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argued: March 17, 1987.
RICHARD W. HOCHMAN AND HARVEY GEORGE, APPELLANTSv.JOHN J. RAFFERTY, STATE OF NEW JERSEY AND HUDSON COUNTY PROSECUTOR
On Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey-Newark (D.C. Civil Action No. 85-1965).
Higginbotham, Mansmann and Rosenn, Circuit Judges.
Opinion OF THE COURT
A. LEON HIGGINBOTHAM, JR., Circuit Judge
This appeal concerns a prosecutor's constitutional duty to present known exculpatory evidence to a grand jury. Because the prosecutor's conduct before the grand jury that indicted appellants did not breach the requirements of the due process clause, we will affirm the district court's denial of appellants' petition for a writ of habeas corpus.
Martin Salerno was killed, by two gunshots to the head, while sitting in his van on Eastern Parkway in Jersey City, New Jersey, on July 11, 1974. Later that year, a grand jury was convened in Hudson County, New Jersey, to investigate Salerno's murder. On December 9, 1974, the grand jury considered a report of an autopsy performed upon Salerno's body and heard testimony from eight witnesses to various incidents surrounding the murder. See Appellants' Appendix ("App.") at 80a-182a (transcript of grand jury proceedings). The grand jury subsequently indicted one Stanley Ward for the murder of Martin Salerno.
Ward subsequently pled guilty to the crime. Thereafter, on May 3 and 13, 1977, Ward gave statements to members of the Hudson County Prosecutor's Office that implicated appellants Richard W. Hochman and Harvey George in the Salerno killing. See App. at 200a-24a (transcripts of Ward's statements). Ward claimed, in essence, that although he had been hired by appellants to kill Salerno and was in Salerno's van when the murder occurred, George had actually been the triggerman. A second grand jury was then convened to investigate the involvement of Hochman and George in Salerno's murder. On May 17, 1977, Ward testified before the second grand jury. See App. at 183a-99a (transcript of grand jury proceedings). On the basis of Ward's testimony and a coroner's report, this grand jury on June 7, 1977, filed an indictment charging Hochman and George with seven and eight criminal courts, respectively, relating to Salerno's murder. See App. at 3a-6a (indictments).
Appellants each pled not guilty to the charges: Hochman on July 11, 1977, and George on September 29, 1977. Months later, on January 23, 1978, Hochman filed a pretrial motion to dismiss his indictment. This motion raised the constitutional claim that is the subject of the habeas petition now before this Court. George joined Hochman's motion at a hearing on January 30, 1978, the day their joint trial had been scheduled to begin. After hearing oral argument on this motion, New Jersey Superior Court Judge Thomas S. O'Brien refused to dismiss the indictments.
Appellants' jury trial commenced on February 1, 1978. The jury thereafter convicted each appellant of murder, of aiding and abetting the other in murder, and of conspiracy. The trial court ultimately sentenced appellants to terms of life imprisonment on their murder convictions*fn1; on the conspiracy counts, each received a sentence of three to five years, to run concurrently with the life term on the murder count.*fn2 On direct appeal, where Hochman and George pressed the constitutional claim that is raised in this habeas petition, the murder and conspiracy convictions were summarily affirmed by New Jersey's Appellate Division. State v. George, No. A-3460-77 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. Jan. 18, 1980) (per curiam). The Supreme Court of New Jersey subsequently denied appellants' petition for certification. State v. George, 84 N.J. 419, 420 A.2d 332 (1980).
On February 15, 1985, Hochman and George filed a petition for post-conviction relief in the Superior Court of New Jersey.*fn3 They alleged therein that their fifth amendments rights to an "informed grand jury" were violated when the prosecutor withheld exculpatory evidence. The Superior Court found these arguments to be "totally specious and so utterly lacking in merit as to strongly suggest that they were made in bad faith." State v. Hochman, Indictment No. 922-76, unpublished letter op. at 2 (N.J. Super. Ct. Feb. 22, 1985). It also noted that this finding was "bolstered" by its application of New Jersey Rule 3:22-5*fn4; because this claim had been raised and rejected at the pretrial hearing on appellants' motion to dismiss their indictments, was rejected as "clearly without merit" on their direct appeal to the Appellate Division, and was contained in their petition for certification that was denied by the New Jersey Supreme Court, the Superior Court held that "reconsideration of this issue was clearly barred" by the rule. Id. We find that by this point in time, Hochman and George certainly had exhausted their available state remedies for this alleged constitutional error.*fn5 See generally Gibson v. Scheidemantel, 805 F.2d 135 (3d Cir. 1986) (affirming dismissal of habeas available state remedies); Swanger v. Zimmerman, 750 F.2d 291, 296 n.8 (3d Cir. 1984) (federal courts "need only conclude that the claims were fairly presented to the state courts in order to determine that there was exhaustion of state remedies") (original emphasis); Beaty v. Patton, 700 F.2d 110, 112 (3d Cir. 1983) (per curiam) (federal courts need not "dismiss for failure to exhaust when there is, realistically, no state remedy left for the prisoner to pursue"); Santana v. Fenton, 685 F.2d 71, 77 (3d Cir. 1982) ("Unless it would be patently futile to do so, [state prisoners] must seek relief in state court before filing a federal habeas petition . . . ."), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1115, 74 L. Ed. 2d 968, 103 S. Ct. 750 (1983).
This federal habeas petition, filed on April 23, 1985,*fn6 was denied by the district court on November 29, 1985. The district court thereafter denied appellants' request for a certificate of probable cause, but granted them leave to proceed in forma pauperis on appeal. On May 16, 1986, we granted appellants' motion for issuance of a certificate of probable cause for appeal and appointed the Office of the Federal Public Defender for the District of New Jersey to represent Hochman and George on appeal.
We begin our analysis by examining appellees' contention that Hochman and George are barred by their failure to comply with New Jersey's applicable procedural rules from challenging in federal court the constitutionality of their indictments. Appellees' argument refers to New Jersey Court Rule 3:10-2, which requires all objections based upon defects in a criminal indictment to be raised prior to trial.*fn7 The argument also refers to Rule 3:10-5, which further provides that such objections must be made within thirty days of a criminal defendant's initial plea.*fn8 Hochman and George concede that they did not move to dismiss their indictments, alleging that the prosecutor unconstitutionally failed to present exculpatory evidence to the grand jury that indicted them, until January 23, 1978,*fn9 notwithstanding their arraignments and not guilty pleas on July 11, 1977, and September 29, 1977, respectively. See Appellants' Reply Brief at 2. Appellees accordingly argue with great force that Hochman and George are now barred, by their failure to move to dismiss their indictments in a timely fashion under the applicable state procedural rules, from raising their constitutional claim now in a federal habeas petition.
In County Court of Ulster County, New York v. Allen, 442 U.S. 140, 60 L. Ed. 2d 777, 99 S. Ct. 2213 (1979) ("Ulster County"), the Supreme Court unanimously declined to find procedural default and thus proceeded to consider the merits of a due process challenge to New York's statutory presumption that the presence of a firearm in an automobile is evidence of its illegal possession by all of the automobile's occupants. The procedural default issue in Ulster County arose because the habeas petitioners there had raised their constitutional challenge "for the first time only after the jury had announced its verdict, and because the state courts were less than explicit in their reasons for rejecting [that challenge] . . . ." Id. at 148. The Supreme Court was therefore compelled to decide, as a threshold matter, "whether the New York courts [acted] on the basis of an independent and adequate state procedural ground that bars the federal courts from addressing the [constitutional] issue on habeas corpus." Id. The Court concluded that, where "neither the state legislature nor the state courts indicate that a federal constitutional claim is barred by some state procedural rule, a federal court implies no disrespect for the State by entertaining the claim." Id. at 154; accord Wainwright v. Witt, 469 U.S. 412, 431 n.11, 83 L. Ed. 2d 841, 105 S. Ct. 844 (1985); Songer v. Wainwright, 469 U.S. 1133, 1141 n.14, 83 L. Ed. 2d 809, 105 S. Ct. 817 (1985) (Brennan, J., joined by Marshall, J., dissenting from denial of certiorari); Connecticut v. Johnson, 460 U.S. 73, 80 n.8, 74 L. Ed. 2d 823, 103 S. Ct. 969 (1983) (plurality opinion); United States v. Frady, 456 U.S. 152, 177, 71 L. Ed. 2d 816, 102 S. Ct. 1584 (1982) (Blackmun, J., concurring in judgment) ("The Court has long recognized that the Wainwright v. Sykes standard need not be met where a state has declined to enforce its own contemporaneous objection rule."); Engle v. Isaac, 456 U.S. 107, 135 n.44, 71 L. Ed. 2d 783, 102 S. Ct. 1558 (1982); cf. Reed v. Ross, 468 U.S. 1, 8 n.5, 104 S. Ct. 2901, 82 L. Ed. 2d 1 (1984) (explicating but not addressing habeas petitioner's argument that state court adjudication had, by considering merits of due process claim, waived procedural grounds for dismissal).
In this case, none of the New Jersey courts that addressed appellants' federal constitutional claim indicated that the claim is barred by that state's procedural rules. Initially, at the pretrial hearing on appellants' belated motion to dismiss the indictments, the Superior Court denied their request without even mentioning the possibility that the motion was time-barred by state procedural rules.*fn10 In addition, on direct appeal, the Appellate Division found appellants' constitutional claims to be "clearly . . . without merit." George, No. A-3460-77, slip op. at 2 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. Jan. 18, 1980) (per curiam). Finally, after the New Jersey Supreme Court declined to review appellants' convictions, the Superior Court denied their petition for post-conviction relief as "utterly lacking in merit." Hochman, Indictment No. 922-76, unpublished letter op. at 2 (N.J. Super. Ct. Feb. 22, 1985). The Superior Court there relied explicitly upon New Jersey Rule 3:22-5*fn11, id., which bars relitigation of an issue that has been the subject of "[a] prior adjudication upon the merits." N.J.R. 3:22-5. In sum, New Jersey's courts at all levels declined even to mention, much less to enforce as a bar to the litigation of this claim's merits, their procedural rules limiting motions to dismiss indictments. Under the principles of Ulster County, we are thus not bound to enforce those procedural rules here. Cf. United States ex rel. Caruso v. Zelinsky, 689 F.2d 435, 439-40 (3d Cir. 1982) (state court's express reliance on procedural bar is not undone as a procedural default when state court also addresses merits of habeas petitioner's claim). We must instead -- as New Jersey's courts did -- address the merits of appellants' constitutional argument.
The second grand jury indicted Hochman and George on the basis of Ward's testimony and a coroner's report only. This grand jury was not told by the prosecutor that a previous grand jury already had investigated Salerno's murder and had indicted Ward for that crime. The prosecutor also failed to inform the second grand jury of Ward's guilty plea to the charge of killing Salerno, of Ward's prior criminal record, or that Ward was to receive a reduction in sentence for his testimony against Hochman and George. The eight witnesses who testified before the first grand jury, including Salerno's widow and a Jersey City police detective, were not called to testify before the second grand jury. Hochman and George have petitioned for a writ of habeas corpus on the ground that such prosecutorial conduct before the second grand jury was fundamentally unfair, violating their constitutional rights to due process and thus invalidating their indictments.
At the outset, we must note the grand jury's constitutional and practical role in our system of justice. As the Supreme Court has consistently emphasized, grand juries historically have "not [been] hampered by rigid procedural or evidential rules," Costello v. United States, 350 U.S. 359, 362, 100 L. Ed. 397, 76 S. Ct. 406 (1956); accord United States v. Calandra, 414 U.S. 338, 343, 38 L. Ed. 2d 561, 94 S. Ct. 613 (1974) (the grand jury's "operation generally is unrestrained by the technical procedural and evidentiary rules governing the conduct of criminal trial"), and "neither the Fifth Amendment nor any other constitutional provision prescribes the kind of evidence upon which grand juries must act." Costello, 350 U.S. at 362. The relatively unregulated nature of a grand jury proceeding stems from a practical recognition that it
is not an adversary hearing in which the guilt or innocence of the accused is adjudicated. Rather, it as an ex parte investigation to determine whether a crime has been committed and whether criminal proceedings should be instituted against any person. The grand jury's investigative power must be broad if its public responsibility is adequately to be discharged.
Calandra, 414 U.S. at 343-44.
On the facts of this appeal, we conclude that no constitutional boundaries were breached by the prosecutor's conduct before the second grand jury. The evidence concerning Ward that was not presented to the second grand jury -- his prior record, his conviction for Salerno's murder and his deal with the prosecutor -- goes only to Ward's credibility, and is not clearly exculpatory as to Hochman or George. We have also determined that the same must be said about the testimony offered by the witnesses before the first grand jury: nothing in their varied and conflicting accounts is the kind of clearly exculpatory evidence that would likely have convinced the second grand jury, had it heard such testimony, not to indict Hochman or George. This testimony did not go to the issue of their innocence; it instead bore only on the issue of who actually pulled the trigger of the gun that killed Salerno, and was not exculpatory at all in the context of this murder-for-hire scheme. Thus, while we recognize that a "prosecutor's right to exercise some discretion and selectivity in the presentation of evidence to a grand jury does not entitle him [or her] to mislead it or to engage in fundamentally unfair tactics before it," United States v. Ciambrone, 601 F.2d 616, 623 (2d Cir. 1979),*fn12 we are convinced by our review and comparison of the two grand jury transcripts that such excesses did not occur in appellants' case.*fn13
For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the district court order denying appellants' petition for a writ of habeas corpus.
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text:
Requiem for a flower.
Marianne Cope, O.S.F., also known as Saint Marianne of Molokai, (January 23, 1838 – August 9, 1918) was a German-born American nun who was a member of the Sisters of St Francis of Syracuse, New York and administrator of its St. Joseph's Hospital in the city. Known also for her charitable works, in 1883 she relocated with six other Sisters to Hawaii to care for persons suffering Hansen's Disease on the island of Molokai and aid in developing the medical infrastructure in Hawaii. Despite direct contact with the patients over many years, Cope did not contract the disease.
In 2005 Cope was beatified by Pope Benedict XVI. Cope was declared a saint by the same pope on October 21, 2012, along with Kateri Tekawitha, a 17th-century Native American.
Completed in Ronda - March, 2016
materials used: professional quality acrylic paint, board
+ two coats of protective gloss varnish applied to protect the painting from UV rays and dust.
- it is ready to hang (it has hangers mounted on the back), or you can frame it, as you wish
NOTE: The shipping cost estimation is made taken into account shipping via CORREOS (the National Spanish Courier, which is reliable). The package is taken over and forwarded to destination by the National Post of your country.
There are national post company (like RoyalMail in the UK, for instance) that are always fast and reliable, but there are National Post companies in other countries that are slow.
Then, please let me know (before making the purchase) if you wish to send you the package via a guaranteed fast courier (like FedEx, for instance) and I will modify the shipping cost accordingly (usually it's about 3 times more expensive).
new figurative painting, woman portrait, fashion editorial inspired, fashion, elle, figure painting, beauty, one of a kind art, acrylic painting, traditional figurative, sister, requiem, flower, religious, sisters of mercy
acrylic, varnish, board
Acrylic painting by Catalin ILINCA
Acrylic paintingby Catalin ILINCA
Acrylic paintingby Catalin ILINCA
Acrylic paintingby Catalin ILINCA
Acrylic paintingby Catalin ILINCA


text:
Miranda Lambert Atlantic City - Boardwalk Hall - 2013-01-26 Discount Tickets
November 6, 2012
Filed under Entertainment
Performance: Miranda Lambert in Atlantic City with Dierks Bentley
Venue: Boardwalk Hall
Description: Grammy Award winner Miranda Lambert live in Atlantic City, NJ at Historic Boardwalk Hall on Saturday 1 - 26 - 2013.Miranda Lambert is a top rated Country Artists that has won many awards since 2007. She's won a Grammy, several Academy of Country Music Awards, several Country Music Association Awards, a CMT Awards to name a few. Her career has really taken off!
Add Dierks Bentley to this concert event and you have an incredible Country Music evening at the Jersey Shore.
Miranda Lamber & Dierks Bentley Atlantic City Tickets 1-866-881-5373
Tickets for Miranda Lambert in Atlantic City are on sale now, please call the AC Ticket Guys at 1-866-881-5373.
Discount Atlantic City Hotel Reservations are available by clicking the Hotel Room Finder on the right side of this page!
Find Tickets to This Country Music Concert: Click here
Start Time: 7:30 PM
Date: 2013 January 26
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text:
Join FREE | Login
+ Celebrations
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Italian Meatball Subs
Italian Meatball Hoagie Braids
Roast Beef and Gorgonzola Hoagies
Easy Pizza Sandwiches
Spinach and Beef Lasagna
Slow-Cooker Italian Shredded Beef Hoagies
Enjoy these Italian beef hoagies packed with peppers and provolone cheese. A delicious slow cooked meal.
Add some zing by spreading horseradish on buns before filling.
© 2016 ®/TM General Mills All Rights Reserved


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jan 24, 2012
|Filing date
|Feb 22, 2008
|Priority date
|Jul 12, 2007
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Dominic J. Allam, Marc A. Pocock
|Original Assignee
|Dow Global Technologies Llc
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (97), Non-Patent Citations (9), Referenced by (1), Classifications (15), Legal Events (2)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present application claims the benefit of the filing date of Provisional Application No. 60/949,369 (filed Jul. 12, 2007) the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
This invention relates to bonding of substantially transparent substrates, and more specifically to glass bonding for automotive vehicle applications.
In a number of automotive vehicle window assemblies, a transparent substrate is employed that includes a darkened or opaque peripheral band, and specifically an inorganic frit along one or more of its edges. The band is typically formed by applying a ceramic enamel to a glass substrate and then firing the coated glass to achieve a tenacious bond between the ceramic enamel and the glass. The need to fire such ceramic enamels essentially requires that glass be employed to withstand the firing conditions. Unfortunately, following firing, resulting defects tends to result in scrap of the coated glass substrate.
When properly prepared, glass substrates are installed into an opening in an automotive vehicle structure by applying one or more layers of primer to the glass substrate, over the layer of fired ceramic enamel, applying an adhesive between the primer and the vehicle structure, and locating the glass substrate within the opening.
One approach to simplification of window assembly has been proposed in co-pending application Ser. No. 11/472,119 filed Jun. 20, 2006 (priority to 60/692,318 filed Jun. 20, 2005), now U.S. Pat. No. 7,781,493 by Baikerikar et al. (incorporated by reference), also published as WO/2007/002328. Notwithstanding the benefits of the technology disclosed therein, it is contemplated that future applications will continue to justify additional attractive bonding systems.
The present invention is directed to a unique method for bonding a substantially transparent substrate within an opening of a structure, comprising the steps of applying to a substantially transparent substrate a primer composition that includes a colorant; applying an adhesive to the structure defining the opening; and installing the substantially transparent substrate within the opening, wherein the resulting installed substrate is substantially free of any ceramic enamel. The present invention also contemplates assemblies resulting from the practice of the methods herein, or that otherwise include a colored primer for bonding to a substrate in the absence of a layer of ceramic enamel. Glass substrates are installed into an opening in an automotive vehicle structure by applying one or more layers of primer to the glass substrate, over the layer of fired ceramic enamel, applying an adhesive between the primer and the vehicle structure and locating the glass substrate within the opening. The invention pertains to a method for bonding a first substrate to a second substrate, including the steps of (a) applying to one or both of the substrates a primer composition that includes an adhesion promoter, which is an adduct prepared by the reaction of at least one aromatic polyisocyanate compound (e.g., a trifunctional, including a thiophosphate group, with an active hydrogen moeity of an organofunctional silane (e.g., an aminosilane, a mercapto-silane, or a combination thereof); (b) applying an adhesive to at least one of the substrates; and (c) assembling the two substrates.
In general, the invention herein is predicated upon the employment of a base primer that includes at least one colorant and includes at least one prepolymer derived from the reaction of at least one polyisocyanate and at least one polyol, and particularly one that will have a free isocyanate content. In a more particular aspect, the primer includes an isocyanate functional prepolymer derived from the reaction of an aliphatic polyisocyanate and a polyol. In one highly specific embodiment, the primer includes an isocyanate functional prepolymer derived from the reaction of an aliphatic polyisocyanate and a polyol, and is at least partially reacted with an amino group of a silane, and particularly an aminosilane (e.g., a secondary aminosilane), wherein the aminosilane includes a plurality of alkoxy groups bound to one or more silicon atoms (e.g., two or three methoxy groups bound to, silicon, two or three ethoxy groups bound to silicon, a combination thereof or the like). Examples of commercially available base primers that may be employed in accordance with the present teaching include, without limitation, Betaprime™ 5500 or Betaprime™ 5404, available commercially from The Dow Chemical Company.
The colorants for use herein may be selected for providing a substantial match with a color of a surrounding environment, for providing a predetermined color scheme, or both. For example, the colorant may be selected to generally approximate a paint color of an automotive vehicle to which the compositions herein are bonded. Examples of colorants that may be employed include one or more oxides (e.g., titanium dioxide, iron oxide, cerium oxide), carbon black, any combination thereof or otherwise. The colorants may also be selected from one or more other materials (e.g., one or more organic materials). The colorants may be provided as a pigment, a dye, or a combination thereof. The colorant may be a naturally occurring colorant, a synthetically derived colorant, or a combination thereof. The colorant may be selected to provide a metallic appearance, an iridescent appearance, a fluorescent appearance, a glossy appearance, a matte appearance, a semi-glossy appearance, or any combination thereof.
Examples of organic pigments include, but are not limited to, phthalocyanines, anthraquinones, perylenes, carbazoles, monoazo- and disazobenzimidazolones, isoindolinones, monoazonaphthols, diarylidepyrazolones, rhodamines, indigoids, quinacridones, diazopyranthrones, dinitranilines, pyrazolones, dianisidines, pyranthrones, tetrachloroisoindolinones, dioxazines, monoazoacrylides, anthrapyrimidines or mixtures thereof. See also, colorants described in U.S. Patent Application 2002/0086914 relevant portions incorporated herein by reference.
The colorant will typically be employed in an amount up to about 15 percent by weight of the overall primer composition (e.g., from about 0.1 to about 15 percent by weight of the overall primer composition, such as about 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 12 or even 15 percent by weight of the overall primer composition).
It is thus contemplated that the compositions herein include a reaction product of an isocyanate, and an isocyanate-reactive compound. In one specific aspect, the invention contemplates the employment of a composition that includes a prepolymer that is derived from the reaction of at least one aliphatic polyisocyanate and a polyol, and is at least partially reacted with the active hydrogen of an organofunctional silane. The prepolymer may be part of a base primer composition.
By way of example, the isocyanates useful herein may be selected from diisocyanates, tri-isocyanates or any combination thereof. Suitable isocyanates may include an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, araliphatic, heterocyclic, aromatic isocyanate, or any combination thereof. Particular examples may include an isocyanate selected from hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), methylene diphenyl 4,4′-diisocyanate (MDI) or any combination thereof, and still more particularly one selected from isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), methylene diphenyl 4,4′-diisocyanate (MDI), toluene diisocyanate (TDI), or any combination thereof. As noted, polymeric derivatives of any of the isocyanates herein are also contemplated.
The isocyanates may typically have a percent NCO amount of up to about 25%, more specifically up to about 15%, and still more specifically up to about 10% by weight of the overall primer composition. For example the percent NCO may range from about 1 to about 10%, and more specifically about 3 to about 8%. Preferably the polyisocyanates used have an average isocyanate functionality of at least about 2.0 and an equivalent weight of at least about 80. Preferably, the isocyanate functionality of the polyisocyanate is at least about 2.0, more preferably at least about 2.2, and is most preferably at least about 2.4; and is preferably no greater than about 4.0, more preferably no greater than about 3.5, and is most preferably no greater than about 3.0. Higher functionality may also be used. Preferably, the equivalent weight of the polyisocyanate is at least about 100, more preferably at least about 110, and is most preferably at least about 120; and is preferably no greater than about 300, more preferably no greater than about 250, and is most preferably no greater than about 200.
Exemplary isocyanate-reactive compounds may be an organic compound having at least two isocyanate-reactive moieties, such as a compound containing an active hydrogen moiety, or an iminofunctional compound. For the purposes of this invention, an "active hydrogen" containing moiety refers to a moiety containing a hydrogen atom which, because of its position in the molecule, displays significant activity according to the Zerewitnoff test described by Wohler in the Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 49, p. 3181 (1927). Illustrative of such active hydrogen moieties are —COOH, —OH, —NH2, —NH—, —CONH2, —SH, and —CONH—. Preferable active hydrogen containing compounds include polyols, polyamines, polymercaptans and polyacids. Suitable imino-functional compounds are those which have at least one terminal imino group per molecule, such as are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,910,279, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Suitable polyols may include, for example, polyether polyols, polyester polyols, poly(alkylene carbonate)polyols, hydroxyl-containing polythioethers, polymer polyols, and mixtures thereof. Polyether polyols may include, for example, one or more diols, triol, or tetrols based upon polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene, potyoxybutylene, and/or polytetramethylene ether. In general, polyether polyols are prepared by polymerizing alkylene oxides in the presence of an active hydrogen-containing initiator compound. Most preferred, however, are alkylene-oxide-capped polyols.
Preferably, the isocyanate-reactive compound has a functionality of at least about 2.0, more preferably at least about 3.0, and is preferably no greater than about 5.0, more preferably no greater than about 4.5, and is most preferably no greater than about 4.0. Preferably, the equivalent weight of the isocyanate-reactive compound is at least about 200, more preferably at least about 500, and is more preferably at least about 1,000; and is preferably no greater than about 5,000, more preferably no greater than about 3,000, and is most preferably no greater than about 2,500. One particular example employs a polyol isocyanate reactive compound that has an equivalent weight of from about 100 to about 1500, and more specifically about 300 to about 1000.
The isocyanate and isocyanate reactive compound may be reacted in the presence of a suitable catalyst. Catalysts for use herein may include, for example, a metal complex such as a stannous or stannic compound. Examples include a stannous salt of a carboxylic acid (e.g., stannous octoate, stannous oleate, stannous acetate, and stannous laurate), a trialkyltin oxide, a dialkyltin dicarboxylate (e.g., dibutyltin dilaurate, dibutyltin diacetate, diethyltin diacetate, and dihexyltin diacetate), a dialkyltin dihalide, or a dialkyltin oxide, such as di-2-ethylhexyltin oxide or dioctyltin dioxide, a tertiary amine, or a tin mercaptide. Other catalysts may also be used. For example, tertiary amine catalysts include trialkylamines (e.g., trimethylamine, triethylamine), heterocyclic amines, such as N-alkylmorpholines (e.g. N-methylmorpholine, N-ethylmorpholine, dimethyldiaminodiethyl ether, etc.), 1,4-dimethylpiperazine, triethylenediamine, etc. Aliphatic polyamines, such as N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-1,3-butanediamine may also be used as catalysts. One highly preferred catalyst includes a dibutyltin compound, and more specifically, it includes or consists essentially of dibutyltin dilaurate. Another specific example of a useful catalyst is 2,2′-dimorpholino diethyl ether (DMDEE).
The isocyanate and isocyanate reactive compound may be reacted also in the presence of a suitable silane (e.g., an aminosilane) for introducing silicon into the primer.
The compositions herein may include one or more other ingredients, such as a solvent, a stabilizer, a film former, a filler, an ultraviolet protectant, or any combination thereof.
By way of example, the solvent component of the primer composition generally is volatile and is preferably a solvent that will dissolve and/or disperse the components at a temperature in the range of from about −10� C. to about 100� C., more preferably from about 0� C. to about 40� C. The solvent is preferably anhydrous in order to help prevent the isocyanate from prematurely reacting with water. Examples of such solvents include xylene, ethylbenzene, toluene, ethylacetate, propyl acetate, butyl acetate, butanol, propanol, isopropanol, ethanol, butoxyl, 2-butoxyethanol, 3-methoxybutylacetate, NMP, n-heptane, petroleum, butyl acetate, acetone, and methyl ethyl ketone, or any combination thereof, and is preferably butoxyl, methyl ethyl ketone or a mixture thereof. The solvent will comprise the balance any of the resulting or intermediate compositions and is preferably used in an amount of at least about 50 percent, more preferably at least about 55 percent, and most preferably at least about 60 percent; and is preferably no greater than about 90 percent, more preferably no greater than about 85 percent, and most preferably no greater than about 80 percent, based on the weight of the total primer composition.
It is also possible that the compositions-herein will include one or more adhesion promoters, such as is taught in commonly owned Application Ser. No. 60/913,706, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,807,016 incorporated by reference. Such an adhesion promoter thus may be a reaction product of an organofunctional silane and an isocyanate (e.g., such that the adhesion promoter includes at least one aromatic poly-isocyanate, which more particularly includes phosphorus). An example of one such iscoyanate is described generally in U.S. Pat. No. 6,974,500, incorporated by reference. One possible isocyanate is tris(p-isocyanato)thiophosphane. A particularly preferred isocyanate is a thiophosphate with a isocyanate group such as a solution of tris(p-isocyanato-phenyl)-thiophosphate in ethyl acetate sold under the tradename DESMODUR RFE and commercially available from Bayer Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pa.
The primer compositions herein may be employed in any of a number of applications. One particular approach is to apply the primer composition (e.g. as a one part composition), using art-disclosed techniques, to a substrate for use in an automotive vehicle windshield, backlight, side window, sun/moon roof, architectural window, skylight, porthole, door opening, display case, a lens or otherwise. Another useful application is for printing if labels, packages, containers (e.g., beverage bottles), or otherwise. A preferred application is the use of the primer compositions herein to make substantially transparent panel assemblies. The assemblies herein may be adapted for temporary or permanent mounting to a structure. The assemblies may be adapted for opening, closing, or otherwise translating, e.g., by sliding, by articulating, by pivoting, by folding, or any combination thereof. The assemblies thus may be employed in one or more applications such as automotive vehicle backlights, side windows, sun/moon roofs, architectural windows, skylights, portholes, door openings, display cases, or otherwise. The compositions and methods herein are also particularly useful when employed in combination with pre-applied adhesive systems, onto an electrostatically primed (i.e., an e-coated) substrate, a painted substrate or any combination thereof.
Typically, the substrates will be substantially flat or shaped, e.g., for defining a curved surface. The substrates will generally be panels that are transparent through at least one surface, and particularly through both opposing surfaces, over at least about 25% of the area of the surface, and more specifically, at least a majority (e.g., at least about 60%, 75% or even 90% of the area of the surface). The substrates herein generally will be made from a substantially amorphous material, and particularly an amorphous ceramic (such as glass), a plastic, or a combination thereof. Without limitation, examples of suitable substrate materials include poly(meth)acrylates, polycarbonates, vinyls (e.g., polyvinyl chlorides), polyesters (e.g., oriented polyesters), polyimides, polyolefins, polyamides, glass, any combinations thereof (e.g. a laminated glass), or the like. In a particular example, the substrates include or even consist essentially of a material selected from glass, poly(meth)acrylates, polycarbonates or any combination thereof. Substrates may have a laminated layer, a tint or any combination thereof. Substrates may also be a reaction injection molded plastic. Assemblies that include reaction injection molded parts encapsulating a panel, such as a substantially transparent panel, may be bonded according to the teachings herein. An example of one possible approach to the manufacture of encapsulated panels is disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 60/870,643 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,939,161 (entitled: "ENCAPSULATED PANEL ASSEMBLIES AND METHODS FOR MAKING SAME": incorporated by reference). The compositions herein may also be employed for bonding a surface of a pinchweld assembly.
Though some applications may call for the coating of substantially an entire surface of a substrate with the composition herein, ordinarily the compositions will be applied to the substrates selectively, according to a predetermined pattern (e.g., substantially along an edge portion of the substrate, about the periphery of the substrate, or otherwise). For example, one approach is to apply the composition from the edge of the substrate inwards toward the central portion in a width of about 2, 5, 8, or even 12 cm or greater. It is also possible that the composition will may be applied for defining one or more lines, curves, dots, or other geometric configurations comprising segments of constant or varying width height, length or other dimension.
Any of a variety of art-disclosed patterns may be applied. The primer composition may be applied to a substrate (e.g., glass or coated plastic) using any art-disclosed means, such as using a brush, roller, sprayed onto the surface, ink jet printing, screen printing and the like. It may be applied using art-disclosed robotic application devices (e.g., one having at least 2 axes of motion). After application of the composition to the surface of the substrate, it is exposed to polymerization conditions.
The substrates herein typically will include at least one surface onto which the composition is applied. The surface may optionally be treated for improving the bond strength of the composition to the substrate, e.g. by a primer, a flame spray, a corona treatment, a plasma treatment, or some other surface treatment. However, in one specific example, the outer surface is substantially free of any surface treatment. Accordingly, upon application, the composition is in direct intimate contact with the substrate, and particularly in the substantial absence any intermediate interface layer. Of course, after applying the composition to the substrate it is also possible to apply over some or all of one or both of the composition and substrate a further layer (e.g., a silicone, an acrylic, a polyurethane, or otherwise, for realizing a protective over-layer). It is also possible that the composition herein may be employed over, beneath and/or adjacent an inorganic or an organic frit (e.g., a frit of the type taught in co-pending application Ser. No. 11/472,119 filed Jun. 20, 2006 (priority to 60/692,318 filed Jun. 20, 2005)), now U.S. Pat. No. 7,781,493 by Baikerikar et al. (incorporated by reference).
When applied, the composition herein generally will have a thickness of up to about 250 microns or higher. More commonly it will be less than about 150 microns, less than about 100 microns or even less than about 50 microns (e.g., about 10 to about 30 microns or smaller).
Examples of suitable adhesives or sealants for use in combination with the primer compositions of the present invention include, without limitation, one-part or two-part urethane compositions, which in turn may be moisture curable. Particularly preferred urethanes are based upon MDI, HMDI, or a combination thereof. Examples of commercially available adhesives include, without limitation, those available from The Dow Chemical Company under the designation BETASEAL™ such as one or more of grade Nos. 58702, 16000 or the like.
The invention also contemplates kits that include an adhesive or sealant composition and one or more primer compositions. For example, such a kit might include one or more primer compositions in accordance with the present invention, with or without the adhesive or sealant composition (e.g., a one-part urethane or a two-part urethane adhesive). It may also include one or more cleaners, applicators, tapes, tools or any combination thereof. The compositions herein may be provided in a cartridge, a foil pack or both.
The compositions herein provide a generally hard and abrasion resistant coating. It is also expected that the compositions will exhibit excellent adhesion performance and weatherability. The resulting primer materials freshly prepared according to the teachings herein also is expected to have good storage stability.
Assemblies according to the teachings herein are expected to demonstrate 100% cohesive failure after aging 7 days at room temperature; more preferably, also after aging an additional 7 days subject to water immersion; still more preferably, also after aging an additional 7 days at 90� C.; yet still more preferably, also after 7 additional days cataplasma cycling. It is also possible that compositions herein will demonstrate 100% cohesive failure after still yet after 14 additional days cataplasma cycling.
In general, for the cataplasma cycling, the samples are stored directly in a climatic chamber at 70� C., 100% relative humidity, for 7 days, or wrapped in cotton wool, humidified with sufficient water and sealed in a polyethylene bag to be held thereafter in an oven at 70� C. for 7 days. Next, the samples are placed in a freezer for 16 hours at −20� C., after which the sample is allowed to stand at room temperature for 2 hours. The cycle is repeated multiple times, after which the samples are removed from the bag and subjected to the quick knife adhesion test. Desirably, there is no blistering of the primer layer, and failure is cohesive in the sealant layer.
The following examples illustrate the teachings herein. Similar results are believed possible for compositions wherein the amounts of the ingredients varies by within about 10 or even about 25 percent of the recited amounts. The examples thus also teach a range of concentrations that would fall within such variation.
Lap shear test samples are prepared in accordance with proposed SAE J1721. Glass samples are wiped with isopropyl alcohol. They are then optionally primed with clear primer (e.g., BETASEAL� 43518 clear primer) and allowed to flash about 1 minute. A wet film thickness of about 0.01 to about 0.03 mm is applied. For the clear primer, the excess material is wiped within about 5 seconds of wetting the glass. The colored primer composition of the present invention is applied over any included clear primer to a thickness of about 0.006 to about 0.03 mm dry film thickness. The colored primer composition includes carbon black. After about 10 minutes, sealant is then contacted with the resulting primer composition product (e.g., BETASEAL� 58702). The samples are allowed to cure for 7 days at 23 degrees C. and about 50% relative humidity. The samples are then subject to environmental exposure, e.g. by weatherometer per SAE J 1885 (e.g., for at least 1000 hours). The samples are given about 24 hours to recover and are tested in shear at a rate of about 12.7 cm/minute, otherwise following ASTM D3163.
Specifically, a quick knife adhesion test is performed, by which a 6.3 mm (width)�6.3 mm (height)�127 mm (length) size bead of adhesive is placed on 25.4 mm�152.4 mm piece of a primed glass, and the assembly is cured for a specific time under the desired conditions (e.g., 23� C. and 50 percent relative humidity). The cured bead is then cut with a razor blade through to the primed surface at a 45 degree angle while pulling back the end of the bead at 180 degree angle. Notches are cut every 3 mm on the surface. The degree of adhesion is evaluated as adhesive failure (AF) and/or cohesive failure (CF). In case of adhesive failure, the cured bead can be separated from the primed surface, while in cohesive failure, separation occurs within the sealant bead as a result of cutting and pulling. In observing the failure mode, it is noted over what portion of the interfacial surface area the failure mode is observed. For example, if cohesive failure is observed in about 90 percent (%) of the interfacial area, it can be reported as 90 CF. Primer failure (PF) is deemed to have occurred if the primer delaminates from the substrate (e.g., glass) to which it is applied. Cohesive failure of 100% (100 CF) results for each of the samples. In some instances, it is possible that glass breakage occurs (GB), meaning specifically that the primed glass breaks before the sealant fails. The expected results are set forth in the following Table 1.
Primer/Sealant Layers
Strength (psi/kPa)
Failure Mode
663 (4571 kPa)
629 (4337 kPa)
620 (4275 kPa)
625 (4310 kPa)
556 (3834 kPa)
590 (4068 kPa)
587 (4047 kPa)
516 (3558 kPa)
633 (4364 kPa)
644 (4440 kPa)
652 (4495 kPa)
648 (4468 kPa)
649 (4474 kPa)
643 (4433 kPa)
675 (4654 kPa)
481 (3316 kPa)
611 (4213 kPa)
546 (3765 kPa)
Similar results are believed possible when substituting other colorants described herein for the carbon black. Similar results are also believed possible upon weatherability testing according to the above for at least 2000 hours.
Samples are also believed to withstand cataplasma cycling by which the samples are heated in a water bath at 70� C. for 7 days. The samples are then wrapped in cotton wool and sealed in a polyethylene bag. Next, the samples are placed in a freezer for 16 hours at −20� C., after which the sample is allowed to stand at room temperature for 2 hours. The cycle is repeated multiple times, after which the samples are removed from the bag and subjected to the above-described quick knife adhesion test. Desirably, there is no blistering and failure is cohesive in the sealant layer.
The explanations and illustrations presented herein are intended to acquaint others skilled in the art with the invention, its principles, and its practical application. Those skilled in the art may adapt and apply the invention in its numerous forms, as may be best suited to the requirements of a particular use. Accordingly, the specific embodiments of the present invention as set forth are not intended as being exhaustive or limiting of the invention. The scope of the invention should, therefore, be determined not with reference to the above description, but should instead be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. The disclosures of all articles and references, including patent applications and publications, are incorporated by reference for all purposes. References to an acrylic or (meth)acrylic (or derivative terms such as "acrylate") contemplate meth-acrylics and acrylics (and corresponding derivative terms). Ingredients discussed herein may form part of the resulting composition. However, they also may form pert of an additive for the resulting composition. For example, it is possible that the adhesion promoter is a vehicle for delivering an ingredient into an admixture for forming the resulting composition. Unless otherwise stated, references to "adhesive" or "sealant" are interchangeable. Thus, mention of an adhesive of a particular composition also encompasses a sealant of such composition.
Though disclosed herein generally in the context of use in a one step primer composition, the invention is not so limited. Also contemplated are the possible use of a primer system that includes multiple components. For example, it is possible that a clear primer (e.g., one that is free of any ceramic enamel) is applied to a substrate and then the primer including the colorant is applied over the clear primer. Examples of commercially available clear primers include Betaseal™ 16100, 43518 or the like, from The Dow Chemical Company. Further though disclosed with specific reference to Betaprime™ 5500 or Betaprime™ 5404, other primer systems may be modified according to the teachings herein, such as Betaprime™ 16100, Betaprime™ 43526 or Betaprime™ 43520A.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jul 20, 1960
|Oct 6, 1964
|Bayer Ag
|Polyisocyanate-carbodiimide adducts and process for the production thereof
|Aug 13, 1969
|Dec 22, 1970
|Ppg Industries Inc
|Method for producing pigments of improved dispersibility
|Jan 30, 1970
|Jul 3, 1973
|Rohm & Haas
|Hydrocurable oxazolidine-isocyanate compositions
|Sep 18, 1981
|Feb 15, 1983
|The Upjohn Company
|Polyurea-polyurethane from a mixture of a polyol, an aromatic diamine, and an isocyanate-terminated prepolymer
|Jun 7, 1982
|May 24, 1983
|The Upjohn Company
|Novel compositions and process
|Oct 8, 1980
|Jul 19, 1983
|The Dow Chemical Company
|Addition polymerizable adduct of a polymeric monoahl and an unsaturated isocyanate
|Sep 23, 1982
|Jan 29, 1985
|Kanegafuchi Kagaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha
|Process for improving weather resistant adhesion of a coating to glass surface
|Jun 1, 1984
|Jun 11, 1985
|Olin Corporation
|Select NCO-terminated, uretdione group-containing polyurethane prepolymers and lignocellulosic composite materials prepared therefrom
|Mar 4, 1986
|Feb 17, 1987
|Ashland Oil, Inc.
|Primer and sealant for glass and coated metal
|Dec 13, 1984
|Jun 9, 1987
|Gurit-Essex Ag
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|Saint Gobain Vitrage International
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|Jul 31, 2001
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|Multi-layer composites formed from compositions having improved adhesion, coating compositions, and methods related thereto
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|Silane functional adhesive composition and method of bonding a window to a substrate without a primer
|Nov 28, 2001
|Apr 5, 2005
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|Undercoating for concrete
|Aug 18, 2003
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|Primer composition
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|Apr 4, 2006
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|Apr 7, 2004
|Aug 8, 2006
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|Method of bonding a window to a substrate using a silane functional adhesive composition
|Mar 14, 2002
|Oct 17, 2006
|Basf Coatings Ag
|Mixture which can be thermally hardened and hardened by actinic radiation and use thereof
|May 17, 2004
|Feb 19, 2008
|Donnelly Corporation
|Bonded vehicular glass assemblies utilizing two-component urethanes adhesive
|Dec 10, 2004
|Aug 26, 2008
|Dow Global Technologies Inc.
|System for bonding glass into a structure
|Mar 4, 2008
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|Dow Global Technologies Inc.
|Universal primer compositions and methods
|Feb 19, 2008
|Oct 5, 2010
|Dow Global Technologies Inc.
|Primer adhesion promoters, compositions and methods
|Jan 12, 2001
|Nov 15, 2001
|Hiroyuki Okuhira
|Novel latent curing agent and moisture-curable epoxy resin composition
|Nov 7, 2001
|Jul 4, 2002
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Weather resistant, ink jettable, radiation curable, fluid compositions particularly suitable for outdoor applications
|Oct 28, 2002
|May 8, 2003
|Wayn-Tex, Inc.
|Carpet backing and methods of making and using the same
|Aug 23, 2002
|May 29, 2003
|Hiroyuki Okuhira
|Novel latent curing agent and moisture-curable epoxy resin composition
|Nov 27, 2001
|Jun 5, 2003
|Udo Hellmann
|Modular system for coating plastics
|Nov 24, 2003
|Jun 3, 2004
|Allied Photochemical, Inc.
|Ultraviolet curable silver composition and related method
|Mar 31, 2003
|Sep 30, 2004
|Exatec Llc
|Ink for a polycarbonate substrate
|Sep 11, 2003
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|Beckley Ronald S.
|Michael addition compositions
|Nov 3, 2004
|May 26, 2005
|Deco Patents, Inc.
|Method and compositions for decorating glass
|Dec 11, 2003
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|Exatec Llc
|Inks for use in membrane image transfer printing process
|Dec 10, 2004
|Jun 16, 2005
|Hsieh Harry W.
|System for bonding glass into a structure
|Feb 9, 2005
|Jul 14, 2005
|Bayer Materialscience Llc
|UV curable coating composition
|Sep 19, 2005
|Sep 7, 2006
|Dimitry Chernyshov
|Process for the production of a coating layer on three-dimensional shaped substrates with radiation-curable coating compositions
|Jun 20, 2006
|Dec 21, 2006
|Kiran Baikerikar
|Protective coating for window glass
|Mar 4, 2008
|Oct 30, 2008
|Dow Global Technologies Inc.
|Universal primer compositions and methods
|Feb 19, 2008
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|Dow Global Technologies Inc.
|primer adhesion promotors, compositions and methods
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|Feb 27, 1991
|BP Chemicals Limited
|Coating compositions
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|Ciba-Geigy Ag
|Adhesion promoters
|Feb 6, 1995
|Aug 9, 1995
|Dow Corning Corporation
|Abrasion-resistant coating
|Feb 6, 1995
|Dec 20, 1995
|Dow Corning Corporation
|Radiation-curable oligomer-based coating composition
|Dec 13, 2000
|Nov 14, 2001
|Institut f�r Oberfl�chenmodifizierung e.V.
|Method for producing radiation-hardenable coating formulations and use thereof for the production of scratch-resistant, abrasionproof and adhesive coatings
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|Sika AG, vorm. Kaspar Winkler & Co.
|Primer for concrete
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|Aug 14, 2002
|Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.
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|Sika Technology AG
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|Apr 23, 2003
|Jan 21, 2004
|Airbus France
|Perforated adhesive film and process for producing it
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
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|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
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|Jan 6, 2000
|Adco Products, Inc.
|Primer for improving the bonding of adhesives to nonporous substrates
|Jul 30, 1999
|Feb 10, 2000
|Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc.
|Transparency with coating having primer for edge seal
|Jun 15, 2000
|Jul 5, 2001
|Exatec, Llc
|Process and panel for providing fixed glazing for an automotive vehicle
|Apr 5, 2001
|Oct 18, 2001
|Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc.
|Methods of improving bonding strength in primer/sealant adhesive systems
|Jul 23, 2002
|Feb 13, 2003
|Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc.
|Multi-layer composites formed from compositions having improved adhesion, coating compositions, and methods related thereto
|Jul 24, 2002
|Feb 13, 2003
|Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc.
|Multi-layer composites formed from compositions having improved adhesion, coating compositions, and methods related thereto
|Jul 29, 2002
|Feb 13, 2003
|Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc.
|Coating compositions having improved adhesion, coated substrates and methods related thereto
|Oct 11, 2005
|Apr 20, 2006
|Dow Global Technologies Inc.
|Low volatile isocyanate monomer containing polyurethane prepolymer and adhesive system
|Jun 20, 2006
|Jan 4, 2007
|Dow Global Technologies Inc.
|Protective coating for window glass
|Sep 19, 2007
|Mar 27, 2008
|Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc.
|Low temperature, moisture curable coating compositions and related methods
|Oct 2, 2007
|Apr 17, 2008
|Dow Global Technologies, Inc.
|Bonding agent for glass bonding
|Copending U.S. Appl. No. 11/958,983 (U.S. Appl. No. 60/870,643), filed Dec. 18, 2007.
|Copending U.S. Appl. No. 11/959,107 (U.S. Appl. No. 60/870,641), filed Dec. 18, 2007.
|Copending U.S. Appl. No. 11/959,208 (U.S. Appl. No. 60/913,700), filed Apr. 24, 2007.
|Copending U.S. Appl. No. 12/033,420 (U.S. Appl. No. 60/870,639), filed Dec. 18, 2007.
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|Copending U.S. Appl. No. 12/041,915 (U.S. Appl. No. 60/913,703), filed Mar. 4, 2008.
|Copending U.S. Appl. No. 61/014,547, filed Dec. 18, 2007, by Baikerikar et al., "Protective Coating for Window Glass Having Enhanced Adhesion to Glass Bonding Adhesiveness."
|International Search Report, Application No. PCT/US2005/054706, Date Aug. 11, 2008.
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|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Nov 2, 2011
|Sep 25, 2012
|Dow Global Technologies Llc
|Protective coating for window glass
|U.S. Classification
|156/314, 427/287, 156/331.1
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Mar 30, 2011
Owner name: DOW GLOBAL TECHNOLOGIES LLC, MICHIGAN
Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:DOW GLOBAL TECHNOLOGIES INC.;REEL/FRAME:026064/0990
Effective date: 20101231
|Jul 8, 2015
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4


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Enjoy the flight....
.... And, learn something new...
"Faster than a Calculator"
These exercises are designed to increase speed and accuracy by honing arithmetic skills. Also, it may help interpreting word problems, checking algebra solutions, recognizing shortcuts, and reviewing concepts.
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Online math practice from thatquiz.org
Math Comic #152 - "Magic Act" (8-20-14)
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Connecting Families to Senior Living
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Come home to the peacefulness of this quiet apartment and townhome community in a nice residential neighborhood. Spacious floor plans, private entrances, off-street parking and on-site laundry facilities are all resident comforts. The courtyard is a great place for neighbors to congregate. A playground and picnic area with barbecue grills are perfect for summer get-togethers
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Honda Service
We Strive for Utter Honda Service Utopia
When it comes to servicing your vehicle, we know you have choices, so we strive for utter Service Utopia. Honda Service is serious business! You bought the best car on the planet, now take care of it. Our technicians are factory trained so there's no better people to be working on your vehicle, even for the simplest oil change (make sure to take advantage of our Honda oil change coupons). And with our service rewards programs, a portion of what you spend can be applied to a future vehicle purchase! Why not take advantage of any of these Silko Honda exclusive service perks? The highly qualified technicians of Silko Honda's Service Department are here to provide you with exceptional service for all your vehicle's needs. Use the buttons below to contact us or schedule an appointment in Raynham, a short drive from Brockton, Plymouth, Fall River, and both East and West Bridgewater.


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Prevention of mother-to-child transmission
Situation and trends
Nearly all young children newly infected with HIV are infected through mother-to-child transmission (MTCT); about 87.7% of the estimated 220 000 children who newly infected with HIV in 2014 were in the WHO African Region. Overall in the 21 African priority countries, MTCT rates declined from an estimated 28% to 14% in 2009-2014. With provision of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs the mother-to-child transmission can decrease to less than 2% (in the absence of breast feeding) or less than 5% (depending on the duration of breastfeeding among HIV-exposed infants). Globally, there were still more than 1.4 million [1.3 million–1.6 million] pregnant women with HIV in 2014 (all of whom needed interventions for PMTCT of HIV) in low- and middle-income countries, of which an estimated 73% [68–79%] received ARV drugs for preventing mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV. This marks an increase in PMTCT ARV coverage from 53% [48–57%] in 2009 and 58% [53–63%] in 2011. As of mid-2015 the majority of low- and middle-income countries are piloting, rolling out or fully implementing Options B+ (lifelong ART treatment, beginning immediately at diagnosis). Based on available data, 81% of pregnant HIV-positive women worldwide live in countries where B+ features in national policies. Globally, coverage of ARVs for pregnant women was highest in the WHO European Region 92% [77->95%], followed by the Region of the Americas 81% [61-92%] and the African Region 75% [69-81%]. The Western Pacific Region made progress, with coverage in 2014 at 58% [41-83%], but coverage was very low at 35% [31-42%] in the South-East Asia Region and only 9% [7-13%] in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. PMTCT programmes averted an estimated 1.4 million HIV infections globally during 2000-2014, over on a million of them during 2010-2014. New infections in children younger 15 years could be cut by 58% in the same period. These successes could be achieved to increased HIV testing, improved access to PMTCT programmes and to antenatal care service. However, PMTCT services lag in several high-burden countries including Angola, Central African Republic, Chad, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Nigeria and South Sudan.
The number of pregnant women with HIV has remained relatively stable since, but the proportion receiving recommended ARV regimens for PMTCT of HIV has increased steadily, as has the proportion receiving more effective regimens.
Coverage of ARV drugs among pregnant women with HIV varies significantly across regions. In 2014, coverage of ARV drugs remained high in the WHO European Region*, followed by the WHO Region of the Americas (81%, range 61–92%), and the WHO African Region (75%, range 69–81%). All the other regions have also made progress, but overall coverage in 2013 in the WHO Western Pacific Region was still relatively low at 58% [41 –83%]. Coverage was 35% [31 –42%] in the WHO South-East Asia Region as well as 9% [7% –13%] in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region. The total number of women receiving ARV drugs for PMTCT of HIV is strongly influenced by developments in the WHO African Region, which is home to about 93% of the pregnant women living with HIV in low- and middle-income countries.
*Coverage estimates for the WHO European Region are not available due to inconsistencies between programme coverage and estimated PMTCT need.
The past 15 years of the HIV response have been pioneering and had a global impact; it showed that the goal of ending the AIDS epidemic is ambitious but feasible. Despite this progress major challenges must be overcome to make the global impact sustainable and to end the AIDS epidemic because HIV meant the sixth leading cause of death worldwide. Especially diagnosis should be improved, so that people are diagnosed much sooner after becoming infected, start earlier ART and stay on treatment. This protects people with HIV from illness and prevents further transmission of HIV. Earlier diagnosis should be combined with improved prevention, treatment and care to make this impact sustainable. People living with HIV should be more involved in the ongoing process to reach also key populations and understand the extent and nature of the HIV epidemic in such groups and to avoid stigma, discrimination and criminalisation. Programme management and decision making is based on detailed data, therefore it is necessary to conduct regular reporting. Planning, implementation, evaluation goes hand in hand with the financing. The most HIV response is funded by a mix of domestic, donor and public private funding, but to expand the response it is necessary to make the money go further. The forthcoming Global Health Sector Strategy for HIV, 2016-2021, aligned with the UNAIDS "Fast-Track" approach, lays out targets for the global health sector response for 2020 and 2030. These targets apply to everyone: children, adolescents and adults, rich and poor, women and men, and all key populations. It includes the following main points:
- Reduce annual new adults HIV infections from 2.1 million in 2010 to 500 000 in 2020 and to 200 000 in 2030
- Reduce the HIV-related deaths from 1 million in 2014 to 500 000 in 2010 and 400 000 in 2030.
- Increase the number of people receiving ART from 15 million in 2014 to 30 million in 2020 and 35 million in 2030.
It should be not forgotten that HIV/AIDS is not just a health problem, because the spread of an infections disease is highly correlated with socioeconomic, environmental and ecological factors such as population growth, environmental and land-use changes, changing human behaviours and political reorganizations.


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Suez Cakes
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You can send Cakes to Egypt in the following locations.
What our Customers Say about our Service
"The recepient of the birthday gift reported to me that the basket was very tastefully arranged and the person who called to announce the delivery was really polite, and so was the deliverer. The gift was delivered at the exact ordered date. This is a very convenient and time-saving service. Thank you. "
Sandra - Jacksonville FL, USA - Feb 12, 2010
"I would go so far to say this is the best customer care I have ever received. This is a very professional company, end to end. The follow up from the confirmation of the order to the delivered goods was perfect."
Kelsey Swaby - Queensland, Australia - Dec 20, 2012
"I found Gift Baskets Overseas doing an online search and I can tell you - they are fantastic. Our son is overseas in the Czech Republic and I wanted to surprise him for his birthday - 21st - and everything that Gift Baskets said they would do - they did. They went above and beyond the call of duty to ensure that this gift was received by my son. It was so important to us and they realized it. I would recommend Gift Baskets overseas for anyone who wants exceptional gifts with exceptional service. And in today's world it is very hard to find businesses along with intelligent customer service that take responsibility and truly care! Thank you so much!!! "
P.T. Lopez - New Zealand - Nov 11, 2010
"I ordered a gift basket at Xmas. It was lovely and just as it looked online. I am in Australia and had delivered to USA. Very good service and phone validation. Will be using you again."
Sue Tame - Australia - Jan 9, 2013
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2 Jack Russell Terrier Puppies
jack russell terrier puppy puppies cute spring
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Pitman Training in London's Holborn are the leaders in office skills training courses aimed at helping you win your dream job or promotion at work.
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Have you ever psyched yourself up to try something new or do something exciting, but then decided against it at the last minute? Bungee jumping is one thing, but wanting to further your knowledge and then stopping yourself can be detrimental to...
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