text:
New World of Indigenous Resistanceby Noam Chomsky, Lois Meyer (Editor), Benjamin Maldonado (Editor)
After centuries of colonization, the ongoing struggle to preserve communal knowledge, rituals, language, traditions, and teaching and learning practices has taken on even more significance in the increasingly standardized world of globalization. For many indigenous societies, protecting community-based customas has involved the rejection of state-provided education
After centuries of colonization, the ongoing struggle to preserve communal knowledge, rituals, language, traditions, and teaching and learning practices has taken on even more significance in the increasingly standardized world of globalization. For many indigenous societies, protecting community-based customas has involved the rejection of state-provided education, raising a series of interconnected issues regarding autonomy, modernity and cultural sustainability.
In New World of Indigenous Resistance, these questions are approached from multiple perspectives by means of an innovative exchange between linguist and human rights advocate Noam Chomsky, and more than twenty scholars, activists and educators from across the Americas.
Two interviews with Chomsky open the exchange with lessons from world history, linguistics, economics and anti-authoritarian philosophy, tracing parallel histories of people worldwide who have resisted state power while attempting to sustain or even revitalize community traditions. In response to Chomsky's ideas, voices from Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama, Peru, the United States, and Uruguay draw from their first-hand experience and scholarship, speaking to, with, and at times against Chomsky's views. In a final interview, Chomsky reflects upon the commentaries; the result is a nuanced intellectual and political exchange-a compelling conversation that offers a contemporary vision of indigenous resistance, survival and hope.
Editorial Reviews
"The key issue facing indigenous peoples as they gain new rights and raise their profile within Latin America's newly democratic states is how to reconcile the cultural inheritance that makes them indigenous with forces that aim to tether them to national identities or unleash upon them the corrosive acculturation implied by globalization. . . . This collection of commentaries - framed by the wisdom of Noam Chomsky - offers an excellent point of departure for the student interested in addressing such questions. With a significant focus on education, the writers address the thorny yet timeless issue of how to reconcile the ancient with the modern. . . . If there is one theme that emerges, it is of the potential for inter-communal co-operation and the concrete benefits diversity can bring to Latin American social life." --Gavin O'Toole, The Latin American Review of Books
"An exhaustive, thought-provoking presentation of timely arguments that will be of interest to readers and students interested in how indigenous communities can continue to survive in sync with the outside world without being smothered by it."-Deborah Donovan --Booklist
"Two direct interviews with Chomsky enhance this articulate examination of challenges facing indigenous peoples today, including a positive viewpoint of means by which indigenous cultures can resist total assimilation, endure and spread hope. Highly recommended." --The Midwest Book Review
"[New World of Indigenous Resistance] bills itself as a virtual hemispheric' conversation" and claims to be the first book of its kind. It is certainly an eye-opener. . . .a book that could change the way its readers think about education forever." --Green Left
"This book is unique, thought-provoking and inspiring. The voices included in this edited collection, most of them unheard in mainstream Western academia, not only denounce the crimes committed against Indigenous peoples, but also reflect decades of Indigenous struggle, resistance, hope and commitment. . . . This book speaks to students, teachers, administrators and researchers from different disciplines and invites them to work together and follow the exemplary struggles of Indigenous peoples in different parts of America." --Teachers College Record
"For those interested in Chomsky, a very intriguing book was published last year in which a group of indigenous people from around Latin America invited Chomsky to be part of 'hemispheric conversation between equals.' Two interviews with Chomsky were used as the starting point for a wide array of responses from 'renowned activists, educators and scholars from the indigenous Americas,' discussing issues of concern to the original people of the Americas." - Peace News
Product Details
- 9780872865334
- Publisher:
- City Lights Books
- Publication date:
- 05/01/2010
- Series:
- City Lights Open Media
- Pages:
- 300
- Sales rank:
- 1,288,913
- Product dimensions:
- 5.50(w) x 8.40(h) x 0.90(d)
Read an Excerpt
A Hemispheric Conversation among Equals
By Lois Meyer
Applied linguist, associate professor in the Department of Language, Literacy & Sociocultural Studies at the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque, U.S.A., and close collaborator with the Coalition of Indigenous Teachers and Promoters of Oaxaca (CMPIO). Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
this book includes three interviews with Noam Chomsky about indigenous resistance to globalization and cultural homogenization in the American hemisphere, but it offers even more than that. Gathered here for the first time in virtual conversation with the preeminent linguist and critical analyst of American foreign policy are voices from the indigenous Americas (South, Central and North), who speak to, with, and at times against, Chomsky's views. To our knowledge, this book is the first of its kind. It moves beyond interviews where Noam Chomsky's voice predominates, into a more textured and nuanced intellectual and political exchange in which Chomsky dialogues with more than twenty voices from the New World of indigenous resistance. We are deeply grateful to Dr. Chomsky for granting this series of interviews and especially appreciative that he opened his thoughts to analysis and comment by renowned activists, educators and scholars from the indigenous Americas. Together these voices participate in an unusual, and long overdue, hemispheric conversation among equals.
The perspective on equality and expertise that motivates the title of this chapter and the selection of participants in this conversation deserves comment. All of our commentators chose to join this hemispheric conversation not because of close personal or professional ties with Benjamín Maldonado or myself (many of them we have yet to meet personally), but because of their respect for Noam Chomsky and their desire to dialogue with him through text. Obvious differences exist among the commentators in terms of their participation in intellectual, educational, and political resistance efforts and movements in their local, regional, national, or international spheres of influence. Some of their commentaries on Chomsky's interviews include scholarly footnotes and bibliographic citations, while others narrate autobiographical accounts of oppression and resistance in specific communities or throughout their personal life histories. Both of these are important and valid paths to expertise, although they are differentially valued in Western and indigenous thought.
The commentators in this volume were selected to reflect and honor both scholarship and direct action as equal and necessary paths to wisdom. According to Grimaldo Rengifo Vásquez (this volume), "In local indigenous thinking, living is what gives knowledge, not gathering up a lot of a priori facts about the nature of things. As they say, 'To know, you have to live.'" While many of the commentators recognize Western knowledge to be important and strategically necessary for indigenous communities, they decry the relentless academic bias in Western thought and the consequences this bias has wreaked on oral indigenous cultures, alienating indigenous education from culturally authentic ways of learning, knowing, and remembering. Commentators in this volume emphasize that authentic ways of learning, in life and through communal action, are holistic, ecological, spiritual, and healing. It is this very form of learning and knowing that the indigenous movement seeks to revitalize, value, honor, and embed into schools and other sites of learning, not only for the benefit of their own children, but for the healing of the entire world.
We refer to this as a hemispheric conversation, for geographically the participants span the American continents, both North and South. We acknowledge, however, that the topics addressed here range beyond the so-called New World, encompassing profound struggles over political, economic, social, and educational power and ideology worldwide. The analyses in this volume dissect the yawning ideological divide between the communal priorities and practices of indigenous peoples throughout the Americas, and the priorities, practices, and power of global corporate capitalism, whose centers lie both in and beyond our geographic hemisphere. All of the contributing voices here come from the "New World" of indigenous resistance in the Americas, where they contest the hegemonic state policies and capitalist values emanating from Bogota, Rio de Janeiro, Lima and Mexico City, as well as from Washington, D.C., London, or Tokyo.
In this introduction and in many of the commentaries to follow, as well as in Noam Chomsky's interviews, this ideological divide is described in shorthand as the struggle between "Western" power and ideology and indigenous communalism, often termed the "Other." Given our complex hemispheric context, what do we mean by "Western"? We do not use this term to refer to a geographic direction on a compass or map, nor do we wish to reinforce the U.S. geographer's biased perspective where "West" implies a contrast with "Middle East" or "Far East," as if all physical directions were universally marked from a territorial center within this dominant world power. In today's convoluted and interconnected planetary geography, "Western" ideology permeates the farthest reaches of the global north, south, east, and west. Indigenous communalism, often slighted as the "Other," coexists with and resists "Western" domination inside the boundaries of virtually all nation-states of the Americas, which have been inhabited for centuries by non-Western cultures and communities. Our use of the term "Western" refers to the hegemonic values, beliefs, and policies which undergird global neoliberal capitalism. While these developed first in Europe and the United States, they now pervade elite classes and power structures worldwide. There is no place in our hemisphere (understood here in contrast to Europe, Africa, or the Asian-Pacific region) where indigenous resistance to Western domination and in defense of communal practices and priorities does not have its history and impact.
Our commentators denounce the marginalization, exclusion, and repression of indigenous peoples as it is evidenced in references to the "Other." When any alternative ideology and lifeway can be dismissed by those in power as the "Other," Western ideological hegemony flaunts its linguistic and conceptual impunity. Interestingly, this dismissive terminology has been taken up as a strategy of indigenous strugglethe Zapatista National Liberation Army in Mexico has declared its struggle of resistance to be the "Other Campaign" and its educational vision to be the "Other Education." We celebrate their defiance by featuring a photo from the "Other Campaign" on our cover.
As will be seen, "hemisphere," "Western," and the "Other" are only three of several terms whose meanings will be clarified and also complexified in the course of the multivoiced conversation documented here.
As with any conversation of substance and significance, this one has a history. The first interview with Noam Chomsky took place in February 2004. At that time, Benjamín Maldonado and I were collaborating with others in Oaxaca, Mexico, on a book of case studies detailing innovative educational experiences in contemporary indigenous Oaxaca.1 Each case study was followed by comments by both a prominent Mexican researcher and an international researcher. The book additionally included essays by Mexican and international figures. The book's goal was to document creative and ground-breaking educational projects in Oaxaca that walk the fine line between national education standards and communal ways of lifeknown in Oaxaca as comunalidad2and to introduce these Oaxacan experiences into the international literature concerning educational globalization and communal resistance. Given the international focus of that earlier volume, I asked the Oaxacans which international figure they would most want to have as a contributing essayist. Their response was immediate and overwhelmingNoam Chomsky.
Their choice astonished me, for it reached far beyond my expectations. Still, I could not disappoint my Oaxacan colleagues, many of whom were taking great risks as participants in projects affiliated with or even dependent upon the educational bureaucracy by permitting us to publish in our book revealing accounts of their communal commitments and struggles. The responsibility fell to me as the only English speaker to communicate with Noam Chomsky and invite his participation. We had no idea whether he would even consider our invitation.
He responded immediately and agreed to participate through the format of an interview. On February 20, 2004, Noam made room in his intense schedule for our first conversation. Once transcribed and translated into Spanish, it was published in our book, then later reprinted in a Oaxacan education journal.3 Now, for the first time, the interview appears in English in this volume.
Several major themes that reoccur throughout the present book are introduced in this first interview; they are then expanded, detailed further, and clarified in the second and third conversations. These themes include the brutal process of nation-state formation and its consequences: neoliberal economic policies, suppression of cultural and linguistic diversity, educational standardization, indigenous resistance, and also hope for the preservation and viability of communal ways of life.
In order to understand cultural suppression and indigenous resistance, Chomsky contends, one must understand the "very brutal, harsh process of driving people into homogenous national states" to serve the political and economic interests of imperial powers. Spread around the world by colonizing powers, this process of nation-state formation is centuries old, involving suppression, homogenization, and control, which "are the leading themes of state policy in the powerful countries," especially today in the United States. Britain and the United States gained their world dominance by employing protectionist strategies in their own national interest, the same strategies which capitalist financial entities such as the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Trade Organization deny to developing countries today. In this view, successful competing models (Chomsky's example is Cuba) must be stopped and dismantled. As he says, "[s]uccessful models, what is called by the rulers 'successful defiance,'meaning independent efforts of independent actionare very frightening. And efforts to stamp them out take all sorts of forms, violent forms like military coups, or less violent forms like educational homogenization."
Very early in this interview, Chomsky identified the role that educational homogenization plays in the destructive, worldwide process of state formation and its relentless defense. "State formation, by force mostly, has tried to impose national education standards in order to turn people into similar individuals." Educational standardization aims to level not only diverse cultures, but people, as well. "The educational system is intended to level people, make them passive, disciplined, obedient." Alternative educational efforts that seek to break this regimented mold in order to celebrate creativity and support cultural and linguistic diversity and communal ways, efforts such as bilingual or intercultural education, must be fiercely opposed and dismantled, or co-opted.
Still, Chomsky asserts, the process of cultural homogenization has been resisted throughout history. He names many examples, such as Spain, Wales, Bolivia, Mexico, and areas of Europe experiencing cultural revival which he calls the "Europe of the regions." In all these places, sustained popular resistance is now showing notable success: "In many respects you cannot undo history, but things are going back to something like the structure that existed before the violent process of state formation was created."
How can indigenous and minoritized communities4 resist, when the homogenizing pressures are so pervasive, and the power of communities to define their own paths is manipulated and constrained by systems and powers beyond their control? There is no formula, Chomsky reiterates over and over. "It depends on the nature of the community, how integrated they are, how committed they are to retaining their own identity, what kinds of external pressures they are under, straight economic issues."
Significantly, Chomsky in this interview expresses what might be called "sober hope" for the future of communal ways of life in our increasingly standardized, homogenized, globalized world. Examples abound, he says, wherever there is courage and commitment: the Landless Workers Movement in Brazil, the efforts of Via Campesina to designate seeds as a basic human right and part of the patrimony of humanity;5 the beginnings of native seed banks in rural schools of Oaxaca, and many others. These communal efforts in defiance of homogenization and in defense of comunalidad are important and impressive, but they must join together in solidarity in order to magnify their impact on the centers of power. Chomsky stresses that their power lies in international solidarity. "The opportunities for success are, I think, greater now than they have been in the past because this is the first time, ever, that there has been an international movement of solidarity on these issues. I mean, it is not yet powerful enough to change the basic institutions, but it exists."
Initially, a second interview with Noam Chomsky was not contemplated, and three years passed before it would occur in October 2007. During these years, Oaxaca experienced heightened political and educational tensions, as well as economic and agricultural crises exacerbated by the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Rural regions were depopulated by widespread migration to urban centers, northern Mexican states, and to the United States, where laborers bartered their labor for basic survival. In May 2006, the state teachers' union of Oaxaca, Section 22 of the National Union of Educational Workers, demanded attention to its list of educational, social, and political grievances. When negotiations with the state of Oaxaca broke down, 70,000 teachers went on strike, occupying fifty square blocks of the center of the capital city, also called Oaxaca, in a massive encampment.
Before dawn on June 14, 2006, civic unrest exploded into armed conflict as state police, by order of Oaxaca's governor, Ulises Ruíz Ortiz, moved with guns, attack dogs, helicopters and tear gas against the sleeping teachers. Within days, the Popular Assembly of the Peoples of Oaxaca (APPO) formed, demanded removal of the governor, and declared itself to be the de facto governing body of Oaxaca.6 In late October, after months of popular control in rural communities and city neighborhoods, President Vicente Fox ordered Federal Preventive Police to forcibly enter Oaxaca, and political repression against protesters and union and APPO leaders intensified.7
By January, 2007, civil observers from the International Commission for Human Rights (CCIODH) had documented twenty-three deaths, scores of cases of persons disappeared, and hundreds of protesters and movement leaders beaten, tortured, and incarcerated, with over 140 flown to maximum security prisons in distant Mexican states. In their final report, the CCIODH called for immediate transparency and legal action on behalf of those killed, disappeared, arrested, and tortured. They warned, however, that the polarization in the state would not be resolved until the root causes of the conflict were attended to, which they identified as "structural problems of poverty, local rule by strong-armed chieftains, unequal access to resources, lack of educational and health supports, disrespect for historical memory and indigenous identity, abuse of democratic procedures and disrespect toward real access to channels of participation."8
In the summer of 2007, with Oaxaca still tense and heavily militarized, the Promotion Committee of the Mexican National Congress of Indigenous and Intercultural Education (CNEII)9 voted to hold its Second National Congress in Oaxaca as a show of support for the activist teachers of Section 22 and the APPO. Members of the committee asked if I would approach Noam Chomsky again and invite him to speak at the Congress. He responded quickly and graciously that this would be impossible, due to the grave illness of his wife. However, he expressed his respect and support for the popular resistance in Oaxaca. After pondering his response, the committee asked if I would inquire about conducting a second interview with him in Boston. Again, he generously made time in his schedule for this encounter.10
The second interview was conducted and videotaped at Mass. Institute of Technology on October 4, 2007, and included a special greeting to attendees at the Second National Congress.11 The videotape was express-mailed to Oaxaca, where editing and Spanish subtitling of the special greeting began immediately. Three weeks later, on October 25, Noam Chomsky's message of admiration and encouragement to the 787 Congress attendees from seventeen Mexican states and ten foreign nations, representing speakers of thirty indigenous languages and language dialects, was projected at the plenary session which inaugurated the Second National Congress.
In his greeting, Noam Chomsky commended the Second Congress for supporting "the courageous teachers in Oaxaca," whose struggle "of enormous significance" he connected with a global struggle of resistance. Latin America, where the struggle is "particularly dramatic," has become "the most exciting part of the world for the first time in its modern history." The countries of Latin America are moving toward a significant level of integration, without which, he stressed, independence and self-determination are impossible. They also are attempting to close the yawning gap between the enormous wealth of the elite and the poverty of the masses. He remarked on the pivotal role of indigenous peoples in this hemispheric struggle; their mobilizations, demands, and achievements are "reversing 500 years of miserable and ugly history, revitalizing the languages, the cultures, technical resources, developing forms of social organization that come out of their own traditions but are adapted to the modern world. These are tremendously exciting developments."
This very personal message, projected onto a massive screen at the Second Congress and later distributed widely to Mexican news services, deeply inspired all who witnessed it.
The more extensive October 2007 interview which serves as the second "turn of talk" in our virtual hemispheric conversation was transcribed, translated into Spanish, and published in Mexico, along with Dr. Chomsky's special greeting, in the Proceedings of the Second Congress.12 This second interview, like the first, has never before been published in English.
While broad themes from the first interview appear again in the second, the focus of analysis in this conversation is quite different. Perhaps due to the recent violence and continuing repression in Oaxaca, Chomsky lays out in stark detail the mechanisms of state domination at the hands of governing elites. While applicable more broadly to Mexico and governments throughout the hemisphere, most of his examples are drawn from the recent history of the United States. Other vital topics that emerge in the discussionneoliberalism, democracy, education and schooling, cultural and linguistic homogenization, NAFTA, indigenous resistance and comunalidad, international solidarityare all analyzed in relation to this focus.
As in 2004, Chomsky identifies state power in the hands of the ruling classes to be both the means and the end of the political oppression and cultural suppression that are imposed on indigenous communities. "The ruling elite are extremely dedicated to maintaining state sovereignty and power. They cannot do it everywhere, but where they can, they do. And that is independent of neoliberalism." Do not be fooled by neoliberalism, Chomsky advises; it is simply another mechanism of state domination and elite control. "[O]ne of its aspects is to use state power for the benefit of the concentrations of economic power." The term "neoliberal" is a misnomer, for it is neither liberal in the traditional sense, nor new. The neoliberal framework contains "elements of serious fraud," Chomsky states. So-called multinational corporations are always state-based and they use state power for their own purposes: to provide labor, resources, and protection. Though neoliberals claim to believe in markets, market rules are "rammed down the throats of weak people but the powerful do not accept [them] for themselves." The United States again is his chief example.
Democracy, too, is a casualty of neoliberalism and state control. "One of the effects of neoliberalism, and it is well understood, is to reduce democracy." Citing documents from the Carter administration (1976-1980), Chomsky describes two responses to the political activism of the 1960s which were initiated by U.S. administrations to reinforce control, or in their words, "to moderate democracy." First, neoliberal economic policies were instituted: "the free flow of capital, [so] governments are not going to be able to carry out social democratic policies." Freeing up capital movements, he emphasizes, is a "direct attack on democracy." And second, state control of education was increased.
Mexico became the target of U.S. political concern in the 1990s, when it was feared that a possible "democracy opening" might lead the country to move in an independent direction rather than continuing to acquiesce to U.S. control. The answer to that, says Chomsky, was NAFTA.
One of the main goals of NAFTA, and it was stated pretty openly, and I am quoting, is "to lock Mexico into" what are called "the reforms," meaning the neoliberal rules. You can lock Mexico into those rules by treaty, so even if there is a "democracy opening," that dangerous thing, it is not going to be able to do much because they are locked in. The so-called free trade agreements are not about "free" trade at all; they are a form of domination.
Education, or what passes for it in the modern state, is as fraudulent as neoliberalism, according to Chomsky. Rather than truly educating, state school systems are organized to discipline, pacify, and level. Educational policies like No Child Left Behind (NCLB) in the United States or the Alliance for Educational Quality (ACE) in Mexico make this transparent by reducing education to test taking and market-driven competencies. Chomsky is clear that this is not education, but control. Education means "being able to think, to create, to explore, and so on, to be imaginative. This is the opposite." Still, it should come as no surprise that schools are organized to serve the homogenizing, disciplinary ends of the state, he adds. Thirty years ago, the Carter administration said that U.S. schools, the public institutions responsible for, in their words, "the indoctrination of the young," were not doing their job. Schools needed to introduce more obedience, control, subordination, so students would not "run around thinking for themselves." Far from bolstering democratic values and processes, Chomsky views today's education policies and practices as offshoots of that earlier regime of control.
To really see democracy in action, Chomsky points to the election that swept Evo Morales into office in 2005 as the first indigenous president of Bolivia. The level of popular civic involvement displayed in that election would be "unimaginable in the West." In his opinion, what has been accomplished in Bolivia and in other areas of Latin America is truly a remarkable achievement. "But for the U.S., it is losing its capacity to control the region. This control is based on essentially two factors. One was violence, and the other was the weakness, disintegration of the countries themselves. Well, both are changing."
Chomsky stresses that imperial powers do not intend to give up their hegemonic control without a fight. In the face of growing indigenous resistance and evident shifts in the hemispheric power balance, the powerful states will fight back that is, indigenous resistance will be met with state counter-resistance. Cooptation of indigenous resistance efforts, wherever possible, is one strategy. Still, Chomsky sees many hopeful signs: the revival of native languages; the protection of native seeds; the passage of the U.N. Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples after decades of organizational effort; and the international solidarity movement both "inside the imperial state" and "inside the suppressed communities." All of these run counter to the effort to homogenize the world, Chomsky says, "meaning to control it and dominate it and subordinate it." And they all provide grounds for hope.
With the completion of the second interview in 2007, Benjamín Maldonado and I agreed that the themes and topics discussed in the two conversations with Noam Chomsky were significant and deserved a wider readership. For reasons already described, my questions in the interviews had focused on Mexico; however, Dr. Chomsky's responses encompass all of Latin America, Canada, even Europe and the Middle East. And of course, his analysis of United States policies and actions is particularly pointed and incriminating. Given the scope of his topics, the varied examples on which he draws, and his many expressions of admiration, particularly for resistance efforts in indigenous South America as well as Mexico, we felt that a broad Latin American focus was a priority.
Early on, Dr. Chomsky had given us permission to publish the interviews in both Spanish and English, yet they had never appeared in English. Therefore, in the summer of 2008, Benjamín and I seriously began to conceptualize this book as an English edition. We always thought of it as a book, not as the publication of two Chomsky interviews, either singly or as a pair. The reason for this was our desire to honor and model our publication on a central theme of the interviews themselves, the communal principle and daily practices of comunalidad that provide indigenous communities with their cohesion and strength of identity to survive and resist. For this reason, we designed a format that goes beyond the Chomsky interviews to include a gathering of voices to discuss, deliberate, debate, and negotiate meanings and consider common strategies, much as community members do in their communal assemblies in indigenous Oaxaca. The volume we published in Mexico in 2004 was our first attempt at designing a book format to reflect the values and multi-voiced processes of comunalidad:13
By this we mean that one of our goals in compiling this collection of materials is to display within the format of an academic publication several of the valued practices found in asambleas generales in Oaxacan indigenous communities: the expression and patient consideration of many disparate points of view, collective and critical discussion, and consensual decision-making. Our goal is that these communal practices might find a valued place in classrooms and other contexts of learning where this book is read and discussed.14
The present book continues the pursuit of a methodology of comunalidad, employing the interviews of Noam Chomsky as a source and spark of collective reflection, discussion, and negotiation of meaning.
The assembly of voices we have gathered here includes twenty-
seven participants: Noam Chomsky, twenty-two conversational partners from indigenous North, South, and Central America who comment on the Chomsky interviews, graduate students Erin Tooher and Julianna Kirwin, Benjamín and myself. Our process of assembling and orchestrating this virtual hemispheric conversation deserves comment.
In order to secure a diversity of viewpoints, we purposely invited a richly varied group of commentators. Eight women and fifteen men, almost half of whom are indigenous, authored the commentaries included here. Geographically, they represent nine countries across the hemisphere (South AmericaArgentina, Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru, Uruguay; Central AmericaGuatemala, Panama; North AmericaMexico, United States).15 While some of the commentators focus their efforts primarily and intensively on their own region, state, or ethnolinguistic area, others have broad experience in several countries of the Americas and also in international agencies such as the United Nations. They represent an impressive array of professions and academic fields. Included here are sociolinguists, anthropologists, journalists, language researchers, bilingual educators, political and cultural activists, applied linguists, language policy experts, agronomists, lawyers, agrarian engineers, historians, classroom teachers, teacher educators, and curriculum developers. Virtually all are bilingual or multilingual; a list (probably not exhaustive) of their languages includes Quechua/Quichua/Kichwa, Aymara, Maya Achi, Zapotec, Triqui, Kuna, Tiwa, French, German, English, and Spanish. Some of the commentators are renowned writers whose works in Spanish are widely published and cited, a smaller number have published in English, while others are quite new to the world of publishing in either language. Still, all are respected activists, committed educators, or acknowledged intellectual leaders of cultural and political resistance efforts and movements in their particular world of indigenous struggle somewhere in the Americas. This variety of experiences and paths deepens the theme and enriches the content of this book.
The decision to publish this volume in English influenced our selection of commentators. Many of our authors are well-known in Latin America for their important resistance work. Still, readers in the English-speaking world, even Chomsky himself, know little about these commentators' views in their own words. This editorial and intellectual silence is one consequence of a significant journalistic "language divide": it is far easier to find scholarship by Western, English-speaking authors that has been translated into Spanish (bookstores in Latin America are filled with such translated editions), than it is to find English translations of the research and perspectives of Latin American authors, however respected they may be in their own continental context. Only a few of our Latin American commentators speak or write fluent English; consequently, their scholarship and achievements are known minimally if at all by English speaking readers.
This disparity in global language power and media access between Spanish-speaking Latin American and English-speaking North American indigenous resistance efforts, along with pragmatic editorial constraints, led us to maximize participation by Latin American commentators and limit participation by Englishspeaking North American commentators. Struggles against globalization and cultural homogenization, both historic and contemporary, by Native American and First Nations activists are well documented and extensively cited in academic literature, partly due to their access to English-language media. To provide an adequate representation of these many struggles by many tribes across North America, along with those in Latin America, is beyond the scope of this book. Consequently, we limited ourselves to one contribution, the commentary by Glenabah Martinez, Taos Pueblo, New Mexico, as an important indigenous perspective to accompany the other U.S. contributors to this volumeNoam Chomsky, of course, Erin Tooher, Julianna Kirwin, and myself. Our hope is that many thought-provoking discussions and responses will be sparked among Native American and Canadian First Nations readers as they consider the Latin American indigenous views and voices made accessible to them here in English.
All of our commentators respond to the same source documents, the 2004 and 2007 interviews with Noam Chomsky. In addition, for his closing commentary Benjamín Maldonado had unique access to the third interview, conducted in 2009. We invited the commentators to read these interviews in English or Spanish and to identify the topic or topics they found most significant and interesting, or problematic and troubling, and which have greatest relevance to their own community or region and experience of struggle. At no time were they asked to agree with Chomsky's views, or with the perspectives expressed by any other commentator. We did not share drafts of the commentaries among the authors as these were being developed; in fact, the publication of this book will be the first time that commentators will read each others' texts.16 As will be seen in the pages ahead, while there are often points of convergence in their ideas, there are also obvious, at times heated, differences. The collective conversation becomes deeper, more nuanced, and also more honest, because of these disparate views.
It is impossible to adequately summarize the array of topics and perspectivessurprising, emotional, erudite, critical, profoundwhich surface in this collection of twenty-two commentaries, all sparked by Noam Chomsky's interviews. Nor will I "speak for" the commentators, which would contradict the very purpose for which we conceived and created this hemispheric conversation among equals. Suffice it to say that Noam Chomsky himself commented to me that he found the range and depth of the discussion "fascinating." Here I will only provide an illustrative glimpse into this conversation.
Three recurring topics, only highlighted here, resonate deeply with me as a U.S. bilingual educator and applied linguist:
1. Indigenous comunalidad reaches far beyond Western ideas of cooperation, collectivization, or social concern for the other, addressing the philosophical, moral, even spiritual, question: what, or who, is the very ground of existence, both human and cosmic? Taken seriously, the question tears down the barriers we construct between academic disciplines, ecosystems, galaxies, mind and body, sacred and profane, and conceptions of space and time. As Jaime Martínez Luna writes in his commentary in this volume:
"Comunalidad is a way of understanding life as being permeated with spirituality, symbolism, and a greater integration with nature. It is one way of understanding that Man is not the center, but simply a part of this great natural world. It is here that we can distinguish the enormous difference between Western and indigenous thought. Who is at the centeronly one, or all? The individual, or everyone?"
Meet the Author
Noam Chomsky is the critically acclaimed author of several bestselling books. Some of his recent titles include Hegemony or Survival, Imperial Ambitions, 9-11, Media Control, and Interventions. Chomsky is credited with the creation of the theory of generative grammar, considered to be one of the most significant contributions to the field of theoretical linguistics made in the 20th century. Applied linguist and Associate Professor in the Department of Language, Literacy & Sociocultural Studies at the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque. In a decade of close collaboration with the Coalition of Indigenous Teachers and Promoters of Oaxaca, she has guided projects and written books and articles on indigenous bilingual education and language revitalization in Mexico. Benjamin Maldonado Alvarado is a Mexican anthropologist who has resided in Oaxaca for more than 30 years as a collaborator of various indigenous organizations and institutions and author of various books on indigenous "comunalidad." He is presently consultant to the alternative Communal Middle Schools of Oaxaca and also the Academic Director of the Integrated Communal High Schools.
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New World of Indigenous Resistance, edited by Lois Meyer and Benjamin Maldonado Alvarado, is a powerful and moving account of the struggle for self-determination. World-renowned linguist and political activist Noam Chomsky provides insightful perspectives on the homogenizing effects of "western" educational practices on the Peoples of North, Central, and South America. Yet, as one quickly finds, Chomsky's distanced comments pale in comparison to the always respectful, but profoundly knowing reactions of indigenous educators and activists who are on the ground, struggling to provide an education appropriate for and in sync with the values, beliefs, customs, traditions, and practices of native communities. Comunalidad, a concept long erased from the Western European psyche and replaced with the dichotomous notions of ownership, independence, and dominance, is a force exceeding the boundaries of linguistic description that unifies, guides, educates, provides for, and protects indigenous communities. Only by reading the personal accounts, narratives, and scholarly commentaries contained in New World of Indigenous Resistance can one begin to understand the richness and empowerment embedded in comunalidad. New World of Indigenous Resistance challenges taken for granted concepts, such as multiculturalism as veiled attempts by the dominant culture to commercialize blue corn tortillas and piñatas while surreptitiously inculcating individualistic and entrepreneurial values that tear at the very fabric of comunalidad. For those who come from privilege, who have benefitted from colonization, it is easy to be convinced that indigenous struggles for survival and self-determination were fought and lost in centuries past. Meyer & Maldonado Alvarado, providing a conduit for the indigenous voices of the Americas, illustrate beyond any doubt that the native communities continue to live a dominated existence, yet because of and through comunalidad, find solidarity in the commitment to reclaim their communities for their communities. This is not a book for indigenous Peoples only. It is a book for anyone who has colonized or been colonized, who has dominated or been dominated, who has controlled or been controlled, who has resisted or wanted to resist. In short, it is a must read for everyone.
New World of Indigenous Resistance is a "hemispheric conversation among equals." There are twenty-two essays by Latin American academics and practitioners gathered in this volume edited by Benjamin Maldonado and Lois Meyer. Each essay is a response to a series of interviews between Meyer, an American linguist with long experience in indigenous Mexico, and Noam Chomsky. The interviews originate with issues of indigenous education and social movements and examine many topics including state formation, new regionalism, and the neoliberal reign. Ever provocative, Chomsky situates the specifics of contemporary indigenous resistance within a broad and original historical framework. The great service of the Meyer-Chomsky interviews is to present a rich menu of concepts and questions which the contributors probe. The treasures of this groundbreaking work are the twenty-two essays by indigenous scholars, activists, and educators from Mexico to Argentina. For most of the contributors, widely known in their own communities and countries, this is the first time their writings have been published in English. As Meyer, Kirwin, and Tooher note in their "open ended closing," this volume draws attention to the great dearth of indigenous voices present in the Western dialogue. It is both exasperating and thrilling "to encounter so many indigenous voices, perspectives and resilient resistance movements.about which we previously knew little or nothing." The concept and curation of New World of Indigenous Resistance also merits praise. The range of voices across language, culture, and geography assembled by Maldonado and Meyer engaged in a translated (and re-translated), virtual dialogue, suggests a wonderful mezcla of globalism, technology, difference, and cultural regeneration. The form and content of these perspectives-personal, and communal, allied and contradictory-exemplifies the oft-cited Zapatista aspiration of "a world in which many worlds fit." Meyer and Maldonado have carved open a vital space for new voices and views on education, community, culture, and the environment. They call for a more inclusive dialogue and a new kind of intercultural exchange.
When is multiculturalism a bad thing? Could the answer have anything to do with literature? The new book, New World of Indigenous Resistance, examines this concept in a way that not only fascinates but educates. The book focuses on South America's regions, and has a series of essays discussing issues that face an area largely unknown by those in the U.S. Usually we only hear of earthquakes or small regional clashes that mean nothing to us, but there's far more to explore. Author and historian Noam Chomsky discusses the essays featured as well as including his own thoughts on the complexities of the region. The South American continent is not simply a mass of Latino culture, but a huge collection of tribes and peoples. What happens there ultimately affects the rest of the world, and outside influences have been hugely detrimental to both the people and the land. The primary problem faced is one of global corporations and governments arriving to extract resources, reestablish political boundaries, and ultimately combine the people into one more manageable mass. One essay, "Resistance and Cultural Work in Times of War," by Elsie Rockwell in Mexico discusses the nature of multiculturalism and how it doesn't benefit the native people at all. For example, international funding promotes a "intercultural" education that lumps all indigenous people into one category, then attempts to teach them in one, streamlined manner. This ignores their personal heritage and virtually eliminates it from the curriculum. Then, in an effort to offer variety under the guise of multiculturalism, they split the students into gifted, 'special ed' and 'migrant' groups. It is odd that the 'migrant' students are actually lifetime residents of the same community where the school is located. Where exactly have they migrated from? Rockwell's primary assertion against this method is "the current economic order globalizes barbarism: it fabricates poverty, destroys nature, and militarizes other regions." The one-size-fits-all approach doesn't respect the distinct differences between the indigenous people, and thus their voice in art, music, and literature is also lost. Another essay, "Beyond Education", by Gustavo Esteva in Mexico, examines the attitude of tolerance and its hidden agenda. He discusses how the US prides itself on being a melting pot of cultures, but this melting pot mentality actually just attempts to "to dissolve, each one of the multiple immigrant cultures." He asserts that the term "salad bowl" would be a more accurate and positive term, one that respects the individual heritage and culture behind native people and promotes such diversity. Thus, the literature and poetry of other places can continue to thrive instead of dying out. As the US gets involved in South America for mining and energy projects, they often use their influence and funds to promote a similar mentality. The problem is, this homogenization of culture also makes it far easier to exploit and manipulate the people within, and the authors of the essays are addressing such concerns.
New World of Indigenous Resistance, edited by Lois Meyer and Benjamin Maldonado Alvarado, is a powerful and moving account of the struggle for self-determination. World-renowned linguist and political activist Noam Chomsky provides insightful perspectives on the homogenizing effects of "western" educational practices on the Peoples of North, Central, and South America. Yet, as one quickly finds, Chomsky's distanced comments pale in comparison to the always respectful, but profoundly knowing reactions of indigenous educators and activists who are on the ground, struggling to provide an education appropriate for and in sync with the values, beliefs, customs, traditions, and practices of native communities. Comunalidad, a concept long erased from the Western European psyche and replaced with the dichotomous notions of ownership, independence, and dominance, is a force exceeding the boundaries of linguistic description that unifies, guides, educates, provides for, and protects indigenous communities. Only by reading the personal accounts, narratives, and scholarly commentaries contained in New World of Indigenous Resistance can one begin to understand the richness and empowerment embedded in comunalidad.New World of Indigenous Resistance challenges taken for granted concepts, such as multiculturalism as veiled attempts by the dominant culture to commercialize blue corn tortillas and piÔø¿atas while surreptitiously inculcating individualistic and entrepreneurial values that tear at the very fabric of comunalidad.For those who come from privilege, who have benefitted from colonization, it is easy to be convinced that indigenous struggles for survival and self-determination were fought and lost in centuries past. Meyer & Maldonado Alvarado, providing a conduit for the indigenous voices of the Americas, illustrate beyond any doubt that the native communities continue to live a dominated existence, yet because of and through comunalidad, find solidarity in the commitment to reclaim their communities for their communities.This is not a book for indigenous Peoples only. It is a book for anyone who has colonized or been colonized, who has dominated or been dominated, who has controlled or been controlled, who has resisted or wanted to resist. In short, it is a must read for everyone.
Aymara Professor Carlos Mamani Condori, expounding the history of the Bolivian struggle of decolonization, wirites that "education has become a battlefield between those groups that seek to preserve the privileges of the colonizer language and indigenous peoples who push toward policies of interculturalidad and dialogues between civilizations and between systems of knowledge" This book is a rare English source on the current indigenous political debate over Indigenous self-determination, especially in the field of education, which is perceived as the sphere where decolonization takes place. New World of Indigenous Resistance holds a space where twenty one indigenous leaders, representing Mesoamerica, the Andes and beyond, hold a virtual dialogue with Dr Noam Chomsky on the emerging and historical transfer of the control of education to the peoples themselves in order to achieve an aspired and unprecedented ethnic equality in Latin America. Dr Chomsky expresses that the current Latin American integration makes it "the most exciting part of the world exciting in its modern history." He praises the 2005 Bolivian presidential Election of Evo Morales Ayma as a marvelous example of Democracy, as well as the massive Oaxacan teacher manifestations of 2006 as a corageous demand to re-shape education to the needs of the indigenous communities. As the indigenous majorities in Mesoamerica and the Andes lead the debate and the practice of Intercultural Bilingual Education, Chomsky reiterates its support for the multiple manifestations of locally or regionally run schooling. The Oaxacan concept of Comunalidad as well as the Andean Ayllu are evoked and explained as the axes of this monumental change. The Zapotec Anthropologist Jaime Martínez Luna expresses that comunalidad "integrates diversity and reproduces it within collaborative forms of work and join construction". The realization is that the strongest form of ethnic and social resistance lies in the collective nature of indigenous peoples. Comunalidad is then a homegrown principle that directly confronts the ethnocidal individualism that has been forced through the now dated assimilitionist policies in the hemisphere. Many countries in Latin America have embraced Intercultural Bilingual Education, which for the first time allows natives to design curricula that focuses on ancestral knowledge and the reinforcement of native languages. This educational project promotes a harmonic coexistence between peoples, where cultural diversity is fully acknowledged and a constructive dialogue between peoples is evoked as vital to the process of ethnic tolerance and harmony. In sum, New World of Indigenous Resistance re-affirms the necessary interdependence in well woven plurinational societies, while introducing twenty one active leaders in the Latin American decolonization process.


text: Home Gallery Interactive (image) AMC Breaking Bad AMC: Breaking Bad Further reshaping its image, cable network AMC is following up its first round of original programming, the hit Mad Men, with a new series called Breaking Bad. The show, titled after slang for turnin Published on Jan 04, 2008 Editor's Pick Further reshaping its image, cable network AMC is following up its first round of original programming, the hit Mad Men, with a new series called Breaking Bad. The show, titled after slang for turning outlaw, stars Malcolm in the Middle alum Bryan Cranston as a New Mexico chemistry teacher whose terminal diagnosis liberates and leads him to a career doling out drugs via a mobile, Winnebago-based meth lab in an effort to finance his family after his passing.� The promotional site for the genre-blurring series, created by mono with help from the U.K.'s unit9, offers a 5-minute opening scene of its premiere episode, and a second page with several clickable, revolving images pertaining to Breaking Bad, including a gas mask, DEA walkie talkie, a revolver and a breakable periodic table of elements. As meandering ambient music loops in the background, you're eventually led to a rotating page that offers a 360-degree view of the barren desert landscape, which serves as the setting for the show's opening moments. Within the page, there are several subtly hidded links to access more content pertaining to the show. Rate this Ad You must be registered to rate the ad. Please Login or Register Now About CreditsDateJan 04, 2008Client:AMCAgency:monoCreative:monoInteractive Production:unit9 TagsNorth America GenreVisualComedy/Dialog Latest Creativity News on Ad Age Basketball's Big Names Assemble for 2K Games Spot 'This Girl Can' Team Joins BBH; Craig Ward Heads Up Design at Deutsch, N.Y. Entries Open for the Ad Age A-List and Creativity Awards Advertisement Ad Age Events Nov 02 Los Angeles, CA SummitAd Age Brand Summit The Ad Age Brand Summit in Los Angeles peels apart the layers of brand building with a carefully crafted roster of top marketing, technology, and creative leaders. Learn more Related work AMC: Mad Men Bench AMC: Mad Men Carousel App AMC: Mad Men Dinner Promotion Want to see your work in our gallery? Submit now

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First reason?
The end of the Supreme Court term later this month marks a milestone: four years in which Justice Clarence Thomas hasn't spoken during oral arguments. That's more than 250 cases heard, and not one word from Thomas, the longest silence of his nearly 19 years on the bench.
Is he unhappy? Bored? Restless?
Might sound implausible, but then so was another black lawyer/senator on the other side of the aisle running in the 2008 election.


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- Most bookedMadison Hôtel by MH
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"The Hotel is very well maintained and very comfortable with excellent staff that are extremely helpful. We love staying in St. Germain because many attractions are within easy walking distance or a short metro ride away. Unlike the Latin Quarter, the area is not over-run by tourists and has great..."
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"Orbitz neglected to add the breakfast plan to our stay which was a bummer."
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"Located in a good area in the Latin Quarter. Quiet and comfortable room. Walking distance to Paris attractions and eateries. Enjoyed the stay."
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"Our first trip to Paris was everything we dreamed it would be and more! Hotel Legend was the perfect choice for my wife and I. The modern decor was very tastefully done, the Tempurpedic beds and luxury linens made for the best sleep after walking miles around Paris everyday. Our Dreamcatcher suit..."
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"One of the best hotels I have stayed at anywhere in the world! The duplex room was modern, clean, comfortable, with great lighting and all state of the art appliances. Amazing bathtub right next to the bed was an excellent luxury. Staff was friendly and helpful. Will 100% be staying here on my ne..."
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"Great little hotel, in a quiet street and good location for restaurants, metro stations and lots of places within walking distance. Lovely friendly helpful staff, rooms clean and comfortable with good size bathrooms, will definitely be back."
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"The staff was very friendly and helpful. After having spent a few days in a more tourist-y part of town, staying near the Bastille was very refreshing, quiet, and down to earth. Definitely stay here for a more "storybook" Paris experience. The hotel itself was clean, the breakfast was wonderful, ..."
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"Hotel was about to close on our last day of our stay for renovation. The carpets were worn. Would love to go back when they reopen in a year. Stellar staff"
A Traveller, Nov 2016, CA
- Eiffel Tower
- Paris City Centre
- Paris Opera
- Louvre Museum
- Champs-Elysees
- Paris Expo Porte de Versailles
- Arc de Triomphe
- Marais
- Notre Dame Cathedral
- Paris Nord Villepinte Exhibition Centre
- Galeries Lafayette
- AccorHotels Arena
- Stade de France
- 15th Arrondissement
- Palais des Congres de Paris
- Montmartre
- Place de la Bastille
- Place de la Republique
- Bercy Village
- 7th Arrondissement
Booking Boutique Hotels in Paris
The key to a romantic city break or glamorous family holiday in Paris isn't the climate, sites to see or variety of exquisite cuisine (although, they undeniably help!); it's simply ensuring a stress-free experience. Making sure your trip's finer details - flights, hotels and perhaps even a car - are all organized through Hotels.com's website, from start to finish, will guarantee an unforgettable stay in the French capital. When it comes to boutique hotels in Paris, the City of Light boasts so many tempting retreats it can be overwhelming but there's no need to worry; our selection of design accommodation, refined by our vast experience, helps separate those good stays from the great. Let us deal with the likes of booking boutique hotels in Paris, so you can scale the Eiffel Tower, shop around the Champs-Elysées or stroll through Tuileries Garden and create memories of a lifetime.
Paris in a nutshell
Paris is teeming with sights to see and has a heavy focus on arts and museums which go hand-in-hand with its relaxed lifestyle. Already very well known for the likes of the Arc de Triomphe and the Louvre, as well as the aforementioned attractions, we'll try and cover some of the other places you have to check out, here. Perhaps it's because it involves going underground but the city's Catacombs are a fascinating visit that looks at something other than Paris' aesthetics - some intriguing history, but we'll not ruin anything for you! Our tip, just make sure you go. A grand old train station converted into an art museum sounds great wherever you are, but Paris' Musée D'Orsay takes it a step further, showcasing some of the most contemporary works in Europe for art enthusiasts. Montmartre is a very cool area in the northern part of the city (home to some of the most popular boutique hotels in Paris), a perfect visit for, again, anyone that appreciates art and design. As an added bonus - and a pretty special one at that - the Sacré-Coeur stands proudly over Montmartre's square and has regular services for tourists to take in.
How to have a fabulous time in Paris
Boutique hotels in Paris might be well-known but the city's reputation for Roman ruins isn't quite so strong… Alas, remnants of the Roman era aren't actually too difficult to find, people just don't tend to go looking for them! But, in actual fact, there's some beautiful ancient sights to see; stones, pillars and even baths are all dotted about the capital. Cluny is a great spot to spend at least half a day, in particular, if you have a penchant to go perusing. It also happens to be home of some of the best design accommodation and boutique hotels in Paris! Canals are another site that aren't seen as conventionally Parisian but you'd be wrong again. The Canal St. Martin perfectly mirrors Paris' laid-back cafe atmosphere with its serene walks and places to have a sip or two of typical French coffee. For the best view in town, especially at night, the Montparnasse Tower is unbeatable. Slightly less sought after than the Eiffel, wait times are also a little lighter and getting up to the prime viewing decks is even quicker.
Paris travel guides
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Here are 5 fun facts on Paris from Hotels.com
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Dreaming of spending Christmas in France, but can't decide where to go? Consider the type of Christm...
How to Stay Cool on Hot Paris Days
If you're visiting Paris more than a few days, one thing you'll learn about the city is that its sum...


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You can do something the Hubble telescope can't: Observe Mercury. And February is the best time this year to do it.
The first planet will make its best appearance of 2013 about 30 minutes after sunset between Feb. 12 and 20 as it positions itself at least 10 degrees-extend your arm and make a fist-above the horizon in the west-southwest. It may be tough to view since we don't live on a prairie and trees obstruct most of the horizons in our backyards.
Mercury and Venus are the only two planets between Earth and the sun. Because of this vantage point, Mercury appears to have phases like the moon-first quarter, last quarter and half-illuminated.
Since its orbit hugs the sun so tightly, Mercury is only visible from Earth during morning or evening twilight, always rising and setting with the sun. Hubble as a rule won't observe it because of its proximity to the sun. Training its powerful telescope on Mercury (or Venus, for that matter) would likely damage Hubble's instruments.
Mercury will be in retrograde from Feb. 8 into April, meaning it will appear to move backward in the sky, but this is an optical illusion caused by the difference in orbital speeds of the two planets. Mercury periodically reaches a stage in its orbit around the sun where, from our perspective on Earth, it appears to slow down to the point where it stands still, and then appears to move backward.
Mercury will be less than 1 degree from Mars on Feb. 8. The sky won't be dark enough to spot the pair until they're just setting in the west.
Since the new moon is on Feb. 10, just after sunset on Feb. 11, a very thin crescent moon will be setting right behind the sun and floating above Mercury and Mars. After the weekend of Feb. 16 and 17, Mercury begins to slide back toward the horizon and gets lost in the sun's glare, ending our Earthly observing opportunities for now.
Feb. 7 - Mercury and Mars form a pleasing but tight planetary conjunction. Mars will be two-thirds of a degree to the upper left of much brighter Mercury. Binoculars or a telescope are recommended because they will be very low in the west-southwest at evening twilight.
Feb. 10 - New moon.
Feb. 25 - Full moon. This full moon was known by early Native American tribes as the Full Snow Moon because the heaviest snows usually fell during this time of the year. Since hunting is difficult in late February, this moon has also been called the Full Hunger Moon.
New London police investigating death of 35-year-old city man
Republican John Kennedy wins Louisiana U.S. Senate race in runoff
Navy contracts mean Electric Boat will hire 14,000 over next 13 years
In Tampa, is this the final burn for Florida's 'Cigar City'?
KKK, other racist groups disavow the white supremacist label
Take a test drive at Naskart Indoor Kart Racing in Montville
Malloy strikes deal with unions to stretch out spiking state pension costs
Serial burglar suspect says he's been stealing his whole life
Billions continue to flow to Connecticut's submarine industry


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Having undesirable fat in various areas of your body can have a substantial influence on your health and self-confidence. While standard weight reduction through exercise and diet plan is a great way to drop weight overall, even the very best exercises cannot target problem locations like the tummy, inner thighs, arms, and buttocks. Liposuction is a time checked treatment that is used to get rid of excess fat from specific locations of the body, permitting an individual to form and contour their body to their taste. Is liposuction right for you? Find out now.
Pros of Liposuction
There are lots of benefits to this cosmetic treatment, consisting of:
• Right away obvious modifications. Unlike traditional weight loss, liposuction develops changes that are right away visible in the body. Some distinction is noticeable immediately, and the wanted results are normally attained in simply a few days.
• Proven and safe. This cosmetic treatment has been carried out by knowledgeable surgeons all over the world for years and the method has actually been improved over and again to be safe and efficient.
• Healing time is normally quickly. The downtime needed after having this kind of procedure is usually much less than exactly what is needed for other types of cosmetic treatments, including abdominoplasty, breast reduction, and more. People who have had the treatment can frequently return to work a lot more rapidly than they prepared for and can get back to living a healthy, active lifestyle.
• Weight reduction can be permanent. With the best upkeep methods, the fat that was gotten rid of during the liposuction treatment will not return.
• Complete control over your body. With liposuction, an individual can have complete control over how they want to look, beyond what traditional diet plan and exercise can offer. Offering individuals this power over their bodies increases self-confidence and aid individuals feel their best.
While there countless benefits to liposuction, there are obviously a few cautions that need to be considered prior to making the final decision to move forward with the procedure.
Cons of Liposuction
Before having liposuction done, it is essential to analyze the possible downsides of the treatment and determine if the advantages outweigh the threats in your certain case. Your surgeon can assist you learn more about the threats connected with the treatment and can assist you choose if moving forward is the ideal thing for you.
• Problems with basic anesthesia. Since liposuction is performed under basic anesthesia, the procedure carries the same risks as any other kind of surgical treatment where general anesthesia is used. Hidden medical conditions might increase these dangers.
• Negative responses. Bruising, bleeding, and discomfort are all to be anticipated, nevertheless, in rare cases can cause more significant problems.
• The potential to acquire the weight back. After having actually liposuction done, it is crucial to keep a healthy diet plan and workout effectively as advised by your physician. Failure to do so could cause gaining back the weight that was lost or possibly a lot more.
There are dangers associated with liposuction, for many individuals, the advantages far exceed them. Inform yourself about the procedure by having in-depth conversations with your cosmetic surgeon and consider how liposuction has the possible to affect you as a special individual. Only you and your cosmetic surgeon can identify if liposuction will offer you with the outcomes you are trying to find within your expectations.
Laser Liposuction procedure is a new non invasive procedure to loose unwanted bodyfat in Shaw Island Washington
Laser liposuction is a newer, minimally invasive procedure that includes heating the fat cells to melting point and removing the melted fat through a little cannula. The treatment is normally done right in your doctor's workplace and is an excellent option for individuals who have less than 500 ml of fat to remove from any one area. Laser liposuction can be a safe, complementary treatment to weight reduction in order to shape the body you have actually constantly wanted.
Contact a Cosmetic surgeon in your Shaw Island Washington today.
If you're thinking about liposuction as a weight reduction solution, it is necessary that you discuss your desires with a qualified cosmetic surgeon in your location. Your cosmetic surgeon will carry out a total exam and health history questionnaire to figure out if liposuction can benefit you and assist you reach your physical and emotional goals. Call today for an assessment and learn more about how liposuction can help you accomplish the body of your dreams.


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Disney Princess and The Frog Party Game- 4pc
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USD$7.84New Cool Glow
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Give Tiana her frog with the Disney Princess and The Frog Party Game. Each game comes with one 38 inch by 25 inch game board, 2 sticker sheets, 1 blindfold, and a whole lot of fun! Sold one game per pack.
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Thu, December 8, 2016 10:00 AM
Thu, December 8, 2016 1:00 PM
8 a.m. to 10 a.m. (3 day program - Day 2 of 3)Project Learning Tree (PLT), one of the premier environmental education programs in the world. This fun, interactive workshop is designed for adults interested in providing formal or informal nature-based learning experiences for children, kindergarten through eighth grade. A curriculum guide containing 96 hands-on, interdisciplinary activities will be provided. The cost for the curriculum guide will be provided through a grant from the Environmental Education Council of Ohio. Participants must attend each of the three dates. Please call 419-221-1232 to register by July 6.
Date: Tuesday, July 17, 2012
Time: 08:00 AM
Location: OSU Lima Campus4240 Campus Drive, Lima, OH 45804
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Web Site Developed by CorpComm Group, Inc.Solar Light Tower


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W9666 290th Avenue, Diamond Bluff, WI 54014
About the Listing
Quality built home on mature tree filled lot w/river views, HW floors, Ash cabinets, 3 gas FP's, sun room & much more. 40X80 Industrial shed w/in-floor heat, water & elec., hydraulic hoist & paint room. Great for mechanic, etc. Must see to appreciate.
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Property Details for W9666 290th Avenue, Diamond Bluff, WI 54014
Bedrooms: 4
Bathrooms: 3 Full
Lot Size: 0.86 Acres
Lot Dimensions: 100x400
Year Built: 2000
Garage Dimensions: 7 car
Garage: Attached Garage, Detached Garage, Insulated Garage, Heated Garage, Driveway - Asphalt
Style: (SF) One 1/2 Stories
Water: Well
Sewer: Private
Square Feet: 3433
Above Ground Sq Ft: 2302
Below Ground Sq Ft: 1131 (approx)
Room Information for W9666 290th Avenue, Diamond Bluff, WI 54014
Main Floor
Living Room: 20x24
Kitchen: 20x16
Bedroom 4: 14x16
Sun Room: 22x23
Lower Floor
Family Room: 19x14
Bedroom 2: 14x12
Bedroom 3: 14x12
Upper Floor
Bedroom 1: 38x28
Dining Room Description: Eat In Kitchen
Family Room Characteristics: Lower Level
School Information for W9666 290th Avenue, Diamond Bluff, WI 54014
School District: Prescott
School District Phone: 715-262-5782
Interior Features for W9666 290th Avenue, Diamond Bluff, WI 54014
Appliances: Range, Microwave, Dishwasher, Refrigerator, Washer, Dryer, Central Vacuum
Air Cond: Central
Heating: Forced Air
Fireplaces: Yes
Basement: (1131 sq Finished) Walkout, Full, Drain Tiled
Exterior Features for W9666 290th Avenue, Diamond Bluff, WI 54014
Lot Description: Tree Coverage - Heavy
Lot Dimensions: 100x400
Zoning: Residential-Single
Additional Exterior/Lot Features: Vinyl
Financial Considerations for W9666 290th Avenue, Diamond Bluff, WI 54014
Tax Amount: $6,082
Taxes w/Assessments: $6,082
Tax/Property ID: 004010720900
Tax Year: 2015
Monthly Payment = $0
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The data relating to real estate for sale on this web site comes in part from the Broker Reciprocity Program of the Regional Multiple Listing Service of Minnesota, Inc. Real estate listings held by brokerage firms other than the owner of this website are marked with the Broker Reciprocity logo or the Broker Reciprocity thumbnail logo and detailed information about them includes the name of the listing brokers.


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Alternately nubby, Jamie Lidell's music mixes up gospel grooves, sweetly sung and passionate soul, delicate ballads, thumping early R & B, synthed-up disco, and even a touch of hillbilly funk. Video: "Another Day".
|Jamie Lidell: Another Day
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- Penya Cotes Catalanes Rouge 2015 Product #30931 (In Stock)
As soon as we tasted the 2015 Penya, we knew: this is going to be a "no-brainer" favorite value red of the year! It's loaded with generous red and blue fruit – think raspberry, blueberry, blackberry – plus a nice whiff of sweet berry blossom and violet. There's enough heft and tannin here to give the wine a satisfying texture and make it a great companion for any summer food. Or give it a light chill and you'll love it's thirst-quenching joy as you twist-off the top and pour it on the deck while the grill heats up and the sun goes down.
"The vibrant purple-colored 2015 IGP Cotes Catalanes was bottled in January and raised all in concrete tanks. Made from 52% Grenache, 36% Carignan and 12% Syrah, it offers jammy, forward notes of blackberries, raspberries and flowers in a medium-bodied, nicely balanced, fruity personality. It's a terrific value and geared for near-term drinking."Wine Advocate 89 points
- Beau Chene Pinot Noir Vdp 2015 Product #31405 (In Stock)
Pinot Noir from the South of France has gotten a bit of a bad name (even when it is, in fact, Pinot Noir!), but when done well it can be delicious and stunning value. And that's what we have here. Nice and fleshy with plenty of ripe plum, cherry and red berry fruit aromas and flavors with hints of spice and earth. Finishes with friendly tannins and lingering flavors of spice, red fruit and earth. A surprising amount of complexity and flesh here for the money in a fine, honest, tasty Pinot you'll enjoy with salmon, poultry, or just hanging out with friends. Excellent value.
- Chapoutier Bila Haut Cotes Du Roussillon Villages 2014 Product #31066 (In Stock)
These guys just never miss! No oak, big flavors, great value.
"A terrific value that's close to an even split of Grenache and Syrah (there's 10% Carignan), from a mix of terroirs in the Agly Valley, the 2014 Haut Cotes du Roussillon Villages les Vignes de Bila Haut was completely destemmed and spent eight months in a mix of concrete tanks and stainless steel prior to bottling. A fabulous value that will be hard to beat as a mid-week drinker, it offers lots of juicy berry fruit, violets, peppery herbs and damp earth characteristics in a medium-bodied, bright, fresh and elegant package. It's ideal for drinking over the coming 2-4 years."Wine Advocate 90 points
- Ch de St Louis Corbieres Prestige 2014 Product #30930 (In Stock)
Corbieres, in the heart of the Languedoc, is famous for turning rich, herb-scented, wines with plenty of heft and fruit - if sometimes a bit too much earthiness and chew. Here, the team from Ch St Martin de la Garrigue crafts a juicy red that offers up all the good parts of Corbieres with none of the flaws. It's a blend of Grenache (40%), Syrah (35%) and Cargignan (25%) picked nice and ripe - but not overripe! - and made carefully in tank.
You'll find plenty of the scents and flavors that make Corbieres so much fun - dark raspberry, ripe blueberry, and a big handful of fresh pine and herb - along with a satisfying smoky/meaty depth. Carignan's bright blueberry fruit keeps things fresh and adds a nice touch of minerality to the fruit and herb-laced finish. Fine, easy-drinking, fun at your next cookout or casual meal.
- Mas De Daumas Pont De Gassac Blanc 2015 Product #31129 (In Stock)
From the estate often called the "Lafite of the Languedoc" comes this zesty, rich, blend of Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc and Grenache Blanc made all in tank. There's a strong Earl Grey note to the floral and stone fruit aromas, and the bergamot carries on through the rich and complex flavors of citrus, peach, and tea. Dry and dusty on the finish, the wine keeps changing and fascinating from first sip to last.
- Mas Des Volques Volcae X 2010 Product #30385 (In Stock)
Young Nicolas Souchon launched this tiny side-project while working as cellar master at Chateauneuf du Pape's Clos St. Jean. With advice from super-consultant Philippe Cambie, he crafted 400 cases of this powerful red from his family's 11 hectares of vineyard in the Languedoc, about 45 miles west of Avignon. It's a traditional blend of more-or-less equal parts Syrah, Grenache, and Carignan, with the Syrah and Carignan aged in used barrel and the Grenache in tank. Full, fleshy, and forward, you'll enjoy this for the rich black raspberry fruit and accents of bitter chocolate, herb, and black olive. It's 100% ready to drink now - and wants drinking over the next 24 months - with lamb, pork, or earthy bean stews. A steal, but limited.
"Bright violet. Sexy black and blue fruit aromas are complicated by floral and cola qualities. Supple cassis and blueberry flavors show very good energy, gaining sweetness and depth with air. Finishes with noteworthy power, a suave note of black raspberry and slow-building tannins." Vinous (Reynolds) 90 points
"Mas des Volques 2010 Vin de Pays Volcae X, a 400-case sleeper of the vintage, is loaded with fruit. It offers sumptuous deep raspberry and black currant aromas and flavors, medium to full body, silky tannins and abundant hedonistic pleasure. Enjoy it over the next 3-4 years."Wine Advocate 87-90 points
- Ch St Martin de la Garrigue Picpoul De Pinet 2015 Product #30926 (In Stock)
If you've only ever had mass-produced Picpoul de Pinet from a co-op winery - or if you are just craving something deliciously different in white wine refreshment - you owe it to yourself to try this. As Andrew Jefford, British author of the landmark The New France has said, "Perhaps the best wine for me is an astonishing Picpoul de Pinet, picked very late from low-yielding vines: those who consider this an inarticulate if refreshing choice, the Muscadet of the Midi, should try this mint-and-verbena-scented, powerfully lemony wine."
The aromas feature fresh mint and verbena scents to go with aromas of lemon pulp, green melon, and more. Flavors of lemon peel, tangy pineapple, green apple and fresh, salty, sea breeze swirl across your tongue in a wine that coats your palate with agreeable richness and finishes salty, lemony, minty, and very fresh. You've never had Picpoul like this before, and once you try it (especially with shrimp, oysters, or clams), you'll struggle to go back.
- Ch Camplazens La Garrigue La Clape 2012 Product #29306 (In Stock)
Possibly the sunniest vineyard in France, La Clape sits right on the Mediterranean coast in deepest Languedoc. You'll smell and taste the region's sun-baked stones and scrubby herb and pine here but also oodles of earthy strawberry and cherry red fruit. A floral note weaves in and out even as the wine gets meatier and more savory with air. Finishes firm and earthy with plenty of garrigue. Fun!
- Ch Coupe Roses Minervois Blanc Champ Du Roy 2015 Product #30864 (In Stock)
You won't find a more enjoyable warm weather refresher than this fruit-filled white from the stony hills of France's Minervois region. It's a blend of 70% Grenache Blanc and 30% Muscat, fermented cool and aged in tank. Fun aromas of orange blossom and lime zest-dusted peach lead to a rich mouthful of orange, peach and tangerine fruit. Dashes of citrus zest and stony mineral add freshness and help this fruit filled beauty finish clean and dry.
- La Petite Frog Picpoul De Pinet Bag In Box 3l Product #21159 (In Stock)
NOTE: WE CANNOT SHIP THIS WINE VIA UPS - NO OUT OF STATE ORDERS WILL BE FILLED. The package just doesn't stand up to UPS shipping - sorry!
A really good white that just happens to be packaged in a bag-in-box format! The la Petite Frog is the exact same wine you'll find in the bottles of Beaulieu Picpoul de Pinet we have on the shelf and have sold for years. The wine shows good aromas of lime and citrus and delivers a round mouthful of spicy, clean, fruit. And you can enjoy this fresh, crisp, wine for up to six weeks after it's opened! Perfect wine for parties, vacation houses, or just keeping in the fridge for a "nip" of something tasty at the end of a hard day!
- Maydie Tannat Dessert Wine 2012 (500ml) Product #30683 (In Stock)
This sweet wine from Southwestern France is made with hand-picked Tannat grapes allowed to semi-dry on the vine. The wine is rich and dense, with ample black currant and black cherry fruit framed by notes of chocolate and spice cake. Complex and medium sweet, this would be a great match with anything made with dark chocolate.
- Dom Cros Cuvee Tradition Minervois 1998 Product #8127 (In Stock)
Not many "plain" Minervois (or even luxury cuvees!) would still be pumping out the pleasure at 18 years of age, but this blend of old-vine Carignan plus Grenache and Syrah sure does. Dark berrries, dried plum and raisin aromas and flavors with accents of tar, damp earth, and smoke. It's mellowed, but still is powerful and structured. For big flavored foods - decant it for air and sediment.


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Community User assigning a task to Salesforce Internal User
|Knowledge Article Number
|Is it possible for a Partner Community User to create and assign a task to an Internal User?
|This requirement can be fulfilled by setting the 'Default External Access' for User object to "Public Read Only". But the decision of making the User Object as "Public Read Only" for "External Access" is solely based on the organization decision. Hence System admin must consult with right people before making the decision
In order to make User Object as "Public Read Only" for "Default External Access" can be done by following the steps:


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Pineapple Fluff Pie
Total Time
Prep 10 mins
Cook 1 hr
Delicious and easy; only four ingredients. From Taste of Home.
Ingredients Nutrition
- 1 (20 ounce) can unsweetened crushed canned pineapple, drained
- 1 (3 1/2 ounce) package instant lemon pudding mix
- 1 (8 ounce) carton frozen whipped topping, thawed
- 1 graham cracker crust
- In a bowl, combine the pineapple and pudding mix until thickened; fold in the whipped topping.
- Spoon into crust. Chill at least one hour.
- Keep refrigerated.
Most Helpful
Made it just the way it calls for..sometimes (ssshhh) dont tell my wife) but you just to forget the calories..LOL..Thanks this was great..
Recipe is great just the way it is -- I needed a tasty way to use up the lemon pudding I've had in my cupboard for months, now I want to buy more. Thanks for sharing.
I'm not giving it stars because I altered the recipe using sugar free jello and cool whip lite. It wasn't sweet enough for me, but probably because of the substitutions. I might try it again using regular jello. It was easy to make, although you have to be careful when spooning the filling into the crust, so you don't break the crust.


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Hotel Search
Change your travel Details
06.12.16 ➞ 07.12.16 (1 night)
Hotel SUPER 8 EVELETH
1080 INDUSTRIAL PARK DRIVE, 55734 Eveleth
Total from 102.00EUR incl. VAT and all fees
Service & facilities
|Earliest check-in
|Latest check-out
No breakfast
Wifi not
Parking directly at the hotel
Service & facilities
Hotel facilities
- Hotel-owned car park
- Ice machine
- Sauna
- Whirlpool
- Fitness centre
Room facilities
- Internet access
In-house services
- Business center
- Laundry service
Style of hotel and ambience
Year built - 1986 year remodeled - 2007, time zone - cst
Hotel data
Total number of rooms 55
Service times
Earliest check-in:
Latest check-out:
Accepted payment methods
- Diners Club
- Visa
- Eurocard/MasterCard
- American Express
- Japan Credit Bureau (JCB Intl.)
Location and distance
1080 INDUSTRIAL PARK DRIVE, 55734 Eveleth -
Location of the hotel
Areas Served Continued: Clarence, Elmer, Ethel, Gibbs, Huntsville, Jacksonville, La Plata, Leonard, Marceline, Millard, New Cambria, Shelbina, Shelbyville, South Gifford, Missouri, USA
Surroundings of the hotel
- 25.34 km
- 1.75 km
Evaluations of SUPER 8 EVELETH
Top Locations
further travel destinations


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Discussion in 'iPod touch Firmware 2.X' started by brisingr, Sep 9, 2008.
is it fixed?
I assume your talking about mobile installation hack? If not nvm if so then no one knows yet the 2.1 isn't JB'n yet therefore no SSH, and no mobile installation hack.
EDIT: Nvm, that's not what your talking about. Wow I look nooby lol.
2.1 doesnt fix mobilewatchdog... crap!
It kind of fixes it, but in a totally different way.
They now have a springboard cache file, so the re-enumerate the desktop operation should not take over 2 minutes.
With that said, there were a number of ways to fix it for real, and again Apple let us down:
1) Change timeout to 5 minutes from 2, 20 minutes from 10 for the hw watchdog
2) Or- Fix the bloody Springboard to reset the watch dog DURING re-enumeration, like after every 10 app lookups or something.
Their cache fix will NOT make life easier for Cydia. Since it erases the cache, forcing Springboard to recreate it.
Separate names with a comma.


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EvePro Event Management is an event management company in Pune, Evepro event management can do your events anywhere in India and have already executed events in Delhi, Bangalore, Chennai, Jaipur, Jodhpur, Kolkatta, Dharamshaala, Jammu, Dehradhun, Indore, Kochin & Goa etc. Based on your brief, goals, budget we can organize and manage event for you. We offer our services in Corporate events,Sporting Events,Special Events,Wedding Management, Promotions etc.
Events like seminars,conferences,workshops,trainings,product launches,team building activities,outdoor activities,company's Internal events,get together,award nights,opening ceremonies,factory openings, mall promotions, canter activities,trade fairs and exhibitions,stall designing,fabrication,Corporate Parties,Theme based Parties,Live Events,Concerts,Birthday Parties,Anniversary Parties, Special Events,F&B Catering management, Outdoor Catering, Venue Decor,Corporate meets,Alumni Meets,Road Shows etc


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Topeka Kansas
Kansas Lavender Fields, Topeka Ks
KANSAS // Eating Out in Topeka, KS: 10 Must-Try Restaurants // http://theculturetrip.com/north-america/usa/kansas/articles/eating-out-in-topeka-ks-10-must-try-restaurants/
Ten unique must-see attractions in Kansas 10.) The Lessman Farm & Truckhenge (Topeka)
Restored architecture, interesting dining and a burgeoning arts community fill a weekend in Kansas' capital: http://www.midwestliving.com/travel/kansas/topeka/two-day-getaway-to-topeka/ #topeka #kansas #midwest
The Brown Family - Brown vs. Board of Education Topeka, Kansas
Waterfalls at the Geary County Lake near Junction City, Kansas, USA
World's Largest Meat Cleaver, Topeka Kansas
Abandonded Topeka State Psychiatric Hospital. | Flickr - Photo Sharing!
Welcome to kansas Sign | Recent Photos The Commons Getty Collection Galleries World Map App ...
things to do in Topeka, Kansas


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Spring Design
Abstract vector layout with flowers and waving lines. Flowers with rounded petals and swirling stems, butterflies, abstract circles and lines for decoration. Free vector graphics to decorate wallpapers, backgrounds, backdrop images, posters, greeting cards and clothing prints visuals.
This File Appears In Searches For
nature flowers Circles floral leaves plants Decorative abstract butterfly decorations petals Stems
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Users who downloaded this file also searched for
Spring Design


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Need an AMH Test in Cullman, AL? Simply order online 24/7 and get a fast, affordable AMH Test at a lab near you (Find More Locations):
What is an AMH Test?
An AMH Test is a lab test that checks the AMH level. Women in Cullman, AL order the AMH Test for screening or as part of fertility treatment.
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Red Hat Bugzilla – Bug 352221
iwl4965 device not detected on first load of iwl4965 module
Last modified: 2007-11-30 17:12:20 EST
Description of problem:
iwl4965 driver in latest FC8T3 kernel does not detect the interface
on first load of module, preventing wireless network access. If I
unload the module and reload it, my network interface is detected.
Version-Release number of selected component (if applicable):
How reproducible:
Every time
Steps to Reproduce:
1. Boot system
2. As root - rmmod iwl4965
3. As root - modprobe iwl4965
Actual results:
Expected results:
Additional info:
This problem is on an brand new Toshiba Portege R500 laptop, dual core x86_64.
Created attachment 237351 [details]
output of lspci -vv
Created attachment 239211 [details]
Patch fixing the problem
Ok, here's a patch to fix the problem.
The problem was that the driver didn't clear all interrupts in the
chip before enabling interrupts and on my laptop it ended up taking
the interrupt long before the driver was ready to handle it.
Would you mind giving these kernels a quick test?
Your kernel seems to do the trick here - thanks!