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HP's BL2x220c G5 Server Blade contains two servers in a single half-height blade. Obviously, this equates to twice as many servers in the same physical space. HP have managed this by sharing the I/O bandwidth, but for the bulk of applications that shouldn't be an issue (mezzanines are available for Fibre Channel, Infiniband, or additional Ethernet, just in case you need to know).
If you count the numbers, each server node can hold up to two quad core processors, giving eight cores per node or 16 per blade. Of the two enclosures the c3000 holds 8 blades (thus 128 cores) and the c7000 holds 16 blades (thus 256 cores). The c7000 is 10u and the c3000 is 6u. You can either fit four c7000s, or three c7000s and two c3000s in a 42u rack. Either way, you've got 1024 Xeon cores simmering away in a small amount of floor space. If you've bothered to read this paragraph you'll now probably be wistfully remembering the days when that sort of computing power took up an entire floor of a building and caused power sags in nearby factories.
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Having unwanted fat in various areas of your body can have a significant impact on your health and self-confidence. While standard weight loss through exercise and diet plan is a fantastic method to reduce weight in general, even the best exercises cannot target issue locations like the belly, inner thighs, arms, and buttocks. Liposuction is a time checked treatment that is utilized to get rid of excess fat from particular areas of the body, permitting an individual to shape and contour their body to their liking. Is liposuction right for you? Find out now.
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United States District Court, S.D. California
April 8, 2014
BETTY ANN BIRD, Plaintiff,v.PSC HOLDINGS I, LLC, et al., Defendants.
ORDER RESOLVING JOINT MOTION FOR DETERMINATION OF DISCOVERY DISPUTE AND DENYING DEFENDANTS' MOTION TO COMPEL (Dkt. No. 64.)
NITA L. STORMES, Magistrate Judge.
Plaintiff Betty Ann Bird ("Plaintiff") commenced this action in California Superior Court, alleging several causes of action arising from Defendants' termination of her employment. The case was removed to federal court by Defendants. (Dkt. No. 1.)
Currently pending before the Court is the parties' joint motion for determination of discovery dispute. (Dkt. No. 64.) The parties seek to resolve the issue of whether certain communications between Plaintiff and her domestic partner, Julie Hussey, are entitled to the protections afforded the attorney-client relationship. Id. After discovery was conducted on the issue, the parties filed the pending joint motion. Id. After reviewing the submissions, the Court ordered Plaintiff and Ms. Hussey to file declarations to supplement the record, and they were timely provided. (Dkt. Nos. 67-69.) Defendants filed a response to the supplemental declarations.[1] (Dkt. No. 70.) The matter is now fully briefed and ripe for determination.
Plaintiff and Julie Hussey are domestic partners. (Dkt. No. 64-5 ¶ 2.) Ms. Hussey is a civil litigator and is employed at DLA Piper. (Dkt. No. 66-1 at 6.[2]) Plaintiff is represented in this action by Edelson & Rezzo ("trial counsel"). (Dkt. No. 64-6 ¶ 1.)
Earlier in these proceedings, it came to this Court's attention that Plaintiff invoked attorney-client privilege and work product protection regarding certain communications with Ms. Hussey. (Dkt. Nos. 15 at 7-10, 15-2 at 26-33.) This Court deferred ruling on the propriety of these claims until after Plaintiff and Ms. Hussey were deposed, to allow Defendants the opportunity to investigate whether an attorney-client relationship existed. (Dkt. No. 22 at 8.) If there was an attorney-client relationship between Plaintiff and Ms. Hussey at the time of the communications, Plaintiff is entitled to designate them as privileged and therefore withhold them from disclosure. Complicating the issue is the fact that Plaintiff also forwarded communications from her trial counsel to Ms. Hussey. (Dkt. No. 64-5 ¶ 4.) If Plaintiff and Ms. Hussey did not have an attorney-client relationship, this forwarding of information could constitute waiver of the privilege that existed between Plaintiff and her trial counsel. See Cal. Evid. Code § 912.
A. Plaintiff's Argument
Plaintiff essentially argues that she had an implied attorney-client relationship with Ms. Hussey. Although Ms. Hussey was not officially retained as counsel, Plaintiff asked Ms. Hussey for "legal guidance and legal opinion" regarding her dispute with her employer, and sought input on her "legal rights and options." (Dkt. No. 64-5 ¶ 4.) According to Plaintiff's trial counsel, a meeting took place between them, Plaintiff, and Ms. Hussey, where it was agreed that Ms. Hussey would be part of the "attorney team" and that she would be included in confidential communications. (Dkt. Nos. 64-4 ¶¶ 3-4, 64-6 ¶ 2.) In supplemental briefing ordered by the Court, Plaintiff states she was informed by her trial counsel that the attorney-client privilege would not be in jeopardy because Ms. Hussey was an attorney, and Plaintiff also states that she understood that Ms. Hussey would give her "guidance from a legal perspective." (Dkt. No. 68 ¶¶ 4-5.) Plaintiff states she shared information related to this lawsuit with Ms. Hussey solely because she is an attorney, and not because she was her partner. Id. ¶ 9. Ms. Hussey confirmed that she agreed to "help [Plaintiff] understand the litigation process." (Dkt. No. 69 ¶ 4.) She also unequivocally states that she has never been retained as Plaintiff's counsel. Id. at 6.
B. Defendants' Argument
Defendants assert that the communications withheld by Plaintiff should not be protected by the attorney-client privilege. They note that Ms. Hussey never actually represented Plaintiff, and argue that she could not have represented her due to a potential conflict of interest. (Dkt. No. 70 at 4-7.) Plaintiff admits that she understood Ms. Hussey would not directly represent her in this action. (Dkt. No. 68 ¶ 8.) Defendants also argue that Plaintiff is not entitled to rely on trial counsel's advice that her communications with her partner would be privileged. (Dkt. No. 70 at 2.)
A. Governing Law
In an action in federal court that is based on diversity of citizenship, state law governs questions of attorney-client privilege. Fed.R.Evid. 501; Star Editorial, Inc. v. United States District Court for the Central District of California (Dangerfield), 7 F.3d 856, 859 (9th Cir. 1993) (California law governs questions of privilege in a diversity action where state law provides the rule of decision). In California, privileges such as the one between attorney and client are created and governed by statute. HLC Properties, Ltd. v. Superior Court, 35 Cal.4th 54, 59 (2005).
The attorney-client privilege under California law is outlined in § 954 of the California Evidence Code. It provides that "the client...has a privilege to refuse to disclose, and to prevent another from disclosing, a confidential communication between client and lawyer[.]" The Code also defines both "lawyer" and "client." Section 950 of the Code defines a "lawyer" as "a person authorized, or reasonably believed by the client to be authorized, to practice law in any state or nation." "Client" is defined as "a person who, directly or through an authorized representative, consults a lawyer for the purpose of retaining the lawyer or securing legal service or advice from him in his professional capacity [.]" Cal. Evid. Code § 951, emphasis added.
The purpose behind such a privilege is to protect the confidential relationship between attorneys and their clients, in order to "promote full and open discussion of the facts and tactics surrounding individual legal matters." Mitchell v. Superior Court (Shell Oil Co.), 37 Cal.3d 591, 599 (1984). "[T]he public policy fostered by the privilege seeks to insure the right of every person to freely and fully confer and confide in one having knowledge of the law, and skilled in its practice, in order that the former may have adequate advice and a proper defense.'" Id.; citing Baird v. Koerner, 279 F.2d 623, 629 (9th Cir. 1960). Courts of this state have confirmed that preservation of the confidentiality of the attorney-client relationship outweighs the possibility of an unjust decision. Mitchell, 37 Cal.3d at 600; Costco Wholesale Corp. v. Superior Court (Randall), 47 Cal.4th 725, 732 (2009); Kandel v. Brother Intern. Corp., 683 F.Supp.2d 1076, 1081 n. 4 (C.D. Cal. 2010).
The party claiming the privilege has the initial burden of "establishing the preliminary facts necessary to support its exercise, i.e., a communication made in the course of the attorney-client relationship." Costco, 47 Cal.4th at 733. Once that is established, "the communication is presumed to have been made in confidence and the opponent of the claim of privilege has the burden of proof to establish the communication was not confidential or that the privilege does not for other reasons apply." Id.
The primary inquiry in determining the existence of an attorney-client relationship is "whether the client would have a reasonable expectation that an express or implied agreement existed." Legacy Villas at La Quinta HOA v. Centex Homes, No. EDCV 11-845 VAP (OPx), 2012 WL 1536036 at *5 (C.D. Cal. Apr. 30, 2012); citing Responsible Citizens v. Superior Court, 16 Cal.App.4th 1717, 1733 (1993). When undertaking this evaluation, it is incumbent on this Court to "[take] into account all kinds of indirect evidence and contextual considerations that appear relevant to determining whether it would have been reasonable for the person to have inferred that she was the client of the lawyer." Sky Valley Ltd. P'ship v. ATX Sky Valley, Ltd., 150 F.R.D. 648, 652 (N.D. Cal. 1993).
B. Application
It is evident from the record that Plaintiff reasonably believed she had an implied attorney-client relationship with Ms. Hussey. Ms. Hussey is an attorney, and the parties do not appear to dispute this fact. The key element in this analysis is the fact that Plaintiff fits well within the boundaries of "client" fashioned by the California Evidence Code because she sought advice from Ms. Hussey in her professional capacity. She asked Ms. Hussey for legal guidance regarding her dispute with her employer, and sought input on her "legal rights and options." (Dkt. No. 64-5 ¶ 4.) She emphatically states that she would not have sought legal guidance from or shared legal documents with Ms. Hussey if she had not been an attorney. (Dkt. Nos. 64-5 ¶ 4, 68 ¶ 9.)
Defendants' arguments on this issue are well-taken. It is true that Plaintiff was aware that Ms. Hussey was not going to actually represent her in this action. (Dkt. No. 68 ¶ 8.) However, the majority of Defendants' argument stems from Ms. Hussey's position and viewpoint in this situation. They cite to the fact that Ms. Hussey states she and her firm did not represent Plaintiff, she did not give Plaintiff legal advice, and she did not agree to be Plaintiff's attorney. (Dkt. No. 70 at 4-5.) However, Defendants themselves note that this issue "must be considered from the perspective of a reasonable person in the position of the party disclosing confidential information." (Dkt. No. 66-1 at 11, emphasis in original.) This requires the Court to evaluate Plaintiff's perspective as the purported client, not Ms. Hussey's. Defendants also argue that Ms. Hussey may have had a conflict in representing Plaintiff in this action due to her firm's involvement in previously representing Defendants. (Dkt. No. 70 at 6-7.) However, in this analysis, whether or not a conflict of interest existed is irrelevant. It may be true that Ms. Hussey would be prevented from actually representing Plaintiff due to a conflict; however, Plaintiff was not aware of the potential conflict. (Dkt. No. 64-5 ¶ 5.)
An additional wrinkle in this situation is the fact that Plaintiff was assured by her trial counsel that Ms. Hussey would be part of the "privileged group." (Dkt. No. 68 ¶ 4, see also Dkt. Nos. 64-4 ¶¶ 3-4, 64-6 ¶ 2.) Defendants correctly point out that merely agreeing that information should be confidential and subject to privilege does not make it so. Oracle America, Inc. v. Google, Inc., No. C-10-3561 WHA (DMR), 2011 WL 3794892 at *4 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 26, 2011); Dkt. No. 70 at 2-4. However, a person unschooled in the law may be unaware of the nuances underlying the question of whether an attorney-client relationship exists, nuances which are aptly pointed out by Defendants. This lack of awareness can be precarious for the layperson, particularly when she is being guided by and puts her trust into several individuals who are, in fact, schooled in the law. If this layperson is assured by lawyers that she has a confidential attorney-client relationship with her attorney partner, belief and reliance on that information is reasonable. This is particularly so when no one disabuses her of this notion. See People v. Gionis, 9 Cal.4th 1196, 1210 (1995) (no privilege applied when attorney informs individual he wanted "no part in the legal proceedings").
To be sure, Plaintiff has a relationship with Ms. Hussey that extends beyond legal guidance. See Dkt. No. 68 ¶ 5 ("I made it clear that I wanted Julie Hussey to be kept informed and part of our communications because she was my partner and an attorney whom I trusted completely.") (emphasis added). It is admittedly difficult for this Court to attempt to unravel when Plaintiff may have relied on Ms. Hussey for legal guidance, and when she may have relied on her for personal support. In these circumstances, the Court finds that the different facets of the relationship cannot be unwoven in this action without undue harm and severe prejudice to Plaintiff. Ultimately, the Court is guided by the public policy principles that favor "the right of every person to freely and fully confer and confide in one having knowledge of the law, " Baird, 279 F.2d at 629, and the knowledge that the attorney-client privilege is fundamental is the proper functioning of the judicial system. Mitchell, 37 Cal.3d at 611.
The undersigned does not find that "any discussion with a close friend or family member who is a lawyer must be cloaked by privilege, " as is feared by Defendants. (Dkt. No. 66-1 at 6.) This Court only finds that Plaintiff has met her burden to demonstrate that she reasonably believed an attorney-client relationship existed between her and her partner, taking into account the "indirect evidence and contextual considerations that appear relevant[.]" Sky Valley Ltd. P'ship, 150 F.R.D. at 652. Therefore, the communications in question are protected by privilege. However, although Plaintiff's belief was reasonable at the time the communications were made, it is now quite apparent to all that there is no actual attorney-client relationship between Plaintiff and Ms. Hussey. The Court advises the parties to bear this in mind, and proceed accordingly.
After careful consideration of the parties' joint motion and supplemental submissions, Defendants' motion to compel disclosure is DENIED. By Order dated December 13, 2013, the remaining scheduling order deadlines in this action were vacated. (Dkt. No. 60.) An amended scheduling order resetting pre-trial dates shall issue in due course.
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Find out what's happened so far in the Case Recap.
Margery Jenkins was born on April 1, 1963, to Daniel and Rose Jenkins. She was an only child and her parents' pride and joy.
Margery was walking by 10 months old, and once she started talking, she never stopped. Daniel always said she should be a lawyer when she grew up because she never gave up and she would argue about anything just to keep the conversation going.
Rose taught Margery how to sew, cook and make flower arrangements. She wanted her daughter to be a florist or a chef.
Margery was a cheerleader in elementary school, and she played volleyball and ran track in junior high. In high school, she put all her focus on her grades and graduated at the top of her class.
Margery went on to college, and there she met a young man named Timothy Adams. They had so much in common. Both were only children from Mississippi. They were both avid readers and jogged daily. Neither one wanted to have children.
Soon, they fell in love, and Tim proposed. They got married while they were still in college. Tim graduated two years before Margery, and he went home to Ashland, Mississippi, to get situated in a job and find a house where Margery would join him when she graduated.
When Margery told her parents that she and Tim were going to live in Ashland, Daniel and Rose were happy for her although they wished she could be closer. Margery assured them that it wasn't so far away, and she and Tim would still come visit whenever they could.
After Daniel's death in early 2013, Margery noticed that Rose seemed to be forgetful, almost as if she was actually losing pieces of her life.
Rose kept saying that she wanted to go home, that her house wasn't where she lived. One morning, Margery received a phone call from one of her mother's neighbors that Rose had walked far into the woods and apparently gotten lost. Some turkey hunters saw her and knew a woman of her age shouldn't have been in the woods in her nightgown. When they asked her where she lived, she told them, "I have a house in the middle of these woods." But Rose had never had a house in the woods.
This scared Margery so much that she made arrangements for her mother to move into the Yoknapatawpha Acres nursing home where trained staff could take care of her 24/7 and keep her safe.
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Oct 15, 1974
|Filing date
|Dec 13, 1972
|Priority date
|Dec 13, 1972
|Publication number
|Mayer R
|Original Assignee
|Unitec Inc
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (9), Referenced by (11), Classifications (15)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
United States Patent Mayer IONIZATION DETECTOR APPARATUS [75] Inventor: Ronn H. Mayer, Brewster, Kans.
[73] Assignee: Unitec, lnc., Brewster, Kans.
[22] -Filed: Dec. 13, 1972 [21] Appl. No.: 314,689
[52] US. Cl 340/228.l, 340/228 R, 340/237 S, 1 250/389, 307/251, 328/108, 235/92 R, 324/71 CP, 317/157 [51] Int. Cl. G081) 21/00 [58] Field of Search 340/228 R, 228.1, 237 R, 340/237 S, 251; 250/381, 389; 328/115, 116,
Walthard et a1 340/237 S Z ALARM [451 Oct. 15, 1974 Primary Examiner-John W. Caldwell Assistant Examiner-William M. Wannisky [57] ABSTRACT A fire warning apparatus incorporating an ion detector which generates an output in the presence of a fire. A pulse generation circuit emits a time sequence of pulses and applies them simultaneously to the signal level detector circuit and to a pulse counter circuit. If the ion detector has an output which is indicative of a fire, the signal level detector operates to suppress the pulses being applied by the signal level detector to the pulse counter circuit. The pulses being applied directly to the counter circuit will be transmitted through the circuit operating the alarm system. Special circuits are included to provide a visual indication of operability of the electronic circuit and for disabling the pulse generator to provide a continuously visual alarm.
6 Claims, 5 Drawing Figures PATENIEQ 0m 1 51924 SHEEI 1 or 2 imb PAIENTEUHBI 1 51514 SHEET 2 OF 2 SEC.
fig. 304
IONIZATION DETECTOR APPARATUS Numerous types of ionization detectors are known in the prior art using vacuum tube structures and the like which are subject to failure due to vacuum leakage and aging and not operable as a continuously sampling type process as in the applicant's invention. The prior art fire warning systems are subject to possible mechanical and electrical component failures without the user thereof aware of such failure.
In one preferred embodiment of this invention, an ionization detector apparatus is provided including a circuit including an ionization chamber connected to a sampling check; a differential circuit having astable multivibrator circuit connected to the holding circuit and to a relay driver to set off an alarm relay circuit. The ionization chamber is operable to continuously sample the atmosphere for products of combustion and when the ultimate level is reached, an alarm circuit is set off.
One other object of this invention is to provide an ionization detector apparatus for detecting products of combustion utilizing solid state components to alleviate failure problems and designed so that, if a failure occurs, the detector will go-off" to indicate an electronic component failure.
One other object of this invention is to provide an ionization detector apparatus calibrated on actual products of combustion to an operable level and the sensitivity can be adjusted if so desired.
Another object of this invention is to provide an ionization detector apparatus which is provided with a means for ascertaining whether the unit is energized at all times.
One other object of this invention is to provide an ionization detector apparatus which is economical to manufacture; reliable in usage; rigidly constructed for life time usage; being easily assembled and replaced if required; and sensitive in operation.
Various other objects, advantages, and features of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art by the following discussion, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a fragmentary perspective view of a ceiling having an ionization detector apparatus of this invention secured thereto;
FIG. 2 is an electrical schematic diagram showing the components for the operation of the ionization detector apparatus of this invention;
FIG. 3a is a wave shape from pin 1 of ML2 of the ionization detector apparatus of this invention;
FIG. 3b is a wave shape from pin of ML2 of the ionization detector apparatus of this invention; and
FIG. 3c is a wave shape from pin 11 of ML2 of the ionization detector apparatus of this invention.
The following is a discussion and description of preferred specific embodiments of the new ionization detector apparatus of this invention, such being made with reference to the drawings, thereupon the same reference numerals are used to indicate the same or similar parts and/or structures. It is to be understood that such discussion and description is not to unduly limit the scope of the invention.
Referring to the drawings in detail and more particularly to FIG. I, the ionization detector apparatus or fire warning apparatus of this invention, indicated generally at 12. is shown as mounted within a housing 14 which, in turn. is secured by bolt members 15 to a ceiling 16.
It is obvious that the ionization detector apparatus 12 can be secured in various and numerous locations but, in this embodiment, it is shown as an attractive ceiling fixture which could be combined with light fixtures, air ducts, etc. as desired.
It is seen that a pair of power lines 18 and 20 are connected to the ionization detector apparatus 12 which, in turn, may be removed from the housing 14 by release of the pair of bolt members 15. A collector plate 21 is held adjacent the housing 14 by screw members 15. On failure of an ionization detector apparatus 12, it may be easily replaced through a connector plug (not'shown) mounted in power lines 18 and 20 and forwarded for repair.
The circuitry of the invention is set forth in FIG. 2. On discussing the various elements of the invention, it is seen that a 19-28 VDC power source is preferred which may be either full wave rectified or filtered DC and 24 VDC power is most preferred.
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION The input power in line 18 is connected in series to a diode CR1, a capacitor C1, another diode CR2, another capacitor C2, a resistor R2, and a third capacitor C3 all of which are connected to ground indicated at 24. The combination of these elements constitutes the main power supply for the ionization detector apparatus 12.
A first alarm circuit is presented from line 18 to line 23 connected to the coil 25 of an alarm relay K1. The other side of the coil 25 is connected through a diode CR4 in line 27 to the alarm circuit transistor Q2. Another diode CR3 is connected between lines 23 and 27. The coil 25 in relay K1 is shown in the de-energized state with an alarm device 29 connected by lines 31 and 32 to terminals 33 and 35. On enerization of relay Kl. it is seen that a circuit is completed to the alarm device 29 which may be battery operated or powered by regular 110 V. Current.
A second alarm circuit includes an alarm relay K2 having a coil 38 connected to line 18 and by line 39 to ground. Another alarm device 41 is connected by lines 43 and 45 to tenninals 46 and 47. The alarm relay K2 is shown in the energized condition as power to coil 38 when placed in operation. On a power failure, the alarm relay K2 will close lines 43 and 45 to sound off the alarm device 41 which is battery powered. The alarm devices 29 and 41 could be the same unit if both battery operated and provided with a signal light illustrating the integrity of the battery units.
The other power line 20 is connected to the other detector common grounds 24, 39, 64, 61, 71 and the collector plate 21. An ionization detector chamber 49 has radium chambers RDl and RD2 which are connected to a common line 51. The line 51 is connected to a transistor Q1 which is of a JFET transistor type being a gate means and being a part of a high impedance circuit.
The transistor O1 is connected by lines 53 and 54 to a signal level detector means indicated generally at 56. The lines 53 and 54 are connected to a potentiometer and resistor portion R3 which, in turn, is connected by line 58 to a circuit MLl-l having contact pins 1, 2, and 3; line 60 to resistor R5 and to ground 61; and line 62 to a circuit ML1-2 having contact pins 6, 7. and 8; which forms the signal level detector means 56. MLl-Z is connected by line 64 to ground.
A line 65 is connected to a visual signal indicating circuit 69 having in series ML1-3 having contact pins 10, 11, and 12', a resistor R7; and a visual indicating light or light emitting device LED-l which is connected by line 71 to ground.
The ML1-3 is connected by line 73 to line 18 of the power supply circuit. The line 65 from ML1-2 is also connected by line 75 to a capacitor C4 to ground and through a resistor R6 to a pulse counter means indicated at 78.
As shown in FIG. 2, the line 54 from transistor 01 is connected to a line 80 and through a resistor R4 to a pulse generating means indicated at 82. The pulse generating means 82 includes an astable multivibrator circuit 84 and a monostable multivibrator circuit 86.
More particularly, the mono-stable multivibrator circuit 86 includes circuits connected to line 80 having ML2 with contact pins 8, 9, and 10; ML2 having contact pins 11, 12, and 13; a line 88 connected through a resistor R9 to ground; a line 90 connecting contact pins 9 and 11 through a capacitor C7; and a resistor R10 connected from line 90 to the common ground.
The astable multivibrator circuit 84 includes a capacitor C6 connected in line 88 to ML2 having contact pins 4, 5, and 6. The contact pins and 6 are connected by a line 93 to ML2 having contact pins 1, 2, and 3. The contact pins 2 and 4 are connected in a line 96 through a capacitor C5. Also, lines 93 and 96 are connected by a line 97 through a resistor R8. The contact pin 1 of I ML2 is connected by a line 98 and resistor R12 to the alarm transistor Q2.
Now, on returning to the bi-stable multivibrator pulse counter means 78, the circuit includes a first section being I-ML3 having contact pins 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 and a second section being 2-ML3 having contact pins 8, 9, 10, l1, l2, and 13. From the mono-stable multivibrator circuit 82, the line 90 is connected through a resistor R11 to contact 3 of 1-ML3. Contact pin 5 of l-ML3 is connected through line 65 to capacitor C4 and contact 6 isgconnected to ground. Contact pin 1 is connected by aiine 101 to contact pin 9 of 2-ML3 which, in turn, has contact pin l0.'connected by a line 103 to contact pin 2 oil-ML3. It is seen that contact pin 4 of l-ML3 is connected by line 105 to the junction of a capacitor C8 andfa resistor R13. Contact pin 12 is connected through' iine 75 to the signal level detector means 56. On 2-ML3, the contact pin 8 is connected to ground and contact pin 13 is connected through resistor R12 to the base of transistor Q2.
DETAILED OPERATION For a place to start, let us assume that we have just energized the circuits. In this case, ML3 pin 4 will receive a reset puise from capacitor C8 and resistor R13. This pulse will remain high until the voltage across R13 drops below the threshold level of the reset input. We now have pin 1 of 1-ML3 low and pin 2 of l-ML3 high. Pin 2 of ML3 is connected to pin of 2-ML3 thus applying a positive voltage to the second section of ML3. Thus we start the sequence with 2-ML3 pin 13 at a low level and pin 12 of 2-ML3 at a high level. Pin 13 of 2-ML3 acts as the base drive for the transistor 02 thus when pin 13 is low, transistor 02 is off and alarm relay K1 is de-energized. Note that pin 1 of ML2 is connected to the junction of R12 thus the input to pin 1 of ML2 is low. This gates the astable multivibrator formed both by pins 1, 2, and 3 at ML2, pins 5, 6, and 4 of ML2. Pin 1 receives a high input the astable multivibrator free runs with a wave length as shown in FIG. 3a.
The capacitor C6 and resistor R9 combine to serve as a differentiating circuit and converts the broad positive square wave out of pin 4 of ML2 into narrow wave and a trigger for the last two sections of ML2 which are connected as a monostable multivibrator. Pin 10 of ML2 thus has a wave shape as shown in FIG. 3b.
The mono-stable multivibrator has a voltage level of 12 volts for approximately 2 seconds and goes to zero during the sample period which is approximately microseconds.
Pin 11 of ML2 has a wave shape as shown in FIG. 3c. The wave shape is zero for approximately 2 seconds and goes to plus l2 volts during the 140 microseconds sampling intervals.
Lets proceed through the sample or ionization detector chamber first. Just prior to the negative transistion of the pulse from pin 10 of ML2 the bottom of resistor R4 is biased to approximately +12 volts, thus we have transistor Q1 in the cut off mode during the time that pin 10 of ML2 is high.
The gate of O1 is connected to radium detector chamber RDl and radium detector chamber RD2. RDl is a reference detector and RD2 is the actual active detector. In the absence of a fire, the gate potential of transistor O1 is at approximately 6 volts and transistor Q1 does not conduct. MLl-l is in the off state. ML1-2 is in the off state. MLl-3 is in the off state and indicator LED-1 is not lit. Note the transistor 01 is cut off and the gate of transistor 01 presents a very high impedance to the ionization detectors RDl and RD2. Pin 5 has gone high since capacitor C4 has charged through resistor R6 from the high on pin 12 of ML3. During the sample period, pin 10 of ML2 goes low and transistor O1 is brought into conduction and, for all practical purposes, the voltage that was present on the gate of transistor Q1 now appears at the junction of resistor R3 and resistor R4. Since the sample period is very short, stray capacitors will hole the gate high and thus preserve the low leakage of the circuit. In the absence of a fire, the 46 volts on the gate appears at the junction of resistor R3 and resistor R4. This potential or some portion of it, determined by the setting of resistor R3, is coupled to pin 3 at MLl-l. Resistor R3 is set such that in the absence of a fire, MLl will conduct during the sample pulse. That is, the potential of pin 3 is above the threshold of MLl and it conducts and when MLl-l conducts, pin 1 of MLl-l goes high turning on MLl-2 consisting of pins 6, 7, and 8. This quickly discharges capacitor C4 through MLl pins 8 and 7, causing pin 5 of ML3 to go low. The indicator LED-l now will light since when pin 10 at ML1-3 goes low, MLl-3 conducts through R7 to LED-l. Now in order to make the lighting of the indicator LED-1 visible, MLl-3 is held on after the sample voltage goes high by the action of resistor R6 and capacitor C4. Thus, the indicator LED-l is on during the sample period and during the delay period caused by capacitor C6 and resistor R4.
Now, proceed to 1-ML3 and, during the sample period, pin 5 of 1-ML3 is held low by the action of MLl-2 (This assumes that no fire has been detected). It does not immediately return to a high due to the delay induced by relay R6 and capacitor C4 and l-ML3 is a dual type D flip-flop. It is connected such that it does not operate in a synchronous mode, and when pin 11 of ML2 goes high this is immediately coupled to pin 11 of 2-ML3 and will normally cause the potential on pin 9 of 2-ML3 to be-transferred to pin 13. However, recall that pin of 2-ML3 is high thus pin 13 will remain low and this section is in the reset mode. It is seen that 1- ML3, pin 2, is coupled to the reset pin of 2-ML3 pin 10 thus the second section being 2-ML3 cannot change state unless the first section l-ML3 changes state. After a delay time given by resistor R11 and the input capacitor of pin 3, l-ML3, pin 3 goes high and the potential at pin 5 of l-ML3 is transferred to pin 1. In this case, pin 5 is zero so no transfer takes place.
Thus, it is noted that the combination of l-ML3 anad 2-ML3 requires that two pulses be missed prior to sounding the alarm. This comes about since 2-ML3 is clocked prior to the clocking of 1-ML3.
The circuit of this invention, keeps the transistor Q1 or J PET in a cut off mode and pulses the FET ON" occasionally, to sample the signal level. The duration of the ON pulse is short enough that the stray and/or added capacity at the J FET transistor 01 high impedance input supplies leakage current to the JFET transistor Q1 during the pulsed ON mode and keeps the JFET transistor O1 from loading down the high impedance circuit during this sample interval. The uniqueness of this invention is that we use a high leakage J FET to do the job of a low leakage JFET transistor by pulsing the JFET transistor Q1 at such a duty cycle that the stray capacity maintains a normal circuit balance during ON time (by supplying leakage current) and has sufficient time to recover during OFF time.
Let us now assume that radium detector chamber RD2 has detecteda fire, the gate of transistor O1 will tend to go toward +12 volts, and during the sample pulse, this will be coupled over the junction of resistor R4 and resistor R3. One notes that this is the same condition that is present during the positive portion of the mono-stable output hence MLl-l does not conduct and ML1-2 does not conduct and the capacitor C4 is not discharged. In this case, the indicator LED-1 does not light.
In this situation, the pin 5 of 1-ML3 is high, pin 1 of l-ML3 is low, and pin 2 of l-ML3 is high. Also, pin 9 of 2-ML3 is low, pin 13 of 2-ML3 is low, pin 12 of 2-ML3 is high and pin 10 of 2-ML3 is high. The second section being 2-ML3 is in the reset mode so pin 13 thereof remains low and pin 12 remains high.
After the delay induced by resistor R11 and the input capacitance of pin 3, 1-ML3, pin 3 then goes high transferring the high on pin 5 of l-ML3 to pin 1 and pin 2 of 1-ML3 now goes low enabling the second section being 2-ML3.
On the next clock pulse, if the detector unbalance persists as it would in the case of a tire, then when pin 11 of 2-ML3 goes high, the high on pin 9 of 2-ML3 is transferred to pin 13 on 2-ML3. Now, pin 12 of 2-ML3 goes low and, after a delay induced by resistor R6 and capacitor C4, pin 10 of ML1-3 goes low and the indicator LED-1 lights. Meanwhile, since pin 13 of 2-ML3 has gone high, the base of transistor 02 has drive and transistor Q2 turns on thereby energizing relay K1 and sounding the alarm. Note that resistor R12 is tied to pin 13 on 2-ML3. Also, note that the junction of R12 is tied to pin 1 of ML2. Recall that in order for the astable multivibrator to operate, pin 1 of ML2 must be low. In
this case, note that pin 13 of 2-ML3 has gone high thus the junction of resistor R12 will be high to disable the astable multivibrator no longer providing triggering pulses through the mono-stable multivibrator and, therefore, pins 8 and 9 of ML2 will go low and pin 10 of ML2 will go high and the circuit will be in the nonsampling mode.
This device has the feature that, if a single pulse is missed such as due to a dirty chamber, the indicator LED-l will blink on alternate pulses thus calling attention to this undesirable condition on a single missed pulse mode, and the ionization detector apparatus requires that two pulses be missed in order to activate the alarm circuit. Lets assume the initial conditions as before, and pin 5 of l-ML3 is high, on the next positive transistion of the clock, nothing happens on pin 13 of 2-ML3 since pin 10 of 2-ML3 is held high by pin 2 of 1-ML3 which is high so that 2-ML3 is in the reset mode.
After the time delay given by resistor R11 and the input capacitor of ML3, pin 3 of 1-ML3 goes high transferring the high on pin 5 of 1-ML3 to pin 1 of l- ML3. The pin 2 of 1-ML3 goes low enabling the second section being 2-ML3.
Now assume that on the next sampling pulse, radium detector chambers RDl and RD2 are in balance, MLl-l will turn on, MLl-2 will turn on and discharge capacitor C4 and pin 5 of l-ML3 will be low. The clock pulse on pin 11 of 2-ML3 goes high transferring the high on pin 9 to pin 13 of 2-ML3. This would activate the alarm except that the clock on pin 3 of l-ML3 goes high after a short delay. On transferring the low on pin 5 of l-ML3 to pin 1 of l-ML3, pin 2 of 1-ML3 goes high resetting pin 13 low and pin 12 high of 2-ML3, The indicator LED-l now lights and operation proceeds in the normal fashion. Note, the time delay between pin 13 of 2-ML3 going high and then being reset to zero is too short to allow the alarm relay to be energized.
It is seen that the ionization detector apparatus of this invention provides a structure which is made of solid state circuitry, substantially failure proof and having means therein which readily indicate the failure of the unit for safety and reliability purposes. The ionization detector apparatus requires more than one missed pulse indicating the presence of a fire before sounding an alarm but presents a signal as to possible unit maintenance problems such as a dirty ionization chamber. Additionally, the ionization detector apparatus can be readily replaced by merely unplugging for ease of service and maintenance.
While the invention is described in conjunction with preferred specific embodiments thereof, it is to be understood that this invention is intended to illustrate and not to limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the following claims.
I claim:
1. A fire warning apparatus, comprising:
a. an ionization detector means,
b. a gate means connected to said ionization detector means,
c. signal level detector means connected to said gate means,
d. pulse generator means having its output connected to saidgate means,
e. pulse counter means having an output and first and second input means, said first input means connected to the output of, said signal level detector means and said second input means connected to said pulse generator means, said pulse .counter' means generating an output when a signal: from said detector means has ,passedthrough said gate to said first input means, and said'pulse means has applied a predetermined number of pulses to said second input means,
f. alarm means connected to the output of said pulse counter means and responsive to said output from said pulse counter means.
2. A fire warning apparatusas described in claim 1,
including; I
a. means for applying said output from said counter means to said pulse generating means thereby de activating said generating pulse means.
3. A fire warning apparatus as described in claim 1,
a. a visible indicator means connected to the output of said signal level detector means to indicate operability of said fire warning apparatus.
4. A fire warning apparatus as described in claim 1,
wherein; I
a. said gate means comprising a junction field effect transistor member.
5. An ion detector output circuit, comprising;
a. first-and second ion detectors generally connected between a sourceof voltage and ground,
b. a junctive field effect transistor having its input connected to the junction between said first and second ion detectors,
c. a metal oxide semi-conductor,
d. a pulse generator,
e. voltage adjustable means connected between a source of voltage and an output of said pulse generator to the input of said metal oxide semiconductor, and
f. means for connecting the output. of said junction field effect transistor acrosssaid voltage adjustable means, whereby the voltage at the output of said junction field effect transistor can be adjusted to equal the voltage of said io'n detectors and adjustable to match the threshold voltage of said metal oxide semi-conductor.
6. An ion detector output circuit, comprising;
a. an ion detector means,
b. gate means having its input connected to said ion detector means,
c. a signal level detector means having its input connected to the output of said gate means,
d. driven circuit means having its input connected to the output of said level detector means,
e. indicator means having input connected to the output of said driven circuit means,
f. triggered signal means having first and second outputs, said first output connected to the output of said gate means,
g. first and second counter means each having first and second outputs and reset means,
h. said first input connected to the second output of said trigger means and said second inputs connected to the input of said indicator means, said first input of said first counter means connected to the second input of said second counter means, said second output of said first counter means connected to the reset of said second counter means connected to said second output of said second counter means to the input of said indicator means,
i. alarm means, and
j. means connecting the first output of said second counter means to said alarm means.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Sep 18, 1964
|May 23, 1967
|Webb James E
|Baseline stabilization system for ionization detector
|Sep 15, 1966
|Dec 23, 1969
|Lfe Corp
|Apparatus for analyzing the energy distribution of a radioisotope in the presence of interfering radiation
|Nov 1, 1967
|Oct 27, 1970
|Fenwal Inc
|Capacitor potential sampling and indicating system
|Jul 24, 1968
|Nov 24, 1970
|Honeywell Inc
|Self checking interuder and fire detector units and system
|Jun 28, 1967
|Dec 29, 1970
|Stock Equipment Co
|Method and apparatus for measuring rates of random pulses and alarm actuated thereby
|May 4, 1967
|Feb 16, 1971
|Cerberus Ag
|Fire alarm system having a diode coupled checking circuit means
|Dec 9, 1968
|Apr 6, 1971
|Honeywell Inc
|Combustion products detector control apparatus
|Jun 2, 1970
|Jun 20, 1972
|Allis Chalmers Mfg Co
|Stable, low level radiation monitor
|Sep 28, 1970
|Jan 30, 1973
|Nittan Co Ltd
|Ionization smoke detector
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jan 29, 1975
|Jan 18, 1977
|Unitec, Inc.
|Battery operated fire detection unit
|Sep 9, 1976
|Mar 28, 1978
|Statitrol Corporation
|Apparatus and method for detecting the occurrence of an alarm condition
|Nov 17, 1978
|Jan 6, 1981
|Hartwig Beyersdorf
|Ionization fire-signal device
|Oct 22, 1979
|Feb 10, 1981
|Rca Corporation
|Smoke detector
|Mar 13, 1980
|Apr 7, 1981
|Hochiki Corporation
|Count discriminating fire detector
|May 15, 1979
|Feb 16, 1982
|Westinghouse Electric Corp.
|Circuit for coupling signals from a sensor
|Sep 2, 1980
|Jun 29, 1982
|Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated
|Tamper protection for an automatic remote meter reading unit
|Jan 8, 1981
|Nov 23, 1982
|Witthaus Ira L
|Electric sensor package
|May 12, 2000
|Jan 21, 2003
|Peter P. Payne
|Constant current flame ionization circuit
|Dec 17, 2014
|Jun 23, 2016
|Elmos Semiconductor Aktiengesellschaft
|Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Unterscheidung von festen Objekten, Kochdunst und Rauch mit einem kompensierenden optischen Messsystem
|Dec 17, 2014
|Jun 23, 2016
|Elmos Semiconductor Aktiengesellschaft
|Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Unterscheidung von festen Objekten, Kochdunst und Rauch mittels des Displays eines Mobiltelefons
|U.S. Classification
|340/512, 327/81, 327/22, 377/19, 361/170, 250/389, 340/629, 377/52
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


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Aston Martin Vantage V12 S Goes Manual
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text:
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dimensions and uses
...conditions, and for several years Tampico ranked as the greatest oil port in the world. Pipelines lead from the nearby fields, and fleets of barges transport oil from farther up the river. The Chijol Canal, which was begun in 1901, affords a waterway 6 feet (1.8 metres) deep and 25 feet (7.6 metres) wide for about 75 miles (120 km) southward through the oil fields to Tuxpan. Spacious,...


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Dec 16, 1969
|Filing date
|Jun 9, 1966
|Priority date
|Jun 9, 1966
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Perkins Robert L, Sullivan Daniel C, Thorndyke Lloyd M
|Original Assignee
|Control Data Corp
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (16), Classifications (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
Dec. 16, 1969 R. L. PERKINS ET AL 3,484,760
DISC FILE AND ACTUATORITHEREFOR Filed June 9, 1966 5 Sheets-Sheet 1 Fig. 2
INVENTORS Robert L. Perkins Fig. L/ayd M. Tfiorndylre Daniel C. Su/lf van BY m W ATTORNEY Dec. 16, 1969 R. L. PERKINS ET AL 3,484,760
DISC FILE AND ACTUATOR THEREFOR Filed June 9, 1966 3 Sheets-Sheet 2 INVENTORS Robe/f L. Per kins Lloyd M. Tnorndyke Daniel C. Sullivan ATTORNEY Dec. 16, 1969 R. PERKINS ET DISC FILE AND ACTUATOR THEREFOR Filed June 9, 1966 3 Sheets-:Sheet 3 INDEXER INVENTORS Robert L. Perkins Lloyd M. Thorndyke Daniel C. Sullivan 8) ATTORNEY Fluid Favor Supp/y And valved Distribufian System U.S. Cl. 340-1741 United States Patent 3,484,760 DISC FILE AND ACTUATOR THEREFOR Robert L. Perkins, St. Paul, Lloyd M. Thorndyke, Elina,
and Daniel C. Sullivan, Columbia Heights, Minn., as-
signors to Control Data Corporation, Rockville, Md.
Filed June 9, 1966, Ser. No. 556,487
Int. Cl. G11b 5/00 9 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE Apparatus to rapidly position sets of magnetic heads to precise, ordered positions with respect to data storage discs ofa disc file, wherein the apparatus has two assemblies of linear actuators, carriages and sets of heads movable through equal distances in opposite directions. The axes of the linear actuators are parallel to a common axis which passes through the centers of gravity of the carriages, and the connections of the actuators to the carriages are geometrically arranged such that the resultant reactions to the driving forces of the actuators are equal and opposite. The vector sum of these reactions is zero whereby the frame of the disc file is undisturbed by the driving forces and their reactions. As a consequence, unwanted mechanical and acoustic shock, vibration, fiexure, etc. which ultimately reflect in increased access time and reduced accuracy of the disc file, are eliminated at their inceptions.
This invention relates to data storage and retrieval systerns and particularly to such systems which have means for positioning one or more transducers to ordered positions with respect to one or more records in which the data is stored or is being recorded.
One aspect of the invention is concerned with positioning apparatus (also called an actuator herein) to obtain rapid and exact positioning of transducers. In this connection, the invention is described in terms of a random access disc file with magnetic transducers. However, the disc file application is given by way of example only. Other forms of magnetic or electrostatic data storage devices can advantageously use features of the invention. Also, the nature of stored data is not critical. For example, the data can be optical, in which case the transducer will be photosensitive and will be arranged for either light transmissive or reflective sensing of the data. Further, it is understood that positioning a transducer relative to a record can be accomplished by having our positioning apparatus move the transducer with respect to the record or by having the apparatus move the record with respect to the transducer. Also, both the transducer and the record can be made movable by separate positioning devices.
Magnetic disc files are so Well known to the computer industry that a complete description of a typical file is unnecessary. However, it is worth mentioning that there are continuing efforts to reduce access time, to increase the accuracy in positioning the transducer to preselected tracks (positions) on the discs, and to increase the storage capacity of disc files. This invention has resulted from such efforts and has as one of its objects, to provide means for obtaining more rapid and exact positioning of transducers relative to one or more discs of a disc file.
' More specifically, in positioning transducers rapidly to selected tracks of a disc, controlled and predesigned accelerations, both negative and positive, are used. The transducer supporting and driving mechanisms have appreciable mass. Thus in stopping and starting, currently available disc file transducer positioning apparatus is plagued with shock, bending, vibration, mechanical resonance, flexure and other mechanical and acoustic limitations and problems. These directly increase the access time of a disc file and often produce appreciable oscillations and vibrations of the heads over the data tracks. In the prior art, measures have been taken to cope with these problems, for example US. Patent No. 2,994,856 discloses a system for damping the positioning mechanism under a program which varies in response to several variables such as mass and length of travel. of the transducer support. This is not to say that our invention must not use damping or other known techniques. This is to say that the above patent disclosure is typical of the art in the sense that the unwanted difiiculties such as vibrations are postulated, and steps are taken to cope with them, e.g. damping vibrations in the case of the noted patent.
Our invention represents a departure from the philosophy implicit in the above. Instead of assuming the existence of shock, vibration, etc. to be inviolate, we take steps to prevent them at their inception or prevent them from ever reaching serious levels. This is accomplished by our transducer positioning apparatus in which there is a mechanical arrangement of linear actuators, carriages and synchronizing devices by which the reactive forces originating from motions of the positioning apparatus are balanced as explained below.
In moving a set of transducers from one position to another in prior designs, the reactions to the driving forces are ordinarily opposed by a fixed structure. These reactions constitute a significant percentage of the origin of many of the mechanical and acoustic limitations mentioned before. According to our invention, We provide means to counteract these reactions by dynamically producing other forces equal and opposite to the first-mentioned reactions. An attractive means to accomplish this is a second substantially identical set of transducers, a carriage and linear actuators so arranged that as the first set of transducers is moved, the second set is moved the same distance but in the opposite direction. Another way to accomplish the same result is to use a weight in place of the second carriage and their transducers, but this will not provide the later described advantage of concurrently using more than one stack of discs.
In one form of our invention, we utilize a base structure, e.g. a pedestal, and two carriages to which respective sets of transducer arms are secured. The carriages are constrained to movement along a common axis. First and second pairs of linear actuators, e.g. solenoids (not shown) or liquid or pneumatic cylinders, are fixed to the base. The first pair is also attached to the first carriage and the second pair to the other carriage. The axes of the linear actuators are parallel to the common axis, and the connections to the carriages are geometrically arranged such that the resultant reactions to the driving forces of the two sets of linear actuators are equal and opposite to each other and act along a common axis. The vector sum of these reactions is zero. Therefore, the base structure is undisturbed by the driving forces and/or their reactions.
The above described arrangement of linear actuators is illustrated but is not the only possible arrangement. We have also used linear actuators for the carriages which are coaxial and on the common axis of movement of the carriages. However, we have selected for illustration only, two actuators for one carriage with the two offset, one above and one below the horizontal plane of the common axis. This axis passes through the centers of mass of the carriages and everything supported by them. The remaining two linear actuators (for the other carriage) are similarly attached, i.e. they are arranged one above and one below the common axis. As a result of this common axis arrangement, if there are any unbalanced reactive forces which may be applied to the base, the forces will be small. As explained below, with our arrangement, it is easy to eliminate even small reactive forces.
In our system we have duplicate sets of linear actuators (e.g. cylinders), carriages and everything supported by the carriages. The geometry is such that when one carriage is moved by its set of linear actuators, the other is moved by its set of actuators through an equal distance in the opposite direction. With the common axis and centers of gravity relationship mentioned before, one carriage and everything supported by it constitutes a dynamic means to react against the other thereby balancing the entire system so that the base structure theoretically experiences no reactive force.
In mechanical motions, ideal conditions are not easily obtained although they can be closely approached. In our case, for example, one of the cylinders may not have the exact diameter of the other or the frictions may differ. In such instances the base structure may experience a reactive force, however small. But even this can be eliminated easily owing to our design which entails the dynamic means mentioned above. We can, for example, adjust the mass of the appropriate carriage assembly. Mass adjustment can be the adding or subtracting of weight from the linearly movable carriage assembly somewhat suggestive of balancing a rotary flywheel or shaft.
Accordingly, an important distinction of our system with respect to prior actuator systems, is that it exhibits the possibility of adjustment, by simple means, to the degree of perfect balance desired by the manufacturer. Any system which does not use a dynamic reactive means as We do, does not exhibit a similarly simple way to eliminate reactive forces experienced by its base structure. To our knowledge prior positioning devices attack the problem in an entirely different way, i.e. by strengthening the base structure in an effort to make it inflexible.
To assure exactness in motion of the two carriages of our positioning apparatus, we have mechanical synchronizers connecting the carriages. In a manner similar to the dynamic balancing mentioned above, any transfer forces between the synchronizer-carriage assemblies will have only a small reaction in the base. It has been found in operation that the reactive forces in our base structure are so small that the base plate or pedestal mounting plate experiences no measurable reactive forces. In prior disc files reactive forces transmitted to the main frame cause many obvious and some obscure difficulties which ultimately reflect in increases of access time due to head settling time.
As mentioned before, there is an advantage in using two sets of transducers and two carriages arranged so that the reactive forces in moving one are equal and opposite to those resulting from moving the other. A weight could be used in place of one carriage and one set of transducers.
However, in using two sets of transducers, two stacks or sets of discs can be serviced (read or recorded) concurrently in a disc file with equal exactness and rapidly. The recording methods and formats used for storing data in the sets of discs forms no part of our invention, except as our positioner with its multi-stack servicing capacity allows the programmer to so arrange the data that the effective useful storage capacity of the file is increased.
Accordingly, another object of the invention is to provide a disc file with more than one stack or set of discs together with a single positioning apparatus having an individual set of transducers for each stack of discs.
Another object of the invention is to provide such a disc file and positioning apparatus wherein sets of transducers and their carriages are moved through identical distances but in opposite directions with the arrangement being such that the reactive forces are equal and opposite.
In other words, one carriage functions as a dynamic means to balance the other.
Another object of the invention is to provide a disc file generally as above but which can be constructed in a wide variety of sizes and configurations for adaptation to numerous classes of large and small equipment.
A further object is to provide a basic positioner or actuator apparatus capable of being used with one or a plurality of stacks of discs in a number of ways. For example, three, four or more stacks can be used and either the stacks or the actuator can be indexed to associate the sets of transducers with selected stacks of discs.
Other objects and features will become evident as the description of the illustrated forms of the invention proceed.
In the drawings:
FIGURE 1 is a fragmentary diagrammatic side View of a disc file utilizing the principles of the invention.
FIGURE 2 is a fragmentary top View of our positioning apparatus with certain parts omitted or broken away to show otherwise hidden details.
FIGURE 3 is a fragmentary perspective view of the positioning apparatus.
FIGURE 4 is an end sectional view of the positionin apparatus, there being parts omitted in order to illustrate geometrical relationships which would otherwise be obscure.
FIGURE 5 is a diagrammatic perspective view showing the arrangement of linear actuators together with the fluid power supply and valve distribution system for the linear actuators, and an electrical command responsive controller for the valved distribution system.
FIGURE 6 is a diagrammatic plan view showing a modification of a disc file using the actuator of the invention.
FIGURE 7 is a diagrammatic plan view showing an other modification.
FIGURE 1 schematically shows disc file 10 using our positioning apparatus or actuator 12 which is also schematically represented. Disc file 10 has a main frame 14 to which sub-frame 16 is attached by pivotal mounts 18 so that the sub-frame can be rotated about a horizontal axis and locked in place for service or other purposes. The pivot arrangement is optional. The illustrated disc file has four sets or stacks 20, 22, 24 and 26 of discs and only one pair of stacks is generally used at a time. However, it is obvious that one, two, or three or all four of the stacks of discs can be used concurrently.
As is customary, the surfaces of the disc are coated or plated or the discs themselves are made of material suitable for magnetic storage of data. The stacks of discs are rotated conventionally and to illustrate this, motors 28 and 30 are shown with through shafts to which disc-supporting spindles for the four stacks of discs are attached.
Positioner 12 will be described in detail subsequently. However, its relationship to the discs of the disc file is mentioned now. As shown in FIGURE 1, positioner 12 has a base or base structure 32 in the form of a pedestal with a base or mounting plate 34 fixed to sub-frame 16 between disc stacks 20 and 22. There is an identical actuator mounted between stacks 24 and 26, however, it is obscured in FIGURE 1 by a cover. Positioner 12 has two carriages constrained to move concurrently in opposite directions. Each carriage has a set of transducer supporting arms. The set 36 of arms shown to the left of the actuator in FIGURE 1 are used with the discs of stack 20 to record and read in any accepted manner, while the set 38 of transducer supporting arms are operative with the various tracks of the discs in stack 22.
While it is considered that the disc file configuration of FIGURE 1, i.e. four stacks of discs and two actuators, or one-half of it (two stacks of discs and asingle actuator) is an efficient configuration, computersystem requirements or other requirements may suggest that other configurations are equally or, in given instances, more efficient. For example, two actuators can be used with a single stack of discs, or a single actuator can be used in connection with any practical number of stacks of discs. In FIGURE 6 there are four stacks 40, 41, 42 and 43 of discs with a positioner 12 so located that the two sets of transducer-supporting arms are operative with stacks and 43. As shown in dotted lines, positioner 12 can be indexed 90 so that the two sets of transducers on their arms will then be used with the stacks 41 and 42 of discs. The positioner 12 of FIGURE 6 can be mounted on a vertical spindle and manually turned to the selected position. Alternatively a conventional 90 indexer 44 can be used for this purpose.
FIGURE 7 is another illustration of extended use of a single positioner. Positioner 12 is located between two carousels 45 and 46, each containing four vertical stacks of discs although this number can be increased or decreased. The carousels can be manually positioned by rotation, or either or both carousels can be indexed by a conventional indexer 44. Accordingly, with the actuator 12 stationary, the selected stack of discs of either or both carousel can be moved into operative relationship with the transducers schematically shown at the ends of two sets of. arms of positioner 12. Summarizing, relative motion between the positioner and the stacks of discs can operatively relate the transducers to select the desired stacks, and it is immaterial whether the relative motion is obtained by moving the positioner or by moving the stacks of discs.
Attention is directed to the details of the positioning apparatus shown in FIGURES 2-5. Base structure 32 of the positioning apparatus serves as a pedestal. The shape of base structure 32 (FIGURES 3 and 4) is not important so long as it serves its purpose. For instance, the base can have a central section (FIGURE 3) and a pair of side sections and 51 each including a pair of parallel plates to support identical synchronizers 52 and 54 whose construction and function is described later. In assembly of the disc file, the mounting plate 34 is bolted or otherwise secured to the main frame of the disc file or to another portion thereof, for example, sub-frame 16 (FIGURE 1).
The positioning apparatus has two carriages, identified as first carriage 56 and second carriage 58. The sets of transducer supporting arms 36 and 38 are attached to the main vertical support members of the carriages for movement therewith. The motion of each carriage is constrained to rectilinear movement by upper and lower guides 60 and 62, and by an intermediate guide 61 operatively connected with the main vertical support memher of the carriages. The upper and lower guides are shown as pairs of rollers engaging parallel rails 64 and 66 attached to the base structure of the positioner, however, other types of conventional guides can be substituted. The same applies to the two intermediate guides 61 for the two carriages 56 and 58. The intermediate guides are illustrated as stationary horizontal shafts 67 fixed to the central portion of the base structure 32 and to a pair of end plates 68 and 69, together with sleeve bearings 70 on'the carriages, which slide on the shafts 67.
Syncbronizers 52 and 54 are identical. The synchronizer 54 consists of two pairs 72 and 74 of idler wheels mounted for rotation on spindles 75 and 76 suitably journaled in bearings in the side section 51 of base structure 32. A pair of bands 78 and 79 is mounted on corresponding pairs of the idler wheels.
The main support member of carriage 58 has a bracket 80 attached to it, and motion-transfer rod 82 is adjustably fixed to the pair of bands 78 and 79 and to the bracket 80. As illustrated in FIGURE 3, clamp 83 attaches rod 82 to the upper flights of bands 78 and 79. Clamp 84 is used to attach rod 85 to the lower flights of the same bands, this rod being suitably secured to a bracket 86 functioning in a manner similar to bracket 80. However, bracket86 is secured to the main upright support member of carriage 56 so that the synchronizer at 54 assures that motions of the two carriages are precisely concurrent and through identical distances. The role played by synchronizer 54 and synchronizer 52 as far as transfer forces is concerned is important and is described later. As indicated before, synchronizer 52 is the same as synchronizer 54 except that it is attached to the opposite side of the positioning apparatus. Accordingly, synchronizer 52 is made of a pair of bands 90 and 91 mounted on idler wheels the same as idler wheels 72 and 74. The upper flights of bands 90 and 91 have rod 92 attached thereto by means of a clamp, and this rod is attached to the carriage 56 by means of bracket 94. The lower flights of bands 90 and 91 (FIGURE 4) have rod 96 clamped thereto (or otherwise fastened), and this rod is secured to bracket 98 which is fastened, fixed or made integral with the main support member of carriage 58.
Carriages 56 and 58 have identical means for actuating them. Although other means such as electrical can be used, we prefer a pair of linear actuators such as pneumatic or hydraulic cylinders for each carriage. For the carriage 56 (FIGURE 5) the pair of cylinders 100 and 102 is used. For the carriage 58, cylinders 104 and 106 are used. All of the cylinders are attached to the base structure either directly or indirectly. Stifiening and aligning structures including end plates 68 and 69 are secured to the outer ends of the respective pair of cylinders. The previously mentioned shafts 67 constituting parts of guides 61 are secured to the end plates 68 and 69.
Piston rods 101 and 103 of cylinders 100 and 102 are secured to carriage 56 by being fixed to brackets 108 and 110 integral with or otherwise fixed with main support member of the carriage. In like manner piston rods 105 and 107 of cylinders 104 and 106 are fixed to the main support member of carriage 58 by being fastened to its brackets 112 and 114.
The fluid power supply and valved distribution system 116 schematically represents any suitable means for actuating the hydraulic cylinders in unison. The valved distribution system is under the control of an electrical command controller 118 adapted to receive input signals via cable 120 and to transmit them over cable 122 to the valved distribution system. From this schematically represented system 116 we have illustrated a network of hydraulic conduits to represent means for conducting fluid under pressure to and from the hydraulic cylinders in a manner suitable to cause the hydraulic linear actuators to operate in unison and with equal force. It is understood that as far as our present invention is concerned, known hydraulic valving and distribution techniques are used. The same applies to the input signal responsive controller 118 which is assumed to be conventional and in practice, would generally be under control of a computer system.
Attention is now directed to FIGURE 4. Horizontal centerline is on an axis common to the rectilinear motions of the two carriages, and the common axis passes through the center of mass of each carriage and everything supported by it. The axes of the four cylinders 100, 102, 104 and 106 are parallel to common axis 130. The points of application of force from cylinders 100 and 102 to the carriage 56 are offset as shown in FIGURE 4, that is, one is above and one is below and one is on each side of common axis 130. Similarly, the points of application of force from cylinders 104 and 106 to carriage 58 are offset with respect to common axis 130. It is thus evident that both carriages are actuated simultaneously through similar distances in opposite directions. The resultants of the pushing (or retracting) pairs of cylinders intersect at the center of mass of the carriages. With the common axis passing through the centers of mass of both carriages and the carriages of equal mass, one carriage provides a dynamic reaction for the other. In an imperfect system, any reactive forces due to force unbalance experienced by the base structure 32 will be small. Even these can be reduced to zero or near-zero by adjusting the mass of the pertinent carriage (adding or subtracting weight) appropriately so as to maintain the centers ofmass in proper relationship.
The cylinders 100, 102, 104 and 106 cannot be made to be identical, and the purpose of the synchronizers 52 and 54 is to prevent any tendency of one carriage and its piston rods from being moved at a rate greater than the other. More specifically, if one piston rod attempts to accelerate or decelerate at a rate different from the others, its force difference is applied through the bands and carriage to the other three piston rods. The pertinent dotted lines in FIGURE 4 show that transfer forces from one carriage to the other, if any, have reactions through the common axis 130 for the same reason as described in connection with the hydraulic actuators.
It is noted that the synchronizers may be omitted or they may assume other forms. These and numerous other variations falling within the scope of the following claims may be resorted to. For example, We mentioned that we have used concentric cylinders instead of the illustrated offset cylinders. The concentric cylinder arrangement provides at least a cost-reduction benefit. In the concentric cylinder arrangement, the cylinders (FIGURE 3) 104 and 106 are replaced by a single cylinder at the illustrated location of guide 61, and the cylinders 100 and 102 are replaced by another single cylinder at the illustrated location of guide 67. The single cylinders (not shown) will act as guides just as the shafts serve as guides 61 and 67. It is, of course, understood that the concentric cylinders are attached to base 32 and to the carriages 56 and 58.
What is claimed is:
1. In a magnetic disc file, the combination of a first set of spaced discs and a second set of spaced discs spaced from the first set, means for rotating said discs, :1 first and a second set of transducers for the respective sets of discs, a frame, a first and a second carriage mounted for movement relative to said frame, said sets of transducers attached to said carriages for movement therewith, actuators attached to said carriages, and means between said actuators to require said carriages to move in opposite linear directions in a manner such that the movement of one carriage provides a dynamic reaction for the other and said frame experiences no substantial reactive load.
2. The magnetic disc file of claim 1 and a fluid pressure system including a valve and a fluid conductor network connected to said actuators, means responsive to electrical command signals to control said valve and thereby cause said actuators to operate, and means for synchronizing the movements of said carriages.
3. The disc file of claim 1 and a third set of discs, and means to provide relative movement between said frame together with its carriages and said sets of discs to relocate said first set of transducers from said first sets of discs to said third set of discs.
4. A balanced reaction positioner apparatus for obtaining a selected relative position between a transducing means and a record means, said apparatus comprising the combination of movable means f r supporting said transducing means for movement along a common axis, a frame, means connected to said frame for actuating said supporting means to position the same said means along said axis, movable mechanical means movable along said common axis and cooperating with said actuating means for producing a reactive force equal and opposite to the reactive force necessitated by the actuation of said supporting means such that disturbance to the frame is thereby eliminated, said movable mechanical means including a second supporting means operated by said actuating means concurrently with said first-mentioned supporting means but in the opposite direction, both of said supporting means having substantially equal Weight and centers of gravity intersected by said common axis and each supporting means having a carriage, said transducing means including a transducer on each carriage, means to constrain the movement of said carriage to linear motion along said axis, and said record means including data storage records with which said transducers are operable for positioning upon movement of said mechanical means.
5. The subject matter of claim 4 and means connected to said carriages for synchronizing the motions of said carriages. I
6. A balanced reaction positioner apparatus for obtaining a selected relative position between a transducing means and a record, said apparatus comprising the combination of movable means for supporting said transducing means for movement along a common axis, a frame, means connected to said frame for actuating said supporting means to position the same said means along said axis and thereby position said transducing means relative to said record, movable mechanical means movable along said common axis and cooperating with said actuating means for producing a reactive force equal and opposite to the reactive force necessitated by the actuation of said supporting means such that disturbance to the frame is thereby eliminated, said mechanical means including a second transducing means and a second supporting means therefor whereby said second transducing means are positionable relative to a second record at the same time'that said first-mentioned transducing means are positioned relative to the first-mentioned record, a frame, and said actuating means including a plurality of linear actuators connected to said frame and to the respective supporting means.
7. The subject matter of claim 6 and synchronizing means symmetrically connected to said supporting means such that any transfer forces therebetween are applied along said axis.
8. The subject matter of claim 7 wherein said synchronizing means include a plurality of bands, means movably mounting said bands relative to said frame, and means coupling 'both of said supporting means to said bands.
9. In a magnetic disc file, the combination of a set of spaced discs and means for rotating the discs, a set of transducers for said discs, a frame, a first and a second carriage mounted for movement relative to said frame, said transducers attached to said first carriage, structural means attached to said second carriage and combining with said second carriage to have inertial properties similar to the inertial properties of said first carriage and the transducers attached thereto, actuators attached to said carriages, and means between said actuators to require said carriages to move in opposite linear directions in a manner such that the movement of one carriage provides a dynamic reaction for the other and said frame experiences no substantial reactive load.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,078,129 2/1963 Beeck 3083.8 3,176,083 3/1965 Hauser l79-l00.2 3,235,671 2/1966 Rich 179-1002. 2,994,856 8/1961 Dickinson 340-1741 BERNARD KONICK, Primary Examiner WILLIAM F. WHITE, Assistant Examiner US. Cl. X.R. 179-100.2
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 23, 1955
|Aug 1, 1961
|Positioning mechanism
|Jun 22, 1960
|Feb 19, 1963
|Otto A Beeck
|Band controlled extension slide
|Mar 7, 1960
|Mar 30, 1965
|Fred Hauser
|Recording and reproducing machine
|Feb 1, 1962
|Feb 15, 1966
|Rich Louis M
|Magnetic head support
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 11, 1968
|Aug 10, 1971
|Rca Corp
|Transducer supporting arrangement for disk memory
|Jul 2, 1970
|Jan 4, 1972
|Transducer accessing mechanism utilizing centrifugal force
|Jul 9, 1970
|Feb 15, 1972
|Xerox Corp
|Transducer displacement control in movable head-type storage disk systems
|Aug 10, 1972
|Oct 23, 1973
|Information Storage Systems
|Baseplate assembly for a disc drive
|Jun 27, 1972
|Nov 6, 1973
|Arvin Ind Inc
|Magnetic disc recorder with transducer accessing mechanism utilizing a counterweighted arm
|Oct 19, 1973
|Jul 16, 1974
|Disk Syst Corp
|Alignable disk pack
|May 29, 1973
|Feb 4, 1975
|Storage Disk Corp
|Multiple pack magnetic disk system
|Feb 13, 1974
|May 27, 1975
|Information Storage Systems
|Actuator for a disc drive apparatus
|Sep 16, 1974
|Apr 19, 1977
|Information Storage Systems, Inc.
|Disc drive with rotary access mechanism
|Dec 23, 1977
|Aug 14, 1979
|Burroughs Corporation
|Mass storage device
|Sep 29, 1992
|Sep 20, 1994
|Fujitsu Limited
|Magnetic disk storage apparatus having a vibration proof structure
|Apr 23, 1993
|Aug 1, 1995
|Quantum Corporation
|Synchronization of multiple disk drive spindles
|Apr 23, 1993
|Sep 5, 1995
|Quantum Corporation
|Phase locking a disk drive spindle to a reference signal
|Oct 9, 2008
|Jul 26, 2011
|Hitachi Global Storage Technologies Netherlands B.V.
|Hard disk drive with disk separator for creating axial gaps between disks for access by read/write heads
|Oct 9, 2008
|Apr 15, 2010
|Hitachi Global Storage Technologies Netherlands B. V.
|Hard disk drive with disk separator for creating axial gaps between disks for access by read/write heads
|Sep 18, 1990
|Mar 27, 1991
|Fujitsu Limited
|Magnetic disk storage apparatus with improved vibration resistance
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


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WAYNE - A group of residents in Wayne oppose the mayor's plan to convert commercial land into mixed use.
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