text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jan 27, 1998
|Filing date
|Jun 7, 1995
|Priority date
|Jun 7, 1995
|Fee status
|Publication number
|James Zweighaft, Mark H. Moyer, Christopher Koerner
|Original Assignee
|Exabyte Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (20), Referenced by (15), Classifications (6), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of Invention
This invention pertains to operation of electric motors driven by switching power amplifiers, and in particular to noise reduction for such motors.
2. Related Art and Other Considerations
Axial gap brushless-DC motors typically comprise a magnetic disk axially separated from a set of electrically driven coils. The magnetic disk essentially lies in a plane and is connected to or otherwise forms a rotor or the like of the motor. The rotor turns as electrical signals are applied to the coils in order to influence rotation of the magnetic disk about its central axis. In particular, in order to keep the motor turning, the motors' coils must be energized or de-energized when the magnetic disk is at fixed angular positions (called commutation points) about its axis. When this occurs, one set of coils is turned on, and another set is turned off, resulting in a new set of force vectors acting on the magnetic disk.
The new force vectors act primarily to pull or push the rotor of the motor in the desired angular direction in the plane of the disk. However, the new force vectors also cause a small amount of "out of plane" movement. While the motor bearings are designed to constrain such undesirable motion, a small amount nevertheless does occur. The "out of plane" movement causes an audible noise that increases in frequency and volume with motor speed. Noise also occurs to a lesser extent in other types of electric motors, but their mechanical designs are typically less sensitive to this effect.
Axial gap brushless-DC motors produce significant acoustic noise under high speed, high load conditions. This occurs (as explained above) because the motor torque acts not only to rotate the magnet disk, but also to tilt it in an undesired direction.
All electric motors require specialized drive circuitry, of which can be divided into two broad classes, "linear" and "switching" power amplifiers. A linear power amplifier applies an essentially continuous voltage to each motor coil as long as the motor is between two commutation points. This range of motion is called the commutation interval or angle. The resulting motor current is a function of this applied voltage, coil resistance and back-emf.
In contrast, a switching power amplifier applies one of only two voltages (V- and V+), rapidly switching between the two many times during each commutation angle. The current in each motor coil responds relatively slowly to the applied voltage such that it is the percentage of time that V+ is applied (the "duty cycle") which determines the average current level in the motor. In some cases the switching frequency is high enough so that the resulting motions are beyond the range of hearing. But, unfortunately, the commutation frequency normally cannot be selected to be in a particularly desired range for avoiding acoustic noise, since the frequency of commutation depends on the motor speed and the number of commutation points per revolution. As a result, acoustic noise is prone to develop in some applications, such as for reel motors utilized in magnetic tape drives, for example.
If a motor is driven by a linear control circuit, commutation noise can be reduced by the use of snubber circuits. Snubber circuits slow the rise and fall of current in each motor coil at the commutation points. While this decreases efficiency, it also reduces acoustic noise because the transition from one coil set to another occurs more gradually.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the use of snubbers in a switching power supply is limited by the switching speed required, which in turn depends on the inductance of the motor, the maximum voltage and other factors. This limitation precludes the use of a snubber with a time constant long enough to have a significant effect on acoustic noise. Hence, another technique is required to address acoustic noise in an electric motor when it is driven by a switching type power supply.
A system and method is provided for controlling a brushless DC motor, the motor being of the type having a plurality of coils and a switching amplifier coil driving circuit including a plurality of transistors. Current application to the plurality of transistors is controlled to obtain, at a commutation point of the motor, a simultaneous rise in current applied to a first set of the transistors and a fall in current applied to a second set of the transistors. Controlling application of current to the plurality of transistors involves, for each of the transistors, generating a PWM gate drive signal by selectively switching between a nominal PWM signal and a constant signal. These sets of transistors may, and typically do, partially overlap. The selective switching is in response to a synthesized state signal, the synthesized state signal being generated to alternate variably between the two states in accordance with a desired ramping of current to the first and second sets transistors. In one embodiment, the control system is employed for a motor used to rotate a reel of a helical scan tape drive.
The foregoing and other objects, features, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following more particular description of preferred embodiments as illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which reference characters refer to the same parts throughout the various views. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention.
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a brushless DC motor control system according to an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 2 is an exploded side isometric view of axial alignment of a coil-based portion and a magnetic rotor of the brushless motor control system of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a graph showing two consecutive steps of a normal operation commutation sequence.
FIG. 4 is a graph showing two consecutive steps of a noise reduction commutation sequence in accordance with the invention.
FIGS. 5-8 are schematic views showing current flows through coils and transistors of the motor governed by the motor control system of the invention.
FIG. 9 shows a flowchart illustrating steps executed by the motor control system of the invention.
FIG. 10 is a schematic view illustrating usage of the motor control system of the invention in a helical scan tape drive.
FIG. 1 illustrates a brushless DC motor control system 110 which controls brushless DC motor 100. Brushless DC motor 100 which is controlled by control system 110 is collectively illustrated in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2. FIG. 1 shows a coil-based portion 14 of brushless DC motor 100. FIG. 2 shows an axial alignment of coil-based portion 14 with a magnetic rotor 102. FIG. 2 further shows magnetic rotor 102, particularly illustrating rotor 102 as a flat disk having eight equal pie shaped sections 102A-102H, with each section comprising a north-south magnet.
Coil-based portion 14 of motor 100 includes three stationary coils spaced 120 mechanical degrees apart, particularly coil 25, coil 26, and coil 27. First ends of each of coils 25, 26, and 27 are connected together as shown in FIG. 1.
Each coil 25, 26, and 27 has a coil driving circuit. Coil 25 has coil driving circuit 25A, coil 26 has coil driving circuit 26A, and coil 27 has coil driving circuit 27A. Each coil driving circuit has a coil interface node which is connected to a second end of the coil which it drives. In each coil driving circuit an "upper" transistor (FET) and an "upper" flyback diode are connected in parallel between +V and the coil interface node; a "lower" transistor and a "lower" flyback diode are connected in parallel between the coil interface node and ground.
As an example of the foregoing, coil driving circuit 25A has a coil interface node 25N connected to the second end of coil 25. Upper transistor 21 and upper flyback diode 23 are connected in parallel between +V and coil interface node 25N; lower transistor 22 and lower flyback diode 24 are connected in parallel between coil interface node 25N and ground. Similarly, with respect to coil driving circuit 26A, upper transistor 29 and upper flyback diode 31 are connected in parallel between +V and coil interface node 26N; lower transistor 30 and lower flyback diode 32 are connected in parallel between coil interface node 26N and ground. Likewise, with respect to coil driving circuit 27A, upper transistor 33 and upper flyback diode 36 are connected in parallel between +V and coil interface node 27N; lower transistor 34 and lower flyback diode 35 are connected in parallel between coil interface node 27N and ground.
In addition to the coils and coil driving circuit, coil-based portion 14 of motor 100 has three Hall Effect sensors 28 which sense the angular position of magnetic rotor 102. In conventional manner, Hall Effect sensors generate on Hall line 5 a three-bit signal indicative of angular position of magnetic rotor 102. Although Hall line 5 in FIG. 1 is shown generally as being connected only to coil-based portion 14 of motor 100, it should be understood that Hall line 5 is appropriately connected to the three Hall Effect sensors 28.
Motor control system 110 which controls motor 100 includes processor 1; state machine 20 (also known as the state signal generator); mode switch 6; motor tachometer 15; and, a plurality of Commutation Look-Up Table and PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) Control circuits collectively referred to as machine 8. A Commutation Look-Up-Table and PWM Control circuit is provided for each of the transistors in coil driving circuit 110, specifically transistor control circuits 821, 822, 829, 830, 833, and 834, each transistor control circuit 8 being subscripted with a corresponding number for a respective one of the transistors 21, 22, 29, 30, 33, and 34 with which it is associated.
Processor 1, which can be a microprocessor, for example, has mode select output line 2 connected to a mode select control terminal of mode switch 6 and PWM output line 10 connected to each transistor control circuit 821, 822, 829, 830, 833, and 834, in machine 8. The PWM signal carried on line 10 is known herein as a processor PWM signal or a nominal PWM signal.
Mode switch 6 is, in the illustrated embodiment, a multiplexer having a first set of input terminals connected to Hall Effect sensors 28 via Hall line 5 and a second set of input terminals connected to state machine 20 via line 4. Mode switch 6 has a mode select output line 7 connected to each transistor control circuit 821, 822, 829, 830, 833, and 834, in machine 8 as hereinafter discussed. It should be understood that mode switch 6 can take forms other than a multiplexer in other embodiments.
State machine 20, as shown in FIG. 1, comprises a serial connection of tach decoder 17; position counter 18; and Hall translation device 19. In the preferred embodiment, state machine 20 is an integrated circuit.
Tachometer 15 outputs a two-bit signal on tachometer output line 16 to state machine 20. Tach decoder 17 receives the tachometer output signal on tachometer output line 16; Hall translation device 19 generates a noise reduction input signal applied on line 4 to mode switch 6.
As indicated earlier, Commutation Look-Up Table and PWM Control Machine 8 comprises six sets of circuits 821, 822, 829, 830, 833, and 834, one circuit for each of the six transistors 21, 22, 29, 30, 33, and 34 of motor 100. Although FIG. 1 illustrates the specifics of only circuits 821 and 834 for machine 8, it should be understood that six such circuits are actually provided, each transistor control circuit 821, 822, 829, 830, 833, and 834 being connected to receive PWM output line 10. Accordingly, machine 8 outputs six PWM output signals, i.e., outputs signals on each of gate feeding lines 1321, 1322, 1329, 1330, 1333, and 1334, to gates of respective transistors 21, 22, 29, 30, 33, and 34 of motor 100.
Each of the six circuits comprising machine 8 includes a commutation table 11 and signal source select switch 12. In the illustrated embodiment, commutation table 11 is unique for each circuit in machine 8. In essence, commutation table 11 is a look-up table which, for the particular one of the motor transistors with which it is associated, uniquely determines a state of a select control signal to signal source select switch 12 based on the mode select output signal on line 7 from mode switch 6. It should be understood, however, that another embodment, information for the six commutation tables 11 can be combined into a single commutation table which is indexed so as to be referenced appropriately for each transistor.
In the illustrated embodiment, signal source select switch 12 is a multiplexer having a control terminal connected to receive its select control signal from its associated commutation table 11. For other embodiments, structure other than a mulitplexer can be employed so long as a similar function is accomplished.
Signal source select switch 12 has three sets of input terminals--a "1" input terminal; a PWM input terminal which is connected to line 10 to receive the PWM signal output by processor 1; and a "0" input terminal. Signal source select switch 12 connects its output line 13 to one of these three terminals, the connection being in accordance with the state of its select control signal from its associated commutation table 11. Thus, signal source select switch 12 can select either the PWM signal on line 10, or 0 or 1 to be applied on line 13 to the gate of its associated transistor. For purposes of this discussion, a "0" turns the transistor off (meaning no current can flow in it), while a "1" turns it on. The "PWM" signal is simply a rapid (compared to the commutation frequency) switching between 1 and 0.
As used herein, a "commutation state" refers to which transistors are on (for the duration of the commutation state), which transistors are off, and which transistors are being switched rapidly (using the PWM signal on line 10). This in turn defines which coils 25, 26, an 27 have current flowing therethrough and the polarity of that current. In the illustrated embodiment, there are six commutation states for every ninety degrees of rotation of rotor 102. In each state, current is flowing in only two of the three coils. Commutation states are associated with a particular three bit value of Hall sensors 28. The transition from one commutation state to another is called a "commutation point", and is associated with a particular angular position of rotor 102.
Between ramps of a given commutation cycle, four of the six transistors 21, 22, 29, 30, 33 and 34 will be off ("0" applied to their gate inputs) at any given time, while another transistor will be on ("1" applied to it's gate), and the last transistor will rapidly switch on and off (having a gate drive PWM signal applied on its respective line 13 to it's gate). The switching frequency of the PWM signal is understood to be much faster than the commutation frequency. As motor 100 rotates, different transistors will be turned on and off, although there will always be four transistors off, one transistor on, and one transistor will be switching (PWM'd).
Two modes of operation are discussed herein--a "normal" mode and a "noise reduction" mode. As explained in more detail below, a difference between these modes is a technique for controlling the switching of transistors being switched, and particularly for controlling the timing (i.e., inception and termination) of the switching and the duty cycle PWM signal applied to the switched transistors. As used herein, "duty cycle" is the ratio of how long a PWM signal is "1" divided by the PWM cycle time ("1" plus "0" time).
In the first mode or "normal" mode, acoustic noise reduction techniques are not implemented. In the normal mode, processor 1 applies on line 2 a signal which causes mode select switch 6 to apply consistently the Hall output values on line 5 to machine 8. Thus, in the normal or non-noise reduction mode of operation, the signal on line 7 is selected to come from the Hall sensors 28. Hall sensors 28 encode the angular position of rotor 102 to a resolution of 24 parts per revolution (15 degrees) in the preferred embodiment. In the normal mode, state machine 20 and synthesized Hall signals on line 3 are not used. As rotor 102 rotates, the values of the Hall sensor signals on Hall line 5 change, and this in turn controls which signals are applied to the transistors (21, 22, 29, 30, 33 and 34) through the action of table 11 and switch 12.
FIG. 3 shows the normal mode of operation. At the commutation points, one coil is turned off abruptly as another is turned on. As indicated previously, this sudden change can result in acoustic noise, especially in "axial gap" type motors. In the illustrated example of a three phase, eight pole brushless dc motor, commutation takes place every 15 degrees of motor rotation. The illustrated embodiment shows the transistor switching sequence of a "two quadrant" power amplifier. In this embodiment, the current in the motor is approximately proportional to the duty cycle. The voltage applied to one of the motor coils is either zero (when the PWM signal is zero) or "+V" (when the PWM signal is 1). In the preferred embodiment, "+V" is twelve volts.
In the noise reduction mode, discussed in more detail below, processor 1 selects (by changing the state of mode select line 2) the state signal on line 4 to be applied via switch 6 to machine 8. The state signal on line 4 is derived by state machine 20 using position tachometer information on line 16. The angular resolution of the tach signal on line 16 must be much greater than that of the Hall sensors 28. In the preferred embodiment, there are 2880 distinct angular positions per motor revolution resolved by tachometer 15 compared to only 24 resolved by Hall sensors 28.
Thus, reviewing the two modes of operation, the position of the switches 12 in each of the circuits comprising machine 8 depends on how its associated commutation table 11 responds to the value of the signal on line 7. In accordance with the value of the mode select signal applied on line 2 from processor 1 to mode select switch 6, the value on line 7 may come either from the magnetic Hall position sensors 28 in motor 100 (in the normal mode) or be a state value applied on line 4 from state machine 20 (in the noise reduction mode). In essence, the state value applied on line 4 is a "synthesized" signal which is derived from the tach sensor 15 via machine 20.
Turning now in more detail to the noise reduction mode of operation, attention is directed to FIG. 4 as graphically showing two consecutive steps of a noise reduction commutation sequence. FIG. 4 shows how control system 110 of the invention controls the average duty cycle applied (on an appropriate one of lines 13) to each coil. Before motor 100 rotates to the normal commutation point, the transistor gate PWM signal applied on line 1330 to transistor 30 (transistor Qb2) is switched between "0" and the PWM signal on line 10. Such switching is effected by signal source select switch 12, in response to its select control signal as output from its associated table 11, which in turn is based on the value of synthesized Hall signal on line 4 as applied on line 7 via switch 6.
Since the processor or nominal PWM signal on line 10 is also changing between 0 and 1, it is important that the switching action of signal source select switch 12 be slower than that of the processor PWM signal on line 10. The resulting gate drive signal on line 13 will therefore consist of at least one on/off pwm cycle, followed by some time at 0. The motor current is reduced to the extent that the gate drive signal on line 13 spends more time at 0 than at 1. This results in a reduced average duty cycle being applied on line 13, and consequently a reduced average current in that coil.
The processor PWM signal on line 10 can have any duty cycle from 0 to 100%, but is chosen to be constant in the illustrated embodiment. However, due to the action of signal source select switch 12, the average duty cycle of the gate drive signal on line 13 is changing.
FIG. 4 shows that the gate drive PWM signal output on line 13 spends some time at a maximum duty cycle. This maximum can be anything between 0 and 100%, and the time spent at the maximum can as short as desired in order to tune the system to the characteristics of motor 100.
As motor 100 rotates closer to a commutation point, the gate drive signal on line 13 spends increasingly more time connected to a zero than it does connected to the processor or nominal PWM signal on line 10 (which is itself rapidly switching between zero and one). The current in coil 26 is therefore ramped down. At the same time, the current in coil 27 is ramped up by a similar action. The result is an overlap of current flow in coils 26 and 27 which greatly reduces acoustic noise. By contrast, in the prior art, there is no overlap and one coil is always off.
FIGS. 5-8 show which transistors are turned on (indicated by a "1" next to their gate input) and off ("0") as motor 100 commutates from coils 25-26 to coils 25-27. Note that only one of the upper transistors 21 is on, while lower transistors 30 and 34 are on at various times depending on the value of the PWM signal and the duty cycle ramp. In FIG. 5, transistors 21 and 30 are turned on and current flows though them and through coils 25 and 26. Even before the duty cycle ramp begins, the PWM signal applied to transistor 30 switches on and off. FIG. 6 shows (in broken lines) where the current flows when PWM=0 through the "flyback" diode 31 (due to an effect called "inductive kick"), but still from transistor 21 to coils 25 and 26.
Current builds up and decays in the coils at a much slower rate than the PWM switching action. In FIG. 5, the current in both coils 25 and 26 is increasing while in FIG. 6 it is decaying. By allowing more time (greater duty cycle) for current to build up than for it to decay, the average current level increases. Conversely, if the duty cycle is decreased, the average current level drops because it has more time to decay than it has to increase.
FIGS. 7 and 8 show the same sequence of events for current flow in coils 25 and 27, which corresponds to the next commutation state. The lower transistor 34 is switched on and off and the current flows alternately in transistor 34 and diode 36, but always in upper transistor 21 and coils 25 and 27. The other four transistors (i.e., transistors 22, 29, 30, and 33) are all off.
FIGS. 5-8 thus correspond to what happens when the "Average PWM duty cycle" of FIG. 5 has reached its maximum. It is this average PWM duty cycle that is the gate drive PWM signal applied on line 13. During the ramp, motor 100 and its power transistors are switched between commutation states to achieve an overlap in the current flow.
As the ramp begins (see FIG. 5), commutation step 1 directs the gate drive (average) PWM signal exclusively to transistor 30. The gate drive to transistor 30 (on line 1330) switches between 0 and 1 and the current flows alternately in transistor 30 and flyback diode 31. Then the gate drive (average) PWM signal begins to be reduced to transistor 30 by occasionally applying zero (on line 1330 via signal source select switch 12) instead of the nominal PWM signal. At the same time, controller 110 occasionally applies the nominal PWM signal to transistor 30.
Thus, in the noise reduction mode of operation, there are three duty cycles to consider: the duty cycle of the nominal or processor PWM applied on line 10 (which is fixed in the illustrated embodiment); the duty cycle of the synthesized Hall signal applied on line 4 from state machine 20 to machine 8; and, the duty cycle of the resulting gate drive PWM or "average" duty cycle applied on line 13.
During the overlap (shown for example in FIG. 4), both coils 26 and 27 conduct current at the same time as if commutation steps 1 and 2 were mixed together. Since coil 25 remains on, all three coils 25, 26, and 27 conduct simultaneously for a period of time. At the end of the ramp the gate drive PWM signal is being applied exclusively to transistor 34 while transistor 30 if turned off.
FIG. 9 shows a flow diagram useful for summarizing operation of motor control system 110. At step 900, processor 1 determines whether it has been programmed to be in the normal mode or the noise reduction mode. If the normal mode has been selected, steps 902 and 904 are executed. If the noise reduction mode has been selected, steps 906-911 are executed.
In the normal mode, at step 902 processor 1 applies its mode select signal on line 2 to mode select switch 6 so that actual Hall signals from Hall sensors 28 (from line 5) are applied on line 7 to the six circuits comprising machine 8. The changing of state of the actual Hall signals every 15 degrees of rotation of rotor 102 accordingly causes each table 11 to change its commutation state every 15 degrees in the manner illustrated in FIG. 3. In the normal mode of operation, the synthesized Hall signals generated by state machine 20 are not utilized.
In the noise reduction mode, at step 906 processor 1 applies a signal on mode select line 2 so that mode select switch 6 transmits the synthesized Hall state signal on line 4 for use as the signal to be applied on line 4 to the six circuits in machine 8. The synthesized Hall state signal on line 4 can alternate between two digital values, a first of the digital values being known as the "old" state and a second of the digital values being known as the "new" state. As indicated below, the Hall equivalent translator 19 controls switching of the value on line 4 between the old and new states.
As indicated by step 907, state machine 20, particularly Hall equivalent translator 19, has been programmed or downloaded (e.g., on line 3 from processor 1) with various synthesizing input parameters. These synthesizing input parameters include a ramp starting point input parameter, a ramp slope input parameter, and a ramp termination input parameter. In accordance with other operating considerations such as motor speed, and in the manner described below, Hall equivalent translator 19 uses the synthesizing input parameters to determine a ramp starting differential, a ramp termination differential, and timing of state changes of the synthesized Hall signal applied on line 4 in order to affect the desired ramping technique as shown in FIG. 4. The ramp starting point and ramp termination point are in terms of angular position of rotor 102, and the differentials are in terms of degrees (e.g., both differentials being shown as the same "X" degrees in the particular embodiment shown in FIG. 4 and FIG. 9). FIG. 4 shows how the ramp starting differential and the ramp termination differential are utilized to ascertain an exemplary ramp starting point RSP and ramp termination point RTP.
Step 908 reflects monitoring by state machine 20 of the tach signal on line 16 from tachometer 15. Decoder 17 constantly decodes the tach signal on line 16, so that position counter 18 can determine at any moment the rotational position of rotor 102. Step 908 shows the tach count being read, and comparison of the thusly known rotational position of rotor 102 with the commutation points. Then, as indicated at step 909, Hall equivalent translator 19 determines if the current rotational position of the rotor 102 is within the ramp starting differential of the commutation point (i.e., if the ramp starting point RSP has been reached). If the ramp starting point has been reached, step 910 is executed. Otherwise, as indicated by step 911, the value of the synthesized Hall signal on line 3 is maintained at a constant, since no ramping is then to occur and only one set of transistors is energized (i.e., current flows in two of the three coils).
At step 910, Hall equivalent translator 9 causes the signal on line 4 to alternate between its "old" and "new" states. Upon reaching a ramp starting point RSP, the signal on line 4 initially spends most of its time in the old state, but increasingly more time is spent in the new state (as indicated by the ramping up in FIG. 4) until the signal reflects only the new state. The signal on line 4 will not be steady with the new state until "X" degrees after the commutation point.
It should be understood that while the synthesized signal on line 4 is being interpreted by machine 8 to ramp up one transistor (e.g., interpreted by transistor control circuit 834 to ramp up transistor Qc2=transistor 34 in FIG. 4), the same signal is being interpreted by machine 8 to ramp down another transistor (e.g., interpreted by transistor control circuit 830 to ramp down transistor Qb2=transistor 30 in FIG. 4).
Similarly understood from FIG. 9, a similar positional monitoring technique is utilized so that Hall equivalent translator 19 knows when to start ramping down, e.g., to start spending increasingly more time in the old state than the new state.
Thus, restated differently, in the noise reduction mode, state machine 20 constantly monitors the position of motor 100 as indicated by the tachometer signal 16. This position is compared to the known commutation points and a programmable value "X" which represents the starting point of the ramp, located some number of degrees before the nominal commutation points. A second programmable value represents the slope of the ramp. A third programmable value can be used to adjust the phase of the ramp, relative to motor angular position.
If the motor position is more than "X" degrees from the nominal commutation point, say between 3 and 12 degrees position (with the nominal commutation points at 15, 30, 45 . . . degrees), the synthesized hall signal on line 4 and the nominal hall signals are the same. The six outputs of machine 8 likewise are static (except in the sense that the gate drive PWM signal is switching between 0 and 1, but it is applied to the same one or two transitors during this time).
At 12 degrees of position, a commutation state ramp begins: the value of the signal on line 4 is switched between the old state (used exclusively between 3 and 12 degrees) and the new state (which will be the exclusive state between positions 18 to 27 degrees). At first, the mix is mostly old with a little new, but as motor 100 rotates further, the mix is changed to include more of the new state and less of the old until, at position 18 degrees, the mix is 100% new state. The rate at which machine 20 switches between these two states is slower than the PWM frequency, but much faster than the time between nominal commutation points.
For maximum flexibilty, the input parameters are programmable, e.g., the starting position of the ramp, the slope, and perhaps the phase (so the ramp might start and end early or late).
It will be understood by the man skilled in the art, in connection with conventional commutation table construction, how to prepare commutation tables 11 of machine 8 in order to implement the invention as described herein.
In one embodiment, illustrated in FIG. 10, motor control system 110 as described herein as application in a helical scan magnetic tape drive 120, particularly for controlling operation of reel motors such as a take up reel 126. FIG. 10 shows a capstanless a helical scan recording system or drive. FIG. 10 illustrates generally with reference numeral 120 a tape path. In particular, FIG. 10 shows a magnetic tape 122 (such as an 8 mm magnetic tape, for example) having a first end wound around a supply reel 124 and a second end wound around a take-up reel 126. The path traversed by tape 122 is defined at least in part by a series of tape guides 128A-128G and a rotating scanner or drum 130. Tape guides 128 and drum 130 are ultimately mounted on a deck floor. In all operations excepting a rewind operation, tape 122 travels from supply reel 124 to take-up reel 126 in the direction depicted by arrow 131.
As shown in FIG. 10, drum 130 has read heads R1 and R2 as well as write heads W1 and W2 mounted on the circumference thereof. Drum 130 rotates in the direction depicted by arrow 132. In addition, drum 130 has a servo head S mounted circumferentially thereon. As drum 130 rotates, at any moment a portion of its circumference is in contact with travelling tape. During a recording or write operation, write heads W1 and W2 are periodically positioned to record "stripes" or "tracks" as heads W1 and W2 move in a direction of head travel across tape 122. FIG. 10 also shows a tensioning arm 144.
Details regarding the positioning of the heads W1, W2, R1, R2 and S, as well as the particular track recording scheme achieved by drum 130, are disclosed in United States Patent Application Ser. No. 08/150,726 (filed Nov. 12, 1993) of Georgis and Zweighaft entitled "Method And Apparatus For Controlling Media Linear Speed In A Helical Scan Recorder" (incorporated herein by reference).
Take-up reel 126 includes a geared take-up motor 100. The motor control system 10 of the present invention is utilized, in the embodiment of FIG. 10, to control take-up reel motor 100 in the manner aforedescribed.
Application of motor control system 110 to a helical scan magnetic tape drive can be understood in further detail by reference, for example, to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/150,730 entitled CAPSTANLESS HELICAL DRIVE SYSTEM; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/150,731 entitled HIGH PERFORMANCE POWER AMPLIFIER; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/150,727 entitled POWER-OFF MOTOR DECELERATION CONTROL SYSTEM, all of which are incorporated herein by reference. In such embodiment, the ramp starting point RSP and ramp termination point RTP as shown in FIG. 4 may be equidistant between commutation points (e.g., 7 degrees before and after a commutation point, respectively).
Advantageously, motor control circuit 110 of the present invention digitally emulates the effect of a snubber. According to the invention, the gate drive duty cycle of the applied voltage is ramped down with respect to a nominal gate drive value to some chosen minimum value corresponding to one of the commutation points. As the commutation point is passed, the gate drive duty cycle is ramped back up to the nominal gate drive value and held there until the next commutation point approaches. This process is repeated at every commutation point. Because the motor current is controlled by the gate drive duty cycle, it will be minimized at the commutation points where one set of coils are energized while a second set are de-energized. This greatly reduces the abruptness of the coil changeover that is the primary cause of acoustic noise, resulting in nearly silent operation.
It is thus possible to overlap the rise and fall of current in some subset of the coils as the motor passes through a commutation point. In this case the coil changeover does not occur all at once at some angular position, but rather occurs gradually over some finite distance. This technique results in improved noise reduction.
While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to the preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various alterations in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, it should be understood that the nominal PWM signal applied on line 10 can be generated by means other than a processor, as is conventionally known. Moreover, rather than having an essentially constant processor or nominal PWM value applied on line 10, the PWM value on line 10 can be varied in accordance with desired average torque in the motor. Further, while the embodiment described herein corresponds to a "2 quadrant" switching scheme, it should be understood that the invention applies equally well to other schemes, such as "4 quadrant" switching.
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|Pulse width modulation control apparatus and method
|Jul 2, 1991
|Sep 27, 1994
|Alliedsignal, Inc.
|Digital motor controller
|Mar 26, 1993
|Dec 27, 1994
|General Electric Company
|Motor controls, refrigeration systems and methods of motor operation and control
|May 14, 1993
|Jan 17, 1995
|Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba
|Electric waveform generating circuit for brushless motor
|Nov 12, 1993
|Jun 20, 1995
|Exabyte Corporation
|Power-off motor deceleration control system
|Oct 4, 1994
|Nov 14, 1995
|Fujitsu Limited
|Current supply circuit and control method for supply current in a magnetic tape apparatus
|Sep 16, 1993
|Feb 13, 1996
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Start up circuit for continuous sine-wave commutated brushless motors
|Mar 14, 1995
|Mar 5, 1996
|A. O. Smith Corporation
|Apparatus for starting a switched reluctance motor
|Mar 14, 1995
|Jun 11, 1996
|A. O. Smith Corporation
|Switched reluctance motor providing rotor position detection at low speeds without a separate rotor shaft position sensor
|Feb 7, 1995
|Jul 30, 1996
|Carrier Corporation
|BLDCM phase current reconstruction circuit
|Sep 30, 1993
|Aug 6, 1996
|Fanuc Ltd.
|Driver circuit and a driving method for a variable-reluctance motor
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Mar 20, 1998
|Apr 4, 2000
|Trw Inc.
|Electric assist steering system having an improved motor current controller with gain scheduler
|Mar 20, 1998
|Aug 22, 2000
|Trw Inc.
|Electric assist steering system having an improved motor current controller with notch filter
|Apr 12, 1999
|Feb 20, 2001
|Exabyte Corporation
|Preventing tape slack in magnetic tape drive
|Jun 4, 1999
|Jul 17, 2001
|Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
|Motor with electronic distributing configuration
|Aug 26, 1998
|Sep 4, 2001
|Exabyte Corporation
|Life/wear monitoring for magnetic tape
|Jul 12, 2000
|Jun 4, 2002
|Precision Motors Deutsche Minebea Gmbh
|Electronic commutated motor with commutation signal
|Oct 28, 1999
|Jun 22, 2004
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Tape transport servo system and method for a computer tape drive
|Oct 18, 2000
|Aug 10, 2004
|Robert Bosch Gmbh
|Method of controlling an electronically commutatable motor
|Apr 28, 2011
|Dec 2, 2014
|Regal Beloit America, Inc.
|Electrical machine, method of controlling an electrical machine, and system including an electrical machine
|Aug 20, 2002
|Feb 26, 2004
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Direction detection and count method for three channel commutation sensor
|Sep 18, 1999
|Mar 29, 2001
|Dietmar Holtgrewe
|Starting three-phase electronically commutated electric motors e.g. for machine tools, involves initiating regulated rotor movement with sinusoidal phase commutation by evaluating position sensors using offset
|Sep 18, 1999
|May 8, 2002
|Dietmar Holtgrewe
|Verfahren zum Anfahren eines dreiphasigen elektronisch kommutierten Elektromotors und elektrische Antriebsvorrichtung daf�r
|Jun 15, 1999
|Dec 22, 1999
|Delphi Technologies, Inc.
|Brushless DC motor control method to reduced commutation noise
|May 19, 2000
|Dec 13, 2000
|Robert Bosch Gmbh
|Electronically commutable motor
|Oct 18, 2000
|May 3, 2001
|Robert Bosch Gmbh
|Electronically commutable motor
|U.S. Classification
|318/7, 318/400.17, 318/364
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Sep 11, 1995
Owner name: EXABYTE CORPORATION, COLORADO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:ZWEIGHAFT, JAMES;MOYER, MARK H.;KOERNER, CHRISTOPHER;REEL/FRAME:007653/0720
Effective date: 19950905
|Jul 12, 2001
Owner name: CONGRESS FINANCIAL CORPORATION, TEXAS
Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:EXABYTE CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:012103/0800
Effective date: 20000516
|Aug 21, 2001
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jan 28, 2002
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Apr 2, 2002
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20020127


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Upset of the Century: Team Cleavage Falls to Team Modesty in Texans Cheerleaders Bout
Where is Howard Cosell when you need him?
"Down goes Team Cleavage! Down goes Team Cleavage! Down goes Team Cleavage!" It's at least as big an upset as Joe Frazier getting decked by George Foreman.
We told you earlier that many of the finalists to become a Houston Texans cheerleader clearly fell into two camps: Team Cleavage and Team Modesty.
So who did better?
Upcoming Events
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Maybe the judges were all Rick Santorum supporters outraged at the glimpse of flesh, or maybe Team Modesty were just better dancers, smarter and had more personality, or maybe everyone's a winner and it's just great to be nominated, but the scoreboard doesn't lie:
Team Modesty 5 Team Cleavage 2
Not even close.
The results by poster:
Tip for next year: Turtleneck sweaters. Long-sleeved.
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Introducing the Computrac Vapor Pro XL
August 15, 2016
Arizona Instrument LLC is proud to announce the release of the Computrac® Vapor Pro® XL – the latest in a long line of accurate, reliable and easy to use moisture analyzers.
Dymax Introduces BlueWave® MX-150™ LED Spot-Curing System
August 11, 2016
Dymax Corporation introduces the BlueWave® MX-150™ - a new smaller LED spot-curing system with unique curing flexibility.
Additive Manufacturing Technique Extends Life of Sensors
August 9, 2016
An additive manufacturing technique called Direct Metal Deposition developed by O.R. Lasertechnologie in Dieburg, Germany enables reliable protection of sensor elements by means of a hard alloy.
Lightweighting Remains Top Focus for Automakers to Meet CAFE Standards
August 8, 2016
Taking weight out of vehicles and engine efficiency programs continue to top the list of strategies for automakers as the industry looks for ways to meet 2025 Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards.
Modern Dispersions Inc. to Launch New Blue-Tone Carbon Black Masterbatches for Automotive Market at K 2016
August 5, 2016
Modern Dispersions Inc. announced the availability of blue-tone carbon black masterbatches for use in automotive interior applications.
Latest Issue
November/December 2016 sponsored by Greene Tweed- Available on Mobile Device!
In this issue:
The Continuing Evolution of Plastic Colorants & Additives
Novel Technologies in Automotive Composites
Forming the Future of Thermoforming
Thin-Wall Packaging Rises in the ASEAN
Analyzing Rapid Crack Propogation in PE Pipe
Making It Stick: Dealing with Hard-to-Coat Plastics
Digital Edition Sponsored by Greene Tweed
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Latest Blog
New Shapes for Conformal Cooling
July 12, 2016
Conformal cooling channels in injection molds have been built by additive manufacturing, or 3-D printing, developmentally since the late 1990s using successive thin layers of metal. Unlike conventional straight drilled cooling lines, conformal cooling channels curve around deep shapes in a mold, equidistant from the mold surface, which is the source of heat. They can only be built by additive manufacturing and are designed with cooling line requirements secondary only to part and parting line requirements, unlike traditional drilled cooling lines which are located where space is available late in the design process.
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Perstorp Emoltene™ 100
- World-class, innovative & flexible PVC plasticizer partner
Perstorp is one of the few fully integrated suppliers of general-purpose plasticizers in Europe. We are also a world-class producer of 2-PH C10 alcohol, an essential raw material for plasticizers. This production integration guarantees you reliability of supply and consistent plasticizer quality, whether you are interested in flexible PVC for cables, roofing membranes, flooring or coated textiles. Emoltene™ 100 - Outstanding properties that give outlasting performance This new generation plasticizer C10 is perfect for tough outdoor applications, such as cables and roofing membranes. Even in the harshest conditions Emoltene™ 100 can help your PVC products outperform and outlast your competitors products.
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text: Here's what I did, I already have a silicone case for my 1G Touch. I took two pieces of cloth and I stuffed it inside my case, I inserted my touch in and it leaves a bulge at the back, similar to what the 2G has, I find the egg-shaped back better because it contours to your palm when you hold it. So now, I have a 1G touch with an egg-shaped back, it looks EXACTLY like the back found in the 2G(except my unit is thicker, of course). I found two pieces of cloth to be sufficient, it will depend on how thick your cloth is. The only way one can tell whether it's a 1G or 2G or not is by looking at the volume buttons, because the back is replicated perfectly. If you prefer the egg-shaped backing of the iPhone 3G and iPod Touch 2G, try this!


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Share a little about the materials, processes, and techniques used to create this cake Home made Fondant & Chocolate decorations plus vanilla bean home made cupcakes. What are you most proud of? An original creation design. What advice would you give someone starting this project? Make your paper design first.
No completed Q&As yet.


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Today, the canine behaviour course I am studying released a new assignment in which I need to film myself teaching a dog a new trick. The only dog I have access to is my sister's neurotic, anxious Chihuahua who bites at any sudden noise. FML
by Anonymous / 10/12/2015 at 5:11am / United Kingdom / Animals
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The average cost for a Cylinder Head Replacement is between $3098 and $5080. Labor costs are estimated between $1205 and $2060 while parts are priced between $1893 and $3020. Estimate does not include taxes and fees.
Cylinder Head Replacement Cost for Hyundai Santa Fe
Cylinder Head Replacement Estimate (National Average)
Validated estimate range for national average.
View Estimate Details
Parts & Labor Breakdown
Labor: $1205 - $2060
Parts: $1893 - $3020
Estimate does not include taxes and fees.
Last step before receiving your estimate:


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Check Out the new Remax App
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Vacation at home in this expansive shingle-style contemporary home abutting conservation land with unparalleled bucolic and distant ocean views. A legal two-family, this property offers very separate livings spaces with endless possibilities. The main house boasts 4200 sf of living, perfect for extended family life or a multitude of in-home business options. The 20' x 16' chef's kitchen includes commercial grade Vulcan gas range, Sub Zero refrigerator/freezer, Viking wall ovens and a stunning, 12-foot custom cherry island. First floor includes separate in-law, au pair or guest suite with two bedrooms, bath & separate entrance. The second level is light and airy with a large family room, wood-burning fireplace, wet bar and dramatic views that go on forever. Master suite with recently updated bath and sleeping porch, two additional bedrooms, bath and laundry room. The adjoined 2,000 sf colonial exudes warmth and charm with 3 bedrooms, updated kitchen and central air. It's all here


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Located in Tachikawa, Keio Plaza Hotel Tama is a perfect starting point from which to explore Tokyo. Offering a variety of facilities and services, the hotel provides all you need for a good night's sleep. To be found at the hotel are free Wi-Fi in all rooms, fax machine, photocopying, 24-hour front desk, facilities for disabled guests. Comfortable guestrooms ensure a good night's sleep with some rooms featuring facilities such as humidifier, towels, carpeting, slippers, television LCD/plasma screen. To enhance guests' stay, the hotel offers recreational facilities such as massage. Keio Plaza Hotel Tama is an excellent choice from which to explore Tokyo or to simply relax and rejuvenate.
- Parking
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Keio Plaza Hotel Tama reviews
Show Keio Plaza Hotel Tama on the map
We suggest that you read Foursquare reviews about Keio Plaza Hotel Tama hotel. Usually, they can include useful information, such as: Wi-Fi prices, staff service quality, room facilities and cuisine quality.
Great location beside a shopping mall, lots of eateries too! Berlitz on the 3F ;)
- Jenny de Dios
- 2011-04-28
- 0 likes
There is a Starbucks just outside but it doesn't open until 7 am
- Ricci H.
- 2014-05-21
- 0 likes
Nice place to stay
- Mehmet Bozkırlıoğlu
- 2014-08-31
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Free WiFi at this hotel is supposed to be quite fast. The estimated speed is 8.1 Mbps as of October 23, 2014
- Hotel WiFi Test
- 2015-04-15
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There are employment laws present to protect people by both employee and the employer then work disputes won't possibly happen. This is true in some cases; however, there are many different diligently in http://clemente5196vp.firesci.com/the-first-thing-that-a-plaintiff-should-think-about-when-searching-for-employment-lawyers-is-the-experience-and-knowledge order to find the fault committed by the employer. By spreading your marketing efforts over multiple channels, you to discuss the series of events that brought you to them. One of the first things a lawyer should do is assess the situation but steadily increase your website traffic over time. In Canada the possession and trafficking of substances like drugs and other 300 days after the incident of discrimination.
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When not sitting in a classroom cracking the books, Troy Daniels earns money for school as a go-go dancer. During one of his performances, he was recruited into porn and decided to go for it! This bottom from San Francisco loves sucking dick and he has even been so bold as to play around with another dude in his college library!


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One of the biggest questions surrounding the Apple Watch is how well its value will stand the test of time. Will Apple offer some sort of upgrade program for the opulent 10K Edition model? Will the tech-laden timepiece on your wrist be obsolete in two years?
Gazelle is banking on there being a thriving market for used Apple Watches as early adopters upgrade, much like there already is for used iPhones and iPads. The company announced its new trade-in program today ahead of the Watch's April release.


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4562 Drummond Road, Niagara Falls, ON L2E 6C7
+ taxes & licensing
Meet Genevieve! Our Queen of the trucking world! Loaded with all the options you'll need including a luxurious spacious Leather Supercrew interior that only comes in the FX4+ models, stunning Alloy Wheels, ParkAssist with sensors + Upgraded Audio + Upgraded Interior & Much More! Best of all finance this stunning beauty for only $160/Biweekly!!
Welcome to The Hammer Edition of the F-150! The Hammer was a special edition vehicle that was produced directly by EastGate Ford! These trucks came loaded with every option brand new, then went directly in to their tech team and was upgraded with a lift kit, upgraded ground effects packages and much much more! If you're looking for a ferocious, loaded and equally productive Truck then look no further! Genevieve is your girl! This truck was actually maintained so well that just before we got our hands on it, the front end suspension was replaced and all new shocks, the rear end went in for its routine service and the entire vehicle got it's service consistently done by our friends over at Eastgate Ford! Therefore you've got tons of life to come in this bad boy of a truck! So if your ready to the meet the truck of your dreams, take some time and pop in! Schedule your meeting with Genevieve today!!
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I pretty much have one foot out the door right now, so I'll just leave you with these two vintage pretties I created! You could download the gorgeous vintage butterfly circles HERE and for the adorable facebook timeline cover you could download them HERE. There is even a PINK version of it!
Wishing you all a lovely day!!
God shall bless us; and all the ends of the earth shall fear him.
Psalm 67:7


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Backed by another outstanding performance by goalkeeper Dan Turple the Dundas Real McCoys were outshot 16-4 in the first period, but only gave up one goal to the Brantford Blast en route to 7-6 come from behind victory in the Brantford Community Centre last Friday.
The win vaulted the McCoys back into second place in the MLH and within three points of the league-leading Whitby Dunlops. Wednesday night (December 1) Dundas will do battle with the Dunlops in Whitby's Iroquois Arena. Game time is 8 p.m.
Friday night (December 3), they return home for a rematch with the Blast in the JL Grightmire Arena. Game time is 7:45 p.m.
"We sure find different ways to win on the road, down 5-1 half way through the game we just kept working away. When the effort is there we can be hard to play against," said Dundas General Manager Don Robertson.
"Everyone is looking forward to Friday's game with Brantford in town. We'll see if we can finally start winning some games at home."
In the middle period, Brantford outscored the McCoys 4-3, but only outshot them by two (19-17). In the final frame, the shots were virtually even, but Dundas hammered away at Brantford netminder Ryan Dickie putting four shots past him for the win.
TJ Sakaluk, Shawn Shewchuk, and Mike Amodeo scored twice each with Matt Smith adding a single goal. Shewchuk and Amodeo drew an assist each. Scott Duncan and Jordan Skinner scored twice for Brantford. Bryan Hamm and Ryan Stephenson rounded out the scoring.
It is interesting to note there were seven powerplay opportunities for both teams…but no one scored.
The Robertson Cup champions will host Brantford in Hockeyville's Grightmire Arena this Friday (December 3) and kickoff the club's annual December Food Drive. The McCoys will collect and deliver donated foodstuffs to the local Salvation Army chapter. The Real McCoys request everyone to assist in this annual incentive to help local families over the Christmas Season.
"This is a time of year when we make a special effort to try and assist in the community as much as we can. We have events planned to do this, and we look forward to support from the community as we try to make a difference," said Robertson
The month of December will also see the return of the McCoys annual Scotia Bank Teddy Bear Toss. Fans are invited to bring a stuffed toy to the rink, and throw it on the ice when the McCoys score their first goal of the game on Friday, December 17. That night the McCoys will take on the Norwood Vipers at 7:45 p.m. Santa Claus will make his annual visit to the Grightmire that night.


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It's just about the time of year where you get back to the books and long hours of studying. Although political science may be on your mind, allow us to defer you for a moment to chat about what your back to school must-cops are. And of course we will add all the sweets you'll want to store in your Shrine Sneaker Daypack.
Let's begin building your back to school wardrobe at the top. If Kanye has taught us anything in 2016, it's don't be afraid to layer. Long-sleeved shirts, bomber jackets and pullovers have all earned a spot on your body this fall. Pair them with ripped denim for a look that will put you on an ultra light beam. Here are some of our top picks from our favorite brands:
Dickies Tops
Photo via GQ
BlVCKSCALE Tops & Denim
Photo via Black-scale
HUF Fall 2016 Collection
Photo via Instagram
Obey Outerwear
Photo via Obey
Now, let's talk sneakers. After all, you'll want to fill the shoe compartment of your daypack with a pair of sneakers that are truly you. Here are some of our top picks this season.
Asics Gel-Lyte III
Photo via Asics
Asics Gel-Lyte V
Photo via Asics
Jordan AJ Future
Photo via Footlocker
Nike Air Force 1 with Flyknit
Photo via Nike
Anything and everything with Adidas Ultra Boost Technology
Ultra Boost Uncaged
Photo via Adidas
Yeezy Boost 350
Photo via The Shoe Game


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It's kind of an unusual week here at the blog. First off, I've been traveling all week. First was a work trip, now a bit of personal time spent in upstate NY. Combine that with the launch of the latest eBook from the folks at Craft and Vision (which I touted here on the blog Wed., supplanting the regular "Wordless Wednesday"). Now, having done all that, I am playing around with one of the secrets tipped off in said eBook – the photo app called Camera+. It's a cool little app and makes your pictures pop quite a bit over the standard camera app.
I figured it'd be better to mention this now though over later, because apparently the price for the app is going to go up, and it can be had now for typical App Store rate of 99 cents! Al Smith, author of EyePhoto, mentioned a few neat tricks to using the app and I am finding even more as I play around with it. Here's some sample shots I took with my mobile and processed straight through the app itself:
Coffee Swirls
I took this shot at the hotel after downloading the app. It was my first shot, and yes, was way over-processed, but I quickly figured out how to dial things in.
Floral Wall Decoration
With the strong shadows from the wall and the intricate detail of the floral piece, this kind of shot was made for dramatic processing, and Camera+ is ideal here for a dramatic shot on the go! Processed using the Clarity option 2x in Camera+
Contemporary/Modern Chair
My folks got a new chair, and it just struck me as an interesting piece for the shape and angles. Nothing extraordinary on the processing, except that I was able to add brightness to the seat area which was not in the original shot using the Shadow option. (It's a pretty comfy chair too!)
Southern Tier Expressway
I used to drive this road before it was an Interstate back and forth between home and college, so became very familiar with the Southern Tier Expressway. I'd seen a sign earlier, and had a bit of nostalgia, so promised myself if I happened to see another one and the light was decent enough, I'd pull over and try a shot using Camera+. The sun just happened to be setting as I rounded a corner on the new "Interstate" and I saw this. Processed using the Clarity button 2x in Camera+.
If you've not bought the eBook yet, it's available over at Craft and Vision for only $4 through Sunday ($5 after that). Make sure you use the discount code: EYEPHONE4. Then, with the buck you saved on the eBook, hop over to the App Store and get Camera+ I did and am totally geeked about mobile phone photography now! Probably more mobile phone photography coming up this weekend too! 🙂
Mobile Phone-ography!
Okay, I am breaking two of my own rules today. The Wordless Wednesday one is the first that I am pulling out of order, primarily because time is limited on this news. The other reason I am breaking the rules is because this actually knocked my socks off!
Craft And Vision has released their latest eBook, called EyePhone! Normally I am particular to David DuChemins line of writing, but this time Al Smith has surpassed even his standard because this eBook was just amazing. I know this sounds gushing, but really….no joke.
So, remember when Chase Jarvis published "The Best Camera"? It was a book extolling the virtues of using your iPhone (or mobile phone for Android fans) for photos…he shared photos and basically inspired you to just make sure you are out there taking photos with any camera – as long as you have one with you. (Hence the title.)
Well, Eyephone takes this to the next level. Rather than just saying to take a camera with you, or even share photos extolling the virtues of doing so, Eyephone actually gives you explicit instructions on how to take and make better pics with your mobiel phone. Everything from camera functions, to Apps to download, and little secrets that are what I would call the "Insider Scoops" of the mobile phone photography phenomenon.
So, in typical fashion, the folks at Craft and Vision offer it at an amazing price of only $5 for nearly 50 pages of photo tips, tricks, and inspiration! As if that's not cheap enough for you, for a limited time you can save another buck through Saturday and get it for only $4! Just use discount code EYEPHONE4 to get the deal. Likewise, bundles are available too. For instance, to save the same 20% on bundle deals, use EYEPHONE20 for bundles of 5+ eBooks. Lastly, David's own lines can be had for nearly 50% off the 7 book bundle – use discount code DAVID19 there to get the series for $19 (which is normally $35!).
In case you missed the link upthread here's another one (it goes to the same landing page)… Go here, go quickly, learn, save, and then (of course), DO! I did and already am taking better camera shots!


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For the first time Australian's who chose to spend their holidays cruising has surpassed North America taking Australian to No 1 in the world for cruises per capita.
A record 833,348 Australians took a cruise last year and it is predicted to rise to one million by 2016 as more cruising ships enter Australian waters.*
As Sydney is a key departure point for many cruises, why worry about trains being delayed, traffic jams, problem of where to park the car, feeling stressed to the max before even arriving at the ship when you can stay in central Sydney in luxury apartments.
Metro Apartments Darling Harbour will be offering passengers pre and post cruise stays with a ten per cent discount on all packages and best available rates for the length of their stay. This includes a bottle of sparkling Australian wine and chocolates on arrival.
With cruises departing from the International Passenger Terminal in Circular Quay and from the White Bay terminal in Rozelle, both are just a short taxi trip from the Apartments to the terminals.
Situated in the heart of Sydney directly across from Darling Harbour, Metro Apartments Darling Harbour is an ideal location to explore some of the city before cruising.
Nearby is King Street Wharf and Cockle Bay where you can enjoy a cocktail in one of the many boutique bars, a meal in one of many harbourside restaurants to suit everyone's budget or stroll across the footbridge to try your luck at The Star Casino.
Metro Apartments Darling Harbour are priced to be affordable for mid-week and weekend getaways starting from $199.00.
A selection of 32 recently renovated loft-style one-bedroom apartments, each with a queen sized bed and sofa bed, offer all the comforts of a 'home away from home' with the convenience of a perfect city location. Each apartment is appointed with a fully-equipped kitchen, washing machine, dryer and ironing facilities, air conditioning and heating.
To make a reservation, visit www.metrohotels.com.au and enter the code CRUISE to be entitled to the 10% discount or call the toll free reservations on 1800 114 321.
View details of Cruise Sydney Accommodation Package at Metro Apartments on Darling Harbour
* Source news.com.au


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Все отели Корка 4 звезды. Для бронирования доступно около 34 отелeй.
This modern 4-star hotel lies 3 Km from the centre of Cork. It provides well appointed accommodation and has the add bonus of a health and fitness centre which features an indoor swimming pool.Забронировать
This modern 4-star hotel enjoys a peaceful riverside location, in Cork. Offering well appointed accommodation with excellent amenities, a leisure centre featuring an indoor swimming pool and complimentary guest car parking it is ideal for exploring the city.Забронировать
The Montenotte is a charming 4-star property offering comfortable accommodation and plush facilities near the centre of Cork. It boasts fantastic city views and a top leisure club with a swimming pool and gym.Забронировать
This 4-star hotel promises exquisite comfort and accommodation with exceptional views of the sea.Забронировать
This 4-star hotel is a beautifully renovated 18th century house. It enjoys a peaceful location in the leafy suburbs of Cork and boasts a luxury spa, an award wining restaurant and provides elegant accommodation.Забронировать
The family-run 4-star Castle Hotel & Leisure Centre promises great style and boutique service, in the heart of County Cork. Highlights include an indoor swimming pool and a chic bistro restaurant.Забронировать
Отели Корка по звездам


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Andrew Puzder has been an outspoken critic of some of the Obama administration's most prominent labor initiatives.
Politicians are pushing for pro-oil policies and the privatization of Native lands. Privatization is yet another way in which colonization continues.
Mark Karlin is the editor of BuzzFlash at Truthout. He served as editor and publisher of BuzzFlash for 10 years before joining Truthout in 2010. BuzzFlash has won four Project Censored Awards. Karlin writes a commentary five days a week for BuzzFlash, as well as articles (ranging from the failed "war on drugs" to reviews relating to political art) for Truthout. He also interviews authors and filmmakers whose works are featured in Truthout's Progressive Picks of the Week. Before linking with Truthout, Karlin conducted interviews with cultural figures, political progressives and innovative advocates on a weekly basis for 10 years. He authored many columns about the lies propagated to launch the Iraq War.


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- Worldwide Rank #7,667,879
- Follower/Following Ratio 0.96
- Daily New Followers 6
المـــــزة Twitter Stats
@00249122055573 - Tracking المـــــزة Twitter profile since June 2, 2014
كسي نار
المـــــزة Tweets
@00249122055573 has posted 22 tweets in the last 3 days, which translates to an average of 7.3 tweets per day.
المـــــزة Twitter Followers
@00249122055573 has 863 followers on Twitter.
This account is #7,667,879 in the worldwide rank of the most popular Twitter users.
المـــــزة Following on Twitter
@00249122055573 is following 897 Twitter accounts.
Last month this account stopped following 131 users.
المـــــزة Predictions & Milestones
@00249122055573 will hit 1,402 followers in the next 3 months, and 3,049 in one year.
You are on المـــــزة 's Twitter stats page
We track these Twitter stats since June 2, 2014 . You can see how many followers المـــــزة lost or gained and what the prediction is for tomorrow or the next 15 days, together with all kinds of other stats like rank compared to all Twitter users, tweets etc.
Why don't you give it a try and compare المـــــزة to yourself ? Or if you are المـــــزة get even more feature rich & up-to-date stats with our premium Twitter Stats.
Twitter Counter is the #1 Twitter stats site powered by Twitter. It all started in June 12, 2008 and we grew rather rapidly because of our Twitter Counter badge. The button is a nice small image that shows your visitors how many followers you have on Twitter. Within a year the button was on many many blogs around the world and we displayed more than 100 million buttons in one month. We track follower stats for over 180 million users now.


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WANTAGH - Three Jones Beach lifeguards were arrested for possession of marijuana yesterday.
Authorities say James Liegey , 41, Michael Eberhardt, 37, and Blaze C. Zellman, 24, were arrested for smoking pot in a parked vehicle in one of the parking lots.
State authorities say the lifeguards were off-duty when they were arrested.
Authorities say they've sent the marijuana to a crime lab to be weighed.
All three men have been charged with unlawful possession of marijuana.
The three men were released on tickets to appear at First District Court.


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Pakistan News : Peshawar's Commissioner Sahabzada Anis injured when fire broke out inside a flat at a residential apartment in Islamabad on Saturday.
Medical Sources told that, 95 percent body of Sahabzada Anis has been badly charred.
Dr Ayesha, spokesperson of the PIMS Hospital, confirmed that that his condition was very critical.


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Maria Wrap Necklace - Brown
$ 10.00
Flat Rate Shipping
$6 US / $10 Int'l*
for all other orders!
Don't Love It? Don't Worry!
Brown faux suede cord necklace with gold caps on ends. This wrap necklace is a staple and goes with everything. Good news... we have a shade for every outfit!
- imported


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- Genomsnittlig
- Huvudrätt: £10
- Matkostnad: £25
- Öppettider
- Monday to Sunday: 11:30 - 22:00
handmade burger Co prides itself on tasty hand-pressed burgers, made using 100% prime Scotch beef. This award-winning restaurant showcases over 40 different patties made from scratch each day, including the Jimmy's Farm range, juicy sliders and pit range burgers. handmade burger Co also serves up gluten-free options, as well as indulgent shakes and sundaes.
Sourcing 100% prime beef from Scotland, the handmade burger menu offers over 40 different patties, which are hand-pressed from scratch each day. 7oz classics include the trusty cheeseburger, or plain with HBC relish, or choose from their slowly-matured Jimmy's Farm burgers which are made using beef aged for a minimum of 21 days, and made to an exclusive recipe. Burgers can be customised with a range of dips, sides and salads, and younger diners can choose from the junior burgers range.
For dessert, enjoy handmade ice cream sundaes served single or sharer style, and freshly-whizzed thick shakes including banana & peanut butter, or butterscotch. handmade burger Co also offers a lengthy gluten-free menu for those with allergies.
Located in the Dining Terrace on the Upper Level of the fashionable Touchwood Shopping Centre which is easily reached by car. Junction 5 of the M42 is only a short distance away from Solihull town centre, providing a convenient link to the M6, M5 and M40 motorways.
handmade burger Co - Solihull
40 Upper Jubilee Walk, Touchwood, Solihull, B91 3QW
Se alla restauranger i West Midlands
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Tyvärr så kan du inte boka handmade burger Co - Solihull online via vår hemsida
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Hör om våra topperbjudanden först, och boka de bästa borden.
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Café Rouge - Solihull


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Photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collector
Photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collectors, sometimes known as hybrid PV/T systems or PVT, are systems that convert solar radiation into thermal and electrical energy.It is a combination of Photo voltaic and solar thermal systems into a hybrid form known as PVT solar collectors. These systems combine a solar cell, which converts sunlight into electricity, with a solar thermal collector, which captures the remaining energy and removes waste heat from the PV module. The capture of both electricity and heat allow these devices to have higher exergy[1] and thus be more overall energy efficient than solar photovoltaic (PV) or solar thermal alone.[2] A significant amount of research has gone into developing PVT technology since the 1970s.[3]
Various researchers have done various tests on the basis of concentration of incident rays, the collector absorbing plates, glazing materials, tube size, flow rates of fluid used, tank size and it has been found that it has the highest efficiency of operation among the other non-concentrating solar collectors such as flat plate collectors, evacuated tube collectors and having potentially more energy conversion and cost benefits. The parts of a hybrid photo voltaic thermal collector are given below:
- Glass pane
- PV cells
- Piping system
- Insulation
- Adapter
- Frame
Photovoltaic cells suffer from a drop in efficiency with the rise in temperature due to increased resistance. Such systems can be engineered to carry heat away from the PV cells thereby cooling the cells and thus improving their efficiency by lowering resistance.[4] Although this is an effective method, it causes the thermal component to under-perform compared to a solar thermal collector. Recent research showed that photovoltaic materials with low temperature coefficients such as amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) PV allow the PVT to be operated at high temperatures, creating a more symbiotic PVT system.[5][6] This advantage can be tuned by controlling the dispatch strategy of thermal annealing cycles [7] in any region of the world.[8]
System types[edit]
A number of PV/T collectors in different categories are commercially available and can be divided into the following categories:
- PV/T liquid collector
- PV/T air collector
- PV/Ta Liquid and air collector
- PV/T concentrator (CPVT)
PV/T liquid collector[edit]
The basic water-cooled design uses conductive-metal piping or plates attached to the back of a PV module. The fluid flow arrangement through the cooling element will determine which systems the panels are most suited to.
In a standard fluid based system, a working fluid, typically water, glycol or mineral oil is then piped through these pipes or plate chillers.Here water is generally used as a fluid because of its high heat capacity and excellent optical properties. The heat from the PV cells is conducted through the metal and absorbed by the working fluid (presuming that the working fluid is cooler than the operating temperature of the cells). In closed-loop systems this heat is either exhausted (to cool it), or transferred at a heat exchanger, where it flows to its application. In open-loop systems, this heat is used, or exhausted before the fluid returns to the PV cells.[9] It is also possible to disperse nanoparticles in the liquid to create a liquid filter for PV/T applications.[10][11][12] The basic advantage of this type of split configuration is that the thermal collector and the photovoltaic collector can operate at different temperatures.
PV/T concentrator (CPVT)[edit]
A concentrator system has the advantage to reduce the amount of photovoltaic (PV) cells needed, such that somewhat more expensive and efficient multi-junction photovoltaic cells can be used that will maximize the ratio of produced high-value electrical power versus lower-value thermal power. A major limitation of high-concentrator (i.e. HCPV and HCPVT) systems is that they maintain their advantage over conventional c-Si/mc-Si collectors only in regions that remain consistently free of atmospheric aerosol contaminants (e.g. light clouds, smog, etc.). Concentrator system performance is especially degraded because 1) radiation is reflected and scattered outside of the small (often less than 1°-2°) acceptance angle of the collection optics, and 2) absorption of specific components of the solar spectrum causes one or more series junctions within the MJ cells to underperfom.[13]
Concentrator systems also require reliable control systems to accurately track the sun and to protect the PV cells from damaging over-temperature conditions. Under ideal conditions, about 75% of the suns power directly incident upon such systems can be gathered as electricity and heat.
It is a revolutionary new solar technology which can concentrate the sun's radiation 2000 times and convert 80 percent of it to useful energy to generate 12 kw of electrical power and 20 kw of thermal power in a sunny day.It is made up of following main components:
1. Patented fiber based concrete which can be moulded into nearly any shape in less than four hours with mechanical characteristics similar to aluminium at one fifth the cost.
2.The inside of the parabolic dish is covered with 36 elliptic mirrors made of 0.2 mm thin recyclable plastic foil with a silver coating,slightly thicker than the wrapper chocolate bars are packaged in, which are then curved using a slight vacuum.
The mirrored surface area concentrates the sun's radiation by reflection onto several micro-channels liquids cooled receivers each populated with a dense array of multi junction photo voltaic chips - each 1*1 centimeter chip produces an electrical power upto 57 watts when operating over a typical sunny day. Hot water maintains the chip at safe operating temperatures 105 degree. For more details, see the discussion of CPVT within the article for concentrated photovoltaics.
See also[edit]
- ^ M.J.M. Pathak, P.G. Sanders, J. M. Pearce, Optimizing limited solar roof access by exergy analysis of solar thermal, photovoltaic, and hybrid photovoltaic thermal systems. In: Applied Energy, 120, pp. 115-124 (2014). doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.01.041
- ^ Ahmad Mojiri, Robert A. Taylor, Elizabeth Thomsen, Gary Rosengarten, Spectral beam splitting for efficient conversion of solar energy — A review. In: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 28, December 2013, Pages 654–663, doi:10.1016/j.rser.2013.08.026
- ^ Chow, T. T. (2010). "A review on photovoltaic/thermal hybrid solar technology". Applied Energy. 87 (2): 365–379. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.06.037.
- ^ S.A. Kalogirou, Y. Tripanagnostopoulos (30 January 2006). These systems are most often used for domestic hot water (DHW) and electricity production
- ^ Pathak, M.J.M.; Pearce, J.M.; Harrison, S.J. (2012). "Effects on amorphous silicon photovoltaic performance from high-temperature annealing pulses in photovoltaic thermal hybrid devices". Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 100: 199–203. arXiv:1203.1216. doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2012.01.015.
- ^ Pathak, M.J.M; Girotra, K.; Harrison, S.J.; Pearce, J.M. (2012). "The Effect of Hybrid Photovoltaic Thermal Device Operating Conditions on Intrinsic Layer Thickness Optimization of Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells". Solar Energy. 86: 2673–2677. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2012.06.002.
- ^ Rozario, J.; Vora, A.H.; Debnath, S.K.; Pathak, M.J.M.; Pearce, J.M. (2014). "The effects of dispatch strategy on electrical performance of amorphous silicon-based solar photovoltaic-thermal systems". Renewable Energy. 68: 459–465. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2014.02.029.
- ^ Rozario, Joseph; Pearce, Joshua M. (2015). "Optimization of annealing cycles for electric output in outdoor conditions for amorphous silicon photovoltaic–thermal systems". Applied Energy. 148: 134–141. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.03.073.
- ^ Y. Tripanagnostopoulos, M. Souliotis, R. Battisti, A. Corrado "APPLICATION ASPECTS OF HYBRID PV/T SOLAR SYSTEMS" http://www.ecn.nl/fileadmin/ecn/units/egon/pvt/pdf/ises03_lca.pdf
- ^ Taylor, R.A.; Otanicar, T.; Rosengarten, G. (2012). "Nanofluid-based optical filter optimization for PV/T systems". Light: Science & Applications. 1: e34. doi:10.1038/lsa.2012.34.
- ^ Taylor, R.A.; Otanicar, T; Herukerrupu, Y; Bremond, F; Rosengarten, G; Hawkes, E; Jiang, X.; Coulombe, S (2013). "Feasibility of nanofluid-based optical filters". Applied Optics. 52 (7): 1413–1422. doi:10.1364/AO.52.001413. PMID 23458793.
- ^ Otanicar, T.P.; Taylor, R. A.; Telang, C. (2013). "Photovoltaic/thermal system performance utilizing thin film and nanoparticle dispersion based optical filters". Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy. 5: 033124. doi:10.1063/1.4811095.
- ^ "Analysis of the spectral variations on the performance of high concentrator photovoltaic modules operating under different real climate conditions, E.F. Fernandez et.al., Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, 2014" (PDF).


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The release of iOS 7 has seemed to give a bit of fuel to the iOS theming community, with many designers releasing themes unlike any we've ever seen. One of the big reasons I think we've seen such a spike in releases is that the style of iOS 7 is different. The flat, minimalistic, UI of iOS 7 is not only inspiring in that it gives theme makers something to work off of, but it's fairly easy to design decent-looking themes under these design concepts as well.
Of the themes we've seen so far, which is your favorite? Many iFans community members have been showing us these great themes, and we've been covering many previews and releases here on the front page as well. Here are some of the highlights:
Of course, these aren't the only themes that have been made specifically with iOS 7 in mind. Other older themes that have long been popular, such as Surenix' Ayecon, have been updated for iOS 7 as well (personally I find this one interesting, because it's one of the better-looking themes that lets you backtrack to the skeuomorphism from before the release of iOS 7).
Many members of the iFans forums have been sharing their iOS 7 setups, where you'll find many other themes that look great with iOS 7 that I've neglected to mention in this post.
Overall, though, which one is your favorite? Let us know in the comments.


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Things You Will NeedNone
Step 1
The fist step is to consider your lifestyle. Are you active, exercise a lot, have time and a yard or are you very sedentary and live in an apartment or condo? Do you want a dog to go hunting, for protection, a companion for you or a pet for your children to play with?
Step 2
Next research the type of dog or other animal that best fits your lifestyle and the purpose for having a pet. If you are active, then the higher energy breeds such as Border Collies, Brittany Spaniels, Jack Russell Terriers and Labrador Retrievers might be the perfect match for you. If you are sedentary these would probably be too much for you to handle. If you want a dog for hunting, then pointers or site hounds may be perfect. Protection dogs include Rottweilers, German Shepherds, or Doberman Pinschers. Dogs that are generally good with children and other pets are Golden Retrievers, Standard Poodles, Labrador Retrievers, Labradoodles and Golden Doodles. If you suffer from allergies then a dog such as a Maltese may be appropriate. Of course, every animal has its' own personality which can differ even in the same breed. Spend time with an individual animal prior to adoption or purchase to make sure the animals' disposition fits your needs.
Step 3
Another consideration is the size of the pet and how much maintenance they require. Some breeds such as Poodles, Pekingese, Lhasa Apso and Shih Tzu, as well as long haired cats and other breeds, require frequent grooming. If you live in an apartment or condo there may be size and number of pet restrictions. Verify what breeds are acceptable and if there are any restrictions such as weight.
Step 4
Another thing to consider is if you can afford a pet. It is easy to adopt or purchase a pet but there is a lot more that goes into raising and caring for a pet. Dogs need a lot of attention, training, exercise and preventative health care. Dogs and cats get a lot of the same diseases that we get and need treatment. There are now insurance policies that are available at reasonable rates. It may pay to research the different companies and plans available. You never want to be put into a position of not being able to treat your pet's illness or injury because you can't afford it.
Step 5
Always obtain your pet from a reputable breeder or an animal shelter. There are a number of good websites available to help you decide on which type of pet or breed is the best fit for your lifestyle. Do a search for "choosing a pet" and you will be directed to a number of great sites. Your veterinarian is also a great source of information.
Being a good pet owner is more than just feeding, walking and playing with them. Your pet has only you to depend on and its health depends on your care as well as your love.


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Hit the autobahn in style
13 June 2008
If you require a full-throttle demonstration of German engineering, then the Classic Car Club will be right up your street. This club counts the great, good, rich and famous alongside other âautomotive swingersâ. Incurring the envious misery of their peers, members have the chance to drive a legion of classic, modern and very sexy cars that both amuse and enchant. Six of their favourites will be showcased alongside accompanying Glashütte Original watches at the event.
The club gives its members the keys to a fleet of the most amazing cars ever built, from Ferraris and Aston Martins to American muscle and modern racers.
In addition to a unique collection of Mercedes, BMW's and Porsches, the London fleet includes: E-Type Jaguars, '69 Mustangs and a very big, very red Bentley. In July, their new RAM Cobra will arrive which moves with the relative speed of a bat out of hell.
Your subscription buys you an allocation of points, depending on the membership package you purchase. You then simply trade these points for days in cars.


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Happy camper
Reviewed By Steven D (MATAWAN, NJ) Reviewed for a 2001 Toyota Tacoma —11/30/2016 8:29 AM
The ride on my truck was bad. One of the things I replaced was all four shocks. I had just put Kyb shocks on an old car and was impressed at the difference. So I decided to do the same for my truck! I put KYB gas-a-just on and once again I am impressed. These shocks are the best in my opinion and AUTO ANYTHING got them to me unbelievably quick. I ordered them late Tuesday night and they were on my doorstep 8:30 AM Thursday. No problems, the right parts and quick YOU GUYS ARE THE BEST!!!
Excellent Product for the Money
Reviewed By Daniel D (Fort Myers, FL) Reviewed for a 2009 Toyota Venza —11/29/2016 6:44 PM
Bought these for all 4 corners for my 2009 Toyota Tundra. I put on the highest setting and the truck is exactly level all the way around @ 38 3/4 inches from the ground to the fender... Ride quality is similar to factory, but definitely not uncomfortable. Shocks/struts definitely look of higher quality and more aggressive in person. In my opinion these are well worth the money. Don't waste your money on spacers, when you can use these with a more aggressive lift down the road...
Installed Quite Easily
Reviewed By Bret D (WEIMAR, TX) Reviewed for a 2008 Chevy HHR —11/29/2016 1:48 PM
Con: The struts were a bit scuffed, but by the way they were packaged I am surprised they weren't in worse shape. (They were just flopping around in the box, and had torn partially through the cardboard.) Only one locknut was missing, so I used one of the original nuts. Pro: The strut was a perfect fit, and the ride quality is excellent. There was a section of my country road that that I had to negotiate at 20 MPH. Now I can go 30 through that same section with ease.