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New York Court of Appeals
June 15, 2010
THE PEOPLE &C., RESPONDENT,v.JAMES DREYDEN, APPELLANT.
This opinion is uncorrected and subject to revision before publication in the New York Reports.
On the evening of June 2, 2007, a police officer stopped a van on a street corner in Brooklyn for a traffic violation. The officer recovered a knife and a ziplock bag containing marihuana from defendant James Dreyden, who was a passenger in the vehicle. Defendant was charged in a misdemeanor complaint with unlawful possession of marihuana and criminal possession of a weapon in the fourth degree. He waived his right to prosecution by information and pleaded guilty to the weapon charge, in full satisfaction of the accusatory instrument, in exchange for a sentence of time served.
Defendant then appealed his conviction, arguing that the accusatory instrument was jurisdictionally defective. Defendant pointed out that the misdemeanor complaint included no non-conclusory allegations establishing the basis of the arresting officer's belief that defendant's knife was a gravity knife as defined in the statute -- only a conclusory statement that the police officer had observed defendant in possession of a gravity knife and recovered one from him. The Appellate Term affirmed the judgment of conviction and sentence, holding that an accusatory instrument need not contain the statutory criteria for a gravity knife or state that the knife was operational, in order to satisfy jurisdictional requirements (23 Misc 3d 34).
A Judge of this Court granted leave to appeal. We now reverse.
"The factual part of a misdemeanor complaint must allege 'facts of an evidentiary character' (CPL 100.15 [3]) demonstrating 'reasonable cause' to believe the defendant committed the crime charged (CPL 100.40 [4] [b])" (People v Dumas, 68 NY2d 729, 731 [1986]). For example, where a misdemeanor complaint charges that a defendant sold marihuana, the charge must be "supported by evidentiary facts showing the basis for the conclusion that the substance sold was actually marihuana" (id. at 731). A mere "conclusory statement that a substance seized from a defendant was a particular type of controlled substance does not meet the reasonable cause requirement" (People v Kalin, 12 NY3d 225, 229 [2009]). The marihuana possession charge in defendant's accusatory instrument met this requirement. Defendant argues that the weapon charge did not.
The People contend that, by pleading guilty, defendant forfeited his right to challenge the accusatory instrument charging him with the crime to which he has admitted guilt. "A valid and sufficient accusatory instrument is a non-waivable jurisdictional prerequisite to a criminal prosecution" (People v Case, 42 NY2d 98, 99 [1977] [citation omitted]; see also People v Hansen, 95 NY2d 227, 230 [2000]). The distinction between jurisdictional and non-jurisdictional defects "is between defects implicating the integrity of the process . . . and less fundamental flaws, such as evidentiary or technical matters" (Hansen, 95 NY2d at 230).
The dissent asserts that the test for whether a flaw in an accusatory instrument is jurisdictional is whether that flaw consisted of an omission of elements of the charged crime (dissenting op at 2). We do not construe jurisdictional defects so narrowly. The test is, simply, whether the accusatory instrument failed to supply defendant with sufficient notice of the charged crime to satisfy the demands of due process and double jeopardy (see Kalin, 12 NY3d at 231-232; see also People v Casey, 95 NY2d 354, 366 [2000]). Here, the misdemeanor complaint, insofar as it described the arresting officer's conclusion that defendant had a gravity knife, failed to give any support or explanation whatsoever for the officer's belief. That violation of the "reasonable cause" requirement amounted to a jurisdictional defect.
The People argue in the alternative that the rationale for the "reasonable cause" requirement applicable to a charge alleging possession of a controlled substance -- that professional skill is required on the part of an arresting officer who identifies something as a controlled substance --does not apply to a charge alleging possession of a gravity knife. We disagree.
Not every knife is a weapon for purposes of Penal Law § 265.01 (1), which specifically outlaws possession of a gravity knife, among other weapons. The Penal Law defines a gravity knife as one with a blade that (1) "is released from the handle or sheath thereof by the force of gravity or the application of centrifugal force" and that (2) "when released, is locked in place by means of a button, spring, lever or other device" (Penal Law § 265.00 [5]). This definition distinguishes gravity knives from certain folding knives that cannot readily be opened by gravity or centrifugal force (see United States v Irizarry, 509 F Supp 2d 198, 210 [EDNY 2007]). It further "requires that the blade lock in place automatically upon its release and without further action by the user" (People v Zuniga, 303 AD2d 773, 774 [2d Dept 2003]), distinguishing a gravity knife from, for example, a "butterfly knife," which requires manual locking (see id.).
A conclusory statement that an object recovered from a defendant is a gravity knife does not alone meet the reasonable cause requirement. An arresting officer should, at the very least, explain briefly, with reference to his training and experience, how he or she formed the belief that the object observed in defendant's possession was a gravity knife. Here, the accusatory instrument contained no factual basis for the officer's conclusion that the knife was a gravity knife, as opposed to a pocket knife, craft knife or other type of knife that does not fit the definition of a per se weapon as defined in Penal Law article 265.
Accordingly, the order of the Appellate Term should be reversed, and, since defendant has already served his sentence, the misdemeanor complaint should be dismissed.
SMITH, J. (dissenting)
I do not quarrel with the majority's conclusion that the accusatory instrument was defective because it did not explain how the police officer knew that the weapon defendant possessed was a gravity knife. But I see no basis for holding that this was a jurisdictional defect -- one that can be raised on appeal even though defendant pleaded guilty without complaining about it.
It seems self-evident, and we have often held, that only the gravest flaws in a prosecution justify permitting a defendant to raise on appeal an issue he did not raise below. As we said in People v Casey (95 NY2d 354, 366 [2000]):
"From the inception of our case law on this subject, the failure to preserve has been excused for only the most fundamental procedural irregularities. . . . [I]t is only 'where "the error complained of goes to the essential validity of the proceedings conducted below" such that "the entire trial is irreparably tainted," [that] it need not be preserved to present a question of law reviewable by this Court' (People v Agramonte, 87 NY2d 765, 770 [quoting People v Patterson, 39 NY2d 288, 295-296] [emphasis supplied])."
We added in Casey: "Pleading errors involving omission of elements of the charged crime are fundamental. They impair a defendant's basic rights to fair notice sufficient to enable preparation of a defense and to prevent double jeopardy" (id.).
Thus, under Casey, the test for whether a flaw in an accusatory instrument is jurisdictional is whether that flaw consisted of an "omission of elements of the charged crime" --the sort of error that could impair the defendant's right to fair notice or create a potential double jeopardy problem. We reaffirmed this approach last year in People v Kalin (12 NY3d 225, 230 [2009]; see also People v Konieczny, 2 NY3d 569, 575 [2004]).
Here, no element of the crime with which defendant was charged was omitted from the accusatory instrument. The majority suggests that the error at issue deprived him of fair notice or put him at a risk of double jeopardy (majority op at 3-4), but it does not explain why, and I think the suggestion is clearly wrong. The accusatory instrument told defendant that he was charged with possessing a gravity knife. While more explanation might have been preferable (see Kalin, 12 NY3d at 232), the instrument as written could not have interfered with defendant's ability to prepare his defense; nor could it have prevented him from pleading either a conviction or acquittal in this case as a bar to a subsequent prosecution.
No useful purpose is served by labeling the defect in this case "jurisdictional." Today's decision merely creates one more situation in which the consequence of an essentially trivial error is magnified, and the process of prosecuting and punishing offenders is made more difficult.
Order reversed and misdemeanor complaint dismissed.
Opinion by Judge Pigott. Chief Judge Lippman and Judges Ciparick, Graffeo, Read and Jones concur. Judge Smith dissents in an opinion.
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I have so much bookmarked info I feel I need to share,here is a little ditty a'la' Cosmic Rays and Climate [
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The Knack - Time Time Time: The Complete UK singles (and more) 1965-1967 (2007)
- 21-06-2015, 19:45
- Rock | FLAC / APE
Artist: The Knack
Title Of Album: Time Time Time: The Complete UK singles (and more) 1965-1967
Year Of Release: 2007
Label: Rev-Ola
Genre: Psychedelic Rock
Quality: Lossless
Bitrate: FLAC (tracks+.cue)
Total Time: 00:42:03
Total Size: 200 Mb
WebSite: discogs.com
01. Who'll Be The Next In Line (1:58)
02. She Ain't No Good (2:14)
03. It's Love Baby (24 Hours A Day) (2:20)
04. Time Time Time (2:45)
05. Did You Ever Have To Make Up Your Mind (2:05)
06. Red Hearts (2:04)
07. Stop (3:02)
08. Younger Girl (2:48)
09. Save All My Love For Joey (2:43)
10. Take Your Love (2:17)
11. (Man From The) Marriage Guidance And Advice Bureau (3:45)
12. Dolly Catcher Man (2:54)
13. Lights On The Wall (2:47)
14. Back In The USA (3:01)
15. Bring It On Home To Me (2:35)
16. That's My Desire (2:43)
Taking their name from Richard Lester's swinging London classic The Knack and How to Get It and their sound from the Kinks, the Knack captured a certain vibe from mid-'60s Britain -- which isn't quite the same thing as making an impact at the time. One of the charms of the Knack is that they were so of their time that they don't quite transcend their time, yet they evoke it, which is why Time Time Time: The Complete UK Singles (And More) 1965-1967 is enjoyable even if it isn't quite memorable. What's striking is indeed how much they sound like the Kinks circa Something Else; unlike the equally Kinks-obsessed Turquoise, who delved deeply into The Village Green, there aren't many signs of wry whimsy here -- there's nothing but lean, hard-hitting, hooky pop. Which isn't to say that the Knack only reworked the driving rock & roll of "Who'll Be the Next in Line?," the Ray Davies song they covered and which opens this collection. They could branch out, as on the terrific "Time Time Time," which glides along on swirling guitars and harmonies, a piece of pure '60s pop that still can thrill. They rarely reached this height, but they did nice covers of the Lovin' Spoonful (both "Did You Ever Have to Make Up Your Mind?," which they pumped up with fuzz-toned guitar, and "Younger Girl"); "Save All My Love for Joey" is a pretty nice slice of soft, string-laced pop; "Take Your Love" is bright, crystalline pop; "(Man from The) Marriage Guidance and Advice Bureau" plays as if the Hollies tried to write a Dylan song instead of just singing them; and Paul Gurvitz's pair of originals, "Dolly Catcher Man" and "Lights on the Wall," are very good, propulsive British psychedelic pop, suggesting the potential of Gurvitz as a songwriter. These moments are a little fleeting on Time Time Time, as they're surrounded by perfectly fine but mildly forgettable period pieces, but they're the reason for '60s collectors to check out this likable band.
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Jan 2, 1968
|Filing date
|Mar 29, 1965
|Priority date
|Mar 29, 1965
|Publication number
|William K Mathews
|Original Assignee
|William K. Mathews
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (11), Referenced by (7), Classifications (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
Jan, 2, 1968 w. K. MATHEWS 3 OVERRUNNING CLUTCH Filed March 29, 1965 2 Shets-Sheet 1 BY 5 8 3/ ATTORNEYS Jan. 2, 1968 w. K. MATHEWS OVERRUNNIN'G CLUTCH 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed March 29, 1965 I INVENTOR. WILL/AM .K. MA mzwsi TAM! w A TTQRNEYS United States Patent 3,361,237 OVERRUNNING CLUTCH William K. Mathews, 7301 Mission Road, Prairie Village, Kans. 66208 Filed Mar. 29, 1965, Ser. No. 443,493 11 Claims. (Cl. 192-45) ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE A one-way clutch has wedging assemblies between inner and outer raceways, each comprising a roll and a cooperating rolloid, the rolloid having an outer convex surface engaging one raceway and an inner concave surface substantially corresponding with the curvature of the roll and rotatably receiving a portion of the roll therein, the roll engaging the other raceway. Various types of biasing structures maintain the assemblies in raceway engagement, including a garter member, variously anchored helical tension and compression springs and magnetic members.
This invention relates to one-way or overrunning clutches which include a series of wedging members arranged between concentric cylindrical raceways, land more particularly, to improved clutches of this type which exhibit long life and smooth operation under severe operating conditions.
Several variations of one-way or overrunning clutches are known although all exhibit disadvantages, under certain operating conditions. For example, several overrunning clutches in common use have wedging members which are caused to rub or slide at high speed against a moving surface during overrunning so as to produce rapid and excessive wear on limited contact areas. This is particularly objectionable where centrifugal force adds to the wearing pressure or where abrasive materials in the environment unavoidably gain entrance to the operating parts. In absence of extremely fine tolerances, many existing clutches do not engage all the wedging members uniformly, tending to overload certain of the wedging members, promoting early failure. Other common disadvantages of prior art overrunning clutches include: erratic operation due to wear, excessive delay in taking up load, early failure of cages and springs due to fatigue or wear, raceway crushing or spalling due to load being applied at the same location at each engagement, particularly in cyclic or ratcheting operations, complex design, and the requirement of very thick raceway members to maintain precise roundness needed for correct operation. Further, with some types of existing clutches it is not possible to use a full pack of wedging elements thus making it difficult to produce clutches of small size for high load capacity.
The principal objects of the present invention are: to provide a one-way or overrunning clutch structure wherein rapid wear due to high speed sliding on a limited contact area is eliminated; to provide such structure which offers smooth and rapid load pickup and release; to provide such a clutch configuration wherein the wedging members uniformly assume their respective shares of the load at constantly changing points on both inner and outer raceways; to provide an overrunning clutch which does not require a high degree of tolerance in manufacture;
to provide an overrunning clutch wedge assembly which may be used with or without retainers or cages; to provide such a clutch structure which may be designed to contain a full pack of wedging elements for maximum load capacity with minimum size; to provide such a clutch assembly wherein cages or bias members are not subject to excessive wearing contact or fatigue; to provide an improved biasing arrangement in overrunning clutches which utilizes magnetic forces; to provide a one-way clutch wherein thinner raceway members may be used since substantial raceway distortion may be tolerated; to provide overrunning clutch wedge assemblies which permit adaptation for unusual applications such as centrifugal force control of clutch engagement; and to provide such a torque reacting device which is relatively simple in construction, susceptible to economical manufacturing techniques, and reliable and long lived in use.
Other objects and advantages of this invention will become apparent from the following description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings wherein are set forth by way of illustration and example certain embodiments of this invention.
FIG. 1 is a transverse cross'sectional view of a clutch embodying this invention with a portion broken away showing details of a cage and bias spring arrangement.
FIG. 2 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view through the clutch of FIG. 1 showing additional details of construction.
FIG. 3 is a transverse cross-sectional fragmentary view through a portion of the clutch of FIG. 1, on an enlarged scale, showing a single wedge assembly in operational position.
FIG. 4 is a fragmentary cross-sectional view of a modified form of this invention showing the use of garter springs and saddles for biasing the wedge assemblies.
FIG. 5 is a longitudinal fragmentary cross-sectional view showing further details of the embodiment of FIG. 4.
FIG. 6 is a fragmentary cross-sectional view of a further modified form of this invention showing the use of magnets to bias the wedge assemblies.
FIG. 7 is a fragmentary transverse cross-sectional view of a still further modified form of this invention showing the use of compression springs without retainers for biasing the wedge assemblies and adapted for inner raceway driving operation.
FIG. 8 is a fragmentary transverse cross-sectional view of a modified form of this invention similar to FIG. 7 but adapted for outer raceway driving operation.
FIG. 9 is a fragmentary transverse cross-sectional view of an additional modified form of this inveniton having a full complement or pack of wedge assemblies and a bias spring arrangement with one spring and anchored to the retainer.
Referring to the drawings in more detail:
The reference numeral 1 generally indicates a one-way clutch embodying this invention. The clutch 1 has an inner race 2 receiving a drive shaft 3 rotatably fixed therein by means of a suitable key 4. The clutch 1 includes an outer race 5 forming an outer cylindrical raceway 6 spaced concentrically radially outwardly from an inner cylindrical raceway 7 formed by the inner race 2. The clutch 1 includes a series of wedge assemblies 8 which are preferably equally circumferentially spaced apart between the raceways and adapted to rotatably lock the raceways with respect to each other by Wedging action when the raceways are urged in one relative rotational direction, as indicated by the arrow 9, and permit free relative movement of the raceways in the opposite relative rotational direction, as indicated by the arrow 10.
Referring particularly to FIG. 3, the wedge assemblies 8 are each comprised of a roll 11 and a rolloid 12. The roll 11 is of cylindrical shape with a diameter less than the radial distance between the raceways 6 and 7 and is adapted to engage the inner raceway along an axially extending circumferentially movable line of contact 13. The rolloid 12 in this example comprises a sector of an eccentric hollow cylinder having spaced apart inner and outer walls 14 and 15 and spaced apart first and second end portions 16 and 17 joining the walls 14 and 15 at the terminations or ends thereof. The inner wall 14 has an inside or concave cylindrical curvature about a radial center 18 substantially coincident with the radial center of the respective roll 11 and rotatably receiving a portion 19 of the roll therein. The rolloid outer wall 15 has an outside or convex cylindrical curvature less than the curvature of the inner wall 14 and on a radial center 20 displaced from the center 18 to a position whereupon the rolloid presents a minimum radial thickness between the inner and outer walls 14 and 15 which gradually continuously increases from the first end portion 16 to the second end portion 1.7. The rolloid radial thickness at 16, when added to the diameter of the roll 11, presents a dimension 18 which is slightly less than the radial raceway separation 21. The rolloid radial distance at 17, however, when added to the diameter of the roll 11, presents a dimension 22 which is slightly greater than the radial raceway separation 21. Thus, the rolloid outer wall 15 is proportioned to contact the raceway 6 upon a line of contact 23 located between the end portions 16 and 17.
With the above described configuration, the wedge assembly 8 has two degrees of freedom for wedging and releasing between the raceways 6 and 7, that is, the rolloid 12 may rotate either about the line of contact 13 as a pivot point or the roll radial center 18.
In the example of FIG. 3, the inner raceway 7 is the overrunning raceway and moves in the relative direction illustrated by the arrow 24, the driving raceway being the outer raceway 6 moving in the relative direction illustrated by the arrow 25. During overrunning, as noted further below, relative movement between the wedge assemblies 8 and the raceways primarily occurs between the roll 11 and inner raceway 7 rather than between the rolloid outer wall 15 and outer raceway 6, avoiding spot wear at the line of contact 23. The minor relative motion which occurs at the line of contact 23 is insufiicient to cause significant wear but will normally produce new wedging positions on the outer raceway 6 to minimize fatigue spalling and crushing. The relative motion between the inner raceway '7 and roll 11 induces a rolling which may or may not produce a surface or peripheral speed of the roll 11 equal to the speed of the inner raceway 7. Regardless of achieving full peripheral speed or partially sliding, however, the rolling of the roll 11 continuously exposes new surface on the roll to the inner raceway 7 thus eliminating spot wear at the line of contact 13.
Rotation of the roll 11, whether caused by complete rolling or a combination of rolling and sliding against the inner raceway 7, produces a sliding relative motion of the roll surface against the inner wall 14 of the rolloid. This sliding relative motion, however, occurs between large matched surfaces and thus cannot produce spot wear. Further, compressive forces at the junction between the roll and rolloid are reduced to a comparatively low unit value reducing the tendency to wear and any minor wear which does occur will not alter the proper cooperative relationship between the roll and rolloid.
In order to maintain the wedge assemblies 8 in position for rapid load takeup, biasing members may be provided so that contact is maintained at all times with both raceways. In the embodiment of FIGURES 1, 2 and 3, the respective wedge assemblies 8 are circumferentially spaced a substantial distance apart between the respective raceways. The rolls 11 each have a stub shaft 26 extending coaxially outwardly from the respective side or end faces 27 thereof and the rolloids 12 each have a stub shaft 28 extending outwardly from the respective side or end faces 29 thereof a greater distance than the roll stub shafts 26. The shafts 28 on each rolloid are coaxially aligned with each other, extend normally outwardly, and are positioned adjacent the smaller or first end portion 16 of the rolloid for a reason noted below.
A pair of circular cages or retainers 30 are of a size permitting rotation between the raceways 6 and 7 and are respectively located adjacent the opposite side or end faces of the rolls and rolloids forming the wedge assemblies 8, FIG. 2. The retainers 30 each have an inner wall 31 facing the respective roll and rolloid end faces, the wall 31 having a plurality of circumferentially spaced apart bores 32 extending normally therein and positioned for rotatably receiving the respective roll shafts 26. It is noted that the retainers 30 are U shaped and have an outer wall 33 with bores 32' aligned with the bores 32, however, in this example, the former merely render the retainers symmetrical to reduce assembly costs and the number of different parts.
The inner and outer walls of the retainer 30 have aligned circumferentially spaced apart cut-out portions or notches 34 therein respectively adjacent each of the bores 32 and 32' and adapted to loosely receive the respective rolloid shafts 28 therethrough. The cut-out portions or notches 34 are located with respect to the bores 32 so that the rolloid shafts 28 are relatively close to a rear wall 35 of the cut-out portion or notch, preventing the shaft 28 from moving rearwardly beyond a predetermined position. Although contact between the rear wall 35 and shafts 28 does not occur under normal operation, if unusual forces or a malfunction should cause the rolloid to rotate to the point of contact between the shafts 28 and rear wall 35, further rotation is thereby prevented which otherwise may result in the rolloid moving to a position where it contacts and rubs against the inner raceway 7.
The retainers 30 form an open circular groove 36 traversed by the respective rolloid stub shafts 28. The roll stub shafts 26 terminate at the inner surface of the wall 31. Resilient tension springs 37 have opposite ends thereof connected between adjacent rolloid shafts 28 whereby each rolloid shaft carries two spring ends. The respective springs 37, being under tension between adjacent shafts 28, produce a resultant force vector illustrated by the arrow 38, FIG. 3, directed toward the axial center 39 of the clutch. Since, in this example, the rolloid shafts 28 are located near or adjacent the first end portion 16, the force vector illustrated by the arrow 38 passes forwardly of the respective roll radial center 18 and the line of contact 13 producing a force couple which tends to rotate the respective rolloid 12 clockwise as illustrated in FIG. 3. This induces a light contact or bias force between the rolloid outer wall 15 and the outer raceway 6 at the line of contact 23. Thus the springs 37 cooperate with the wedge assembly structure in a manner whereby the rolloid 12 may remain substantially stationary with respect to the outer raceway 6 by slip rat the inner wall 14, and yet light wedge assembly contact is produced against both the inner and outer raceways at all times during overrun whereupon the clutch is constantly in readiness for immediate engagement when the direction of relative race rotation is reversed. Further, there is virtually no oscillating or flexing of the springs 37 during clutch operation, greatly increasing potential spring life.
Although the complete clutch assemby may take many forms, a typical form is illustrated in FIG. 2 wherein the inner race 2 has opposed outwardly facing radial shoulders 40 against which abut suitable bearings 41. Although the bearings 41, in the illustrated example, are sleeve bearings, it is to be' understood that ball bearings, roller hearings or the like may be used instead and in different locations without departing from the scope of this invention. Opposed outer fittings 42 are assembled with the outer race 5 by means of cap screws 43. The bearings 41 are pressed into the fittings 42 and slide against the inner race 2 for maintaining the outer race concentric and longitudinally fixed with respect to the inner race. Suitable grease or oil seals 44 are pressed into the fittings 42 and slidably bear against the inner race to maintain a lubricant within the cavity containing the bearings, retainers, and wedge assemblies.
In operation, it has been found that wear due to sliding of spot or limited contact areas at high speeds is virtually eliminated and the respective wedge assemblies cooper-ate whereupon each assumes a substantially equal portion of the load during driving engagement. The number required and the particular dimensions of the rolloid and roll for optimum performance and life, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art, is largely dictated by the coefiicient of friction between the relatively moving surfaces, taking the type of lubricant used into consideration, and the magnitude and type of load to be transmitted. As noted above, the respective rolls 11 are quite free during overrunning t-o revolve or roll about their axes in response to any urging from the raceway 7 and thereby slide against the respective rolloid inner wall 14. During wedging, two degrees of freedom are permitted so that wedging may be accomplished by a relative rotation of the rolloid on the roll, a rotation of the rolloid and roll as a unit about the line of contact 13, or a combination of the two. This freedom permits each wedge assembly in the clutch to assume during locking a substantially equal share of the load by providing each with a more uniform start and an ability to more rapidly and independently achieve an optimum position relative to the races. For example, even if rolling of a roll on the race is inhibited, the rolloid may still rotate on the roll to initiate wedging.
It is to be understood that during wedging the balance of forces between the respective roll and rolloid and confining races quickly eliminate rotation of the rolloid about the roll and rolling of the roll on the inner race whereupon the races become locked for driving. However, when the relative rotational direction between the raceways is reversed the subsequent lowering of pressure between the respective roll and rolloid again allows relative movement between the roll and rolloid to come into play, whereupon the two degrees of freedom produce rapid and uniform clutch release, even if rolling of the roll is inhibited. It is noted that the described structure is relatively immune to dimensional variations in the respective parts and to distortion caused by temperature variations and/or high loads. Unlike many of the prior art clutches, the bias springs 37 are not subject to direct wear caused by high speed sliding contact.
In order to facilitate assembly of the clutch it may be desirable to use a continuous garter spring within each retainer rather than a series of separate bias springs 37. Referring to FIGS. 4 and 5, the use of a garter spring 45 is illustrated; A pulley or saddle 46 is mounted on each of the rolloid stub shafts 47 within the retainers 48 whereupon the tension exerted by the garter spring 45 exerts a force toward the clutch axis, as described in connection with FIG. 3. It is noted that the pulleys or saddles 46, if desired, may be rotatably mounted on the shafts 47. Also, the pulleys or saddles 46 may be varied in weight so as to produce varying centrifugal force reactions on the wedge assemblies under conditions wherein the clutch has rotational speeds even though the relative movement between the races is small. Such force reactions, in the proper configuration, may be used to 6. prevent clutch engagement except during predetermined speed conditions.
If desired, bias springs may be eliminated and the function thereof replaced by magnetic attraction or repulsion. Referring to FIG. 6 a magnetic block 49 is secured to each of the rolloid shafts 50 within the groove 51 of the respective retainer 52. Fixed in the groove 51 spaced from each of the magnetic blocks 49 is a magnetic block 53 having a polarity position which repels the block 49, it being understood that the retainer 52 and, if necessary, other parts are formed of non-magnetic material. Thus, a gentle force is continuously applied to the rolloid 54, urging it against the inner raceway 55. For illustration, in this configuration the components are positioned so that the relative directions of drive and overrun are reversed from that of FIG. 3. Thus, the rolloids contact the inner raceway rather than the outer raceway.
Referring to FIGS. 7 and 8, there are illustrated modified clutches embodying this invention having a different form of spring biasing and a greater number of wedge assemblies than that of FIG. 1. The embodiment of FIG. 7 is adapted for inner race driving and the embodiment of FIG. 8 is adapted for outer race driving. No retainer rings are required and each rolloid 56 has a blind bore 57 extending into the outer wall 58 thereof adjacent the first or smaller end portion 59. The rolloids 56 also have a blind bore 60 extending into the second or larger end portion 61 thereof and aligned with the outer wall bore 57 of the adjacent rolloid. A helical compression or bias spring 62 has opposite ends thereof engaged in each set of aligned bores 57 and an. The resultant compressive force urges each of the rolloid outer walls against one raceway and the rolloid inner walls against the respective roll 63 urging same against the other raceway to bias the wedge assembly. The operation of the embodiments shown in FIGS. 7 and 8 is similar to that described above in connection with the embodiment of FIGS. 1 and 3.
For certain applications it is necessary that the clutch be small and yet have a large load capacity. Under these conditions it is desirable to include as many wedging elements as possible between the inner and outer raceways. Referring to FIG. 9, this embodiment has a full complement or pack of wedge assemblies 64 adapted for outer race driving. The rolloids 65 of the assemblies 64 are shortened in circumferential dimension so as to subtend a clutch sector angle 66 no larger than the respective rolls 67. Space 68 between adjacent rolloids is limited to that required to permit clutch operation and to compensate for any wear and distortion which might occur. Although other biasing arrangement may be used, in this embodiment the retainers 69 have circumferentially spaced pins 70 secured therein and anchoring one end of a tension spring 71, the other end of the spring being anchored to a rolloid shaft 72 extending through a retainer cut-out portion 73. Roll stub shafts 74 extend into circumferentially spaced apart retainer bores 75 as in the embodiment shown in FIG. 2. The tension exerted by the spring 71 produces a force couple as described above in connection with the embodiment of FIG. 3 to bias the respective wedge assemblies. It is noted, however, that each spring 71 is inde pendent of adjacent springs in producing the respective biasing couple.
Although certain forms of this invention have been illustrated and described, it is not to be limited thereto except insofar as such limitations are included in the following claims.
What I claim and desire to secure by Letters Patent is:
1. A wedge assembly for a one-way clutch having radially spaced apart inner and outer concentric raceways, said assembly being adapted to selectively rotatably lock said raceways with respect to each other by the wedging action of a plurality of said assemblies circumferentially positioned between said raceways, said assembly comprismg:
(a) a roll having a diameter less than the radial distance between said raceways and a curved surface adapted to engage one of said raceways, and
(b) a rolloid forming a sector having spaced apart inner and outer walls and spaced apart first and sec- 3 Springs each having opposite ends connected to adjacent rolloid shafts. 6. The clutch as set forth in claim 2 wherein: (a) said bits means comprises a saddle associated with end end portions joining said walls, 5 each of said rolloids, and
(c) said inner wall having a concave curvature substan- (b) a garter spring engaging said saddles.
tially corresponding with said roll curved surface and '7. The clutch as set forth in claim 4 wherein: rotatably receiving a portion of said roll therein, said (a) said bias means comprises a magnetic member rolloid outer wall having a convex curvature and secured with respect 0t said rolloids, and being adapted to engage the other of said raceways, (b) a magnetic member secured with respect to said ((1) said rolloid having a minimum thickness between retainers and respectively adjacent said first named said inner and outer walls which increases between magnetic member, said first end portion and said second end portion, (c) said first and second named magnetic members besaid rolloid thickness when added to said roll diaming positioned with respect to each other whereby eter being slightly less than the radial distance bethe magnetic field therebetween urges said rolls and tween said raceways nearer said first end portion and rolloids into said raceway engagement. slightly greater than the radial distance between said 3. Th clutch a set forth in claim 4 wherein: raceways nearer said second end portion, (a) said retainer wall has circumferentially spaced (e) whereby said assembly has two degrees of freedom apart cut-out portions therein respectively adjacent for wedging between said raceways. each of said bores and loosely receiving said respec- 2. A one-way clutch having radially spaced apart inner tive rolloid shafts therethrough, said cut-out portions and outer concentric raceways and a plurality of circumforming stops to prevent the rotation of said rolloids ferentially positioned wedging assemblies between said on said rolls past predetermined positions. raceways, 9. The clutch as set forth in claim 4 wherein:
(a) said wedging assemblies each comprising a roll (a) said bias means comprises a plurality of tension and a rolloid, springs each having one end connected to one of said (b) said roll being of cylindrical shape and having an rolloid shafts, and
outside surface with a diameter less than the radial (b) said retainers have a plurality of circumferentially distance between said raceways and adapted to enspaced anchor members thereon and displaced from gage one of said raceways, said rolloid shafts,
(c) said rolloid forming a sec or having spac d par (0) the other end of said tension springs being anchored inner and outer walls and spaced apart first and secto aid an hor members. 0nd and Pofiions joining Said Walls, Said inner wall 10. The clutch as set forth in claim 2 wherein: having a concave curvature substantially correspondaid olloid each have a bore extending into said ing with said roll surface and rotatably receiving a Outer wall thereof adjacent said first end portion, portion of said roll therein, said rolloid outer Wall id lloid e h have a, bor extending into said having a convex Curvature and adapted to engage the second end portion thereof, said last named bore other of said raceways, being aligned with the first named bore of the adja- (d) said rolloid having a minimum thickness between t ll id, d
said inner and outer walls which increases from said (b) id bi means comprises a h li l compression first end Portion Said Second end P Said spring having opposite ends thereof engaged in each rolloid thickness when added to said roll diameter respective t f aligned bore wher by the force being slightly less than the radial distance between t d on id bli b aid springs urges aid Said raceways adjacent Said first 611d Portion and rolls and rolloids into said raceway engagement. slightly greater than the radial distance between said 5 11 A one way clutch having inner and uter radially raceways adjacent Said second end P and spaced apart concentric cylindrical raceways and a plubias means adapted urge Said T0115 and rolloids rality of wedging assemblies circumferentially positioned into engagement with said respective raceways. b t id raceways,
Th C ut h a t forth in claim 2 wherein! (a) said wedging assemblies each comprising a roll (a) said bias means comprises a resilient tensile garter d a n id member Surrounding Said inner IaceWay and $11!- (b) said roll being of cylindrical shape with a diameter founded y said Outer rElcfiway and p y less than the radial distance between said raceways @3611 of Said rolloidsand adapted to engage one of said raceways along a The Clutch as Sflt forth in Claim 2 wherein: common axially extending circumferentially movable (a) said rolls each have oppositely facing sides and a 5 li f t t,
Shaft extending CoaXiany Outwardly respectively (c) said rolloid comprising a sector of an eccentric therefrom, hollow cylinder, said sector having spaced apart (b) said rolloids each have oppositely facing sides and inner and outer walls and spaced apart first and a Shaft @Xtending outwardly respectively therefrom, second end portions joining said walls, said inner (c) a pair of circular retainers for maintaining said 0 wall having an inside cylindrical curvature about a assemblies in Circumfemntiany Spaced apart 1131a" radial center substantially coincident with the radial ti l, Said retainers being located in pp Iela'tiol'l center of said roll and rotatably receiving a portion adjacent said respec ive roll nd r l i said of said roll therein, said rolloid outer wall having retainers each haying a Wall facing Said sp ctive an outside curvature less than said inside curvature roll and rolloid sides and having a plurality of cirand on a radial center displaced from said first named cumferentially spaced apart bores therein for rotatcenter whereupon said rolloid presents a minimum ably receiving said respective roll shafts, said rolloid thickness between said inner and outer walls which shafts being movable in the plane of said walls with gradually in r a e continuously fro aid fi t d respect to said retainers, portion to said second end portion,
(d) said bias means cooperating with said rolloid shafts (d) said rolloid thickness when added to the diameter and producing force couples with the respective rolls of said roll being slightly less than the radial distance for urging said rolls and rolloids into said raceway between said raceways adjacent said first end portion engagement. and slightly greater than the radial distance between 5. The clutch as set forth in claim 4 wherein: said raceways adjacent said second end portion,
(a) said bias means comprises a plurality of tension (e) said rolloid outer wall being adapted to contact 9 10 the other of said raceways, and means for resiliently 3,017,964 1/ 1962 Von Thuengen 192-45 urging said roll and rolloid into engagement with 3,119,480 1/ 1964 Fuchs 19244 said respective raceways. 3,231,212 1/ 1966 Blake 192- 15 References Cited 5 FOREIGN PATENTS 436,967 2/1912 France. UNITED STATES PATENTS 841,721 7/1960 Great Britain. 1,927,060 9/1933 Ballard 19245 2,322,608 6/1943 Webster 19245 FRED C. MATTER'N, JR., Primary Examiner. 2,624,435 1/ 1953 Stephenson 192-45 2,684,139 7/1954 Lewis M 19245 10 DAVID J. WILLIAMOWSKY, Exammer. 2,685,944 8/1954 Faucher et a1. 192-45 C. I. HUSAR, Assistant Examiner. 2,762,479 9/1956 Ullery 192-45
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Apr 1, 1932
|Sep 19, 1933
|United Shoe Machinery Corp
|Roller clutch
|Jul 19, 1941
|Jun 22, 1943
|Bendix Aviat Corp
|Engine starting mechanism
|Jan 10, 1950
|Jan 6, 1953
|Gen Electric
|Hysteretic overrunning clutch
|Apr 14, 1950
|Jul 20, 1954
|Electric Auto Lite Co
|Overrunning clutch
|Oct 9, 1950
|Aug 10, 1954
|James Herman Reiss
|Ball-bearing brake
|Feb 14, 1952
|Sep 11, 1956
|Fred E Ullery
|One-way clutches
|Nov 26, 1956
|Jan 23, 1962
|Zahnradfabrik Friedrichshafen
|One-way brake or clutch mechanism, particularly for free wheeling devices and anti-rollback devices
|Apr 13, 1961
|Jan 28, 1964
|Airborne Accessories Corp
|Bi-directional, no-back transmissions
|Aug 8, 1963
|Jan 25, 1966
|Arthur T Blake
|Self-locking core chucks
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jul 10, 1986
|Jul 19, 1988
|Dana Corporation
|Split thrust/retainer ring for an overrunning clutch
|Jun 2, 2003
|May 2, 2006
|Yutaka Giken Co., Ltd.
|One-way clutch
|Oct 10, 2007
|Feb 14, 2012
|Holland Ronald A
|Electric vehicle drive system
|Jun 2, 2003
|Jul 22, 2004
|Naoto Sato
|One-way clutch
|Oct 10, 2007
|May 22, 2008
|Holland Ronald A
|Electric vehicle drive system
|Jul 3, 1987
|Jan 14, 1988
|Dana Corp
|Haltering, insbesondere fuer freilaufkupplung
|Aug 4, 2005
|Feb 15, 2007
|Beck, Frank
|Clamp roller body free-wheel with base parts arranged between outer and inner rings moving in free-wheel direction relative to one another has clamping path lift, overload functions and reverse free-wheel direction for shaft and hub
|U.S. Classification
|192/45.2, 192/45.18
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


text:
They don't call Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader the "Notorious RBG" for nothing. Ginsburg, in an interview with Yahoo's Katie Couric, did not mince words when weighing in on several hot topics in the news, including the protests of the national anthem by San Francisco quarterback Colin Kaepernick and other NFL players that have followed his lead. With more and more football players across the country refusing to stand for the national anthem before games, Justice Ginsburg called the protest "dumb and disrespectful."
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Ginsburg is no stranger to controversy. This summer, she walked back comments she had made calling Donald Trump a "faker" and criticizing his ego. Trump, in turn, had tweeted out that Ginsburg should resign because "her mind is shot." When asked about one of Trump's signature proposals — banning Muslims from entering the country, Ginsburg declined to answer.
The question you ask is a question that could come before this court. I can't answer a hypothetical question when it may turn into a real question. I can't preview my decision.Ruth Bader Ginsburg


text:
Say hello to perfected curls with the ego Professional Ego Twist Curling Iron. Boasting an ergonomic design for a comfortable hold, this four bobbled iron is infused with unique HW2 technology sourced from the mountainous pine forests of Korea, with tourmaline infused mineral plates for a frizz free, glossy finish.
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Psychsource is a listing of many kinds of low cost and free services across the State.
Georgia Crisis and Access Line- information on immediate access
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Georgia Mental Health Consumer Network (Provides information on Respite Center and Wrap Around Services
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Mental Health Resource Directory
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12/9/2016Continuing Education Committee Meeting
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Social Learning, Complexity and the Enterprise
Learning and Working on the Web
Corporations that understand the value of knowledge sharing, teamwork, informal learning and joint problem solving are investing heavily in collaboration technology and are reaping the early rewards. ~ Jay Cross. Why is social learning important for today's enterprise? Our relationship with knowledge is changing as our work becomes more intangible and complex. Social learning.
Don't Control Knowledge, Let the Base Free
Nick Leffler
Hopefully dropping some knowledge on the knowledge-base will open the flood gates. There's been a few times when a knowledge base has popped up in my world lately, from where I put things in a closed internal environment to being available to the public. I'm writing specifically about an internal knowledge base for employees to put some context around what you read here, not the public knowledge base which is another animal. What role do you need in the knowledge base? Don't control knowledge.
How to Use Enterprise Social Networks to On-Board New Employees
As more evidence piles up linking employee engagement to performance, organizations need to take the entire on-boarding process much more seriously. One important way organizations can do this is to help new people "adjust" or "socialize" into the new organization. Organizational socialization goes back a long way, and includes fundamentals like helping new employees with role clarity, confidence in their ability to perform the work, social acceptance, and knowledge of how to navigate the organization. For example: 1.
SCORM and xAPI LMS in a Learning Culture
The Peformance Improvement
A learning management system (LMS) is considered to be a necessary tool in most complex organizations today, especially those industries, like nuclear energy, airlines, and healthcare, where monitoring compliance with government-imposed training requirements is essential. And more importantly, an LMS does not tell us the impact of that learning on the organization.
Workplace Learning in a World "Beyond Automation"
Certain skills will become fundamental to thriving in future organizations. Given that the culture of an organization will also play a crucial role in whether employees are enabled and empowered to think and act autonomously, that is a complex topic related to reinventing organizations and their underlying structures. An organization's culture can impact mindset.
Three Principles for Net Work
Learning and Working on the Web
For knowledge workers, there is diminishing value in standardized work, as it will be either automated or outsourced over time. Standardized work usually falls into simple or complicated knowledge domains. For each of these domains, jobs can be standardized and training can be designed based on accepted practices. In an organization, narration can take many forms. Tweet.
To BYOD or not to BYOD at work? That is the question
Learning at work happens all the time in this knowledge-based economy, and it's not always between office walls. If at first there were big enterprises like SAP, IBM, or Cisco , and mid-sized companies that adopted BYOD, soon more and more companies — of all shapes and sizes —followed through and allowed employees to bring their own devices at work. Why is that? Go BYOD!
Coherent communities
Learning and Working on the Web
Jay Cross has initiated an online conversation about the Coherent Organization/Enterprise: At the Internet Time Alliance, we're big fans of narrating our work. We're each teasing out the meaning of what we call the Coherent Organization with models. Let me narrate my work so far. I am interested in the role of communities of practice in knowledge sharing. Here is my logic: Sharing complex knowledge requires strong social ties, but only working with our peers may blind us to outside ideas. Coherent communities from Harold Jarche. Communities InternetTime
my pkm story
Learning and Working on the Web
It has been over 10 years that I have examined, practiced, and developed models for personal knowledge management/mastery. Creativity, learning or desire to help others cannot be controlled, so knowledge workers need to be intrinsically motivated to deliver quality results. Taking responsibility for own work and learning is a challenge for knowledge workers as well.
books in perpetual beta
Learning and Working on the Web
This new ebook is part of the continuing journey to understand how individuals and organizations can manage fundamental changes in networked society, business, and education. It questions the status quo of how organizations are structured in order to get work done. Today, knowledge-based work is replacing manufacturing and information processing jobs. PKM Tips.
On the brink with mobile– what learning executives say
Allison Rossett
My point then was that mobile offers immense potential for learning and support but that it is not yet making much of a difference in the enterprise. Their focus is on results for their organizations and high quality experiences for their people. This Mobile is not yet center stage in their enterprise learning. Not yet, but soon, is how I would characterize the responses from leaders in organizations as different as Amway and Ingersoll Rand. For example, we recently shifted to IPAD based instruction for most of our Leadership Development Center courses.
Network Era Skills
Learning and Working on the Web
The duty of being transparent in our work and sharing our knowledge rests with all workers, including management. Only people can enable knowledge, trust and credibility to flow within and between markets and companies. Business in the network era is connecting companies to their markets through knowledge workers having conversations in communities and social networks.
Workplace Learning in a World "Beyond Automation"
ID Reflections
Certain skills will become fundamental to thriving in future organizations. Given that the culture of an organization will also play a crucial role in whether employees are enabled and empowered to think and act autonomously, that is a complex topic related to reinventing organizations and their underlying structures. An organization's culture can impact mindset.
learning and the future of work
Learning and Working on the Web
The last personal knowledge mastery in 40 days online workshop for 2015 started this week. Both complex and creative work require greater implicit knowledge. Implicit knowledge, unlike explicit knowledge, is difficult to codify and standardize. Implicit knowledge is best developed through conversations and social relationships. It is also difficult to transfer.
The Evolving Social Organization
Learning and Working on the Web
Simplicity and the Enterprise. Innovation abounds in the early stages and knowledge capitalization is aided by a common vision of the business. As organizations grow, the original simplicity gets harder to maintain. Current management wisdom – based on Robin Dunbar's research ; the size of military units through history; and the work of management experts such as Tom Peters – considers the ideal size of an organization to be around 150 people. Complexity and the new Enterprise. Knowledge-Based View. Learning Organization.
Aligned principles for an open, networked society
Learning and Working on the Web
The boundaries of organizations are becoming more fluid and open, with the best ideas often coming from outside. Open communication to stakeholders is no longer optional, as organizations become naked. Knowledge and intelligence is power, so as they are distributed, we gain freedom. Power in knowledge-based organizations must be distributed in order to nurture trust.
PKM: the basic unit of social business
Learning and Working on the Web
The main benefits for networked organizations do not lie in the outcome from teams, but in individual knowledge acquisition, in the ability to connect with the right people and to access the right information at the right time. The basic unit of social business technology is personal knowledge management, not collaborative workspaces. Teams are for sports, not knowledge work.
Knowledge sharing paradox revisited
Learning and Working on the Web
The knowledge sharing paradox is that enterprise social tools can constrain what they are supposed to enhance. People will freely share their knowledge if they remain in control of it because knowledge is a very personal thing. Knowledge workers care about what they need to get work done, but do they care about the organizational knowledge base?
The Seek > Sense > Share Framework
Learning and Working on the Web
Simple standards facilitated with a light touch, enables knowledge workers to capture, interpret and share their knowledge. Personal knowledge management is a set of processes, individually constructed, to help each of us make sense of our world and work more effectively. Merely being well-read is not enough to be knowledgeable, as possibly first noted by Socrates.
Investing in Social and Informal Learning Klass Capital Acquires Controlling Stake in Docebo
Training Industry
The private equity firm made its first investment in the company in February of this year; the initial $3 million in growth equity was raised by Docebo to accelerate the growth of its Software as a Service (SaaS) enterprise e-learning platform. Claudio Erba, president and CEO of Docebo, echoed this sentiment, saying, "Organizations are beginning to understand that collaboration and informal learning are more effective than formal training methods." According to Docebo, while the model is not new, "organizations are just now beginning to apply it to their e-learning strategies."
Ensuring knowledge flow through narration
Learning and Working on the Web
Work narration already happens outside the organization, and it's time to bring it inside. As with knowledge artisans , many learners now own their knowledge-sharing networks. Organizations can do the same. Narration is turning one's tacit knowledge — what you know — into explicit knowledge — what you can share. Narration helps everyone get smarter.
A Conversation with Bryan Austin of mLevel
Kapp Notes
We discussed the evolution of the mLevel game-based learning platform and how it has helped a number of companies increase the effectiveness of learning in their organizations. Our client list includes 16 Fortune 100 companies and several dozen more Fortune 500 organizations. Acquire and anchor the knowledge (repetition and recall of the knowledge). A.G.E.S.
eLearning Conferences 2013
Tony Karrer
link] or https://www.acteonline.org/ November 30-December 1, 2012 Cyberspace, 10 th conference, organized by Masaryk University and the European Academy of Law and ICT , Brno, Czech Republic. link] December 3-14, 2012 Open Content Licensing for Educators (#OCL4Ed), organized by the OER Foundation, offered online. Clayton R. You can contact him at: crwr77 [@] gmail.com. Do Different.
College Completion Matters
The Peformance Improvement
Managers who cannot read and write at college level or don't understand the math needed in automated, computer-driven, 21 st century companies will not be successful and, worse, will be a detriment to their organizations. Businesses need schools and colleges to help more people complete a post-secondary education with the basic knowledge and skills for the modern workplace.
Back to Basics: How to Add a User Manually
DigitalChalk eLearning
There are a couple of ways to manually add users to your DigitalChalk organization. If you have a Business or Enterprise account you will have access to this feature. This feature is ideal for organizations that need to add a large number of users at the same time. Another option is to add users one by one – this feature is available to every organization. Don't forget to check out our knowledge base if you have other questions, or feel free to contact our support team at 877-321-2451 opt. 2 and email@example.com.
Partner stories: an interview with CLICK&LEARN, our Austrian partner
company which was founded in 1998 and based in Linz, Austria, CLICK&LEARN is known within the EU for its innovative methods in implementing knowledge-based training programs and learning solutions with state-of-the-art technology. eFront: Please tell us a little about your organization. eFront: How did eFront address CLICK&LEARN'S business objectives?
Working Smarter in Social Business
Jay Cross
Smart organizations will get good at it. Organizations must provide the scaffolding that focuses on discovery, practice, sharing, and reinforcement. Organizations that lack a clear understanding of their learning architectures are doomed to descend into an aimless world of social noise and meaningless chit-chat. Continuous improvement. This is a game changer. What it takes.
PKM in 2013
Learning and Working on the Web
"The basic unit of social business technology is personal knowledge management, not collaborative workspaces." Personal knowledge management (PKM) is a set of processes, individually constructed, to help each of us make sense of our world and work more effectively. " Knowledge. Gaining knowledge is much messier than that. " - Thierry de Baillon.
Back to Basics: How to Create an Offering
DigitalChalk eLearning
You will be able to setup the following information when creating your offering: Details : Title, Allow Students to Retake, Max Students, Enable comments (the comments feature will only be visible to Business and Enterprise accounts). Registration : Here you will determine how student's will pay for the course, either by using funds from your organization's account balance to cover the delivery fee, or what price the student will be charged to register for the course. If an organization is Business or Enterprise they will see a 'Catalog' section at the bottom of this tab.
Should You Replace Classroom with Online Training?
First, as organizations become more dispersed, classroom training becomes a larger challenge as employees work in offices (and at home) all over the world. As with many things, just understanding something is not enough of a knowledge base to apply it. Online training is growing in popularity for a variety of reasons. For some, the answer is yes. It's boring. Try this.
10 Social Media Tools For Learning
The eLearning Coach
Podcasts are a great medium for distributing an organization's content and expertise because they can be played on hand held devices and computers. This flexibility and ease of use could encourage impromptu learning events and meetings that can be set up in a moments notice, increasing the informal learning opportunities within and outside an organization. Audacity. Dimdim.
1st update on 10 Tools Challenge 2013
Jane Hart
Educational & Enterprise. Organizers. 44- Livebinders 80- Symbaloo 90 - MentorMob. 11. File synchronization & cloud storage. 6- Dropbox 98- Windows Skydrive. 3 – For those who would like some help with using these tools, I'm putting together a collection of continuously updated (ad-free) online Quick Guides in the 100 Tools Knowledge Base.
The 2020 Workforce and the LMS Disconnect
Dawn of Learning
Based on insights from her book , the podcast looks at trends and predictions about what the workforce will look like in 2020. This means that over half an organization's workforce will have been hyper-connected since birth. However, before Jeanne's hopeful predictions of the highly agile and fluid 2020 workforce connected by mobile social networks can come to fruition, the dependence on the enterprise LMS and the old modes of training delivery needs to be broken. In most organizations, the need for training happens on the job, at a moment of need.
Using MOOCs in Corporate Training Programs
Your Training Edge
Many organizations offer prepackaged MOOCs, and this is a very good option for workplace skills, professional development, and other parts of a training program that don't require company-specific content. ALISON is a MOOC provider that specializes in workplace skills and professional development, offering courses in business and enterprise skills, financial and economic literacy, digital literacy and IT, and even personal development and soft skills. Bryant is a entrepreneur, trainer, and strategic training adviser for many organizations. According to Brian D.


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SamsungHow to Jailbreak / Unlock Windows Phone 7 (Omnia 7) with ChevronWP7 Unlocker Step by step Guide. Read more ... » Wave II in India Samsung S8530 – Samsung Wave 2 Launched in India
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- The Samsung Wave II features Quicktype by T9 which provides a faster and easier way to input text than standard texting
- Samsung Wave II's advanced Social Hub feature integrates all contact information from SNS, IM and e-mail allowing the users to track information and view history of activities with their peer group.
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- WAVE II, Samsung's mobile phone offering 15 hours of talk time on 2G network and 8 hours of talk time on 3G.
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Price Samsung Wave II —
WAVE II, Samsung's mobile phone offering the price range between Rs. 8800/- to Rs. 20,900/-.


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You want your lawn to grow green and lush. But, you don't want anything else to grow with it. One common lecher of your lawn's nutrition is fungus. Fungus is an indicator of poor lawn health. Don't let it destroy your lawn. How Mold And Mushrooms Infiltrate A Lawn Mold, mushrooms and other fungi grow in places that are dark and damp. They are common on lawns in areas that are shaded and too heavily watered. Watering your lawn too much can do just as much damage as not watering it enough. If you see an area of your lawn with mushrooms, water that area less. Also look out for fairy rings. Fairy rings happen when fungus grows in a circular shape on your lawn. In the beginning, it will look like a circle of healthy grass, which is greener than the grass around it. This is the beginnings of a fungal infestation. How To Prevent Fungus The best way to prevent fungus is to water your lawn properly. It is best to water your lawn in the morning, before it gets too hot. Watering at night leads to low evaporation. The water sits on top of the lawn, inviting fungus to grow. At the beginning of spring and the end of autumn, apply fungus preventer. It can be purchased from a hardware store or local nursery. This will kill fungus before it even starts to grow. How To Get Rid Of Existing Offenders If you notice that mold or mushrooms have already started growing on...Learn More
When it comes to the paint on the interior of your home, it can sometimes be fun to get creative with it. While white walls generally look nice and clean, they can sometimes be a bit boring. If you want to liven up your home, and add some personality, adding different colors and designs is an excellent way to achieve this. This article will talk about some creative paint ideas for the interior of your home. Stripes Stripes not only allow you to add multiple colors to the same room, but they also add a whole new element of design as well. To paint stripes on your walls, you will first need to determine if you want your strips to go in a vertical or a horizontal direction. You can then carefully measure the wall, so that the stripes are all spaced evenly apart. Next you will place tape over the areas that you marked on the wall, and you can begin painting. It may take a few coats to get the color thick enough, but once you are done painting, you can then carefully remove the tape and see your handy work. Stencils Stencils are another great way to add some creativity and color to a room. Stencils come in all different shapes and sizes, and you can basically create almost anything with them. To use the stencils, you will simply need to tape them onto the wall where you would like them, and then you paint directly...Learn More
When you step into an elevator do you ever wonder if it has been properly maintained? Most people don't hesitate to step inside and ride with confidence. They proceed to get off at their level without being concerned with getting trapped inside or being injured by the elevator. Why? Elevators have become the vertical highways of big cities. People in New York City alone, make more than 30 million trips on elevators in a single day. With that kind of traffic, businesses can't afford to grind to a halt over faulty elevators. If your elevator is exhibiting any of the following signs, contact an elevator repair technician to fix the problem right away. 1. The doors malfunction. Elevator doors are supposed to open and close rationally. The elevator doors should remain open or open back up when someone walks inside or obstructs the door with their hand or foot. The elevator should not move while the doors are still open. If the doors aren't closing properly or are opening several times before finally closing for no apparent reason, there could be a problem with the door's sensors. In May of 2014, an elevator at the Washington Monument trapped 18 people inside and forced another 60 people to walk down 500 feet of stairs. Often there are warning signs, and even the elevator at the Washington Monument had been malfunctioning multiple times prior to the public incident. 2. The elevator makes a lot of noise. Have you ever noticed...Learn More
The pipes in a boiler heating system accumulate sediment over time that can cause your boiler to make noises and increase the time needed to heat your radiators. This sediment must be flushed from the pipes periodically to restore your heating system to its normal efficiency. If you have basic plumbing skills, you can use the following steps to flush a boiler heating system. Step 1. Turn the heating system off. If your heating system is powered by electricity, disconnect it from its power supply. If your heating system uses gas, close the gas valve on your supply line. Close the valve on the water feed line to the boiler to prevent it from refilling with fresh water while you're draining the old water. Allow your boiler to cool to room temperature. Step 2. Connect the drain hose. Locate the drain valve on your boiler, which is typically near the bottom of the boiler. Connect a garden hose to the drain and place the open end in a convenient drainage location. This will typically be an outdoor area, but you can also drain your heating system into a bath tub. Step 3. Drain the heating system. Open the bleed valve on the highest radiator in your house so that air can replace the water that you drain from the heating pipes. This may require a special tool or adjustable wrench, depending on your radiator. Open the drain valve on the boiler, allowing the water to drain from the heating...Learn More
Has your machine shop reached a point of severe saturation? Old CNC equipment takes up valuable space. New and current use equipment needs new organizational efforts. By dealing with both those things, you can free up a lot of space in your overburdened shop. Dealing with Rarely Used and Unused Machines At some point, you replaced an old machine for something new in your shop. You planned to remove the equipment, but found that one out of every hundred or so clients brings you a project that still requires it. This can often happen for shops making upgrades to laser equipment. They will find they still need to use the older mechanical processes for a few narrowly defined projects. In addition, older machines still represent a hefty investment. You can't just scrap it. You'll probably want to sell it, but you still need a place for it while you wait for a buyer. If you have pieces scattered around the shop, take the following advice into account. For unused equipment: Move them all together in one area of the shop. Use premade metal buildings to house them outside if you have the space Find brokers that will sell your equipment and house it for you. For rarely used equipment: Discontinue the service the tool allows you to offer. Hire a CNC programmer to see if your newer machines can perform a similar function. Replacing the large machine with a smaller, portable version if possible. Either way, get those old...Learn More
If you have little to no experience with the plumbing in your home, there are going to be different situations where you are going to want to call a plumber. Some issues are quick and easy for the plumber to fix, while others may be more complex. Either way, trying to fix any of these problems yourself may make the problem worse, or it may even be dangerous for you. This article will talk about some simple and complex problems that may require you to call a plumber. Simple Problems For a Plumber While some problems may seem simple enough for you to take care of on your own, this isn't always the case. A plumber, however, may be able to fix these problems quite simply, so calling them is going to be the best option. Leaks. Leaks can occur for several different reasons, and may be due to a broken or frozen pipe, or you just may have a simple problem with your faucet. Leaks most often occur in your faucets, sewer, drain pipes, or anywhere that a faucet is located. If you see that the wall behind a faucet is wet or has paint that looks to be sloughing off, this is a sign of a leak. Calling a plumber in the case of a leak is the best way to go. Clogs. A clog in your toilet, bathtub, sinks, or any other drain in your home, is likely caused by some type of build up. It may be a build...Learn More


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Offer good for one item at regular price only. Limit one coupon per customer per day. Must present coupon at time of purchase. Offer is not valid with any other coupon, discount or previous purchase. One cut or one bolt of fabric or trim "by the yard" equals one item. Online fabric & trim discount is limited to 10 yards, single cut. Excludes Heidi Swapp™ Minc.™ Foil Applicator, CRICUT® products, Gemini Machine™ Crafters Companion, Silhouette CAMEO® Machine, candy & snack products, gum & mints, helium tanks, gift cards, custom orders, special orders, labor, rentals or class fees. Cash Value 1/10¢.
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Czech Kolace or Kolache
Skip Davis
This recipe for kolaches is from Ann Beran, Rita Varilek and Brenda Underberg who demonstrate the art of baking these Czech sweet rolls at Czech Days in Tabor, S.D. This celebration is held in June every year to keep alive the heritage of the early Czechs who founded this little South Dakota town in 1869. Czech Days is so well attended, AAA lists it as one of the Top 20 June attractions in the nation.
CZECH KOLACHES, also spelled Kolace and Kolachy are yeast-risen rounds of dough topped with fruit filling and, sometimes, a crumb or streusel topping. A type of pastry that holds a dollop of fruit rimmed by a puffy pillow of supple dough.
These are not to be confused with Polish kolaczki
CZECH KOLACHES, also spelled Kolace and Kolachy are yeast-risen rounds of dough topped with fruit filling and, sometimes, a crumb or streusel topping. A type of pastry that holds a dollop of fruit rimmed by a puffy pillow of supple dough.
These are not to be confused with Polish kolaczki
Featured Pinch Tips Video
3 dozen
30 Min
20 Min
- 2 pkg
- (4-1/2 teaspoons) active dry yeast
- 1 tsp
- sugar
- 3/4 c
- lukewarm water (100 degrees f.)
- 2 c
- lukewarm milk
- 3/4 c
- instant potato flakes
- 1 Tbsp
- salt
- 3/4 c
- sugar
- 2 large
- eggs
- 1/2 c
- canola oil
- 4 to 5 c
- all purpose flour
- 1/2 c
- all purpose flour
- 1/4 c
- butter, room temperature (2 ounces)
- 1/2 c
- sugar
- 1/2 c
- finely chopped coconut (optional)
Directions Step-By-Step
1To make the dough: In a small bowl, dissolve yeast and sugar in 3/4 cup warm water, blending with a fork. Set aside.
2In a blender or food processor, place warm milk, potato flakes, salt, 3/4 cup sugar, eggs and oil. Blend until well mixed.
3Place 4 cups flour into a large bowl or stand mixer bowl fitted with a paddle attachment. Add mixture from blender and mix. Add yeast and up to 1 additional cup of flour if dough is too sticky. Mix until the dough is smooth.
It should be a LITTLE sticky. Cover with greased plastic wrap and let rise until doubled.
4Using a medium cookie scoop, portion out equal-sized pieces of dough, and roll into a ball. Place on parchment-lined baking pan, brush with oil and cover with plastic wrap and let rise until almost doubled.
5Meanwhile, make the streusel topping. In a medium bowl, cut 1/4 cup butter into flour that has been mixed with sugar and coconut (if using) until coarse crumbs result. Set aside. Using the bottom of a floured glass or with your fingers, make an indentation in the tops of the Kolace and dollop with your favorite filling. Add streusel on top and bake for 10 to 12 minutes.
6Remove from oven and brush sides of Kolace with a mixture of 3 Tablespoons hot water mixed with 1 Tablespoon sugar, or melted butter. These will freeze well but, because they don't contain preservatives, they will stale quickly at room temperature or when refrigerated, but try microwaving them briefly to warm them for a just-baked taste.
7In some parts of the United States today, particularly in TEXAS, Kolace have become savory affairs stuffed with ham and cheese, and other fillings.
This recipe calls for instant potato flakes, which hardly seems traditional, but many early recipes call for mashed potatoes in the dough, so this is just a modern concession. As is the use of a blender to speed things up!
About this Recipe
Course/Dish: Other Breakfast, Sweet Breads, Other Snacks


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Prices, promotions, styles and availability may vary by store and online.
Action - Semi-Auto
Gauge - 20 Ga.
Chamber - 2-3/4" & 3"
Barrel Length - 25-1/2"
Weight - 5.8 Lbs.
The M2 is the workhorse of the Benelli semi-auto line. Light, nimble, but ruggedly built, the Benelli M2 is built around the ultra-reliable Inertia-Driven bolt mechanism. The Inertia-Driven system allows the M2 to digest nearly any 12-gauge cartridge, from 2-3/4" target loads to the heaviest 3" magnums. This shotgun features a ventilated rib, a fiber-optic front sight, a cross-bolt safety, and a modified choke tube. Its stock, metal, and bore are all in very good condition.


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Gender: Boy
Meaning: Prince, Prosperous, Rich, Ruler
Origin: Arabic, Sindhi
Religion: Hindu, Muslim, Parsi
Amir is a Hindu, Muslim, Parsi Boy name, meaning of the name is Prince, Prosperous, Rich, Ruler and origin of the name is Arabic, Sindhi. This name is mostly used in Hindu, Muslim, Parsi.
If you select the name Amir for your baby, Congratulations! But if you don't like Amir then please continue searching our site.
External References
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Churches urged to develop better pastoral approach to divorce, marriage
A pastoral approach that doesn't renounce the indissolubility of the sacrament, yet doesn't automatically exclude the faithful is needed, a canon lawyer said.
A pastoral approach that doesn't renounce the indissolubility of the sacrament, yet doesn't automatically exclude the faithful is needed, a canon lawyer said.
Msgr. Lorenzo Albacete, a theologian, physicist, author and a leader of the Catholic lay movement Communion and Liberation, died Friday in Dobbs Ferry, N.Y., after a long illness. He was 73.
Boston Cardinal Sean O'Malley is scheduled to celebrate a funeral Mass for the priest Tuesday at St. Mary's Church in New York.
Global Sisters Report: Theologian Agnes Brazal is a member of Ecclesia of Women in Asia, which works to make female theologians equal partners in the church.
Essay: Gender, racism, poverty, later colonialism, heterosexism and ecology form the canvas on which Rosemary Radford Ruether paints her theology.
Although Saint John Paul II emphasized the dignity of every human being, the church seemed to find little or no way to affirm that dignity. Is the Francis effect finally beginning to bear fruit in this area?
Reporters have written about the emergence of "graduality" in synodal conversations this week.
A new institute in Jerusalem has been awarded $2.2 million to help Christians and Jews study Jewish texts, launching what's being billed as a new kind of Jewish-Christian cooperation.
The Herzl Institute was awarded what's being called the first multimillion-dollar grant in Jewish theology by the U.S-based Templeton Foundation, a philanthropic organization that has focused much of its giving on science-related projects. The Herzl Institute is a research institute that focuses on the development of Jewish ideas in fields like philosophy and history.
Analysis: The American Procedural Norms of the 1960s streamlined the church's judicial process for tens of thousands of American Catholics.
Responding to a real or perceived gap between science and faith, 10 U.S. seminaries will receive a combined $1.5 million in grants to include science in their curricula, the American Association for the Advancement of Science announced Wednesday.
A diverse set of Christian seminaries will be awarded grants ranging from $90,000 to $200,000 provided by the John Templeton Foundation, which has funded various efforts to bridge science and faith, including $3.75 million to AAAS for the project.
A new Bible will hit bookshelves in January. But unlike hundreds of others available, illustrations in this Bible will include New Testament images portraying Jesus as an African-American.
This is just one way The African-American Youth Bible, which contains commentaries, footnotes and art created by black Americans, hopes to evangelize and educate young black Catholics.