kureha Corporation
|Method and apparatus for delayed flow or pressure change in wells
|Apr 14, 2011
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|Impermeable sealing method for vertical well of underground water-sealed cavern oil storage
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|Marathon Oil Company
|Rate-controlled polymer gelation process for oil recovery applications
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|Baker Hughes Incorporated
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|U.S. Classification
|166/293, 166/294, 166/295
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Apr 29, 1985
Owner name: DOWELL SCHLUMBERGER INCORPORATED, 400 WEST BELT SO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY, THE, 2030 DOW CENTER, ABBOTT ROAD, MIDLAND, MI. 48640;DOWELL SCHLUMBERGER INCORPORATED, 500 GULF FREEWAY, HOUSTON, TEXAS 77001;REEL/FRAME:004398/0131;SIGNING DATES FROM 19850410 TO 19850417


text:
Professor Sweet received a grant from the American Sociological Association to support his project Curriculum Mapping Tool to Advance Progressive Structures for Essential Learning Outcomes in the Sociology Major with co-author Susan Ferguson of Grinnell College.
Quoted in the Media: Faculty members Rebecca Plante, Anthony Adornato, Diane Gayeski and Stephen Tropiano; and staff member Ronald Hart. For more information on the following articles, please visit the IC in the Media Page.
Emily Brown '12
School of Humanities & Sciences | English and Sociology
At Ithaca College, Emily Brown '12 was encouraged by professors to pursue her interests wherever they may take her—which happened to be all over the world. From juvenile detention centers in New Zealand to a secondary school in Slovakia and...
Stephen Sweet, Associate Professor of Sociology, Publishes Article on Gender Differences in Career Identities
Stephen Sweet, Associate Professor of Sociology, has published an article "Are Women Less Career Centric Than Men? Structure, Culture and Career Investments" in the journal Community, Work and Family. Co-authors of the study are Natalia Sarkisian (Boston College), Christina Matz-Costa (Boston College) and Marcie Pitt-Catsouphes (Boston College).
Stephen Sweet, Associate Professor of Sociology, has published an article "Successes in Changing Flexible Work Arrangement Use: Managers and Work Unit Variation in a Financial Services Organization" in the journal Work and Occupations.


text:
Good week!!!
Looking for some different forums on the site but couldn't find the miles of my dreams.
I would like to receive help under the following criteria:
1. light as possible.
2. (for that matter I travel with the Peacock bar 45 liters)
3. rest for 4 (I have but I sleep surface mattress without tent)
4. at least 185 cm
5 I rough enough space so the bag should be a little more durable than the norm
Thanks a lot! And dreams! !
Wanna join the discussion?! Login to your Long distance hiking trails forum accountor Register a new forum account. Or Connect via Facebook
Looking to buy? Online? Abroad- Where Some want to take Upside down? Synthetic?
4 this won't be so easy.
What is Peacock bar
1. in the country or abroad
2. think 550.0 environments. 600.0. (more)
3. to my shame, I have no idea what the difference between synthetic backwards.
4. Pass Alpine Lowe- pod's name.
(But the ravin ה"טווס 's bar had ")
5 adekunle question-with what "Brown" km you travel?
So easier, better insulated, not like water. In General. Expensive.
Sinttti-(this has different fiber types and qualities), cheaper, less good.
Your account log in sinteti. McKim For upside-down start to multiply.
Durable? Ferrino or TNF.
For each trip, anywhere, any time, any weather-km.
I would be happy if you can give me specific names of miles so I could compare them,
So far not managed to move forward too myself.
No specific name I can think of, there is a general characterization and buyers.
1. budget. It is derived. Your budget, his face talking about natural, not vice versa. (Although with the decline might get to make dollar buying from overseas camps.)
2. When you travel? Three seasons-the usual summer, autumn, spring or winter too? If you feel cold, take pounds bigger that 4-5 degrees less than the norm.
3. the quality of the manufacturer. Someone known, or professional equipment, which can more or less be trusted? Or Israeli/Chinese brand-quality. Israeli/Chinese? .... ?
4. run a search on a sleeping bag, see European and American standard device for registering temperature maximum, minimum, and sack saw stitches and storage conditions, migration, etc.
5. durability-take miles without a mattress so easy thing is irrelevant.


text:
At least one in five American citizens believes that Barack Obama is Muslim. Now there is some hard evidence that supports these claims.
When on the campaign trail for the 2008 presidency, Obama said that he is a Christian when being interviewed by the Christian Today magazine.
I am a Christian, and I am a devout Christian. I believe in the redemptive death and resurrection of Jesus Christ."
Was it just a claim to win the election?
According to Conservapedia, here's a list of evidences that prove that Obama is a Muslim:
- Obama declared in prepared remarks, "The United States has been enriched by Muslim Americans. Many other Americans have Muslims in their families or have lived in a Muslim-majority country – I know, because I am one of them." (a)
- In prepared remarks in April 2012, Obama referred to Jesus as "a" Son of God rather than as "the" Son of God: "And for me, and I'm sure for some of you, it's also a chance to remember the tremendous sacrifice that led up to that day, and all that Christ endured—not just as a Son of God, but as a human being." (b)
- Obama's middle name (Hussein) references Husayn, who was the grandson of Muhammad (c)
BREAKING: FIVE GOVERNORS Just DECLARED ALL OUT WAR On OBAMA'S EXECUTIVE TYRANNY! IT'S HAPPENING!!
What are your thoughts on this?


text:
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March 6, 1941
UNITED STATESv.BECK.
Appeal from the District Court of the United States for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division; John P. Barnes, Judge.
Before EVANS and KERNER, Circuit Judges, and LINDLEY, District Judge.
KERNER, Circuit Judge.
This is an appeal from judgements rendered on verdicts of guilty upon an indictment consisting of 18 conts, charging in the first 17 counts a shceme to defraud and the use of the United States mails in the furtherance of the same in violation of Section 215 of the Criminal Code, 18 U.S.C.A. § 338. The last count charged that the defendants unlawfully conspired to use the United States mails in furtherance of a shceme to defraud and sets forth 134 overt acts to effect the object of the conspiracy, 18 U.S.C.A. § 88. The jury returned verdicts of guilty as to all appellants on counts 1, 16 and 18 and, in addition, found Stckney and Beck guilty on counts 2 to 17, Ross guilty on counts 6, 8, 13 and 14, Woodring guilty on counts 5 and 7, Golby guilty on count 11, Greenbaum guilty on counts 5, 7, 8, 12, 13 and 14 and Harriss guilty on count 9. The defendants were each sentenced to imprisonment for various terms. To reverse the judgments appellants separately appealed.
The scheme charged in the first count of the indictment in substance is that the appellants and their co-defendants devised a sheme to defraud, by means of certain false and fraudulent representations and promises, a certain class of persons (naming 28 persone, 22 of whom testified at the trial) owning various shares of stocks, bonds and other securities of value, by means of letters sent through the United Ststesmails and by means of oral communication, by inducing the persons intended to be defrauded, to assign and deliver to the First Commonwealth Trustees their stocks, bonds and other securities for investment in burial lots in Crown Hill, a cemetery in Twinsburg, Ohio.
The facts. In 1929 Christian W. Beck purchased 260 acres of land at Twinsburg, Ohio, and there established Crown Hill, Inc., a cemetery association, and at the same time organized Corwn Hill Trust as the selling agent for Crown Hill, Inc. He had a controlling interest in each, was the chief executive, and all the other trustees took orders from him.
In 1936 Beck, Robert Stickney and Mike D. Gordon held a number of conferences and as a result Stickney and Gordon came to Chicago and established First Commonwealth Trustees to handle the sales of lots in certain sections of the cemetery for investment purposes. It was also agreed that Commonwealth would pay Crown Hill, Inc. $57 for each lot and the lots would be sold by Commonwealth for $160 per lot; that Crown Hill Trust would cease selling lots at wholesale and would devote itself to the sale of lots for family use, andthat Beck would finance Commonwealth up to $7,500. The lots to be sold by Commonwealth were in an undeveloped portion of the cemetery.
Commonwealth was established with Arthur C. McHenry and Helen B. Nichols as trustees. Before coming to Chicago Nichols had for seven years been employed by Beck with Crown Hill, Inc. Beck advised her to go to Chicago because he wanted her in charge to watch his money. Beck also directed Gordon to go to Chicago and take charge of the men. Stickney was general manager and supervised all of the operations. He rented the offices, handled all correspondence, prepared sales kits for the salesmen containing facsimile laudatory letters from Beck and Crown Hill Trust customers, and he toldthe salesmen that lots would be sold for $160 instead of $100, for which they had been sodl in Cleveland; that the Union Standard Guaranty Company would guarantee to pay a premium of $6 per year per lot for two years for the resale privilege from the purchaser and gave them a list of names of security holders, who had made inquiries concening Commonwealth's plan whereby the securities holders could recoup their losses. Gordon, who prior to 1936 had been employed by Croown Hill Trust in Cleveland as a salesman, was sales manager and supervised the work of the salesmen. He hired Wolstein, Woodrng, Greenbaum, Fleeman and a number of others to act as salesmen, assigned the men to their territories, gave each man a kit and told him that Beck had said that the lots would be ready for resale between 18 months and two years.
After the establishing of Commonwealth it purchased lists of names of persons who had invested in bonds and securities and a letter was sent to those residing in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Indianana, Iowa, Kansas and the two Dakotas to arouse their interest in the purchase of the burial lots, and where interest was expressed by the recipients of the letters, salesmen of Commonwealth called on them and represented to them that if the depreciated securities owned by them were turned into Commonwealth in exchange for cemetery lots at the rate of $160 per lot, the lots so purchased would be resold by Commonwealth or Crown Hill Trust within a period of two years.
When salesmen were successful in selling lots, a contractg was entered into with the purchaser and forwarded to Commonwealth and deeds covering the number of lots purchased were forwarded to the purchaser or sent to the salesmen for personal delivery. The depreciated securities obtained from the purchaseer were sold by Nichols for Commonwealth and the proceeds were applied on the purchase price of the lots. Of the $160 received from the purchaser on each lot, Stickney and Gordon each received a five percent commission and the salesmen a thirty percent commission. Stickney also received from Beck $5 for each lot sold, which he divided with Gordon.
A resale agreement was also entered into with each purchaser by which it was agreed that Commonwealth would resell the lots at a price fixed by the purchaser, up to a maximum of $450 per lot. The resale pice was generally fixed by the salesmen so that it would appear that when the lots iwere resold at the price agreed upon, the purchaser would regain whatever amount he had lost by reason of his depreciation of the bonds or other securities turned in as payment for the lots.
To induce a prospective customer to enter into the contract for the purchase of the lots, a guarantee was in many instances given the customer fuaranteeing the payment of fifty cents per month per lot for a period of two years. Union Standard Guarantee Company of Cleveland, Ohio, was the guarantor. This company was formed at Stickney's request and it did no other business except to guarantee the payments of premiums on the cemetery lots. Where the guarantee was used, $14 of the purchase price of the lot was forwarded to the guarantor, $12 thereof being returned to the purchaser over a period of two years, and the remaining $2 was used as a service charge.
Commonwealth closed its offices about May 1, 1937. None of the lots sold by Commonwealth to the defrauded persons were ever sold, nor was any effort made by Crown Hill Trust to resell the lots purchased by the victims. The following named appellants were employed over the following periods of time and received the amounts stated below; Stiickney, $6,768.02 for 5 months; Golby, $4,789.33 for 8 months; Gordon, $6,768 for 5 months; Greenbaum, $7,194.73 for 5 months; Harriss, $2.609 for 3 months; Ross, $3,024 for 5 months; Woodring $1,665 for 3 months and Wolstein, $4,394 for 4 months.
The contested issues may be summarized as (1) the indictment was defective, (2) variance between the allegations of the indictment and the proof, (3) error in permitting Stickney to testify in behalf of appellee, (4) error in admission and exclusion of the evidence, (5) withdrawal of appellants from the conspiracy, (6) prejudicial remarks of the district attorney, and (7) no evidence to support the verdicts. First. Appellants Ross and Golby contend that the indictment is defective in that the first 17 counts do not charge them with the use of the mails in a scheme to defraud. In other words the point is made that the indictment confined the scheme to Beck, Stickney and Gordon, and did not include the above appellants.
The first count of the indictment charges all of the defendants by name with devising a certin scheme and artifice to defraud, and to obtain money and property by of false pretenses, representations means of false pretenses, representations and promises from a class of persons then residing within the United States who owned various shares of stocks, bonds, certificates of deposit, and other securities of value, designated as the persons intended to be defrauded, then follows thenames of such persons. Thereafter follows allegations as to what Back, Stickney and Gordon did in the establishing of Commonwealth, the hiring of certain appellants as salesmen, a description of the scheme upon which the indictment was founded, and concludes that the foregoing representations and promises were false and fraudulent, and that at the time they were made by the said defendants, they, the said defendants, knew they were false. The indictment further alleged in what respect the representations and promises were false and finally alleged that the said defendants so having devised the said scheme to defraud, unlawfully use the United States mails in furtherance of said fraud.
To be sure, under the statute involved, it was necessary that the indictment charge the scheme with the such particulars as are essential to constitute the scheme so as to acquaint the accused with reasonable certainty of the nature of the accusation against him. To us it seems clear that the indictment was sufficient to inform appellants of the crime charged and to protect them from a second prosecution for the same offense. There can be no doubt under the allegations of this indictment that they understood they were being charged with the crime of using the mails to obtain money by means of false and fraudulent representations and promises and conspiracy so to do. Moreover, the sufficiiency of the indictment is challenged for the first time in this court. After verdict, every intendment must be indulged in support of the indictment. No objection can avail, no prejudice appearing.*fn1
Second. Appellants Ross and Golby next contend that a fatal variance existed between the allegations of the indictment and the proof. They insist that the allegations of the last count, charging a conspiracy to use the mails and a scheme to defraud, were not proved, but if appellee proved any at all, it proved a number of independent conspiracies. The basis of the argument is that one group of salesmen made one type of misrepresentation, another group made a different misrepresentation and other groups of salesmen made still different representations.In support of this contention counsel cited the cases in the footnote.*fn2 These cases are to the effect that where one conspiracy is specially charged, proof of different and disconnected ones will not sustain conviction. We do not question the correctness of the proposition stated by these cases, but we do not think they are applicable here. In our case the substance of the charge with respect to the scheme is that the defendants, actuated by a fraudulent intent, devised a scheme to induce the persons named in the indictment to purchase cemetery lots. If there was a general plan in which all the defendants participated and if all the misrepresentations made were in furtherance of that conspiracy, the fact that one group of salesmen made one type of misrepresentation and another a different misrepresentation would not divide the conspiracy charged into separate conspiracies.
Third. Appellant Beck contends it was reversible error for appellant Stickney to testify for the appellee. The point is that the calling of Stickney tended to deprive Beck of a fair trial. We are of the opinion the point is not well taken.
In Heitler v. United States, 7 Cir., 244 F. 140, 141, our court had occasion to discuss a somewhat similar problem and in that case it was said: "In general, defendants on trial, if testifying at their own request, are competent witnesses for the government against their codefendants on trial with them. The act of Congress of March 16, 1878 [28 U.S.C.A. § 632] provides that in the trial of indictments, informations, etc., the person charged shall at his own request, and not otherwise, be a competent witness * * * . This act renders any of a plurality of defendants on trial competent to testify either in his own behalf, or on behalf of any codefendant, or the government, provided only that he testifies at his own request."
In the instant case the record discloses that on the fourth day of the trial, the district attorney called Stickney to the witness stand. Thereupon, but not in the presence of the jury, the trial judge informed Stickney that he was not obliged to testify and futhermore that he would not permit him to do so unless it was at his (Stickney's) own request, to which Stickney replied that he knew his rights and at his own request desired to testify.
In his brief, counsel for Beck argues that Stickney was in continual conference with Beck up to the time he was called as a witness and neither Back nor his counsel had any prior knowledge that he was to be called as a witness by appellee; that Stickney's testimony must have led the jury to conclude that Stickney's sins were likewise the sins of Beck. The trouble with this argument is that there is nothing in this record indicating that Beck has been prejudiced; consequently, we are unable to say that Beck was deprived of a fair and impartial trial.
Fourth. Appellants contend that the court erred in the admission and exclusion of evidence. Under this contention numerous complaints are made.We shall merous complaints are made. We shall not discuss all of them, but we desire to say that we have examined and considered them all and have concluded that neither those herein discussed, nor those not discussed, warrant a reversal.
The record discloses that one Swendiman, an attorney at law, testified that he represented William D. Brown (Brown was one of the persons who had been induced to purchase lots through appellant Woodring); that as Brown's attorney he had corresponded with Commonwealth. His letters to Commonwealth and answers thereto were received in evidence. The substance of this correspondence was that it was claimed that the transaction with Brown had been carried out through misrepresentations and in violation of the Securities Law of Minnesota and the Commonwealth admitted it had been ordered by the Minnesota Securities Division to cease and desist from futher sales within that state.
It also appears that one Wells, a purchaser of lots, testified that appellant Golby had assured him that he could get a resale price of $600 for a lot; that at the time this representation was made Wells and Golby were in Henderson, Kentucky; that Golby called the Chicago office of the Commonwealth, spoke to some person and then handed the telephone to Wells. Wells then inquired if Golby was authorized to quote "terms like that; whether the office ratified it" and the man assured Wells that he was. Thereafter Commonwealth's letter to Wells was introuduced in evidence. In this letter appears the following statement: "Your letter was the first intimation we had received concerning any statement, written or otherwise, by Mr. Golby, that your burial rights were to be resold at any specific time. We sold these rights on the wholesale plan and accepted a resale listing at a stipulated net price to you. Either we or our authorized selling agent were to resell the rights as early as possible, but not within any specified period." In still another letter addressed to Wells, Commonwealth stated: "If you feel that you have been defrauded it is, of course, your privilege to call the facts to the attention of the authorities. We stand ready to defend our actions in the premises. As to Mr. Golby, if he committed any crime he deserves to be punished."
The trial court asdmitted the letters to show guilty knowledge as to the methods employed by the salesman in making sales and for that purpose we believe they were competent. Osborne v. United States, 9 Cir., 17 F.2d 246, 250.
Complaint is also made that it was error to permit Auditor Robinson to testify with respect to his examination of the books of Commonwealth. Robinson testified he was a postoffice inspector and had been employed in accounting work for 30 years; that he examined Commonwealth's ledger accounts showing commissions paid to salesmen, check stubs, cancelled checks, distribution of expense items, sales records and daily collections and that his analysis of the sales records indicated that there were 252 lots that were purchased for $25 each. On cross-examination however he testified that the books did not in fact show the purchase of any lot at $25, but that he obtained that information from an invoice which he found during his examination of the records of Crown Hill. The record also discloses that Helen B. Nichols had theretofore on cross-examination testified that some of the lots had been purchased at $25. Under the circumstances we fail to see wherein the testimony could be at all prejudicial.
Appellant Stickney makes the point that it was error to admit in evidence the minute books of Crown Hill, Inc., and Crown Hill Trust. They were competent as tending to show the value of the lots being slod by Commonwealth.
Appellants Ross and Golby contend that the trial court should have permitted James B. Black to testify to a conversation he had with one Komlas on the development of Crown Hill Cemetery.
It appears that in 1929 Black came to Cleveland to work for Beck in connection with the consturction of Crown Hill Cemetery and remained until the fall of 1937. During these years the development work was in his charge.
After December 15, 1936 one Komlas and his associates owned Crown Hill Cemetery. Prior to the purchase by Komlas, Black and Komlas had a conversation relative to the amount of development work yet to be done. He was then asked to relate the conversation to which appellee objected and the objection was sustained. Counsel for appellants then offered to prove that Black, in his conversation with Komlas, stated he had estimated the costs for the final development of the undeveloped lots at $125.000. Under this state of the record, we see no error in the court's ruling.
Fifth. Appellants Beck, Stickney, Fleeman, Wolstein, harriss and Woodring next contend that if a scheme actually existed, they severed all connection with it before the offense charged was committed. The argument is that since all the mailings alleged in the indictment were after their respective withdrawals from the scheme alleged, they had no further responsibility for the possible continuation of the scheme to defraud.
Before proceeding to consider the law applicable it may be well to state the facts. The record discloses that appellant Beck resigned from Crown Hill, Inc., and Crown Hill Trust on December 15, 1936, but it also appears that in May 1937, at the time that Commonwealth closed its offices (after the date alleged in the first and last court of the indictment), he informed Mrs. Nichols to re-deed those lots which remained unsold by Commonwealth to the First Refunding Corporation of Cleveland.Regarding Stickney, it appears that he submitted his resignation to trutee Nichols on October 7, 1936; that she called Beck and told him of Stickney's resignation; that after his resignation he left for Boston but thereafter returned to and worked for the Gil-Boat Company, a subtenant of Commonwealth where he remained until February 1937, during which time he wrote a number of letters for Commonwealth. Fleeman left Commonwealth's offices in July 1936 and Wolstein left in October 1936; Harriss' employment commenced in August 1936 and he left in November 1936, while Woodring left on September 16, 1936. So far as Fleeman, Wolstein, Harriss and Woodring are concerned, nothing more appears in the record than the fact that they left Commonwealth.
The general rule is that where an overt act is essential to a conspiracy, a conspirator may avoid guilt by withdrawing from the conspiracy proir to the commission of an overt act, 15 C.J.S., Conspiracy, § 78, p. 1110. However, when once a conspiracy is shown to exist, which is not ended merely by lapse of time, it continues to exist as to all persons involoed until there is shown some affirmative act of withdrawal by the persons who attempt to evade responsibility for the acts and declaractions of their co-conspirators after the withdrawal.*fn3 Here the scheme was to continue over a long period of time. In such a case where the conspiracy is proved, the acts and declarations of one of the conspirators toward the accomplishment of the unlawful scheme are the acts of all. Bogy v. United States, 6 Cir., 96 F.2d 734, 741. In the instant case mailings on various dates were alleged, but all were alleged to be a part of one scheme. Under such circumstances whether an effective withdrawal was made by the taking of affirmative action was a question of fact for the juty.*fn4
Sixth. We now consider the alleged misconduct of the assistant district attorney. Counsel for appellants argue that his conduct was such as to prejudice the jury. The argument has to do with the cross-examination of appellants Beck, Golby and Woodring. We have examined the particular instances cited and are not ready to say that the cross-examination was indicative of unfairness and that it was prejudicial in view of the evidence in this case.
Seventh. We come finally to the contention that there is no evidence to support the verdicts. It is clear from the facts already shown that there is not the slightest doubt or uncertainty as to the evidence of fraud as it relates to appellants Beck, Stickney and Gordon. These three boldly conceived and brazenly executed the scheme to fleece the public, United States v. Wise, 7 Cir., 108 F.2d 379, 380.We shall therefore pass on to a review of the evidence as it relates to the other appellants.
Barney Wolstein. Charles Cockle, a hardware dealer, and Earl B. Fox, a 75-year old retired rural mail carrier, testified that Wolstein represented that if their securities were exchanged for cemetery lots they would receive back a resale price, to be fixed by them, within 18 months and two years respectively. To Fox he said it was "sure as death." Wolstein testified that he had belived the representations were true and that in arriving at the resale figures for customers he aways fixed the resale price at such an amount so that the customers would receive, if the lots were resold, the amount which they had lost by reason of the depreciation of their securites.
William Woodring. This appellant commenced work for Crown Hill as a driver in 1933 and later as a salesman. He was implicated by the testimony of William and Edna Benz and William D. Brown. The Benzes testified that Woodring came to their home on June 22, 1936, and said that they (Benzes) could turn in their bonds and liquidate their losses by investing in the lots for which they would receive, at the end of 24 months, $450 for each lot. To Brown he represented that the lots were in a well developed part of the cemetery and would be resold within 24 months at $450 per lot; that Commonwealth had 70 men employed in Cleveland reselling lots at anywhere from $500 to $1,000 a lot and that the proposition was one of the surest of businesses, "as good as Government bonds," and that he was familiar with the cemetery and knew the lots sold to Brown and the Benzes were in an underveloped, remote section of the cemetery.
Harold Ross. Three of the victims testified against Ross. In this talks with Westhafer, a school teacher, he told her he knew she had bonds that had ceased to pay; that he represented a corporation which hoped to get acontrolling interest in the bonds, without mentioning at that time anything about cemetery lots. Later, he said, cemetery lots would be given to her as security for her bonds and would be sold within two years at $450 per lot.He followed the same procedure with McCord, a 70-year old farmer. Before Ross called on McCord, McCord had received a card through the mails, inquiring if he had any securities; upon McCord's answering Ross called and was given a list of the securities. Ross said the lots would be worth double the amount of the bonds and that he would guarantee that price for the lots within two years. To McCrory he represented that the lots would be sold within two years at $500 per lot.
Mort d.Greenbaum. This appellant was implicated by the testimony of Rosa Reamer, Martin E. Norton, Edward L. Berg and Nye McCrory. These witnesses testified that they had been contracted by other salesmen before Greenbaum appeared on the scene. Reamer testified that in September 1936 Greenbaum told her if she made an additional investment in the lots she would double her money within nine months because of the sales program "they were putting on." Brown, who had previously been sold by Woodring, was contracted by Greenbaum and was told that if he would put up bonds as collateral he would be given lots for the bonds and they would be used to finish a Cathedral at the cemetery and that at the end of two years, his bonds would be returned, together with the difference between $450 and $160. His bonds were not returned.
Norton, who had been previously sold by Woodring, testified that Greenbaum told him that Crowm Hill had sold a large number of lots to a fraternal organization and had $700,000 on hand which was soon to be distributed, and that if Norton deposited additional collateral, Norton would get his money back inside of 10 months.
H. W. Fleeman. Robert Little, a mail carrier, Nellie E. Burton and Charles Pierce testified against this appellant. Fleeman represented to Litlt that the lots would be resold within two years at $450 per lot. To Burton he said the lots would be in a good place; they were in front, no trouble in selling them; they would be one of the first to be sold. Neither Fleeman, Greenbarm nor Ross testified in his own defense.
Jack Harriss. Testimony implicating this appellant was given by Charles Prokop and Bernice Albrecht. They had been solicited by co-defendant Shayer and induced to part with their securities upon Shayer's representations that Commonwealth could offer to pay a higher price for the securities, since it did not have to pay "property or income tax on the cemetery." Prokop's securities were valued at $18,000 and at the time he delivered the securities to Shayer he was told he would receive $18,000 in money. Instead of cash, he was given deeds to lots in the cemetery. Shayer also told Albrecht that she would be paid in cash or United States Government bonds.
In both instances, a few days after Shayer's call, Harriss delivered deeds to cemetery lots to Miss Albrecht and Prokop. To Miss Albercht he said "everyting would be all right, but that it would be at least six months before she could get anything, as it would take that long for lawyers to straighten out papers; that the longer she left her money in the more she would make, but that she hadit take it out after 24 months." He advised Prokop to place the deeds in his safe and at the end of sixty days he would receive cash for them. After each of these deals Harriss and Shayer returned to Chicago and divided the commissions.
Harry D. Golby. Three witnesses testified afainst Golby. In selling lots to George H. Wells, a retired school teacher, Golby represented the lots would be sold within one year. With respect to McCord and Nye McCrory, he followed up Ross. In November 1936 he called upon McCrory and told him he represented Commonwealth and had good news; that Commonwealth had a reserve fund which either had to be paid to the Government or to lot owners and would be paid prior to May 1, 1937. As a result of these representations McCrory was induced to purchase additional lots. In his own behalf Golby testified that he merely followed instructions given to him and in making the representations he relied on the kit he received from Commonwealth.
While it is true that if the evidence is as consistent with innocence as with guilt, no conviction can be had, it is also true that overt acts of the accused may be considered with all the other evidence in determining his guilt. And where the overt acts are of acharacter that are ususlly, if not necessarily, done pursuant to a previous scheme and plan, proofs of the acts have a tendency to show such pre-existing conspiracy, so that when proved they may be considered as evidence of the conspiracy charged, and if the established facts and inescapable inferences are inconsistent with the accused's professions of innocence, it becomes the problem of the jury to weigh the evidence and determine, under proper instructions dealing with the quantum of evidence of proof necessary to convict, the guilt or innocence of the accused.
And so in this case it was proper for the jury to consider all of the evidence and from all the facts and circumstances determine whether the crimes charged in the indictment had been established beyond a reasonable doubt. Each of these appellants were identified and proved to have told some of the falsehoods which furthered the scheme to work on the sale of the lots. There was enough against each of them to require that the evidence be submitted to the jury for its determination as to whether each was connected with the fraudulent scheme in furtherance of which the mails were used, and the jury has rendered verdicts against the appellants which are binding on us.
We have now considered all of the assignments of error and being convinced that no error has intervened justifying a reversal, the judgments of the District Court will therefore be affirmed.
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