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If a program runs a high-concept scheme on defense, cornerback can be the most difficult position to make the leap from high school to college, aside from quarterback of course. Rarely do prospects face a player across from him who is bigger, faster or quicker in high school and they just don't get challenged very often, which is why it can be very difficult to project the success of cornerbacks in college. Also, many players are not devoted to playing corner fulltime and must become acclimated through reps and experience to maximize their ceiling for production. Here are our top five cornerbacks and a comparable productive player for each at the collegiate level.
FSU facility update includes 'GameDay' set
991dJared Shanker
Orlando/Miami NFTC awards
991dCraig Haubert
Orlando/Miami NFTC notebook
991dDerek Tyson
Elite 11 Orlando awards
992dCraig Haubert
Early Offer: Texas Tech springs surprise
996dESPN.com staff
Video: Teams expecting 2014 boost
1001dESPN.com staff
Video: Comparing Big Cam to Kouandjio
1002dESPN.com staff
Top position classes: ACC
1002dGerry Hamilton
Former No. 1 Rolle inspiring FSU recruits
1003dJared Shanker
Video: Comparing Harris to Manziel
1003dESPN.com staff
Early Offer: Top two QBs at NFTC
1003dESPN.com staff
Video: Comparing O'Connor to Bortles
1004dESPN.com staff
Hurricanes add top HS coach to staff
1002dDerek Tyson
Top position classes: SEC
1005dGerry Hamilton
Early Offer: 2014's biggest climbers
1009dJeremy Crabtree

subset: commoncrawl


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News & Blog
50 Members in 50 Days
It's an exciting time to be a member of Urban Greens Food Co-op! We announced the site of our new, member-owned grocery store, at 93 Cranston Street in Providence, and we're breaking ground later this year. We received $2.7 million in Rebuild Rhode Island Tax Credits for the project. And we're giving everyone the chance to invest in the business with a direct public offering this spring (more on that next month!).
Now more than ever, members are key to the future of Urban Greens Food Co-op. That's why we're launching a new member drive: 50 Members in 50 Days. Why join? As a member, you have an ownership stake in Providence's first consumer-owned retail grocery store, and a vote as we move forward. You get access to special sales and bulk discounts. And you get to support our community and sustainable, local food production.
To sweeten the deal, every new member will be entered into a raffle (info below) for one of six wonderful prizes, generously donated by the following local businesses: Sidewalk Ends Farm, Small State Seeds, Little City Growers, The Slow Rhode, Equal Exchange chocolate, and Hope & Main!
Already a member? You're already a winner … but you can win a prize, too! Refer a new member by having them mention you in the referal line of the membership form and you'll be entered in the drawing, too.
We'll raffle off one prize a week, every week until April 3rd. So don't delay - join today!
1 month CSA share from Sidewalk Ends Farm
Choose any month, July through October, and pick up in Providence or at the farm in Seekonk. Sidewalk Ends is a woman-run, urban-and-periurban, low-till, chemical free, vegetable and flower farm. We grow herbs and
specialty crops at our urban farm on the west side of Providence, and the rest of our vegetables and cut flowers out in Seekonk, MA. We do our work by hand, with love, and work to grow the most delicious and enticing vegetables we possibly can to share with our friends and neighbors. Find us at the Armory Park Farmers Market on Thursdays, or on the menu at one of your favorite local spots.
1/16 Recipe: North African Beef Stew
In the cold of January there is nothing better than a hearty stew to warm you up inside and using a slow cooker to greet you with fabulous smells all day. This stew features vegetables which are in season in these winter months and offers colors to help brighten the day!
North African Beef Stew
This recipe matches rich beef with the intriguing flavors of Tunisia and Morocco. Adapted from an America's test kitchen recipe.
YIELD: 6 servings
Recipe: Raw, Vegan Fruit Crisp
December is a time when we are full of comfort holiday food in a very joyous way, however, while our bodies are crying out for something nutritious our taste buds are still expecting something rich and delicious. Here is your answer! Raw and Vegan, unfairly, is rarely synonymous with delicious dessert but this recipe will prove that statement wrong. This recipe can also be used as a way to have a filling and nutritious breakfast. Raw can be warm – raw is still considered raw if it is heated to 118 degrees or less. This can be heated or not. If you want to know, this recipe contains omega-3s, healthy fats, iron, vitamin-C and healthy fiber. If you do not necessarily need to know that – then just know that it is absolutely delicious. One thing to note is that the portions for this should be small. While it is high in flavor it is also high in calories. A small amount of this dessert goes a long way. This is also the perfect dessert for winter because you can use frozen fruit which has been thawed so you can bring back the tastes of summer.
Raw, Vegan Fruit Crisp
This is adapted from a raw cookbook recipe that originally called for peaches. Any soft fruit or berry would work wonderfully here. One of my favorites is a pear-blueberry-kiwi combo.
YIELD: 6 servings
- 4 cups fruit, divided (frozen, thawed fruit works too)
- 3/4 cups, pitted and soaked in purified water for 30 minutes
- 1 Tbsp. fresh lemon juice
- 2 cups raw walnuts
- 1/2 cup unsweetened coconut flakes
- 1/4 tsp. cinnamon
- 1/4 tsp. nutmeg
- 1/4 tsp. salt
- 1/2 cup golden raisins
- 8 dates, pitted and not soaked
Read More
1. Place walnuts, coconut, cinnamon, nutmeg, and salt in food processor. Run your knife through the raisins and the eight unsoaked dates to help out your processor and make sure there aren't any pesky pits left in those dates. Process it all until i becomes crumbly and well incorporated but don't over process.
2. Place half of mixture in the bottom of an 8x8 dish and set aside the other half to serve as the crumb topping. Place 1 1/2 cups of fruit, soaked dates and lemon juice in processor (I don't bother cleaning it out in between) and process until smooth.
3. Add fruit mixture to other 2 1/2 cups of fruit (chopped or diced relatively small) and place in dish. Add remaining crumb topping on top of fruit. You can squeeze it firmly so it becomes less like crumbs and more like a cobbler topping. If you like, place in a warm oven for a few minutes to warm it up a bit. As long as it is not heated over 118 degrees, it is still considered raw.
Store Location Announcement & Celebration
Urban Greens Food Co-op's Cooperative Council and Site Committee will announce the future location of the Co-op's much anticipated retail grocery store, in a celebration and informational session at the Columbus Theatre on Thursday, December 3rd. Together with the project developer, the Council and Site Committee will unveil initial plans, including preliminary building design and store layout, as well as presenting information about the Co-op's funding structure and overall project timeline. This will be an opportunity for the Co-op's member-owners, as well as the general public and local press, to ask questions about the future grocery store and learn about the next steps in the process to getting the doors open.
The evening will feature food, drink, music, special guests and celebration from 6:30-8:30pm, with the formal announcement, speaking program, and Q&A beginning at 7:00pm. The event is free and open to the public, but an RSVP is suggested. Join the Facebook Event.
This announcement comes after a multi-year search and planning effort by the Co-op's Cooperative Council & Site Committee to secure a viable site for Providence's first consumer-owned retail grocery store.
Founded by a group of residents on the west side of Providence seeking increased access to healthy foods in their neighborhood, Urban Greens Food Co-op now has 600+ member-owners, and is working to open a full-service consumer-owned grocery store in the West End of Providence, which will offer neighborhood residents, as well as consumers across the city and state, the opportunity to shop at a community-owned and invested grocery store. The innovative ownership model of a consumer co-op will ensure that local sourcing is a strong priority, and that profits stay in Rhode Island. The store will help fill a missing link in Rhode Island's growing food economy by providing local farmers and producers a new, stable, year-round sales opportunity, and significantly increasing the consistent availability of local products to consumers. The store will provide and promote local, healthy, affordable, and culturally appropriate food options. The Co-op will support the local economy by creating new jobs, supporting local farmers and producers, and reinvesting its profits locally. Urban Greens Food Co-op looks forward to celebrating this milestone in its progress with the Rhode Island community!
Thank You, Delia!
Since 2013, Project Manager Delia Kovac has worked with the Urban Greens Cooperative Council to serve the membership, improve infrastructure, invigorate outreach, and manage communications. She has signed up hundreds of members and organized countless events. As the summer ended, Delia ended her term with the co-op to begin an exciting new opportunity as the Assistant Director of Development for Sophia Academy, a nondenominational, independent middle school for girls in grades 5-8 from low income homes in Providence.
This comes as Urban Greens moves towards the next stage in our staffing development by preparing to hire a General Manager. As we work towards the final agreement on the site and secure financing, it becomes crucial to have an experienced retail grocery manager involved in the myriad of decisions that need to be made. We are currently in the process of posting the position, our goal is to complete the hiring process by early spring. For Co-op start-ups, general managers are typically hired 9-12 months prior to opening. That makes this position a clear priority for us as we continue to make progress and forge ahead.
We wish Delia well on her new adventure and can't wait to hear about all the great things she'll no doubt accomplish! Thank you, Delia, for all your service to the Co-op!
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Poor coverage of Blue DevilsMarch 11,2014
Poor coverage of Blue Devils
The way your paper covered Williamstowns unprecedented championship win on Saturday only continues to demonstrate that your shabby newspaper and its knuckle-brained editor are biased against the fine community of Williamstown. I had heard from friends and family in the area about the deplorable, biased coverage by The Times Argus in recent years. And recently I heard certain things are only being put on the front page to embarrass people in town. I drove up to watch the game, visited with friends around the area and celebrated the win. Yet your coverage in Sundays edition treated this historic game like a run-of-the-mill thing. Norwich got better treatment.
But I must say that given the number of errors I found in this weekends editions, I am hardly surprised that your paper has any credibility whatsoever in central Vermont. You do yourself no favors.
Shame on you, Mr. Pappas, for allowing your bias and conflicts of interest to take away from the celebration of these boys and the community of Williamstown. They deserve better.
Beth Smith
SharonMORE IN LettersI was so pleased to see the picture and the write-up of the kittens and children at the school in... Full StoryIn the article, Scott appoints four key aids, he probably, assuming that he knows whats best... Full StoryOne could write a long letter countering the latest bloviating from John McClaughry about... Full Story
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He held a number of positions in BJP's state unit across the years. In June 2002, he was elected the Fourth Legislative Assembly of the State of Goa. In JUne 2007, he was elected to the fifth Legislative Assembly of the State of Goa.
He was elected the Secretary, Bharatiya Janata Party, Goa Unit between 1989-1990, the General Secretary between 1994-1999. Between 2000 and 2003 and 2010-2012, he was appointed the President of the BJP (Goa unit). He is well-versed in Konkani, Marathi, Hindi and English.
The top contenders for the post of the next Goa CM includes Francis D'Souza, Health Minister Laxmikant Parsekar and Goa Assembly Speaker Rajendra Arlekar.
OneIndia News


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Parking Mania (by Chillingo) Part 5 Tips and Strategies
- App name: Parking Mania
- Developer: Chillingo
- Genre: Racing
- Release: Sep 17, 2009
Let's play Parking Mania on iOS. In this part of the walkthrough, you will learn more tips and tricks while playing the Parking Mania game on the iPhone.
Part 5 Walkthrough
This page contains Parking Mania video walkthroughs for iOS (iPhone/iPad) called "lets test windows 8 apps teil 3/3" and has been uploaded on RexundCody official channel at Jul 17, 2013.
Still need help with this level? Here you can ask questions and discuss with other Parking Mania users.
Hit like if this helped you!
Stuck on some levels in Parking Mania? This walkthrough can help you finish the game.


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Thermaltake Max Orb (CL-P0369) Cooling Fan Reviews
- Other Computer Components:
- Average: 4.4
- High: 5.0
- Type:
- PC Case
- Brand:
- Thermaltake
Read 1 Review
REVIEW SNAPSHOT®by PowerReviews
Reviewed by 1 customer
Comments about Thermaltake Max Orb (CL-P0369) Cooling Fan:
Because the case I purchased turn out to be a bit of a dissappointment, I had to find the right CPU cooler to fit inside the case and perform well. I bought this one from the now defunct etailer clubit.com. It wasn't that bad of a price at all and it works well. The installation on it on top of the CPU was actually pretty well documented inside the instruction manual and I've yet to have any problems with it. The center fan is huge and works well for cooling a lot of components. Because the air from the fan pushes down through the cooler and then gets pushed all over the motherboard, it helps cool the motherboard and RAM.
The only big drawback is that because of the width of the cooler, it may cover a ram slot. For me, I had to install my RAM first before I put the cooler on. I can take the RAM out without removing the cooler but it's a little tricky to do as there's only maybe a few cm's of space between the top of one stick of RAM and the fins of the Max Orb.


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"Sydney Central YHA" Sydney Central YHA Tip by vili
Sydney Central YHA, Sydney: 646 reviews and 11 photos
AUD 25-30 per person multishare adult
Unique Qualities: A great place to meet interesting people and a superb homebase to explore the city. Also not too expensive.
A lot of info can be obtained there and people found to share the next few miles of the road with...
Address: 11 Rawson Place, Sydney, 2000, Australia
Price Comparison: less expensive than average
Directions: 11 Rawson Place, Corner of Pitt and Rawson Place (opposite Central Station)
othercontact: <b>Phone:</b> (02) 9281-9111
Phone: +61 2 9218 9000
Theme: Hostel
Website: http://www.yha.com.au
More Reviews (5)
Warnings and Dangers (1)Sydney is a real safe city on...
Things to Do (1)Beaches are something you will...
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Have you been to Sydney?Share Your Travels


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Search results for the great impression by sparkadia
We've found 14 lyrics, 50 artists, and 100 albums matching the great impression by sparkadia:
Great White · Great Jazz Trio · Great Guitars · The Great Society · The Great Kat · Great Big Sea · Great British Jazz Band · The Great Contest · Dickey Betts & Great Southern · Great Southern – and 40 other artists »
Great Band With Great Voices/Swing the Great Voices of the Great Bands (Johnny Mann) · Antiphone Blues [First Impression] (Arne Domnérus) · Second First Impression (Daniel Bedingfield) · 12 x 12, Vol. 3: Third Impression (Hutchinson, Hutch) · Fashion Impression Function (Freezepop) · Margie Joseph Makes a New Impression (Margie Joseph) · Last Chance for a First Impression (Lanky) · Margie Joseph Makes a New Impression/Phase II [Stax] (Margie Joseph) · Second First Impression [Bonus Tracks] (Daniel Bedingfield) · Margie Joseph Makes a New Impression/Phase II [Stax] (Margie Joseph) – and 90 other albums »
(Good evening ladies and gentlemen welcome to the Grand Ole Opry We got a great show lined up for you tonight here Brought to you by Martha White
Do you come here often Have we met before Tell me, your impression now Could you like me more Could you even love me here Is it too early
In love with moviestars, I've been living out a fantasy Because I couldn't do it by myself I'll just play it out vicariously Parade of police cars
A twilight was in my mind Fulfilled of suspended bare foreboding Great erhaulted forms of life Touched me by my nightmare Feel the inflamed
(can't) 'Cause I just get effected by the bank It's great (great) to never know the feel of bein' fake I awake, then I go take a visit to the sink Uh,
To Chicago, bringin' the New Orleans groove And when Satchmo blew, the audience knew Basil Street blues was the whole house tune It was music, great to dance
getting slower, Into an even rhythm Surrealistic impressions Drags you further into the great void Into my own world Delving into the sanctum of my
usually started things off by asking about the avant-garde. Â?? So, what's so good about new? they'd ask. â?? Well, new isâ?¦ interesting. â?? And what,
Him famous? Then the cart stop, she step off, it's time to refocus, I'm questioning my heart, examining my motives, Why I'm captivated by the brown
the dark Always keep your glowin eye open By knowin who your enemies be I can see you but you can't see me Escape from your chains like, Great
the dark Always keep your glowin eye open By knowin who your enemies be I can see you but you can't see me Escape from your chains like, Great
class act impression of a bubble (yeah I could of been more subtle when polluting paradise gene puddle) Man huddles make us look like cool peeps and I'm
say uncle, uncle Drowned by the bloods that's on their hands Say what, say what? Got damn The gravedigger creeps into the crypt then strips
of our skin when we bring it there My facial expression said I didn't care Hate and aggression must've made an impression on the little kid who stared,


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Sparrow After-math Photo 44: Central Hiroshima, September 1945. The building at the centre is now the Hiroshima Peace Memorial. Did 'The Bomb' save lives? "There were those who considered that the atomic bomb should never have been used at all. I cannot associate myself with such ideas… I am surprised that very worthy people—but people who in most cases had no intention of proceeding to the Japanese front themselves—should adopt a position that rather than throw this bomb we should have sacrificed a million American and a quarter of a million British lives…" – Winston Churchill, August 1945. Liberated prisoners of war were told that the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki saved their lives. Of the 140,000 Allied prisoners of war captured by the Japanese, 36,000 were located on the mainland of Japan at the end of the war.121 The atomic bombs dropped killed between 90,000-166,000 in Hiroshima and 60,000-80,000 in Nagasaki.122 Did killing so many Japanese civilians save Allied military personnel lives? Those who argue that the atomic bomb saved Allied lives mostly base their argument on the American losses in Okinawa, where 12,513 were killed and 38,916 wounded. Taking into account experiences in Okinawa – along with Japan's inadequate defences due to the Allied firebombing and sea campaigns – the Joint War Plans Committee provided a study to the Joint Chiefs of Staff on 15 June 1945 estimating an invasion of Japan would result in 40,000 U.S. dead and 150,000 121 122 POW Research Network Japan. "Frequently Asked Questions #1." Radiation Effects Research Foundation.
Sparrow After-math wounded.123 Taking into those factors, the figures were revised down from 380,000 killed and 1.6 million casualties in an April 1945 report.124 Although Generals George Marshall and Douglas MacArthur signed documents agreeing with the Joint War Plans Committee (JWPC) June 1945 estimate,125 there was still some disparity between military chiefs' estimates before invasion and the later claims by politicians after the atomic bombs were dropped. Even after being presented with the JWPC June report, on 18 June U.S. President Truman came up with a figure of "250,000 to one million" casualties. When hearing that phrase, General Marshall responded, "One quarter of a million would be the minimum." The term "as much as a million" phrase was added to the final draft by Truman's staff, so as to not appear to contradict an earlier statement by Secretary of War, Henry L. Stimson.126 Some argue that, by dropping the atomic bombs, Japanese lives were saved. General MacArthur's staff provided an estimated range of American deaths depending on the duration of the invasion. Based on as estimated 22:1 ratio of Japanese to American deaths, a short-term invasion of two weeks would kill 200,000 Japanese and almost 3 million Japanese deaths if the fighting lasted four months.127 Should the Soviets invade the northern island of Hokkaido, another 400,000 Japanese deaths might have occurred.128 The June 1945, JWPC's revised estimates are a good indication of Japan's ability to defend its shores. By Japan's own estimates, the Allied air raids killed 323,495 citizens.129 One raid alone on Tokyo 10 March 1945 destroyed 25 percent of the city and 100,000 people. Operation Starvation – the mining of Japanese ports and sea-lanes – along with the U.S. submarine blockade of merchant shipping, would have starved Japan, forcing an earlier end to the war.130 The prisoners of war in Japan certainly experienced the effects of the blockade. Many also saw the effects it had on the Japanese. Many observed that, while the local Japanese starved, Red Cross parcels continued to arrive at their camps. It was well known to prisoners of war that, should the Allies invade, then prisoners of war could be executed. Some even point to a 1 August 1944 Japanese War Ministry order to Formosa forces to execute POWs "...when an uprising of large numbers cannot be suppressed without the use of firearms" or when the POW-camp was in the combat zone, so "escapees from the camp may turn into a hostile fighting force."131 These orders mean exactly what they say. Prison guards were ordered to 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 MacEachin, Douglas J. The Final Months of the War With Japan. CIA's Center for the Study of Intelligence, December 1998 (CSI-98-10001). Part III, note 24. Frank, Richard B. Downfall. The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire. New York City: Penguin Books, 1999. p.135–7. Carroll, James. House of War: The Pentagon and the Disastrous Rise of American Power. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2007. p.48. MacEachin, op cit., Part V: Did the SIGINT Picture Affect the Discussions at Potsdam? Skates, John Ray. The Invasion of Japan: Alternative to the Bomb. University of South Carolina Press, 2000. p.79. Kirkendall, Richard Stewart. Harry's Farewell: Interpreting and Teaching the Truman Presidency. University of Missouri Press, 2004. pp.133–134. Frank, op cit., pp.334–335. United States Strategic Bombing Survey, Summary Report (Pacific War). July 1, 1946. See Photo 32 on page 380. The translation can be found at: http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Document_No._2701.
Sparrow After-math kill prisoners who became hostile. These orders were no different to how Japanese prisoners of war were treated at Featherston Camp in New Zealand132 or Cowra in New South Wales,133 which were also consistent with the Rules of War. Nonetheless, in accordance with orders he received, Kanose Camp Commander Hiroshi Azuma made repeated efforts to communicate with Allied officers under his care to ensure that there was no hostility towards guards and locals to ensure their survival. Another reason why some argue that the atomic bombs saved lives is that the Japanese refused to surrender. Some argue that the code of Bushidō was deeply ingrained and that surrender was never an option.134 Japanese militarism was aggravated by the many assassinations of those seeking to reform military power during the Great Depression and some argue that opposition to war was a much riskier endeavor.135 These arguments, however, fall flat when one considers that the Japanese did negotiate a ceasefire with the Soviets on 16 September 1939 after being routed in a bitter 4-month border dispute at Khalkhin Gol. The Khalkhin Gol does highlight Japan's opinion of its enemies. Japan did consider American morale as "brittle and could be shattered by heavy losses in the initial invasion." Frank suggested, "American politicians would then gladly negotiate an end to the war far more generous than unconditional surrender."136 The U.S. Department of Energy's history of the Manhattan Project reinforces this view.137 What appears strange about the actions of the United States in the lead up to the dropping of the atomic bombs was how irrelevant communication with Japan was. The 26 July 1945 Potsdam Declaration by Britain, the United States, and China stated that, unless Japan surrender unconditionally, "The alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction." Truman and Churchill made no mention of their new weapon to Japan. Stalin, however, was aware of it. Table 1: 132 133 134 135 136 137 Potsdam Declaration. Outrage after WW2 grave plaques stolen. The New Zealand Herald, 30 August 2008. Outbreak of Japanese Prisoners of War at Cowra, August 1944. National Archives of Australia. (A5954, 674/7) Correll, John T. The Smithsonian and the Enola Gay. U.S. Air Force Association, 15 March 1994. Retrieved 9 July 2012. The Pacific War Research Society. Japan's Longest Day. Oxford University Press, 2005. p.352. Frank, Richard B. Why Truman Dropped the Bomb. The Weekly Standard, Aug 8, 2005, Vol.10, No.44. Retrieved 16 July 2012. Rezelman, David; F.G. Gosling and Terrence R. Fehner. Japan Surrenders, August 10–15, 1945. The Manhattan Project: An Interactive History. U.S. Department of Energy.
Sparrow After-math Proclamation Defining Terms for Japanese Surrender Issued, at Potsdam, July 26, 1945 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. We - the President of the United States, the President of the National Government of the Republic of China, and the Prime Minister of Great Britain, representing the hundreds of millions of our countrymen, have conferred and agree that Japan shall be given an opportunity to end this war. The prodigious land, sea and air forces of the United States, the British Empire and of China, many times reinforced by their armies and air fleets from the west, are poised to strike the final blows upon Japan. This military power is sustained and inspired by the determination of all the Allied Nations to prosecute the war against Japan until she ceases to resist. The result of the futile and senseless German resistance to the might of the aroused free peoples of the world stands forth in awful clarity as an example to the people of Japan. The might that now converges on Japan is immeasurably greater than that which, when applied to the resisting Nazis, necessarily laid waste to the lands, the industry and the method of life of the whole German people. The full application of our military power, backed by our resolve, will mean the inevitable and complete destruction of the Japanese armed forces and just as inevitably the utter devastation of the Japanese homeland. The time has come for Japan to decide whether she will continue to be controlled by those self-willed militaristic advisers whose unintelligent calculations have brought the Empire of Japan to the threshold of annihilation, or whether she will follow the path of reason. Following are our terms. We will not deviate from them. There are no alternatives. We shall brook no delay. There must be eliminated for all time the authority and influence of those who have deceived and misled the people of Japan into embarking on world conquest, for we insist that a new order of peace, security and justice will be impossible until irresponsible militarism is driven from the world. Until such a new order is established and until there is convincing proof that Japan's warmaking power is destroyed, points in Japanese territory to be designated by the Allies shall be occupied to secure the achievement of the basic objectives we are here setting forth. The terms of the Cairo Declaration shall be carried out and Japanese sovereignty shall be limited to the islands of Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, Shikoku and such minor islands as we determine. The Japanese military forces, after being completely disarmed, shall be permitted to return to their homes with the opportunity to lead peaceful and productive lives. We do not intend that the Japanese shall be enslaved as a race or destroyed as a nation, but stern justice shall be meted out to all war criminals, including those who have visited cruelties upon our prisoners. The Japanese Government shall remove all obstacles to the revival and strengthening of democratic tendencies among the Japanese people. Freedom of speech, of religion, and of thought, as well as respect for the fundamental human rights shall be established. Japan shall be permitted to maintain such industries as will sustain her economy and permit the exaction of just reparations in kind, but not those which would enable her to re-arm for war. To this end, access to, as distinguished from control of, raw materials shall be permitted. Eventual Japanese participation in world trade relations shall be permitted. The occupying forces of the Allies shall be withdrawn from Japan as soon as these objectives have been accomplished and there has been established in accordance with the freely expressed will of the Japanese people a peacefully inclined and responsible government. We call upon the government of Japan to proclaim now the unconditional surrender of all Japanese armed forces, and to provide proper and adequate assurances of their good faith in such action. The alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction.
Sparrow After-math But the Potsdam Declaration was conditional. In exchange for demilitarization, occupation, and punishment of war crimes, it provided many protections to allow Japan to be a modern nation. The Allies gave Japan 10 days to respond before the first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima. Some argue that the Potsdam Declaration was ignored by Japan. The Japanese Prime Minister was quoted as using the term Mokusatsu ("to ignore" or "to treat with silent contempt") but there is much evidence that the Japanese were scrambling to figure out what to do. On 25 July, the day before the Potsdam Declaration was issued, Japan asked for a diplomatic envoy led by Konoe to go to Moscow hoping to mediate peace in the Pacific.138 Kanoe was supposed to bring a letter from the Emperor stating: "His Majesty the Emperor, mindful of the fact that the present war daily brings greater evil and sacrifice of the peoples of all the belligerent powers, desires from his heart that it may be quickly terminated. But as long as England and the United States insist upon unconditional surrender the Japanese Empire has no alternative to fight on with all its strength for the honour and existence of the Motherland…It is the Emperor's private intention to send Prince Konoe to Moscow as a Special Envoy…"139 In early August 1945, the cabinet was equally split between those who advocated an end to the war on one condition, the preservation of the Kokutai, and those who insisted on three other conditions:140 1. 2. 3. Leave disarmament and demobilization to Imperial General Headquarters; No occupation of the Japanese Home Islands, Korea, or Formosa; and Delegation to the Japanese government of the punishment of war criminals. The 'hawks' consisted of General Korechika Anami, General Yoshijirō Umezu, and Admiral Soemu Toyoda – led by Anami. The 'doves' were Prime Minister Kantarō Suzuki, Naval Minister Mitsumasa Yonai, and Minister of Foreign Affairs Shigenori Tōgō – led by Tōgō.141 Aware of the stalemate, The Emperor made no move to change the government position while he awaited a Soviet reply to Japanese peace feelers.142 These diplomatic messages, which sought Soviet mediation and the retention of the Emperor as head of state, were intercepted by the Allies. 138 139 140 141 142 Hasegawa, Tsuyoshi. Racing the Enemy: Stalin, Truman, and the Surrender of Japan. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005. p.162. Ibid., p.124. Bix, Herbert P. Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. New York: HarperCollins, 2000. p.512. The Pacific War Research Society, op cit. Bix, Herbert P. Japan's Delayed Surrender: A Reinterpretation. Cambridge University Press, 1996. cited in Hogan, Michael J. Hiroshima in History and Memory. Cambridge University Press, 1996. p.290.
Sparrow After-math A more obvious problem faced by the Japanese leadership was that, by accepting the Potsdam Declaration, there was the risk of facing war crimes. The Japanese didn't want to fight the Soviets again but had experience with them negotiating peace terms. The Soviets may have been more condoning of war conduct. As the Allies listened to intercepts, the Japanese weren't aware of Stalin's plans. "For my part, I consider that it will be found much better by all Parties to leave the past to history, especially as I propose to write that history." – Winston Churchill, 23 January 1948. As agreed with the Allies at the Tehran Conference (November 1943) and the Yalta Conference (February 1945), the Soviet Union promised to enter the Pacific Theater within three months of the end of the war in Europe. That deadline was 9 August 1945. It is telling that Chiang Kai-shek signed the Potsdam Declaration and not Stalin. The Chinese Nationalist had already defeated the Chinese communists and sent them on their Long March to escape annihilation. It is unknown whether he was aware of the deal for the Soviet Union to enter the war by 9 August. Churchill's attitude towards the Soviet Union changed from distaste, to pragmatic, to hostile. Churchill was a vehement anti-Communist but, when Hitler invaded the Soviet Photo 45: Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill on the Union, he famously stated, "If Hitler portico of the Russian Embassy invaded Hell, I would at least make a during the Tehran Conference, favourable reference to the Devil in November 1943. Churchill was a the House of Commons," regarding spectator as American and Russian carved up the world between them. his policy toward Stalin.143 Soon, British supplies and tanks were flowing to help the Soviet Union.144 Later, Churchill would insist that Stalin open a front against Japan. Churchill was more than pragmatic. He was the ultimate Machiavellian. He effectively wanted the Soviet Union to suffer losses and for the Allies to claim victory and the spoils. But even Churchill knew that he couldn't play the same trick twice on Stalin, especially after the delay to open a western front against Germany. Roosevelt, who entered the war after years of supplying Britain with arms, also knew that the 143 144 The Churchill Papers: Biography. Chu.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 6 July 2012. Stokesbury, James L. A Short History of WWII. New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc. 1980. p.159. ISBN 0-688-03587-6.
Sparrow After-math Britain Empire was vulnerable against Japan. Churchill wanted to get the United States into the war, which he did. Churchill was understandably a spectator as early as the Tehran Conference. The positioning of the United States and the Soviet Union was obvious. Whilst Churchill encouraged Stalin to open a front against Japan, Roosevelt was concerned by communist influence in the Far East. As the Soviet troops served their purpose to hasten the surrender of Nazi Germany, Churchill was concerned with the possibility that the celebrations would soon be brutally interrupted.145 He concluded that the United Kingdom and the United States should anticipate the Red Army ignoring previously agreed frontiers and agreements in Europe, and prepare to "impose upon Russia the will of the United States and the British Empire."146 According to the Operation Unthinkable plan ordered by Churchill and developed by the British Armed Forces, the Third World War could have started on 1 July 1945 with a sudden attack against the Soviet troops. The British Chiefs of Staff Committee rejected the plan as militarily unfeasible. When the war in Europe ended, Churchill saluted the Whitehall crowd. "This is your victory!" he exclaimed. The crowd replied, "No, it is yours!" On the same day as the Potsdam Declaration, the United Kingdom General Election Results were declared. Churchill was voted out of office and he then took a back seat at Potsdam, much like he did since Tehran. The Japanese were concerned with fighting the Soviets. They had already suffered severe losses in 1939 at Khalkhin Gol and knew that the Soviets were brutal fighters willing to suffer heavy losses. Had the Potsdam Declaration included the Soviet Union, then Japan's response would have almost certainly been different. Instead, the Soviets invaded Manchuria on 9 August 1945, the day that the atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. Truman knew the Russians would invade that day. Instead of waiting for the Japanese leadership to gather their thoughts after the first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, the second atomic bomb was dropped only three days later. The most telling admissions for the motives behind the dropping of the atomic bombs came from Churchill. Winston Churchill was holidaying on the Mediterranean when he heard of the bombing of Hiroshima. He said that he saw the atom bomb as a way to keep Stalin in check.147 Imagine if, after three and a half years of the United States and Britain fighting the Japanese, Japan would turn around and surrender to Stalin. Imagine how Chiang Kai-shek would feel if communists claimed victory in China. The Allies wanted Japan to surrender to them rather that the Soviet Union. Anything else would be a disaster. 145 146 147 Fenton, Bob. The secret strategy to launch attack on Red Army. Telegraph, Issue 1124. 1 October 1998. Operation Unthinkable: 'Russia: Threat to Western Civilization.' British War Cabinet, Joint Planning Staff, Public Record Office, CAB 120/691/109040 / 002 (11 August 1945.) Lord Moran (Sir Charles Watson.) Churchill at War 1940 to 1945: the memoirs of Churchill's doctor. Carroll & Graf, 2002.
Sparrow After-math The Soviet Union had some intentions of occupying Hokkaidō.148 When a Soviet general confronted Douglas MacArthur with this suggestion, MacArthur threatened to use the atomic bomb. So, where did this notion originate that the atomic bombs ended the war? It appears that only the Allies support this view. After the war, Admiral Soemu Toyoda said, "I believe the Russian participation in the war against Japan rather than the atom bombs did more to hasten the surrender."149 Prime Minister Suzuki also declared that the entry of the USSR into the war made "the continuance of the war impossible."150 Upon hearing news of the event from Foreign Minister Tōgō, Suzuki immediately said, "Let us end the war," and agreed to finally convene an emergency meeting of the Supreme Council to end the war. Historian Tsuyoshi Hasegawa wrote that the atomic bombings themselves were not the principal reason for Japan's capitulation but, instead, he contends that it was the Soviet declaration of war on 8 August, which was allowed by the Potsdam Declaration signed by the other Allies.151 The fact that the Soviet Union did not sign this declaration gave Japan reason to believe that the Soviets could be kept out of the war.152 Hasegawa's view is that when the Soviet Union declared war on 8 August, it crushed all hope in Japan's leading circles that the Soviets could be kept out of the war, and/or allow reinforcement from Asia to the Japanese islands for the expected invasion.153 "On the basis of available evidence, however, it is clear that the two atomic bombs… alone were not decisive in inducing Japan to surrender. Despite their destructive power, the atomic bombs were not sufficient to change the direction of Japanese diplomacy. The Soviet invasion was. Without the Soviet entry in the war, the Japanese would have continued to fight until numerous atomic bombs, a successful allied invasion of the home islands, or continued aerial bombardments, combined with a naval blockade, rendered them incapable of doing so."154 The Soviet Declaration of War would have upset Japan's Ambassador to the USSR, Naotake Sato. It is understandable if he felt manipulated. The third clause reads: Taking into account the refusal of Japan to capitulate, the Allies approached the Soviet Government with a proposal to join the war against Japanese aggression and thus shorten the duration of the war, reduce the number of casualties and contribute toward the most speedy restoration of peace.155 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 Hasegawa, op cit. Toland, John. The Rising Sun. Modern Library, 2003. p.807. Bunting, Edward. World War II Day by Day. Dorling Kindersley Limited, 2001. p.652. Hasegawa, op cit. p.298. Hasegawa, op cit. p.178. Hasegawa, op cit. Chapters 6-7. Hasegawa, op cit. p.298. Soviet Declaration of War on Japan, 8 August 1945.
Sparrow After-math The official British history, The War Against Japan, also states that the Soviet declaration of war "brought home to all members of the Supreme Council the realization that the last hope of a negotiated peace had gone and there was no alternative but to accept the Allied terms sooner or later." "Sooner or later" is a moot point. The Allies could have waited. It appears that Japan was willing to surrender to the Soviets before the Soviet Union invaded Manchuria but preferred to surrender to the Allies instead of facing a hostile Stalin. The Japanese leadership, including the "one condition" faction led by Tōgō, seized on the atomic bombs as a decisive justification to accept the Allies' Potsdam Declaration. Hisatsune Sakomizu, the chief Cabinet secretary in 1945, called the bombing "a golden opportunity given by heaven for Japan to end the war."156 MacArthur biographer William Manchester has described MacArthur's reaction to the issuance by the Allies of the Potsdam Proclamation to Japan: "...the Potsdam declaration in July, demand[ed] that Japan surrender unconditionally or face 'prompt and utter destruction.' MacArthur was appalled. He knew that the Japanese would never renounce their emperor, and that without him an orderly transition to peace would be impossible anyhow, because his people would never submit to Allied occupation unless he ordered it. Ironically, when the surrender did come, it was conditional, and the condition was a continuation of the imperial reign. Had the General's advice been followed, the resort to atomic weapons at Hiroshima and Nagasaki might have been unnecessary."157 In an interview between Norman Cousins and MacArthur, he claims: "When I asked General MacArthur about the decision to drop the bomb, I was surprised to learn he had not even been consulted. What, I asked, would his advice have been? He replied that he saw no military justification for the dropping of the bomb. The war might have ended weeks earlier, he said, if the United States had agreed, as it later did anyway, to the retention of the institution of the emperor." 158 Konoe said that Japanese resistance would have continued through November or December 1945 if the atomic bombs were not dropped.159 This position acknowledges the effect Operation Starvation had on Mainland Japan. Many other U.S. military officers disagreed with the necessity to use the atomic bombs. Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy – the Chief of Staff to the President – said: "It is my opinion that the use of this barbarous weapon at Hiroshima and Nagasaki was of no material assistance in our war against Japan. The Japanese were already defeated and ready to surrender because of the 156 157 158 159 Kristof, Nicholas D. Blood On Our Hands? New York Times, 5 August 2003. Manchester, William. American Caesar: Douglas MacArthur 1880-1964. Little, Brown, and Company, 1978. p.512. Cousins, Norman. The Pathology of Power. W. W. Norton and Company, 1988. pp.65, 70–71. Gentile, Gian P. How Effective is Strategic Bombing?—Lessons Learned from World War II to Kosovo. NYU Press, 1 December 2000. p.116.
Sparrow After-math effective sea blockade and the successful bombing with conventional weapons. "The lethal possibilities of atomic warfare in the future are frightening. My own feeling was that in being the first to use it, we had adopted an ethical standard common to the barbarians of the Dark Ages. I was not taught to make war in that fashion, and wars cannot be won by destroying women and children."160 Brigadier General Carter Clarke – the military intelligence officer who prepared intercepted Japanese cables for U.S. officials – was more forthright: "...when we didn't need to do it, and we knew we didn't need to do it, and they knew that we knew we didn't need to do it, we used them as an experiment for two atomic bombs."161 Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz – Commander of the Pacific Fleet (and commander of the airbases that the atomic strikes were launched – was succinct: "The Japanese had, in fact, already sued for peace before the atomic age was announced to the world with the destruction of Hiroshima and before the Russian entry into the war." 162 Nimitz would later say: "The atomic bomb played no decisive part, from a purely military point of view, in the defeat of Japan." Ultimately, the decision to drop the bomb was by a U.S. President who was only aware of the Manhattan Project since 12 April 1945 – shortly after being sworn in after the death of Roosevelt. In a memorandum for Major General L.R. Groves, which recorded the minutes of a 10-11 May 1945 Los Alamos meeting of the Target Committee, it states: 163 6. Status of Targets A. Dr. Stearns described the work he had done on target selection. He has surveyed possible targets possessing the following qualification: (1) they be important targets in a large urban area of more than three miles in diameter, (2) they be capable of being damaged effectively by a blast, and (3) they are unlikely to be attacked by next August. Dr. Stearns had a list of five targets which the Air Force would be willing to reserve for our use unless unforeseen circumstances arise. These targets are: (1) Kyoto – This target is an urban industrial area with a population of 1,000,000. It is the former capital of Japan and many people and industries are now being moved there as other areas are being destroyed. From the psychological point of view there is the advantage 160 161 162 163 Leahy, William. I Was There. Ayer Co Pub, 1979. p.441. Alperovitz, Gar. The Decision To Use the Atomic Bomb. Vintage, 1996. p.359. Speech given at the Washington Monument on October 5, 1945. Source: U.S. National Archives, Record Group 77, Records of the Office of the Chief of Engineers, Manhattan Engineer District, TS Manhattan Project File 42-46, folder 5D Selection of Targets, 2 Notes on Target Committee Meetings.
Sparrow After-math that Kyoto is an intellectual center for Japan and the people there are more apt to appreciate the significance of such a weapon as the gadget. (Classified as an AA Target) (2) Hiroshima – This is an important army depot and port of embarkation in the middle of an urban industrial area. It is a good radar target and it is such a size that a large part of the city could be extensively damaged. There are adjacent hills which are likely to produce a focussing effect which would considerably increase the blast damage. Due to rivers it is not a good incendiary target. (Classified as an AA Target) (3) Yokohama – This target is an important urban industrial area which has so far been untouched. Industrial activities include aircraft manufacture, machine tools, docks, electrical equipment and oil refineries. As the damage to Tokyo has increased additional industries have moved to Yokohama. It has the disadvantage of the most important target areas being separated by a large body of water and of being in the heaviest anti-aircraft concentration in Japan. For us it has the advantage as an alternate target for use in case of bad weather of being rather far removed from the other targets considered. (Classified as an A Target) (4) Kokura Arsenal – This is one of the largest arsenals in Japan and is surrounded by urban industrial structures. The arsenal is important for light ordnance, anti-aircraft and beach head defence materials. The dimensions of the arsenal are 4100' x 2000'. The dimensions are such that if the bomb were properly placed full advantage could be taken of the higher pressures immediately underneath the bomb for destroying the more solid structures and at the same time considerable blast damage could be done to more feeble structures further away. (Classified as an A Target) (5) Niigata – This is a port of embarkation on the N.W. coast of Honshu. Its importance is increasing as other ports are damaged. Machine tool industries are located there and it is a potential center for industrial despersion. It has oil refineries and storage. (Classified as a B Target) (6) The possibility of bombing the Emperor's Palace was discussed. It was agreed that we should not recommend it but that any action for this bombing should come from authorities on military policy. It was agreed that we should obtain information from which we could determine the effectiveness of our weapon against this target. 7. Psychological Factors in Target Selection A. It was agreed that psychological factors in the target selection were of great importance. Two aspects of this are (1) obtaining the greatest psychological effect against Japan and (2) making the initial use sufficiently spectacular for the importance of the weapon to be internationally recognized when publicity on it is released. B. In this respect Kyoto has the advantage of the people being more highly intelligent and hence better able to appreciate the significance of the
Sparrow After-math weapon. Hiroshima has the advantage of being such a size and with possible focussing from nearby mountains that a large fraction of the city may be destroyed. The Emperor's palace in Tokyo has a greater fame than any other target but is of least strategic value. Effectively, the rationale of the Target Committee of the Manhattan Project advising Truman was to terrorize the Japanese by bombing an intellectual city. How can an intellectual fully grasp whether something is "sufficiently spectacular" if they are vaporized? The report wanted a large urban area that had not previously been bombed so "clean data" could be collected. More appallingly, the report wanted the targets to have small military targets "in a much larger area subject to blast damage in order to avoid undue risks of the weapon being lost due to bad placing of the bomb." Many scientists on the Manhattan Project provided their expertise due to the threat of an Axis nation developing an atomic bomb first. The decision by Roosevelt to initiate the Manhattan Project was in response to the 2 August 1939 Einstein– Szilárd letter which warned of the potential development of "extremely powerful bombs of a new type."164 Leo Szilárd, who wrote most of the Einstein–Szilárd letter, later became concerned by the eagerness of military leaders to test the new 'gadget' on a civilian population. He was not alone. The Franck report of 11 June 1945165 urged that the bomb be demonstrated "before the eyes of representatives of all United Nations, on the desert or a barren island." On 16 June 1945, The Scientific Panel responded: "The opinions of our scientific colleagues on the initial use of these weapons are not unanimous: they range from the proposal of a purely technical demonstration to that of the military application best designed to induce surrender…[We] see no acceptable alternative to direct military use." The loaded language of this panel – which included A. H. Compton, E. O. Lawrence, J. R. Oppenheimer, and E. Fermi – clearly favoured "military use," even though: "[As] scientific men, have no proprietary rights… [and] no claim to special competence in solving the political, social, and military problems which are presented by the advent of atomic power."166 Leo Szilárd would go further and prepare a petition signed by 69 other Manhattan Project scientists and present it to Truman. In the meantime, General Groves sought ways to take action against him.167 Szilárd's petition inspired a further 2 petitions from 85 scientists at Oak Ridge, Tennessee calling for the power of the bomb to be "adequately described and demonstrated" before use.168 164 165 166 167 168 Letter from Albert Einstein to U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, 2 August 1939. U.S. Department of Energy, UChicago Argonne LLC. Error! Hyperlink reference not valid. (Franck Report) U.S. National Archives, Record Group 77, Manhattan Engineer District Records, Harrison-Bundy File, folder #76. Ibid. Ibid. Decimal files, "201 (Szilard, Leo)." Ibid. Oak Ridge petition, July 13, 1945. Oak Ridge petition, mid-July 1945.
Sparrow After-math Truman insisted that the effects of Japan witnessing a failed test would be too great of a risk to arrange such a demonstration.169 Such a rationale does not take into account the options of an unannounced demonstration off the coast of Japan or the Japanese finding an undetonated atomic bomb in the centre of Hiroshima or Nagasaki. The quality of decision-making is troublesome. Harry S. Truman wrote in his diary on 25 July 1945: This weapon is to be used against Japan between now and August 10th. I have told the Sec. of War, Mr Stimson, to use it so that military objectives and soldiers and sailors are the target and not women and children. Even if the Japs are savages, ruthless, merciless and fanatic, we as the leader of the world for the common welfare cannot drop that terrible bomb on the old capital or the new. He and I are in accord. The target will be a purely military one and we will issue a warning statement asking the Japs to surrender and save lives. I'm sure they will not do that, but we will have given them the chance. It is certainly a good thing for the world that Hitler's crowd or Stalin's did not discover this atomic bomb. It seems to be the most terrible thing ever discovered, but it can be made the most useful...170 But Hiroshima and Nagasaki weren't military targets. Before the Japanese had the opportunity to figure out what happened to Hiroshima, the second atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. The Target Committee chose those targets due to the size and shape of the civilian area. Maybe Stimson and Truman were more interested in putting on a show? "I was a little fearful," Stimson told Truman, "that before we could get ready the Air Force might have Japan so thoroughly bombed out that the new weapon would not have a fair background to show its strength." To this the President laughed and said he understood.171 The irony in Truman's diary entry was his perception of the Japanese as "savages, ruthless, merciless and fanatic." Truman stated two days after the Nagasaki bomb, "The only language they seem to understand is the one we have been using to bombard them. When you have to deal with a beast you have to treat him like a beast. It is most regrettable but nevertheless true."172 Truman's attitude towards the Japanese could be perceived as so extreme that it contributed towards the ease that he allowed the use of the atomic bomb. 169 170 171 172 The Decision to Drop the Bomb. U.S. History Online Textbook. Independence Hall Association, Philadelphia, 2012. Ferrell, Robert H. Off the Record: The Private Papers of Harry S. Truman. New York: Harper and Row, 1980. pp.55-56. Kolko, Gabriel. The Politics of War: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1943–1945. Random House, 1968. pp.539–40. Weingartner, James J. Trophies of War: U.S. Troops and the Mutilation of Japanese War Dead, 1941–1945. Pacific Historical Review, February 1992. University of California Press. Vol.61 (1). p.54.
Sparrow After-math Essential to the propaganda campaign against the Japanese, the United States used images and vocabulary to dehumanize the enemy. Weingartner suggested, "The widespread image of the Japanese as sub-human constituted an emotional context which provided another justification for decisions which resulted in the death of hundreds of thousands."173 The U.S. propaganda campaign desensitized its military and civilians to Japanese suffering. So disconnected to basic morality, American soldiers mutilated Japanese corpses and collected skulls as trophies. The benefit to Truman and Churchill of their electorates being apathetic to killing "sub-humans" is that Stalin could see that the Allies weren't worried about killing so many people. Undersecretary of the Navy Ralph A. Bard, in a 27 June 1945 memorandum to Secretary of War Henry Stimson warned that use of the bomb without warning was contrary to "the position of the United States as a great humanitarian nation," especially since Japan seemed close to surrender.174 173 174 Weingartner, op cit., p.67. Franck Report, op cit., Interim Committee, International Control.
Sparrow After-math The United States strategy to use aerial bombing is a complete turnaround from its earlier positions. Here is what President Roosevelt had to say at the beginning of the war: Appeal of President Franklin D. Roosevelt on Aerial Bombardment of Civilian Populations, September 1, 1939 The President of the United States to the Governments of France, Germany, Italy, Poland and His Britannic Majesty, September 1, 1939 The ruthless bombing from the air of civilians in unfortified centers of population during the course of the hostilities which have raged in various quarters of the earth during the past few years, which has resulted in the maiming and in the death of thousands of defenseless men, women, and children, has sickened the hearts of every civilized man and woman, and has profoundly shocked the conscience of humanity. If resort is had to this form of inhuman barbarism during the period of the tragic conflagration with which the world is now confronted, hundreds of thousands of innocent human beings who have no responsibility for, and who are not even remotely participating in, the hostilities which have now broken out, will lose their lives. I am therefore addressing this urgent appeal to every government which may be engaged in hostilities publicly to affirm its determination that its armed forces shall in no event, and under no circumstances, undertake the bombardment from the air of civilian populations or of unfortified cities, upon the understanding that these same Rules of Warfare will be scrupulously observed by all of their opponents. I request an immediate reply. FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT Before that diplomatic wire was sent, the Rules of War regarding aerial bombardment were straightforward. It was illegal. On 14 March 1902 the United States Senate ratified the Hague Convention 1899, which specifically forbid the use of poisoned weapons, killing an undefended enemy, or employing material calculated to cause unnecessary suffering.175 Furthermore, it prohibited the bombarding of undefended towns, unless there is prior warning.176 The main effect 175 176 (Hague Convention) Convention Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land, The Hague, July 29, 1899. Article XXIII a-d. Ibid. Articles XXV & XXVI.
Sparrow After-math of the Convention was to ban the use of certain types of modern technology in war, including bombing from the air, chemical warfare, and hollow point bullets.177 The second Hague Conference was called at the suggestion of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt in 1904, but postponed because of the war between Russia and Japan. The U.S. Senate ratified the 1907 Convention on 10 March 1908. Here, Declaration I extended Declaration II from the 1899 Conference to other types of aircraft.178 This extension was signed, among the great powers, only by United Kingdom, United States and Austria-Hungary.179 In 1938, the League of Nations declared for the "Protection of Civilian Populations Against Bombing From the Air in Case of War."180 The resolution stipulated three principles: 1. 2. 3. The intentional bombing of civilian populations is illegal; Objectives aimed at from the air must be legitimate military objectives and must be identifiable; and Any attack on legitimate military objectives must be carried out in such a way that civilian populations in the neighbourhood are not bombed through negligence. Although the United States never joined the League of Nations (and Japan left in 1933), the 1 September 1939 letter from Roosevelt mirrored the sentiment of the resolution. The original two strategies considered by the senior U.S. brass for operations in the Pacific were MacArthur's 'island-hopping' campaign – a plan originally devised by the U.S. Navy in 1897 (and Japan copied in 1941-42181) – and the 'strategic bases' campaign. What was eventually decided was a combination of the two. The island-hopping campaign was the capture of lightly defended islands capable of locating an airfield that, linked together with other similar islands, could bypass and isolate enemy strongholds. The strategic bases plan would have simply captured islands within bombing range of Japan and then bombed Japan into submission. It was called 'strategic bombing', but by using incendiary bombing, it is hard to argue that the Allies were targeting purely military targets. Most military facilities were steel and concrete. Most Japanese civilian housing was wooden. MacArthur's plan tried to engage the enemy and recapture territory in accordance with the Rules of War. The strategic bombing campaign was the sum of Roosevelt's earlier fears. By Potsdam, the Allies and the Soviets effectively ignored every moral high ground they held, ignored every fundamental rule of war, yet insisted that Japanese be held accountable for war crimes. 177 178 179 180 181 Ibid. Declarations I-III. Declaration (XIV) Prohibiting the Discharge of Projectiles and Explosives from Balloons. The Hague, 18 October 1907. Source: International Committee of the Red Cross. Austria-Hungary never ratified it, so this extension remained, practically, only a purpose. Protection of Civilian Populations Against Bombing From the Air in Case of War, Unanimous resolution of the League of Nations Assembly, 30 September 1938. War in Aleutians. Life, 29 June 1942. pp.32.
Sparrow After-math The Allies proclaimed that Japan's unprovoked attacks on 7 December 1941 were undeclared acts of aggression. Yet the Allies did not quibble about the Soviet's declaration of war with Japan one hour before invading Manchuria. The Allies proclaimed that Japan be held accountable for war crimes against prisoners of war. The Allies, however, ignored Soviets in Manchuria raping, looting, and massacring many Japanese while many others ended up in Siberian prisons for up to 20 years.182, 183, 184, 185 What example does it set when the victors of war don't abide by the same standards that they applied to their defeated? Effectively, the decision to drop the atomic bomb did not save Allied lives, nor Japanese lives. The Allies blockaded Japan. The Allies could have simply sat back and starved Japan into submission. Japan was willing and able to negotiate. Negotiation, however, inconvenienced the Allied plans. By demonstrating the power of their new gadget on a large population showed the Soviet Union the lengths the United States were willing to take in the New World Order, even if it was against everything the United States stood for, and at the expense of innocent civilians' lives. "I am concerned for the security of our great Nation; not so much because of any threat from without, but because of the insidious forces working from within." – Douglas MacArthur "In the councils of government, we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military-industrial complex. The potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist." – Dwight D. Eisenhower, 17 January 1961 182 183 184 185 Kuramoto, K. Manchurian Legacy : Memoirs of a Japanese Colonist. East Lansing, Michigan State University Press, 1990. Jones, F. C. Manchuria since 1931. Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, 1949. p.221. Shin'ichi, Y. Manchuria under Japanese Dominion. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006. Tamanoi, M A. Memory Maps : The State and Manchuria in Postwar Japan. Honolulu, University of Hawai'i Press, 2009.


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By Just A Pinch KitchenCrew
Featured Pinch Tips Video
- 1 Tbsp
- shortening
- 1 Tbsp
- flour
- 2 Tbsp
- chili powder
- 2 c
- water
- corn tortillas
- 2 lb
- ground beef
- 1 small
- onion
- 1 large
- avocado, chopped
- cheese, grated
Directions Step-By-Step
2To make sauce, melt shortening in skillet.
3Add flour; mix well.
4Stir in chili powder and water.
5Bring to boil, cooking and stirring until thickened.
6(Should be thick enough for dipping corn tortillas.)
8Cook ground beef until brown.
9Add diced onion, avocado and salt; mix thoroughly.
10Dip corn tortillas in sauce.
11Fill with meat mixture and lots of cheese.
12Roll and serve piping hot.
About this Recipe
Course/Dish: Beef, Tacos & Burritos
Regional Style: Mexican
Other Tag: Quick & Easy


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For Complete Animal Details Visit: www.ARKsaves.com
Read how the City of DeLand Attempted to Confiscate ARK's Valuable Real Estate! This TRUE account has over 300 footnotes, documents written by the culprits. Learn how city officials were cruel and illegal in their actions.
ARK ADOPTION Saturdays 11am - 1pm
FloridaWild Veterinary Hospital - 115 E Euclid Ave, DeLand
We never know what pets will be at Adopt Day. Read Bio at www.ARKsaves.com; contact name under bio for pet location
THIS POOR BABY DESERVES A LOVING HOME - Lala is about 2 years old and had 4 or 5 litters of pups. The pups have been taken away when they were about 10 days old. She was terribly abused by her former owner, starved and kicked into submission.
She was apparently hit in the past and has a hip injury that has healed but given her a permanent slight limp.
She rides very well in the car, walks well on a leash though had never been on a leash before. The vet had no trouble with her at all. She was a well behaved little lady.
contact email@example.com
If you can't find what you want at ARK go to the following:
Southeast Volusia Humane Society - 1200 S Glencoe Rd (mile east of I-95), New Smyrna; 386.428.9860; email@example.com; Mon–Sat 10- 5; Sun 10-2
Halifax Humane Society - 2364 LPGA @ I-4, Daytona; 386.274.4703; www.halifaxhumanesociety.org;
Mon–Sat 10–6; Sun 10-2
Putnam County Animal Control – 523 Reid St, Palatka; 386.329.0396; putpets.com (don't put www); Mon–Thur 10–4; Fri 10–12; Sat 9-3
A. ARK-Animal Rescue Konsortium, Inc. was formed exclusively for charitable and educational purposes. Specifically, the organization provides medical services for injured wildlife and medical and adoption services for abandoned pets including dogs, cats, birds, and exotics.
B. Methods for achieving this goal follow:
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2 Foster Program
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5 Encourage Countywide TNR Program
6. Network with Other Rescue Organizations
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11am - 1pm
441 S Woodland, DeLand FL
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Fees vary according to health, age of animal. Two references, one a veterinarian, home visit, fenced yard if other than very small dog.
LADY- Emotional Support Animal
SNICKERS-I'm at a shelter that will kill me
SONNY-Potential Emotional Support Animal
HOWARD-Emotional Support Animal
DUKE of EARL-Potential Emotional Support Animal
Thank You!
Your message has been sent to ARK - ANIMAL RESCUE KONSORTIUM.
You'll receive a copy, too, at to help you keep track of which pets you've inquired about, and which shelters and rescues you've emailed.
NOTE: Some shelters have physical locations you can visit; some of these shelters may only have pets for a limited time, so please do not wait for a reply—just go visit the shelter! Other organizations are rescue groups run by busy volunteers who may take a while to reply. You can find information about the shelter or rescue group caring for this pet, and their adoption procedures, on the pet's details page on Adopt-a-Pet.com.
Contact this Rescue Group about LALA-Potential Emotional Support Animal again.


text:
The end of the mining boom has highlighted the urgent need for Chile to diversify its economy away from commodity-intensive sectors, according to a new OECD report presented by Secretary-General Angel Gurría today.
The slowdown in productivity over the past decade has added to concerns about the long-term economic outlook. But new OECD research shows that policy reforms can revive the diffusion of innovation and make better use of human talent to clear the path for higher and more inclusive productivity growth.
The OECD's Annual Meeting at Ministerial Level reinforced member governments' support across a broad range of key OECD work.
Latin America's GDP growth rate has slowed down in 2014, dropping below 1.5%. This is the first time in a decade that the region grows less than the OECD average, according to the OECD Development Centre, the Commission for Latin American and the Caribbean and the development bank for Latin America. Given the projections in the past weeks, any recovery in 2015 is likely to be challenging.
Squeezed R&D budgets in the EU, Japan and US are reducing the weight of advanced economies in science and technology research, patent applications and scientific publications and leaving China on track to be the world's top R&D spender by around 2019, according to a new OECD report.
Encouraging private-sector innovation, making public research institutions more accountable and channelling more funds into the most promising R&D projects would help restore France's former prowess in science and technology, a new OECD report says.
The Netherlands is gradually emerging from a double-dip recession with strengthened public finances and reforms on track to improve the labour and housing markets and the health care and pension systems. These reforms are paying off, says the OECD. Growth is expected to reach 1% this year and 1.3% in 2015.
Good public policies are central to well-functioning economies. Better policies on innovation, combined with high-quality regulations and a more efficient public administration, can help Colombia create jobs, boost economic growth and support development, according to three new OECD reports.
Young firms play a crucial role in job creation but have missed out on many of the benefits of structural reforms of the past decade in OECD countries.
After a decade of relatively strong growth, Latin America is facing headwinds associated with declining trade, a moderation in commodity prices and increasing uncertainty over external financial conditions, according to the latest Latin American Economic Outlook jointly produced by the OECD Development Centre, the UN Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (UN ECLAC) and CAF - Development Bank of Latin America.


text:
Планирование Свадебной Вечеринки
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- Health Needs for Bi Men
- Prostate Cancer Registry Helps Black Men
- Quick Start to Healthy Weight Loss
- 'Really, Really Messed Up My Life'
- Black Men Can Beat Prostate Cancer
- Health Screenings for Older Black Men
- Healthy Man of the Month for July 2016
- HIV Testing is HIV Prevention
- Your 'Mental' Endurance
- Entertainment CEO DonJuan Clark
Best Beef Buys
There will be lots of grilling around the nation this summer and no doubt, millions of grills will feature steak and other beef delicacies. For the carnivores among us, grass-fed beef might be a good healthy choice. Grass-fed beef typically comes from cattle that eat only grass and other foraged foods versus grains, like corn. The diet of the cattle changes the nutrients you get from eating the different types of beef.
Grass-fed beef may have some heart-health benefits that other types of beef don't have, grass-fed beef may have:
- Less total fat
- More heart-healthy omega-3 fatty acids
- More conjugated linoleic acid, a type of fat that's thought to reduce heart disease and cancer risks
- More antioxidant vitamins, such as vitamin E
In addition to seeking out grass-fed beef in the supermarket, making better, healthier selections is also important. There are about 28-29 standard cuts of beef and among the leanest are these below:
- Eye of round roast or steak
- Sirloin tip side steak
- Top round roast and steak
- Bottom round roast and steak
- Top sirloin steak
If you still have questions about which cuts of beef are lean or extra lean, ask the staff in the meat department at the supermarket. Keep in mind that the same cuts of beef can have different names, like a boneless top loin steak may also be called a strip steak.
When you are choosing cuts of beef, be sure to choose cuts that are graded "Choice" or "Select" instead of "Prime," which usually has more fat. Also select cuts with the least amount of visible fat (called marbling). Overall, nutritionists say limiting consumption of beef organs, such as liver, can also help manage cholesterol.


text:
Monday, 11/14/2016
Tuesday, 11/15/2016
Wednesday, 11/16/2016
Thursday, 11/17/2016
Tips and events 2016
Trend Topics 2016
Searching for medical clues
Knowledge helps to help
Snapshots from medical technology
Data for health care - perfectly safe!
Health care in movement
Everywhere - medical technology for the world
Networked health - telemedicine and company
Industry News
Topic of the Month
Topics of the Month 2016
December 2016: The human patient
November 2016: MEDICA 2016
October 2016: Networked healthcare
September 2016: Intraoperative Imaging
August 2016: Medical Industry Worldwide
July 2016: Sports and medicine
June 2016: Hospital hygiene
May 2016: The heart
March 2016: Paediatrics and neonatology
April 2016: Medical education and training
February 2016: Regenerative medicine
January 2016: Infectious diseases
Topics of the Month 2015
December 2015: The brain
November 2015: MEDICA
October 2015: Theranostics
September 2015: Wearables
August 2015: Nuclear medicine
July 2015: Cardiovascular disaeses
June 2015: Cancer and diagnostics
May 2015: Cancer screenings
April 2015: The informed patient
March 2015: Crisis management and communication
February 2015: Pathology
January 2015: The intestines
Topics of the Month 2014
December 2014: Ethics
November 2014: MEDICA 2014
October 2014: Orthopedics and physical therapy
September 2014: Intensive-care medicine
August 2014: Hygiene
July 2014: The Skin
June 2014: Sport & Medicine
May 2014: Mobile Health & IT
April 2014: Emergency Medicine
March 2014: Continuing Education
February 2014: Cancer
January 2014: Surgery
Interviews Concerning Innovations
Paraplegia: moving muscles using electrical impulses
Hemodialysis: Creating the AV fistula using catheters
MRI scan: Video projections help children overcome their fear
Older Interviews
Interviews Concerning Health Politics
A new broom sweeps clean? The new EU Medical Device Regulation
Interoperability: secure network connections
Individualized sports medicine: training by design
Older Interviews
Business Interviews
Medical emergency management in hospitals: there is a need for action
Preoperative rehabilitation: Fit for surgery
T5 Career Forum – Dem Fachkräftemangel entgegenwirken
Older Interviews
3 questions to ...
Telehealthcare: networking brings relief
Nutrition: finding intolerances in the blood
Is the Russia crisis also a crisis for medical technology?
Video Background Reports
Chronic-lymphocytic leukemia – Handy tool makes prognosis easier for physicians
MEDICA App COMPETITION - and the winner is...
Medicine 4.0 – Are we ready for new solutions?
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Skanray Europe srl
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TERALINK Solutions
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World premiere: Miele presents large steam sterilisers at MEDICA
Miele & Cie. KG
World premiere: Miele presents large steam sterilisers at MEDICA
Europe's leading manufacturer of washer-disinfectors is now set to present itself as single-source CSSD supplier: At MEDICA 2010, Miele is to unveil large steam sterilisers, due to hit the market from summer 2011 onwards. The range comprises four series from which numerous customer-specific versions can be derived. This portfolio allows Miele's advisory team to meet the individual needs of hospitals with spot-on accuracy. "With this range of large steam sterilisers, Miele is offering CSSDs a comprehensive product line-up – all demonstrating the quality typical of Miele and backed up with the full support of Miele's in-house service experts", says Andreas Barduna, Head of Miele Professional, Miele's commercial products division.
The new large steam sterilisers allow the reprocessing of 4 to 18 sterile supply units (STUs) per cycle. Customers can choose between vertical or horizontal sliding doors or even a flush-floor version for transport trolleys. Horizontal sliding doors can open optionally to the left or right and must be ordered accordingly.
All machines are simple to operate thanks to touch-screen technology, displaying individual cycles, programme stages, cycle durations and countdown times. This user-friendly interface in part requires a personal code to be input by the staff member responsible. Access rights ensure a high degree of operational safety and integrity. Each load is recorded via the controls and records can be downloaded to batch documentation software via an interface for processing and archiving.
Short heat-up times ensure that all sterilisers are ready for operation in next to no time. Good, uniform heat distribution within the steriliser chamber is ensured by full-area jacket heating and highly precise controls. This results in excellent temperature distribution throughout the chamber as well as relatively low levels of condensate and therefore optimum drying of loads. This, in turn, leads to short cycle times and low consumption. Miele's innovative concept is rounded off by a comprehensive battery of safety devices which for instance monitor the entire door area during door closure.
As a full-line supplier, Miele will in future cover all CSSD requirements, including after-sales servicing: From ultra-modern large-chamber washer-disinfectors to sterilisers and batch documentation software through to maintenance and validation by Miele's in-house team of specially trained medical product engineers. With System4Med, the Miele team is well equipped to field any questions surrounding the reprocessing of medical instruments.


text: Home Gallery Interactive (video) Microsoft Bing Bing Automatic -- Future Lions 2012 Microsoft Bing: Bing Automatic -- Future Lions 2012 Published on Jun 22, 2012 Editor's Pick This work was one of the winners at AKQA's 7th annual Future Lions awards. Find out more about the effort and judging in our Cannes coverage. Rate this Ad You must be registered to rate the ad. Please Login or Register Now About CreditsDateJun 22, 2012Client:Microsoft Bing Latest Creativity News on Ad Age Romance, Bromance Ruined by a Cheeky Skywriter in Slim Jim's New Spot Creative Thinkers Join Hulsbosch, Maxus, BBH Just What Is the 'Agency of the Future' and Has Omnicom Built It? Advertisement Ad Age Events Nov 02 Los Angeles, CA SummitAd Age Brand Summit The Ad Age Brand Summit in Los Angeles peels apart the layers of brand building with a carefully crafted roster of top marketing, technology, and creative leaders. Learn more Related work Microsoft Bing: Bing for iPad Microsoft Bing: Bing Maps Streetside with Flickr Jim Beam: The Jim Beam Apple Watch (Slideshow) Want to see your work in our gallery? Submit now


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July 27, 2009
STATE OF NEW JERSEY, PLAINTIFF-RESPONDENT,v.CAROL MADDEN, DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.
On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Hudson County, Municipal Docket Nos. S-2005-1016, S-2005-1017, S-2006-1720, and S-2006-1721.
Submitted June 30, 2009
Before Judges Skillman and Wefing.
Defendant appeals from a trial court order entered on April 2, 2008. After reviewing the record in light of the contentions advanced on appeal, we reverse and remand for further proceedings.
We gather from the briefs of the parties that the matter which is before us has had an extensive procedural history, not all of which has been fully documented in the appendices of the parties. From the material which has been submitted to us, we piece together the following factual context.
Defendant is a tenant in an apartment building in Bayonne. Over a period of time, she became embroiled in a series of disputes with other residents of the building, and the landlord, with respect to her habit of opening windows and doors in the building's common areas during the winter months. These disputes escalated to the point that several complaints alleging harassment were filed against defendant and she, in turn, filed similar harassment complaints against certain tenants and her landlord. We do not have copies of any of these complaints.
The trial of these cross-complaints was heard in Bayonne Municipal Court in September and October 2005, and defendant was acquitted of certain of the complaints but found guilty with respect to two complaints of harassment. She was sentenced to one year on probation and assessed fines and costs. The municipal court judge found those individuals against whom defendant had filed complaints to be not guilty.
Defendant appealed her convictions to the Law Division for a trial de novo. We have not been provided with a transcript of whatever proceedings may have occurred in the Law Division but on April 27, 2006, the Law Division judge wrote the following letter to counsel:
Receipt of your letter of April 24, 2006 is hereby acknowledged.*fn1 Insofar as all parties acknowledge the record is incomplete this matter is hereby reversed and remanded to the trial court for a new trial.
The next proceeding reflected in the record before us occurred on December 6, 2006, in Bayonne Municipal Court. We infer from the transcript of those proceedings that the matter had been set down for trial that day, but we do not have a copy of any notice to the parties to that effect. Defendant appeared and requested an adjournment, stating that she no longer wished to be represented by the Bayonne public defender and had hired an attorney who was unable to appear that morning. No attorney, however, had contacted the court requesting an adjournment, and it is clear from the transcript that the matter had been adjourned on several occasions, though defendant disputed that all had been at her request. The municipal court judge denied defendant's request for any further adjournments.
After denying that request, the municipal court judge said that the matter had not been returned for a new trial but simply to fill in those portions of defendant's testimony that had not been properly recorded during the earlier proceedings. The municipal court judge noted that he had had a telephone conversation to that effect with the Superior Court judge; there is no indication that the attorneys for the parties were notified of this conversation or given an opportunity to participate. Despite defendant's protests that her conviction had been reversed and the matter remanded for a new trial, the municipal court judge insisted that she would only be allowed the opportunity to supplement her testimony. Faced with that directive, defendant refused to offer any additional testimony. The municipal court judge again found her guilty of two complaints of harassment and imposed the same penalties.
Defendant again appealed to the Law Division. On April 2, 2008, the Law Division dismissed her appeal for lack of prosecution. Defendant filed a motion with this court in June 2008 to file a notice of appeal as within time. Her motion was granted, but the order stated that her appeal was limited to a review of the order of April 2, 2008. The parties have nonetheless proceeded to address in their respective briefs the merits of the proceedings which occurred in municipal court in December 2006.
We are compelled to agree with defendant that the municipal court erred in not giving her the new trial which had been directed by the Law Division judge. When a matter is remanded for further proceedings, the court to which the matter is remanded is not free to disregard the terms of the remand. Miah v. Ahmed, 179 N.J. 511, 528 (2004); Jersey City Redev. Agency v. Mack Props. Co. #3, 280 N.J. Super. 553, 562-63 (App. Div. 1995) (noting that "[i]t is the peremptory duty of the trial court, on remand, to obey the mandate of the appellate tribunal precisely as it is written"). If the matter had been returned to reconstruct a portion of the record, the position advanced by the State in response to defendant's appeal to this court, a directive to that end would have been supplied by the Law Division judge. It was not, however. The direction was clear: the matter was reversed and remanded for a new trial.*fn2 Faced with that directive, the municipal court judge was not free to take it upon himself to limit the terms of the remand. If he felt clarification was needed, the parties should have been notified and given an opportunity to express their views on the question.
One portion of the transcript of December 6, 2006, demonstrates the need to have proceeded to a new trial, rather than a mere supplementation of the record. When the municipal court judge said he only had to rehear the portion of defendant's testimony that was not recorded, defendant noted that the testimony of Detective Neil Reynolds was also missing. To this the municipal court judge responded that his testimony was not necessary. We are unable to determine how the municipal court judge came to this conclusion. Our review of the transcripts of September and October 2005 reveal no testimony by Detective Reynolds, yet the trial court relied upon that testimony in the course of giving his oral opinion finding defendant guilty.
Defendant's second appeal to the Law Division resulted in the order of April 2, 2008, which stated that it "reimposed" the earlier sentence of the municipal court. The trial court, however, had already determined that the record created in municipal court was insufficient.
We thus reverse the order of April 2, 2008, and remand to the municipal court this matter for further proceedings. We do not retain jurisdiction.
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