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decided: September 8, 1975.
BEVERLY JEANNE JENKINS, PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT,v.BLUE CROSS MUTUAL HOSPITAL INSURANCE, INC., BLUE SHIELD MUTUAL MEDICAL INSURANCE, INC., DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Indiana, Indianapolis Division - No. IP 72-C-398 JAMES E. NOLAND, Judge.
Tuttle,*fn* Tone and Bauer, Circuit Judges.
TUTTLE, Circuit Judge.
The plaintiff Beverly Jeanne Jenkins brought this action on her own behalf and for a class she purported to represent, charging the defendants, Blue Cross Mutual Hospital Insurance, Inc., Blue Cross Medical Insurance, Inc. (Blue Cross-Blue Shield), her former employer, with racial and sex discrimination in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq. and 42 U.S.C. § 1981. The district court determined that the action could not proceed as a class action; thereafter the court denied the plaintiff's motion for a preliminary injunction to enjoin the defendants' promotion and employee evaluation practices, which were alleged to have discriminatory effect.
The plaintiff appeals the denial of her requested preliminary injunction, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a)(1). The preliminary injunction which was requested would have enjoined the defendants' current employee evaluation and promotion practices. As the plaintiff was no longer employed by the defendants at the time suit was filed, she clearly could not allege irreparable injury to herself resulting from the continued use of these practices. Rather, as the plaintiff candidly admits, it is the harm allegedly suffered by the class of present employees which the plaintiff argues justifies enjoining the defendants' supervisory performance rating system.
Thus, the real issue which the plaintiff seeks to appeal is whether she should be permitted to maintain her suit as a class action; only if the district court erred in denying the plaintiff the right to proceed as a representative of a class of all past and present employees could its subsequent refusal to grant a preliminary injunction be seriously challenged.
Generally a trial court's decision that a suit is inappropriate to proceed as a class action is not a "final decision" and thus cannot be appealed under 28 U.S.C. § 1291,*fn1 3B Moore's Federal Practice, P23.97 at 23 - 1951-52. While certain limited exceptions to 28 U.S.C. § 1291's requirement of a final order of the district court have developed permitting interlocutory appellate review of certain class action determinations where those decisions have in some sense a final effect on the action,*fn2 these exceptions have been rejected in this circuit as a basis for permitting an appeal from an order refusing class status,*fn3 and the plaintiff does not attempt to invoke them. Rather, the plaintiff seeks to review the district court's class action determination by the limited interlocutory appeal permitted by 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a)(1) which provides:
"The courts of appeals shall have jurisdiction of appeals from: (1) interlocutory orders of the district courts . . . granting, continuing, modifying, refusing or dissolving injunctions, or refusing to dissolve or modify injunctions, except where a direct review may be had in the Supreme Court . . . ."
While the plaintiff cites no authority for this approach, a substantial body of case law has in fact developed for the view that
"when injunctive relief is sought and the denial of class action treatment has the effect of denying the broad injunctive relief requested in the complaint, the order is appealable under 28 U.S.C. § 1292 (a)(1) as an order denying an injunction."
3B Moore's Federal Practice, P23.97 (1973 Supp.) at 130. See Price v. Lucky Stores, Inc., 501 F.2d 1177 (9th Cir. 1974); Hackett v. General Host Corp., 455 F.2d 618, 622 (3rd Cir. 1972); Yaffe v. Powers, 454 F.2d 1362 (1st Cir. 1972); Spangler v. United States, 415 F.2d 1242 (9th Cir. 1969); Oatis v. Crown Zellerbach Corp., 398 F.2d 496 (5th Cir. 1968); Shapiro Bernstein & Co. v. Continental Record Co., 386 F.2d 426 (2d Cir. 1967); Brunson v. Board of Trustees, 311 F.2d 107 (4th Cir. 1962), cert. denied, 373 U.S. 933, 10 L. Ed. 2d 690, 83 S. Ct. 1538 (1963).*fn4
We find these authorities convincing. Certainly in this case there is an order denying a preliminary injunction, which would permit review under the terms of § 1292(a)(1). Further, there can be no doubt that the district court's earlier refusal to certify the suit as a class action directly controlled its subsequent decision on the requested preliminary injunction.*fn5
Because the class action determination of the district court directly controlled the subsequent disposition of the request for a preliminary injunction, we believe it, too, is reviewable under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a)(1). By refusing to certify the action as a class action, the district court effectively precluded a grant of preliminary injunction relief; as the plaintiff was no longer employed by the defendants, Blue Cross-Blue Shield, she clearly suffered no continuing harm from the challenged promotional and employee evaluation practices. Accordingly, in our view, the refusal to certify the suit as a class action limited the potential injunctive relief which the plaintiff could obtain, and accordingly can be appealed at this time.
A conflict has developed in the circuits as to whether a class action decision, standing alone, without an order denying a preliminary injunction is also reviewable under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a)(1). See Williams v. Mumford, 167 U.S. App. D.C. 125, 511 F.2d 363 (D.C. Cir. 1975); Yaffe v. Powers, 454 F.2d 1362 (1st Cir. 1972); City of New York v. International Pipe & Ceramics Corp., 410 F.2d 295 (2d Cir. 1969); Brunson v. Board of Trustees, 311 F.2d 107 (4th Cir. 1962), cert. denied, 373 U.S. 933, 10 L. Ed. 2d 690, 83 S. Ct. 1538 (1963). We note, however, that we do not confront this question in this case. Here the plaintiff specifically and expressly moved for a preliminary injunction, and that request was denied; the plaintiff's appeal is formally from that denial of her motion for preliminary injunction, and thus the question whether an appeal may lie from the refusal to certify a suit as a class action standing alone is not presented by the facts of this case. We express no view as to whether the plaintiff could similarly appeal from the earlier order refusing to certify her suit as a class action.*fn6
The plaintiff attempted to bring this action on behalf of a class composed of "all black and female persons who are employed, or might be employed, by Blue Cross-Blue Shield, Inc.," alleging discriminatory patterns and practices in employee hiring, promotion, and job evaluation. The plaintiff's Title VII claim asserted both racial and sex discrimination, while her § 1981 claim asserted racial discrimination. The district court refused to certify the action as a class action because it found that the plaintiff's original complaint to the EEOC was too narrow to permit the type of broad claims of racial and sex discrimination presented in the complaint, and accordingly held that the plaintiff was limited by the terms of her prior EEOC charge.*fn7
The district court noted that nowhere in the EEOC charge did the plaintiff specifically raise the question of sex discrimination; the court noted that the plaintiff in her EEOC charge did not challenge the hiring and testing practices of Blue Cross-Blue Shield, and while her charge that she was denied a promotion because of her Afro hairstyle had an "arguable connection to race by allegation of hairstyle discrimination, such is not sufficient to raise the panorama of alleged evils the plaintiff seeks to adjudicate."
The district court determined that any class which the plaintiff could represent must be limited by the terms of her EEOC charge, that is, to a class of persons denied promotion due to wearing a natural Afro hairstyle. Accordingly, the district court held that because there was no allegation of numerosity of class members or commonality of legal claims of a class so defined, the plaintiff failed to allege a class which could be maintained under Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
The district court appears not to have considered what effect the plaintiff's second claim based on 42 U.S.C. § 1981 should have on its class action determination.
In our view, the plaintiff was entitled to make the broad allegations of racial discrimination she did, under § 1981. In our view this action provides a sufficient basis for adjudicating the claims presented in the plaintiff's complaint. We agree with the district court, however, that the failure of the plaintiff to allege sex discrimination in her charge before the EEOC precludes her from raising the issue in this proceeding.
42 U.S.C. § 1981 provides that:
"All persons within the jurisdiction of the United States shall have the same right in every state . . . to make and enforce contracts . . . enjoyed by white citizens . . . ."
This provision has been uniformly construed to prohibit private discrimination in employment. Waters v. Wisconsin Steel Works, 427 F.2d 476 (7th Cir. 1970), cert. denied, 400 U.S. 911, 91 S. Ct. 137, 27 L. Ed. 2d 151 (1970); Sanders v. Dobbs Houses, Inc., 431 F.2d 1097 (5th Cir. 1970), cert. denied, 401 U.S. 948, 28 L. Ed. 2d 231, 91 S. Ct. 935 (1971); Macklin v. Spector Freight Systems, Inc., 156 U.S. App. D.C. 69, 478 F.2d 979 (1973). See generally Comment, Racial Discrimination and Employment Under the Civil Rights Act of 1866, 36 U.Chi.L.Rev. 615 (1969). This court has held that the passage of Title VII in no way impliedly repealed § 1981, Waters v. Wisconsin Steel Works, supra, 427 F.2d at 485, noting that "the legislative history of Title VII strongly demonstrates an intent to preserve previously existing causes of action." Id. See also Alexander v. Gardner-Denver Co., 415 U.S. 36, 48, 39 L. Ed. 2d 147, 94 S. Ct. 1011 (1974). Indeed, in this court's second Wisconsin Steel Works decision, 502 F.2d 1309, 1315 (7th Cir. 1974), this court concurred in the views of the five other circuits which have considered the question in holding that § 1981 is available even to those plaintiffs who have failed to pursue their Title VII administrative remedies. See Long v. Ford Motor Co., 496 F.2d 500 (6th Cir. 1974); Young v. International Telephone & Telegraph Co., 438 F.2d 757 (3rd Cir. 1971); Caldwell v. National Brewing Co., 443 F.2d 1044 (5th Cir. 1971); Brady v. Bristol-Meyers Co., 459 F.2d 621 (8th Cir. 1972); Macklin v. Spector Freight Systems, Inc., 156 U.S. App. D.C. 69, 478 F.2d 979 (1973).
Thus, in our view, the plaintiff's claim based upon 42 U.S.C. § 1981 alleging racial discrimination would properly state a class claim even if her other claim based upon Title VII is impermissibly broad in light of her EEOC charge.*fn8 "§ 1981 is available to plaintiff without regard to Title VII limitations." Alpha Portland Cement Co. v. Reese, 507 F.2d 607, 610 (5th Cir. 1975).
On the limited record before us on this appeal there appear to be unresolved factual questions as to whether the action can proceed as a class action. These questions were not considered by the district court in its earlier order denying class action treatment, based upon the EEOC charge. Two questions appear to us to have importance in determining whether plaintiff can serve as a representative for those black employees who allegedly have been injured by the defendants' discriminatory employee evaluation and promotion practices. First, the plaintiff resigned her employment - but alleges that she did so due to some form of coercion; secondly, it appears that many of the evaluation and promotion practices complained of in the complaint were instituted after the plaintiff left the defendants' employ.
The plaintiff must be a member of the class which she seeks to represent, with sufficient interest in the outcome to assure that she will adequately and fairly represent the class. Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(a). The plaintiff cannot meet these standards if she in fact voluntarily resigned her employment for reasons unrelated to the employee evaluation and promotion practices of which she now complains. On remand the district court should consider these questions in determining whether the requirements of Rule 23 are met.
B. Title VII.
This litigation began when the plaintiff, Beverly Jeanne Jenkins, completed an EEOC charge form on June 8, 1971 naming her former employer, Blue Cross-Blue Shield, as the party which had discriminated against her. She checked the box marked "Race or Color" and made the following statement to explain what in her view constituted the "unfair thing" which had been done to her.
"I feel that I am being discriminated in the terms and conditions of my employment because of my race, Negro. I have worked for Blue Cross and Blue Shield approx. three years during which time I no problem until May, 1971 when I got my natural hairstyle. Later when I came up for promotion it was denied because my supervisor, Al Frymier, said I could never represent Blue Cross with my Afro. He also accused me of being a leader of the girls on the floor. The pressure I was working under kept me upset, therefore, I asked for a leave of absence. I was told I had to take a vacation before I could be granted a leave of absence. I was granted a week vacation and on my return I was asked to take a 90-day leave, quit, or be fired, time they said to get myself together; at the end of this time they would be able to place me on another job. A White employee who associated with me might have been denied her promotion because of her association with me."
The plaintiff received her statutory notice of her right to sue from the EEOC on August 4, 1972.
Plaintiff filed this suit on August 28, 1972 alleging a broad-based pattern and practice of racial and sex discrimination against her and the class she purported to represent in hiring, assignment, pay and promotion.*fn9
The district court found that because the plaintiff's EEOC charge limited the scope of the complaint she could subsequently file in federal court under Title VII, any subsequent Title VII action in federal court must be limited to the specific issue of denial of promotion opportunities due to wearing an Afro hairstyle. On that basis, the district court found that the plaintiff had failed to allege that others were injured due to the same discriminatory practice, and accordingly the suit could not be maintained as a class action.
Although this court has not previously enunciated a precise rule for purposes of determining what is the proper scope of the allegations in a complaint when compared against the original charge filed with the EEOC, we are in agreement that the rule as stated in the case of Danner v. Phillips Petroleum Co., 447 F.2d 159 (5th Cir. 1971), should be followed. The court in that case said:
"the correct rule to follow in construing EEOC charges for purposes of delineating the proper scope of a subsequent judicial inquiry is that 'the complaint in the civil action . . . may properly encompass any . . . discrimination like or reasonably related to the allegations of the charge and growing out of such allegations."
Danner v. Phillips Petroleum Co., supra, 447 F.2d at 162.
Upon careful examination of the complaint and the charge, Judges Bauer and Tone agree that the trial court properly construed the particular charge here in light of the general principles, and that the charge does not form a proper basis for the complaint that the defendant pursued a practice and pattern of discrimination in the manner alleged in the complaint. Judge Tuttle would hold that the charge was sufficient under the announced standard to support the allegations of the complaint.
The Court is unanimously of the view that the charge does not form a proper basis under Title VII for any complaint of discrimination on the basis of sex.
In light of the fact that the trial court dismissed the complaint because of the failure of the named plaintiff to qualify as representative of her class under Title VII, without giving consideration to the claim based on § 1981, and since we conclude that the relief claimed under § 1981 need not be based on any form of claim filed with the EEOC, we hold that the judgment of the trial court must be reversed for further consideration of the questions raised under Section II, A of this opinion - that is, whether the named plaintiff terminated her employment voluntarily, and if she did not, whether she can qualify as a representative of the class under Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(a). The court, under such circumstances, will then give consideration to what equitable relief the plaintiff may be entitled to.
The judgment is reversed and the case is remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.
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The bulls have a significant feather in their cap in the form of conviction. While numerous fundamental and technical factors point toward negative outcomes for equities, the force with which stocks (NYSEARCA:SPY) have rallied off the October low looks more like the early stages of a bull market, rather than a bear market. Having said that, numerous market ratios, including the gold:Treasury ratio, have not broken into bull market territory yet.
Heading into next week, the flowing statements may begin to weigh on sentiment. From Reuters:
HIGHLIGHTS-Comments by policymakers at Cannes G20:
"There are hardly any countries here which said they were ready to go along with the EFSF (euro zone rescue fund)."
"Every day that the euro zone crisis continues is a day that has a chilling effect on the rest of the world economy."
"Britain will not contribute to the euro zone bailout fund and we are clear that the IMF will not contribute to the euro bailout fund either."
"Global action cannot be a substitute for concerted action by the euro zone to stand behind their currency."
"The job of the IMF is to help countries in distress, not to support currency unions."
"The world can't wait for the euro zone to through endless questions and changes about this."
"You can't ask the IMF, nor should you, nor ever would I, ask the IMF to put its money into a euro zone bail out fund - that wouldn't be right."
"Britain will not invest in a euro zone bailout fund. Britain will not invest in the IMF, so the IMF can invest in a euro zone bailout fund. That is not going to happen."
This video explores the current ratio of gold (NYSEARCA:GLD) to Treasuries (NYSEARCA:TLT). The ratio helps us monitor the battle between:
- Inflation via GLD and deflation via TLT.
- The bulls via GLD and bears via TLT.
Like many markets, the GLD:TLT ratio is near a possible inflection point. However, the ratio was near a similar bullish inflection point in 2008 before stocks and gold took another leg down. The points below highlight similarities between 2008 and 2009:
- A1 & A2: GLD:TLT ratio makes similar twin peaks.
- B1 & B2: Ratio breaks inflation/bullish trend.
- C1 & C2: When the indicator, Williams % R, remains weak, the bear market in stocks remained intact (left of C1, right of C2). When the indicator moved back above -20 (overbought), the bear market was nearing its end.
click to enlarge images
The video expands the commentary on the two charts above and also comments on Italian bond yields.
After you click play, use the button in the lower-right corner of the video player to view in full-screen mode. Hit Esc to exit full-screen mode. If you want to skip the technicals, comments on Europe begin at the 10:33 mark.
If the gold:Treasury ratio were to move into bullish territory, we would be open to high beta ETFs, such as XME, JJC, GDX, and SLV. Until we see more evidence of a lasting turn, we will err on the conservative side.
Some other concerning developments out of Europe via Bloomberg:
World leaders meeting at the G-20 summit in Cannes, France, balked at spending more money to help bail out the euro-area, demanding the region's own governments first do more to fix the two-year-old debt crisis. Governments are awaiting further details of Europe's own week-old rescue package before they commit cash, German Chancellor Angela Merkel said on the final day of a Group of 20 summit in Cannes, France.
Disclosure: I am long TLT.

subset: commoncrawl


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Modifications/Repairs: None
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Wretched Queen
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The Wretched Queen, First Handmaiden of the Queen, is a Super Unique Wretched Mother in Diablo III. She was the first handmaiden of Queen Asylla.
The Wretched Queen has to be killed in the quest The Fallen Star, being, in fact, the first Super-Unique monster encountered in game. She has far more health than the average Mother, and higher damage. She also has unique appearance, with white bloodied dress and pale hair (as opposed to black-haired regular Wretched Mothers).


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So, it's not particularly "fun." But I've got videos about how the government plans to address the economic crisis for you this morning.
My biggest issue while listening to President Bush's speech is that he seem very concerned about making sure that Americans have access to more debt. He wants to get the credit markets moving so that we can get car loans and other consumer loans. This is a problem. It is this very reliance on debt as an economic driver that has us in this mess to begin with.
I mean, we were to the point where the "smart" institutional investors were turning debt into packaged investments and speculating on them. The whole issue is that we've become an economy that runs on debt. And eventually that debt catches up to you. Because it has to be paid back. So it worries me that the primary solution to this current problem is to keep making it possible to get into more debt.
The entire way we think as a society and an economy needs to be overhauled.


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Sponsored by The Home Depot Foundation
Annapolis, Md. (October 1, 2007)- TreeMendous Maryland today announced that Maryland will celebrate National NeighborWoods Month by partnering on a series of Gorgeous Prince George's Day tree planting events that will result in 2,000 new trees, as well as hosting another planting. These events are some of more than 200 regreening, educational, and training efforts throughout the country being promoted during October as part of NeighborWoods Month. NeighborWoods Month is a national campaign of the Alliance for Community Trees (ACT). TreeMendous Maryland is a member of ACT's NeighborWoods Network.
"It's great to be focusing on the health and livability benefits of trees at a time when other organizations are doing so as well," said Terry Galloway, Director of TreeMendous Maryland. "Part of our goal is to draw attention to the good work being done at the grassroots level all across the country to improve urban and community forests."
TreeMendous Maryland's celebrations will take place as follows:
10/13/07- 9:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m., Prince George's Countywide
10/20/07- 8:30 a.m. to 12:00 p.m.- Wheaton Regional Park in Montgomery County
More information at: http://calendar.neighborwoodsmonth.org
"Having local organizations like TreeMendous Maryland participate in National NeighborWoods Month helps us show the cumulative effect of a burgeoning urban and community forestry movement," said ACT Executive Director Alice Ewen Walker. Founded in 1993, the Alliance for Community Trees is a national coalition of 140 nonprofit organizations engaged in urban and community forestry in 39 states and Canada. Its members are dedicated to grassroots community greening, public education, policymaking, job training, urban design, and other initiatives that support better awareness of the connections between trees and people.
NeighborWoods Month is sponsored through a generous grant from The Home Depot Foundation. "National NeighborWoods Month offers a unique opportunity for people to understand the contributions of trees to the health, beauty and livability of their communities," said Kelly Caffarelli, Vice President of The Home Depot Foundation. "By partnering with ACT and local NeighborWoods organizations like TreeMendous Maryland, The Foundation is able to further its goals of investing in the overall health and success of our communities."
About The Home Depot Foundation
The Home Depot Foundation was created in 2002 to further the community building goals of The Home Depot by providing additional resources to assist nonprofit organizations building affordable, efficient, and healthy homes throughout the United States and Canada. The Home Depot Foundation is dedicated to creating healthy, livable communities through the integration of affordable housing built responsibly and the preservation and restoration of community trees. Since its formation, The Home Depot Foundation has granted more than $50 million to nonprofit and government organizations throughout North America. In 2006 alone, projects supported by the foundation built 9,000 units of housing and planted 300,000 trees. For more information, visit www.homedepotfoundation.org.
For Immediate Release Contact:
Terry Galloway
TreeMendous Maryland
Download TreeMendous Maryland's NeighborWoods press release.


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Maybe you should keep this cute little secret to yourself. While day-trippers come from far away to join the crowds and step on one another's toes at the well-known "The Beach" in Maya Bay, it is a lot quieter here at the much smaller but no less magical Nui Beach. This is despite the fact that it can be reached in only few minutes by boat from the centre of Koh Phi Phi. After we have failed to keep this secret to ourselves, perhaps you should make sure that you only share this with someone who deserves to experience such a gem of a beach.
Nui Beach - Exquisite, unspoilt, natural dream beach with white sand and black cliffs
You can reach Nui Beach on Koh Phi Phi from Lo Dalam Beach in the centre of the island in only a few minutes by using a motorised long-tail boat as a water-taxi. You can also paddle yourself across in a kayak, which will take about half an hour. From the neighbouring beach on the other side of Loh Lana Bay a climbing path also leads to Nui Beach, but this can only be used at low tide without having to swim.
However you get to Nui Beach, once you have arrived you won't want to leave again. This beach seems like the kind which you read about in a novel where somebody is stranded on a remote island but finds paradise there. The fine, sandy beach is surrounded by high, dark cliffs and further inland you will see hills densely covered with palm-trees. The steep rocks to the left and right are also generously covered in lush greenery.
The crystal clear water shimmers in a turquoise-blue shade and snorkelling is ideal near the cliffs along the beach. The imposing offshore rock island of Nui Rock is one of the popular diving locations of Koh Phi Phi. There are only a few people to be seen at the beach, which is surprising as although Nui Beach is smaller, it is generally just as nice and also much nearer than the much better known Maya Bay on the neighbouring island.In addition to the natural beauty of this picturesque, idyllic spot, many of the visitors who have been here have created their own work of art by writing their names on pieces of coral and white stones found on the beach. These have then been placed in the steep, black rugged walls of the cliffs to form a mosaic memorial created by the many people who have taken this magical place to their hearts.


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Through this session I helped the student prepare for a presentation that she has coming up. She has a script that she will read from for this presentation and so we worked on editing this. She had some trouble with reflexive verb conjugations as she missed class last week and I therefore reviewed this concept with her. She had also missed the present progressive lesson and this was therefore reviewed as well. I also helped her with another homework assignment on reading comprehension.
The student and I played a flashcard game for sound identification with the most recent set of sight words. Then we read a book. She did pretty well with the reading. We then started her on a new set of sight word flashcards and co-read 2 books. She enjoyed the co-reading quite a bit.
Today in history, we covered the beginnings of the American Revolution. We looked over the diorama that was made and discussed ways to add factual information to it. We reviewed the progress of the ongoing timeline, and looked over the map of Paul Revere's Midnight Ride, as well as continued the discussion over the myth and legend verse the conspiracy. In English, we worked on the toolbox, did a descriptive timed writing, worked on the dialectical journal, and identified themes.
Relationships of accounts of income statements to the accounts on balance sheets. Ratios of liquidity, of debt, of inventory turns, of aged receivables, etc. All leading to measurement of financing performance for managing the firm, for the bankers and for the owners.
The student worked on his math review. He did well on the multiplication and division portion and estimating, along with order of operations. He also worked on editing his own writing. We worked on using a new paragraph when someone new is talking. We also read and I asked him comprehension questions as he read.
Today we used various activities to become more familiar with new English words. We practiced speaking and engaging in conversation using English. First we thought of different animals that lived in various environments. In that same exercise, I showed pictures of different animals. I also had the students talk about their favorite movie/show. They had to describe the main characters and the plot; I then asked them questions about it to generate continuous dialogue. They each read out loud from their books, and we discussed words that were unfamiliar. I encouraged them to speak English with each other at home, listen to music and watch television in English to become familiar with more words.
Today, the student had a take-home quiz; we worked on it together and thoroughly reviewed the topics about factoring and FOIL that she was still having trouble with. Overall, she is comprehending this new algebra-based section of her class a lot better than her previous geometry-based section, and it is very clear that she a lot more confident and happy with her abilities. She has her midterm this upcoming Monday, so I gave her a practice test composed of a mix of everything she has covered in this section so far, and she will complete it before our session this coming Saturday so we can review it before her exam.
We completed the practice tests for the end of the year exam. I have a better idea of what they need to review and will make sure to keep working with them on it.
Today I had the student work on a compare and contrast essay. Before our session, I emailed him several links. During on session, we read over the articles together. I had printed out some organizational charts beforehand - he and I thought of some points for the essay, organized our thoughts, and put them in the chart. After we finished organizing and going over the differences/similarities of the topic, I had him write the essay by himself. We went over it together and he did an excellent job. Since we still had a few minutes left in our session, I had him read a short story and write an ending to the story. We also took some time before he started writing the ending to go over some characters and do some character analysis.
Today we focused on graphs and graphing sine and cosine functions. We looked at how to shift and stretch the graphs as well as how to determine the amplitude and period of the function without having to graph it first. We also practiced using the calculator to graph these functions and how to adjust the graph window for trigonometric functions. The student is doing well finding the amplitude and calculating the period for most sine and cosine functions and is doing better with sketching the graphs from just the equation.
The student and I practiced her ELA reading assignment. I suggested to her and her mother that every word that she doesn't know should be written down and reviewed. The goal is to increase her background knowledge and comprehension.
The student did two grammar exercises, that required him to identify and generate adjective phrases. We also worked on his science essay and came up with a strategy and outline. The student's homework is two write two journal entry responses a week and to complete the page 83 writing assignment.


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Having unwanted fat in various areas of your body can have a significant impact on your health and self-esteem. While traditional weight reduction through exercise and diet is a terrific method to slim down overall, even the very best workouts can't target issue areas like the tummy, inner thighs, arms, and buttocks. Liposuction is a time evaluated treatment that is used to eliminate excess fat from particular locations of the body, allowing a specific to shape and contour their body to their taste. Is liposuction right for you? Discover now.
Pros of Liposuction
There are lots of advantages to this cosmetic treatment, consisting of:
• Right away visible modifications. Unlike conventional weight-loss, liposuction produces changes that are immediately visible in the body. Some distinction is noticeable immediately, and the preferred outcomes are generally achieved in just a couple of days.
• Proven and safe. This cosmetic procedure has actually been performed by skilled surgeons all over the world for several years and the technique has actually been fine-tuned over and again to be safe and reliable.
• Healing time is generally quickly. The downtime needed after having this type of procedure is normally much less than exactly what is required for other kinds of cosmetic procedures, consisting of tummy tucks, breast reduction, and more. People who have had the treatment can typically return to work a lot more quickly than they prepared for and can return to living a healthy, active lifestyle.
• Weight-loss can be long-term. With the best maintenance techniques, the fat that was eliminated during the liposuction procedure will not return.
• Complete control over your body. With liposuction, an individual can have complete control over how they want to look, beyond what conventional diet and exercise can offer. Giving people this power over their bodies increases self-confidence and aid people feel their very best.While there many advantages to liposuction, there are of course a couple of caveats that need to be taken into consideration before making the final decision to move forward with the treatment.
Cons of Liposuction
Prior to having liposuction done, it is essential to analyze the prospective downsides of the procedure and determine if the advantages surpass the threats in your certain case. Your cosmetic surgeon can assist you learn more about the risks connected with the treatment and can help you decide if progressing is the ideal thing for you.
• Issues with general anesthesia. Since liposuction is carried out under basic anesthesia, the procedure carries the same risks as other kind of surgery where general anesthesia is used. Hidden medical conditions might enhance these dangers.
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There are dangers associated with liposuction, for many people, the benefits far surpass them. Educate yourself about the procedure by having extensive discussions with your surgeon and think about how liposuction has the potential to affect you as a special person. Just you and your cosmetic surgeon can determine if liposuction will supply you with the results you are trying to find within your expectations.
Laser Liposuction procedure is a new non invasive procedure to loose unwanted bodyfat in Absarokee MT
Laser liposuction is a newer, minimally invasive procedure that involves heating the fat cells to melting point and removing the melted fat through a little cannula. The treatment is normally done right in your doctor's office and is an excellent option for individuals who have less than 500 ml of fat to remove from any one location. Laser liposuction can be a safe, complementary procedure to weight reduction in order to sculpt the body you have actually always wanted.
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If you're considering liposuction as a weight reduction option, it is essential that you discuss your desires with a certified plastic surgeon in your location. Your surgeon will carry out a complete exam and health history questionnaire to determine if liposuction can benefit you and assist you reach your physical and emotional objectives. Call today for a consultation and find out more about how liposuction can help you achieve the body of your dreams.


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Subtle, sumptuous and bursting with character the Dark Flora Pastel Petals Chandelier is a charming addition to the home. The rich, mysterious chocolate brown arms support five pink shades that feature delicate flower detail around the top, base and centre.
Ornate flowers and glittering raindrop faux-crystals are interspersed throughout the piece, completing the wonderfully exceptional look.
This is a Bespoke item. Please read our Terms and Conditions for Bespoke orders. Contact Gigi Brooks' Customer Services if you have any questions, or if you would like to discuss design options with our team of specialists.
Height: 19" | Width: 17"
Please note that this beautiful piece is wired to US electrical standards; please contact customer services if you would like a quote for having this piece re-wired to your country's own electrical standards.


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You have until Feb 1, 2017 to return or exchange items purchased between Nov 1, 2016 and Jan 1, 2017.
All other standard return policy conditions apply.
Now Viewing:
You Pay: $22.95
The Driveway Alert Alarm from Swann detects movement around your home, driveway, office, or commercial premises by using a PIR sensor. Its wireless receiver can be placed at a distance of up to 200' from the transmitter. The unit can detect motion in a 100° horizontal range at up to 18' away. The receiver alerts you with a chime once motion is detected and the volume of the chime can be adjusted up to 90 dB. The outdoor unit runs on a single 9V battery (available separately), while the indoor unit runs on three C batteries (available separately).
|Outdoor Unit
|Power Requirements
|9 V battery
|PIR Sensor Viewing Area
|Horizontal: 100°
|PIR Sensor Range
|Up to 18' (6 m)
|Transmission Range
|Up to 200' (65 m)
|Indoor Unit
|Power Requirements
|3 x C batteries (4.5 V)
|Chime Volume
|Up to 90 dB
|Packaging Info
|Package Weight
|0.79 lb
|Box Dimensions (LxWxH)
|10.1 x 7.6 x 2.0"


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We offer Dates from Saudi Arabia Origin Iraq and other Gulf Countery Best Box packing carton or pp bag attachment : 0 % human consuption no any mixing
Modern International Export Co.
Office No.06, 2nd Floor, Plot No.216 Ward 12/b. Saibaba Complex, Gandhidham, Gujarat - 370201, India
Easy availability of the Dates and that too at very competitive rates has made us a much sought after Dates Supplier and Exporter from Gujarat, India. Known for their excellent taste, the Dates offered by us have high content of essential nutrients. We take great care in storing and delivering the Dates in good condition so that no rotting takes place.
Bishnoi Agro India Pvt. Ltd.
107/3 Kabutarkhana, Chokha Bazar, Kulupur, Gujarat - 380002, India
We are offering simple dates, kimiya pouch seadless.
Jay Trading
Jashodanagar, Maninagar East Ahmedabad, Gujarat - 382445, India
We are dealing best Dates supplying company.
Astha Enterprise
Surat, Gujarat - 395006, India
Post your Buy Requirement
i m manufacture to the deats
The Pawns International
Nr. The Masjid ,naranpar Bhuj-kutch-370429, Gujarat , India
We offer Dry Dates to our esteemed clients. The Dry Dates are hygienically packed and free from any adulterated ingredient. We offer various range of dried dates. We are in direct touch with the Dry Dates growers around the world and can supply you with your required quantity on regular basis. Features No harmful chemicalsNo added preservatives100% NaturalNo impurities
Genuine Trader
3, Relief Shoping Center, Gujarat - 387620, India
Combining our expertise with the technology that we possess, we take the responsibility to deliver utmost quality Dehydrated Dates to the customers. Owing to our cordial associations with the renowned logistics companies, we are capable of delivering the orders on time.
Mangal International
Nagar Palika, Shop No. 50, Taluka Bhachau, District Kutch, Bhuj, Gujarat - 370140, India
Fresh Dates are good for health as they are the nourishing agent and help in making skin glow. Dates are very stomach filling and add to the body weight. Our Fresh Dates are organically grown in the most hygienic conditions. Further, our team of experts checks them on various quality parameters to ensure the best quality Dates reach the buyers. For rock bottom prices, contact us. From Gujarat, India, we are the celeb
Advance Export Pvt. Ltd.
Shop No: 421, Super Market, Near Bob, Nana Bazar, Vv Nagar, Gujarat - 388120, India
Be it any place or time; we make on time deliveries of the goods to the customers. We follow stringent quality measures to ensuring the product quality so as to attain maximum client satisfaction.
Primeworld Impex
Survey No. 258, Mota Asambia, Gujarat - 370435, India
Date Fruits are energy boosters and have numerous health benefits. We are functioning as Importer, Exporter and Supplier of Fresh Dates in Gujarat. We have global reach to source the best quality Dates. After procurement, stringent quality tests are conducted to ensure freshness, purity and quality of the Dates. We provide Fresh Dates in different packaging options, at market leading prices.
Vadiya Farm
Desalpar (gutli), Nakhatrana (t), Gujarat , India
We are the renowned Suppliers of Fresh Dates in India. Processed and packaged in hygienic environment, we offer the finest quality Fresh Dates to our clients. Dates provided by us are fresh and juicy and are rich in essential vitamins, mineral, etc. Fresh Dates are easy to digest and revitalizes the body when consumed.
Laxmi Fruit Product
Laxmi Marketing, Gujarat , India
Get in touch with us for placing small as well as bulk orders, timely deliveries will be straight to your doorstep! In our well-constructed warehouse, we store the entire lot under safe conditions and away from various damaging factors such as direct sunlight, moisture, dust, rain and others.
Shree Jivti Traders
Mehta Building-306 Sanganva Chowk Near Rajshree Cinema, Gujarat - 360001, India
We hold expertise in supplying the best quality Fresh Dates all over the India. Fresh Dates, that we offer, are inclusive of many nutrients, and they also have a very good sweet taste. These Fresh Dates are consumed all over the country, owing to their delicious taste and high nutrition. Fresh Dates, supplied by us, are hygienically processed and carefully packed.
Shop No. 10, Man-mohan Shopping Complex, Near Man-mohan Society, Passeg Of Gayatri Weighbridge, Gujarat - 382345, India
We are enlisted as one amongst the preeminent Iranian Wet Dates Exporters & Suppliers from Gujarat. We source Wet Dates from reliable vendors so as to benefit the clients with the fresh and sweet Wet Dates. The Fresh Wet Dates are hygienically packed in order to prevent the Wet Dates from contact with the external climatic conditions and pollutants. Moreover, customers are eased with the availability of the below men
M/s Mva Enterprise
315, Maruti Nandan Complex, Opp. Galaxy Hotel, Jawahar Road., Gujarat - 360001, India
Rich in fibers, Wet Dates are high on nutrients such as iron, manganese, copper, potassium, etc. We are Gujarat based Wet Dates Supplier and Exporter, offering such nutritious dates to buyers all over the world. The Wet Dates, which we offer, are hygienically packed so as to ensure that they remain fresh and retain their nutritive value.
Milap Traders
3/b, Grain Market, Jamnagar, Gujarat - 361001, India
Dry Dates are used in a variety of cuisines and are even consumed as a snack. They are considered a delicacy in many cultures. For high quality Dry Dates, you can rely on Nisha Fruits. The Dry Dates offered by us have excellent taste and are reasonably priced. They are packaged with care to ensure that they have an extended shelf life.
Nisha Fruits
Suralbhid Road, Opposite Gita Market, Gujarat - 370001, India
We are offering yellow dates. the barhi dates directly from the desert of kutch. Barhi the most preferred variety of fresh edible dates originates from iraq and also found in egypt, israel, jordan, u.a.e., and africa and now in india as desert dates. Picked when yellow, this sweet date is crisp like an apple. The single seeded fruit is medium sized, shape broadly ovate to somewhat rounded. Flavor is rich and delicate more... less...
Pindoriya Farm
Mandvi, Gujarat , India
Post your Buy Requirement
We are well-established organization successfully operating from Gandhinagar(India); we are a reliable name in the sphere. We are capable of entertaining the urgent and bulk requirements of the customers owing to the dependable logistics facilities.
Prathna Enterprises
Plot No. 13 1 Suryanarayan Society Sector-25 New Gandhinagar Gandhinagar - 382023 Gujarat India, Gujarat - 382023, India
Hailing from Kutch(India), the company is known for providing only quality products at reasonable prices. Well-known Suppliers of Fresh Dates; we are reckoned for the exceptional range of products that we offer.
15, K.u.b.s. Sub Market Yard, Out Side Savasar Gate, Anjar 370110. (kutch) Gujarat., Gujarat - 370110, India
We are a reckoned name, involved in offering quality-centralized products from Gujarat(India). Offered by us in several specifications, our products are in complete compliance with the quality standards.
Vandan Agro
Shubham Complex Opp Bus Station Nakath Rana Kachh Road Bhuj - 370615 Gujarat India, Gujarat , India
Purchasers can place wholesale or retail orders with any time of the year and expect timely arrival of deliveries. We can be contacted for customized packaging solutions. Besides the standard packs, we can sort items in desired quantity and pack them accordingly. Our packaging is premium.
Thaim Trading Co.
Bandar Road, Kutch District, Gujarat - 370465, India
We from hari agri & foods at gandhidham, kutch, gujarat, india we have our farms in kutch and we produce fresh barhi dates, mango, guava, lemon. Fresh barhi dates as we all know grow in desert areas and require hot temperature with limited humidity to grow. Harvesting is done when fruit turns yellow. ⦁ the harvesting season of "barhi" variety which is grown in the farm starts at the end of june and continues up
Hari Agri
Gandhinagar, Gujarat, Gujarat - 382421, India
Dehydrated Dates (kharek) Slice
We are offering premium quality of dehydrated dates slice, which is hygienically manufactured at advanced room temperature dehydration technology. · it is rich sources of vitamins, minerals and many other substances that are essentials for the proper functioning of the body. · it also contains more than 20 different kinds of amino acids which are smoothens the digestive process and makes the assimilation of carbohy more... less...
Indexim International
Ff-3, Kalash-3, Opp. Ghuma Bus Stop, Ghuma, Gujarat - 3800528, India
We, at nisharg agro, produce fresh organic dates of export quality. We produce both, desi as well as barhi dates.
Nisharg Agro
Bidada, Kutch, Gujarat , India
Deals in Coconut Oil, Coconut, Dates
Hakimi Traders Tinwala
3510 Mullaji Bazaar, Gujarat , India
Deals in SOYA, Coffee, Wheat, Rice, Tea, Pulses, Dates, Seeds
Pal Cospo India Pvt. Ltd.
707, Sakar-iii, Opp. Old Gujarat High Court, Ahmedabad, Gujarat - 380009, India
Deals in Fresh Fruits, Dates, Mango
Krishna Enterprise
Nakhatrana (kutch), Gujarat - 370615, India
Deals in Fresh Vegetables, Fresh Fruits, Spices, Dates
Kayshit Export Import
14,sebi Park Flats,3rd Floor. Opp. Chistiya Colony. Nr, Urdu School, Rasulabad Society,shah-e-alam, Gujarat , India
Deals in Dates
Bhuj, Gujarat , India
Deals in Dates, Coconut
Shree Ram Enterprises
Kutchachh, Gujarat - 370110, India
Deals in Dates, Almond, Cashew Nuts
Varadha Commercial Company
No. 100 Bharathi Colony 2nd Street Peelamedu Coimbatore - 641004, Gujarat , India
Deals in Animal feed, Agro Product, Dates
Seema Nature And Agri Farms Private Limited
Plot No 18 Sector 3, Gujarat , India
Deals in Spinach, White Onion Minced, Chikoo, Curry Leaves, Alphonso Mango, Carrots, Cauliflower, Vegetable Flakes, Niger Seeds, Agro commodity, Papaya, Toasted Hulled Seeds, Apple, Garlic Granules Powder, Hulled Sesame Seeds, Tomato, Green Chillies, White Onion Granules, Fresh Vegetables, White Onion Chopped
Zidan Foods
62, Darbargadh, Opp. Chamber Of Commerce, P.o. Mahuva, Gujarat - 364290, India
Deals in Dates
Ishaan Enterprises
201,pradhan Enclave, Shree Nagar Socity,alkapuri, Gujarat - 390 020, India


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jul 2, 1985
|Filing date
|Dec 28, 1983
|Priority date
|Jan 22, 1982
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Christopher J. Farrell, Mark A. Williams
|Original Assignee
|American Can Company
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (7), Referenced by (55), Classifications (31), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 341,610, filed Jan. 22, 1982, now abandoned.
This invention relates generally to collapsible dispensing containers of laminated wall construction, and is particularly related to such containers in which the laminate structure does not include a metal foil. More specifically, the present invention is concerned with an all-plastic laminate structure for making collapsible dispensing containers or tubes of the type employed for packaging toothpaste, shaving cream, medicinal ointment, etc.
Collapsible dispensing containers are widely used for packaging pharmaceutical products, dentifrice, cosmetics, toiletries and the like. In the past, such containers were made of plastic or metallic materials. However, as mentioned in U.S. Pat. No. 3,260,410 issued on July 12, 1966 to Brandt et al and U.S. Pat. No. 3,347,419 issued on Oct. 17, 1967 to Brandt et al, the plastic containers and the metallic containers which were used in the past had inherent drawbacks. For example, metal containers are costly to produce and often require a protective interior coating in order to protect the metal from attack by the acidic or alkaline contents of the containers. Plastic containers, on the other hand, are relatively inert but permeable, in varying degrees, to moisture, essential oils and other volatile ingredients. In addition, many of the plastics which are suitable for making the containers are permeable to oxygen.
In recent years, collapsible dispensing containers have been made of multiply plastic laminate structures which include an intermediate layer of a metal foil, e.g., aluminum foil. Typically as described in the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 3,347,419 of Brandt et al, such laminate structure have an inner layer of a thermosplastic material which forms the interior surface of the container. This inner layer is adhesively bonded to the foil layer by a suitable adhesive material that prevents delamination of the layers due to product attack. The outer surface of the foil layer is coated with a protective layer and a decorative layer is usually applied to the protective layer for aesthetic purposes.
The inclusion of a metal foil layer in the laminate structure used in making dispensing tubes or containers has several disadvantages. Metal foils are costly and more expensive than the plastic materials usually used in making such tubes. Their elimination or replacement with a less expensive substitute, therefore, decreases the cost per unit of container. In addition, and significantly, the inclusion of an intermediate layer of metal foil in the laminate structure complicates the manufacturing process, and slows down the rate of production of such tubes. Thus, and with the advent of high speed machinery and equipment for making collapsible dispensing containers, the elimination of the metal foil layer, or its substitution by a suitable plastic layer, permits construction of the containers more rapidly and at lower cost.
While an all-plastic laminate structure offers cost advantage and is less complicated to fabricate into collapsible tubes than metal foil-containing laminates, not all of the plastic materials have been found to be well suited for making such tubes. The reason is that while metal foil-containing laminate structures exhibit good crease-retention properties, most plastic materials used for making collapsible dispensing tubes exhibit poor crease-retention. This crease-retention ability or so-called "dead fold" property of the laminate structure is a significant consideration.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a laminate structure for making collapsible containers, wherein the laminate structure does not include a metal foil layer.
It is a further object of this invention to provide an all-plastic laminate structure for collapsible dispensing tubes wherein the laminate structure exhibits satisfactory and acceptable crease-retention and dead fold characteristics.
It is also an object of this invention to provide an all laminate structure which permits the dispensing containers to be made at higher rates and less expensively than metal foil-containing laminate structure.
The foregoing and other objects and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings.
In accordance with the present invention, a laminate sheet is provided for use in making a collapsible dispensing container which does not employ a metal foil in the laminate structure. The laminate sheet has an outer layer of polypropylene, or a blend of polypropylene and high density polyethylene, filled with a filler, e.g., calcium carbonate, mica or talc, and is coextensively bonded to an inner layer of high density polyethylene.
In order to impart oxygen impermeability to the laminate sheet, an oxygen barrier layer, e.g., polyester, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, polyacrylonitrile, saran, nylon, etc. is interposed between the outer and inner layers and a suitable adhesive layer is used to bond the oxygen barrier layer to the outer layer and inner layer, respectively.
The laminate sheets described herein have good "dead fold" properties and crease retention comparable to metal foil-containing laminates and may be used to form collapsible dispensing containers more economically and at higher production rates than heretofore possible with metal foil-containing laminates.
Furthermore, improvement in dead fold characteristic of the laminate sheet is realized by providing an outer grooved surface in the outer filled-plastic layer.
In the drawings wherein like reference numerals designate like layers.
FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a laminated sheet made of two plastic layers in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a sectional view of a rolled up laminated sheet having the same two layers as in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a sectional view similar to FIG. 1 wherein the outer surface is grooved for further enhancement of dead fold properties of the laminate sheet;
FIG. 4 is a sectional view of another embodiment of the invention illustrating a multiply laminate including an oxygen barrier layer.
The several layers in the drawings are not drawn to scale and are shown in exaggerated dimensions to facilitate their illustrations.
It has now been discovered that an all plastic laminate sheet may be used more advantageously in lieu of metal foil-containing laminates to form collapsible dispensing containers. Thus, referring first to FIGS. 1-3, there is shown a laminate sheet made of two plastic layers, i.e., an outer plastic layer 1 and an inner plastic layer 3 which are melt pressed and bonded to each other along their respective opposing surfaces as at 5. As it was previously mentioned, not all plastic materials can be used indiscriminately to form the laminate sheets which are suitable for the purpose of this invention. Several factors must be taken into consideration in selecting the appropriate plastic material for each layer of the laminate sheet.
Thus, the outer layer must have good crease-retention property and low yield elongation; it must not crack when folding the laminate sheet and must have good adhesion to the bottom layer so that the two layers can be melt pressed to form the laminated structure without subsequent delamination.
The inner layer, on the other hand, must act as a support for the outer layer; serve to transfer outward any strain produced in the laminated sheet upon folding, and must also be capable of adhesion to the outer layer by melt pressing.
Suitable materials for the outer layer of the laminate sheet in accordance with this invention depends on whether a seamless tube or a tube having a lap seam is used in making the container. If the container tube is seamless, filled polypropylene is the material of choice. On the other hand, if the tube has a lap seam, a filled blend of polypropylene and high density polyethylene is the preferred material. In both instances, the plastic material includes a filler such as calcium carbonate (CaCO3), talc, mica, glass powder, metal powder, or mixtures thereof.
The filler is preferably surface treated in order to enhance its dispersion in the filled plastic and to obtain superior yield strain properties.
Whether polypropylene is used alone or is blended with high density polyethylene, it is preferable to use isotactic polypropylene rather than the atactic form. Also, impact grade polypropylene may be satisfactorily employed as the outer plastic material. Impact grade polypropylene usually contains a small amount of another comonomer copolymerized therewith. Such impact grade polypropylenes are available from several sources including Shell Oil Company and Hercules Powder Company.
As it was previously mentioned, the outer plastic layer has a filler incorporated therein. The amount of the filler varies from about 5 to about 80 percent by weight, preferably from about 55 to about 65 percent by weight of the filled plastic. The filler and the plastic material may be blended in different types of blenders such as, for example, an internal mixer, a two roll mill and a twin screw extruder.
The plastic of choice for the inner layer of the laminate sheet is high density polyethylene. Unlike the outer layer, however, the inner plastic layer does not contain a filler.
The average particle size of the filler may vary over a relatively wide range of from about 1 to about 100 microns, preferably from about 1 to about 10 microns. In most practical applications, the average particle sizes vary over a relatively narrow range of, say, from about 2 to about 4 microns to achieve better uniformity in the filled plastic.
The incorporation of a filler in the plastic material to produce a plastic-filled polymer lowers the yield strain level of the outer layer. For example, when using polypropylene and CaCO3 to form the plastic-filled layer, the yield strain level of the outer layer was slightly below 2% as compared with a yield strain of about 15% for polypropylene alone. This reduction in yield strain level is a significant consideration in selecting filled plastics for forming the outer layer of the laminate sheets of the present invention.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the yield strain elongation of the outer layer 1 may be further enhanced by providing this layer with grooved surface as shown in FIG. 3. Thus, a plurality of substantially equally spaced grooves 7 may be formed on the surface of the outer layer by, for example, pressing on a grooved plate. These grooves may be formed in the outer layer prior to melt pressing the two layers together or it may be formed after the laminate sheet has been made.
In general, the deeper and narrower the grooves, the more concentrated the strain and the lower the yield strain elongation in the outer layer, and hence, in the laminate sheet.
Where oxygen impermeability is required, the laminate sheet must include an oxygen barrier layer as shown in FIG. 4, which illustrates a further embodiment of the invention. Thus referring to FIG. 4, the laminate sheet shown therein has an outer layer and an inner layer 3 which are the same layers described in connection with the description of FIGS. 1-3. As in FIG. 3, the outer layer 1 may be grooved in a similar manner as hereinbefore described.
The laminate sheet shown in FIG. 4 includes an oxygen imperemeable layer 9 which is selected from plastic materials with known oxygen impermeability. Such plastic materials include polyester, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymers, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, polyacrylonitrile, saran, nylon, etc. Ethylene-vinly alcohol copolymers are the preferred plastic materials for use as oxygen barrier.
Further referring to FIG. 4, the oxygen barrier layer 9 is coextensively bonded to the outer layer 1 by an adhesive layer 11 and to the inner layer 3 by an adhesive layer 13. These adhesive layers are well known in making laminate sheets and they include copolymers of olefin and an acid of the group consisting of acrylic and alkacrylic acid, and copolymers of ethylene and vinyl ester. Specifically, recommended adhesive materials are ethylene-acrylic acid copolymers and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers.
Also, while in the embodiment shown in FIG. 4 the barrier layer is interposed between the outer and inner layers, the barrier layer may, if desired, be the outermost or the innermost layer of the laminate sheet.
Whether forming the laminate sheet described in connection with the embodiments of FIGS. 1-3, or the embodiment shown in FIG. 4, the thickness of each layer is not per se critical. Typically, however, the thickness of the outer layer is from about 3 to about 7 mils and the thickness of the inner layer is also from about 3 to about 7 mils.
A laminate sheet formed in accordance with this invention is useful in making collapsible dispensing containers, in accordance with well known methods as described in the aforementioned patents of Brandt et al as well as other prior art patents including U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,260,777 and 3,295,725, both issued to Roger Brandt. The disclosure of the aforementioned patents are, accordingly, fully incorporated herein by reference.
The following examples will serve to illustrate the present invention. It must be understood, however, that these examples are merely illustrative and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
A laminate sheet was made in which the outer layer was polypropylene (Exxon E 612) containing 60 percent by weight of calcium carbonate (Pfizer Hi-Pflex). The inner layer of the laminate was high density polyethylene (Chemplex 6001).
The outer layer and the inner layer was each 5 mils thick, and were melt pressed to form the laminated structure. This laminated sheet showed poor adhesion between the two layers, indicating that it is not suitable for making tubes having a lap seam due to poor adhesion between polypropylene and polyethylene. However, such laminated sheets are useful for making seamless tubes.
The outer layer in this example was 4 mils thick and was made of 20% polypropylene (Exxon E 612), 20% high density polyethylene (Chemplex 6001) and 60% calcium carbonate. All percentages are on weight basis.
The inner layer was high density polyethylene (Chemplex 6001) and was 5 mils in thickness.
The resulting laminated structure had a deadfold angle of 32� and is particularly useful in making lap seam tubes because of good adhesion in between the two layers.
The deadfold angle is measured by folding a strip of the laminate sheet back on itself and then releasing it until it comes to equilibrium. The angle between the two parts of the strip is referred to as the deadfold angle.
In general, low angles are indicative of good deadfold properties and laminate sheets having low deadfold angles of about 13� to about 35� exhibit satisfactory crease-retention properties.
Several laminate sheets were made as in Example I except for the materials of the outer layer. Otherwise, the laminates were the same in all other respects. The results are shown in the following table.
TABLE______________________________________ MeltExample Polymer Source Index______________________________________III isotactic polypropylene Hercules 6823 0.4IV isotactic polypropylene Exxon 5052 1.2V high impact polypropylene* Shell 7328 2.0______________________________________ *contains small amount of copolymerized comonomer
The laminate sheets had deadfold angles varying from 26� to 33� indicating good crease-retention properties.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Mar 7, 1960
|Oct 27, 1964
|Minnesota Mining & Mfg
|Matte-finish polymeric film and method of forming the same
|Feb 12, 1973
|Jan 21, 1975
|Picker Corp
|Package and method of making
|Jul 24, 1975
|Mar 30, 1976
|W. R. Grace & Co.
|Collapsible plastic tubes
|Oct 17, 1977
|Feb 13, 1979
|Lever Brothers Company
|Packaging material
|Apr 23, 1974
|Oct 31, 1974
|Yoshino Kogyosho Co Ltd
|Faltbarer thermoplastischer tubenfoermiger behaelter und verfahren zur herstellung desselben
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Oct 21, 1985
|Oct 6, 1987
|Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft
|Polyolefin film having improved mechanical properties
|May 29, 1987
|Dec 6, 1988
|International Paper Company
|Non-foil composite structures for packaging juice
|Aug 5, 1986
|Oct 10, 1989
|Ajinomoto Co., Inc.
|Resin coated can with folded seam
|Nov 13, 1987
|Jan 2, 1990
|Carl Edelmann Verpackungstechnik
|Transport and storage container for concentrates of beverages or the like
|Feb 23, 1989
|Oct 2, 1990
|Kuraray Co., Ltd.
|Multilayered container
|Jun 23, 1988
|Apr 9, 1991
|The Procter & Gamble Company
|Multilayer polymeric film
|May 4, 1989
|Sep 3, 1991
|Ajinomoto Co., Inc.
|Plastic container and method for manufacturing the same
|Jul 26, 1989
|Sep 1, 1992
|Tetra Pak Holdings S.A.
|Flexible packing material in sheet or web form
|Oct 31, 1990
|Sep 1, 1992
|Shuert Lyle H
|Laminate structural plastic material
|Aug 20, 1991
|Jan 19, 1993
|Halliburton Company
|Damage-resistant containment device
|Mar 4, 1991
|Mar 23, 1993
|Toyo Bussan Kabushiki Kaisha
|Disposable container
|Apr 29, 1991
|Apr 6, 1993
|Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd.
|Chemical assay tape
|Aug 10, 1992
|Aug 24, 1993
|Courtaulds Packaging Inc.
|Thermoplastic composite layered squeeze tube and method of making same
|Jan 8, 1992
|Apr 12, 1994
|Continental Pet Technologies, Inc.
|Multilayer bottle with separable inner layer and method for forming same
|Dec 22, 1992
|Jul 26, 1994
|Continental Pet Technologies, Inc.
|Squeezable multi-layer dispensing container with one-way valve
|Nov 1, 1993
|Sep 6, 1994
|The Budd Company
|Composite fuel tank
|Apr 28, 1992
|Dec 26, 1995
|Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance S.A.
|Packaging laminate with excellent sealing and barrier properties and also packaging container manufactured from the packaging laminate
|Apr 2, 1993
|Jan 16, 1996
|Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance S.A.
|Packaging laminate with excellent sealing and barrier properties and also packaging container manufactured from the packaging laminate
|Jan 9, 1997
|Sep 7, 1999
|Graham Packaging Company, L.P.
|Cost-effective environmentally-friendly blow-molded plastic container
|Dec 23, 1997
|Oct 5, 1999
|Mannington Mills, Inc.
|Method of making a surface covering having a natural appearance
|Nov 20, 1998
|Jul 4, 2000
|Owens-Brockway Plastic Products Inc.
|Multilayer container package
|Dec 18, 1998
|Sep 5, 2000
|Colgate Palmolive Company
|Polyolefin packaged dentifrice having reduced flavor loss
|May 20, 1999
|Sep 5, 2000
|Mannington Mills, Inc.
|Surface coverings having a natural appearance and methods to make a surface covering having a natural appearance
|Apr 28, 2000
|May 29, 2001
|Owens-Brockway Plastic Products Inc.
|Multilayer container package molding apparatus
|Oct 22, 1997
|Sep 18, 2001
|Mannington Mills, Inc.
|Surface coverings containing aluminum oxide
|Mar 29, 1999
|May 7, 2002
|Pechiney Plastic Packaging, Inc.
|Multilayer plastic structures, containers made therefrom, and methods of making the structures
|Dec 1, 1995
|Oct 15, 2002
|Betts Uk Limited
|Compositions and articles produced therefrom
|Dec 29, 2000
|Apr 29, 2003
|Mannington Mill, Inc.
|Contrasting gloss surface coverings optionally containing dispersed wear-resistant particles and methods of making the same
|Feb 26, 1999
|Feb 3, 2004
|Boehringer Ingelheim Gmbh
|Container for a medicinal liquid
|Dec 28, 2000
|Jun 22, 2004
|Mannington Mills Of Delaware, Inc.
|Surface coverings having a natural appearance and methods to make a surface covering having a natural appearance
|Feb 23, 2000
|Jan 24, 2006
|Boehringer Ingelheim International Gmbh
|Cartridge for a liquid
|Apr 7, 1999
|Mar 21, 2006
|Mannington Mills, Of Delaware, Inc.
|Methods to make a surface covering having a natural appearance
|Jul 11, 2005
|May 8, 2007
|Boehringer Ingelheim Kg
|Two-chamber cartridge for propellant-free metering aerosols
|May 8, 2001
|Aug 14, 2007
|Convenience Food Systems B.V.
|Thermo-formable multilayer barrier film with the appearance and texture of paper
|Jun 29, 2001
|Jun 10, 2008
|Mannington Mills, Inc.
|Surface coverings containing aluminum oxide
|Jul 11, 2005
|Sep 14, 2010
|Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma Gmbh & Co. Kg
|Two-chamber cartridge for propellant-free metering aerosols
|Sep 23, 2005
|Sep 28, 2010
|Boehringer Ingelheim International Gmbh
|Cartridge for a liquid
|Jan 12, 2004
|Jun 21, 2011
|Boehringer Ingelheim International Gmbh
|Container for a medicinal liquid
|Jun 7, 2007
|Jul 19, 2011
|Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma Gmbh & Co., Kg
|Two-chamber cartridge for propellant-free metering aerosols
|Apr 30, 2010
|Feb 19, 2013
|Cryovac, Inc.
|Ultra high barrier aseptic film and package
|Oct 2, 2002
|Apr 8, 2004
|Michael Wilford
|Patch for flexible container
|Jan 12, 2004
|Jul 22, 2004
|Boehringer Ingelheim Gmbh
|Container for a medicinal liquid
|Feb 28, 2005
|Oct 20, 2005
|Safian John W
|Multilayer container package
|Sep 23, 2005
|Jan 26, 2006
|Boehringer Ingelheim International Gmbh
|Cartridge for a liquid
|Oct 25, 2007
|Mar 13, 2008
|Mannington Mills, Inc.
|Surface coverings containing aluminum oxide
|Apr 30, 2010
|Feb 3, 2011
|Cryovac, Inc.
|Ultra High Barrier Aseptic Film and Package
|Oct 5, 2009
|Apr 7, 2011
|Marc Mamiye
|Multi-chamber, individually accessible pouch for content dispensing
|Dec 21, 2012
|Jun 26, 2014
|Bill Nathan
|Squeezable dispensing package and method
|Nov 13, 1989
|Oct 9, 1990
|International Paper Company
|Non-foil composite structures for packaging juice
|Jun 19, 2003
|Dec 26, 2007
|Yoshino Kogyosho Co., Ltd.
|Blow-molded container in the shape of a pouch
|Oct 28, 1996
|May 15, 1997
|Tetra Laval Holding & Finance S.A.
|Paper-like thermoformable multilayer barrier film
|Jan 8, 1998
|Jul 16, 1998
|Graham Packaging Corporation
|Cost-effective environmentally-friendly blow-molded plastic container
|Mar 20, 1998
|Oct 1, 1998
|Betts Uk Limited
|Laminated materials and containers therefrom
|Mar 22, 2000
|Oct 5, 2000
|Pechiney Plastic Packaging, Inc.
|Multilayer plastic structures, containers made therefrom and curl control
|Jul 15, 2002
|May 22, 2003
|David S. Smith Packaging Limited
|Flexible plastic container
|U.S. Classification
|222/92, 428/167, 428/34.7, 428/324, 524/425, 428/36.4, 524/449, 220/62.11, 222/107, 428/36.7, 524/439, 428/516, 524/451, 428/12, 428/329, 428/520, 229/4.5
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Aug 14, 1987
Owner name: AMERICAN CAN PACKAGING INC., AMERICAN LANE, GREENW
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:AMERICAN CAN COMPANY, A NJ CORP.;REEL/FRAME:004835/0338
Effective date: 19861107
Owner name: AMERICAN NATIONAL CAN COMPANY
Free format text: MERGER;ASSIGNORS:AMERICAN CAN PACKAGING INC.;TRAFALGAR INDUSTRIES, INC. (MERGED INTO);NATIONAL CAN CORPORATION (CHANGED TO);REEL/FRAME:004835/0354
Effective date: 19870430
Owner name: AMERICAN CAN PACKAGING INC., CONNECTICUT
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:AMERICAN CAN COMPANY, A NJ CORP.;REEL/FRAME:004835/0338
Effective date: 19861107
Owner name: AMERICAN NATIONAL CAN COMPANY, STATELESS
Free format text: MERGER;ASSIGNORS:AMERICAN CAN PACKAGING INC.;TRAFALGAR INDUSTRIES, INC. (MERGED INTO);NATIONAL CAN CORPORATION (CHANGED TO);REEL/FRAME:004835/0354
Effective date: 19870430
|Dec 5, 1988
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Dec 23, 1992
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Feb 4, 1997
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jun 29, 1997
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Sep 9, 1997
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19970702


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DEFINITION of 'European Central Bank - ECB'
The central bank responsible for the monetary system of the European Union (EU) and the euro currency. The bank was formed in Germany in June 1998 and works with the other national banks of each of the EU members to formulate monetary policy that helps maintain price stability in the European Union.
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The European Central Bank has been responsible for the monetary policy of the European Union since January 1, 1999, when the euro currency was adopted by the EU members. The responsibilities of the ECB are to formulate monetary policy, conduct foreign exchange, hold currency reserves and authorize the issuance of bank notes, among many other things.


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Fairfield Inn Albany East Greenbush: Find photos, reviews, information, amenities and compare prices for 3 stars hotels in Albany, United States.
Fairfield Inn Albany East Greenbush is located in Albany and features free Wi-Fi. It also offers a 24-hour reception, an express check-in and check-out feature and meeting rooms.
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Learn how to get the most out of your Motorola Droid X, including how to set up your email accounts, customize your homescreen with wallpapers and widgets, and find/install apps from the Play Store.
- Carrier Specific?:
- Yes
- What Carriers?:
- Verizon
User Manual Official Motorola Droid X User Manual 2015-01-30
The official Motorola Droid X User Guide


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We represent openness, diversity, inclusiveness, says sprint s...Sprint star Allyson Felix yesterday urged Olympic officials not to worry about the changing political landscape in the United States, while considering Los Angeles bid for 2024 Olympic Games. LA-born Felix, a six-time Olympic gold medallist, said ... Gulf Times, 3 weeks ago
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Three Olympic legends and Southern California natives — swimmer Janet Evans, track sensation Allyson Felix and famed diver Greg Louganis — will serve as grand marshals of the 2017 Rose Parade in Pasadena, officials announced Thursday. The ...Los Angeles Times, 1 month ago OIympians Louganis, Evans, Felix to lead 2017 Rose Parade Miami Herald, 1 month ago JANET EVANS, ALLYSON FELIX, AND GREG LOUGANIS SELECTED AS 2017 TOURNAMENT OF ROSES GRAND MARSHALS Around The Rings, 1 month ago
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Jay Talking Travel: Return To Belgrade, SerbiaIf you are looking for a new travel frontier, Belgrade, Serbia may be it.
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text: I'd really like to jailbreak my iPod. I was thinking of trying redsnow 0.3, but I don't have a clue how to get into DFU. Does anyone know? And also, what does the redsnow readme mean by 'Either connect the iPod in DFU mode to the computer...'? I thought to DFU< you had to be pugged in anyway. Any help appreciated!


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Home › Forums › Campfire › Hiking Partners / Group Trip Announcements › Mckenzie River Trail
@mathixLocale: Oregon
This is pretty short notice but figured I'd ask anyway. I'm looking for any Oregonians interested in doing an overnighter on the Mckenzie River Trail this weekend. Let me know if interested.
@kencharpieLocale: Western Oregon
I just went on an overnighter on the McKenzie River trail the other weekend from Fish Lake Creek to Tamolitch pool and back. The trail is looking great!
Wish I could go again this weekend – enjoy the trip!
|2010-05 McKenzie River Trail Hike
@mathixLocale: Oregon
Ken, thanks for the reply I'm in the Eugene Area too, I work in Eugene that is. It was a good hike I enjoyed it. The weather was perfect. I hope to post a Trip Report at some point this week.
@kencharpieLocale: Western Oregon
I wanted to post a trip report, but I have been so short on time lately that I decided not to worry about it.
I'm sure there are a few other Eugene BPL members here, I've been wondering if it would be possible to arrange a hike with some other members. It'd be great to have a larger group of hiking partners; especially like-minded lightweighters…
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This vintage-inspired classic straight leg jean features a modern twist with its 4" fringe hem that falls perfectly to the ankles. In a high rise silhouette with button fly and five-pocket style. American made.
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text: Okay, I'm new here. I yesterday purchaced a 2G iPod Touch. Serveral of my friends have had these before, and jailbroken them in order to get free apps and themes etc. So I'm quite interested in being able to do the same, and was recommended to come here, but after reading through various threads I actually have no idea where to start. I have a 2G iPod Touch, running software 2.2.1. So can someone give me some sort of direction on what I should do?


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EASTON PRESS! GENUINE LEATHER BOUND EDITION*~*BRAND NEW COPY. STILL IN SHRINK-WRAP. EXCELLENT CONDITION, CRISP, CLEAN PAGES, AND TIGHT BINDING.*~*. Bookseller Inventory #
Title: THE AENEID Virgil [Translated
Binding: Hardcover Jan 01, 1979
Book Condition: New
Book Description Perth: Morison, 1741. Hard cover. Full-Leather, label on spine. With 2 copper-plate engravings. Bookplate of Charles Baron de Selby. Name written on title. Front cover almost detaches, minor foxing and browning, othewise G SHIPPING WILL BE REDUCED ON THIS ITEM - CONTACT BOOKSELLER. Bookseller Inventory # 11062
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Book Description The Easton Press., 1979. Hard Cover. No Jacket. First Thus. HARDBACK NODustJacket, 1979, 1st Edition THUS, Fine/F- condition, NOJACKET, A nice clean copy, Bound Grey Decorated Genuine LEATHER cover and accented with 22kt gold, Gold Gilt lettering and Design as well as page edges GILT. Spine Cvr 4 Raised Bands with Gilt, Oversized 6.75 X 10 in. approx, Interior Nice Tight Clean , Nice Sound Binding, 397 pgs, NO marks, or bookplate, Acid-neutral paper, .RustOrange Silk Moire satin Endpapers and attached satin ribbon bookmarker, Bookseller Inventory # 24703
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Book Description Folio Society, London, 1993. Hard cover in slipcase. Book Condition: Near Fine. Cleyn, Francis (illustrator). 4to - over 9¾" - 12" tall. xx, 417 pages, [72] leaves of plates. Quarter binding: green decorated cloth boards, leather spine with gilt lettering. In slipcase. Small ownership label on rear of front free endpaper. Usual Folio standards. NB This is a heavy book and may require extra postage charges. All proceeds to the work of the OXFAM charity. Bookseller Inventory # 020351
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