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United States District Court, Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division
March 20, 2015
DIANE GOLDRING NESBITT, Plaintiff,v.JAMES REGAS, CHRISTIAN NESBITT, REGAS, FREZADOS & DALLAS, LLP, PETER REGAS, PETER G. FREZADOS, WILLIAM D. DALLAS, SUZANNE REGAS, ALLYSON REGAS, JERRY F. MICELI, ADAMS APPRAISAL CORP., and DOUGLAS ADAMS, Defendants.
Plaintiff Diane Goldring Nesbitt ("Goldring") brings this action against eleven defendants, alleging that each played a role in a fraudulent scheme that resulted in substantial losses to Goldring. She asserts violations of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations ("RICO") Act Section 1962(c) against all defendants ("Count I"), RICO conspiracy claims against James Regas, Christian Nesbitt, Regas, Frezados & Dallas LLP, and Adams Valuation Corporation ("Count II"), as well as four state law counts relating to the alleged fraud. The Court has stayed briefing on the state law counts, and pending before the Court are a motion to dismiss filed by James Regas (Dkt. 24), a motion to dismiss filed by Allyson Regas (Dkt. 27), a joint motion to dismiss filed by Douglas Adams and Adams Valuation Corporation (Dkt. 30), and a joint motion to dismiss by Peter Regas, Peter G. Frezados, William D. Dallas, and the law firm Regas, Frezados & Dallas, LLP (Dkt. 32). Also pending is Goldring's motion for default judgment against Suzanne Regas (Dkt. 68) as well as Suzanne Regas's motion to quash service or to dismiss (Dkt. 73).
For the reasons that follow, the motions by Allyson Regas (Dkt. 27) and Regas, Frezados & Dallas, LLP (Dkt. 32) are granted, and both Count I and Count II are dismissed against these movants without prejudice. Suzanne Regas's motion (Dkt. 73) is denied with respect to quashing service, but granted with respect to dismissing Count I against Suzanne Regas without prejudice. The motions by James Regas (Dkt. 25) and Adams Valuation Corp. (Dkt. 30) are granted in part, with respect to dismissing Count I without prejudice, and denied in part, with respect to Count II. Goldring's motion for default judgment (Dkt. 68) is denied. Accordingly, Count I is dismissed without prejudice as to James Regas, Allyson Regas, Suzanne Regas, Peter Regas, Peter Frezados, William Dallas, Regas, Frezados & Dallas LLP, Douglas Adams, and Adams Valuation Corp. Count II is dismissed without prejudice as to Regas, Frezados & Dallas LLP.
This case arises out of two bank failures caused by an unlawful insider loan scheme. In 2009, the Illinois Department of Financial and Professional Regulation closed Mutual Bank of Harvey ("Mutual Bank"), and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC") was appointed its receiver. Also in 2009, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency ("OCC") restricted the operations of Western Springs Bank and Trust Co. ("WS Bank"), and entered into a consent decree. Eventually, in 2011, the FDIC shut down WS Bank, as well. Investigation of the records of both banks revealed extensive use of unlawful insider loans involving James Regas and his family members, who were insiders for both banks. James Regas was Chairman of WS Bank and Vice-Chairman of Mutual Bank, as well as outside general counsel for both banks.
The insider loans scheme involved Regas[2] using his position within the banks to approve illegal insider loans while obscuring the creditworthiness of the borrowers, concealing his own interest in the loans, inflating the appraised values of the real property securing the loans, and siphoning off funds for his own use. In order to do so, Regas and his longtime business partner Christian Nesbitt arranged for the law firm of Regas, Frezados, and Dallas, LLP ("RFD") to create business entities nominally under the control or ownership of Regas's children or Nesbitt's wife, Plaintiff Diane Goldring.[3] In reality, however, these entities were not legitimate business entities at all, and were instead sham entities under the control of Regas and Nesbitt. Nesbitt and Regas arranged for these entities to purchase real properties using funds loaned by the victim banks, using Regas's position as an insider at these banks. Nesbitt and Regas also arranged for Adams Valuation Corporation ("Adams Valuation") and its president Douglas Adams to systematically overvalue these real properties in its appraisals so that the sham entities could qualify for larger loans. Also, Nesbitt and Regas would arrange for Regas's son Dean Regas and Nesbitt's wife Goldring to unwittingly sign guarantees for these loans without knowing that the property values were inflated, that the loans did not go through proper underwriting procedures, or that the banks were unaware of Regas's self-dealing. Regas would ensure that the banks approved the loans without following proper underwriting procedures by using his influence, with fellow bank officers Allyson Regas and Jerry F. Miceli, to pressure bank employees into approving the loans without following proper procedures. RFD would then represent all parties (the victim banks, guaranty victims like Goldring and Dean Regas, and the sham entities) in performing the legal work relating to the purchase and financing of these overvalued properties. Nesbitt and Regas would then skim off funds from the sham entities for their own personal use.
Goldring alleges that this basic scheme was executed multiple times. In October 2001, Regas directed RFD to create Baybrook Bristol LLC for the purpose of holding title to 32 acres of land, which was used to secure a loan from either Mutual Bank or WS Bank. In October 2004, Regas formed Hanover Capital Group, Inc. to purchase and purportedly develop 110 acres of land using loans from WS Bank or Mutual Bank. In November 2004, Regas formed Jefferson Capital Group, Inc. to purchase and develop 925 Edgemere Court in Evanston, Illinois, which was used to secure $5.7 million in loans from Mutual Bank. Ultimately, the Edgemere property was sold with a loan deficiency of $3.2 million. In December 2004, Regas created 1104 Sheridan LLC with plans to devote $1 million to develop a property at 1104 Sheridan.[4] In January 2005, Regas created SDAR LLC for development of multiple pieces of property in St. Francis, Wisconsin, and arranged for loans from Mutual Bank or WS Bank. In June 2005, Regas created 7500 Kenosha to purchase and develop property in Bristol, Wisconsin, and arranged for a $2.5 million loan from Mutual Bank. In May 2006, Regas formed 913 Forest-Evanston LLC, which purchased a $2.2 million property ("Forest Property") that was used to secure a $3.0 million purchase loan, which was later expanded to $3, 425, 500. Ultimately, the Forest Property was sold with a loan deficiency of $3.4 million. Also in May 2006, Regas formed Damen, Fullerton, Clybourn LLC to purchase and develop a property in Chicago. In September 2007, Regas formed 917 Edgemere LLC to purchase a property in Evanston, Illinois.
While executing this multi-year scheme, Regas and Nesbitt once arranged for Goldring to guarantee another loan under false pretenses and to personally lend $200, 000 to her husband- which was falsely listed in bank records as a "correction offset, " presumably to conceal the broader scheme. Eventually, the victim banks collapsed, and government investigators pieced together much of the information relating to the scheme. In June 2012, the federal government indicted Regas for his participation in the scheme. Regas pled guilty to lying to government agents and admitted that between 2004 and 2009 he repeatedly arranged for unlawful insider loans so that he could use bank funds for his own benefit while concealing the improper conflicts of interest.
After the banks collapsed, Goldring discovered that she was exposed to considerable guaranty liability on these loans, which she discovered were undersecured because of the inflated appraisal values on the collateral.[5] As a result, Goldring suffered losses in the form of three seven-figure judgments (Goldring has to date paid $200, 000 in settling two out of the three judgments), the $200, 000 personal loan to Nesbitt, approximately $150, 000 in legal fees and costs, and approximately $25, 000 in other indebtedness caused by the scheme. Goldring filed this lawsuit, alleging a substantive civil RICO claim (Count I), RICO conspiracy claim (Count II), claim under Illinois Deceptive Business Practices Act (Count III), Fraudulent Inducement (Count IV), Fraud (Count V), and Aiding and Abetting a Fraud (Count VI). Defendants James Regas, Allyson Regas, and Suzanne Regas have each moved individually to dismiss the complaint.[6] RFD, Peter Regas, Peter Frezados, and William Dallas ("the Law Firm Defendants") have moved jointly to dismiss the complaint, as have Adams Valuation and Douglas Adams ("the Appraiser Defendants").[7]
I. Service of Process on Suzanne Regas
The Court first turns to the preliminary question of whether Defendant Suzanne Regas was properly served. Goldring filed her complaint on November 15, 2013. Goldring's attorneys sent requests for waivers of service to all the defendants in this case, pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 4(d). Suzanne Regas did not return a waiver of service, although she was aware of the pending lawsuit. On December 20, 2013, Suzanne Regas sent a letter to her insurer and attached a copy of the complaint and summons in this case, explaining that she had not been personally served and had "no intention of waiving service." Suzanne Regas Letter, Dkt. 75-3, at 1. Goldring hired a process server, who attempted service at Suzanne Regas's home (which is also registered as her address with the Illinois Attorney Registration and Disciplinary Commission ("ARDC")), on five different occasions between February 26 and March 12, 2014. See Kirby Aff., Dkt. 75-4, at ¶¶ 5-7, 9, 11. Each time, the process server encountered a doorman at Suzanne Regas's residential building, and Suzanne Regas did not answer the doorman's phone calls. In addition, the process server attempted service once at her parents' home and once at her former place of employment. The time limit prescribed by the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure expired on March 15, 2014, 120 days after the complaint was filed. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(m).
On August 29, 2014, Goldring filed a motion for service by publication. In that motion, Goldring outlined the five attempts to serve Suzanne Regas at home and the two attempts to serve her at other associated addresses. Mot. to Serve, Dkt. 65, at 2. The motion also brought to the Court's attention that Suzanne Regas was accused of evading service in another case relating to insurance coverage for Goldring's claims in this case. See Mot. for Service by Publication, Wesco Ins. Co. v. Regas, No. 14 C 716, Dkt. 12 (describing ten attempts to serve Suzanne Regas at home in April 2014); Mot. for Service by Publication, No. 14 C 716, Dkt. 26 (describing nine attempts to serve a cross complaint in May and June 2014). Further, the complaint in the Wesco Insurance case showed that Suzanne Regas was actually aware of this case. Goldring argued that further attempts to locate and personally serve Suzanne Regas "would be impractical and futile without assistance from the Court." After a hearing, the Court granted Goldring's motion with the additional requirement that Goldring also attempt service by overnight mail to Suzanne Regas's residence of record and to her parents' home address. See Minute Order, Dkt. 67.
After providing the alternative notice authorized by the Court, Goldring moved for a default judgment against Suzanne Regas. See Motion, Dkt. 68. A few days later, an attorney entered an appearance in this case on behalf of Ms. Regas, and she subsequently filed a motion to quash service of process (or, in the alternative, to dismiss the complaint). See Motion, Dkt. 73.
Ms. Regas argues that service was insufficient under federal and Illinois law. She first asserts that Rule 4(m) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure requires that the Court dismiss this case, because Goldring is not able to demonstrate "good cause" for an extension past the 120-day limit and did not move to extend the time limit before the time expired. This "good cause" argument need not be considered, because even "[i]f the plaintiff cannot show good cause, then the decision to grant an extension is left to the discretion of the district court." United States v. Ligas, 549 F.3d 497, 501 (7th Cir. 2008) (citing Henderson v. United States, 517 U.S. 654, 662-63 (1996)). Further, plaintiffs are entitled to request (and courts have discretion to grant such requests) even after the 120-day time limit has already expired. See United States v. McLaughlin, 470 F.3d 698, 701 (7th Cir. 2006) ("When delay in service causes zero prejudice . .., the granting of extensions of time for service, whether before or after the 120-day period has expired, cannot be an abuse of discretion"). In the absence of any prejudice to Ms. Regas (her motion identifies none), the Court was well within its discretion to extend the 120-day service period.
Second, Suzanne Regas argues that even if the Court did not abuse its discretion in failing to dismiss the case after the 120-day deadline, the manner of service was insufficient under the Federal Rules and Illinois law. The Federal Rules permit plaintiffs in this Court to effect service by following Illinois law. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(e)(1). Illinois law generally requires personal service or abode service, 735 ILCS 5/2-203(a), but also allows special service by court order when either personal service or abode service is impractical. See 735 ILCS 5/2-203.1. Special service may be authorized when two conditions are met: the plaintiff must show that "a diligent inquiry as to the location of the individual defendant was made and reasonable efforts to make service have been unsuccessful." Id.
As to the first condition, Goldring performed a "diligent inquiry as to the location of the individual defendant, " id., when she relied on Suzanne Regas's residence of record with the ARDC, [8] and when the doorman at the building confirmed that Suzanne Regas lived at that address. See Kirby Aff., 65-2, at 3-4. All parties agree that Goldring's process server had the correct address for Suzanne Regas's residence. See, e.g., Suzanne Regas Decl., Dkt. 74-1, at ¶ 3. Further, Goldring performed a diligent inquiry by exhausting the possibilities of attempting service at Suzanne Regas's former employer and her parents' home. Id.
Goldring also satisfied the second requirement of making "reasonable efforts to make service, " 735 ILCS 5/2-203.1, through a process server trying on multiple occasions to effect service at Suzanne Regas's home, each time unsuccessfully trying to call Suzanne Regas and leaving a business card with the building's doorman. Unlike a single family house, Suzanne Regas's fourteenth-floor residence would not give a process server any external indicators of whether a resident is home. Further, the building doorman and lack of public access to Suzanne Regas's unit increase the practical difficulty of service. As required by 735 ILCS 5/2-203.1, Goldring filed with her motion for special service the process server's affidavit of diligence, outlining the attempts at her home, at her parents' home, and at her former place of employment. See Dkt. 65-2. Based on the record in this case of five unsuccessful attempts to serve Suzanne Regas, as well as ten unsuccessful attempts to serve a summons and nine separate unsuccessful attempts to serve a cross complaint in case number 14 C 716 in this Court, the Court determined that further efforts to attempt personal service or abode service on Suzanne Regas would be futile and therefore impractical. See People ex rel. Waller v. Harrison, 348 Ill.App.3d 976, 804, 810 N.E.2d 589, 594 (Ill.App.Ct. 2004) ("[T]he statute does not require futile attempts to serve a defendant . . . ."); compare Glens of Hanover Condominium Ass'n v. Carbide, 2012 IL App (2d) 120008-U, at ¶ 29 (Ill.App.Ct. 2012) (unpublished opinion) (disapproving of special service when process server made no effort to find defendant in places other than defendant's home). Suzanne Regas's post hoc argument that further attempts would not in fact have been futile and that she could have been served with further attempts is insufficient to show that the Court's earlier order was invalid. See Waller, 348 Ill.App. at 804-05, 810 N.E.2d at 594-95 (implicitly placing the burden on the defendant to show that a different course of action would have been successful in effecting service[9]). Therefore, this Court was authorized by Illinois law to grant service by special order under 735 ILCS 5/2-203.1.
Once personal or abode service are found to be impractical, "[t]he court order may order service to be made in any manner consistent with due process." 735 ILCS 5/2-203.1. In the context of service of process, due process requires only that the court provide "notice reasonably calculated, under all the circumstances, to apprise interested parties of the pendency of the action and afford them an opportunity to present their objections." Jones v. Flowers, 547 U.S. 220, 226 (2006) (quoting Mullane v. Cent. Hanover Bank & Trust Co., 339 U.S. 306, 314 (1950)). Several factors lead the Court to believe that overnight mail to her home could reasonably be expected to provide actual notice. First, Suzanne Regas registered her home address with the Illinois ARDC, which indicates that her home address is the best place to contact her regarding attorney licensing and that she consents to service by mail at that address for ARDC proceedings. See ILCS S.Ct. Rule 765(a) (authorizing service for ARDC proceedings "by delivery of any such notice . . . to the address listed on the master role for the attorney"); ILCS S.Ct. Rule 765 committee comments (explaining that the rule was revised to provide for service "by lawful means other than personal service on an attorney"). Obviously, this proceeding is not an ARDC proceeding, but consent to being served by mail at an address for other matters suggests that this method can be "reasonably calculated" to provide actual notice of this proceeding. Jones, 547 U.S. at 226; see also Sato v. Demos, 2012 IL App (1st) 1112968-U, at ¶ 34 (Ill.App.Ct. 2012) (unpublished opinion) (holding that service pursuant to § 2-203.1 by mail to a P.O. Box where a landlord receives rent checks is sufficient to serve the landlord). Another factor suggesting that Suzanne Regas would have actual notice of this suit is that several of her family members and her former employer are defendants in this matter. Also, Suzanne Regas was already aware of this case and had already filed a claim with her insurance provider.[10] In addition, the method used to serve Suzanne Regas was also the method used to notify her as to Goldring's motion for default judgment, to which she promptly responded and appeared.[11] Finally, Suzanne Regas did not suffer any prejudice in this case. Despite appearing later than the other defendants, she is not in a different position from her co-defendants. With her motion to quash, she also filed a motion to dismiss, which is granted on the merits below. Therefore, the Court concludes that service by overnight mail to Suzanne Regas's ARDC-registered address, when combined with service by overnight mail to her parents' home and service by publication, when Suzanne Regas already had actual notice of the suit, comported with the requirements of due process.[12]
In summary, the Court concludes that the manner of service on Suzanne Regas complies with the requirements of Rule 4, 735 ILCS 5/2-203.1, and the Due Process Clause, and that this Court may therefore exercise personal jurisdiction over Suzanne Regas. Accordingly, Suzanne Regas's Motion to Quash Service, Dkt. 73, is denied with respect to quashing service of process, dismissing the complaint for lack of personal jurisdiction, or dismissing the complaint for insufficient service of process. On the other hand, because Suzanne Regas has appeared and responded to the complaint, Goldring's Motion for Default Judgment Against Suzanne Regas, Dkt. 68, is denied.
II. Elements of a § 1962(c) Claim
The Court now turns to the defendants' motions to dismiss. Goldring alleges that she is entitled to recover under RICO's civil cause of action because she has been injured by the defendants' RICO violations. Specifically, Goldring alleges that the defendants violated RICO Section 1962(c), which states:
(c) It shall be unlawful for any person employed by or associated with any enterprise engaged in, or the activities of which affect, interstate or foreign commerce, to conduct or participate, directly or indirectly, in the conduct of such enterprise's affairs through a pattern of racketeering activity or collection of unlawful debt.
18 U.S.C. § 1962(c). As the Supreme Court has explained, a § 1962(c) violation has four elements: "(1) conduct (2) of an enterprise (3) through a pattern (4) of racketeering activity." Sedima, S.P.R.L. v. Imrex Co., Inc., 473 U.S. 479, 496 (1985) (footnote omitted). Further, a plaintiff in a civil RICO action must show that she suffered an injury proximately caused by the substantive RICO violation. James Cape & Sons Co. v. PCC Const. Co., 453 F.3d 396, 403 (7th Cir. 2006) (citing Anza v. Ideal Steel Supply Corp., 547 U.S. 451, 457 (2006)).
A. "Conduct of an Enterprise"
The "conduct" and the "enterprise" elements of a § 1962(c) violation are closely related, and determining the "conduct" of the enterprise first requires the determination of what the alleged enterprise is and who its members are. Therefore, the Court first analyzes what the structure and identity of the enterprise and who its members are, and then analyzes the allegations against each defendant to determine whether they participated in the "conduct" of that enterprise.
1. The Enterprise
Enterprises can be formal associations with a clearly defined legal structure, such as a corporation, partnership, or other business entity, or enterprises can be informal associations of persons, sometimes referred to as "association-in-fact" enterprises. Goldring asserts that the defendants comprised an association in fact enterprise that "did not go by a specific name." Compl., Dkt. 1, at ¶ 64. She alleges that the racketeering enterprise "acted as a continuing and cohesive unit, " the primary objective of which was to "illegally steal funds belonging to the Banks and to make other unwitting third parties-and not themselves-legally responsible in the event that any of the fraudulent loans . . . were not repaid." Id.
An association-in-fact enterprise must have an ascertainable structure with "three structural features: a purpose, relationships among those associated with the enterprise, and longevity sufficient to permit these associates to pursue the enterprise's purpose." Boyle v. United States, 556 U.S. 938, 946 (2009). The Supreme Court in Boyle rejected inferring additional structural requirements, such as a "hierarchical structure, " "fixed roles" for its members, "name, regular meetings, dues, established rules and regulations, disciplinary procedures, or induction or initiation ceremonies." Id. at 948. In doing so, the Supreme Court abrogated a body of Seventh Circuit case law that required RICO enterprises to have a more discernable structure through hierarchical organization or leadership. See Jay E. Hayden Found. v. First Neighbor Bank, N.A., 610 F.3d 382, 388 (7th Cir. 2010) ("But the Supreme Court's recent decision in Boyle v. United States throws all in doubt.") (internal citation omitted). Thus, pleading the existence of an enterprise does not require allegations that plausibly establish anything more than the three structural features listed in Boyle.
None of the defendants seriously, or effectively, argues that the complaint's allegations are sufficient to satisfy Boyle's three structural requirements, so a brief review of the facts supporting each requirement necessary to plausibly allege the existence of an enterprise will suffice.[13] Goldring alleges that the enterprise had a common purpose of enriching the defendants-especially Regas and Nesbitt-at the expense of WS Bank, Mutual Bank, Regas's son Dean Regas, and Goldring herself. Compl., Dkt. 1, at ¶¶ 1-2, 4-5. The complaint adequately alleges relationships between Regas and Nesbitt, who were longtime business partners and controlled multiple business entities together. Id. at ¶¶ 3, 6. Further, Regas had longstanding family and business relationships with Allyson Regas, Peter Regas, Suzanne Regas, the RFD firm and its partners, who in turn had family and business relationships with one another. Id. at ¶¶ 19-24, 28-29, 31. The complaint also alleges that the Adams defendants had relationships with each other and with Regas. Id. at ¶¶ 36-38, 40-41. The third Boyle requirement, longevity sufficient to achieve the enterprise's purpose, is met by the complaint's allegation of an eight-year scheme involving at least seven illegal loans and five sham business entities. See Id. at ¶¶ 31(a), (c), (f), (g), 44-45, 52, 58, 60; Pl.'s Resp., Dkt. 42, at 8-9.
2. Conduct of the Enterprise's Affairs
Boyle may have confirmed that the definition of a RICO "enterprise" is expansive, but the Seventh Circuit has since clarified that Boyle did not do away with the requirement that a plaintiff prove that the defendant "person" be a distinct entity from the "enterprise" or that the defendant used the enterprise to further an illegal scheme. See United Food & Commercial Workers Unions & Emp'rs Midwest Health Benefits Fund v. Walgreen Co., 719 F.3d 849, 853-54 (7th Cir. 2013) ("Section 1962(c) requires a plaintiff to identify a 'person'-i.e., the defendant-that is distinct from the RICO enterprise. And that 'person' must have 'conducted or participated in the conduct of the "enterprise's affairs, " not just [its] own affairs.'") (internal citations omitted); Jay E. Hayden Found., 610 F.3d at 389 ("Even so, the RICO offense is using an enterprise to engage in a pattern of racketeering activity."). A RICO complaint-especially one that alleges an association-in-fact enterprise where the distinctions between the alleged "enterprise" and the individual defendants may not be clear-must allege that the defendant acted on the enterprise's behalf, rather than merely serving the defendant's own, individual, interests. See, e.g., Walgreen Co., 719 F.3d at 854-855 (drug manufacturer and pharmacy did not conduct affairs of an enterprise where complaint failed to set forth how alleged drug-switching scheme advanced enterprise interests independent of the defendants' respective individual interests); Crichton v. Golden Rule Ins. Co., 576 F.3d 392, 400 (7th Cir. 2009) (holding that a marketing arrangement by which an insurance company targeted a membership organization's members for fraud would not suffice to suggest that either the insurance company or the membership organization acted on behalf of any shared enterprise); Richmond v. Nationwide Cassel L.P., 52 F.3d 640, 647 (7th Cir. 1995) (finding that defendants were not distinct from an association-in-fact enterprise when the complaint alleged only that the defendants defrauded the plaintiff directly, without the participation of other enterprise members).
To conduct, or participate in the conduct of, the affairs of an enterprise, a defendant must "participate in the operation or management of the enterprise itself." Reves v. Ernst & Young, 507 U.S. 170, 183 (1993). That does not mean, however, that § 1962's reach is limited to those who were calling the shots; the Reves Court also noted that an enterprise also may be operated "by lower-rung participants . . . who are under the direction of upper management." Id. at 184; see also MCM Partners, Inc. v. Andrews-Bartlett & Assocs., Inc., 62 F.3d 967, 978-79 (7th Cir. 1995) (reversing dismissal of § 1962(c) claim against low-level firms who carried out directions of other members of the enterprise). Operation and management of an enterprise does not, however, include an outsider acting as "merely a hireling, " Bachman v. Bear, Stearns & Co., 178 F.3d 930, 933 (7th Cir. 1999).[14] Under Reves, "a RICO enterprise may be operated at least by upper management, lower-rung participants in the enterprise who are under the direction of upper management, or others associated with the enterprise who exert control over it . . . .'" MCM Partners, 62 F.3d at 977 (internal quotation omitted).
To meet this standard with respect to an association in fact enterprise, the complaint must therefore plead facts plausibly alleging that the defendants engaged in a degree of cooperation and coordination "that fell outside the bounds of the parties' normal commercial relationships." Walgreen Co., 719 F.3d at 856; see also In re Insurance Brokerage Antitrust Litig., 618 F.3d 300, 378 (3d Cir. 2010) (holding that members of an enterprise "participated in the operation or management of the enterprise itself" by "commit[ing] [violations] that they [could not] accomplish alone" in a coordinated bid rigging scheme) (quoting Reves, 507 U.S. at 183; Gregory P. Joseph, Civil RICO: A Definitive Guide 332 (3d ed. 2010)).
An important factor in assessing whether a defendant can be deemed to have participated in the enterprise's affairs, rather than its individual affairs, is whether the scheme's success depended on a particular defendant's knowing cooperation, or whether that particular defendant played a fungible role that could have been performed by outsiders. Compare Insurance Brokerage, 618 F.3d at 378 (finding each participant in bid-rigging to be acting on behalf of the enterprise because the scheme could not succeed without all bidders colluding), and MCM Partners, 62 F.3d at 979 (finding lower-rung participants to be "vital" to the scheme's success because "only they had the ability" to effectuate the scheme), with Reves, 507 U.S. at 186 (no "operation or management" for outside auditor hired to prepare financial reports), Walgreen Co., 719 F.3d at 856 (no "operation or management" of enterprise, despite both participants knowing of the other's role, when pharmacy could have accomplished its role in the scheme without the drug manufacturer's knowledge, and drug manufacturer could have accomplished its role in the scheme with any pharmacy chain), and Goren v. New Vision Int'l, Inc., 156 F.3d 721, 727-28 (7th Cir. 1998) (no "operation or management" for granting a license of one's own name and likeness to promote enterprise or distributing promotional materials for the enterprise).[15]
Even gross departures from industry practice may not be enough to show more than an ordinary commercial relationship, if there is another business reason for the hired outsider's actions. See Walgreen Co., 719 F.3d at 854 ("[N]othing in the complaint reveals how . . . these communications or actions were undertaken on behalf of the enterprise as opposed to on behalf of [the alleged participants] in their individual capacities, to advance their individual self-interests."); D.M. Robinson Chiropractic, SC v. Encompass Ins. Co. of Am., No. 10 C 8159, 2013 WL 1286696, at *10 (N.D. Ill. Mar. 28, 2013) ("Though Plaintiffs make much of the fact that Mitchell was interested in retaining Allstate's business, a vendor's interest in retaining its business relationship is neither unusual nor suspicious.").
Turning to Goldring's allegations in this case, the Court must analyze whether each moving defendant satisfies the Reves requirement that each defendant participate in the "operation or management" of the alleged distinct enterprise rather than acting for itself.
a) James Regas
As alleged, the conduct of Regas (and Nesbitt[16]) easily suffices to plausibly allege participation in the management and operations of the alleged enterprise. According to the complaint, Regas and Nesbitt orchestrated the scheme, while others-lawyers, appraisers, corporate shareholders and officers, and bank officers-acted at Nesbitt's or Regas's direction. The complaint accuses both Nesbitt and Regas of creating and using multiple sham entities and directing the actions of the other defendants to obscure from the banks the real nature of these self-dealing loans. Like the Hosseini defendants' commingling of funds and joint operation of the multiple auto dealerships (without regard to the formal legal ownership of the entities), see 679 F.3d at 548-49, 558, Regas and Nesbitt are alleged to have freely transferred money from these entities to themselves, without regard to the formal shareholders of the sham entities. Compl., Dkt. 1, at ¶¶ 4-7, 28-34. These allegations easily surpasses the Reves minimum threshold requirement that Regas play "some part in directing the enterprise's affairs." 507 U.S. at 179.
Further, the enterprise alleged was distinct from Regas acting on his own behalf. Regas used the sham entities (and the associated shareholders and officers) to conceal his self-dealing interest and the high risk of default in the loans, and the concealment of Regas's involvement could not have succeeded without multiple participants "acting in concert on behalf of a shadow enterprise." See Walgreen Co., 719 F.3d at 855. According to the complaint, the amounts approved in the insider loans were also inflated through Regas's alleged agreement with Adams Valuation to inflate the appraised values of the collateral, furthering the scheme's purpose of siphoning off as much money as possible. Compl., Dkt. 1, at ¶ 36. These allegations go beyond "garden variety" commercial relationships or "parallel, uncoordinated fraud, " because the inflated appraisal portion of the scheme could not have succeeded with Nesbitt and Regas only acting on their own. Walgreen Co., 719 F.3d at 855; see also Insurance Brokerage, 618 F.3d at 378 (finding conduct of an enterprise where "defendants band together to commit violations they cannot accomplish alone") (internal quotations omitted). Regas and Nesbitt needed the participation and acquiescence of, at a minimum, the banks and the appraisers, to carry out the insider loan scheme. Like the "prototypical RICO case, " the alleged scheme involved the use of formal business entities and their "appearance of legitimacy to perpetrate more, and less easily discovered, criminal acts." Fitzgerald v. Chrysler Corp., 116 F.3d 225, 227 (7th Cir. 1997). Therefore, the complaint is more than sufficient to state that Regas was a member (indeed, the head) of an enterprise distinct from himself.
b) Law Firm Defendants
The complaint also alleges that Regas controlled the law firm defendants in furtherance of the scheme. At Regas's behest, RFD allegedly created at least some of the sham entities and performed the legal work relating to the loans, the real property securing those loans, and obtaining the third party guarantees. Compl., Dkt. 1, at ¶¶ 29, 31, 42. As an example, Goldring asserts:
So, it would be quite common that Regas (and the Regas Firm at his direction) would prepare the corporate-creation documents for the underlying corporate entity and then follow that by preparing the loan transaction documents for one of the Banks, while the entire time keeping from the Banks the fact that the loans were being issued to the Entities, companies that Regas himself had created and continued to control.
Id. at ¶ 42.
These allegations are essentially that Regas used RFD as a law firm, to provide legal services-an ordinary commercial relationship. The complaint does not allege that the law firm defendants knew of the insider loan scheme or that the legal work that they were engaged to provide related to entities that were fictitious or transactions that were fraudulent.[17] It does allege that RFD breached its duties and knowingly put its own interests or Regas's interests before that of the banks (which would be an unsurprising consequence, given the highly conflicted nature of the alleged representation), but the fact that the law firm defendants may have taken engagements that presented inappropriate conflicts of interest does not turn RFD's relationship with the enterprise into an "insider" relationship. See Walgreen Co., 719 F.3d at 856 (no conduct of an enterprise even when both participants knew of the other's "activities [that] were by all appearances illegal"). Nor was RFD's participation vital to the success of the scheme, because unlike the colluding bidders in Insurance Brokerage or the sole contracting authorities in MCM Partners, the scheme could have succeeded even if RFD had refused to participate. See Insurance Brokerage, 618 F.3d at 378; MCM Partners, 62 F.3d at 979. Indeed, the complaint alleges that Regas himself sometimes did the legal work necessary to create the sham legal entities. Compl., Dkt. 1, at ¶ 29. Further, any law firm-not just RFD-could have performed the legal work of creating business entities and preparing loan transaction documents, particularly given the fact that it was not essential (and is not alleged) that the law firm defendants knew of the insider loan scheme. Accordingly, RFD's role in the scheme is more like that of the fungible auditors of Reves or Bachman. Even if the complaint is correct about RFD's role in the scheme, the allegations are only enough to accuse RFD and its attorneys[18] of being mere "hirelings." Bachman, 178 F.3d at 933. Thus, the complaint fails to state a § 1962(c) claim against RFD or its attorneys.
c) Appraiser Defendants
The complaint alleges a more active role in the operations of the enterprise for the appraiser defendants. Goldring alleges that Adams Valuation agreed to systematically overvalue properties in appraisals performed on the real property controlled by Regas. Compl., Dkt. 1, at ¶ 36. In exchange, Regas would exercise his control over Mutual Bank to retain Adams Valuation for approximately 50% of the appraisals. Id. The appraiser defendants argue that this case bears much in common with Decatur Ventures, LLC v. Stapleton Ventures, Inc., where a district court dismissed § 1962(c) claims against appraisers who were alleged to have inflated appraisals of real properties. 373 F.Supp.2d 829, 837-38 (S.D. Ind. 2005). That court held that even though the appraisers played a critical role in the scheme, they were nonetheless "outside" the enterprise because the plaintiffs had failed to allege that the appraisers had knowledge of the scheme, had failed to allege the actual values of the subject properties, and had failed to allege the appraisers' involvement in the predicate acts of racketeering. Id. at 837-38. In contrast, Goldring has alleged that Adams Valuation "agreed" to the scheme, has listed the true values of the subject properties in this case, and has identified several specific allegedly inflated appraisals performed by Adams Valuation. Compl., Dkt. 1, at ¶ 36. These specific allegations paint a knowing, involved, and integral role played by Adams Valuation that required Adams Valuation to perform certain acts differently than would have been performed by other appraisal firms. So while this Court agrees that the Decatur Ventures court applied the correct test, applying that test to the appraisers of this case leads to a different result.
The Adams defendants argue that they did not "act[] in any way distinct from their normal professional capacity" as appraisers, Adams Reply, Dkt. 50, at 3, but the complaint alleges differently, and at this juncture the Court must credit the allegations of the complaint as correct. Moreover, the inflated appraisal values were not merely "a vendor's interest in retaining its business relationship" with the banks, D.M. Robinson Chiropractic, 2013 WL 1286696 at *10, because inflating appraisal values advanced the interests of the enterprise at the expense of their own clients (in this scheme, the banks that required the appraisals of the property securing the loans). Therefore, the complaint sufficiently alleges that the Adams defendants had more than just ordinary business relationships with the enterprise and were knowing participants in the enterprise.
Finally, the appraiser defendants argue that they did not participate in the conduct of the enterprise because the complaint "does not present a single factual claim asserting that Adams had any interest in the outcome of the alleged scheme beyond his own individual interest" or that the appraiser defendants "shared in any profits of the alleged enterprise or received any additional fees . . . beyond its customary fee." Adams Br., Dkt. 30, at 7–8. That argument overlooks the fact that while its fee may have been normal, the high volume of appraisals it conducted for the enterprise may not have been; the fee is only one variable that affects whether the firm derived benefit from the enterprise and the Complaint plausibly alleges that Adams Valuation was the beneficiary of an unusually, and inappropriately, high volume of work relating to the enterprise. Compl., Dkt. 1, at ¶ 36. The appraiser defendants cite Bachman, which they argue imposes a requirement that a defendant share in the profits or in the proceeds of an illegal scheme in order to be liable under § 1962(c). Adams Br., Dkt. 30, at 8. Bachman could be read to suggest such a requirement in its discussion of a mere "hireling" that only received its "normal fee, " 178 F.3d at 933, but a profit-sharing requirement cannot be reconciled with MCM Partners, where the Seventh Circuit held that "operation" of an enterprise could even include a participant's acquiescence to losing money to advance the enterprise's goals.[19] 62 F.3d at 979. Rather, Bachman teaches that profit-sharing can be a relevant (but not dispositive) factor in determining whether a defendant was member of the enterprise or an outside "hireling." 178 F.3d at 933. Therefore, despite being silent on what interest Adams Valuation had in the success of the scheme, the complaint sufficiently alleges that the appraiser defendants participated in the operation or management of the enterprise.
d) Allyson and Suzanne Regas
The complaint contains very few allegations pertaining to the claims against Allyson and Suzanne Regas. The complaint alleges that James Regas listed his daughters Allyson and Suzanne as "members and shareholders" in the sham entities, but it also alleges a similar role for Goldring herself as a purported victim. Compl., Dkt. 1, at ¶¶ 28, 31(a)-(c), 31(f)-(g), 44. More importantly, the complaint does not allege any actions taken by Suzanne or Allyson Regas in their capacities as members or shareholders in these entities so the Court has no facts to analyze under the Reves "operation or management" test.
The complaint does, however, accuse Allyson Regas, in her capacity as Chief Financial Officer and Vice President of one of the victim banks, of "substantially assist[ing]" Regas by obtaining inflated appraisals, approving the loans without using proper underwriting practices, and concealing the true nature of the loans. Compl., Dkt. 1, at ¶ 54.[20] In other words, the complaint alleges that Allyson Regas abused her position as a bank officer to knowingly put the interests of the enterprise above the interests of the bank to whom she owed a fiduciary duty. These allegations go far enough beyond the purely self-interested actions alleged in Walgreen Co. or Jay E. Hayden Foundation to assert that Allyson Regas "improperly hijack[ed] the business operations of [the bank] for illicit ends." Walgreen Co., 719 F.3d at 854-55; see also Jay E. Hayden Found., 610 F.3d at 389 (observing in dicta that the complaint could have sufficiently stated a RICO claim if the plaintiff had alleged that the bank officers used the bank to commit fraud). Therefore, the complaint's allegations suffice to establish that Allyson Regas participated in the conduct of an enterprise in her capacity as a bank officer, but are insufficient to state a claim against Suzanne Regas.
B. "Pattern of Racketeering Activity"
A plaintiff alleging a § 1962(c) violation must also establish that the enterprise acted "through a pattern of racketeering activity." 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c). "Pattern" means "at least two acts of racketeering activity" within a 10-year period, and usually will require more than two. Id. § 1961(5); see also H.J. Inc. v. Nw. Bell. Tel. Co., 492 U.S. 229, 232 (1989). Further, the plaintiff "must show that the racketeering predicates are related, and that they amount to or pose a threat of continued criminal activity." H.J. Inc., 492 U.S. at 239. For RICO violations predicated on acts of mail fraud or on obstruction of justice involving dishonesty, the complaint must identify the predicate acts with particularity. Fed.R.Civ.P. 9(b); Jepson, Inc. v. Makita Corp., 34 F.3d 1321, 1327 (7th Cir. 1994) (mail fraud).[21] Therefore, to survive these motions to dismiss, the complaint must identify with particularity predicate acts of racketeering that are both "related" and "continuous." H.J. Inc., 492 U.S. at 239, 242.
Mail fraud under 18 U.S.C. § 1341 requires the defendant's (1) participation in a scheme to defraud; (2) with the intent to defraud; (3) using the mail in furtherance of the fraud. See 18 U.S.C. § 1341; United States v. Howard, 619 F.3d 723, 727 (7th Cir. 2010). "Intent to defraud, " the second element, "requires a wilful act by the defendant with the specific intent to deceive or cheat." Corley v. Rosewood Care Ctr., Inc. of Peoria, 388 F.3d 990, 1005 (7th Cir. 2004). Rule 9(b) requires "only a general outline" of the scheme to defraud and the intent to defraud, but must "describe the predicate acts with some specificity and 'state the time, place, and content of the alleged communications perpetrating the fraud.'" Midwest Grinding Co. v. Spitz, 976 F.2d 1016, 1020 (7th Cir. 1992) (quoting Graue Mill Dev. Corp. v. Colonial Bank & Trust Co., 927 F.2d 988, 992 (7th Cir.1991)).
Each individual mailing in furtherance of the scheme would qualify as a distinct mail fraud violation. See, e.g., United States v. Giovenco, 773 F.3d 866, 868 (7th Cir. 2014) (describing six counts of mail fraud as six mailings to advance one fraudulent scheme). To constitute a mail fraud violation, an individual mailing need not contain misrepresentations, or even be essential to the scheme-it is enough that an individual mailing be "incident to an essential part of the scheme." Schmuck v. United States, 489 U.S. 705, 710 (1989) (quoting Pereira v. United States, 347 U.S. 1, 8 (1954)). And unlike common law fraud, federal mail fraud only requires that the fraudulent scheme cause the plaintiff's injuries in some way and does not require that the harmed plaintiff personally rely on the fraudulent misrepresentations. Bridge v. Phoenix Bond & Indem. Co., 553 U.S. 639, 648-49, 656-57 (2008) (holding that a RICO violation predicated on mail fraud could occur even without a plaintiff's first party reliance, as when a plaintiff is harmed by a third party reliance on the defendant's representations).
Turning to the individual mailings alleged in this case, [22] the majority have little to no relation to the alleged fraud. The mailings from non-defendants that amount to service of documents relating to other litigation[23] are not even "incident to an essential part of the scheme." Schmuck, 489 U.S. at 710. If anything, those mailings contain truthful information from fellow victims of the scheme that would tend to frustrate-rather than advance-the scheme by alerting Goldring to the fraud. Similarly, Goldring gives no indication of how letters from non-defendant creditors or government agencies furthered the scheme or caused her losses, and so those mailings must be disregarded as well. This leaves only seven remaining mailings alleged to constitute mail fraud:
Adams Valuation
Tom Pacocha
(Mutual Bank)
Letter and Appraisal for 913-15 Forest Avenue in Evanston
Martin Hall (Regas, Frezados & Dallas LLP)
David Azran
Letter re: 913 Forest-Evanston LLC
Bette Lally (Mutual Bank)
Diane Goldring
Letter enclosing appraisal for 913-915 Forest Ave in Evanston
James Regas (Regas Frezados & Dallas LLP)
Letter re: "Various Projects"[24]
Suzanne Regas (7500 Kenosha LLC)
Demand for payment of expenses with accompanying exhibits
Demand for payment of expenses with accompanying exhibits[25]
Christian Nesbitt
Illinois Secretary of State
2010 Annual Report for North Park Webster
2011 Annual Report for North Park Webster
2012 Annual Report for North Park Webster Application for Reinstatement
Am. App. A, Dkt. 46, at 1-4.
The first three letters listed, from 2006, concern a property at 913 Forest Avenue in Evanston, Illinois. The complaint's allegations relating to this "Forest Property" are that the Regas Firm incorporated an LLC called "913 Forest-Evanston LLC" under the actual control of Regas and Nesbitt, but with the purported managing members listed as "Dean and Suzanne Regas, and, for a time, Goldring." Compl., Dkt. 1, at ¶ 31(g). Regas and Nesbitt arranged for the Forest property, worth $2.2 million, to be overvalued in order to secure a $3.0 million loan. Id. at ¶¶ 38-39. To facilitate the loan, Regas and Nesbitt induced Goldring to personally guarantee the loan. Id. at ¶ 31(g). In a separate agreement, Regas and Nesbitt agreed to pay $450, 000 from the loan to repay an investor, Azran Forest LLC ("Azran Forest"). Id. at ¶ 39. Although Regas and Nesbitt attempted to fraudulently withhold payment to Azran Forest, eventually Azran Forest sued and accepted a $412, 500 settlement. Id. Even after paying the Azran settlement, Regas and Nesbitt still "managed to successfully divert approximately $387, 500" for themselves. Id. With this background, the fact that each of these three mailings was "incident to" the scheme is clear. Schmuck, 489 U.S. at 710. In the first letter, Adams Valuation sent the appraisal overvaluing the property by $800, 000 to Mutual Bank as part of the loan approval process. The second letter, written by RFD attorney Martin Hall on behalf of 913 Forest-Evanston LLC, falsely represented to David Azran that there were insufficient funds to pay Azran-which Azran alleged was part of a conspiracy to defraud Azran. See Azran Compl., Dkt. 1-8, at ¶ 28. The third letter, from Mutual Bank, forwarded the falsely inflated appraisal in a communication to Goldring, who was a personal guarantor on the loan. See Compl., Dkt. 1, at ¶ 31(g). This inflated appraisal understated the substantial guaranty exposure incurred by Goldring, who could not appreciate that the property would eventually be foreclosed and that she would be personally liable for the deficiency in excess of $3.4 million. Id. Each of these mailings is identified with particularity in the complaint and each is related to the ongoing scheme.
The letter from James Regas to Goldring, sent on RFD letterhead on March 13, 2007, reported the status of the projects and business entities involving Regas, Nesbitt, and Goldring. In her complaint, Goldring accuses Regas and Nesbitt of four specific material omissions in persuading Goldring to sign the loan guarantees: (1) that the appraised values of the property securing the loans were artificially inflated, (2) that the loans did not follow underwriting formalities, (3) that the lenders were unaware of Regas's self-dealing, and (4) that the loans were procured in flagrant disregard of regulatory obligations and internal bank procedures. Compl., Dkt. 1, at ¶¶ 4-5. The March 13 letter does not mention the inflated appraisals, the hidden risks of default, or Regas's unlawful means of obtaining the loans; as such, it was an instrument of the fraud (assuming, as the Court must, that the letter is fraudulent because it fails to advise Goldring of those issues).
The complaint provides no context or description for the other three letters written by Suzanne Regas and Christian Nesbitt. It is unclear what Suzanne Regas's letters said or what role they played in the alleged scheme.[26] It is also unclear what purpose was served by Christian Nesbitt's letters to the Illinois Secretary of State. Therefore, those letters have not adequately provided "the who, what, when, where, and how" required under Rule 9(b) to show that the letters were in furtherance of the alleged scheme (as necessary to constitute predicate acts of racketeering). Borsellino v. Goldman Sachs Grp., Inc., 477 F.3d 502, 507 (7th Cir. 2007).
Goldring also alleges several instances of obstruction of justice, especially by Nesbitt. The complaint accuses Nesbitt of concealing information and preventing Goldring's receipt of correspondence relating to pending lawsuits in which Goldring had been sued on her personal guarantees, which delayed Goldring's discovery of the broader scheme by several years. Compl., Dkt. 1, at ¶ 44. Further, Nesbitt allegedly fabricated false buyers for the properties (including the creation of forged documents) in order to persuade Goldring not to investigate further into her own guarantee liability. Id. at ¶ 45. These allegations are not sufficient to state predicate racketeering actions under § 1512(c)(1) of the obstruction of justice statute, because that statute relates solely to acts taken with "the intent to impair the [document's] integrity or availability for use in an official proceeding." Goldring does not allege that Nesbitt, or any other defendant, tried to prevent the use of any document in any proceeding; rather, she alleges that Nesbitt concealed or altered such documents so that she would not be aware of the true status of law suits that had been filed against her. In other words, § 1512(c)(1) addresses attempts to conceal or tamper with evidence; that is not what Goldring alleges Nesbitt to have been doing when he concealed information about the lawsuits from her. Goldring alleges that Nesbitt concealed or altered documents to prevent Goldring from discovering the scheme and fails to explain how such documents would have been used in an official proceeding.[27]
In summary, then, Goldring's complaint and her proposed amended appendix outline four predicate acts of racketeering: three letters relating to the Forest Property mailed in 2006, and one letter written by James Regas that relates to the broader scheme relating to multiple properties and business entities. In order for Goldring to recover, however, these four predicate acts of racketeering must be sufficiently "related" to constitute a pattern. H.J. Inc. v. Nw. Bell Tel. Co., 492 U.S. 229, 239 (1989). As the Supreme Court has observed, "relatedness" requires "similar purposes, results, participants, victims, or methods of commission." Id. at 240 (quoting Sedima S.P.R.L. v. Imrex Co., 473 U.S. 479, 496 n.14 (1985)). The relatedness requirement is not a particularly strict requirement. Here, the four letters served the scheme's general purpose of using inflated property appraisal values to obtain loans and guarantees of value. The three letters regarding to the Forest Property persuaded both the bank and Goldring to rely on Adams Valuation's inflated appraisal, and attempted unsuccessfully to prevent Azran Forest from collecting funds owed at closing. See Compl., Dkt. 1, at ¶ 39. The letter from Regas outlined a broad overview of multiple projects relating to the overall scheme, and presumably furthered the scheme by persuading Goldring to continue guaranteeing loans. See generally Regas Letter, United States v. Regas, 12 CR 461, Dkt. 27-2 (N.D. Ill.Dec. 10, 2012). These mailings, relating to the same broad scheme, are sufficiently related to each other and to the scheme.
Racketeering activity must also "pose a threat of continued criminal activity" in order to qualify as a "pattern." H.J. Inc., 492 U.S. at 239. The parties agree that this case must be evaluated for "closed-end continuity, " which may be found in a "closed period of repeated conduct." Id. at 241. The Seventh Circuit has outlined relevant factors for courts to determine the continuity of a pattern: "Relevant factors include the number and variety of predicate acts and the length of time over which they were committed, the number of victims, the presence of separate schemes and the occurrence of distinct injuries." Morgan v. Bank of Waukegan, 804 F.2d 970, 975 (7th Cir. 1986). Of Morgan's continuity factors, the duration factor is the "most important." Roger Whitmore's Auto. Servs., Inc. v. Lake Cnty., Ill., 424 F.3d 659, 673 (7th Cir. 2005); see also Midwest Grinding Co. v. Spitz, 976 F.2d 1016, 1024 (7th Cir. 1992) (describing the duration factor as "the closest thing we have to a bright-line continuity test").
Generally, the predicate acts underlying a "one-shot scheme" must occur over the course of more than a year in order to form a pattern. Midwest Grinding, 976 F.2d at 1024 (collecting cases where periods of "several months" to "several years" were insufficient to support a pattern); see also Jennings v. Auto Meter Prods., Inc., 495 F.3d 466, 474-75 (7th Cir. 2007) (ten months insufficient); Vicom, Inc. v. Harbridge Merch. Servs., Inc., 20 F.3d 771, 782 (7th Cir. 1994) (nine months insufficient). The earliest of the predicate acts occurred with a letter mailed on June 9, 2006, and the latest occurred about nine months later, on March 17, 2007. This nine- month period is insufficient under the Seventh Circuit case law. This conclusion is reinforced by the fact that the only predicate acts that Goldring has successfully alleged are mailings, which "'are unique among predicate acts' because multiplicity of such acts 'may be no indication of the requisite continuity of the underlying fraudulent activity.'" Midwest Grinding, 976 F.2d at 1024 (quoting U.S. Textiles, Inc. v. Anheuser-Busch Cos., Inc., 911 F.2d 1261, 1266 (7th Cir. 1990)) Courts have found insufficient continuity between even hundreds of mailings when the number of fraudulent transactions are small. See Vicom, Inc. v. Harbridge Merchant Servs., Inc., 20 F.3d 771, 781 (7th Cir. 1994) (finding no "pattern" from racketeering predicated only on a few acts of mail fraud); Midwest Grinding, 976 F.2d at 1024 (hundreds of mailings insufficient because there was only a single scheme with "a few" recipients and only one victim); see also Hartz v. Friedman, 919 F.2d 469, 473 (7th Cir. 1990) ("The Seventh Circuit, however, does not look favorably on relying on many instances of mail and wire fraud to form a pattern.").
And while Goldring has alleged a long, multi-year scheme in which the defendants had engaged in fraudulent and even criminal activity, only the predicate acts of racketeering count for the duration factor. Tortious or even criminal acts committed before the first act of racketeering do not start the clock. See Midwest Grinding, 976 F.2d at 1024 & n.5 (starting the duration count with "the first predicate act of mail fraud" rather than when the alleged coconspirators "began doing the groundwork"). Similarly, actions taken to cover up the completed scheme do not extend the duration, either. Id. (holding that actions to cover up discovery "do nothing to extend the duration of the underlying . . . scheme"); see also Jennings, 495 F.3d at 474 (declining to consider later fraudulent cover-up attempts in the duration analysis). Therefore, although Goldring has alleged a long-running scheme involving a pattern of criminal activity with multiple perpetrators and multiple victims, the complaint falls short of alleging sufficient duration to establish a pattern of racketeering activity as defined in 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1).
III. RICO Conspiracy Under § 1962(d)
Goldring also asserts a RICO conspiracy claim against Regas, Nesbitt, RFD, and Adams Valuation. Compl., Dkt. 1, at ¶ 70-73. A RICO conspiracy within the scope of § 1962(d) requires a showing that "(1) the defendant agreed to maintain an interest in or control of an enterprise or to participate in the affairs of an enterprise through a pattern of racketeering activity, and (2) the defendant further agreed that someone would commit at least two predicate acts to accomplish those goals." DeGuelle v. Camilli, 664 F.3d 192, 204 (7th Cir.2011). In addition, the plaintiff must allege injury from an act that is . . . independently wrongful under RICO, " that is, a predicate act of racketeering. Beck v. Prupis, 529 U.S. 494, 505-06 (2000).[28]
As discussed above, Goldring alleges sufficient facts to infer conduct of an enterprise involving James Regas, Christian Nesbitt, Adams Valuation, and Allyson Regas (but not RFD).[29]Unlike the substantive RICO claim, however, a RICO conspiracy claim does not need to identify with particularity the two predicate acts, but only needs to allege an agreement that two predicate acts would occur. See Gas Tech. Institute v. Rehmat, 05 C 2712, 2006 WL 3743576, at *33 (N.D. Ill.Dec. 15, 2006) ("The Seventh Circuit has not required the pleading of claims under § 1962(d) with particularity, nor has this court."); Nat'l Org. for Women, Inc. v. Scheidler, 897 F.Supp. 1047, 1071 (N.D. Ill. 1995) (holding that RICO conspiracy claims are governed by the liberal pleading standards of Fed.R.Civ.P. 8(a), not the heightened requirements of Fed.R.Civ.P. 9(b)). From the detailed allegations of the role each defendant played in the operation of the enterprise over course of years, it is fair to infer that each willing participant in the enterprise agreed to participate in the scheme and that acts of wire or mail fraud would occur throughout the multi-year duration of the scheme.
Further, and as discussed above, Goldring has already alleged several injuries suffered as a result of mail fraud in furtherance of the scheme. Mailings relating to the Forest Property led Goldring to rely on Adams Valuation's inflated appraisals in choosing to guarantee the loan, which ultimately led to a Goldring paying a $100, 000 settlement, as well as legal fees, to resolve a $3.4 million judgment. See Compl., Dkt. 1, at ¶ 31(g); Am. App'x A, Dkt. 46, at 1. The March 13, 2007 letter sent by Regas to Goldring misrepresented the fundamental nature of Goldring's guarantees and the risk of default. See generally Regas Letter, United States v. Regas, No. 12 CR 461, Dkt. 27-2 (N.D. Ill.Dec. 10, 2012). Goldring identifies losses arising out of decisions made after the letter was sent, including a personal $200, 000 loan that she agreed to provide on October 1, 2008. See Compl., Dkt. 1, at ¶ 58. And while the alleged mailings may not constitute a pattern of racketeering activity and therefore do not constitute a substantive RICO violation, this Court reads DeGuelle and Beck to allow plaintiffs to state RICO conspiracy claims for injuries caused by racketeering acts when the other RICO conspiracy elements are met-even if the plaintiff falls short of proving that a pattern of racketeering activity actually occurred. When read with the allegations of the broader fraudulent scheme, Goldring's injuries are sufficient to support a RICO conspiracy claim. Therefore, the defendants' motions to dismiss Count II must be denied as to James Regas and Adams Valuation; it is granted as to RFD.
In a nutshell, the complaint alleges that Nesbitt and Regas created sham entities, which (under Nesbitt's and Regas's control) purchased real property, and Adams Valuation appraised the properties at inflated values so that the bank officer defendants (Allyson Regas and Jerry Miceli) would approve undersecured insider loans, allowing Nesbitt and Regas to siphon off the excess funds for their own personal use. These allegations suffice to allege that James Regas, Christian Nesbitt, Douglas Adams, Adams Valuation, and Allyson Regas participated in the affairs of a RICO enterprise. The complaint falls short, however, in alleging that they did so through a pattern of racketeering activity. Nevertheless, the complaint adequately alleges that defendants Regas, Nesbitt, and Adams Valuation conspired to do so, and that Goldring was injured by the alleged predicate acts of racketeering, namely Regas's false letter of March 13, 2007, and three letters relating to the Forest Property. Therefore, the Court concludes that the complaint fails to adequately allege a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c)(1), and dismisses that Count without prejudice, but adequately alleges a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1962(d). Goldring is granted leave to file an amended complaint that addresses the deficiencies identified in this Memorandum Opinion.
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- Original 427 cubic inch L89 V8 / 435 horsepower
- Correct Posi-traction differential / Correct 3.70 gears
- Original body / Correct Silverstone Silver paint
- Winner of the NCRS Top Flight Award / Winner of the NCRS Second Flight Award
- Correct off-road exhaust
- Correct F41 Special Performance Suspension
- Correct Black interior
- Original Muncie M21 4-speed manual transmission
- Correct 4-wheel power disc brakes
- Fully documented California car
- Fully documented California car
- Winner of the NCRS Top Flight Award / Winner of the NCRS Second Flight Award
- Original 427 cubic inch L89 V8 / 435 horsepower
- Original Muncie M21 4-speed manual transmission
- Original body / Correct Silverstone Silver paint
- Correct Black interior
- Sale includes: An original Tank Sticker / An original Window Sticker / An oiriginal Purchase Order / The car's NCRS Awards
- Correct F41 Special Performance Suspension / Correct 4-wheel power disc brakes
- Correct Posi-traction differential / Correct 3.70 gears
- Correct off-road exhaust
If you're looking for a world-class Corvette to add to your collection, the numbers don't get much better than this investment grade C3. As a fully-documented, numbers-matching California car, it wraps original, largely unrestored aesthetics around an original L89 427, an original Muncie 4-speed and a roster of impressive options. What's more: in addition to earning NCRS Top Flight honors, the car carries its original tank sticker and original window sticker among a substantial stack of paperwork. If you're series about authentic Corvettes, this impressive Stingray belongs in your garage!
Since we're talking numbers, options and originality, here's a short summary of this Chevy's most impressive highlights.
- California car completely documented from new
- Original, numbers-matching drivetrain
- Original body
- Replacement windshield
- Original side and back glass
- Earned the NCRS Top Flight Award
- A01: Tinted glass
- A31: Power windows
- F41: Special Performance Suspension
- J50: Power brakes
- L71: 427 cubic inch Turbo Jet V8 that produces 435 horsepower
- N11: Off-road exhaust
- G81: Posi-traction axle that's complete with 3.70 gears
- K66: Full transistorized ignition
- M21: Muncie 4-speed close-ratio transmission
- PT7: F70x15 white stripe tires
- Alternator ID Stamp: 1100696
- Correct according to the Corvette Black Book
- Holley Carburetor numbers: 2300 3902353 (Front & rear) / 2300 3940929 (Center)
- Correct according to the Corvette Black Book
- Winters Intake Manifold: 3937797 (Casting)
- Correct according to the Corvette Restoration Guide
- Cylinder Heads: Winters foundry mark present
- Engine: 3916321 (Casting) / T0508IU (Assembly stamp) / Matching partial VIN
- Correct according to the V8 Engine Data Book
- Exhaust Manifolds: 38808829 (Casting)
- Correct according to the V8 Engine Data Book
- Master Cylinder: 29969 (Casting)
- Correct according to the Corvette Forum
All that said; the casual observer would never know just how potent this car really is. Thanks to the Silverstone Silver paint, this C3 stays low-key despite the big numbers under the hood. While the rest of the car is original, the paint is not. The Corvette was given a high quality repaint in 2013. The top coat fronts an all original fiberglass body that shows absolutely no signs of repair. That original look has served the car well on the show circuit. The numerous judging sheets included in the sale rarely deduct anything for the exterior – certainly a key factor in achieving Top Flight status.
The '68 Corvette marked a radical redesign which brought several aspects of the 1965 Make Shark II concept to life. This C3 carries plenty of original pieces to accent its authentic look. To the front, a familiar C3 cross-flag emblem combines with a bright chrome bumper and a small black chin spoiler to frame a natural combination of clear parking lamps and stainless-trimmed grilles. Above that bumper, a scooped, chrome-trimmed, and "427" branded hood sits just beyond the pop-up headlights. The glass presents well, framed by clean stainless and malleable weather-stripping. The side profile hosts amber corner markers at both ends with little more than the traditional Corvette gills and "Stingray" badging finishing off the side view. At the rear, dual round taillights offered some signature styling from their place above a split rear bumper with a chrome-trimmed license plate recess in the center.
Tilt the hood forward to find an impressive centerpiece – the legendary L89 427hp/435ci big block. The foundation is a rare 3916321 casting number block with an A11 (January 11th) casting date. The assembly stamp decodes as T (Tonawanda) 0508 (May 8thh) IU (L89/4spd) while a partial VIN confirms the block's authenticity. The piece is topped by aluminum heads and an aluminum intake with a trio of Holley two-barrel carburetors. While the horsepower gains were marginal over the L71, the weight savings went a long way towards creating a better balanced driving experience. As a California car, this Corvette shipped with a smog system that remains in place today, spinning alongside the alternator while the water pump pairs with a single fan and an OEM radiator to keep the big block cool. The K66 transistor ignition is tucked away under the chrome ignition cover which, when paired with the chrome air cleaner assembly and valve covers, gives the engine compartment a nice finished look. Cast manifolds, correct decals and a host of factory-installed ancillary components do a great job at communicating just how authentic this bay really is.
Shine a light under this Chevrolet and you'll find an unrestored undercarriage complete with rock solid floors and vintage hardware. Behind the big block, the original close-ratio Muncie M21 4-speed still delivers authoritative shifts, authenticated by its May 7, 1968 build date and a matching VIN derivative. From there, power spins down the driveshaft toward a posi-traction axle with versatile 3.70 gears. As tempting as it is to upgrade these cars, the suspension holds steady with its stock F41 suspension. Up front, a double A-arm front suspension absorbs the bumps while an independent rear with lateral leaf springs keeps the rear in check. Push this Corvette through the corners and you'll appreciate the surprisingly light manual steering paired with tough J50 power disc brakes. One unique aspect of the undercarriage is the optional N11 'off-road' exhaust system which looks the same as the standard setup but offers better sound and performance. At the corners, 15-inch rally wheels with 'top hat' centers and beauty rings meet the road through a fresh set of F70-15 Firestone redlines, rounding out the vintage look.
Between the doors, a well-preserved interior offers space for two with plenty of vintage style. At the ground level, nicely aged door sill plates anchor clean black carpet protected by rubber floor mats with the cross-flag emblem. The transmission tunnel is crowned by a tapered console that makes room for heater controls, an ashtray, and a chrome shifter while further back, power window switches frame the emergency brake handle. Slide into the captain's seat to admire the large factory speedometer and tachometer. The duo is supplemented by a group of smaller gauges in the center of the dash that keep an eye on fuel, water temperature, time, oil pressure, and battery output. Below, the original AM/FM radio still pulls signal, voicing those transmissions through a speaker in the dashboard. A three-spoke steering wheel tops a non-adjustable column while a trio of stainless-trimmed pedals hang below, waiting for input. Overhead, removable T-tops open up the space, adding another great feature to an already desirable car.
The car's original window sticker shows it left GM's St. Louis assembly line in the following configuration:
• Silverstone Silver
• 4-speed close-ratio manual transmission
• Aluminum cylinder heads
• Power disc brakes
• AM/FM radio
• Power windows
• Tinted glass
• Full transistor ignition
• Special off-road exhaust system
• F41 Performance Suspension
• F70x15 2-ply white stripe tires
• Posi-traction axle that's fitted with 3.70 gears
• 427 cubic inch Turbo-Jet V8 that creates 435 horsepower
Options: $1,503.95
Grand total: $6,308.70
- The car's original Tank Sticker
- The aforementioned Window Sticker
- The car's original Purchase Order
- Copies of vintage titles
- Copies of vintage registrations
- A partial owner history
- Maintenance receipts
- Historical paperwork
- Judging sheets from various shows
- The car's NCRS Second Flight Award
- The car's NCRS Top Flight Award
With its original L89 tri-power 427cid V8, Muncie four-speed manual transmission, killer list of options, and easy-to-live-with interior, this is both a fun and comfortable car to own and drive. With countless original pieces and a great vintage look, it's also a great conversation starter with a very bright future in the collector marketplace. Early C3 lines are some of the best and this is a great living example of that design. Don't miss the opportunity to add this document L89 Corvette to your collection today!
- Year
- 1968
- Make
- Chevrolet
- Secondary Make
- n/a
- Model Name
- Corvette
- Secondary Model
- Sting Ray
- Vehicle Type
- Passenger Car
- Hobby Segment
- Sports Car
- Mileage
- 89489
Engine / Transmission
- Engine Type
- Gasoline
- Engine Size
- 427/435 HP Turbo-Jet V8
- Engine Number
- Heads
- Stock
- Fuel Specification
- 92/93 Octane
- Fuel Delivery System Type
- Tri-Power
- Transmission Type
- 4 Speed Manual
- Transmission Spec
- Muncie M21
- Transmission Number
- n/a
- Entertainment System Type
- AM/FM Radio
- Battery Location
- n/a
- Battery Shut Off
- n/a
- Battery Charger
- n/a
- Power Steering
- No
- Air Conditioning
- No
- Interior Color
- Black
- Seating Type
- Bucket
- Seat Material
- Vinyl
- Shifter Type
- Floor
- Center Console
- Yes
- Body Style
- Roadster
- Doors
- 2
- Safe Body Color
- Silverstone Silver
- Paint Type
- n/a
- Stripes
- No
- Front Suspension Type
- Double A-arm
- Rear Suspension Type
- Independent
- Axle Specification
- 3.70 Posi
- Front Wheel Specification
- 15"
- Rear Wheel Specification
- 15"
- Front Tire Specification
- Rear Tire Specification
- Front Brakes Specification
- Power Disc
- Rear Brakes Specification
- Power Disc
- Spare
- n/a
- Exhaust Type
- Dual Exhaust
- Muffler Type
- Factory Replacement
- Restoration Status
- Restored
- Mileage Since Restoration
- n/a
- Awards Summary
NCRS Top Flight.
- Historical Documents Summary
- Original tank sticker, original window sticker, original dealer paperwork. NCRS Top Flight certificate.
Contact Us Regarding this Vehicle
Call Us
- 704.445.9105
- 704.596.5980


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Home > Whipsaw Sportfishing
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text:
Mouse is realy uuuuglyyyy
Olde G15 have better looking blue backlite.
So I`l stick to my "old G15" and good old G5 ;)
AMD Ws Intel
Motherboards are usualy cheaper for AMD. Up to 15% margin.
Just one info on Canada and firearms...
In Canada there are 37milion pcs of legally owned firearms.
If that isn`t much what is?
Just for the record: marginal percent of crimes is commited by legaly possesed weapons.
Even that are mostly crimes from passion....
AK do job MUCH better. Trust me I know
I have Galaxy 7900 GT stock: 480/680.
Also have Asrock 939Dual sata2 with ULI1695.
NVidia ownes ULI.
Does that count?
Just warrning Sapphires fans are real shit I now for 2 cases when they just died without any warning.
One was OK but other destroyed motherboard...
Both is equaly important.To rise clock on only on one is useles.You just made bootleneck on
other.My recomendation for MEM is up to 25-30MHZ...
Yes its true,256Mb isn`t bether.Adleast in mainstreem class.
Allmoust allways they put cheaper (slower) VRAM.
In my expirience usualy 128...
OK mesage understood! Don`t tuch, isn`t worth :D
9600pro data
Can anybody post detail data for his card? I want to compare. Just to see is my crap or is worth
Make report with...
too much
You are right.Few extra FPS isn`t worth to turn your card into still-smoking-pile-of-silicon.
This is data for my card:
[ AGP 8x:...
Ok I`ll try.
Can you tell me anything about mem timings?
I have seen that atitool can change memory timings.
I`m interested how its done (what is changed: drivers,bios,registry)?
Is it dangerous,and...
Bunch of yellow dots in AtiTool on artifacts scan.
Can atitool be too "sensitive" on errors?
Is it so precise?
I havent tried it before,used...
Jes I had erors in Atitool on cloch higher then 430,but in Mark03 it was OK up to 455.
I haven`t seen any artifects.
Do you have...
As Omega wrote his drivers are optimised for more for stability then performance.
With my old card had same case: score was lower for...
Hi just to ask for opinion.I both GeCube 9600 pro and default clock is 400/203.
I used atitool and it found that max core/mem is...
Thanks for the advice,but I have allready ordered GeCube 9600pro.
Found it cheep - 75euros.
I know only that GPU works on 400 and ram on 300...
With stock cooler (is it passive) or modified?
Omega and RadLinker
Sorry I havent right equipment to test it.
But I have newer version of RadLinker,more tweks are built in.
If you want...
3D Marks
Just for the record 3Dmark can lie.
Couple times in 03 I got 6650 marks.AND that is impossible for my card.
It can`t even run all the...
I did :) I use them for couple months (7-8).Diferent versions offcourse.
My 3 frends allso use them on atlantis 9600pro, asus 9600xt,sapphire...
Yes,but where is fun in that :)
Like this its real personal Las Vegas...
O.K. now for real.I should use it, but allways is something more...
GeCube 9600pro,XT
Can anybody tell me where to find some test results for GeCube 9600PRO and 9600xt?
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I intend to buy one of...
Separate names with a comma.


text:
Note: Sample below may appear distorted but all corresponding word document files contain proper formattingExcerpt from Term Paper:
Tinker's analysis brings into fore the issue of women subjugation in Catholicism in general, regardless of the cultural context in which Catholicism is applied. Unlike Robert's case, Tinker's presented the other side of the coin, a case in point that explains why there are feminist constructions around the relationship between gender and religion, specifically of Catholicism and its female followers. From the last case, a feminist reading is negotiated, wherein the author questioned the roles imposed upon women by Catholicism. Robert's case further intensified the need to answer Tinker's question, for there actually exists cultures wherein women are not subjugated, but instead, assumed significant roles and functions in their communities. This contrast between two cases under the same religion, Catholicism, illustrated that there is a special need for women whose roles remained relegated to being subordinate to males and still subjected to the rules of patriarchy.
A feminist reading of Tinker's case would benefit women, whose special need is to be recognized and elevated to their rightful status, which is to considered as men's equal. However, one of the primary problems experienced by the feminist ideology was the lack of awareness and perceived relevance that the women sector itself felt that they could actually aspire for a higher status and privilege in their lives through the feminist discourse.
Pears (2006) affirmed that the problem with feminist discourse is that it lacked the relevance that it should show the women sector, which would then prompt them to understand and take action to fight for their special needs and rightful status in the society. Elaborating on this argument, Pears asserted that t]he guiding factor to the engagement and validity of feminisms, feminist and womanist theologies is contextual needs. Radically contextual theology as a response to injustice might engage feminisms as a tool of critical disclosure and move towards justice...Perhaps feminisms should be seen as something much less stable and as open to multiple definitions and developments, as a movement towards critical interrogation and analysis
This passage elucidated on the relevance that the feminist ideology should have on the lives of women, especially those who are governed by their religious faith. This is a vital component in allowing feminism to be the ruling ideology of women, and to achieve their rights and status as equally privileged members of the society. Without this much needed relevance, feminism would cease to be an important system of thinking for women, and may only result to prejudice or lack of receptiveness on the very sector that feminism aims to influence -- the women sector.
Vaggione (2005) furthered Pears's analysis by recommending that sexuality movements such as feminism should take the place of secularism, wherein religion will now be analyzed and developed through a critical discourse of feminism. By this, the author meant that feminist movements have the potential influence to 'enforce and promote the liberation of gender and sexuality,' specifically from under the strict and highly-structured religious institutions that are not receptive to movements that question the gender roles and relations between males and females in its practices and rituals.
This analysis of the relationship between feminism and religion (specifically Catholicism/Christianity) remains a gray area for sociologists and researchers alike, for religions, as political and social forces in the society, can be interpreted as one or the other, or maybe both (as a social and political force). These distinctions would have an impact on the manner in which religion and its practices are interpreted vis-a-vis the feminist framework and discourse. The discussion and analysis provided here, in effect, offers a consolidated analysis of the extant views about the state of feminism as far as its goals towards religion is concerned. The two cases presented showed that though feminism has achieved its goal in some societies, wherein women play significant roles in their religious communities, there are societies that remain fixed and cling to the patriarchal order originally prescribed by the Western branch of Christianity (Catholicism).
Pears, a. (2006). "The problematization of feminisms and feminist informed theologies in the twenty-first century." Political Theology, Volume 7.
Robert, D. (2006). "World Christianity as a Women's Movement." International Bulletin of Missionary Research, Vol. 30, No. 4.
Tinker, T. (2006). "Response to Roundtable Discussion: Native/First Nation Theology." Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion.
Vaggione, J. (2005). "Reactive politicization and religious dissidence: the political mutations of the religious." Social Theory…[continue]
"Feminist Movement And Religion Analyzing" (2007, February 25) Retrieved December 7, 2016, from http://www.paperdue.com/essay/feminist-movement-and-religion-analyzing-39810
"Feminist Movement And Religion Analyzing" 25 February 2007. Web.7 December. 2016. <http://www.paperdue.com/essay/feminist-movement-and-religion-analyzing-39810>
"Feminist Movement And Religion Analyzing", 25 February 2007, Accessed.7 December. 2016, http://www.paperdue.com/essay/feminist-movement-and-religion-analyzing-39810
They angered God, and as God has done throughout the ages, He punished the Jews. Many of them retain their faith and hope in God, and retained it even during their time in the concentration camps - it was the only thing that helped them to survive when all other hope had died. On the other hand, many Jews saw the camps as a place where they lost their
Collins cites participation in the abolitionist movement, anti-lynching campaigns of the early 20th century, and recent civil rights work in the South, where Black women have not only worked on behalf of themselves but for all African-Americans (Collins, p. 218). The overarching theme, however is the belief that teaching people how to be self-reliant fosters empowerment. Collins cites Angela Davis (1989), who wrote that activism was designed to empower
" Moreover, Malachi Martin describes the theology as "a freeing from political oppression, economic want, and misery here on earth. More specifically still…a freeing from political domination by the capitalism of the United States." Furthermore, though it grew out of the unrest in Latin America "with its political domination by strong-arm leaders and monopolistic oligarchies," viewed by members of the Church as a direct result of American capitalism, the events in Latin
Women in Judaism: An Evolving Role in Religion and Society Many laymen to Judaism look inward into the religion and view Jewish women as oppressed, their lives and choices dictated to them by the men who surround them. From rabbis to husbands to the Bible itself, the belief has generally been that women have been essentially inferior to men since the dawn of the religion centuries ago. However, in taking a
Isaac and Rebekah seemed to have a happy and healthy functional marriage. While it is never overtly stated in the text, the implication is that the two love one another. However, despite what one assumes is a fairly active sex life, Rebekah is unable to conceive and they do not create a child during Rebekah's childbearing years. She passes into old age, which makes one believe that she will
In search for honest leadership in the church she wrote "Character is the first qualification," without that, the minister is a menace." She stated that ministers should have a clean and unselfish purpose, be innovative, dedicated to the issues of the community, sincere in their mission and not lazy. In effort to stay true to her vision for black women, Burroughs introduced "Women's Day" to the National Baptist Convention in
Sociological Imagination Human life is, by definition, fraught with difficulty and challenge. Often, whatever difficulty an individual experiences feels so dire and unique that it is impossible to imagine that others could experience the same, or indeed, that it could be part of a wider sociological issue. Nevertheless, it is possible, with the "sociological imagination" (Mills, 1959) to create a more contextualized or collective vision of suffering and other social phenomena. Using