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Roltinica's Profile
I'm Elena.
I like flowers very much, and I like wool, too!
Therefore I grow the Felted Flowers.
All things are hand-felted of wool by using traditional wet-felting technic. I used only wool, water, soap, both of my hands, lightness of inspiration and warmth of my soul.
You can see some of my brooches at my YouTube channel: http://www.youtube.com/user/Roltinica
Please, read my policies for any questions and also feel free to contact me anytime!
- Female
- Born on November 10
- Joined March 11, 2011

subset: commoncrawl


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By Leena Rao
comScore's e-commerce numbers are out today for the third quarter, showing that online retail spending reached $41.9 billion for the quarter, up 15% vs. a year ago. This is the 12th consecutive quarter of positive year-over-year growth and eighth consecutive quarter of double-digit growth for online spending. This growth bodes well for the upcoming holiday shopping season.
The top-performing online product categories were as follows: Digital Content and Subscriptions, Consumer Electronics, Event Tickets, Apparel and Accessories, and Computer Software. Each category grew at least 16% vs. a year ago.
"The Q3 growth rate of 15 percent growth remained in line with the prior quarter and provided confirmation of the strength in the e-commerce sector, despite a few negative headwinds in the macroeconomic environment during the quarter," said comScore chairman Gian Fulgoni in a release. "Such performance offers some optimism as we approach the holiday season, especially given recent improvements in consumer sentiment. With the housing market beginning to show signs of recovery in addition to increasing -- if still underwhelming -- job growth, there appears to be strong enough footing to support a very healthy online holiday shopping season."
According to comScore's quarterly online retail survey, 37% of U.S. consumers use a smartphone while in a bricks-and-mortar store to check prices or to even purchase a product online. This represents an increase of five percentage points in the past two quarters.
Amazon (NASDAQ:AMZN) has been aggressively trying to get consumers to purchase on the e-commerce site while in stores, but retailers are catching on to this.


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Crumbly rich shortbread, delicious caramel, and chocolate make for a moreish mouthful in this completely No-Bake Millionaire's Shortbread Recipe! 10 minutes to make and just 6 ingredients!
These Christmas cupcakes are totally doable! And they're SO CUTE! I can't wait to start my holiday baking!
Easy recipes for busy weeknights are a hot commodity. We have one that your family will enjoy and it is extremely quick to prepare. Slow Cooker Chicken Bacon Pasta has ingredients that everyone will like.
Scotcheroos (aka Special K Bars). A chocolate, peanut butter cereal treat. Easy and no bake. - Momcrieff
Red velvet cake with a nice creamy cheese middle. Try this dessert out this weekend!
Decadent Brownie Pie | You won't believe how easy it is to make this this rich chocolate restaurant quality dessert.
These Billionaire Bars are made with 5 glorious layers of RICH and DECADENT sugary favorites! Shortbread brownie caramel chocolate and peanut butter frosting combine for the ultimate dessert bar! Everyone will be begging you for the recipe!
Pea and ham soup – Recipes – Slimming World
Irish Meat and Potato Pie - An amazingly easy and authentic Irish lamb and potato pie will get you in the St. Patty's Day spirit, any time of the year. More
Christmas Tree desserts...love!


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Explore B B Product, Product Shot and more!
How To Prepare for a Product Photoshoot — Holly Booth Photography | Product Photography | Commercial Photographer
Blog — Holly Booth Photography | Product Photography | Commercial Photographer
Photography tips |
10 awesome photography tips for beginners!
Food Photography: 10 Tips for the Pour Shot! #9. Move your hand up and out. | pinchofyum.com
6 Tips for Shooting in the Sun | Summerana - Photoshop Actions for Photographers Shooting in the sun can seem daunting at first, and it can be a challenge for your outdoor client sessions if you aren't well prepared. But once you have mastered the following tips on how to shoot in the sun, you will start to look for new opportunities to expand your artistic capability (no matter where the sun may be!) and with confidence. Read them here: http://summerana.com/6-tips-for-shooting-in-the-sun/
How to Take Better Pictures – Learning all about Aperture! {you'll love these simple DSLR photography tips and tricks!}
photography tips
20 Things I Wish I Knew About Photography Posing ~ excellent tips that a home photographer can use as well


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4 Bedroom House in Horison
Leandra van Wyk
Leandra Real Estate
Henriette Noortman
Leandra Real Estate
Monique Brink
Leandra Real Estate
4 Bedroom House in Horison
This spacious family home is offering 4 bedrooms, 2 bathrooms (main with corner bath), lounge with aircon and jet master fire place, dining room with a solid granite dining room table, a dream kitchen with granite tops and a separate laundry room. This property has 2 entrances - you can change this property into a 1 bedroom apartment - with its own lounge, kitchen and batrhoom, own entrance and own garden - the other part will then offer 2 bedrooms, 1 bathroom, lounge, dining room, stunning kitchen, own entrance and own garage and carport
But wait - there is more - built-in braai, alarm system, UPS system to back you up when there is power failures, Fibre Glass pool, patio, maids accommodation, Excellent security features - automated gate, all windows have Trellis and all doors are also secured with trellis or security gates - and the 1143sq.m stand is secured with a 6 foot wall with lights - Call us today to view!!
Key Property Features
Email the Agents or request the agents Call You Back should you wish to set up an appointment to view this property or ask for more details.
Contact Agents
Share this Property
Need a Home Loan?
|Loan Value (Capital)
|Total Interest
|Total Repayment
Experience Roodepoort
The Roodepoort region is one of the most attractive residential areas in Johannesburg, offering charming suburbs amid rolling hills, with superb views of the city to the east, and the Magaliesburg to the west. There are plenty of open spaces, golf courses and entertainment areas, as well as what many consider the city's finest park, the Walther Sisulu Botanical Gardens.Find out more about Roodepoort
Similar Property for Sale in Horison
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Apply for a Home Loan


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We recently got Your Rugs and Flooring to install Bamboo flooring in two bedrooms. Mate, they are very good and we are very happy with their product and their installation. When I put my request on Oneflare, my original plan was to purchase bamboo floor boards from a floor..
Absolute pleasure dealing with this biz. Reasonable and very very professional finish to my dining chairs. Highly recommend them.
Get your job done right
We verify our businesses
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Free to request and free to hire!
Strathmore, VIC
Carpet installation required in 4 bedrooms.
Old carpets need to be removed.
No furniture in any rooms.
Measurements are as follows:
Room 1 - 4.6m x 4.6m
Room 2 - 4.6m x 2.7m
Room 3 - 4.6m x 3....


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186 SUMMER STREET, KINGSTON, MA (map)
We are offering Prenatal Water Aerobics in a heated pool at 5:30PMpm at Webb's Pro Fitness.( 1 hour class) To register for the 8 week session or a single session please go to www.ohbabyfitness.com Space is limited so sign up fast!
The pool is where a pregnant woman wants to be! This fun (and challenging) aqua workout will tone your body by using the water for resistance training. Additional benefits: you're weightless when you're in the water (PRICELESS!), and water workouts help reduce swelling!
Kristen St. Amour is the instructor for this class, please feel free to call her with any questions[masked]-9293.PLEASE ALWAYS CHECK OUR WEBSITE TO MAKE SURE THIS CLASS SESSION IS RUNNING
My name is Kristen St. Amour and my good friend Katelyn Woodard and I are bringing Oh Baby!... more
Meetup members, Log in
By clicking "Sign up" or "Sign up using Facebook", you confirm that you accept our Terms of Service & Privacy Policy


text: To get from Ardea to Caltanissetta by train you can catch one of the 3 trains that everyday travel between these two cities. The first train to Caltanissetta leaves from Ardea at 21:31 and the last train departs at 22:26. If you choose a local train the trip lasts on average 12:39 hours. For your trip from Ardea to Caltanissetta by train you can choose to leave from one of Ardea main stations: Roma Termini Tickets price depend on the departure time and train type, the most economic train ticket available this week is from € 101 to € 101. The most economic train is InterCityNotte () that departs at 21:31 and arrives in Caltanissetta at 10:44 at € 101. On Wanderio you can compare all schedules, fares and railway companies to Caltanissetta and book the best itinerary starting from Ardea.


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Quiet Villa outside Bophut Village, Hillside, Koh Samui, Thailand
Our family villa is located just outside Bophut fisherman's village, set on the side of a hill and backing on to coconut plantation. Bophut is a sedate 15 min walk or a 3 min car journey. The Villa has its own private pool in the gated landscaped gardens, outdoor dining and sun loungers. There is beautiful furniture throughout, paintings by local artists and Thai antiques. Entertainment, other than your own, is provided by a large flat screen TV, Cable, DVD player and MP3 ready CD stereo. The villa has wireless ADSL router for those bringing Laptops. Only 15 mins from the wonderful beach at Cheong Mon and 10 mins from the tourist centre of Chaweng you can have the best of both worlds. This is a self catering property for independent travellers. We can help arrange car hire and airport transfers for you prior to your visit. Our managing agents on the island are able to assist you with a range of additional services including babysitting, excursions and extra housekeeping on request.
Top Traveller Review
Very nice villa with everything you need in a good location.
Well managed with easy contact to the villa manager.
About the Owner
I am the owners daughter. My father bought this villa when it was built in 2006. We tend to visit the villa once a year and have fallen in love with Thailand and Samui as a result.
As my dad is retired, I run his property business for him from our family business office in London.
Guestbook comments from the manager
'Just a quick note to say we had a superb holiday at your beautiful villa. It was even better than you had described, superb, especially the pool. Will certainly recommend it to our friends and family.'
'I just wanted to drop you a note to say we had a wonderful time at your place in Samui. The house was lovely - even bigger than it looks form the photos - the kids were in the pool the entire time and we found it a great base for exploring the island and for spending some quiet time just at the house. Pooky and Ty at Managing Samui were extremely friendly and helpful, and the maid service and pool maintenance was very efficient and always friendly. We would love to go back another time and will definitely recommend the house to any friends planning to go to Thailand. Thanks again for all your help in the lead-up to our trip..'
We had such a great time and the villa was lovely. It was a real treat to be able to have so much space in a peaceful haven...see you next year!
1 Reviews
1 holidaymaker review
Very nice villa with everything you need in a good location.
Very nice villa in a great location. Private and quiet but close to Chaweng and Bophut beaches and shopping and Big C.
Well managed with easy contact to the villa manager.
From the Owner
"The house is set up on a hill away from the bustle of roads and nightlife in Samui. We love the location as its si so quiet and safe. However, it takes no time at all to get into Bophut where there is a such a charming vibe, beautiful restaurants and shopping. Bophut Fishermans village has a really wide selection of Thai and International Restaurants along the seafront. The Pier although expensive is a very contemporary space which is perfect for pre or post dinner cocktails. On Friday between 5-11 pm Bophut village becomes pedestrianised. The "walking street" event houses a vibrant street market with food stalls and shopping. This is why we love the area so much!!"
Activity and Interests
Samui is not a huge island & can be driven around in approximately 1 hour 45 mins. Beaches & the sea are never very far away. Bophut Beach is the nearest at only 3 min (drive) but our favourite is the beach at Cheong Mon (15 min) which until recently was a well kept secret by the residents of Koh Samui. It's perfect for children as the sea is shallow & the beach is relatively small so they can never get too far. Chaweng (15 min) has beautiful beaches but do become very busy in the peak season.
The villa is only 15 mins transfer from Samui International Airport but you would never know it as you rarely hear or see any aircraft. We will be happy to facilitate airport transfers for you in advance if required. Bee our property manager would be happy to arrange for discounted car hire including scooters, Jeeps and people carriers. Car seats for children are unheard of so if you want one I would advise you to bring one with you.
BoPhut is a minimum 10-15 min walk along ring road and less than 5 in the car/taxi.
Bic C is next door, moments away.
Chaweng is 10-15 min drive
Further Details:
Big C, a very big supermarket is about 300m from the front door on the main road. Tesco Lotus is about 5 mins along the road towards Chaeweng. ATM/Cash machines are located all over the island and there is a money exchange office just before you enter the fisherman's village at Bophut. I would advise taking Travellers Cheques or cash with you as you get a far better exchange rate in Thailand than you will drawing the money out of your bank account.
Rental rates
|Rental Period
|Minimum Price
|Additional Nights
|Weekend Night
|Monthly *
|Event Price
My Standard Rate
1 night minimum stay
for 1 night
* Approximate monthly price. Actual pricing will depend on the days of the month you stay.
Additional pricing information
|No additional mandatory fees
|Refundable Damage Deposit
Booking Notes:
Our villa is managed by Bee. Once we have a confirmed booking we will notify her of your arrival. She will then ensure that you are transferred from the airport, if required, and welcome you to the property. Her team will also conduct the check out inspection, mid term cleaning and assist you with any additional requirements.
Changeover Day:
We do not stipulate a change over day we are flexible but where bookings are back to back in peak season we ask that guests vacate promptly at the check out time. Check in at 4pm and departure at 10am.
Notes on prices:
Rental periods, one week minimum stay.
Long lettings are priced on application.
Manager's Cancellation Policy
- 12
- Available arrival
- 12
- Available
- 12
- Unavailable
From the Owner
"We would recommend getting a Thai Massage while in the country. We recommend Peace Resort Spa which offers a wide range of treatments in a luxurious setting that is better value than many of the 5* resorts. For something more accessible and less expensive we recommend Bophut Massage, which is a traditional Thai Building, located 20 meters on the left hand side through the Fishermans Village Welcome Banner/Arch. Here you will receive a traditional Thai Massage for approx 300 THB"
Property Type
- villa
- Air Conditioning
- Internet
- Iron & Board
- Linens Provided
- Living Room ...
- Parking
- Towels Provided
- Washing Machine ...
- Coffee Maker
- Dishes & Utensils
- Freezer
- Kitchen ...
- Microwave
- Refrigerator ...
- Hob ...
- Toaster
- Child's Highchair
- Dining Area
- DVD Player
- Satellite / Cable
- Television
Pool / Spa
- Private Pool
- Bathroom 1 - Toilet, Bath (no shower), Shower Enclosure, Bidet
- Shower room 1 - Shower Enclosure
- Shower room 2 - Shower Enclosure
- En suite bathroom to bedroom 1, with sunken bath, walk-in shower, WC and wash hand basin. 2 further shower rooms with WC and wash hand basin.
- 3 Bedrooms, Sleeps 6
- Bedroom 1 - 1 Cot
- Bedroom 2
- Bedroom 3
- Description of sleeping capacity: Sleeps 6 (3 Bedrooms) Notes on bedrooms: Bedroom 1: double bed, side tables and lamps, wardrobe. Air conditioning. Bedroom 2: king size bed, side tables, lamps, wardrobe. Air conditioning. Bedroom 3: 2 single beds, side tables, wardrobe lamps. Air conditioning.
- Golf ...
- Garden
- Barbecue
- Self-catering
- Notes on accommodation: There is a small safe for guests use. We have 2 small children and have left assorted plastic cutlery, plates and beakers at the villa as well as a cot and a high chair. Outside: We have plenty of patio/terrace space outside and have 4 lovely teak sun loungers with cushions and pull out tables. There is also seating for 6/8 people at a handmade teak dining table under a triangular sun shade. The pool is ideal for escaping the heat and an enjoyable place to while away the hours. Great care has been taken to landscape the gardens with tropical plants and trees and makes the villa a relaxing place to be. Coconut plantations to the rear. The property has a large built in marble covered BBQ ideal for outside entertaining. Utility Room: Washing machine, assorted floats, armbands, cleaning utensils and clothes dryer. 1 x baby high chair. Cleaning / Towels / Linen / Maid service: Cleaning is included in price is 2 times a week. Towels and linen change included. Additional Pool towels provided. Weekly maid service can be arranged for long-term rental at quotation. Daily cleaning and housekeeping can be arranged on request. Other: Upstairs we have a large teak floor landing. There is a coffee table with 4 large traditional Thai floor cushions, an ideal place to play cards if someone was glued to the TV downstairs, and we have a desk and lamp for those poor souls who need to work.


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Note: Sample below may appear distorted but all corresponding word document files contain proper formattingExcerpt from Essay:
Over the last few years, it is evident that the airline industry in the U.S. has been experiencing long standing as well as novel challenges (The American Antitrust Institute, 2012). These includes the increase in the price of fuel, slowing demand for air travel and pressures to expand globally. Consolidation among various airlines across the country is the most common remedy that most of the airline firms are applying.
In April 2012, the U.S. Airways made an announcement to move and take over the American Airlines. American airline is the fourth largest airline in the United States while U.S. Airways is the fifth (Plane Buzz, 2013). This merger, therefore, will make the U.S. Airways- American the largest in the United States with a combined share of more than 21% (The American Antitrust Institute, 2012).
The merger is worth 11 billion U.S. dollars and will turn America into the largest airline in the world (Anonymous, 2013). This merge might present a conundrum for the antitrust authorities in U.S.A. One of the chief challenges as a result of this merger will be fend off the prevailing argument that this merger cannot harm competition as well as consumers. This is because American Airlines is currently in bankruptcy proceedings and, hence there is a likelihood of failing and exiting market. Another challenge as a result of this merger is the claim that it would compete with the two existing legacy, Delta and the United Continental (The American Antitrust Institute, 2012).
There are potential consequences as a result of merging. The merging will also result to change in market structure of the airline industry in the United States. In addition, while the firms will be aiming at profit maximization, there will be significant impacts on both the customers as well as the firms themselves.
Potential Consequences of Merging
Bearing in mind that the number of legacy carriers in the United States will be down to only two, it is a fact that the proposed merger might alter the landscape of the airline industry in the country, in some expected as well as novel ways (The American Antitrust Institute, 2012). For instance, it is evident that there is possible domination of market by the merger carrier. Consequently, others would display the various features of oligopoly that is few independent firms.
The proposed merger might also be the capstone event, which transforms the airline industry into a significantly different one from what people know (The American Antitrust Institute, 2012). With regard to antitrust as well as aviation policies, it is clear that there is encouragement of the formation of fortress hubs, which are making a new entry at hub airports difficult. In addition, the entry which does not occur has a high possibility of providing a weak, as well as ineffective competition. Also, other airports in major cities across the United States do not exist in large numbers for the purpose of rescuing all the consumers affected adversely by the previous mergers (Lee, 2013. The most important part of this is that the majority of the secondary airport in the country are now becoming dominated by biggest of the former LCCs . This results to a drastic change of the airline industry in the country in which hubs should be open facilities. This is where the competing airlines provide service only to few enormous and closed systems which are impermeable to stiff competition.
According to transportation experts, the merger is likely to create more flights as well as opportunities for customers of both airlines, with each of the airline providing complementary services to the travelers. This situation is beneficial to the merger as the loss Delta in 2011, led to the creation of situation where the airport is currently reliant to the U.S. Airways (The American Antitrust Institute, 2012).
Change in Market Structure
Market structure is the number of firms in a certain industry that produces identical products, or offer identical services that are homogenous (Economic Theory, 2000). There are four types of market structure; these include monopolistic competition, oligopoly, monopoly and perfect competition (Economic Theory, 2000). With regard to the merging of U.S. Airways and American Airlines, it is true that this will result to a change in the market structure from monopolistic competition to oligopoly. Currently the market structure in the airline industry in the United States is monopolistic competition. This is because there are several firms in the industry each having a significant proportion of the market share as well as slightly differentiated services (Economic Theory, 2000).
After the proposed merger, it is true that the number of firms in the industry will reduce leading to the formation of oligopoly. This is a type of market structure where the industry has a relatively smaller number of firms in the market. A general lack of stiff competition in the oligopoly market structure, usually leads to higher costs of services for consumers (Economic Theory, 2000). Due to the fact that there are few big firms in the industry, each firm in the market is always aware of the actions of other firms. The decisions of one firm usually have significant impacts on the decision of the other firms in the industry (Economic Theory, 2000). Similarly, this is likely to happen after the implementation of the proposed merger. Few large firms in the U.S. airline industry will dominate the market and each firm will be dependent on the actions of the other firms in the industry. When this happens, strategic planning by each firm needs to take into proper consideration the possible responses of the other participants in the market.
Profit Maximization
The proposed merger aims at maximizing profits. This is because the result of merging is that there will be an increase in fees by at least five percent. The post-merger prices are likely to increase due to various reasons (Raper, Love & Shumway, 2007). First, based on analysis, it is evident that there is an enormous number of significant pre-to post merger increase on charges on the hub to the hub overlap routes affected by the United Continental, as well as Delta Northwest mergers (The American Antitrust Institute, 2012).
Putting the above into consideration, it is a fact that the fare increases usually reflect the exercises of the market power enhanced by the merger (Plane Buzz, 2013). In addition, fare increases also reflect the fact that before the merger, the two merging airlines were each other's greatest rival. This implies that a fare increase by one airline could lead to significant sales to the merging partner, leading to the creation of upward pricing pressure, as well as increases in probability of increase in post merger prices (The American Antitrust Institute, 2012).
Irrespective of the underlying theory, increase in fare might reveal how the merged carrier will dominate at the hubs, which serve as origination as well as a destination for routes over which the merger can exercise market power (The American Antitrust Institute, 2012). With regard to this, it is evident that the result of the merger will lead to profit maximization, which will in turn result to the development of the mergers in the near future (The American Antitrust Institute, 2012). The diagram below illustrates how the merger will maximize profit.
After the two carriers merge, they will try to fix the price at the level that maximizes profits for the industry.
Since the merger of the two firms will result to change in market structure to oligopoly, the firms will maximize profits where the marginal revenue will be equal to marginal costs. This idea can be illustrated graphically through intersection of a downward-sloping marginal revenue curve with an upward-sloping curve of marginal curve.
The motivation behind the kink is the idea that firms in oligopoly will not raise their prices as even a slight increase will lead to loss of many customers. This will happen after the two firms merge.
Impact on Travelers and Firms
The implementation of the proposed merger will have several impacts on both the travelers and the firms (Plane Buzz, 2013). Considering that the merger will remove one firm from the already consolidated market in the United States, air travelers will expect a significant rise in air tickets. In addition, this will be as a result of decreases in competition in the airline industry. Current research indicates that the price of the air tickets will rise significantly with between five and ten percent once the two airlines merges. The result of this on the two airlines is that it will lead to the realization of more profits leading to development. This is because the merger will be able to maximize profits while minimizing costs (Plane Buzz, 2013).
Another possible impact of the merger is that, although nothing much will change in the short-term, there is a high possibility that travelers will wait longer in the reservations lines. In addition, there will be more computer glitches as well as scheduling problems as the two airlines start to…[continue]
"Microeconomics Over The Last Few Years It" (2013, March 10) Retrieved December 5, 2016, from http://www.paperdue.com/essay/microeconomics-over-the-last-few-years-86570
"Microeconomics Over The Last Few Years It" 10 March 2013. Web.5 December. 2016. <http://www.paperdue.com/essay/microeconomics-over-the-last-few-years-86570>
"Microeconomics Over The Last Few Years It", 10 March 2013, Accessed.5 December. 2016, http://www.paperdue.com/essay/microeconomics-over-the-last-few-years-86570
Microeconomics on the Automotive Industry A Study of Elasticity and Demand Generation Global and national economic cycles have a direct effect on demand for the majority of durable goods consumers purchase, with the automotive industry being the most influenced by the cost of capital, interest rates, and elasticity of demand that varies by type of auto and market segment. The intent of this analysis is to evaluate how pricing strategies can be
Microeconomics Supply has an undeniable impact upon price. When supply goes down, price goes up. In this instance, a rapid decrease in supply has led to an increase in the price of lettuce. Unlike producers of other goods and services, farmers cannot always fine-tune their supply according to market demand, because of the impact of the weather upon their ability to produce. Farmers had already planted less lettuce, presumably based upon
A most relevant example of a monopolistic competitive industry is given by the fast food industry. There is a great supply and demand for fast food products; numerous companies make the products, from international conglomerates such as McDonalds, to small local stores. And everybody consumes one time or another fast food products, from children to adults and senior citizens. Furthermore, the industry provides a wide array of products, including
Microeconomics Before Referencing Microeconomics Questions What market structure exists for countries that are suppliers of oil in the global economy and how this is helping to cause high oil prices? The supply of oil is largely regulated by OPEC, a cartel or oligopoly of suppliers. "The producers' cartel OPEC accounts for about half of the world's crude oil exports and attempts to keep prices roughly where it wants them by trimming or lifting
Microeconomics Industry description The modern day economic climate is extremely dynamic and challenging, revealing a context in which the economic agents are presented with both opportunities as well as challenges. One specific means in which they choose to respond to the challenges and seize the opportunities is represented by them joining forces through mergers and acquisitions. A particular merger of specific interest in 2011 is represented by the merger between Irving Oil
While on one hand, the Nile gets the highest discharge from rainfall on the highlands of Ethiopia and upland plateau of East Africa, located well outside the Middle East region; on the other hand, discharge points of the other two rivers, Euphrates and Tigris, are positioned well within the Middle East region, prevailing mostly in Turkey, Syria along with Iraq. In other areas, recurrent river systems are restricted to
While it was generally agreed that the increase in prices was due mainly to an insufficient offer as the stock house was limited, opinions have also been forwarded according to which the buy-to-let purchases have contributed to the inflation of the house prices (Property Mark). The debate concerning the reasons for the massive price increases for residential properties (materialized mostly between 1996 and 2005) is however still ongoing. On the


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Viman Nagar, Pune, India- 411014.
F1 - 604, Hermes Drome,
Viman Nagar,
Viman Nagar, Pune, India- 411014. .
Chaitrali Patil
attended in Sep,2011
posted on 14 Apr, 2016
"Learning Digital media marketing at Web clincher was unique experience for me and it introduces me an varies fascinating areas of digital marketing and help to increase my passion in marketing."
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attended in Sep,2010
posted on 14 Apr, 2016
"In Webclincher Academy i had a very good experience. Ashitosh & Devdatta sir gave me thorough training about digital marketing.The practical approach enabled me to work in digital marketing as well other varieties of industry. "


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Home >> Write >> Food >> Coffee >> Coffee Makers
Coffee Makers
Coffee Makers
So, you've just come back from the store and you're very excited about the type of coffee beans that you have just purchased. A gourmet coffee blend, you get ready to make the coffee and enjoy the goodness. However, did you realize that the type of coffee maker that you have has a distinct effect on the cup of coffee that you will be drinking. Although the effect on the coffee's taste may not be as important as the type of coffee beans that you are using, the type of coffee maker that you have does make a difference.
That's because one of the most underrated aspects of making coffee is the brewing aspect. Whatever method of coffee brewing that one uses, it will have a distinct effect on the flavor of the coffee beans that you have purchased. As a result, it really is to your advantage to understand the different effects that a coffee maker can have on your coffee beans. By perfecting the different brewing methods, you will be able to make a cup of coffee with the flavor that pleases you at the moment. Experimenting with the different types of coffee makers will allow you to perfect the art of making coffee. As a result, you will be able to make the perfect blend when you're feeling jubilant or a more somber coffee blend when you're not feeling so good.
As a result, it's important to learn about all of the different type of coffee makers that are available if you're a true coffee aficionado. You don't ever want to be wasting your time making a poor espresso or a cappuccino that isn't as good as it can be. Find out all of the different types of coffee makers that are available and become the master of coffee. Take a vacation from your very own home by brewing the perfect cup of coffee. If you want to experience the casual elegance of Paris, brew up a sophisticated cup of French Vanilla flavored coffee. If you want a more lively coffee drink, then all that you have to do is brew up that Irish Cream coffee blend into an raucous drink.
It is highly recommended that you learn as much as you can about the different coffee makers available and stock your kitchen with a number of different brewers. You will be able to learn about such varied coffee makers as the percolator and the espresso coffee machine through the articles that we have dedicated to the different types of coffee makers. Pros and cons of these different machines will be analyzed. Additionally, information regarding the brewing time and the type of coffee grinds best used with these machines will be available.
The different types of coffee makers that we examine are:


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Friday, July 13, 2012
Illinois State Rifle Association Advises Members To Avoid Chicago And To Vacation In Wisconsin Instead due to Negro violence and attacks
CHATSWORTH, Ill., July 12, 2012 -- CHATSWORTH, Ill., July 12, 2012 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ -- The following was released today by the Illinois State Rifle Association (ISRA):
For the second year in a row, the ISRA is advising subscribers to its alert service to write Chicago out of their summer vacation plans because the city is just too darn dangerous to visit. This safety advisory comes as Chicago experiences an unprecedented upswing in violent crime.
Although city officials and the Chicago media would like people to believe that the surge in violence is limited to Chicago's gang-infested neighborhoods, ISRA members who are also Chicago police officers report that criminals of all sorts have notched up their efforts in every corner of the city. These members report that crimes ranging from pickpocketing to aggravated assault are becoming very commonplace in areas once considered safe for families and tourists. As one officer put it, "Don't come to Chicago this summer unless you want to get beaten and robbed."
"Putting the bad economy aside, there's a couple of major reasons for Chicago's rising tide of violent crime," commented ISRA Executive Director, Richard Pearson. "First off, criminals are fully aware that Illinois' prohibition on concealed carry gives them the upper hand. Second, Mayor Emanuel and Police Superintendent McCarthy are in a hopeless state of paralysis over what to do about violent crime. This is a recipe for disaster. Criminals know you can't legally protect yourself, and they know that Chicago law-enforcement officials haven't a clue about what to do to protect good citizens from harm. Criminals are taking advantage of a bad situation – and doing a good job at it."
"In clear conscience I cannot recommend that anyone vacation in Chicago this summer," continued Pearson. "Tourists are like sitting ducks and mobs of violent criminals have shown that they are brazen enough to attack anywhere, any time – even along the Magnificent Mile. I suggest that folks consider Wisconsin as a vacation destination this year. Fresh air, sunshine, friendly people – all waiting just a short drive across the border. And, although Illinois residents cannot take advantage of Wisconsin's newly-attained concealed carry status, the general air of civility fostered by concealed carry is certainly another reason to vacation with our neighbors to the north!"
The ISRA is the state's leading advocate of safe, lawful and responsible firearms ownership. For more than a century, the ISRA has represented the interests of millions of law-abiding Illinois firearm owners.
WEB SITE: http://www.isra.org
10 comments:
The truth is real and i will be in Wisconsin next weekend.
- July 13, 2012 at 11:48 PM
And to those that have permits,you can CARRY in Wisconsin.Fuck Chicago.Not one dime goes to this right violating corrupt cess pool.
- July 14, 2012 at 12:37 AM
It's been a wild week in Wisconsin, too. 20 year old girl torched in daylight in a Kenosha park by some sicko who is still on the loose. Milwaukee shootings up. Moron kills his three little kids in northwest Wisconsin and then calls his ex-wife to brag about it. Not good.
- July 14, 2012 at 12:38 AM
At least you have a fighting chance up there. Chicago has more crime in an average day then the entire state of Wisconsin. Fuck Chicago. Cut it loose and Illinois is an instant red state.
- July 14, 2012 at 4:43 AM
if I have to go to the city,I go armed because it is my RIGHT under the Constitution.
- July 14, 2012 at 8:07 AM
My Utah permit is good in WI.I go to Milwaukees summer fest and not niggerfest in shitcago.
- July 14, 2012 at 8:07 AM
- I Voted For Obama said...
Obama will have the Illinois State Rifle Association disbanded for speaking the truth.
- July 14, 2012 at 8:16 AM
negroids are the scourge of the earth.
- July 14, 2012 at 8:22 AM
Good advice. Stay away from Chicago.
- July 14, 2012 at 8:40 AM
CCW now...
How many times must it be said and pushed for until this becomes real for IL?
- July 14, 2012 at 9:58 AM


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RETIRED The Official Good Girls Thread
Let me reintroduce, the VS Social Thread!
Since the Social Threads seem to have been done away with, this is the new home of the VS Social Thread. We talk about everything from VS to Express to Beauty to Coupons to Hot Deals...and of course, our personal lives.
Roll call! Let's get back to what we do!
47,578 Comments
eta: i don't see it either. i'll retry.
"crazy" is a compliment!
we're all crazy here...
express clearance is in hd.
i ordered both S and XS since i remember having trouble in store. this way i can try both at home.
the s neckline would sit lower too just like on the model.
there's a random lady's pic in the reviews here too and it looks different on her too
lol classic symptoms of hoarding!
They do have well priced clothes, but it makes me feel like a teen going in there. And makes me think of the old days when the manager and I were on a first name basis. I still remember her name
However, birthday month is coming up and I'm going to be getting a lot of offers all over and that stresses me out


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Mod Note
Ffrenchie is obviously going through an incredibly difficult time right now - and while some posts may be well intentioned ... they are not actually helping.
Arguing with her, and making her re-explain her circumstances several times is not constructive for her.
Please think carefully about how she may receive/view your advice before you offer it.
and best wishes Ffrenchie


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February 3, 2009
KAI DWAYNE INGRAM, PLAINTIFFv.DAVID LUPAS, LUZERNE COUNTY CHIEF DISTRICT ATTORNEY, DANIEL BEKY, LUZERNE COUNTY DETECTIVE, AND STEPHEN KOFCHAK, LARKSVILLE ASSISTANT CHIEF OF POLICE, DEFENDANTS
Plaintiff Kai Dwayne Ingram, proceeding pro se, initiated this action pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against Defendants David Lupas, the Luzerne County Chief District Attorney, Daniel Beky, a Luzerne County Detective, and Stephen Kofchak, the Larksville Borough Assistant Chief of Police. (Compl., Dkt. Entry 1.) In essence, Mr. Ingram claims his Fourth, Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment rights were violated in connection with his arrest and detention on May 14, 2006, for the following reasons: Defendants illegally entered his home, his arrest was made without probable cause, the Affidavit of Probable Cause was not confirmed by the proper issuing authority, and he was not taken before a Magistrate Judge (Issuing Authority) before being detained. (Id.) Mr. Ingram also asserts federal law (and possibly state law) claims of false arrest, illegal detention and malicious prosecution. (Id. at 2.)
Presently before the Court are Motions to Dismiss by all Defendants, which will be treated as Motions for Summary Judgment. (Dkt. Entries 12 & 16.) Because Plaintiff has failed to make a sufficient showing of a violation of his constitutional rights, his civil rights claims will be dismissed. To the extent Plaintiff asserts any state law claims, the Court declines to exercise jurisdiction.
On May 14, 2006, gun shots were reported emerging from a tan colored van being driven by a black male named Kai. (Aff. Probable Cause, Dkt. Entry 1, at 3-6.) Several witnesses stated that Kai shot two adults, each twice, identified as Gregory Spears and Joshua Lopez. Kai was described by witnesses as a black male, about 5'10", 180 pounds, wearing a white t-shirt and baggy pants, and driving a tan van owned by Faith Lane.*fn1 (Id.)
After hearing the witnesses describe Mr. Ingram and his possible whereabouts, Officer Kofchak and Detective Beky attempted to locate Mr. Ingram at his mother's home. (Aff. Probable Cause, Dkt. Entry 1, at 4.) The officers spoke to Mr. Ingram's mother on the front porch and she agreed to let the officers enter the house.*fn2 (Suppression Hearing Transcript, Dkt. Entry 13-5, at 5.)
Mr. Ingram came downstairs, wearing a white t-shirt and tan baggy pants, which matched the description given by the witnesses. (Suppression Hearing Trans., Dkt. Entry 13-5, at 5.) Officer Beky informed Mr. Ingram that his name had been mentioned in connection with a crime and asked Mr. Ingram to accompany him to the police station for questioning. (Compl., Dkt. Entry 1, at 1.) Mr. Ingram willingly agreed, and proceeded to the police station. (Aff. Probable Cause, Dkt. Entry 1, at 4.)
While at the Police station, Mr. Ingram declined to answer any questions and asked for a lawyer. (Id.) The officers contacted District Attorney Lupas, who stated that the evidence sufficed to establish probable cause for Mr. Ingram's arrest. (Id.) Mr. Ingram was subsequently arrested and charged with the shooting of Gregory Spears and Joshua Lopez.
Before Mr. Ingram's case proceeded to trial, Mr. Ingram, represented by counsel, filed an Omnibus Pretrial Motion and a Motion to Suppress, alleging that certain statements were illegally obtained in violation of the Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution and Article I, Sections 8 and 9 of the Pennsylvania Constitution. (Pretrial Mot., Dkt. Entry 13-4, at 1.) Later, Mr. Ingram filed a Supplemental Omnibus Pretrial Motion, arguing the pat down and seizure of keys found in Mr. Ingram's pocket were performed illegally. (Supp. Pretrial Mot., Dkt. Entry 13-4, at 4.) He further argued that the search and seizure of his clothing violated his constitutional rights. (Id. at 4-5.)
A suppression hearing was held on April 30, 2007. Before the hearing, Defendant's counsel withdrew the request to suppress statements because counsel believed "there were no statements made by the defendant." (Suppression Hearing Trans., Dkt. Entry 13-5, at 3.) Mr. Ingram and Mr. Kofchak testified at the hearing as to the events that transpired on the night of the shooting. Judge Peter Paul Olszewski, Jr., made several findings of fact. He found that the police officers learned from witnesses that an individual had loaned her tan Ford Aerostar van to Kai, who left the scene in the van. The police also learned an address in Wilkes-Barre where Kai lived. (Id.) Judge Olszewski further found that the police officials "went to Kai's address where they encountered Kai's mother. She met--she allowed them into the home and indicated that Kai was upstairs." (Id.) Judge Olszewski then made the following conclusions of law:
The pat down of the defendant by the Chief is not contested by the defendant, and even if it was, the pat down search was fully permitted pursuant to Terry versus Ohio and its progeny in Pennsylvania case law which follows those legal precepts. . . .The seizure of the keys during the search of the defendant incident to arrest is proper and legal. The police seizure of the defendant's clothing was seized incident to his arrest and was proper and legal.
All credibility in this case is found to be in favor of Chief Kofchak and Detective Beky and against the defendant. (Suppression Hearing Trans., Dkt. Entry 13-5, at 11.)
Mr. Ingram's case then proceeded to trail. At trial, a jury convicted Mr. Ingram of two counts of aggravated assault and one count of carrying a firearm without a license. (Superior Ct. Decision, Dkt. Entry 13-9, at 1.) He then appealed his conviction, which was affirmed in a non-precedential opinion issued on February 20, 2008. (Dkt. Entry 13-8, at 5-6; Superior Ct. Decision, Dkt. Entry 13-9, at 1; Commonwealth v. Ingram, 951 A.2d 1211 (Pa. Super. 2008).*fn3
The Complaint alleges that, on May 14, 2006, Detective Beky illegally entered Mr. Ingram's home without a warrant and that no probable cause existed for his arrest. (Compl., Dkt. Entry 1, at 1.) Mr. Ingram further alleges he was illegally committed to the Luzerne County Correction Facility under false authority and did not see a Magistrate Judge (Issuing Authority) for approximately ten hours. (Id. at 2.) Defendants' actions allegedly violated Mr. Ingram's rights under the Fourth, Firth and Fourteenth Amendments, and amounted to false arrest, illegal detention and malicious prosecution. (Compl. at 2.) Mr. Ingram seeks damages from Attorney Lupas, in his individual capacity, for $2,000,000, and seeks damages from Officers Beky and Kofchak in the amount of $1,000,000 each. (Id. at 8.)
A. The Applicable Legal Standard
Defendants have labeled their motions as Motions to Dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). (See Dkt. Entries 12 & 16.) Under Rule 12(b)(6), "courts generally consider only the allegations in the complaint, exhibits attached to the complaint, matters of public record, and documents that form the basis of a claim." Lum v. Bank of America, 361 F.3d 217, 222 (3d. Cir. 2004) (citing In re Burlington Coat Factory Sec. Litig., 114 F.3d 1410, 1426 (3d Cir.1997)) ("Burlington"). A document forms the basis for a claim when it is "integral to or explicitly relied upon in the complaint." Burlington, 114 F.3d at 1426 (emphasis in original). The rationale for permitting consideration of such documents is "to prevent [ ] the situation in which a plaintiff is able to maintain a claim of fraud by extracting an isolated statement from a document and placing it in the complaint, even though if the statement were examined in the full context of the document, it would be clear that the statement was not fraudulent." Id. Under Rule 12(d), however, when "matters outside the pleadings are presented to and not excluded by the court, the motion must be treated as one for summary judgment under Rule 56."*fn4 FED. R. CIV. P. 12(d).
Here, Plaintiff has included with his Complaint an Affidavit of Probable Cause and a Police Criminal Complaint by Officer Kofchak. (See Compl., Dkt. Entry 1.) Defendant Kofchak, with his Motion to Dismiss, has attached the Omnibus Pretrial Motion, the Supplemental Omnibus Pretrial Motion, and the Motion to Suppress filed by Mr. Ingram in his state court criminal trial. (Pretrial Mot., Dkt. Entry 13-4.) Also included is a transcript of the suppression hearing conducted before Mr. Ingram's state court criminal trial, along with trial notes, the trial verdict, Mr. Ingram's Notice of Appeal, the Docket sheet, and the Judgment Order. (See Dkt. Entries 13 -5 to -10.) Defendants Lupas and Beky have attached, among other things, the docket transcript and bail form. (See Dkt. Entry 18 -2 to -7.)
The evidence submitted, although plainly related to the averments of the Complaint, requires the Court to consider the Defendants' motions as motions for summary judgment.*fn5
Therefore, the Court will convert the Motions to Dismiss to Motions to Summary Judgment.
Summary judgment should be granted when "the pleadings, the discovery and disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." FED. R. CIV. P. 56(c). A fact is "material" if proof of its existence or nonexistence might affect the outcome of the suit under the applicable law. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). An issue is genuine "if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party." Id.
All doubts as to the existence of a genuine issue of material fact must be resolved against the moving party, and the entire record must be examined in the light most favorable to nonmoving party. Cont'l Ins. Co. v. Bodie, 682 F.2d 436, 438 (3d Cir. 1982). The moving party has the burden of showing the absence of a genuine issue of material fact, but the nonmoving party must present affirmative evidence from which a jury might return a verdict in the nonmoving party's favor. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 256-57. Merely conclusory allegations taken from the pleadings are insufficient to withstand a motion for summary judgment. Schoch v. First Fid. Bancorporation, 912 F.2d 654, 657 (3d Cir. 1990). Summary judgment is to be entered "after adequate time for discovery and upon motion, against a party who fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party's case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial." Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986).
B. Fourth Amendment Claims
Plaintiff claims that his Fourth Amendment rights were violated in four different instances: Defendants illegally entered his home, his arrest was made without probable cause, the Affidavit of Probable Cause was not authorized by a proper issuing authority, and he was not taken before an Issuing Authority before being detained. (Compl., Dkt. Entry 1.)Each instance will be addressed separately.
1. Consent to Enter a Private Home
"It is well established that, absent consent or exigent circumstances, private homes may not be constitutionally entered to conduct a search or to effectuate an arrest without a warrant, even where probable cause exists." United States v. Cruz Jimenez, 894 F.2d 1, 5 (1st Cir. 1990) (citing Donovan v. Dewey, 452 U.S. 594 (1981)); Couden v. Duffy, 446 F.3d 483, 496 (3d Cir. 2006). "The Fourth Amendment permits law enforcement officers to search a home without a warrant when an individual with 'authority' over the premises voluntarily consents to the search." United States v. Anderson, 284 F. App'x 977, 979 (3d Cir. 2008) (citing Georgia v. Randolph, 547 U.S. 103, 109 (2006)). "A third-party has common authority over property when he or she has mutual use of or a substantial interest in it." Id. (citing United States v. Matlock, 415 U.S. 164, 171 n.4 (1974)).
In this case, Officers Kofchak and Beky did not have a warrant. They, however, testified in state court proceedings that Defendant's mother consented to their entry, and the state court found this testimony credible. At the suppression hearing, Judge Olszewski, made the following finding of fact: "Police officials then joined Wilkes-Barre police officers and went to Kai's address where they encountered Kai's mother. She met -- she allowed them into the home . . . ." Officer Kofchak testified that when he asked if he could enter the home, Kai's mother said yes. (Suppression Hearing Trans., Dkt. Entry 13-5, at 5.)
Although Plaintiff argues that his mother did not give consent in his Brief in Opposition, the determination by the state court precludes re-litigation of the consent issue.*fn6 The doctrine of collateral estoppel bars a plaintiff from re-litigating matters already decided in a prior state court proceeding in a civil rights action. See Allen v. McCurry, 449 U.S. 90, 103-04 (1980). A claim will be barred by collateral estoppel if the following elements are satisfied:
(a) the issue decided in the prior adjudication is identical with the one presented in the later action;
(b) there is a final judgment on the merits;
(c) the party against whom the doctrine is asserted was a party or in privity with a party to the other action;
(d) the party against whom it is asserted had a full and fair opportunity to litigate the issue in question in the prior action; and
(e) the issue decided was essential to the judgment.
Drum v. Nasuti, 648 F. Supp. 888, 897 - 898 (E.D. Pa. 1986) (citing Kauffman v. Moss, 420 F.2d 1270, 1274 (3d Cir. 1970)).*fn7
In this matter, all the elements of the collateral estoppel doctrine are satisfied. The state court judge found that Mr. Ingram's mother allowed the police officers into the house during the suppression hearing in the underlying criminal matter, in which Plaintiff was the Defendant. Mr. Ingram had a full opportunity to confront the issue at that time and when he appealed his conviction. Moreover, a suppression ruling followed by a conviction amounts to a final judgment on the merits. See Berry v. Chaves, No. Civ. A. 02-893, 2003 WL 21497557, at *2 (E.D. Pa. June 30, 2003) (finding the plaintiff's civil rights claim challenging his arrest barred by collateral estoppel because "the issues raised in the [ ] § 1983 action are identical to the issues actually litigated in the criminal case . . . ," the plaintiff was the defendant in the criminal case, and "denial of a suppression motion followed by a conviction is a final judgment for collateral estoppel purposes."*fn8 (citing Nelson v. Howard, 810 F. Supp. 161, 163 (E.D. Pa. 1992), Lomax v. Smith, 501 F. Supp. 119, 122 (E.D. Pa. 1980) and Shaffer v. Smith, 673 A.2d 872, 874 (1996))).
2. Probable Cause
A warrantless arrest must be supported by probable cause to be constitutionally sound. Commonwealth v. Merriwether, 555 A.2d 906, 910 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1989) (citing Valenti v. Sheeler, 765 F. Supp. 227, 230 (E.D. Pa. 1991)). Indeed, an arrest based upon probable cause would be justified, regardless of whether the individual arrested was guilty or not. Renk v. City of Pittsburgh, 641 A.2d 289, 293 (Pa. 1994) (citing Fagan v. Pittsburgh Terminal Coal Corp., 149 A. 159 (Pa. 1930)); Valenti, 765 F. Supp. at 230 ("The ultimate finding of guilt or innocence, or dismissal of charges arising out of an arrest and detention has no bearing on whether the arrest was valid. Otherwise, every time charges filed against an arrestee were dismissed or dropped, the police officers involved would be liable for false arrest or violations of the arrestee's civil rights." (citing Pierson v. Ray, 386 U.S. 547, 555 (1967))) (internal citation omitted).
Probable cause exists when "'the facts and circumstances which are within the knowledge of the police officer at the time of the arrest, and of which he has reasonably trustworthy information, are sufficient to warrant a man of reasonable caution in the belief that the suspect has committed or is committing a crime.'" Renk, 641 A.2d at 293 (citing Commonwealth v. Rodriguez, 585 A.2d 988, 990 (Pa. 1991)).The determination of probable cause is a factual analysis, based on the "totality of the circumstances." Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 230-241 (1983).
Here, it is evident that Officers Kofchak and Beky had probable cause to arrest Mr. Ingram. When the officers arrived on the scene of the shooting, they spoke to several witnesses, who each gave the same physical description of Plaintiff, some even using his name. The witnesses also said Mr. Ingram was driving a tan van. The corroborating nature of these statements would have suggested to the police officers that they were trustworthy and accurate. The officers also spoke to Faith Lane, the owner of the tan van, who told them that her friend Kai took the vehicle to go see his mother, which further confirmed the connection between Kai and the van.
One of the witnesses, Letticia Lopez, directed the officers to Mr. Ingram's mother's house and described the neighborhood. The description and location of the home and neighborhood matched, as well as the physical description of Mr. Ingram, who was wearing tan baggy pants and a long white shirt. Under these circumstances, a reasonable person would believe that Mr. Ingram had committed the crime. Thus, based on the numerous eye witness reports and descriptions, the police officers had probable cause.
3. The Preliminary Hearing
Under the Fourth Amendment, persons arrested without a warrant "must promptly be brought before a neutral magistrate for a judicial determination of probable cause," but the hearing does not have to take place "immediately upon taking a suspect into custody and completing booking procedures." County of Riverside v. McLaughlin, 500 U.S. 44, 53 (1991). The United States Supreme Court has left "it to the individual States to integrate prompt probable cause determinations into their differing systems of pretrial procedures." Id.
Pennsylvania Rule of Criminal Procedure 540(d) requires an issuing authority to make a determination of probable cause if a defendant is arrested without a warrant. See Pa. R. Crim. P. 540(d). "[T]he defendant shall be afforded a preliminary arraignment by the proper issuing authority without unnecessary delay." Pa. R. Crim. P. Rule 519 (A)(1). An "Issuing Authority" "is any public official having the power and authority of a magistrate, a Philadelphia bail commissioner, or a magisterial district judge." Pa. R. Crim P. 103.
Contrary to Mr. Ingram's assertions, the United States Constitution does not require that persons arrested without a warrant be taken before an Issuing Authority before being detained. See McLaughlin, 500 U.S. at 53. It is undisputed that Mr. Ingram was brought before an Issuing Authority shortly after his arrest. Mr. Ingram complains that his appearance before a District Justice ten (10) hours after his arrest was untimely.
After an arrest without a warrant is effectuated, a suspect may be detained before being brought before an issuing authority/magistrate judge "for a brief period of detention to take the administrative steps incident to arrest." Gerstein v. Pugh, 420 U.S. 103, 114 (1975). "What constitutes an unnecessarily long detention under Gerstein 'must be determined on a case-by-case basis.'" Owens, on Behalf of Young v. County of Delaware, Civ. A. No. 95-4282, 1996 WL 476616, at *19 (E.D. Pa. Aug. 15, 1996). In County of Riverside v. McLaughlin, 500 U.S. 44, 57 (1991), the Court ruled that the Fourth Amendment generally requires a judicial finding of probable cause within 48 hours of a warrantless arrest. Plaintiff was brought before a judicial officer well within the 48 hour period. Moreover, Plaintiff has not set forth allegations, or evidence, as to any improper conduct on the part of the police officers in connection with the delay. He does not suggest that the officers delayed his appearance in order to gather more evidence or why a ten hour delay was unnecessarily long. Nor has he articulated any particular prejudice as a result of the 10 hour delay. Thus, Plaintiff has failed to show a constitutional violation in connection with his preliminary hearing.
4. False Arrest, False Imprisonment, and Malicious Prosecution Claims
To the extent that Plaintiff is alleging claims of false arrest and false imprisonment, his claims have no merit.*fn9 To succeed on a claim for false imprisonment or false arrest under the Fourth Amendment, a plaintiff is required "to show that he or she was arrested without probable cause." Mills v. City of Harrisburg, Civil Action No. 1:06-CV-0882, 2008 WL 5111914, at *4 (M.D. Pa. Dec. 2, 2008) (citing Groman v. Twp. of Manalapan, 47 F.3d 628, 635 (3d Cir. 1995)); Dowling v. City of Philadelphia, 855 F.2d 136, 141 (3d Cir. 1988) ("The proper inquiry in a section 1983 claim based on false arrest or misuse of the criminal process is not whether the person arrested in fact committed the offense but whether the arresting officers had probable cause to believe the person arrested had committed the offense.") Because probable cause existed at the time of Mr. Ingram's arrest, any claim for false arrest or false imprisonment cannot proceed.
Mr. Ingram's malicious prosecution claim is also deficient. "'One element that must be alleged and proved in a malicious prosecution action is the termination of the prior criminal proceeding in favor of the accused.'" Donahue v. Gavin, 280 F.3d 371, 383 (3d Cir. 2002) (citing Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477, 484 (1994)). Here, because Mr. Ingram was convicted, his malicious prosecution claim is without merit.
C. Fifth Amendment Claims
To the extent that Mr. Ingram alleges violations of the Fifth Amendment, his claim must fail. "[V]iolations of the prophylactic Miranda procedures do not amount to violations of the Constitution itself." Giuffre v. Bissell, 31 F.3d 1241, 1256 (3d Cir. 1994). "The right protected under the Fifth Amendment is the right not to be compelled to be a witness against oneself . . . ." Id. Mr. Ingram does not allege that he was compelled to be a witness against himself, or that he made any statements. Thus, a Fifth Amendment claim does not lie.
D. State Law Claims
"[W]here the claim over which the district court has original jurisdiction is dismissed before trial, the district court must decline to decide the pendent state claims unless considerations of judicial economy, convenience, and fairness to the parties provide an affirmative justification for doing so." Borough of West Mifflin v. Lancaster, 45 F.3d 780, 788 (3d Cir. 1995) "Needless decisions of state law should be avoided both as a matter of comity and to promote justice between the parties . . . . Certainly, if the federal claims are dismissed before trial, even though not insubstantial in a jurisdictional sense, the state claims should be dismissed as well." Id. Because there is no affirmative justification for exercising jurisdiction over any pendent state law claims asserted, they will be dismissed.
For the reasons stated in the foregoing memorandum, Defendants' Motions to Dismiss, converted into Motions for Summary Judgment, will be granted. An appropriate order follows.
Thomas I. Vanaskie United States District Judge
NOW, THIS 3rd DAY OF FEBRUARY, 2009, for the reasons set forth in the foregoing memorandum, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED THAT:
1.Defendants' converted Motions for Summary Judgment (Dkt. Entries 12 & 16) are GRANTED.
2. Judgment shall be entered in favor of Defendants and against Plaintiff.
3. The Clerk of Court is directed to mark this matter CLOSED.
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13113 Giro Dr., Bakersfield, CA 93314
- $410,000
- 55 Days on site
- Est: $1,519/month
Estimate Your Monthly Payment
Data provided by Informa Research Services. Payments do not include amounts for taxes and insurance premiums. The actual payment obligation will be greater if taxes and insurance are included. Click here for more information on rates and product details.
- Mortgage Center
- Beds: 3
- Baths: 2 Full, 1 Half
- Single Family Home
Desirable northwest neighborhood. Situated near the end of a cul-de-sac, this home is sure to please. Spacious floor-plan. Double-door front entry. Office w/ glass panel French doors. Columns frame the Formal Dining Room. Formal Living Room. Great Room open to Kitchen w/ granite countertops & tons of storage space! Large Bedrooms. Two full Bathrooms & Powder Room. Indoor Utility Room. Large lot. Click here to learn more about this listing..
- Year Built: n/a
- 55 Days on site
- Single Family Home
- Beds: 3
- Baths: 2 Full, 1 Half
Listing Details
- Assessed Taxable Amount
- $399,000
- Tax Amount
- $5,471
- Last Transaction Date
- 04/04/2008
- Last Transaction Purchase Price
- $400,000
- Property Type
- Single Family Residence
- Bedrooms
- 4
- Bathrooms
- 2
- Floors
- 1
- Home Size (Sqft)
- 3,297
- Lot Size (Sqft)
- 10,890
- Lot Size (Acres)
- 0.25
- Year Built
- 2005
- Units
- 1
- Fireplace
- Yes
- Parking
- Garage
- Heating System
- Forced Air
- Cooling System
- Solar
Public Facts: As provided by County Assessor and Recorder offices. May not reflect recent additions or improvements. If you see any errors, the best way to get the records updated is to contact your local county records office. If any of the information in this section conflicts with property information provided by a listing agent or broker, agent-provided information should be deemed more reliable.
Local Info
| Median Household Income
| Median Years In Residence
| Median Homeowner Age
| Households with Children
| Percent of Homes Rented
Nearby Elementary Schools
- Independence Elementary
- 2345 Old Farm Rd
- Centennial Elementary
- 15200 Westdale Dr
- Rosedale-North Elementary
- 11500 Meacham Rd
Nearby Middle Schools
- Rosedale Middle
- 12463 Rosedale Hwy
- Country Christian School
- 2416 Dean Ave
- Freedom Middle
- 11445 Noriega Rd
Nearby High Schools
- Liberty High
- 925 Jewetta Ave
- Bakersfield Christian High School
- 12775 Stockdale Hwy
- Centennial High
- 8601 Hageman Rd
These are the closest schools to your requested location. Proximity does not guarantee enrollment eligibility. Please consult your real estate agent or school district to confirm the schools you are zoned to attend.
Mortgage Rates
Data provided by Informa Research Services. Payments do not include amounts for taxes and insurance premiums. The actual payment obligation will be greater if taxes and insurance are included. Click here for more information on rates and product details.
Property Contact Info
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