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Anton Chekhov is one of the the most recognized Russian storytellers in the literary world. A writer of short fiction and dramatic literature, many of his short stories are considered the apotheosis of the form, while several of his plays are amongst the most renowned works of the twentieth century.
The typical Chekhov story is most often what happens within a given character. This focus on internal drama (rather than outward action), has had an enormous influence on both Russian and foreign literature. Anton Chekhov brilliantly conveyed the mood of his characters, giving his work a realism emulated, but seldom matched by other writers.
Chekhov's stories generally relate to human folly and the tragedy of trivialities. The author of several hundred short stories, some of the more notable include The Lady with the Little Dog, In Exile, The Chorus Girl, Peasant Wives, The Black Monk, Rothschild's Fiddle, The Schoolmistress, The Grasshopper, Oysters, The Orator, Oh! The Public, Hush!, A Nervous Breakdown, and The Bet.
While gifted as a short story writer, Anton Chekhov is most celebrated for his dramatic literature. His plays were a kind of comic satire, pointing out the unhappy nature of existence in turn-of-the-century Russia. Four plays of great distinction include The Seagull (1896), Uncle Vanya (1899), The Three Sisters (1901), and The Cherry Orchard (1904).
Unfortunately the world lost the great playwright to tuberculosis in 1905, at the age of 44 years. If not for his premature death, who really knows what other great works of would have come from the gifted Russian playwright.
Anton Chekhov Facts
Russian Name: Антон Павлович Чехов
Date of Birth: January 29, 1860
Place of Birth: Taganrog, Russian Empire
Date of Death: July 15, 1904
Place of Death: Badenweiler, German Empire
Marriage: Married Olga Knipper on May 25, 1901
Literary Works: view list of Chekhov's writing
Anton Chekhov Memoirs (English Subtitles)
Anton Chekhov - The Cherry Orchard - Part 1
Anton Chekhov - The Cherry Orchard - Part 2
Anton Chekhov - The Cherry Orchard - Part 3
Hush! - Anton Chekhov - Read by Kenneth Branagh
Oh! The Public - Anton Chekhov - Read by Kenneth Branagh
A Story Without a Title - Anton Chekhov - Read by Kenneth Branagh
The Orator - Anton Chekhov - Read by Kenneth Branagh

subset: commoncrawl


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With apologies to famed sportscaster Dan Patrick, you can't stop all bad loans, you can only hope to contain them.
Regulators have long recognized that the initial credit-granting process is a credit union's first defense against credit risk. But they've also highlighted the importance of adequate loan administration in managing credit risk after the loan has been made.
"Weaknesses in credit administration can pose significant safety and soundness issues for the bank," warns the OCC's Handbook on Loan Portfolio Management. "When [Management Information Systems] deficiencies or inaccuracies jeopardize or restrict credit risk management practices, examiners will need to ID the root cause and initiate corrective action."
Monitoring the loan portfolio is vital to ensuring good loans don't go bad. For every loan, lenders start out with what they think is a good loan decision. Somewhere along the way, it can turn out to not be such a good idea.
Three Keys
There are several keys to a credit union's effective loan administration, but here are three to consider as you review your existing loan administration system: Do you get accurate information on a timely basis? Are you taking action where warranted? Can you analyze that data and recognize whether something is amiss? How are you tracking these loan exceptions?
Accurate, timely information. The backbone of loan monitoring is getting updated financial statements, insurance documents and collateral documentation in a timely manner, and accessing that info quickly. Systems should be designed to remind staff of information needs, to automate client correspondence as much as possible, and to track collected data easily.
Action. Effective loan administration systems make it easier for lenders to take active steps to keep the portfolio healthy. This can mean providing information early enough to allow the CU to work with the borrower to avoid late payments, or it can mean taking other action (such as adjusting the risk rating or taking a reserve on the individual loan) as warranted to minimize institutional credit risk.
Analysis that calls out potential trouble spots. Many CUs have to pull loan-related information from the core system and either combine it with data from paper files or manipulate the information (adding to it or performing calculations) in order to monitor the health of the loan. A system that easily provides automated reports of exceptions or that standardizes risk ratings can help lenders perform loan reviews quickly in order to assess whether a borrower is headed for trouble.
There are many ways to track loan exceptions, but here are a few that should be practiced by any CU:
� Systematically identify document exceptions. Regular, systematic and proactive identification of document exceptions is the best way to prevent documents from "falling through the cracks." Many financial institutions may find it difficult to identify exceptions in a systematic and routine way if much of the documentation is contained in physical credit files, or is tracked using spreadsheet programs such as Excel. Collateral tracking and tracking member correspondence via paper files can make it tough to retrieve and centralize information. And spreadsheet-housed data can be prone to more manual and formula errors than if the data were captured in the core or other automated software systems used for analyzing borrower financial data.
� Initiate timely resolution of document exceptions. Resolving document exceptions can be time consuming and costly, given the sheer number of documents that may be monitored on an ongoing basis. An automated loan management system that can generate and track client correspondence and reduce the administrative workload makes the process of resolving exceptions more cost effective.
� Ensure that documentation remains valid and current throughout the loan term. Identifying documentation exceptions before the loan closes is obviously preferable, but sound loan administration and risk management is an ongoing process. Having a loan administration system that bridges the core processing system and underwriting systems can allow an institution to conduct post-closing reviews and periodic checks more easily by developing ticklers and generating member emails, letters or phone lists automatically.
Improving Lending Efficiency
� Analyze patterns in document exceptions. Identifying patterns can point out problems in the origination process, which may prompt changes that can make loan approvals more efficient.
Automated document and covenant compliance reports can get this information into the hands of management and examiners more quickly and efficiently.
Mary Ellen Biery is research specialist with Sageworks.


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iTopPlus Co., Ltd.
iTopGroup is a leading Digital Marketing company with 3 sub-brands: iTopPlus – an e-Marketing service for SMEs , iTopSpark – a performance based digital marketing agency and iTopClass - a digital marketing institute. We offer a total solution for all customer segmentation in Thailand to growth their business via our services. Today iTopGroup has over 10,000 customers and we are Google SME Premier Partner with the largest customer base in Thailand.
Online Marketing Specialist
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- Support Online Marketing Consultant team to achieve membership renewal target, sustain spending and total spending target follow Google Partner Target
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Requirements &Professional Competencies
- Male/Female Age 24-28 Year.
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- Ability to learn new industries and new business types quickly. Able to apply this knowledge to internet marketing initiatives and achieving client goals.


text:
28 Plays Later – Episode 80 – The One With Kris's Homework
Switch off your ambient occlusion! In this San Francisc0 treat of an episode, Paul searches for the Tanner household in Watch Dogs 2, while Kris launches the topic of playing catch-up with Paul's insane game completion rate. PLUS: describing Paul's handsome dad, ruined phone DLC, and multiplayer content that leaks into always-online single-player games.
Thanks for the kind words and messages from you! If you're enjoying 28 Plays Later, like and share us on Facebook, and drop us a line at firstname.lastname@example.com.
28 Plays Later – Episode 79 – The One For Thanksgiving
Stuff my turkey to the brim, we've a lot to be thankful for! Paul's thankful for how many games he's played this past week, while Kris is thankful for the ability to live vicariously through Paul. Plus — Pokemon cruelty, and just giving up on Half Life 3!


text:
Looking up into the night sky usually guarantees a few sights: stars, a waxing (or waning) moon, perhaps the flashing red light of a far-away plane or the slow glimmer of a distant satellite orbiting the earth. Looking up into the night sky near the North Pole provides a very different view; a celestial dance played out on the black stage of the winter sky. Say hello to the Northern Lights.
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Northern Lights Escape, November 2016
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Absolutely fantastic trip, wonderful guide, great people and an amazing, beautiful location! Cannot recommend this trip & Iceland enough, and we got to see the northern lights!
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Northern Lights Escape, November 2016
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This trip was wonderful! Pack lots of waterproof clothing, as the weather is unpredictable. Everything from our accommodations to our guide to our activities were tremendous. We even got to see some faint Northern Lights - truly an unforgettable experience.
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Wolf Run Slot Machine
Wolf run is a legend of a game in Vegas and still very popular today, as can be seen by the fact they released a second and third version already.
In what must be a world first - the creator of Wolf Run slots was inspired to create the game because of the name of her apartment block. The story goes that one of IGT's lead game designers was moving into a new residential apartment block called 'wolf run' and she just thought it would be a nice idea for a slots game!
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As a registered charity, the support provided by our funders and supporters is invaluable – we wouldn't be able to exist without it.
Thanks to their support, thousands of people in Nottinghamshire have benefited from our professional counselling and therapy services which are heavily subsidised by our funders – making them accessible to all.
We would like to thank our current supporters:
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Tel: 0115 950 1743
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E-mail Us
British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP). As well as following the BACP's Ethical Framework for Good Practice, Nottingham Counselling Service has been identified as providing 'a high standard of counselling/ psychotherapy'.
Membership and Accreditation


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May 9, 2012
RUDOLPH A. KARLO, MARK K. MCLURE, WILLIAM S. CUNNINGHAM, JEFFREY MARIETTI, DAVID MEIXELSBERGER, BENJAMIN D. THOMPSON, AND RICHARD CSUKAS, ON BEHALF OF THEMSELVES AND ALL OTHERS SIMILARLY SITUATED, PLAINTIFFS,v.PITTSBURGH GLASS WORKS, LLC,DEFENDANT.
Pending before the Court is the "Plaintiffs' Motion for Conditional Class Certification and Court Facilitated Notice" ("the motion"). (Docket No. 88). The motion is ripe for adjudication. For the following reasons, Plaintiffs' motion for conditional certification (Docket No. 88) is GRANTED, in part, in accord with the following.
This action is brought by named Plaintiffs Richard Csukas, Jeffrey Marietti, Mark K. McLure, Benjamin D. Thompson, Rudolph A. Karlo, David Meixelsberger and William S. Cunningham ("Plaintiffs") and against Pittsburgh Glass Works, LLC ("PGW" or "Defendant"). The Plaintiffs' claims arise from a March 2009 reduction in force ("RIF"). (Docket No. 54 at ¶ 103). This RIF resulted in the termination of each of the named Plaintiffs. Plaintiffs claim that the RIF was conducted in a manner giving rise to an inference of age discrimination.
Their Amended Complaint (Docket No. 54) raises three counts. Count I claims disparate treatment under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act ("ADEA"), 29 U.S.C. § 621, et seq. (Id. at 36-37). Count II alleges disparate impact. (Id. at 38-39). Finally, Count III claims retaliation under the ADEA. (Id. at 39-41).
a.The Parties
PGW is a limited liability corporation whose business was owned by PPG Industries, Inc. ("PPG") until late 2008. (Docket No. 54 at ¶ 8; Docket No. 73 at ¶ 8). PGW admits that, since its formation, it has been an "employer" within the meaning of 29 U.S.C. § 623. (Docket No. 73 at ¶ 9). Each of the plaintiffs is over fifty years old. (Docket No. 54 at ¶¶ 1-7; Docket No. 73 at ¶¶ 1-7). They claim that they are all former employees of PGW and that they were previously long-time PPG employees. (Id. at ¶ 10). PGW responds that all of the plaintiffs were employees at certain times, but at other times, several of the plaintiffs were employed by another company and worked with PGW through a contract with that company. (Docket No. 73 at ¶ 10). The Plaintiffs have all filed charges of employment discrimination based on age against PGW with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, and alleged more than 60 days have elapsed without the Plaintiffs receiving a Dismissal or Notice of Rights. (Docket No. 54 at ¶¶ 17-18)
Karlo began working for PPG on October 9, 1978. (Id. at ¶ 24). McLure began working at PPG in 1974. (Id. at ¶32). Cunningham began his career with PPG in April 1996. (Id. at ¶ 41). Marietti was hired in 1984. (Id. at ¶ 47). Meixelsberger was hired in 1987. (Id. at ¶ 54). Thompson was brought in as a part-time employee in 1971, his position was terminated in 1972, and he was rehired on a permanent basis in 1972. (Id. at ¶¶ 60-61). Csukas started with PPG in 1973. (Id. at ¶ 76).
b.The Formation of PGW
PGW was formed on October 1, 2008, when the auto glass businesses of PPG Industries, Inc. were spun off to create a new company. (Docket No. 104-1 at ¶ 3). One of PGW's core businesses is the production of automotive glass, such as windshields, rear windows and side windows to car manufacturers as an original equipment manufacturer ("OEM"). (Id. at ¶ 5).
Around the time PGW was formed, General Motors, Ford and Chrysler appeared before Congress to request bailout funds. (Docket No. 104-2). Due to the downturn in the economy, PGW took drastic steps to "combat rapidly deteriorating sales", including the closure of two Canadian facilities and one Michigan facility. (Docket No. 106 at 4; see generally Docket No. 104-3). Between 2008 and 2009, North American vehicle production took a precipitous dive. (Docket No. 104-4 at 1 (stating that car sales in 2009 would be "an eighteen (18) year low")). Several of the named plaintiffs acknowledge the downturn in the economy. (See Docket No. 106 at 6 (citing depositions of Plaintiffs Csukas, Cunningham, McLure and Meixelsberger)). PGW maintains that the economic downturn led to an initial RIF in late 2008. (Docket No. 104-3 at 2).
c.The March 2009 RIF
Tony Hartmann, PGW's Vice President of Human Resources, departed from the company in late 2008. (Docket No. 106 at 7). Kevin Cooney was brought in to replace him on an interim basis. (Id.). Cooney worked on a reorganization plan in which each business unit director in the company identified the work that needed to be done and the personnel that were necessary to perform that work. (Id. (citing Docket No. 104-12 at 47)).
The First Amended Complaint alleges that all of the Representative Plaintiffs were terminated over a two-day period in March 2009. (Docket No. 54 at ¶ 103). Mr. Csukas was terminated by Dave King, a PGW supervisor at the Evansville, Indiana facility. (Id. at ¶¶ 104-107; Docket No. 73 at ¶¶ 104-107 (admitting that Mr. Csukas was terminated)). On March 31, 2009, Mr. Thompson was informed of his termination by the Creighton Plant Manager, Craig Barnett, and Human Resources Manager, Myrtle Smith. (Docket No. 54 at ¶ 111; 73 at ¶ 111 (admitting termination and presence of Mr. Barnett and Ms. Smith)). Also on that date, the remainder of the named Plaintiffs -- Messrs. Karlo, McLure, Cunningham, Marietti and Meixelsberger -- were terminated by Gary Cannon, Director of Manufacturing at the Harmarville, Pennsylvania facility. (Docket No. 54 at ¶¶ 120-121; 73 at ¶¶ 120-121).
A total of 105 salaried employees were terminated in the 2009 RIF. (Docket No. 106 at 6). In performing the RIF, upper management relied upon the individual directors of each unit to determine which employees must be retained and which might be terminated. (Id. at 7; Docket No. 104-12 at 47, 71-72). The criteria used in the RIF revolved around the work that was done in each unit, and the "[e]ducation, background, breadth of experience, and so forth." (Docket No. 104-12 at 72).
d.Procedural History
Plaintiffs' motion was filed on October 3, 2011. (Docket No. 88). The parties' initial briefs on the motion are filed at Docket Numbers 91, 106, 113 and 126. On November 10, 2011, Defendant filed a motion for summary judgment concurrently with its response to the present motion. (See Docket No. 101). Defendant's Appendix (Docket No. 104) is referenced both in the motion for summary judgment and in its filings pertaining to the currently-pending motion.
On December 19, 2011, the Court convened a motion hearing on Plaintiffs' motion for conditional certification, at which time the Court heard argument and then ordered the parties to file additional briefing on the issue of the Court's consideration of expert testimony at the conditional certification stage. (Docket Nos. 131-132). The parties then filed their supplemental briefs on January 4, 2012. (Docket Nos. 135, 136).
Shortly thereafter, on January 13, 2012, the parties filed a joint motion to stay the Court's consideration of the pending motion while the parties participated in mediation. (Docket No. 141). This motion was granted on January 17, 2012. (Docket No. 145). On February 3, 2012, the Court received a report from the mediator indicating that the case had not settled. (Docket No. 149). The parties then filed additional supplemental citations to authority. (Docket Nos. 154, 158). The Court held a second motion hearing on March 9, 2012 (Docket No. 161) and received the transcript of that hearing on April 23, 2012. (Docket No. 176).*fn1
II.Legal Standard
Through the pending motion, Plaintiffs seek conditional certification of their collective ADEA claim and court-facilitated notice of same. Pursuant to 29 U.S.C. § 216(b) of the Fair Labor Standards Act ("FLSA"), which is incorporated into the ADEA via Section 7(b) of that Act, potential plaintiffs must opt in to a collective action suit and affirmatively notify the court of their intentions to join the suit. Sperling v. Hoffman-La Roche Inc., 862 F.2d 439, 444 (3d Cir. 1988) ("Sperling II"), aff'd Hoffman-La Roche Inc. v. Sperling, 493 U.S. 165, 170 (1989) ("Sperling"). It is not sufficient simply to "opt-in" to a collective action under § 216(b). The representative plaintiffs must also show that the potential plaintiffs are "similarly situated" to the representative plaintiffs. See 29 U.S.C. § 216(b); Sperling II, 862 F.2d at 444.
Courts typically follow a two-tiered analysis in determining whether a case may move forward as a collective action. The first phase, or "notice" phase, requires that a court "make[] a preliminary determination whether the employees enumerated in the complaint can be provisionally categorized as similarly situated to the named plaintiff." Symczyk v. Genesis HealthCare Corp., 656 F.3d 189, 192 (3d Cir. 2011). If the plaintiff carries this burden, the collective action is "conditionally certified" for purposes of notice and discovery. Id. The second phase is addressed after all putative class members have had an opportunity to opt in and further discovery has taken place. Mueller v. CBS, Inc., 201 F.R.D. 425, 428 (W.D.Pa. 2001) (Ambrose, J.). At this stage, the court "reconsiders the class certification question using a 'similarly situated' standard, that is, by conducting a fact-specific review of each class member who has opted-in, taking into account factors such as employment setting, termination procedures, defenses asserted against various plaintiffs, and other procedural issues." Id.
Until recently, there was a split amongst the district courts within the Third Circuit as to the necessary showing at the notice stage. See Symczyk, 656 F.3d at 192. Some required nothing more than a "substantial allegation," while others required the plaintiff to make a "modest factual showing" to support his claim that the proposed plaintiffs are similarly situated. Id. The Court of Appeals has spoken on this issue in an FLSA case, rejecting the "substantial allegation" standard and adopting the "modest factual showing" standard. Id. at 192-93. Even so, the standard is not particularly high: "a plaintiff must produce some evidence, 'beyond mere speculation,' of a factual nexus between the manner in which the employer's alleged policy affected her and the manner in which it affected the other employees." Id. at 193 (citing Smith v. Sovereign Bancorp., Inc., No. 03-2420, 2003 WL 22701017, at *3 (E.D.Pa. Nov. 13, 2003)).
Applying the "modest factual showing" standard, a moving plaintiff must demonstrate "a sufficient factual basis on which a reasonable inference could be made that defendant[] orchestrated or implemented a single decision, policy or plan to discriminate against their . employees on the basis of age." Mueller, 201 F.R.D. at 429 (quoting Brooks v. BellSouth Telecommunications, Inc., 164 F.R.D. 561, 567 (N.D.Ala. 1995)). The Court need not make a conclusive finding of "similar situations" at the notice stage. Id.
Plaintiffs define their proposed collective class as all "employees who were, at any time from on or about March 31, 2009: a) 50 years of age or older; b) Who was employed by PGW; c) A member of the salaried workforce; and d) Terminated from employment with PGW by the RIF implemented on March 31, 2009."*fn2 (Docket No. 88 at 1; see also Docket No. 54 at ¶ 181). The Court is called upon to determine whether Plaintiffs have made a sufficient showing to conditionally certify this collective class. In making this determination, the Court will address several threshold issues before turning to the ultimate question of conditional certification.
a.The ADEA Protects Individuals Who Are Forty Years Old and Older
The ADEA protects against discrimination those who are forty years old and older. See 29 U.S.C. § 631 (defining the protected class as "limited to individuals who are at least 40 years of age."). Plaintiffs have attempted to define their class as a subgroup of this class: they seek to certify a collective action on behalf of those who are fifty years of age or older. (See Docket No. 88 at 1). Defendant challenges this effort to "slice and dice" the class. (Docket No. 135 at 1).
Throughout its briefing, Defendant refers this Court to a series of cases in contending that courts have consistently rejected efforts akin to Plaintiffs' request to certify a subgroup under the ADEA. See EEOC v. McDonnell Douglas Corp., 191 F.3d 948, 950-51 (8th Cir. 1999); Lowe v. Commack Union Free School Dist., 886 F.2d 1364, 1373 (2d Cir. 1989); Smith v. Tenn. Valley Auth., 924 F.2d 1059, *4 (6th Cir. 1991); Myers v. Del. County Comm. College, 2007 WL 1322239, at *10, n.1 (E.D.Pa. Mar. 9, 2007); Schechner v. KPIX-TV, 2011 WL 109144, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 31, 2011); Kinnally v. Rogers Corp., 2009 WL 597211, at *10 (D. Ariz. Mar. 9, 2009). As the Eighth Circuit recognized:
We believe that there are stronger reasons for refusing to recognize such claims. For one thing, if such claims [for discrimination against subgroups] were cognizable under the statute, a plaintiff could bring a disparate-impact claim despite the fact that the statistical evidence indicated that an employer's RIF criteria had a very favorable impact upon the entire protected group of employees aged 40 and older, compared to those employees outside the protected group. We do not believe that Congress could have intended such a result.
We agree, moreover, with the district court that if disparate-impact claims on behalf of subgroups were cognizable under the ADEA, the consequence would be to require an employer engaging in a RIF to attempt what might well be impossible: to achieve statistical parity among the virtually infinite number of age subgroups in its work force. Adoption of such a theory, moreover, might well have the anomalous result of forcing employers to take age into account in making layoff decisions, which is the very sort of age-based decision-making that the statute proscribes.
McDonnell Douglas Corp., 191 F.3d at 951.
Plaintiffs, for their part, urge this Court to find that subgroup discrimination claims may be maintained. Albeit filed in their response to the Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment,*fn3
Plaintiffs refer this court to a number of cases which, Plaintiffs argue, supports their position. (See Docket No. 123 at 15). Two of those cases are of particular interest. In Graffam v. Scott Paper Co., 848 F.Supp. 1 (D. Me. 1994), the District Court for the District of Maine expressly rejected the reasoning of Lowe, supra, finding that the Lowe rule "deprives older individuals of the protection from discrimination that the Act is meant to provide." Graffam, 848 F.Supp. at 4. Likewise, the District of Delaware rejected the Lowe analysis, finding a subgroup of those of fifty years of age and older to be appropriate under the statute. See Finch v. Hercules Inc., 865 F.Supp. 1104, 1129 (D. Del. 1994).
Based upon the representations of the parties and this Court's own research, it appears that the issue of subgroup claims under the ADEA has not been addressed by a controlling authority, whether the Third Circuit or Supreme Court.*fn4 This Court will, therefore, address the matter as one of first impression.
Although this Court acknowledges that the trend has been away from Graffam and Finch, and towards McDonnell Douglas, this Court respectfully disagrees with the conclusions reached in Lowe and McDonnell Douglas. Lowe was concerned with the ability of a plaintiff to subdivide the protected class into infinite subgroups, at least one of which would presumably enable a statistical showing of disparate impact. See id. (noting that "an 85 year old plaintiff could seek to prove a discrimination claim by showing that a hiring practice caused a disparate impact on the 'subgroup' of those age 85 and above, even though all those hired were in their late seventies.").
McDonnell Douglas arrived at the same conclusion, for slightly different reasons. In that case, the Eighth Circuit observed that, if subgroup claims were allowed, a plaintiff could bring a disparate impact claim despite the fact that statistical evidence might show that an RIF had actually had a favorable impact upon the entire protected group of employees over forty when compared to those employees outside of the protected group. McDonnell Douglas, 191 F.3d at 951. Further, the Court noted that an employer might be required to "attempt what might well be impossible: to achieve statistical parity among the virtually infinite number of age subgroups in its work force." Id.
As stated, this Court does not agree with the conclusions reached in Lowe, McDonnell Douglas, or the cases that follow them. The Court will examine the broader context of the ADEA, explaining why it reads the ADEA to allow subgroup classification in disparate impact cases. With this background in mind, the Court will then address the specific concerns raised by Lowe and McDonnell Douglas.
i.The ADEA Background and Framework
The ADEA's prohibition covers "discriminat[ion] . because of age." 29 U.S.C. § 623(a)(1). The "prohibitions in [the ADEA] shall be limited to individuals who are at least 40 years of age." 29 U.S.C. § 631(a). Congress, in its findings, makes clear that the ADEA was passed based on the concern that older workers are disadvantaged in the work place. See 29 U.S.C. § 621(a)(1)-(4).
In 2004, the Supreme Court examined the history of the ADEA in great detail in General Dynamics Land Systems, Inc. v. Cline, 540 U.S. 581 (2004). This Court briefly summarizes some of the most pertinent points. At the outset, age was not included in the discrimination forbidden by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, § 715, 78 Stat. 265, as Congress was aware that there were some legitimate reasons, as well as invidious ones, for making employment decisions based on age. Cline, 540 U.S. at 586-87. Instead, the Secretary of Labor was called upon to examine the issue. The Secretary determined that older individuals were disadvantaged when compared to younger. Report of the Secretary of Labor, The Older American Worker: Age Discrimination in Employment 2 (June 1965) (hereinafter, Wirtz Report). Although the Secretary observed disadvantage for older workers, the Wirtz Report "contains no suggestion that reactions to age level off at some point, and it was devoid of any indication that the Secretary had noticed unfair advantages accruing to older employees at the expense of their juniors." Cline, 540 U.S. at 587 (emphasis added).
During congressional hearings on what would become the ADEA, much was said on the impact of increasing age. See, e.g., Age Discrimination in Employment: Hearings on H.R. 3651 et al. before the General Subcommittee on Labor of the House Committee on Education and Labor, 90th Congress, 1st Sess. at 151 (1967) (hereinafter House Hearings) (statement of Rep. Joshua Eilberg) ("At age 40, a worker may find that age restrictions become common . By age 45, his employment opportunities are likely to contract sharply; they shrink more severely at age 55 and virtually vanish by age 65"). "The record thus reflects the common facts that an individual's chances to find and keep a job get worse over time; as between any two people, the younger is in the stronger position, the older more apt to be tagged with demeaning stereotype." Cline, 540 U.S. at 589 (emphasis added). Thus, it "is beyond reasonable doubt, that the ADEA was concerned to protect a relatively old worker from discrimination that works to the advantage of the relatively young." Id. at 590-91 (emphasis added).
The legislative history and the holding in Cline make one thing clear: age discrimination does not stop at forty. The older an employee (or potential employee) is, the more likely it is that that person will suffer from age discrimination. See House Hearings at 151. This Court sees nothing in the statute that contradicts this conclusion, or that would limit a court's ability to examine in detail any possible disparate impact that may only impact those of more advanced age than 40-year-olds.
Indeed, the Court finds support for the opposite: the statute protects "individuals who are at least 40 years of age." 29 U.S.C. § 631(a) (emphasis added). The statute, by its plain language, protects anyone who is forty or older. The statute likewise clearly protects against employment decisions made "because of [an] individual's age." 29 U.S.C. § 623(a)(1)-(2). Clearly, a fifty year old is older than forty, and there can be no serious dispute that fifty year olds can be discriminated against on the basis of their age, even when compared to other, younger members of the protected group.
The Court also finds support for the viability of subgroup claims in the Supreme Court's recognition that the "ultimate legal issue" is the same in disparate impact and disparate treatment cases. See Watson v. Fort Worth Bank & Trust, 487 U.S. 977, 987 (1988). The Supreme Court has also held that a claim may lie even where a plaintiff fails to establish that he was replaced by someone outside of the protected class. See O'Connor v. Consolidated Coin Caterers Corp., 517 U.S. 308, 313 (1996). Although that case was, admittedly, decided in the context of a disparate treatment claim, the "ultimate legal issue" in that case is the same as in a disparate impact case: that is, whether a relatively younger individual -- within or outside of the class -- was preferred to the plaintiff for no reason other than age. Thus, the distinction between treatment and impact is not persuasive here. See Sandra F. Sperino, The Sky Remains Intact: Why Allowing Subgroup Evidence is Consistent With the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, 90 MARQ. L. REV. 227, 252-53 (2006) (hereinafter, Sperino) (arguing that the O'Connor decision should not be limited to disparate treatment claims). If a lone fifty-five year old can establish a claim for age discrimination, even if he was replaced by a forty-two year old, the Court sees no reason why a group of fifty-five year olds cannot do the same.
This Court finds further support for allowing subgroup claims by looking beyond the confines of the ADEA. Given the similarity of the statutory language, the Supreme Court has looked to, and followed, its reasoning in Title VII cases when analyzing the ADEA. Specifically, the Court followed its Title VII precedent in concluding that the ADEA allowed disparate impact claims.. See Smith v. City of Jackson, Miss., 544 U.S. 228, 233-35 (2005) (finding that the ADEA provides for disparate impact claims).*fn5 Taking this reasoning a step further, "[i]t is clear that Congress never intended to give an employer license to discriminate against some employees on the basis of [age] merely because he favorably treats other members of the employees' group." Connecticut v. Teal, 457 U.S. 440, 445 (1982). If subgroup claims are cognizable in disparate impact cases under Title VII, in the absence of statutory language that indicates otherwise, they should likewise be cognizable under the ADEA
Of course, just because a subgroup may be defined under the ADEA does not mean that there are no limits upon that definition: the Cline decision makes clear that discrimination cannot occur with respect to those that are part of the protected class, but are relatively younger. The focus of Cline was a policy which arguably discriminated against those over forty and under fifty. See Cline, 540 U.S. at 584. Based on the House Hearings and Wirtz Report, supra, among other sources, the Supreme Court determined that such a group was not colorable, as the ADEA does not prohibit favoring the older over the younger. Id.
The logical conclusion to be drawn from the Cline holding is that no subgroup may be defined with an upper boundary -- only a lower one. If, for example, a plaintiff were to attempt to define a subgroup of 55-58 year olds, and there were employees over 58 years of age, the underlying argument that must necessarily be assumed is that those employees 59 and over have been treated better than those in the subgroup.*fn6 This does not accord with Cline, and would necessarily fail under the reasoning of that case.
Further, because statistics are valuable in showing disparate impact, the Court notes that the size of a subgroup is practically limited by the boundaries of statistical analysis. The more narrowly a subgroup is defined, the easier it may be to show a disparate impact. Indeed, with a sufficiently narrow and defined subgroup, a case could potentially describe a hypothetical class of one. However, the more narrowly a subgroup is defined, the less likely the statistics derived from that subgroup are to be statistically significant. See Sperino, 90 MARQ. L. REV. at 229
("For many employees, especially those in their sixties or older, it will be impossible to produce subgroup evidence in support of a disparate impact claim because there will simply be too few employees within the protected class to create a statistically significant sample.").*fn7
ii.Lowe and McDonnell Douglas
With this background in mind, this Court does not find the reasoning applied in Lowe or McDonnell Douglas to be sufficient to deny plaintiffs the ability to bring subgroup claims under the ADEA, at this stage.
The concern in Lowe was that a complaining party may be able to pick and choose how to define his subgroup in order to produce statistical evidence that might demonstrate discriminatory impact. Lowe, 886 F.2d at 1373. As this Court has described above, there are two factors that mitigate this concern. First, this Court reads the Cline decision to prohibit defining an upper cap on a subgroup. Thus, a plaintiff will not be able to whittle down a subgroup from top to bottom and bottom to top in order to achieve the statistical disparity he seeks. Second, even if a plaintiff were to attempt to create a narrowly-restricted subgroup, the limitations of statistical analysis restrict the degree to which a plaintiff might construct his proposed subgroup.
One of the concerns raised in McDonnell Douglas is similar, but distinct. The Eighth Circuit's fear was that, if plaintiffs were able to selectively define subgroups, employers would be forced to attempt the "impossible: to achieve statistical parity among the virtually infinite number of age subgroups in its work force." McDonnell Douglas, 191 F.3d at 951. This Court believes the same two factors discussed relative to Lowe are likewise fatal to McDonnell Douglas's concern over impossibility, and the Court will not repeat itself. Additionally, while an "infinite" number of subgroups is technically feasible, as time can be divided into an infinite number of increments, as a practical matter courts will only have to deal with discrete, and rather limited, proposed subgroups. Full years, i.e. 52, 56, or 70, are the only likely discrete values that might be used to construct subgroups. Practically speaking, there are only about 30 discrete values -- from 40 years old to approximately 70 years -- over which courts might see proposed subgroups, as typically, people are approaching retirement by that age, if not sooner.*fn8
Perhaps the most troubling justification for denying subgroup claims is the other problem raised in McDonnell Douglas. The Eighth Circuit observed that, in certain circumstances, a subgroup disparate impact claim might stand, even though the entire protected class of employees over forty might have been treated very favorably when compared to those employees outside of the protected group. Id. However, as Cline makes clear, the ADEA is not concerned with reverse age discrimination. See Cline, 540 U.S. at 590-91. Rather, this Court reads Cline to yield the proposition that, so long as comparatively older workers are treated less favorably than comparatively younger, but still protected, workers, the impact of a given policy on unprotected workers is irrelevant.
iii.Plaintiffs May Define a Class as 50 and Over
Given the foregoing discussion, the Court is of the belief that the Plaintiffs may define their collective class as a subgroup of the statutorily-protected class of employees over 40 years of age. This Court sees nothing in the statute that prohibits the rights of employees to do so, and the Court finds no sufficient justification in the non-binding precedent which refutes that conclusion. Instead, the Court finds highly persuasive the reasoning presented in Professor Sperino's article, referenced above. See generally Sperino, 90 MARQ. L. REV. 227. The Court will, therefore, accept the collective group, as defined by the Plaintiffs, for purposes of the remaining analysis.
b.Expert Witnesses at the Conditional Certification Stage
The Court next turns to the parties' dispute over the propriety of this Court's consideration of expert evidence. Plaintiffs, for their part, oppose any use of expert evidence at this stage of litigation. (Docket No. 113 at 26-29). The gist of their argument, as the Court understands it, is the simple proposition that the Plaintiffs are not required to present expert testimony at the conditional certification stage. They do, however, submit with their reply brief, an expert report in opposition to PGW's. (Docket No. 113-2). Plaintiffs ask that the Court consider this Report "only if the Court chooses to accept the Pifer Report as evidence in opposition to conditional certification-which it should not do." (Docket No. 113 at 28).
Defendant responds that consideration of its expert testimony is appropriate precisely for the reasons Plaintiffs claim it is not: that is, that the authority upon which Plaintiffs rely to oppose the use of statistics in this discriminatory impact case discusses the use of statistical evidence in a disparate treatment case. (See Docket No. 126 at 15) (discussing Healy v. New York Life Ins. Co., 860 F.2d 1209 (3d Cir. 1988)). Defendant also argues that it is inappropriate for Plaintiffs to introduce new evidence in their reply brief, and as a result, the expert evidence submitted therein should be barred for purposes of this motion. (Id. at 16).
The Court will first address the propriety of considering the Plaintiffs' newly-raised expert report. "It is improper for the moving party to shift gears and introduce new facts or different legal arguments in the reply brief than [those that were] presented in the moving papers." D'Aiuto v. City of Jersey City, Civ. No. 06-6222, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 57646, at *10, n. 1 (D.N.J. August 8, 2007) (Greenaway, J.) (internal quotations omitted) (quoting William W. Schwarzer, A. Wallace Tashima, and James M. Wagstaffe, FEDERAL CIVIL PROCEDURE BEFORE TRIAL, § 12:107 (The Rutter Group 2005)). "[R]eply briefs are limited in scope to matters either raised by the opposition or unforeseen at the time of the original motion." Burnham v. City of Rohnert Park, No. C 92-1439, 1992 WL 672965, *5 (N.D. Cal. May 18, 1992). Plaintiffs twice alluded to statistical evidence, but failed to produce any expert report or otherwise brief the issue.*fn9 Thus, the Plaintiffs were clearly aware of the potential for statistical evidence, and as such, it cannot be considered unforeseen. In this regard, it would be improper for Plaintiffs to introduce expert evidence that could otherwise have been raised in its opening brief.
That is not to say that Plaintiffs' report could not be raised as rebuttal evidence. "Whether to permit or prohibit the introduction of rebuttal evidence is committed to the sound discretion of the trial court." Jackson v. City of Pittsburgh, Civ. No. 07-111, 2011 WL 3443951, *15 (W.D. Pa. Aug. 8, 2011) (citing Fed.R.Evid. 611(a); Bhaya v. Westinghouse Elec. Corp., 922 F.2d 184, 190 (3d Cir. 1990) ("a trial judge's decision regarding the scope of rebuttal may not be reversed unless there has been a clear abuse of discretion.")). "Rebuttal evidence must generally tend to refute the defendant's proof," Bhaya, 922 F.2d at 190, and "is not to be used as a continuation of the case-in-chief." Cates v. Sears Roebuck & Co., 928 F.2d 679, 685 (5th Cir. 1991). Moreover, "[o]nce a plaintiff has had a chance to prove a fact, he cannot reopen the matter simply by stating that he wishes to introduce more or better evidence." Pignons S.A. de Mecanique v. Polaroid Corp., 701 F.2d 1, 2 (1st Cir. 1983). Thus, it would be within the Court's discretion to consider Plaintiffs' expert evidence in rebuttal. However, as the Court explains below, it does not see a compelling reason to give great consideration to expert evidence from either side of this dispute at this stage in the proceedings.
Defendant avoids the issues just addressed because its expert report was filed contemporaneously with its responsive brief. This report is directed largely to the merits of the Plaintiffs' claims of discrimination. It describes the percentages of those employees retained and terminated (see, e.g., Docket No. 104-20 at ¶¶ 22-25 (examining Plaintiffs' brief references to age statistics and stating that the affidavit "focuses on whether []differences between those PGW salaried employees terminated and those retained are statistically significant for each alternative protected class and for alternative categories of PGW salaries employees.")), with little reference made to whether the proposed members were similarly situated to the named Plaintiffs.
The Court may consider only admissible evidence in deciding a motion to conditionally certify a collective action. See, e.g., Wright v. Lehigh Valley Hospital, Civ. No. 10-431, 2010 WL 3363992, *4 (E.D.Pa. Aug. 24, 2010); Kuznyetsov v. West Penn Allegheny Health System, Inc., Civ. No. 09-379, 2009 WL 1515175, *4 (W.D.Pa. June 1, 2009) (Ambrose, J.); Stanislaw v. Erie Indem. Co., Civ. No. 07-1078, 2009 WL 426641, *2 (W.D.Pa. Feb. 20, 2009). While these cases are useful, they are not entirely dispositive, as there is no indication that Defendant's expert report would be inadmissible. So, the Court's analysis must go a step further.
The thrust of the Court's inquiry at this juncture -- i.e., at the conditional certification stage -- "is not on whether there has been an actual violation of law but rather on whether the proposed plaintiffs are 'similarly situated' under 29 U.S.C. § 216(B) with respect to their allegations that the law has been violated." Young v. Cooper Cameron Corp., 229 F.R.D. 50, 54 (S.D.N.Y. 2005) (citing Krueger v. N.Y. Tel. Co., Civ. Nos. 93-178, 93-179, 1993 WL 276058, *2 (S.D.N.Y. July 21, 1993) ("[T]he Court need not evaluate the merits of plaintiff's claims in order to determine whether a 'similarly situated' group exists."); see also Owens v. Bethlehem Mines Corp., 108 F.R.D. 207, 210-211 (S.D.W. Va. 1985) ("[A]t this point the Plaintiff does not have to prove that there was a class of employees which was subjected to discrimination by [the defendant]. This . is the ultimate question. The Plaintiff only has to show that a group of employees similarly situated to one another are claiming discrimination."). The analysis here is not directed to whether the plaintiffs will succeed in their claim; rather, the purpose of the analysis is to "establish[] nothing more than the right of the plaintiffs to 'maintain' a collective action." Sperling v. Hoffman-La Roche, Inc., 118 F.R.D. 392, 407 (D.N.J. 1988) ("Sperling III").
Although these cases are not controlling, they are entirely consistent with the Third Circuit's admonition that, "[d]uring the initial phase, the court makes a preliminary determination whether the employees enumerated in the complaint can be provisionally categorized as similarly situated to the named plaintiff." Symczyk, 656 F.3d at 192. Under the "modest factual showing" standard, the movant must produce some evidence "of a factual nexus between the manner in which the employer's alleged policy affected her and the manner in which it affected other employees." Id. at 193. Nothing in the case law, to this Court's reading, requires a trial court to engage in a determination on the legal merits of the underlying discrimination claim at the conditional certification stage.
Given that the Court is not examining the legal merits of the Plaintiffs' claims here, the Court finds that the Defendant's expert report is not dispositive with respect to the instant motion. Defendant's report is directed to statistical evidence of discrimination, not the element of similar situation. In his own words, Defendant's expert "ha[s] been instructed . to review, comment on and analyze the statistical significance, if any, of the alleged age discrimination claim by Plaintiffs within their proposed protected class of PGW salaried employees." (Docket No. 104-20 at ¶ 12) (emphasis added). "The fundamental issue discussed herein is whether there is any statistical evidence of age discrimination during PGW's reduction in force of its salaried employees on or about 31 March 2009." (Id. at ¶ 16). The report speaks to the merits of the discrimination case, not the motion presently before the Court. Hence, the report is not instrumental in the Court's decision to conditionally certify this case.
c.Conditional Certification
Having decided that the Plaintiffs' proposed subgroup class claim is cognizable under the ADEA, and that the proposed expert evidence as to discrimination does not dictate the outcome of the similar situation analysis, the Court now turns to the merits of the motion for conditional certification. To qualify for conditional certification, Plaintiffs need only make out a "modest factual showing", Symczyk, 656 F.3d at 192-93, that they are similarly situated to other members of the proposed class. To this end, the Court must determine whether the Plaintiffs have demonstrated "a sufficient factual basis on which a reasonable inference could be made that defendant[] orchestrated or implemented a single decision, policy or plan to discriminate against [its] . employees on the basis of age." Mueller, 201 F.R.D. at 429 (citing Brooks, 164 F.R.D. at 567).
Defendant argues that, even if the Plaintiffs show that they (and their proposed class members) were victims of a single decision, policy or plan, they "must further show that the putative class members: (1) were employed in the same corporate department, division and location; (2) advance similar claims; and (3) seek substantially the same form of relief." (Docket No. 106 at 24 (citing Lockhart v. Westinghouse Credit Corp., 879 F.2d 43, 51 (3d Cir. 1989), overruled on other grounds, Starceski v. Westinghouse Elec. Corp., 54 F.3d 1089, 1099 n.10 (3d Cir. 1995))). This Court, however, does not read Lockhart as requiring affirmative showings of these factors, as the Court of Appeals merely cited with approval a lower court's analysis of those factors. See Lockhart, 879 F.2d at 51. Indeed, the paragraph following the one cited by the Defendants proves the point: the Court of Appeals concluded that the opt-in plaintiffs in that action were "similarly situated" despite being employed in different branch locations. Id. ("The opt-in plaintiffs in the present action were all former employees within the Financial Services Division of WCC, albeit in different branch locations. Balancing the factors as applied in Plummer and Lusardi, we conclude that all the opt-in plaintiffs in this present action were 'similarly situated' to Lockhart.") (emphasis added).
All said, courts have examined a number of factors in the conditional certification analysis. These factors are summarized well in Wynn v. National Broadcasting Co., Inc., 234 F. Supp. 2d 1067, 1082-84 (C.D. Cal. 2002), which cites a number of other cases that have addressed similarity. The first is Lusardi v. Xerox Corp., which looked to "(1) the disparate factual and employment settings of the individual plaintiffs; (2) the various defenses available to Xerox which appear to be individual to each plaintiff; [and] (3) fairness and procedural considerations." Lusardi,118 F.R.D. 351, 359 (D.N.J. 1987). Other factors include: (1) whether the plaintiffs all held the same job titles; (2) whether the plaintiffs worked in different geographical locations; (3) the extent to which the claimed discrimination occurs during different time periods and by different decision-makers; (4) whether plaintiffs have provided "statistically significant" evidence of age discrimination; (5) whether the plaintiffs all alleged similar, though not identical, discriminatory treatment; (6) whether the plaintiffs have sufficiently pled and supported by affidavits, depositions, and the like that defendant's decision-makers have articulated and manifested a clear intent to purge the defendant of older employees; and (7) whether the defendant took steps to implement its plan, such as by targeting older employees for criticism and building a "paper trail" that would be grounds for their demotion. Wynn, 234 F. Supp. 2d at 1083.
A brief review of some of the cases cited by Wynn is informative. The facts in Hyman v. First Union Corporation, 982 F. Supp. 1 (D.D.C. 1997), demonstrate the type of evidence that speaks to similarity. That case involved terminations "during two RIFs in a span of six months" after one entity was acquired by another. Hyman, 982 F. Supp. at 4-5. Although the plaintiffs in Hyman acknowledged that "individual managers did have discretion when deciding whom to retain," they argued that a few central individuals were responsible for the ultimate discrimination. Id. at 4. "Weighing very strongly in favor of a collective action is the fact that the challenged employment practice, termination, is the same for each of the members." Id. Finally, the Hyman Court weighed heavily in favor of conditional certification the fact that common evidence would be used to prove the alleged discrimination. Id. at 5.
Lusardi involved "various work force reductions." 118 F.R.D. at 352. The proposed class in that case was derived from a wide range of suborganizations and subsidiaries and involved different jobs. Id. The proposed class members were subject to different job actions, "including resignations, promotions, terminations for cause, etc.", and "which occurred at various times as a result of decisions by different supervisors made on a decentralized employee-by-employee basis." Id. Indeed, the terminations at issue occurred over twenty-eight voluntary RIFs or forty-seven involuntary RIFs that occurred over a four year period. Id. at 361. On the basis of these differences, the motion was denied.
The Wynn case itself presents a different set of facts which resulted in a denial. That case addressed "an unprecedented move": "combining the decisions of several loosely-related entities, under an umbrella of a common industry-wide practice." Wynn, 234 F. Supp. 2d at 1083. The plaintiffs -- former or current television writers -- were from "various states and Canada," and they claimed different backgrounds "in terms of qualifications and experience." Id. at 1074. Some plaintiffs had not worked for nearly twenty years, while others had obtained work in the years leading up to the filing of the lawsuit. Id. Even so, the Court recognized that "it would appear that Plaintiffs have done all that is required of them up to this point. Were they to proceed in a class action against any one employer, . the class would most likely be conditionally certified." Id. at 1084.
After review of these cases, considering the facts of the pending case, the Court concludes that Plaintiffs' request for conditional certification should be granted. Although the instant facts are not identical to any set of facts in the cases addressed above, or any other that the Court has found, the Court believes this case has much more in common with Hyman than it does Lusardi.
First, the Court looks to the activities of the Defendant. Plaintiffs have demonstrated that they were all terminated in the course of a single, company-wide RIF. This RIF clearly constitutes a "single decision, policy or plan," even if it was implemented by individual managers. Further, the named Plaintiffs were all over 50 years old when they were terminated from PGW. Despite what appears to be the common practice of allowing qualified workers to apply for alternative positions when theirs are at risk,*fn10 Mr. Karlo was expressly denied that opportunity. (See Docket No. 88-6 at 11-12). The evidence also hints that "adaptability," potentially a proxy for age,*fn11 was a factor considered in the RIF. (Id. at 12-13). Combined with the lack of any documentation about the RIF,*fn12 this Court finds that PGW's activities weigh in favor of certification. Importantly, the fact that the decision to implement the RIF was made at a high level of the organization weighs in favor of a broader class. See Owens, 108 F.R.D. at 212 ("It is the nature of a reduction in force which makes the broader class definition appropriate.").
As to the actual similarities between members of the proposed class, this Court agrees with Hyman's reasoning that termination via the same RIF "weigh[s] very strongly in favor of a collective action." Hyman, 982 F. Supp. at 4. Unlike Lusardi, which involved a large number of localized RIFs that occurred over an extended period, the actions complained of in this case all arose under a single, company-wide RIF. Although the Hyman plaintiffs "all come from a discrete geographical area," id., this Court finds that the high-level decision to implement a company-wide RIF outweighs the geographic dispersion of the proposed class members.
A single decision, made high enough in the company, may have implications that reach far beyond a narrow geographic location.
Finally, the Court observes that the proposed class members will rely on common evidence to prove their alleged discrimination. This, too, weighs in favor of conditional certification. See id. at 5.
Because this Court is convinced that the Plaintiffs have made an adequate showing of similarity to surpass the relatively low hurdle of conditional certification, the Court will grant leave to pursue the collective action. However, the Court notes that this does not mean Plaintiffs have satisfied the ultimate burden they will face in achieving certification of this representative action. See Symczyk, 656 F.3d at 194 ("[T]he certification we refer to here is only the district court's exercise of [its] discretionary power, upheld in Hoffman-La Roche, to facilitate the sending of notice to potential class members and is neither necessary nor sufficient for the existence of a representative action under the [ADEA].") (internal quotations omitted) (quoting Myers v. Hertz Corp., 624 F.3d 537, 555 n. 10 (2d Cir. 2010)). At present, the evidence is far from sufficient to carry the final burden.
d.PGW's Wal-Mart Argument
Because it raises an important question, the Court also addresses PGW's argument that the Supreme Court's decision in Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes, 131 S.Ct. 2541 (2011), should lead to a denial of Plaintiffs' motion for conditional certification. In their opening brief, the Plaintiffs argue that Wal-Mart is irrelevant to this case, as it was decided under Rule 23, and not the collective action mechanism. (Docket No. 91 at 29-30). They also note that their proposed class is dramatically different from the mammoth class in Wal-Mart. (Id. at 30-31). PGW argues that the Wal-Mart holding is instructive here, and points the Court to several cases that PGW claims support that proposition. (See Docket No. 106 at 22-23 (citing Ruiz v. Serco, Inc., Civ. No. 10-394, 2011 WL 7138732, *6 (W.D. Wis. Aug. 5, 2011); MacGregor v. Farmers Ins. Exch., Civ. No. 10-3088, 2011 WL 2981466, *4 (D.S.C. July 22, 2011)).
To the extent that these cases describe Wal-Mart as "instructive", Ruiz, 2011 WL 7138732 at *6, or "illuminating," MacGregor, 2011 WL 2981466 at *4, with respect to collective actions, this Court agrees. However, the Court does not believe that application of Wal-Mart would render the class uncertifiable.*fn13 First, Wal-Mart is factually quite different from the present case. At issue in that case were pay and promotion decisions made with respect to more than 1.5 million class members. Wal-Mart, 131 S.Ct. at 2547.It appears that each one of these decisions occurred independently, over the course of several years. See id. at 2549 (defining the class as all women employed "since December 26, 1998"). The numerosity and dispersion of the Wal-Mart class makes it look more like Wynn, 234 F. Supp. 2d 1067, supra, than the instant case.
Second, there is language in the Wal-Mart case itself that indicates that conditional certification is appropriate in this case. The Court observed that:
What matters to class certification . is not the raising of common "questions"-even in droves-but, rather the capacity of a classwide proceeding to generate common answers apt to drive the resolution of the litigation. Dissimilarities within the proposed class are what have the potential to impede the generation of common answers.
Wal-Mart, 131 S.Ct. at 2551 (emphasis in original, internal citation omitted). The Court's tentative finding that the parties are similarly situated is an indication that it believes that a common answer will be found to the question of whether discrimination lies at the root of the March 2009 RIF implemented by PGW or not. At the decertification stage, the Court should have more evidence with which to determine whether the dissimilarities between putative class members will impede the generation of common answers or not.
Thus, while the Court does believe that the reasoning in Wal-Mart is instructive in collective action context, the Court is not persuaded that following Wal-Mart would result in the denial of conditional certification here. Instead, the Court believes that the standard two-tiered process is actually on all fours with the Wal-Mart decision. This conclusion is bolstered by the Symczyk decision, which was decided after -- and cited, albeit for a different proposition -- the Wal-Mart decision. See Symczyk, 656 F.3d at 198 n. 10.
e.Court-Facilitated Notice
Under Sperling, this Court has the authority to facilitate notice to putative opt-in plaintiffs. Sperling, 493 U.S. at 169. However, this Court, in its Amended Case Management Order (Docket No. 83) ordered the parties to meet and confer regarding the opt-in notice and consent forms, "which shall be made ready for the Court's review upon the Court's ruling on certification, at which time the Court will convene a status conference to review same." (Id. at ¶ 5). As PGW argues, based on the Court's Order, Plaintiffs' request for approval of notice was premature. (See Docket No. 106 at 35). PGW informed the Court in its brief that there is only "one discrete matter" to address, (id.), so the Court now directs counsel to the parties to finalize the notice and consent forms and present them to the Court for its review.
Finally, there is some dispute over whether Defendant must provide Plaintiffs with contact information for the prospective class members. On that question, the Court finds that it is appropriate for Defendant to produce the same. See Sperling III, 118 F.R.D. at 404 (requiring the defendant to comply with plaintiffs' request for discovery of names and addresses). Despite Defendant's claims that it has "already provide[d] Plaintiffs with much of the requested information," (id.), the Court will require that Defendant produce the names and addresses of all potential class members to ensure that no relevant names are omitted.
For the foregoing reasons, Plaintiffs' Motion for Conditional Certification (Docket No. 88) is GRANTED, in part. The Court will convene a status conference to address any remaining notice issues once the Court receives the parties' status reports and proposed notice and consent forms, as directed in the forthcoming Order. Said appropriate Order follows.
Nora Barry Fischer United States District Judge
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An Introduction to Black Holes, Information and the String Theory RevolutionWorld Scientific Publishing Company 2004; US$ 15.00 US$ 13.05
Over the last decade the physics of black holes has been revolutionized by developments that grew out of Jacob Bekenstein's realization that black holes have entropy. Steven Hawking raised profound issues concerning the loss of information in black hole evaporation and the consistency of quantum mechanics in a world with gravity. more...
The Origin Of StarsWorld Scientific Publishing Company 2004; US$ 45.00 US$ 39.15
Where do stars come from and how do they form? These are profound questions which link the nature of our Universe to the roots of mankind. Yet, until a recent revolution in understanding, the proposed answers have been raw speculation. Now, accompanying penetrating observations, a new picture has come into prominence. more...
How does the Galaxy work?Springer Netherlands 2006; US$ 316.14
TheinternationalconferenceHowdoestheGalaxywork? Agalactictertulia rd th with Don Cox and Ron Reynolds, was held during the week of 23 to 27 of June 2003 in the marvelous city of Granada, Spain. This week marked the beginningofoneofthehottestsummersthatwehaveeverlived, butincontrast, the meeting was one of the coolest events that we can remember! First,... more...
Zdenek Kopal's Binary Star LegacySpringer Netherlands 2005; US$ 242.12
An international conference entitled "Zdenek Kopal's Binary Star Legacy" was held on the occasion of the late Professor Kopal's 90th birthday in his home town of Litomy?l/Czech Republic and dedicated to the memory of one of the leading astronomers of the 20th century. Professor Kopal, who devoted 60 years of his scientific life to the exploration... more...
Evolution of Stars and Stellar PopulationsWiley 2005; US$ 192.00 US$ 166.40
Evolution of Stars and Stellar Populations is a comprehensive presentation of the theory of stellar evolution and its application to the study of stellar populations in galaxies. Taking a unique approach to the subject, this self-contained text introduces first the theory of stellar evolution in a clear and accessible manner, with particular emphasis... more...
Joint Evolution of Black Holes and GalaxiesCRC Press 2006; US$ 220.00
Black holes are among the most mysterious objects that the human mind has been capable of imagining. As pure mathematical constructions, they are tools for exploiting the fundamental laws of physics. As astronomical sources, they are part of our cosmic landscape, warping space-time, coupled to the large-scale properties and life cycle of their host... more...
White Dwarfs: Cosmological and Galactic ProbesSpringer Netherlands 2006; US$ 148.01
In the past few years, general astronomical interest has concentrated on s- eral objects and phenomena where white dwarf stars play a key role. T Type Ia supernovae have been used as evidence to show that, in fact, Einstein did not make his greatest blunder when heallowedfor the possibility of a c- mological constant. Improvements in our knowledge... more...
Statistics of the Galaxy DistributionCRC Press 2001; US$ 172.95
Over the last decade, statisticians have developed new statistical tools in the field of spatial point processes. At the same time, observational efforts have yielded a huge amount of new cosmological data to analyze. Although the main tools in astronomy for comparing theoretical results with observation are statistical, in recent years, cosmologists... more...
Observing and Measuring Visual Double StarsSpringer London 2006; US$ 74.00
Double stars are the rule, rather than the exception: our solar system, having a single sun, is in the minority. Orbiting satellites, ground-based observatories and interferometers have all helped discover many hundreds of new pairs - but this has left enormous numbers of wide, faint pairs under-observed or not observed at all. This is where amateur... more...
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The exponential growth of the Cloud Technology
The Cloud technology experienced a massive exponential growth in the last couple of years. This isn't surprising as the Cloud technology offers many advantages over other conventional types of data storage. The increase in the options and tools that different Cloud servers offer is another thing that attracts various companies.
Some companies are still weary of Cloud companies, and they are reluctant to rely on it. Those concerns are justified if you consider the lack of cheap and affordable security options to Cloud servers. This pushed many enterprises toward hybrid clouds. The debate about the merits of this kind of data preservation has been going for quite a while, and many entities saw the advantages of hybrid clouds. The benefits of this system include high-security levels, cost-effectiveness, and important public cloud attributes.
Active trends in Cloud computing
BYOD aka bring your device is an ongoing trend that represents the introduction of Cloud to mobile devices. An increasing number of people use mobile devices to store data on Cloud servers. This poses a challenge to employers as they have to sync those mobile devices with the company servers. This trend is excellent as it connects the cloud servers and mobile phones and makes the data transfer easier.
The expansion of Cloud technology allowed the use of high-end graphic applications to people who lack the hardware to run them. The secret is in the Cloud servers that host applications that contain high-end visual technologies. The only thing a user needs is to run the application with an HTML5 web browser.
Another great thing about the Cloud technology is the introduction of web-powered applications that can run on different platforms. The user doesn't have to download anything, and they can run an application on different platforms because it is hosted on the server. The experts expect the expansion of this idea and that web-based applications with replacing everything else in next couple of years.
Future Cloud trends that will change the world
The race to grab your data is on, and many big companies are in the contest. Many big Cloud enterprises are out to take your data, and they improve their software to attract new clients. The data they seek is like oil to countries, and they increase the value of their business with the amount of data they store. This is an excellent thing as they improve all aspects of Cloud-based data storage, including the security of the data, which was always an issue.
Data transfer from conventional storage devices to Cloud servers was slow in the past, but the technology is progressing. The increase of the data transfer resulted in technological breakthroughs that are turning this slow transfer into a copy/paste. New advances are allowing fast data transfer that lacks the complexity that comes with data staging, transformation, and integration.
The Cloud companies are accepting hybrid clouds faster than anyone expected. This type of data storage offers advantages that big companies can't ignore and that caused a revolution in the world of data storage. This revolution is changing the Cloud servers and making them safer and easier to navigate.


text:
...I know about the Conduct of American Foreign Relations and was a Teachers Aide in that class. Furthermore I interned in Washington D.C. in the summer and learned a lot about how the capital works. I've read plenty of books relating to the history of many nations especially the Middle East.
12 Subjects: including Arabic, English, chemistry, biology
Concord, CA
...Usually we spend 8-10 hours together weekly, practicing English, but also talking about history, culture, and politics. I have three years of formal classroom study at the University of California, Davis, finishing the Advanced Arabic series. In Summer 2014 I studied in Nizwa, Oman under a Critical Language Scholarship administered by the US Department of State.
1 Subject: Arabic
Davis, CA
...Rocks, Leaves and Flowers.
2: CAUSE & EFFECT: Things happen for a reason. For example, plant growth: The grass grows because there is water and light.
3: MODEL: It's a description of a thing. When we draw a picture or make a clay model of a tree & show how it relates to a real tree.
4: CHANGE: The natural world constantly changes.
23 Subjects: including Arabic, reading, biology, LSAT
Fremont, CA
...I taught my American teacher and her classmates basic Arabic language when they were in the University so they could pass the subject, and they did, with an A. And also, I taught my roommate some Arabic as well. I did translation for local schools and Universities in the international exhibition back in Saudi Arabia.
1 Subject: Arabic
Crockett, CA
...I enjoy teaching students of all ages and all backgrounds. Please feel free to contact me so that we can further discuss a tutoring plan suitable for your schedule. Thank you and I look forward to hearing from you.
1 Subject: Arabic
Oakland, CA


text:
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text:
How to Write Degrees in Word
There are many different symbols that can be created simply by pressing the "Shift" key plus the corresponding number. These symbols include @, $, & and *, which are some of the most used symbols. However, if you need to insert the degree symbol (°) into one of your Microsoft Word documents to show the temperature or the degree of an angle, you need to press more than a few keys to make it appear.
Use the Symbol Menu
Step 1
Open the Microsoft Word document to which you want to add the degree symbol.
Step 2
Click on the exact position where you want the degree symbol to appear.
Step 3
Select the "Insert" tab on the top of the screen.
Step 4
Click on the arrow to the right of "Symbol," and select the degree symbol from the drop-down menu. It will appear in the document, right where you placed the cursor.
Use the Command Code
Step 1
Press the "NumLk" key on your keyboard. If you have a desktop with a separate number pad, this key should be located in the top left-hand corner of the number pad. If you use a laptop, the "NumLk" key is usually the "F11" key. You must first press "Fn" and hold it down while you press "F11."
Step 2
Press the "Alt" key and hold it down.
Step 3
Use the number pad to enter "0176." If you use a laptop, you must use the numbers located within the letters, not the number located at the top of the keyboard. The key sequence should be "MJ7O" on most laptops. The degree symbol will appear as soon as you type the last number.
Tips & Warnings
- Turn the "NumLk" key off if you are using a laptop once you're done inserting the degree symbol. Leaving it on will interfere with your typing, because it will create numbers instead of letters.
- If you work on a Mac, place your cursor where you want the symbol to appear and then hold down the option key and type a zero (0).


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Check in from 3:00 PM / Check out prior to 11:00 AM
Logis Auberge de Bourgogne: Find photos, reviews, information, amenities and compare prices for 2 stars hotels in Tonnerre, France.
Logis Auberge de Bourgogne is located in Tonnerre and is close to the area's tourist attractions. The numerous facilities this modern hotel offers include meeting rooms, luggage storage and a wake-up service.
Hotel description
Auberge De Bourgogne Tonnerre features comfortable accommodation and is the perfect base for either the holiday maker or business traveller. A gym is available to those wanting to keep up their exercise regimes while away.
Logis Auberge de Bourgogne has 40 rooms offering all the essentials to ensure a comfortable stay. Each features a flat-screen TV with satellite / cable channels, in addition to a private bathroom.
Auberge De Bourgogne Tonnerre provides breakfast every morning that guests can enjoy before heading out to explore the local area.
Auxerre-Branches Aerodrome Airport is a 50-minute drive from the hotel. Chateau de Tanlay is also a short car trip from the property.
Hotel features
Cable / Satellite TV, Hair Dryer, TV, En suite, Private Bathroom
Wake-up Service, Meeting Rooms, Photocopier, Luggage Storage
Fitness Room/Gym
Hiking, Private Toilet, Packed Lunches
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text:
Alert me about homes in Grand Rapids, MI.
By signing up for property alerts, I confirm my agreement with HomePath.com's Legal Disclosure and Privacy Policy
This is a Fannie Mae Home Path property available for as little as 3% down with NO PMI and no appraisal costs! Call for details. Only owner occupants and qualifying nonprofits can offer DAY 1-15 of listing called FIRST LOOK and will be required to sign an affidavit called Owner Occupancy Certification form. ALL bidders are welcome day 16 (12/22/12). Buyer to verify all listing information. Sold as is.
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It was senior recognition day for the McMaster women's basketball team and with five graduating players to honour, the Maroon came up with a 77-43 victory over the Waterloo Warriors on Saturday afternoon (Feb. 15) to send them off with a win.
The five Marauders moving on include: Stephanie Truelove, Liz Burns, Jaklynn Nimec, Vanessa Bonomo, and Hailey Milligan.
And it was too much Milligan for Waterloo to handle in the early going as the Marauder post dominated the paint, helping McMaster open a 23-11 lead after the first quarter of the Ontario University Athletics women's basketball affair.
The Marauders continued to push the tempo in the second quarter and got a nice lift off the bench from Rachael Holmes, who knocked down four of six shots and scored nine points. Mac outscored the Warriors 19-10 in the quarter to double up the score to 42-21 at the intermission.
Playing with a comfortable lead allowed McMaster to spread out the playing time with all 12 Marauders getting some minutes. The third quarter saw Waterloo play better and some Mac foul trouble allowed them to keep the deficit pretty even, before Bonomo scored seven points on two jumpers and a three-pointer to close out the quarter and the lead had ballooned to 64-35.
With both teams going deep into their benches in the fourth quarter, the Marauders were able to get the lead over 30 and keep it there. With less than three minutes left, Marauder coach Theresa Burns put her five graduating seniors back on the floor so they could close out their last OUA regular season conference game together.
Top shooter for McMaster was Milligan, who finished with 24 points and 14 rebounds. Danielle Boiago was the only other player in double digits with 10 points as the scoring was well spread out among the Marauders.
Madison Behr scored 10 to lead the Warriors.
McMaster finishes conference play with a 13-9 record, good for fourth place in the OUA West division. The Marauders will now prepare to play Lakehead in a first-round OUA playoff game on Wednesday (Feb. 19) at 6 p.m. The two teams split their two-game series this season, McMaster winning 72-63 and losing 52-46.


text:
ERIC Number: ED214139
Record Type: RIE
Publication Date: 1982-Apr
Pages: 14
Abstractor: N/A
Reference Count: 0
Organizational Strategies to Increase Content Area Learning: Webbing, Pyramiding, and Think Sheets.
Clewell, Suzanne; Haidemenos, Julie
A review of schema theory and memory research shows how the organization of text can affect comprehension and how three reading strategies can aid in improving student understanding of content area materials. The three strategies that help students remember information from the author's point of view are webbing, pyramiding, and think sheets. They all highlight superordinate ideas and show how ideas relate to each other. The first strategy, webbing, is a graphic way to show important relationships defining the text structure. In a web diagram, the center of the web includes the topic or main ideas, while the spokes contain the related ideas. The second strategy, pyramiding, organizes information in a bottom-to-top processing model that groups information according to details, middle-level ideas, and main ideas. The third strategy involves the development of a think sheet for a specific expository passage. The think sheet, a "purpose setter" derived from chapter titles, headings, and subheadings, allows students to be aware of the need to set purposes for gaining information as they complete reading assignments. Think sheets serve as frameworks for predicting what information may be included in a passage, section, or chapter. (Practical instructional suggestions are offered for using these strategies.) (RL)
Publication Type: Guides - Classroom - Teacher; Information Analyses; Speeches/Meeting Papers
Education Level: N/A
Audience: N/A
Language: English
Sponsor: N/A
Authoring Institution: N/A
Identifiers: Prose Learning; Reading Strategies; Schemata; Text Structure
Note: Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Reading Association (27th, Chicago, IL, April 26-30, 1982).


text: Tuesday Twitter roundup Rising seas often leave many boats sinking: Only 34% of workers at the bottom of the wage distribution receive paid holidays. #LaborDay #ncpol http://t.co/w8t2Anfgkb — Action NC (@Action_NC) September 7, 2015 Like many work-related issues, paid holidays should be a law, not a "benefit" that only some enjoy. Read more about Tuesday Twitter roundupscharrison's blog1 commentLog in or register to post comments


text:
The Empire Manufacturing report for July was positive (9.46) and better than expected (5.00) for the second straight month. Unlike last month's report, which had a lot of weak undertones in it, this month's report was considerably better. As shown in the table below, just three of the nine subcomponents in today's report were below zero (Unfilled Orders, Inventories, and Average Workweek). Furthermore, the only two components that declined were Prices Paid and Prices Received. This would indicate that, in this survey at least, inflation is not an issue.
The top chart below shows the N.Y. Fed Manufacturing Index for General Business Conditions now and six months out. As shown, both indices have now been positive for the last two months. The bottom chart shows plans for Tech Spending and Capital Expenditures looking out six months from now. After plunging in June, both of these indices rebounded in July. Swings like we have seen in the last two months in the Empire Manufacturing index highlight the importance of not reading too much into one month's report, and instead focusing on the longer-term trends.


text:
Newsletter writing Opportunity for Middle/High School local students!
Cause Areas
WhenTue Jun 21, 2016 - Sat Dec 31, 2016
WhereThis is a Virtual Opportunity, with no fixed address.
Are you in the St. Louis area? Are you in middle or high school and are interested in going into journalism? The Ballwin VFW writes a quarterly newsletter for distribution throughout the West County area and we are looking for dedicated youth volunteers who can help make our newsletter great!
Great for parents, teachers, youth groups or scouts, youth volunteers will be gathering stories, writing articles, interviewing veterans and formatting the newsletter for review. Participants will be credited as "editors".
The newsletter is created and formatted in Microsoft Publisher and is approximately 8 pages in length. Newsletter includes stories, pictures, calendars, events and National veterans information and news.
Contact us today if you are interested in participating!
Check out a sample of our past newsletters here: http://www.ballwinvfw.com/current-happenings---news.html
- Journalism
- Research
- Organization
- Veteran Care
- Reading / Writing
- Verbal / Written Communication
Good Match For
Requirements & Commitment
- Must be at least 12


text:
Environmental PE Passing Zone Instructions
Login and Access
Passing Zone Study Schedule
Passing Zone Forum
Problems of the Week
Passing Zone Study Schedule
Passing Zone Forum
Problems of the Week
Login and Access
- Click the link below and log in by entering your username and password (provided by PPI).
- In next screen, click Environmental PE Passing Zone. This will take you to the main screen for the Passing Zone.
Below is a screenshot of the main screen for the Environmental PE Passing Zone.
To return to the main screen for the Environmental PE Passing Zone from another screen, click the Environmental PE Passing Zone link in the left-hand navigation panel.
Note: You may notice a dark grey navigation menu running across the top of the screen. We are currently in the process of integrating our new Moodle-based Passing Zone into our existing website. Please avoid using the top navigation menu, as selecting a menu item from this area will take you to our main website and away from the Moodle Passing Zone. You should only use the left-hand navigation panel to move through the Moodle Passing Zone. If you inadvertently select something from the top navigation bar, click your browser's back arrow button to return to the Moodle Passing Zone.
Passing Zone Study ScheduleThe Passing Zone study schedule provides you with the reading and problem solving assignments for each week of the Passing Zone. At any time you can post questions about the assignment you are working on.
Viewing the Passing Zone Study Schedule
- From the main screen for the Environmental PE Passing Zone, on the left-hand navigation menu, click one of the weekly date ranges (e.g., January 31st – February 5th) listed under the Passing Zones's title (Environmental PE Passing Zone) to reveal the work assignments for that week.
Passing Zone ForumThe Passing Zone forum is a question-and-answer message board where you can post questions related to the reading and problem solving assignments.
- To post your message, open the main screen for the Environmental PE Passing Zone. You can access the forum in two ways; (1) by clicking the Click here to access forum link in the Forum box located in the upper right corner, or (2) by clicking the Environmental PE Passing Zone Forum link located under each individual week.
- Click the Add a new discussion topic button (in the upper-left area of the screen).
- Enter your desired topic (e.g. "Problems of the Week, W1 Q3") in the Subject line field and your message in the Message box that appears, then click the Post to forum button to post it. The subject of your message will appear in the Latest News pane on the right side of the screen.
Problems of the WeekThe Problems of the Week provide you with additional practice for your exam and were created especially for the Environmental PE Passing Zone. Each weekly topic will have up to 5 problems to solve.
Viewing Problems of the Week for a Particular Week
- Click Problems of the Week on the left-hand navigation menu, under the date range for the week in which you are interested.
- Click Attempt quiz now to review the quiz. You will be presented with the first question.
- Click Next to review each question in the Problems of the Week series.
You will receive a score for the question depending on whether or not you answer it correctly. If the answer is incorrect, the response will be labeled as incorrect at the bottom of the screen and you will have the opportunity to select another answer. If that answer is correct, it will raise your score for that question and will then move on to the next question. Your total score for all the problems attempted is also displayed on-screen.


text:
Prices, promotions, styles and availability may vary by store and online.
Action - Over Under
Gauge - 12 Ga.
Chamber - 2-3/4" & 3"
Barrel Length - 30"
Weight - 8.0 Lbs.
Designed with waterfowlers in mind, the Longfowler over and under shotgun looks and balances like a fine fowling piece. Every Longfowler has a stained walnut stock and a smooth and steady swing. Stoeger built these shotguns to reach out to the edge of decoys without submarining your budget. This shotgun features a ventilated rib, a metal bead front sight, a tang-mounted safety, and an improved cylinder choke tube. Its wood, metal, and bore are all in very good condition.