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During the 19th century, the Scottish-born James B. Beck was a Lexington lawyer and a respected national politician.
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Advert Description
Hi I'm selling my beautiful wedding dress bought from Zarkan green street, east London. It is in perfect condition with beautiful headpiece and a long trail. It will fit anyone who is size 8 to 10. Alterations can also be made to suit your size. If you have any questions please do not hesitate to contact me.

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Powerful audio for deep bass lovers. Phone controls and microphone built into left earpiece. Inline remote and microphone for mobile devices.
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1181 Shenandoah River Drive, Harpers Ferry WV, 25425
Sold Price:
3 beds , 2 Full baths
1,942 sqft
Status: Sold
Listing Provided Courtesy Of: Blue Ridge Properties, LLC
Real Living At Home
Last Updated: 12/7/2016 6:20 PM
Description for 1181 Shenandoah River Drive Harpers Ferry, WV 25425
Very sharp 3BR 2,5Bath, huge 27x22 family room, split master bedroom design, open stairwell to lower level w/ 1/2 bath, paved drive, storage shed, built in 2008.
Sold Price:
Sold Date:12/18/2015
2 Full
1,942 (approx)
Very sharp 3BR 2,5Bath, huge 27x22 family room, split master bedroom design, open stairwell to lower level w/ 1/2 bath, paved drive, storage shed, built in 2008.
Listing Information
Gravity Septic System
School Information
Room Information
Family Room, Kitchen, Living Room
Country Kitchen
Interior Features
Dishwasher, Dryer, Microwave, Refrigerator, Washer
Laminate, Carpet
Heat Pump
Electric Heating, Heat Pump
Insulated Door, Insulated Window
Drapery Rods Only, Open Floor Plan, Cathedral/vaulted Ceiling
Exterior / Lot Features
Front Porch, Patio
Asphalt, State Road
Driving Directions
From C.Town: Rt.115 E. to rt on Mission Rd., 3 miles to Rt. at stop sign (Gate 3), follow Shen Rvr. Dr. (Main Rd.) 3/4 mi. to hse on left.
Financial Considerations
Listing Price History
Harpers Ferry Real Estate
Harpers Ferry is located in West Virginia. Harpers Ferry, West Virginia 25425 has a population of 205.
The median household income in Harpers Ferry, West Virginia 25425 is $91,250. The median household income for the surrounding county is $64,314 compared to the national median of $53,046. The median age of people living in Harpers Ferry 25425 is 57.1 years.
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Property DetailsOwn a piece of heaven on earth! Truly amazing views of the ocean, bay, city lights & mountains, ridge top location, photos cannot possibly do justice! Tucked behind the private gate on Smith Rd; near 12 acres, includes 25% share private well, storage tanks, old avocado orchard (some trees may be savable), perfect place to build your dream home, plenty of room to grow fruit, berries, grapes, equine, bovine & most of all your spirits! Only minutes to town, but an eternity from the hustle & bustle of our hectic world! Topo map, survey, and pre-lim on file
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Additional Property InformationThis single family listing is located at 471 Hawk Ridge Ln, Watsonville, CA. The property is currently availible for $649,000.
This property is listed by Pat Simmons of Bailey Properties located in California.


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Freaky Friday Potpourri: The Eye of the Tiger
Looking for profits in this economic twister.
We've been talking about the perfect storm brewing on the financial horizon for a mighty long time. In fact, when we first started handing umbrellas to ye faithful, most folks still had sunscreen on their nose.
Fast forward two years and 80%. Lehman Brothers? Gone. Fannie Mae (FNM)? Fini. AIG (AIG)? MIA. Merrill, Wachovia, Bear Stearns, Freddie Mac (FRE)... you know the deal.
The government invented fingers as fast as they could to plug the holes in the proverbial dike but their efforts fell short. In the process, unintended consequences continued to manifest as social mood shifted and risk appetites abated.
It started with moral hazard, continued with Martial Law, changed the face of capitalism and forever altered the global socioeconomic landscape.
It's no shocker that the fundamental landscape has softened from Microsoft (MSFT) to Nokia (NOK) to General Electric (GE). And while select companies put on a brave face-Apple (AAPL) and IBM (IBM) come to mind-the universal view is that things are bad and they're getting worse.
While we loudly rang the "socioeconomic malaise entirely more depressing than a recession" bell in August 2006, we understand that the destination we arrive at pales in comparison to the path that we take to get there. Therein lies to trick to my trades and the nuts and guts where I spend my days.
A few days ago, I asked Will The Banking Industry Will Survive? The most obvious answer is "not in an iteration anything close to what it was" but the devils are in the details. As discussed in that column, nationalization, while perhaps warranted in select situations, poses grave risks in terms of motivating human capital to fix the system.
I believe there are potential stopgap solutions, including but not limited to issuing employees equity options at current levels as an incentive to stick around, but make no mistake that there are many moving parts.
My current effort in buying select banks-adding Bank America (BAC), Citigroup (C), Wells Fargo (WFC) this morning (as well as some SSO with a tight trailing stop) is the definition of a pure trade or, in other words, an honest attempt to capture the disconnect between perception and reality.
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Audie is a very quiet calm girl. She is currently recovering from a flea allergy but is feeling much better and growing her hair back wonderfully! She is a sweet soul who would love to snuggle in fron of the fireplace or TV with just about anyone willing. She is spayed, vaccinated and FIV/FELV negative.
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Total Time
Prep 3 mins
Cook 0 mins
Ok....so I had a few of these when I thought up the name of this beverage. It isn't fancy, just two ingredients, but that makes it easier to make as the night goes along!! I am sure there is a better name, but it is what came to mind - and given the sort of week I had been having, this was simply, "LOVELY". ;) My favortie way to make this is to top it off with club soda as the Intrigue is already sweet enough for me, but any lemon/lime or grapefruit type soda would also work great!! Try it out!! ***Just a note, but when using fairly simple or straight ingredients where you will taste the spirits, I find it more to my liking to use a better brand liquor. ;)
Ingredients Nutrition
- 3 ounces Intrigue liqueur, to taste (the green)
- 1 ounce vodka (I like Grey Goose,but any nice brand will work)
- ice
- club soda (optional)
- Add both the vodka and the Intrigue liqueur to a glass of ice.
- Garnish or not (including topping off with soda if you choose to), but do enjoy! ;).
Most Helpful
This drink is so "lovely" :) I didn't add club soda. I liked it that way. So yummy. Thanks Chelle! Made for your cook-a-thon :)
Hmmmmm.... this was pretty and in deed *Lovely* I added a splash of Fresca believe it or not, and It was really tasty... Thanks for sharing another Liqueur with me GF!!!! (Made for Bevy Tag 8/08) Cheers ~V


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Jeff Griffith is officially the Lubbock City Council's next representative for District 3 — for now.
The City Council canvassed the results from the District 3 runoff, but may have to do it again if even one vote changes in the recount requested by opposing candidate Deanne Clark.
Clark requested the city manually count the votes after the result of the election came down to fewer than a dozen votes.
Set for Wednesday, the recount cost Clark's campaign $600 to take a second look at each of the voting sites from Election Day.
"Per state law, the filing and acceptance of the recount application does not delay the canvassing because we are on a different timeline for canvassing the election on June 21," Deputy City Secretary Thomas Harris said.
Though the voting results were made official Monday morning, Griffith cannot be sworn in until after the recount has been completed, Councilman Victor Hernandez said.
"Theoretically, after the recount and after notices are given, he or she can be sworn in directly after that," Harris said. "The only thing that will delay any immediate swearing in of Mr. Griffith is — in accordance with state law — if the recount numbers change, regardless of the outcome."
If the numbers of the recount at all differ from Friday's results, the council will have to again pass a canvassing resolution, Harris said.
Winning by just six votes on Election Day, Griffith kept his slim lead ahead of Clark even after the ballot board added in previously uncounted absentee and provisional ballots.
The final and now official results show Griffith received 773 to Clark's 768 of the 1,541 votes cast.
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List all words that contain tapis
2 words found.
List all words containing tapis, sorted by length
Some random words: wha buds cwm jojoba jiao foal iwis
This is not a dictionary, it's a word game wordfinder.
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text:
Thread: Video Games and... Reality
09-24-2006, 02:49 AM #1Web Hosting Evangelist
- Join Date
- Jul 2004
- Posts
- 518
Video Games and... Reality
This trailer... looked real and beautiful. This truly grab my interest to the title...even though how it will be played still remains unknown. (And I'm not into safari or zoo thingy too..but it may change with this game I mean, it's really a vista!).
The video game industry has come to this, but why do we still see those crappy 3D animated commercials on TV.
Wonder what would the next-next gen of gaming become..
Last edited by Shin Asuka; 09-24-2006 at 02:53 AM.


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text:
Skip to comments.Do you have a gun in the house?
Posted on 08/03/2013 9:03:50 PM PDT by cambyses
Do you have gun in the house?
When I had my gangrene gallbladder taken out and spent 10 days in the hospital for what should have been an overnight stay, the insurance company kicked me out. I had home nurse visits for two weeks and was asked if I had guns in the house. I respond that if I did I would not tell them. So the below has some merit.
FYI, I am passing this along... there are comments from two other people I have also been asked if we keep guns in the house. The nurse just kinda slipped it in along with all the other regular questions. I told her I refused to answer because it was against the law to ask.
Everyone, whether you have guns or not, should give a neutral answer so they have no idea who does and who doesn't. My doctor asked me if I had guns in my house and also if any were loaded. I, of course, answered yes to both questions. Then he asked why I kept a loaded gun close to my bed. I answered that my son, who is a certified gun instructor and also works for Homeland Security, advised me that an unloaded, locked up gun is no protection against criminal attack.
The Government now requires these questions be asked of people on Medicare, and probably everyone else.
Just passing this along for your information: I had to visit a doctor other than my regular doctor when my doctor was on vacation.. One of the questions on the form I had to fill out was: Do you have any guns in your house?? My answer was None of your business!!
So it is out there! It is either an insurance issue or government intervention. Either way, it is out there and the second the government gets into your medical records (as they want to under Obamacare) it will become a major issue and will ultimately result in lock and load!!
Please pass this on to all the other retired guys and gun owners... Thanks, from a Vietnam Vet and retired Police Officer: I had a doctor's appointment at the local VA clinic yesterday and found out something very interesting that I would like to pass along. While going through triage before seeing the doctor, I was asked at the end of the exam, three questions: 1. Did I feel stressed? 2. Did I feel threatened? 3. Did I feel like doing harm to someone?
The nurse then informed me that if I had answered yes to any of the questions I would have lost my concealed carry permit as it would have gone into my medical records and the VA would have reported it to Homeland Security.
Looks like they are going after the vets first. Other gun people like retired law enforcement will probably be next. Then when they go after the civilians, what argument will they have? Be forewarned and be aware. The Obama administration has gone on record as considering veterans and gun owners potential terrorists. Whether you are a gun owner, veteran or not, YOU'VE BEEN WARNED !
If you know veterans and gun owners, please pass this on to them. Be very cautious about what you say and to whom.
I would say show up uninvited at 1 am and find out
In general, I approve of honesty and am almost compulsive about it. However, when you are being robbed or otherwise attacked, there is no moral obligation to cooperate truthfully. The government and the medical community can no longer be considered friendly, and we should immediately and without shame lie in response to any question that is none of their business. If you're there for heart/gall-bladder/physical/whatever, a professional has no business asking about peripheral issues such as firearms, and a free American has no business answering, at least not truthfully. If I am in a situation in which the police have a right to know (pulled over while armed), I will tell them. Otherwise, no one has a right to know unless they are shooting with me.
Note to the NSA: This is purely an academic comment. I have no firearms in my home.
1. Did I feel stressed? 2. Did I feel threatened? 3. Did I feel like doing harm to someone?
Practice, Practice,Practice.........at some point it becomes so routine that stress no longer enters the equation and one no longer feels threatened. And the "doing harm to someone" turns into self preservation....which feels Good !
Just say no I do not have just one gun in the house.
The correct response is, "You'll have to open my door uninvited in order to find out what's in the house..."
Do I feel stressed, threatened, or like I want to hurt someone?
No, but then again, I haven't gotten your bill yet, either.
There are a few valid reasons to ask about firearms in the home, along the same lines as, "Your father's dementia getting worse and his unpredictable hostility is concerning. If he keeps a gun in the home, that's probably not a good idea anymore." If you have firearms in the house, remember to make them chid safe, Johnny is going to start crawling soon."
That said, the issue can be addressed without asking about ownership, and there is zero reason to enter ownership into a medical record.
Probably because you are on the national gun registry.
"Just say no."
In general I agree, but down the road the forms will include a "perjury proviso" of some sort, saying that if you lie on the form it's a felony. Gotcha both ways, when their computers tally up your "virtual gun ownership list" from your past purchases etc.
I would not put it past them to match up people who answer "No" with CC holders and then claim you must have lied.
Scream "Asking me about my gun is homophobic!"
'Unalienable Rights'
Try figuring out what that means and then learn what
'Subject to the Jurisdiction' means
"This is my weapon, THIS is my 'gun', one is for shooting,...."
What does "valid" have to do with the kenyan?
When the Executor of the laws and the Chief LEO themselves are breaking the laws, and giving a wink and a nod to their supporters to go ahead and break the law,all bets are off. We have entered an age of universal criminality and we had better be prepared to handle it.
Those who go through life believing what they see on TV are in for a rude awakening one of these days.
"Snort"...great response...reminds me of the show Dexter
more and more doctor forms are asking for this info, like any other info that is not related to my health care I simply skip over it.
In the last 5 mos I've filled out more health forms than I can count. Not one of them asked for this info.
These doctors need to be reminded of the 200,000 people who die every year in America because of medical mistakes and incompetence.
"No, there's nobody named Gus living at my house."
"I often have fun in my house."
"No, no buns. No wigs, no women's things whatsoever."
"A nun? No, I am not Catholic."
"No, it wouldn't be wise to run inside my house."
Always say no. You can always claim that, at the time, they were in the garage or storage shed. And if for some reason the authorities find you have them in your house, you have a plausible denial.
Every time the wife or I go to the doctor we carry a folded copy of this notice and will answer those questions by handing this to the doctor.
(1) WELLNESS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMS.A wellness and health promotion activity implemented under subsection (a)(1)(D) may not require the disclosure or collection of any information relating to
(A) the presence or storage of a lawfully-possessed firearm or ammunition in the residence or on the property of an individual; or
(B) the lawful use, possession, or storage of a firearm or ammunition by an individual.
(2) LIMITATION ON DATA COLLECTION.None of the authorities provided to the Secretary under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act or an amendment made by that Act shall be construed to authorize or may be used for the collection of any information relating to
(A) the lawful ownership or possession of a firearm or ammunition;
(B) the lawful use of a firearm or ammunition; or
(C) the lawful storage of a firearm or ammunition.
You may verify this at: http://housedocs.house.gov/energycommerce/ppacacon.pdf and
Yep, as is the origination of this thread.....we're on Medicare and both the wife and I have had several hospital/medical type things in the past 18 months....and never been asked anything about weapons.
I don't know why people make this sh*t up.
The question about feeling "stressed" is a dangerous trick question. Let's say you wake up one fine morning and find blood in your urine and become very stressed because it could mean any of several kinds of cancer. Not wanting to die, you get a doctor's appointment to have it checked out. The average, intelligent person will be very stressed until he learns what's causing the problem. Indeed, the usual physical is a stressful event. I suspect most people who go to a doctor feel rather stressed, otherwise they'd not be going.
That's the kind of conversation I always have with my doctor. He and I are competing to see which of us can make this a more gun saturated country.
I use caller iD all the time. If the call isn't properly identified, it goes to the answering machine.
I have a similar answer to the smoking question. "No I don't, but do you think it would relieve the pain?"
I think an ouright NO! is the correct and moral response.
Our first obligation to to our family.
Country is next.
Since, at the present time, the second conflicts with the first, it is moral to do what is need to protect the family.
My solution to filling out medical forms is to keep up to date lists of my medications and surgical procedures on my computer. Any time I go to a doctor who doesn't have that information, I print out both lists. Saves A LOT of time going through the initial paper work.
I'm having trouble finding the right section (it's 974 pages). Do you know what page it's on?
I do not have "a" gun in the house is a good answer, until the doc wises up and ask "how many guns do you have in your house?"
Great idea. I will borrow.
It depends on what the meaning of "a" is.
None. Mine are in the shed, which is where I sleep.
That's when you ask the doc,
"OK, Doc, did you play with your weiner this morning?" and "Just how often do you play with your weiner?"
... and so forth, with increasingly personal and embarrassing questions, until the doctor says,
"That's none of your business."
And you say to the Doc, "Well, there you have it."
Agreed!! We aren't paying our phone bills for the benefit of con artists or the government for that matter.
Always just say no. You are the happiest most optimistic person in the world and you don't have no steenking guns. :-)
My goddaughter is a surgeon at a local county medical center. Because thet are a county (government) entity, they are required to ask the question. She doesn't, the nurses do. She said that you are not required to answer and that the only thing the nurses can do is write "no answer".
If you just say NO, they "could" charge you with perjury or lying on an official document, just as if you told a cop no when asked if you are armed and he finds a weapon, you go to jail.
The constitution gives you the right to remain silent and refuse to answer. That is not an answer in the affirmative anymore than refusing to take the stand when on trial is an admission of guilt.
Bill Clinton would, so I don't see why you can't.
Not all docs are using the new forms, why waste what you have on hand? They are a business and those forms cost bucks.
What I've seen a lot of is NO NEW MEDICARE PATIENTS.
"No, we have 911, why would we need guns?"
You are so right.
Went to a new doctor today and was asked this question. Wouldn't answer it. My liberal sister started reading stuff from the web saying it was not part of Obamacare. Oy.
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text:
Venom my idea
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Harry Osborn now Venom uses a antidote that he can use on Venom to control him ofr a day later he has to face Carnage.
Joseph-Gordon-Levitt as Harry Osborn / Venom
( Jim Carrey or Robert Knepper ) as Cletus Kassidy / Carnage
John Malkovich as Adrien Toomes / Vulture
Demi Lovato or Ashley Tisdale as Liz Allen : Harry's love intrest
Andrew Garfield as Peter Parker ( cameo )
Shailene Woodley as Mary Jane Watson ( cameo )
Samuel L.Jackson as Nick Fury
David Henrie or Ryan Goslling as Eddie Brock Jr. ( cameo )
so that's my cast idea for the plot and what do you guys think ?


text:
Celebrating 65 years of service to the health care professions & helping professions.
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In the Second Edition, Gelfand devotes greater attention to the impact of immigration on the United States and provides a useful model for providers working with older persons from diverse ethnic backgrounds. Based on 2000 Census data, this edition contains updated references throughout along with new tables/graphs. Chapter topics include: Security and the Ethnic Elderly; Family and Church as Sources of Assistance; and Programs and Services for the Ethnic Aged. Not meant to be an exhaustive review of the literature, the text focuses on specific issues and themes that the author believes are important to understanding and meeting the needs of older people from diverse backgrounds.
Kristen Barry PhD, Frederic Blow PhD, Edited By: David Oslin MD|
Frances Trotman PhD, Claire Brody PhD
C. Joanne Grabinski MA, ABD, FAGHE
Edited By: Maximiliane E. Szinovacz PhD|Adam Davey PhD|


text:
Seth Greenberg @SethOnHoops
Im not a football guru but @CoachPeteUW took care of business. Better question for @psufootball is did @ClemsonFB ?
Im not a football guru but @CoachPeteUW took care of business. Better question for @psufootball is did @ClemsonFB ?
Who is the biggest snub? #CFPReveal
The College Football Playoff is set. You tell us: Did the committee get it right? es.pn/2g8wDL5
Steve Sarkisian will be a story line entering the Alabama-Washington semifinal as he works for the Tide and recruited some of the Huskies older players. But Washington is a completely different program and culture under Chris Petersen. As far as general thoughts on the UW. personnel, Sark shouldn't be a huge factor.
"Oklahoma's not a good team, they're a great team," says Urban Meyer as he considers the hot topic of non-conference scheduling. Taking note of analysis that OU would have made the playoff if it had faced weaker opponents than Houston and Ohio State in September, Meyer says he will talk to his AD at Ohio State, Gene Smith, on how to handle future schedules.
Very predictable / the college football playoffs r set College Football Playoff bracket is revealed via @nypost nyp.st/2gpjICc
Despite winning the Big 12 championship, the Sooners were never really considered for a playoff spot by the selection committee. Said committee chair Kirby Hocutt, when asked why, "The defensive side of the ball. Oklahoma, terrific year, conference champion. We talked about how impressed the selection committee was on the offensive side of the ball, but they weren't as much of a complete team."
So, to recap @OSUCoachMeyer's day so far: Became a grandfather ✅ Got his team into the @CFBPlayoff ✅ Congrats, Co… twitter.com/i/web/status/8…
Clemson is an underdog in its bowl game again. A look at the last 4 (not counting '15 nat'l title game): 2015: +3.5 vs Oklahoma (won) 2014: +6 vs Okla (won) 2013: +2.5 vs Ohio St (won) 2012: +6 vs LSU (won)
Chris Petersen said the hard thing about strength of schedule is that with coaching turnover, a lot of coaches didn't actually set up the schedule they're playing. He and AD Jen Cohen didn't set up the Huskies current schedule.
Fresh from the hospital, Urban Meyer is back at the office as a grandfather for the first time and with a College Football Playoff bid in tow as well. Ohio State players had the weekend off and didn't watch the selection show together, but they'll be back on the practice field this week to gear up for Clemson.
You get what you wish for... twitter.com/ESPNCFB/status…
Many of Clemson's best players this year played as true freshmen against Ohio State in the 2014 Orange Bowl. The one with the biggest stat line: tight end Jordan Leggett, with one catch for 43 yards. Leggett, a finalist for the Mackey Award, just broke the school record for single-season receiving yards by a tight end with 647 yards. As Dabo Swinney has pointed out, the Clemson senior class has a school record 47 wins. That Orange Bowl is one of them.
Washington coach Chris Petersen said he didn't get nervous until the very end while watching the selection show.
Earlier this year, some Washington fans were among those who decided it was a good idea to hold up We Want Bama signs, but coach Chris Petersen could only laugh at that. "Sometimes you have to be careful what you wish for," he said. "I didn't hold that sign up."
A loose Washington coach Chris Petersen on playing No. 1 Alabama, the unbeaten, dominant, defending national champions. "Be careful what you wish for." Petersen also noted all those "We want 'Bama" signs we've seen through the years. "I didn't hold up that sign." Might this be 2007 all over again, another David vs. Goliath, when Petersen led Boise State against Oklahoma.
A big storyline for the PlayStation Fiesta Bowl is how much Ohio State's passing game can improve in the next four weeks. Clemson's secondary is vulnerable but the Buckeyes have struggled to consistently attack downfield.
Nick Saban: "I wouldn't even be in this profession if not from [legendary Washington coach Don James]," who led the Huskies to their last national title 25 years ago.
"We Want Bama" signs have become the rage in college football. But don't expect Washington coach Chris Petersen to be holding one. The No. 4 Huskies will play the No. 1 Tide in a CFP semifinal at the Chick-fil-A Peach Bowl on Dec 31. "Sometimes you've got to be careful what you wish for," Petersen said. "I didn't hold that sign up."
Washington is IN. pic.twitter.com/givZ9u8DP1
Washington coach Chris Petersen on seeing people hold up signs around the country saying "We want Bama" ... "Sometimes you gotta be careful for what you wish for. I didn't hold that sign up." Well, like it or not, you got Bama
?I really liked the message from James Franklin minutes after getting bad news on the playoff. His composure will pay over the long term in dividends much greater than any points he could have earned by scorching the committee. ?
Chris Petersen on "We Want Bama" signs: "You have to be careful what you wish for. I didn't hold that sign up."
Ohio State is IN. pic.twitter.com/yIHrFfyX6Y


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United States District Court, Third Circuit
December 26, 2013
STANLEY J. ANTISKAY, JR., Plaintiff,v.CONTEMPORARY GRAPHICS AND BINDERY INC., d/b/a CONTEMPORARY GRAPHICS, Defendant.
Thaddeus P. Mikulski, Jr., Esquire Law Offices of Thaddeus P. Mikulski, Jr., Hamilton, New Jersey, Attorney for Plaintiff Stanley J. Antiskay, Jr.
Peter L. Frattarelli, Esquire Archer & Greiner. P.C., Haddonfield, New Jersey, Attorney for Defendant Contemporary Graphics and Bindery, Inc.
NOEL L. HILLMAN, District Judge.
This matter comes before the Court by way of Defendant Contemporary Graphics and Bindery Inc.'s motion [Doc. No. 17] for summary judgment pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56. The Court has reviewed the parties' submissions and decides this matter pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 78.
For the reasons expressed below, Defendant's motion will be granted.
Plaintiff brings this action against Defendant Contemporary Graphics and Bindery Inc. ("Defendant" or "Contemporary Graphics") asserting claims under the Fair Labor Standards Act ("FLSA"), 29 U.S.C. § 201 et seq., and the New Jersey Conscientious Employee Protection Act ("CEPA"), N.J. STAT. ANN. § 34:19-1, et seq. The Court exercises original jurisdiction over Plaintiff's federal claims pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1331 and supplemental jurisdiction over his state law claims pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1367.
Plaintiff is a former employee of Contemporary Graphics where he began working in November of 2007. (Statement of Undisputed Material Facts in Supp. of Def.'s Mot. for Summ. J. [Doc. No. 17-6] (hereinafter, "Def.'s SOF"), ¶ 6; Pl.'s Resp. to Def.'s SOF [Doc. No. 20-4] (hereinafter, "Pl.'s Resp. SOF"), ¶ 6.) Contemporary Graphics is "in the printing and fulfillment industry" and serves as "a one-stop, total in-house facility capable of providing: design, printing, finishing, die-cutting, warehousing, fulfilment and mailing needs to its clients." (Def.'s SOF ¶ 1; Pl.'s Resp. SOF ¶ 1.) Plaintiff was employed in the position of "Production Planner/Customer Service" (hereinafter, "Production Planner") at Contemporary Graphics until approximately July 13, 2011. (Def.'s SOF ¶¶ 7, 13; Pl.'s Resp. SOF ¶ 7, 13.)
Approximately five months after his employment at Contemporary Graphics ended, [1] Plaintiff filed the complaint in this action alleging that Contemporary Graphics owed Plaintiff back wages for violations of the FLSA. Plaintiff alleged that Defendant's failed to pay Plaintiff overtime compensation at the rate of one and one half his hourly rate for time worked over forty (40) hours per week. (Compl. [Doc. No. 1] ¶¶ 1, 4, 8, 10.) Plaintiff asserts in the complaint that he is a "non-exempt hourly employee" within the meaning of the FLSA and was entitled to such overtime compensation, and that Defendant violated the FLSA by failing to pay him accordingly during the three and a half years he was employed at Contemporary Graphics. ( Id. ¶¶ 9-14.) Thus, Count One of Plaintiff's complaint asserts a claim for violations of the FLSA. ( Id. ¶¶ 15-23.)
Plaintiff's complaint also alleges that he was constructively discharged in violation of New Jersey's Conscientious Employee Protection Act as a result of his repeated complaints to management about Defendant's failure to pay overtime compensation. ( Id. ¶ 25-30.) Plaintiff contends that after such complaints Defendant retaliated against Plaintiff by requiring him to work even more overtime hours, at an increasing rate from 2008 to 2011, without the required compensation. ( Id. ¶ 27.) Plaintiff asserts that this increased overtime workload began having adverse effects on his health, and by July 13, 2011, "his working conditions became so intolerable and so detrimental to his health that [Plaintiff] was forced to resign rather than continue to endure the adverse working conditions[.]" ( Id. ¶ 29.) Thus, Plaintiff asserts he was constructively discharged in violation of CEPA because his complaints to management lead to adverse working conditions and his forced resignation. ( Id. ¶¶ 27, 30.)
A. Summary Judgment Standard
In the present motion, Contemporary Graphics seeks the entry of summary judgment in its favor on all of Plaintiff's claims. Summary judgment is appropriate where the Court is satisfied that "the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.'" Celotex Corp. v. Catrett , 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986) (citing FED. R. CIV. P. 56).
An issue is "genuine" if it is supported by evidence such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict in the nonmoving party's favor. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc. , 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). A fact is "material" if, under the governing substantive law, a dispute about the fact might affect the outcome of the suit. Id . "In considering a motion for summary judgment, a district court may not make credibility determinations or engage in any weighing of the evidence; instead, the nonmoving party's evidence is to be believed and all justifiable inferences are to be drawn in his favor.'" Marino v. Indus. Crating Co. , 358 F.3d 241, 247 (3d Cir. 2004) (citing Anderson , 477 U.S. at 255).
Initially, the moving party bears the burden of demonstrating the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. Celotex , 477 U.S. at 323 ("[A] party seeking summary judgment always bears the initial responsibility of informing the district court of the basis for its motion, and identifying those portions of the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, ' which it believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact." (citation omitted); see also Singletary v. Pa. Dept. of Corr. , 266 F.3d 186, 192 n.2 (3d Cir. 2001) ("Although the initial burden is on the summary judgment movant to show the absence of a genuine issue of material fact, the burden on the moving party may be discharged by "showing" - that is, pointing out to the district court - that there is an absence of evidence to support the nonmoving party's case' when the nonmoving party bears the ultimate burden of proof.") (citing Celotex , 477 U.S. at 325).
Once the moving party has met this burden, the nonmoving party must identify, by affidavits or otherwise, specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial. Celotex , 477 U.S. at 324. A "party opposing summary judgment may not rest upon the mere allegations or denials of the... pleading[s.]" Saldana v. Kmart Corp. , 260 F.3d 228, 232 (3d Cir. 2001) (internal quotations omitted). For "the non-moving party[] to prevail, [that party] must make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of [every] element essential to that party's case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial.'" Cooper v. Sniezek , 418 F.Appx. 56, 58 (3d Cir. 2011) (citing Celotex , 477 U.S. at 322). Thus, to withstand a properly supported motion for summary judgment, the nonmoving party must identify specific facts and affirmative evidence that contradict those offered by the moving party. Anderson , 477 U.S. at 256-57.
B. The Fair Labor Standards Act & Exemptions from the Act
As the Third Circuit has explained, "[t]he FLSA establishes the general rule that no employer shall employ any of his employees... for a workweek of longer than forty hours unless such employee receives compensation... at a rate not less than one and one-half times the regular rate at which he is employed.'" Sander v. Light Action, Inc., 525 F.Appx. 147, 150 (3d Cir. 2013) (citing 29 U.S.C. § 207(a)(1)). Despite this general rule, "certain employees are exempted from [the FLSA's overtime] requirement, including individuals who are employed in a bona fide executive, administrative, or professional capacity.'" Sander, 525 F.Appx. at 150 (citing 29 U.S.C. § 213(a)(1)).
The FLSA grants authority to the Secretary of Labor to define these exemptions by way of regulation, including the exemption for administrative employees. 29 U.S.C. § 213(a). At issue in this case is the regulation defining an "employee employed in a bona fide administrative capacity" - the so-called administrative exemption. See 29 C.F.R. § 541.200(a). Section 541.200(a) provides that
[t]he term employee employed in a bona fide administrative capacity'... shall mean any employee:
(1) Compensated on a salary or fee basis at a rate of not less than $455 per week..., exclusive of board, lodging or other facilities;
(2) Whose primary duty is the performance of office or non-manual work directly related to the management or general business operations of the employer or the employer's customers; d and
(3) Whose primary duty includes the exercise of discretion and independent judgment with respect to matters of significance.
The "burden of proving that a purportedly exempt employee satisfies [these] requirements" lies with the employer. Sander, 525 F.Appx. at 150. Accordingly, "[w]hen the moving party has the burden of proof at trial [such as an employer proving an FLSA exemption], that party must show affirmatively the absence of a genuine issue of material fact: it must show that, on all the essential elements of its case on which it bears the burden of proof at trial, no reasonable jury could find for the nonmoving party." In re Bressman , 327 F.3d 229, 238 (3d Cir. 2003) (citing United States v. Four Parcels of Real Property , 941 F.2d 1428, 1438 (11th Cir. 1991)).
In ruling on the motion for summary judgment, the Court bears in mind that FLSA exemptions "should be construed narrowly... against the employer[, ]" and the "employer seeking to apply an exemption to the FLSA must prove that the employee... comes plainly and unmistakably' within the exemption's terms." Lawrence v. City of Phila. , 527 F.3d 299, 310 (3d. Cir. 2008) (emphasis in original) (citing Arnold v. Ben Kanowsky, Inc. , 361 U.S. 388, 392 (1960)).
A. Plaintiff's CEPA Claim
Count Two of the complaint asserts a CEPA claim alleging that Defendant retaliated against Plaintiff for making complaints about Defendant's failure to pay Plaintiff overtime compensation and that ultimately Plaintiff was constructively discharged. (Compl. [Doc. No. 1] ¶¶ 24-30.) Contemporary Graphics argues that summary judgment should be granted in its favor on Count Two because Plaintiff's CEPA claim fails as a matter of law and because Plaintiff cannot establish a prima facie case under CEPA. (Def.'s Br. in Supp. of its Mot. for Summ. J. [Doc. No. 17-7] (hereinafter, "Def.'s Br.") 16-28.)
Despite opposing Contemporary Graphics' motion for summary judgment with respect to his FLSA claim, Plaintiff makes no arguments against the entry of summary judgment with respect to his CEPA claim. In fact, Plaintiff expressly states that he has "elect[ed] to abandon this [CEPA] claim" as alleged in Count Two of the complaint. (Pl.'s Br. in Opp'n to Def.'s Mot. for Summ. J. [Doc. No. 27] (hereinafter, "Pl.'s Opp'n"), 4 n.1.) Defendant thus argues in its reply that its "motion for summary judgment with respect to Plaintiff's CEPA claim must be granted." (Def.'s Reply Br. in Supp. of its Mot. for Summ. J. [Doc. No. 21] (hereinafter, "Def.'s Reply"), 1.)
The Court agrees with Defendant. Accordingly, because Plaintiff has explicitly abandoned his CEPA claim, Defendant is entitled to summary judgment on that claim. Durham v. Atlantic City Elec. Co., No. 08-1120, 2010 WL 3906673, at *11 (D.N.J. Sept. 28, 2010) (granting summary judgment in favor of defendant on claims that were expressly abandoned by plaintiff); see also Daughtry v. Family Dollar Stores, Inc., No. 09-5111 , 2011 WL 601270, at *8 (D.N.J. Aug. 5, 2011) (granting defendant summary judgment on NJLAD claim because plaintiff failed to respond to defendant's argument and thus waived claim) (citing Player v. Motiva Enters. LLC , 240 F.Appx. 513, 522 n.4 (3d Cir. 2007); cf. Skirpan v. Pinnacle Health Hosps., No. 07-1730 , 2010 WL 3632536, at *6 (M.D. Pa. Apr.21, 2010) (concluding that "[w]here a plaintiff has brought a cause of action which is challenged through [a] motion for summary judgment as legally insufficient, it is incumbent upon the plaintiff to affirmatively respond to the merits of a summary judgment motion" and noting that "a Plaintiff's failure to respond to arguments raised on summary judgment effectively constitutes an abandonment of these causes of action and essentially acts as a waiver of these issues.").
B. Plaintiff's FLSA Claim
(1) Waiver of Administrative Exemption Affirmative Defense
As a threshold issue, Plaintiff challenges Defendant's ability to assert the affirmative defense of the FLSA's administrative exemption by way of the pending motion for summary judgment. (Pl.'s Opp'n 4, 13-14.) Plaintiff asserts that Defendant "has[, ] for the first time in its Motion for Summary Judgment[, ] alleged that it was not required to pay Plaintiff overtime compensation pursuant to the administrative exemption of the FLSA." ( Id. at 4) (emphasis added). Plaintiff argues that Defendant waived its right to assert the administrative exemption as an affirmative defense here because Defendant failed to plead this specific exemption in its Answer [Doc. No. 8]. ( Id. at 13.)
Relying on Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(c), [2] Plaintiff argues that that a claimed exemption under the FLSA is an affirmative defense that "must be specifically pleaded or it will be deemed waived." (Id.) Plaintiff asserts that because "Defendant did not raise the administrative exemption in its Answer and Affirmative defenses, and never moved to amend its Answer[, ]" Defendant "cannot now raise the exemption for the first time at the summary judgment stage, and this affirmative defense should be deemed waived." ( Id. at 14) (emphasis added).
Defendant concedes that it "did not plead its exemption defense in its list of affirmative defenses" in the Answer. (Def.'s Reply 2.) Defendant points out, however, that its Answer stated "several times... that [Contemporary Graphics] believed Plaintiff was an exempt employee, and denied that Plaintiff was a non-exempt employee." (Id.) (citing Answer [Doc. No. 8] ¶¶ 9-10, 12, 14.)[3] Thus, Defendant argues, Plaintiff was "clearly put on notice that Defendant's defense to his FLSA claim was that Plaintiff was an exempt employee, and therefore, [this] defense [was] not waived." (Def.'s Reply 2.)
Defendant further asserts that Plaintiff was clearly aware of Defendant's intention to argue that Plaintiff was not entitled to overtime under the FLSA because he was an exempt employee as evidenced by the fact that Plaintiff conducted discovery on this very issue. ( Id. at 3.) Defendant explains that Plaintiff's document requests, dated July 12, 2012, just five months after the answer was filed, specifically requested that Defendant provide "[a]ll documents upon which defendant relies to support its contention that plaintiff was an exempt employee not entitled to receive overtime pay.'" ( Id. at 3-4) (citing Ex. B to Def.'s Reply [Doc. No. 21-1] ¶ 7.) Defendant notes that Plaintiff was questioned about his exempt status during his deposition. (Def.'s Reply 4.) Defendant also identifies a supplemental document production by Defendant which provided Plaintiff with documents that "were copied from specific job files and reflect a sample of actions that were taken by [Plaintiff] at his discretion, '" in support of the exemption defense. (Def.'s Reply 4) (citations omitted).
Based on the notice to Plaintiff in the Answer and during discovery, and in light of Plaintiff's opportunity to conduct discovery on the exemption defense, Defendant argues that Plaintiff did not suffer any prejudice from the fact that this defense was not specifically plead as an affirmative defense in the Answer. (Id.) Defendant also points out that Plaintiff "has not identified, nor even argued, any legitimate claim of prejudice in his ability to respond resulting from Defendant's failure to specifically plead the [administrative] exemption defense" in the Answer. ( Id. at 3.)
In determining whether Contemporary Graphics waived the administrative exemption defense in this case, the Court notes that Plaintiff is correct to the extent he argues that "[t]he application of an exemption under the Fair Labor Standards Act is a matter of affirmative defense on which the employer has the burden of proof.'" Sander, 525 F.Appx. at 150 (citing Corning Glass Works v. Brennan , 417 U.S. 188, 196-97 (1974)). However, consideration of the purposes of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(c) and the relevant case law reveals to this Court that Defendant has the better of the argument on the waiver issue.
As Defendant correctly points out, the Third Circuit has instructed district courts to "look... at what Rule 8(c) is intended to avoid" and explained that "[t]he purpose of requiring the defendant to plead available affirmative defenses in his answer is to avoid surprise and undue prejudice by providing the plaintiff with notice and the opportunity to demonstrate why the affirmative defense should not succeed.'" In re Sterten , 546 F.3d 278, 285 (3d Cir. 2008) (citing Robinson v. Johnson , 313 F.3d 128, 134-35 (3d Cir. 2002)).[4] Thus, "[a]s a practical matter, ... the proper focus of [the waiver] inquiry [is]... whether, given what [Plaintiff] was already required to show, [Contemporary Graphic's] failure to raise the [administrative exemption] issue [in its Answer] specifically deprived [him] of an opportunity to rebut that defense or to alter [his] litigation strategy accordingly." In re Sterten , 546 F.3d at 285.
While it appears that the Third Circuit has not yet ruled on the precise issue of whether a FLSA exemption affirmative defense is waived if it is not specifically pled in the answer, several other Circuit Courts of Appeals have addressed this issue. Each of these Courts of Appeals has found that the technical failure to plead an FLSA exemption defense explicitly in the pleadings is not fatal to the employer's ability to assert it in the litigation and have the Court reach the merits of the defense. See, e.g., Schmidt v. Eagle Waste & Recycling, Inc. , 599 F.3d 626, 632 (7th Cir. 2010); Bergquist v. Fidelity Information Services, Inc. , 197 F.Appx. 813, 815-16 (11th Cir. 2006).
In Schmidt, the Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit recognized, much like the Third Circuit does, that "[w]hile Fed.R.Civ.P. 8(c) directs parties to raise affirmative defenses in the pleadings, a delay in raising an affirmative defense only results in waiver if the other party is prejudiced as a result." 599 F.3d at 632. The Seventh Circuit concluded that the district court did not abuse its discretion in reaching the merits of the employer's administrative and combination exemption defenses to the FLSA where the employee failed to show any prejudice resulting from the employer's delay in raising the FLSA exemptions. Id.
The Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit made similar findings in Bergquist. 197 F.Appx. at 815-16. At the outset, the Eleventh Circuit noted that that the purpose of Rule 8(c) is "simply to guarantee that the opposing party has notice of any additional issue that may be raised at trial so that he or she is prepared to properly litigate[.]'" Id. at 815 (citing Hassan v. U.S. Postal Service , 842 F.2d 260, 263 (11th Cir. 1988)).[5]
The circumstances in Schmidt - which did not result in prejudice to the employee - are nearly identical to the circumstances of this case. In Schmidt, the Seventh Circuit specifically recognized that the employer failed to "raise the administrative or combination exemptions explicitly in its answer." 599 F.3d at 632. Here, Contemporary Graphics concedes this point, and the Court's review of the Answer is consistent with this concession. (Def.'s Reply 2.) Despite this failing, Contemporary Graphics did, like the employer in Schmidt, expressly deny that Plaintiff was a non-exempt employee, (see Answer ¶ 9), and affirmatively pled that Plaintiff was an exempt employee who was not entitled to receive overtime compensation. ( Id. ¶¶ 10, 12, 14); see Schmidt , 599 F.3d at 632 (noting that employer's answer denied that plaintiff "was a covered employee under FLSA and den[ied] that [the plaintiff] was a nonexempt employee.").
Moreover, the Seventh Circuit in Schmidt observed that "[t]he nature of [the employee's] work was the primary focus of the depositions of [the president of the company] and [the employee]." Id . The Seventh Circuit found that the employer's "consistent position that [the plaintiff] was an exempt employee and the course of discovery as a whole should have put [the plaintiff] on notice that the administrative and combination exemptions were at issue." Id . In the present case, Plaintiff's own requests for production indicated that Plaintiff was aware that Contemporary Graphics was defending against the FLSA claim on the basis of an exemption.[6] Further, the Court's review of the depositions of Plaintiff, his supervisor Scott Schaefer, and Contemporary Graphics' President Timothy Moreton, reveals that each deposition dedicated significant amounts of time to examining the nature of Plaintiff's duties and whether he exercised independent judgment and discretion - the two contested prongs of the administrative exemption at issue.[7]
The Court finds that, as in Schmidt and Bergquist, Contemporary Graphics took the consistent position that Plaintiff was an exempt employee not entitled to overtime pay under the FLSA from the filing of its Answer (where it denied Plaintiff was a non-exempt employee), through the entire course of discovery (where extensive discovery was taken on the issue of Plaintiff's primary duties and ability to exercise discretion), and up to the filing of the present motion for summary judgment. Plaintiff has not - at any time - made any argument that he was prejudiced by the failure of Defendant to explicitly plead this defense in the Answer or that he was surprised by the assertion of this exemption. Significantly, even after Contemporary Graphics argued the administrative exemption defense in its opening brief on summary judgment, Plaintiff argued this exemption on the merits in his opposition, and did not assert any prejudice to Plaintiff as a result.
The Court finds that a fair reading of the record supports the premise that that Plaintiff was on notice of Defendant's intention to pursue this affirmative defense well before it was raised in the present summary judgment motion, particularly where his non-exempt status was denied in the Answer and both Plaintiff and Defendant structured their discovery strategy, in substantial part, around this specific issue. It is not surprising then that Plaintiff's waiver argument does not allege that he suffered any prejudice as a result of Defendant's failure to comply with Rule 8(c).
The Court "must avoid hypertechnicality in pleading requirements and focus, instead, on enforcing the actual purpose of the [R]ule" 8(c). See Hassan , 842 F.2d at 263. Here, there is no evidence that Plaintiff was denied the opportunity to either rebut the administrative exemption defense or to alter his litigation strategy as a result of the defense being raised. See In re Sterten , 546 F.3d at 285. Accordingly, the Court concludes that in the specific circumstances of this case, the underlying purpose of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(c) was satisfied and Defendant has not waived its ability to assert the administrative exemption under the FLSA as an affirmative defense to Plaintiff's claims.
(2) Applicability of the FLSA's Administrative Exemption
As set forth supra, "[a]n employee falls within th[e] [administrative] exemption if []he is [c]ompensated on a salary or fee basis at a rate of not less than $455 per week, ' h[is] primary duty' is directly related to the management or general business operations of the employer, ' and that duty includes the exercise of discretion and independent judgment.'" Sander, 525 F.Appx. at 150 (citing 29 C.F.R. § 541.200(a)). This exemption must be construed narrowly, and as the employer in this case, it is Contemporary Graphics' burden to prove that Plaintiff "plainly and unmistakably" satisfies all three of these requirements and is therefore an exempt employee. See Sander, 525 F.Appx. at 150; Lawrence , 527 F.3d at 310.
(a) Salary Basis
As the Third Circuit recently explained, "[f]ederal regulations provide that an individual is paid on a salary basis if the employee regularly receives each pay period... a predetermined amount constituting all or part of the employee's compensation, which amount is not subject to reduction because of variations in the quality or quantity of the work performed.'" Sander, 525 F.Appx. at 150 (citing 29 C.F.R. § 541.602(a). This means that "the employee must receive the full salary for any week in which the employee performs any work without regard to the number of days or hours worked.'" Sander, 525 F.Appx. at 150 (citing 29 C.F.R. § 541.602(a)). In accordance with federal regulations, "[t]o qualify as an exempt... administrative... employee..., an employee must be compensated on a salary basis at a rate of not less than $455 per week... exclusive of board, lodging or other facilities." 29 C.F.R. § 541.600(a); see also 29 C.F.R. § 541.602.
Defendant argues that Plaintiff received a set amount of pay each week - $1, 129 per week at the time his employment ended - throughout his entire course of employment at Contemporary Graphics, without regard to the quantity or quality of his work. (See Def.'s Br. 30; Def.'s SOF ¶ 9; Pl.'s Resp. SOF ¶ 9.) In his opposition, Plaintiff concedes that he "was paid a salary of at least $455 per week" and that while the first prong of the administrative exemption has been satisfied, [8] Defendant is unable to satisfy either prong two or prong three. (Pl.'s Opp'n 16.) Given Plaintiff's concession on this issue, the Court finds that the first prong of the administrative exemption is satisfied here.
(b) Nature of Contemporary Graphics' Business
In order to evaluate the remaining two prongs of the administrative exemption analysis - whether Plaintiff's primary duties were directly related to the management or general business operations of Contemporary Graphics and whether these duties included the exercise of discretion and independent judgment - the Court must first examine the nature of Contemporary Graphics' business.[9] As set forth supra, Contemporary graphics is a "one-stop, total in-house facility capable of providing" its customers with services such as design, printing, finishing, die-cutting, warehousing, fulfillment, and mailing for projects as simple as business cards to significantly more complex print projects. (Def.'s SOF ¶¶ 1, 2.)[10] As explained in the parties' submissions, for each prospective print product job produced by Contemporary Graphics for a customer, "an account sales person would take [the] proposed job to [the] estimating [department]... to get a quoted price on that particular job." ( Id. ¶ 20.) Thereafter, once the job was awarded to Contemporary Graphics by the customer, Production Planners, like Plaintiff, were responsible for converting the estimate into a so-called "job jacket." (Id.)
The "job jacket" represents "the Bible that the [manufacturing] shop will follow in order to manufacture that product.'" (Id.) (citations omitted). The "job jacket" contains the specifications for completion of each particular job and essentially "tells everyone how the Production Planner expects to manufacture the job through the shop[.]" ( Id. ¶ 21.) Upon completing the "job jacket", Production Planners "put the necessary information into the Prepress Department" which "generate[s] a proof" that is then "returned to the Production Planner (Plaintiff) for approval." ( Id. ¶ 22.) "Once a proof [was] approved, the Production Planner (Plaintiff) would sign off on the job jacket with the date and his initials, and then put the job jacket back into manufacturing to get printed." (Id.) From that point, the Prepress Department generated the necessary plates for the actual production of that particular job, and the plates were sent to the press room where the project would actually get printed. ( Id. ¶ 23.)
After the job (also called the product) is printed (also referred to as "manufactured"), the printed product is sent to Contemporary Graphics' Bindery Department to complete any finishing instructions set forth in the job jacket. ( Id. ¶ 24.) In the final stage of the manufacturing process, the printed, bound product was sent to the Shipping Department for shipment to the customer. ( Id. ¶ 25.) Plaintiff's supervisor Scott Schaeffer, testified that there are separate managers for each of Contemporary Graphics' departments that are involved in the manufacturing process, including one for Bindery, one for the press room, one for prep and one for Shipping. (Dep. of Scott Schaeffer [Doc. No. 17-3], Ex. 3 to Cert. of Peter Frattarelli, Esq., 33:6-7.)
(c) Primary Duty to Perform Non-Manual Work Directly Related to the Management or General Business Operations of the Employer
The second prong of the administrative exemption delineated in Section 541.200(a) sets forth that to be employed in a bona fide administrative capacity, the employee's "primary duty" must be "the performance of office or non-manual work directly related to the management or general business operations of the employer or the employer's customers." 29 C.F.R. 541.200(a)(2). The regulations further specify that to be "directly related to the management or general business operations" of the employer means that the "type of work performed by the employee" is "directly related to assisting with the running and servicing of the business, as distinguished, for example, from working on a manufacturing production line or selling a product in a retail or service establishment." 29 U.S.C. § 541.201(a) (emphasis added); see also Swartz v. Windstream Communications, Inc., 429 F.Appx. 102, 104-05 (3d Cir. 2011) ("An employee's primary duties are directly related to his employer's management or general business operations when the employee perform[s] work directly related to assisting with the running or servicing of the business.'") (citing 29 U.S.C. § 541.201(a)). This type of work "includes, but is not limited to, work in functional areas such as tax; finance; accounting; budgeting; auditing; insurance; quality control; purchasing; procurement; advertising; marketing; research; safety and health; personnel management; human resources; employee benefits; labor relations; public relations, government relations; computer network, internet and database administration; legal and regulatory compliance; and similar activities." 29 U.S.C. § 541.201(b).
In determining whether Plaintiff performed the type of work contemplated by these regulations, the Court notes that in this case, there are little or no material factual disputes as to the nature of Plaintiff's primary job duties. Rather, it is the legal consequences that flow from those facts that form the center of the dispute between the parties.[11] As described in Defendant's Statement of Facts, Plaintiff's primary responsibility as a Production Planner was to
Independently [monitor][12] printing orders from customer or company sales employee from the receipt of specs to the invoicing of the order. Respond to inquiries from internal/external customers and sales people to ensure satisfaction of customer needs. Act[] as a liaison between the client and the company and decide on the course of action necessary to assure that timelines are met and client expectations are satisfied.
(Def.'s SOF ¶ 26; Pl.'s Resp. SOF ¶ 26.) While Plaintiff did "not directly supervise" any other employees, he regularly "interacted directly with all the department managers throughout the [manufacturing] process" and he maintained "very broad abilities with respect to [his] work throughout the manufacturing process." (Def.'s SOF ¶ 27; Pl.'s Resp. SOF ¶ 27.) Plaintiff readily concedes that as a Production Planner he did not generally perform manual labor, except for a small percentage (less than 5%) of his time when he helped the Bindery Department "put kits together" to make sure a product was completed on time. (Def.'s SOF ¶ 29; Pl.'s Resp. SOF ¶ 29.)[13]
Plaintiff testified that his job duties included, for example: (1) receiving daily incoming calls from customers; (2) receiving and replying to customer emails for printing quote requests, new incoming projects, work-in process project updates and confirmation of final delivery information; (3) preparing written project estimates to submit to the Estimating Department and emailing or faxing complete quotes back to customers on behalf of the company; (4) converting approved quotes to active job status in the computer system and entering additional information specific to the project to complete the details for proofing requirements, printing, bindery and final distribution; (5) preparing job printing production layouts for the prepress department; (6) attending daily production meetings to update the status of work-in-process projects and new incoming projects; (7) prepare job jackets for review before final invoicing; and (8) receiving incoming billing inquires or complaints from customers regarding their final invoicing and redirecting them to accounting or management as necessary. (Def.'s SOF ¶ 32(a)-32(h); Pl.'s Resp. SOF ¶ 32.) Additionally, Plaintiff performed the duties of a sales representative for approximately ten percent (10%) of his accounts, and for those accounts he was the direct contact person for the customers. (Def.'s SOF ¶ 30; Pl.'s Resp. SOF ¶ 30.)
It is also undisputed here that Plaintiff, among other things: (1) processed new work to ensure specifications matched the purchase order requirements; (2) planned jobs and entered the information into Contemporary Graphics' computer system; (3) monitored client business through the plant while it was being manufactured; (4) obtained the bindery specifications and created the necessary layouts for print jobs for purposes of the manufacturing process; (4) acted as a liaison between sales, clients, and manufacturing on his print jobs; (5) requisitioned new materials such as paper, special inks, foils, and dies; (6) entered shipping information into the computer system to ensure proper billing; (7) reviewed detailed job information on a daily basis for his projects; (8) worked with the various department to resolve issues and kept the plant manager informed on any customer services issues; and (9) worked with all department managers and team members to ensure daily compliance goals were met. (Def.'s SOF ¶ 33(a)-(u); Pl.'s Resp. SOF ¶ 33.)
Based on these largely undisputed facts, Contemporary Graphics argues that the second prong of the administrative exemption is satisfied because Plaintiff's "primary duty as [a] Production Planner was to oversee and ensure the quality and completion of customer print projects." (Def.'s Br. 30.) Defendant also points to Plaintiff's testimony that his work was predominately administrative and only a small percentage of his worked involved assisting the Bindery Department with manual labor. ( Id. at 31.) According to Defendant, Plaintiff's primary job duties were "directly related to and focused in the area of functional quality control[.]" (Id.)
In his opposition, Plaintiff relies on the so-called administrative/production dichotomy to argue that his "work was directly involved in the production of Defendant's printed products and as such his work should be considered production' rather than administrative.'" (Pl.'s Opp'n 17.) Plaintiff contends that the administrative/production dichotomy turns on whether the employee provided services or goods that constitute the employer's marketplace offerings, and that his own work "indisputably involved Defendant's marketplace offerings'". (Id.) Plaintiff further argues that he "did not perform any functions related to running the business'" but rather that he was "in Defendant's Production Department." (Id.) Plaintiff contends that he was "directly involved in the production process because he produced the job jacket' which was the first step needed in the creation of a final printed product" and because he created the "lay out" for the product. ( Id. at 18.)
Construing this exemption narrowly, and drawing all inferences in favor Plaintiff as the nonmoving party, the Court finds that Defendant has satisfied the second prong of the administrative exemption in this case. Plaintiff himself acknowledged that the nature of his work as a Production Planner included predominately office work and that he only performed a small amount of manual labor, less than five percent (5%), as necessary to complete projects. With respect to whether the type of work Plaintiff performed was directly related to Contemporary Graphics Management or General Business Operations, the Court notes at the outset that Contemporary Graphics is a printing and fulfillment company which provides design, printing, finishing, die-cutting, warehousing, fulfillment and mailing services to its customers in order to generate printed products. (Def.'s SOF ¶¶ 1-2.)
In this regard, the record reflects that Plaintiff did not actually produce these printed products. Rather, Plaintiff assisted and serviced the actual manufacturing process by converting estimates into job jackets to initiate the production process, entering job information into the company's computer systems, approving proofs prior to commencement of manufacturing, receiving and responding to customer calls, emails, and requests, and monitoring the overall progress of products as they moved through different departments - Prepress, the Press Room, the Bindery Department, and the Shipping Department. There is no evidence here to indicate that Plaintiff was responsible for any of the hands-on responsibilities necessary to the physical manufacturing of the final printed product.[14] As Defendant points out, Plaintiff merely provided oversight to the process and monitored the status of various jobs during manufacturing. In this way, Plaintiff's primary duties constituted the type of work that serviced and assisted in Contemporary Graphics' core business - the production of printed products, and the Court finds that the second prong of the administrative exemption is satisfied here. See Swartz, 429 F.Appx. at 105 (finding second prong satisfied where employer's business was the sale of telecommunication systems and the employee did not sell the systems himself but "assisted with the sales" by designing systems to meet specific customers' needs - employee thus serviced the core business).
To the extent that Plaintiff argues here that he must be considered a production worker rather than an administrative employee under the administrative/production dichotomy analysis, and thus is non-exempt under the FLSA, the Court is not persuaded by Plaintiff's argument. As the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals has noted, many Courts of Appeals "regard the administration/production dichotomy as but one piece of the larger inquiry, recognizing that a court must constru[e] the statutes and applicable regulations as a whole.'" Bothell v. Phase Metrics, Inc. , 299 F.3d 1120, 1127 (9th Cir. 2002) (citations omitted). Many cases "analyze the primary duty test without referencing the § 541.205(a) dichotomy at all... because... the dichotomy is but one analytical tool, to be used only to the extent it clarifies the analysis." Id . That is, a district court should only consider the administrative/production dichotomy analysis to be determinative where the employee's "work falls squarely on the production' side of the line[.]" Id . This is merely a tool to "be employed... towards answering the ultimate question, whether work is directly related to management policies or general business operations'" rather than being considered "an end in itself." Id . (citations omitted).
While Plaintiff argues that his work "was directly involved in the production of Defendant's printed products" he later concedes that "the majority of [his] efforts cannot be considered actual production' work on the production line." (Pl.'s Opp'n 17-18.) It is true here that Plaintiff was responsible for converting estimates for jobs into the necessary "job jacket" which contained the specifications for each particular job and relayed information regarding how Plaintiff expected to the job to manufactured through the various departments. (Def.'s SOF ¶¶ 20-21.) It is also true that Plaintiff produced the layout for the product which dictated the method of actual production in the shop itself. However, Plaintiff put this necessary information into the company's computer system and from there the entirety of producing the actual, tangible printed product was handled by each separate department at Contemporary Graphics. It was - as Plaintiff has stressed - his job to monitor this manufacturing process once it was initiated, not to actually partake in the production itself. The Court views his role as that of a point-man who provided oversight to ensure the product progressed from one stage of manufacturing to the next. But it is clear that Plaintiff did not, actively, produce the products. Therefore, because Plaintiff's duties do not fall squarely on the production side of the line, the administrative/production dichotomy is not determinative in this particular case.
(c) Exercise of Discretion and Independent Judgment
The third prong of the administrative exemption requires that the employee's "primary duty includes the exercise of discretion and independent judgment with respect to matters of significance." 29 U.S.C. § 541.200(a)(3). "Department of Labor regulations explain that the exercise of discretion and independent judgment involves the comparison and evaluation of possible courses of conduct, and acting or making a decision after the various possibilities have been considered.'" Swartz, 429 F.Appx. at 105 (citing 29 C.F.R. § 541.202(a)).
The regulations explain that the "exercise of discretion and independent judgment implies that the employee has authority to make an independent choice, free from immediate direction or supervision. However, employees can exercise discretion and independent judgment even if their decisions or recommendations are reviewed at a higher level." 29 U.S.C. § 541.202(c). Accordingly, it is not necessary that "the decisions made by an employee have a finality that goes with unlimited authority and a complete absence of review" and "[t]he decisions made as a result of the exercise of discretion and independent judgment may consist of recommendations for action rather than the actual taking of action." Id.
Factors the Court can consider in assessing whether Plaintiff's primary duties required the exercise of discretion and independent judgment include, but are not limited to:
whether the employee has authority to formulate, affect, interpret, or implement management policies or operating practices; whether the employee carries out major assignments in conducting the operations of the business; whether the employee performs work that affects business operations to a substantial degree, even if the employee's assignments are related to operation of a particular segment of the business; whether the employee has authority to commit the employer in matters that have significant financial impact; whether the employee has authority to waive or deviate from established policies and procedures without prior approval; whether the employee has authority to negotiate and bind the company on significant matters; whether the employee provides consultation or expert advice to management; whether the employee is involved in planning long- or short-term business objectives; whether the employee investigates and resolves matters of significance on behalf of management; and whether the employee represents the company in handling complaints, arbitrating disputes or resolving grievances.
29 U.S.C. § 541.202(b).
Here, the record demonstrates that Plaintiff exercised discretion and independent judgment with respect to matters of significance. For instance, one such example was Plaintiff's exercise of discretion and independent judgment was his exclusive role in deciding on the layout for products. Plaintiff explained that the layout consists of "the way the pages of that document need to be positioned to print on press so that during the finishing operation the piece can be completed in the most efficient manner." (Dep. of Antiskay [Doc. No. 17-2], Ex. 2 to Cert. of Peter Frattarelli, Esq., 90:24-91:7.) Plaintiff testified that he decided the layout for all new jobs, and noted that "if there was a problem down the pike, it would be [his] fault." ( Id. at 91:8-92:4.) In the Court's view, this sort of decision making process entrusted to Plaintiff constitutes the sort of circumstance where "the employee carries out major assignments in conducting the operations of the business" because Plaintiff determined the layout for all new projects and the layout was a necessary element to initiate and carry out the various stages of the manufacturing process. Mistakes in layout could result in a product needing to be "rerun" - reprinted - at Contemporary Graphics' expense.
The record also demonstrates that Plaintiff possessed the authority to commit Contemporary Graphics in matters that have significant financial impact including the requisitioning of new materials such as paper, special inks, foils, and dies necessary for various projects he was overseeing through manufacturing. ( Id. 112:16-113:1.) There is also sufficient evidence here to demonstrate that Plaintiff represented the company in handling customer complaints. Plaintiff does not dispute that he received and responded to daily emails and telephone calls from customers regarding their orders, and was the point of contact to whom customers reached out to regarding bill inquires and complaints in order to get these issues resolved by accounting or management. (Def.'s SOF ¶ 32; Pl.'s Resp. SOF ¶ 32.)
In his opposition, Plaintiff makes several unconvincing arguments in support of his position that he did not exercise discretion or independent judgment in his position as a Production Planner. Specifically, Plaintiff argues in a conclusory fashion that there is no evidence he made recommendations to customers on a daily basis. (Pl.'s Opp'n 21.) He further asserts that his ability to requisition new materials did not make him an administrative employee. (Id.)
Further, Plaintiff asserts that even if his ability to requisition new materials and decide on the best method to produce a job by deciding on the layout had a "significant financial impact" on Defendant, the fact that Defendant might experience financial loss as a result is insufficient to support the conclusion that Plaintiff exercised discretion and independent judgment here. (Id.) Plaintiff also argues that whenever he "was presented with a discretionary or difficult decision, he was subject to the direction and approval" of his supervisor or the President of the company. ( Id. at 22.)
The Court finds Plaintiff's arguments unconvincing. The Defendant has come forward with un-contradicted evidence, even when drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of Plaintiff, that demonstrates Plaintiff was an employee who scheduled his own daily activities, and workload, had significant customer contact, and exercised discretion and independent judgment in determining the manner of production for various products and requisitioning new materials necessary for the production process.
Having concluded that Defendant has satisfied all three prongs of the administrative exemption here, the Court finds that the uncontroverted evidence shows as a matter of law that Plaintiff was exempt from the overtime requirements of the FLSA.[15] Contemporary Graphics is therefore entitled to summary judgment on this claim.
For the foregoing reasons, Defendant's motion [Doc. No. 17] for summary judgment is granted. An Order consistent with this Opinion will be entered.
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Indexed/Abstracted in: CAB, EMBASE, PubMed/MEDLINE, Science Citation Index Expanded (SciSearch), Scopus
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Jankowicz-Szymanska A. 1, Pociecha M. 1, Mikolajczyk E. 2, Kolpa M. 1
1 State Higher Vocational School in Tarnow, Institute of Health Sciences, Tarnow, Poland;
2 Department of Physiotherapy, University of Physical Education, Krakow, Poland
AIM: Childhood obesity is an increasingly common problem. It is associated with poor posture especially with lower limb deformities. The study aimed at assessing the prevalence of overweight and obesity in preschoolers, the analysis also contained the relationship between the nutritional status and the foot arching.
METHODS: One thousand two hundred ninety-four children at the age from 3 to 6 years took part in the study. The height and weight of the children were measured. From these measurements, the BMI and Cole Index values were calculated. The prevalence of overweight and obesity were estimated. The degree of foot arching was measured using a podoscope and categorised according to Clarke's angle (CA). Differences in CA between right and left foot were analysed across all groups according to age and gender. Secondly CA for both feet was compared between girls and boys from all age groups. Thirdly, CA was compared for the same gender but between different age groups. Finally, nutritional status and CA for the right and left foot were correlated. Basic descriptive statistics, the U Mann-Whitney test, a one-way ANOVA and the linear correlation study were used to verify the presence of trend.
RESULTS: Twenty percent of boys and 15.7% of girls were found overweight, and 9.8% of both male and female subjects were found obese. The prevalence of overweight increased with age. The longitudinal arch of the foot was higher in girls. It increased with age. The height of the longitudinal arch of the foot was smaller in overweight and obese children.
CONCLUSION: A substantial number of overweight and obese preschoolers took part in the study, in which a significant dependence between excessive body weight and flat feet was found. The preschool education programmes should include pro-health exercises combining aerobic training with exercises developing good body posture habits.
language: English


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Nintendo 64 Games
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This page contains Monopoly Codes for Nintendo 64 called "Control view" and has been posted or updated on Aug 13, 2008 by zeek freek910.
Boxshot & Details
- Developer: Minds-eye Productions
- Publisher: Hasbro Interactive
- Genre: Board / Card
- Release: Dec 17, 1999
- ESRB: Everyone
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Events Calendar
26th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Society for Alternatives to Animal Experimentation (JSAAE)
Date: 2013-12-19
Location: Kyoto Terrsa , Kyoto Citizen's Amenity Plaza Shinmachi Kujo Minami-ku, Kyoto, Japan
- Type: Event
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- Event Website
This year's theme is "New Developments in basic science and of Alternatives to Animal Experiments"
Chairman of 26th Conference: Koichi IMAI (Osaka Dental University) Chairman of Arrengement Committe: Hidenobu OKUMURA (Noevir Co.,Ltd.) Chairman of Program Committee: Dr. Takeshi OMORI (Faculty of Culture and Information Science, Doshisha University)
lease follow the link for additional information.
Kyoto Citizen's Amenity Plaza Shinmachi Kujo Minami-ku, Kyoto, Japan