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July 23, 1996
ELMER NELSON, EXECUTOR AND ADMINISTRATOR OF THE ESTATE OF JANET STREPEK, DECEASED, PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT,v.ROBERT THOMAS, VILLAGE OF ORLAND PARK, CERTAIN UNKNOWN POLICE OFFICERS OF ORLAND PARK, OFFICER JOHN KEATING, INDIVIDUALLY AND AS AGENT OF THE VILLAGE OF ORLAND PARK, VILLAGE OF TINLEY PARK, CERTAIN UNKNOWN POLICE OFFICERS OF TINLEY PARK, OFFICER STEVEN VACCARO, INDIVIDUALLY AND AS AGENT OF THE VILLAGE OF TINLEY PARK, OFFICER MARK FABISZAK, INDIVIDUALLY AND AS AGENT OF THE VILLAGE OF TINLEY PARK, THE VILLAGE OF OAK FOREST, CERTAIN UNKNOWN POLICE OFFICERS OF OAK FOREST AND OFFICER CHARLES QUINN, INDIVIDUALLY AND AS AGENT OF THE VILLAGE OF OAK FOREST, DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES. ROSE MARIE STREPEK-HENNING, AS SPECIAL ADMINISTRATOR OF THE ESTATE OF EUGENE E. STREPEK, DECEASED, PLAINTIFF, V. ROBERT THOMAS, JOHN KEATING, THE VILLAGE OF ORLAND PARK, STEVEN VACCARO, MARK FABISZAK, THE VILLAGE OF TINLEY PARK, CHARLES QUINN AND THE VILLAGE OF OAK FOREST, DEFENDANTS.
Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County. Honorable Gary Brownfield, Judge Presiding.
Rehearing Denied July 17, 1996. Released for Publication August 29, 1996.
The Honorable Justice Burke delivered the opinion of the court: Scariano and DiVITO, JJ., concur.
JUSTICE BURKE delivered the opinion of the court:
Plaintiff Elmer Nelson appeals from an order of the circuit court granting summary judgment pursuant to section 2--1005 of the Illinois Code of Civil Procedure (Code) (735 ILCS 5/2--1005 (West 1992)) to defendants, the Village of Orland Park (Orland Park), Certain Unknown Police Officers of Orland Park, Officer John Keating (Officer Keating), the Village of Tinley Park (Tinley Park), Officer Steven Vaccaro (Officer Vaccaro), Officer Mark Fabiszak (Officer Fabiszak), the Village of Oak Forest (Oak Forest), Certain Unknown Police Officers of Oak Forest, and Officer Charles Quinn (Officer Quinn). On appeal, plaintiff argues that summary judgment was erroneously granted because genuine issues of material fact existed as to whether the police officers' actions were a proximate cause of a collision that occurred when a criminal suspect ran a red light and collided with plaintiff's daughter and son-in-law's automobile, causing the couple's death, and whether the police officers' conduct during the police pursuit of the criminal suspect was wilful and wanton. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm.
On February 4, 1991, Robert Thomas (Thomas) was driving eastbound on 159th Street through Oak Forest in a Riveria fleeing from police officers. At the same time, Janet and Eugene Strepek were driving southbound on Cicero Avenue at the intersection of 159th Street. Thomas ran a red light and collided with the Strepeks' car which was properly in the intersection on a green light. The Strepeks died as a result of the collision.
For several weeks prior to February 4, 1991, there had been five "smash-and-grab" thefts committed in the Orland Park area. Some area police departments were informed during their roll call that the suspects of the five smash-and-grabs were a black male driver of a dark or gray Riveria, bearing an Indiana license plate with the number 45 L 4466, and a female who would run into the stores, grab the merchandise and then run to the waiting Riveria.
On February 4, 1991, when Orland Park Police Officer Keating ended his shift at 7 p.m., he gathered his belongings and got into his personal vehicle, a Bronco, and started to drive home. As he was driving home, Keating heard on the police radio in his Bronco that another smash-and-grab had occurred in the Orland Park mall. The radio dispatcher described two black females who ran into the mall, grabbed merchandise and then ran outside the mall to a waiting vehicle with an Indiana license plate bearing the beginning numbers of 45 L. Officer Keating immediately recognized the license place number and suspects as the ones he had heard described during his roll call on the previous day.
After hearing the radio dispatch, Officer Keating saw a gray Riveria with a matching Indiana license plate traveling eastbound on 159th Street. He then called the Orland Park police to advise them of his observation. Keating also asked the Orland Park police to relay this information to the Tinley Park and Oak Forest police departments because the Riveria, on its present route, would travel through those two villages. According to Keating, he did not attempt to stop the Riveria, but continued to follow the suspect car, which was traveling under the speed limit, at a safe distance. Officer Vaccaro of the Tinley Park police department was driving behind Officer Keating and saw Keating's Bronco immediately behind the Riveria on 159th Street between 159th Street's intersections with Oak Park and Long Streets. Near the intersection of 159th Street and Long Avenue, Vaccaro advised Keating over the police radio that he was going to pull the Riveria over to the side of the road. Vaccaro then activated his squad car's emergency equipment and signaled the Riveria to pull off the road.
The driver of the Riveria complied with Officer Vaccaro's order and pulled to the side of 159th Street near a Kean gas station at the corner of 159th Street and Long Avenue. When the Riveria pulled off the road, Officer Keating parked his Bronco at the gas station, exited his Bronco and walked toward the Riveria. At the same time, Officer Vaccaro exited his squad car and also began to walk towards the Riveria. Officer Busse of the Oak Forest police department stated that, while he was traveling in his squad car eastbound on 159th Street, he saw Vaccaro approach the driver's door of the Riveria and Keating approach the passenger's door. Officer Fabiszak, of the Tinley Park police force, also saw the two officers approach the Riveria. Approximately five seconds after Keating and Vaccaro began walking toward the Riveria, the Riveria quickly accelerated, drove away from the police and began traveling eastbound on 159th Street.
In response, Officers Keating and Vaccaro returned to their cars to follow the Riveria. At the same time, Oak Forest police cars were traveling westbound on the median of 159th Street toward the Kean gas station. While the Riveria was fleeing the police, the Riveria crossed over the median into the westbound lanes of traffic, swerved around the Oak Forest police cars in the median and crossed back into the eastbound lanes of 159th Street. Officer Quinn was one of the Oak Forest police officers situated in a squad car on the median. Officer Quinn stated in an affidavit:
"6. I then observed Orland Park and Tinley Park police squads with emergency equipment activated approximately two blocks behind the offender who appeared to be gaining distance on them.
7. The offender veered directly at my vehicle while it was on the median and then veered around my vehicle into the westbound lane of 159th Street and back into the eastbound lanes of 159th Street. After the Tinley Park and Orland Park police squads passed, I proceeded to turn eastbound onto 159th Street from the median where my car stalled. After I restarted the vehicle, I proceeded eastbound on 159th Street to Cicero Avenue where I observed an accident had already occurred. I did not witness the accident.
8. At no time was I in 'pursuit' of the offender nor did I exceed 45 m.p.h."
When the Riveria swerved around Officer Quinn, he "clocked" the speed of the Riveria at 75 miles per hour. According to Officer Keating, at this point, other police cars had their emergency lights and sirens activated and were following the Riveria. Keating also stated that after the Riveria pulled away from the gas station, he lost sight of the car because he was not pursuing the vehicle. Keating further stated that upon hearing the events unfold, he was told over the police radio by his street supervisor to not get involved with stopping the Riveria.
Several officers stated in either depositions or affidavits that the police were pursuing the Riveria as it drove away from the gas station on 159th Street. Officer Fabiszak stated that, in accordance with the Tinley Park police department's general orders, he was in pursuit of the Riveria. Also, Officer Vaccaro stated that the Riveria was fleeing to elude his squad car, as well as the other squad cars that were obviously in pursuit of it. Officer Busse also stated that the two Tinley Park units as well as the Orland Park unit was in fresh pursuit of the Riveria.
Meanwhile, at approximately 7:30 p.m., Janet Strepek picked up her husband, Eugene, from the Metra station in Oak Forest at the end of his work day, and they began to drive home on Cicero Avenue. When they came to the intersection of 159th Street and Cicero Avenue, they properly proceeded through the intersection because the traffic light was green. At the same moment, the Riveria, against the red light, sped through the intersection and collided with the Strepeks' car, killing the couple. The collision occurred approximately six blocks from where the Riveria had sped away from the police near the Kean gas station and happened less than a minute after the Riveria had sped away. Janet was 33 years old and survived by her father, Elmer Nelson. Eugene was 29 years old and survived by his mother, Rose Marie Strepek-Henning.
Officer Vaccaro described the Riveria's actions, from the time he pulled the car off the road to the time of the collision, as follows:
"6. The Riveria pulled over to a curb in front of a Kean gas station located at 5347 West 159th Street. I exited my car. I walked toward the Riveria and noticed Officer Fabiszak was pulling up behind me. Officer Keating was to my right and the marked Orland squad was behind me. The Riveria suddenly accelerated and fled the scene. I got back in my car and noticed the Riveria swerve around an Oak Forest squad car which was positioned near the median strip on 159th Street east of the Kean gas station.
7. I proceeded east, with my emergency lights and siren. I noticed other emergency vehicles behind me with their emergency equipment activated. The Riveria was in front of me gaining distance, traveling at a high rate of speed. I notified the Illinois State police of the Riveria's actions via ISPERN police radio.
8. The maximum speed I reached was 45 m.p.h. 9. As I approached 159th and Cicero, I observed the Riveria enter the intersection disobeying the red light and striking a grey vehicle heading south on Cicero, in the far west lane of traffic."
After the accident, the police found inside the Riveria the driver, Robert Thomas, a/k/a Donald Durkin, Renee Williams and Yolanda Jordan. Also in the Riveria were 16 pairs of blue jeans taken from J.C. Penny's, a number of coats taken from another store in the Orland Park mall, and an open bottle of Wild Irish Rose wine. When Thomas was taken to the hospital for injuries he sustained from the accident, his urine tested positive for cocaine, quinine, quinidine, morphine and diphenhydramine.
All three occupants of the Riveria were charged with theft and murder. On September 28, 1992, Renee Williams plead guilty to the charge of theft and was sentenced to five years' imprisonment. In March 1992, Yolanda Jordan was convicted of murder and theft and was sentenced to natural life imprisonment. In July 1992, Thomas was convicted of murder, aggravated possession of a stolen motor vehicle and theft; he was sentenced to natural life imprisonment without the possibility of parole.
At her criminal trial, Yolanda Jordan testified that during the police chase she was scared, heard the sirens and saw the flashing lights from the squad cars, but she could not control Thomas and make him stop the car. Jordan also testified that she saw the red light at the intersection of 159th Street and Cicero Avenue and hollered for Thomas to stop, but that Thomas said, " 'Let the police worry about the red light.'"
On October 21, 1991, plaintiff Elmer Nelson, the father of Janet Strepek, filed a complaint as the executor and administrator of Janet's estate against Thomas. On January 31, 1992, Nelson filed an amended complaint which alleged 27 various counts against Orland Park, Certain Unknown Police Officers of Orland Park, Officer Keating, Oak Forest, Certain Unknown Police Officers of Oak Forest, Officer Quinn, Tinley Park, Certain Unknown Police Officers of Tinley Park, Officer Vaccaro, Officer Fabiszak, and Thomas. On February 3, 1992, plaintiff Rose Marie Strepek-Henning, Eugene Strepek's mother, as special administrator of Eugene's estate, filed a two-count complaint alleging a wrongful death claim against Thomas, Officer Keating, Officer Vaccaro, Officer Quinn, Orland Park, Officer Fabiszak, Tinley Park, and Oak Forest. On July 10, 1992, Strepek-Henning filed an amended complaint which alleged two causes of action based on wrongful death; one against Thomas and the other against Officers Keating, Vaccaro, Fabiszak and Quinn, Orland Park, Oak Forest, and Tinley Park.
On October 9, 1992, Tinley Park, Officer Vaccaro, and Officer Fabiszak filed a motion to consolidate Strepek-Henning's lawsuit with Nelson's lawsuit. On October 28, 1992, the trial court granted the motion to consolidate for the purposes of discovery and motions only. On May 18 and May 24, 1993, the court granted defendants' motions for summary judgment on Rose-Marie Strepek-Henning's complaint based on its findings that Strepek-Henning did not have the legal capacity to file her lawsuit because her son, Eugene, predeceased his wife, Janet. According to the trial court, Janet's estate had the legal right to file a lawsuit for Eugene's death, rather than Rose Marie Strepek-Henning. On June 22, 1993, Nelson moved to substitute as party plaintiff in the lawsuit filed by Strepek-Henning so that Janet's estate could recover for Eugene's death. On June 15, 1994, the court granted Nelson's motion to substitute himself as the party plaintiff for the estate of Eugene Strepek and consolidated the two cases.
On November 18, 1994, Orland Park, Certain Unknown Police Officers of Orland Park and Officer Keating filed a motion for summary judgment pursuant to section 2--1005 of the Code (735 ILCS 5/2--1005 (West 1992). Attached to the motion for summary judgment were several exhibits, including the affidavit of Officer Keating. Defendants argued that no Orland Park police officer was the proximate cause of the Strepeks' deaths; no Orland Park police officer breached a duty owed to the decedents; no Orland Park police officer acted in a wilful or wanton manner; and that no basis exists for liability in failing to stop Thomas from violating the law.
On March 7, 1995, Tinley Park, Officer Vaccaro and Officer Fabiszak filed a motion for summary judgment pursuant to section 2--1005 of the Code (735 ILCS 5/2--1005 (West 1992). They argued that no Tinley Park police officer acted in a wilful or wanton manner and that there was no proximate cause between the actions of any Tinley Park officer and the Strepeks' deaths.
On April 11, 1995, Oak Forest and Officer Quinn filed a motion for judgment on the pleadings pursuant to section 2--615 of the Code (735 ILCS 5/2--615 (West 1992)). On the same day, Oak Forest and Officer Quinn moved for summary judgment pursuant to section 2--1005 of the Code (735 ILCS 2--1005 (West 1992). In their motion for summary judgment, defendants argued that Officer Quinn did not act in a wilful or wanton manner because after Thomas' Riveria swerved around Officer Quinn on the median, Officer Quinn's car stalled; thus, he could not follow Thomas. They further argued that once Officer Quinn restarted his car and began to drive, the collision had already occurred, and that Officer Quinn's actions were not the proximate cause of the Strepeks' deaths.
On July 14, 1995, Nelson filed his response in opposition to defendants' motions for summary judgment. He argued that defendants' actions amounted to wilful and wanton conduct and that defendants were the proximate cause of Janet's and Eugene's deaths. Defendants filed replies to Nelson's response to their motions for summary judgment. Defendants argued that summary judgment was proper because there was no wilful and wanton behavior by the police officers since the officers did not act with a deliberate intention to harm or with an utter indifference to the safety of others. Defendants also argued that summary judgment was proper because the officers were not a proximate cause of the Strepeks' deaths.
On August 22, 1995, the trial court heard arguments on defendants' motions for summary judgment. Defendants agreed with each other that there were no genuine issues of material fact and that they relied on essentially the same case law which they argued routinely grants summary judgment to the defendant officers in cases similar to the one at bar.
Nelson argued that there were inconsistencies in the facts presented in the officers' affidavits and depositions and that those inconsistencies raised questions of fact that are proper for disposition by a jury. Nelson pointed the court's attention to Officer Keating's affidavit wherein he stated that he was not involved in the pursuit. Nelson argued that despite what Officer Keating stated in his affidavit, an eyewitness placed Officer Keating present and involved in the events of the pursuit. Nelson further argued that although Officer Keating was directly ordered to stay away from the pursuit by his street supervisor, he continued to remain involved in the pursuit.
Nelson also argued that it was inconsistent to have the police officers, on one hand, claim that they did not exceed the speed limit while they pursued the Riveria, which was undisputedly going between 70 and 75 miles per hour, and on the other hand, have witnesses state that the officers were consistently one block behind the Riveria. Nelson also pointed to the fact that the officers continued pursuit of the Riveria knowing that there were residential dwellings, a grade school, and a Metra station next to 159th Street. Nelson further argued that the pursuit took place at the end of rush hour and the Riveria was always driving toward the intersection of 159th Street and Cicero, a major intersection of two four-lane highways. Nelson also directed the trial court to consider the general orders of each police department involved, orders which Nelson argued forbid a pursuit under the conditions presented in this case.
According to Nelson, the general orders for the Orland Park police department provide that there will be no vehicular pursuits over 65 miles per hour on a major highway or over 40 miles per hour in a residential area unless the officer has prior knowledge that the offenders have committed a forcible felony. The general orders for the Oak Forest police department provide that a "fresh pursuit" must be considered a very serious matter because it is one of the most dangerous duties that an officer performs. Oak Forest's orders further provide that death or permanent injury can occur without warning to the officer and citizens alike and that a police officer must weigh many factors, including the civil liability, when deciding whether or not to pursue or continue pursuit. The Tinley Park police department's general orders are very similar to the Oak Forest general orders. Nelson therefore argued that, at a minimum, all these facts raised material issues of fact regarding whether the police officers' actions rose to the level of wilful and wanton conduct.
After hearing the parties' arguments on August 22, 1995, the trial court granted summary judgment to Officer Keating, Certain Unknown Police Officers of Orland Park, Orland Park, Tinley Park, Certain Unknown Police Officers of Tinley Park, Officer Vaccaro, Officer Fabiszak, Oak Forest, Certain Unknown Police Officers of Oak Forest and Officer Quinn. In making its ruling, the trial court stated, "We certainly have a tragic situation here where two innocent people were killed by a fleeing person who was under the influence of drugs and who is now in the penitentiary after being found guilty." The court also discussed the evidence presented by Officer Keating, and stated:
"*** Could that testimony be questioned? Yes. If that testimony is questioned, is the testimony of the other officers questioned? Yes.
However, the bottom line in this case is the cause, the proximate cause, the sole proximate cause of this tragic situation of this accident, of the death of these two innocent people were not the actions of the police officers, but the actions of Mr. Thomas.
This was only six to nine blocks. This wasn't a long police chase. This individual was fleeing the police and continued to flee for the six or nine blocks when the accident occurred. It was not the actions of the police officer[s].
And as to Officer Quinn and Oak Forest, they were on the median strip sitting there, not moving and so, therefore the motion is granted to them on both issues. And as to the other officers, it's granted as to proximate cause."
The trial court further stated that in six or nine blocks of this police chase, Thomas would not have slowed down even if the police would have completely stopped. Lastly, the court stated, "Whether [the police] were going 40 or faster *** Thomas was the cause of the accident in the distance of six to nine blocks. *** My finding, as a matter of law, that the sole proximate cause of this accident was the actions of Mr. Thomas." The court then continued the matter with respect to Thomas.
On September 20, 1995, Nelson filed a notice of appeal from the August 22, 1995, order granting defendants' motions for summary judgment.
Nelson first contends that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment because a genuine issue of material fact existed concerning whether the conduct of the police officers caused or contributed to the collision and resulting deaths of the Strepeks. He argues that the trial court erred when it held that, as a matter of law, Thomas was the sole proximate cause of the Strepeks' deaths. He also argues that the trial court's error is manifested by its deliberation on what Thomas' subjective reaction would have been if the police officers ceased pursuing him. According to Nelson, a judge may not draw a factual inference where conflicting inferences could be drawn. Nelson further argues that Thomas and the police officers are the cause of the collision because the police, in effect, "herded" Thomas into the intersection. In support of his argument, Nelson states that if the police ceased pursuing Thomas, he would have had no fear of apprehension and would not have entered a major intersection against a red light, risking injuries to himself and damage to his automobile. Additionally, Nelson argues that the determination of proximate cause is usually a factual determination made by the jury and that the issue should have been determined by a jury in this case.
Defendants argue that the trial court properly "centered" its ruling to grant summary judgment on its determination that Thomas was the proximate cause of the Strepeks' deaths because Thomas made the independent decision to run the red light at the intersection of 159th Street and Cicero Avenue. Defendants also argue that the trial court's decision is supported by sound public policy because if police officers were held liable in cases such as the instant case, criminals would flee police more dangerously knowing that the more precariously they drive, the less likely the officer will continue to pursue them due to the potential of civil liability. In effect, defendants argue, police pursuits would become more dangerous and cause more tragedy such as the result in this case.
Summary judgment is a drastic remedy. Lappin v. Costello, 232 Ill. App. 3d 1033, 1040, 598 N.E.2d 311, 174 Ill. Dec. 114 (1992). The standard of review is de novo and a reviewing court determines whether the trial court correctly ruled that no genuine issue of material fact existed and that judgment was correct for the moving party as a matter of law. Urban v. Village of Lincolnshire, 272 Ill. App. 3d 1087, 1094, 651 N.E.2d 683, 209 Ill. Dec. 505 (1995). A reviewing court views the evidence in a light most favorable to the nonmovant and if no facts are in dispute, the court may draw inferences. Turner v. Roesner, 193 Ill. App. 3d 482, 487, 549 N.E.2d 1287, 140 Ill. Dec. 415 (1990).
"Proximate cause is made up of two elements, actual cause and legal cause. Actual cause is cause in fact. A defendant's conduct may be deemed the actual cause of a plaintiff's injury if, 'but for' the defendant's actions, the injury would not have occurred. If actual cause is established, the next question is whether the defendant should be held legally responsible for it." Kimber v. City of Warrenville, 248 Ill. App. 3d 361, 367, 617 N.E.2d 1263, 187 Ill. Dec. 542 (1993); Turner v. Roesner, 193 Ill. App. 3d 482, 490, 549 N.E.2d 1287, 140 Ill. Dec. 415 (1990). "Illinois courts have long distinguished, however, between condition and causation." Thompson v. County of Cook, 154 Ill. 2d 374, 383, 609 N.E.2d 290, 181 Ill. Dec. 922 (1993). " 'The cause of an injury is that which actually produces it, while the occasion is that which provides an opportunity for causal agencies to act.' If a defendant's negligence does nothing more than furnish a condition by which injury is made possible, that negligence is not the proximate cause of injury." Thompson, at 383, Briske v. Village of Burnham, 379 Ill. 193, 199, 39 N.E.2d 976 (1942), Merlo v. Public Service Co., 381 Ill. 300, 306, 45 N.E.2d 665 (1942).
We find that the trial court properly granted defendants' motions for summary judgment because no genuine issue of material fact existed as to whether the police officers were the proximate cause of the Strepeks' deaths and, therefore, the judgment was proper as a matter of law. The evidence presented at the hearing on defendants' motions for summary judgment shows that Thomas continuously made independent decisions to commit criminal acts and that those decisions proximately caused the Strepeks' deaths. Thomas first committed a smash-and-grab theft with two females and then fled from police. Once stopped, he chose to flee from police at a high rate of speed for six blocks, to ignore a red light, and speed through the intersection of 159th Street and Cicero Avenue. Only Thomas' decisions and actions caused the collision with the Strepeks' car. The police officers' action were, at most, a part of the "occasion" surrounding Thomas' actions, as they were responding to Thomas' crimes of theft and speeding away from the police. Thompson, 154 Ill. 2d at 383.
Nelson next contends that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment because a genuine issue of material fact existed concerning whether the police officers' actions rose to the level of wilful and wanton conduct during the police chase. He argues that the evidence demonstrated that the police were wilful and wanton because they violated their own general orders in continuing the pursuit and they continued to pursue a vehicle on a wet road toward a busy intersection at the end of rush hour. Nelson further argues that the issue of whether the actions of the police officers constituted wilful and wanton conduct was a question of fact to be determined by a jury.
In support of his "wilful and wanton conduct" argument, Nelson relies on Kirshenbaum v. City of Chicago, 43 Ill. App. 3d 529, 357 N.E.2d 571, 2 Ill. Dec. 404 (1976). In Kirshenbaum, the appellate court held that the trial court properly found that a police officer's actions rose to the level of wilful and wanton conduct during a police chase that resulted in a death because although the police officer had turned on his squad car's blue emergency lights, the police officer never used his siren during the chase. Instead, the police officer "only gave some 'short raps' on his horn." Kirshenbaum, 43 Ill. App. 3d at 531.
Defendants argue that Nelson's reliance on Kirshenbaum is misplaced because Kirshenbaum focuses on an Illinois statute pertaining to emergency vehicles using their sirens, and a judicial determination as to when a failure for an emergency vehicle to sound its siren in a residential area amounts to wilful and wanton conduct. Here, defendants argue, it is undisputed that the officers used their emergency sirens and lights while pursuing Thomas' Riveria. Defendants also argue that the trial court properly held that their actions did not rise to the level of wilful and wanton conduct because they executed a police chase, at a safe speed and distance with their emergency lights and sirens activated, of a smash-and-grab suspect who fled from the police after being pulled off the road.
For a defendant's acts or omissions to be wilful and wanton, "they must have been committed with actual or deliberate intention to harm or with an utter indifference to or conscious disregard for the safety of others." Breck v. Cortez, 141 Ill. App. 3d 351, 360, 490 N.E.2d 88, 95 Ill. Dec. 615 (1986), Harvey v. Norfolk & Western Railway Co., 73 Ill. App. 3d 74, 390 N.E.2d 1384, 28 Ill. Dec. 794 (1979).
In the case at bar, the evidence shows that when the police officers originally pulled Thomas' Riveria to the side of the road at 159th Street and Long Avenue near the Kean gas station, they were intending to investigate a smash-and-grab suspect who had been recently described over the police radio and at a police roll call on the previous day. After the police had Thomas completely stopped off the road, Thomas sped away from the police, swerved around a police squad car into on-coming traffic and ran a red light. In reaction to Thomas' actions, the police followed him for six to nine blocks with emergency lights and sirens near the speed limit. We agree with the trial court that these police actions did not rise to the level of wilful and wanton conduct. Laco v. City of Chicago, 154 Ill. App. 3d 498, 507 N.E.2d 64, 107 Ill. Dec. 400 (1987); Breck, 141 Ill. App. 3d at 360-61. Lastly, we also briefly note that notwithstanding the fact that the road was wet and the chase took place at the end of rush hour near a busy intersection, these facts do not demonstrate that the police officers acted with an utter indifference or a conscious disregard of the public safety when reacting to Thomas' criminal acts. We therefore hold that the trial court correctly granted summary judgment because no genuine issue of material fact existed as to whether the police officers' actions rose to the level of wilful and wanton conduct, and judgment was proper as a matter of law.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the circuit court's order granting defendants' motions for summary judgment.
SCARIANO and DiVITO, JJ., concur.
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Discussion in 'iPhone' started by taz_spaz13, Oct 18, 2008.
Which is better to use with my 2.1 3g on a mac?
Im a fan of Pwnage just because I think its more stable (going through the whole restore process) But people have been absolutley !LOVING! quickpwn, so if I were you I would use quickpwn
what is the difference?
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Pwnage has more features then quickpwn.
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Pwnage tool can jailbreak and unlock a 1st gen iphone. It can also disable baseband updates to the 3G. adjust the root portion among other things. The great thing is it builds a custom FW you can use over and over again if you have to restore and when new FWs are released you just build another custom FW and restore to it. If your handy enough you can even build your own custom bundles to add more things to that FW.
But if all you want is a jailbreak then quickpwn is the way to go.
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I used quickpwn 2.1 for my ipod touch, using this same version will be OK for my iPhone when i get it in a few weeks right?
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Early systemic sclerosis (SSc): Analysis of the disease course in patients with marker autoantibody or capillaroscopic positivity or both. The data demonstrate faster progression of SSc in autoantibody-positive patients, particularly in those with preclinical internal organ involvement at baseline, than in autoantibody-negative patients. PubMed, Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken), 2014 Feb 10. (Also see Scleroderma Autoantibodies and Capillaroscopy)
Patients with Systemic Sclerosis (SSc) Present Increased DNA Damage Differentially Associated with DNA Repair Gene Polymorphisms. Polymorphic sites of the XRCC1 and XRCC4 DNA repair genes may differentially influence DNA damage and the development of autoantibodies. PubMed, J Rheumatol, 2014 Feb 1. (Also see Causes of Scleroderma: Genetics)
Reconciling Healthcare Professional and Patient Perspectives in the Development of Disease Activity and Response Criteria in Connective Tissue Disease-related Interstitial Lung Diseases (CTD-ILD). Efforts described here demonstrate unequivocally the value and influence of patient involvement on core set development. PubMed, J Rheumatol, 2014 Feb 1. (Also see Pulmonary Fibrosis and Connective Tissue Disease)
Disease progression in systemic sclerosis (SSc)-overlap syndrome is significantly different from limited (IcSSc) and diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis (dcSSc). SSc-overlap syndromes should be regarded as a separate SSc subset, distinct from lcSSc and dcSSc, due to a different progression of the disease, different proportional distribution of specific autoantibodies, and of different organ involvement. PubMed, Ann Rheum Dis, 2014 Jan 3. (Also see Systemic Scleroderma in Overlap)
Autoantibodies to angiotensin (AT1R) and endothelin (ETAR) receptors in systemic sclerosis (SSc) induce cellular and systemic events associated with disease pathogenesis. Anti-AT1R and anti-ETAR autoantibodies could provide novel targets for therapeutic intervention in the treatment of SSc. PubMed, Arthritis Res Ther, 2014 Jan 28;16(1):R29. (Also see Scleroderma Autoantibodies)
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BY Robert G. StanleyFormer PrincipalCambridge Systematics Inc.Washington, DC
Several years ago, the Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) endeavored to describe how the transit agency of the future might be organized and how it might function - to craft a new paradigm for public transportation service design and delivery. The project asked three questions:
Examples of ongoing fundamental changes in a host of other businesses and industries revealed consistent lessons for the transit agency of the future. In answering these questions, what emerged as was a clear, operational definition of "mobility management" as a potential new, overarching role and responsibility for public transportation agencies. A responsibility that would require fundamental changes in the organization and business practices of both transit agencies and allied organizations.
Rather than focusing on the use of a single agency's assets - such as vehicles, facilities, personnel, and funding streams - the concept of "mobility management" shifts the strategic mission and focus to ensuring the quality of the travel experience, regardless of whose assets are being used. These findings and conclusions that led to this notion have been documented in a series of TCRP reports, concluding with Report 97, Emerging New Paradigms: A Guide to Fundamental Change in Local Public Transportation Organizations.
In 2008, APTA embraced the concept of "mobility management" in its TransitVision 2050 document, noting that to meet critical national as well as local goals more effectively, and to better serve the needs of individual travelers, the industry must evolve to embrace this new concept and role. The APTA vision saw the evolution of transit agencies as they assume the role of "integrating the full range of mobility services."
Today this vision is coming into sharper focus. "Mobility management" is emerging as a critical, strategic public responsibility that transit agencies are beginning to embrace in a broad variety of ways, tailored to local settings and circumstances.
Through a joint effort, the Federal Transit Administration (FTA) and APTA are seeking to advance mobility management further as a core public responsibility in today's transportation arena. The project will provide a variety of resources, including descriptions of where breakthroughs are occurring and the practical steps being taken to shoulder the responsibility for managing mobility more effectively.
Collaboration and integration of assets, services, and resources at the service provider or operator level lie at the heart of efforts to better manage mobility. New collaborative arrangements among transit agencies, other service providers, health and human services agencies responsible for client transportation, and businesses and industries looking to improve employee travel options show great promise.
Even the most innovative efforts to partner among service providers who may have been ardent competitors in the past often remain frustrated and success in these collaborative effort can be limited by the actions - or inaction - of other agencies, organizations, and interests outside the provider/operator community. As a result, the FTA/APTA joint effort is reaching out to audiences and actors outside the transit provider community to explore their roles in better managing mobility.
A brief summary of 'outside' agencies, organizations and interests that can be central in the effort to better manage mobility is provided below. In virtually all cases, the effort to define and carry out a mobility management initiative should include outreach targeted to both elected policy makers and professionals, public and private, charged with carrying out these interrelated roles, responsibilities and policies.
Historically, we have assigned responsibility for various portions of the transportation network to different agencies at different levels of government, and often they act relatively independently, and sometimes in direct conflict. Managing mobility more effectively will require more aggressive outreach and collaboration on planning, policy, investment, and funding decisions affecting construction, maintenance, management, and related standards for streets and highways, parking, rail access, airport access, intermodal facilities, and pedestrian and other non-motorized infrastructure.
Emerging information technologies hold the promise of providing the traveling public the ability to navigate the entire transportation network to heighten the quality of the travel experience while taking advantage of the most useful characteristics of each component. Policies, procedures and investments by all the varied intermodal actors and agencies that may be in conflict or that frustrate travelers should be examined continuously and dialogue and resolution of potential conflicts sought as part of the responsibility to manage mobility more effectively.
Mobility needs result not only from the characteristics of individual trip origins and destinations, but also from broader development patterns dictated and guided by regulations that historically have been the domain of local, and in some cases state, governments. The roles of private developers acting under the authority of local governments, and the project-level requirements of construction finance and lending businesses also affect how well development decisions and patterns reinforce or conflict with transportation and other public infrastructure policies and investments.
Despite our better understanding of land use – transportation relationships, many areas continue to struggle to ensure that community development, land use, and transportation decisions are mutually beneficial and reinforcing. However, an ever-growing catalogue of new, effective policies, regulatory breakthroughs, and collaborative project management techniques is emerging. These can serve to enhance mobility and make more effective use of our transportation network while promoting development that enhances our communities sustainability and livability.
Outreach to and collaboration with the governments, agencies, organizations and businesses that guide economic development and land use is an essential part of any effort to better manage mobility.
The battle for public (and private) resources to support private sector investment and enhanced public services is increasingly competitive. Managing mobility more effectively will require that transit decision-makers understand the shifting conditions for use of limited resources and the procedures that guide the availability and flow of funds from both public and private sources.
Eligibility for and expanded flexibility in government funding programs has emerged at the Federal level but perhaps less so at the state level. Constraints remain in how funding sources can be integrated and combined, including flows of public funds across such broad program categories as health, housing, and transportation. As noted above, financial institutions often dictate transportation-related requirements, e.g., parking, as conditions for development and mortgage loans. Insurance companies restrict coverage for service providers, such as volunteer drivers who often represent a significant potential resource in better managing mobility. Each of these institutions and related agencies should be represented in the dialogue to better manage mobility.
Availability, standards, and costs in the provision of public infrastructure other than transportation affect land use patterns and, as a consequence, access and mobility. Yet public and private utilities maintain policies and procedures largely independent from transportation planning, policy-making and investment decisions.
The organizations responsible for policies, standards, and pricing for provision of water, sewer, gas, and electric services as well as telecom organizations should be engaged to pursue steps to that can reinforce access and mobility goals, realizing there may be extenuating public safety concerns to be considered..
Beyond management of water resources and waste water systems, policy, investment, and management of air and other natural resources in the public sector has an obvious direct impact on the provision of transportation infrastructure and services, most often through enforcement and oversight of overlapping local, state, and federal laws and regulations.
A sustainable future, including sustainable mobility, will depend on ensuring that mobility managers and their partners have a comprehensive understanding of how best to protect the environment, including approaches that can maintain the desired balance between environmental protection and enhanced mobility. The agencies, institutions, and interests that serve to protect the environment should remain participants in the dialogue on managing mobility.
There are also other arenas in which policy, law, and regulation might better reinforce the goals of mobility management and/or serve to reduce conflicts in the effort . Among the most important are pricing public services, taxation, and labor relations. Actors and agencies whose principle responsibilities lie in these areas should also be part of the mobility management dialogue.
Full value from the efforts of transportation service providers to manage mobility - transit agencies, health and human service providers (for-profit and non-profit), taxis, volunteer organizations - is not likely to be achieved without mutually reinforcing actions by a host of agencies, organizations and actors outside the traditional service provider/operator community.
As the role and responsibility for mobility management in a region becomes better defined, engagement and collaboration with all these types of outside agencies and organizations will be necessary to meet the new, expanded mission of "managing mobility," and to do so in a way that serves our desire for more sustainable and livable communities


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9 August 2012
Scientists have developed a new prostate cancer screening method which combines a new drug therapy and gradual changes in prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels to identify individuals who are more likely to have an aggressive form of the disease despite biopsies coming back negative.
According to the paper, published in the Journal of Urology, PSA can be a much more effective market for prostate cancer when a drug therapy is used in conjunction with it. Currently most physicians use it as a standalone test.
Lead investigator Dr Steven A Kaplan explained that the value of PSA is being "increasingly debated," and the research showed that when it is used in a specific way, PSA can be especially useful identifying males with prostate cancer than was previously undetected.
He said: "We have shown that using PSA with these drugs can help us differentiate prostate cancer from benign prostate disease in patients who are difficult to diagnose."
Posted by Edward Bartel
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4 Bedrooms Detached House - £879,500
Woking, Surrey
First listed on: 03rd February 2016
Nearest stations: Woking (1 mi)Worplesdon (1.4 mi)Brookwood (2.7 mi)Clandon (4.2 mi)West Byfleet (4.3 mi)
Interested in this property? Call See phone number 01483 773773
Property Features
- Price Guide
- Tenure: freehold
Property Description
No Onward Chain! A fabulous 4 bedroom detached house in a much sought-after location just 1.2 miles from Woking Town Centre and mainline train station. This lovely house offers light and airy accommodation comprising an open plan living room/dining room, superb fitted kitchen, utility room, a study
First Floor
Master Bedroom
Ensuite Bathroom
Luxury fitted bathroom with panel enclosed bath, low level wc, bidet and separate fully tiled walk-in shower with glass screen. Part tiled walls, tiled floor.
Bedroom 2
Bedroom 3
Bedroom 4
Family Bathroom
Fitted with a suite comprising panel enclosed bath with wall mounted shower, pedestal wash hand basin, wc. Fully tiled walls and floor.
Front Garden
Large driveway, with mature trees and hedging partly obscures the house from the road. There is parking for several vehicles. Steps lead up the covered entrance porch and there is a side door which leads to:
Rear Garden
Mainly laid to lawn with walled flower beds with a variety of mature shrubs. There is a patio area nearest the house. The garden is surrounded by close boarded fencing and a number of shrubs and trees providing a great deal of privacy and seclusion.
There are 2 detached garages.
Exit Woking on the A320 Guildford Road towards Guildford. At the Turnoak Roundabout take the 3rd exit into Wych Hill Lane. At the top of the road, take the 1st exit into Star Hill which leads into Wych Hill. Take the 1st left into Wych Hill Rise and the 2nd right into Fernhill Park. The property can be found right at the end on the right hand side.
Useful Statistics In Your Area
We have collected some useful information to help you learn more about your area and how it may affect it's value. This could be useful for those already living in the area, those considering a move or a purchase of a buy-to-let investment in the area.
Price Trends
Local Statistics
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Property Street View
Price History
Listed prices are those submitted to us and may not reflect the actual selling price of this property.
|History Details
|Property listed at £879,500
Disclaimer Property reference A51F8D170E0104_3996161. Details are provided and maintained by Waterfalls. Nethouseprices.com makes no warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of aforementioned details.
Disclaimer Property reference A51F8D170E0104_3996161. Details are provided and maintained by Waterfalls. Nethouseprices.com makes no warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of aforementioned details.


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United States District Court, E.D. California
February 24, 2014
JASON EDWARDS, Plaintiff,v.COMMISSIONER OF SOCIAL SECURITY, Defendant.
FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS GRANTING COUNSEL'S M OTION FOR ATTORNEY FEES PURSUANT TO 42 U.S.C. § 406(b)
JENNIFER L. THURSTON, Magistrate Judge.
Sengthiene Bosavanh ("Counsel"), attorney for Plaintiff Jason Edwards ("Plaintiff"), seeks an award of attorney fees pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 406(b). (Doc. 23.) Plaintiff has not opposed the motion. Defendant filed a response, asserting the Commissioner does not assent or object to Counsel's §406(b) fee request, but offered an analysis of the request in "a role resembling that of a trustee' for Plaintiff. (Doc. 27 at 2) (citing Gisbrecht v. Barnhart, 535 U.S. 789, 798, n.6 (2002)). For the following reasons, the Court recommends the motion for attorney fees be GRANTED.
I. Factual and Procedural History
Plaintiff and Counsel entered into a contingent fee agreement on September 3, 2011, which provided Plaintiff would pay twenty-five percent of any awarded past due benefits. (Doc. 23, Exh. 1.) On September 30, 2011, Plaintiff filed a complaint for review of the administrative decision denying his application for Social Security benefits. (Doc. 1.) The Court determined the ALJ's decision was not supported by substantial evidence in the record, and the matter was remanded for further proceedings. (Docs. 16, 18). Following the entry of judgment in favor of Plaintiff (Doc. 19), the parties filed a stipulation for fees to be awarded pursuant to the Equal Access to Justice Act. (Doc. 21.) Subject to the terms of the parties' stipulation, the Court awarded $5, 392.60 to Plaintiff. (Doc. 22.)
Upon remand, the Commissioner granted Plaintiff's application for benefits, and determined Plaintiff was entitled to receive $44, 843.12 in retroactive benefits. (Doc. 23-3 at 1.)
II. Attorney Fees under § 406(b)
An attorney may seek an award of attorney fees for representation of a Social Security claimant who is awarded benefits:
Whenever a court renders a judgment favorable to a claimant under [42 USC § 401, et seq ] who was represented before the court by an attorney, the court may determine and allow as part of its judgment a reasonable fee for such representation, not in excess of 25 percent of the total of the past-due benefits to which the claimant is entitled by reason of such judgment....
42 U.S.C. § 406(b)(1)(A); see also Gisbrecht v. Barnhart, 535 U.S. 789, 794 (2002) (Section 406(b) controls fees awarded for representation of Social Security claimants). A contingency fee agreement is unenforceable if it provides for fees exceeding twenty-five percent of past-due benefits. Id. at 807.
III. Discussion and Analysis
District courts "have been deferential to the terms of contingency fee contracts § 406(b) cases." Hern v. Barnhart, 262 F.Supp.2d 1033, 1037 (N.D. Cal. 2003). However, the Court must review contingent-fee arrangements "as an independent check, to assure that they yield reasonable results in particular cases." Gisbrecht, 535 U.S. at 807. In doing so, the Court should consider "the character of the representation and the results the representative achieved." Id. at 808. Further, the Court should consider whether the attorney performed in a substandard manner or engaged in dilatory conduct or excessive delays, and whether the fees are "excessively large in relation to the benefits received." Crawford v. Astrue, 586 F.3d 1142, 1149 (9th Cir. 2009) (en banc).
In this case, Plaintiff willingly entered into the contingent fee agreement in which he agreed to pay twenty-five percent of any awarded retroactive benefits. Counsel accepted the risk of loss in the representation and spent 39.1 hours on the case. (Doc. 23 at 3.) As a result of Counsel's work, she secured a remand of the matter for further consideration, which resulted in Plaintiff's application for benefits being granted. For this, Counsel requests a fee of $11, 210.78 under the fee contract, because Plaintiff expects to receive $44, 843.12 in retroactive benefits. (Doc. 23 at 3.) The Agency has approved an award of $6, 000 for work performed at the administrative level, which was taken from the 25% of Plaintiff's past due benefits withheld by the Agency. (Doc. 23-3 at 1.) Consequently, it appears only the total of $5, 210.78 is at issue, and only this amount is available by the Agency for fees. ( Id. )
Notably, although the Court awarded $5, 392.60 to Plaintiff under the Equal Access to Justice Act (Doc. 22), the amount was subject to liens for funds owed to Fresno County Departments of Child Services and Social Services. (Doc. 23-5 at 1.) Therefore, the amount paid to Plaintiff was reduced to $2, 752.53. (LaBarre Decl. ¶ 4, Doc. 27-1 at 2.) Because the Commissioner paid $2, 752.53 under the EAJA, the net cost to Plaintiff is $8, 458.25. Although Plaintiff served with the motion and informed a response may be filed (Doc. 23 at 2), Plaintiff did not file an opposition, and thereby indicates his belief that the fee request is reasonable.
IV. Findings and Recommendations
The fees sought by Counsel are reasonable and not in excess of the twenty-five percent maximum permitted under 42 U.S.C. §406(b). Further, there is no indication Counsel performed in a substandard manner or engaged in dilatory conduct.
Based upon the foregoing, IT IS HEREBY RECOMMENDED:
1. Counsel's motion for attorney fees pursuant to 24 U.S.C. §406(b) be GRANTED; and
2. The Commissioner be DIRECTED to pay the funds available totaling $5, 210.78 directly to Counsel; and
3. Counsel be DIRECTED to refund the amount of $2, 752.53 to Plaintiff.
These findings and recommendations are submitted to the United States District Judge assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(B) and Rule 304 of the Local Rules of Practice for the United States District Court, Eastern District of California. Within 14 days after being served with these findings and recommendations, any party may file written objections with the court. Such a document should be captioned "Objections to Magistrate Judge's Findings and Recommendations."
The parties are advised failure to file objections within the specified time may waive the right to appeal the District Court's order. Martinez v. Ylst, 951 F.2d 1153 (9th Cir. 1991).
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Washington, DC (February 10, 2009)- The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is developing The Municipal Handbook to help local officials implement green infrastructure in their communities. The handbook is presented as a series of documents (as separate chapters) that cover issues such as financing, operation and maintenance, incentives, designs, codes and ordinances, and a variety of other subjects. The handbook chapters are intended to serve as "how to" manuals on these topics, written primarily from the standpoint of municipal implementation.
EPA is producing the handbook in sections, with each new element being released as it is completed. To date, EPA has released chapters on funding options, retrofit policies, green streets, and rainwater harvesting policies. EPA expects to release two additional chapters in 2009, the first focusing on green infrastructure incentives and the second on codes and ordinances.
Funding Options
This chapter on funding options describes strategies and provides case study examples of how local governments are generating reliable funding for green infrastructure. In order to effectively manage and minimize stormwater runoff with green infrastructure, municipalities must establish sustainable funding sources to move beyond the pilot phase and create a comprehensive green infrastructure program. This document identifies and discusses the two most common funding options communities are using for green stormwater infrastructure- stormwater fees and loan programs. A third source of funding – grant programs- is also available in limited amounts to support green infrastructure projects.
Retrofit Policies
This chapter explores policies and incentives used by municipalities to facilitate green retrofits within their stormwater programs. This document also troubleshoots the institutional and regulatory challenges of incorporating green retrofits into municipal infrastructure, and provides some solutions and case studies.
Green Streets
This chapter evaluates programs and policies used to integrate green infrastructure into public spaces, roads and other transportation networks. The result is often an innovative system that includes a variety design elements such as street trees, permeable pavement, bioretention, and swales. The municipal case studies in this chapter highlight the benefits of greening transportation networks.
Rainwater Harvesting Policies
This chapter addresses harvesting principles, designs, example code requirements, and policies and incentives of implementing a municipal rainwater harvesting program. Rainwater harvesting can reduce stormwater runoff, conserve potable water, and provide environmental and economic benefits. Barriers to implementation are also addressed, and case studies from across the country demonstrate successful rainwater harvesting programs.
Related Resources:
Municipal Funding Options
Municipal Retrofit Policies
Municipal Green Streets
Municipal Rainwater Harvesting


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Jay AkridgeGlenn W. Sample Dean of Agriculture
These are exciting times to be a part of the agricultural, food, life, and natural resource sciences and the Purdue College of Agriculture! Recently ranked number 5 in the world by QS World University Rankings, our College's learning, discovery, and engagement programs focus on some of the most pressing issues facing our world: food security and food safety, human and animal health, environmental and natural resource management, the bioeconomy, and agricultural competitiveness.
In 11 academic departments, Purdue Agriculture students study economics and business, agricultural education and communication, plant and animal sciences, biochemistry, entomology, food science, agricultural and biological engineering, landscape architecture, and forestry, wildlife, and aquatic sciences. Our graduates take leadership positions in a wide variety of industries, pursue dynamic research and academic careers, and work in public service in the US and internationally.
Through Purdue Extension, we serve the people of Indiana through 92 county offices. However, our work extends beyond the boundaries of our state to every corner of the world. The issues we tackle are global. The world our students are moving into is ever more connected. The depth and breadth of our College's international portfolio and impact is exciting, with activities in more than 60 countries.
Our strategic plan is entitled People, Purpose, Impact. The people of Purdue Agriculture – talented faculty, dedicated staff, and motivated students – working with our partners across campus, at other universities, with industry, and in government, make great things happen every day. As Boilermakers we have a motto: What we make moves the world forward. Nowhere is that more true than in the Purdue College of Agriculture. Come join us and help us move the world forward!
Dean Jay T. Akridge is the Glenn W. Sample Dean of Agriculture. He received his master's degree and doctorate in agricultural economics from Purdue University, and his bachelor's degree — a double major in agriculture and business administration —from Murray State University in Murray, KY. Prior to being named Dean in 2009, he was the James and Lois Ackerman Professor of Agricultural Economics and served as director of the Center for Food and Agricultural Business and the MS-MBA in food and agribusiness management. He served as interim vice provost for engagement at Purdue in 2007–08. An award-winning teacher, his research has examined the buying behavior of commercial agricultural producers, innovations in marketing strategies by agribusiness firms, and adoption of new technology by agribusiness.
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As the wind roared toward the Everglades, flagsticks shook, palm trees bent and Eric Booker collapsed. Vijay Singh, however, refused to buckle.
It wasn't exactly a breeze, but Singh overcame the weather, overtook Booker and won the Honda Classic in Coral Springs, Fla., by two strokes yesterday.
Helped by an early eagle, Singh shot a final-round 69, tying for the low score of the day. Booker held a four-stroke lead with 10 holes to go but had a 42 on the back nine, including two double bogeys, to finish three shots back.
Inkster's 65 Wins It
For most of the final round of the Welch's-Circle K Championship in tucson, Ariz., Juli Inkster was chasing the leaders. Then she eagled the 13th hole, and everybody started chasing her.
She punctuated her 7-under-par 65 round by sinking the last of her five birdies on No. 16, enough to beat the 1995 champion Dottie Pepper by one stroke with a final score of 15-under 273.
If you were going to ask me on the first tee today if I would take a 67 or 68, I probably would have taken it, said Inkster, who started four shots off the pace of the third-round leader, Dale Eggeling. But once I got going and saw that I had a chance to win, it was great.
McCord Ends Very Long Drought
The CBS golf analyst Gary McCord won his first major golf tournament in more than 375 starts, beating John Jacobs at the end of a five-hole playoff in the $1.2 million Toshiba Seniors in Newport Beach, Calif.
I haven't won since Nixon was president, said McCord, whose $180,00 payoff was the largest of his career.
Jacobs's 40-foot birdie attempt on the final playoff hole just slid by the right side of the cup. McCord followed by making a short birdie putt for the victory.Continue reading the main story


text: What on earth is "Primitivism"? It's a reformist idea in religion that buys into the idea that the early church is the pure church and that we have to get rid of all the clutter and corruption that has accumulated in the church over the centuries. I've written a long article about the problem within Protestantism [Read More…]


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Business Management and Sport MSc
Reasons to study Business Management in Sport at De Montfort University:
The Business Management in Sport MSc is a programme that will explore the evolving and multi-faceted area of management in sport through core modules from business and bespoke sport modules.
This programme focuses on governance structures, ethical considerations, major competitions, sports marketing and sport's political, social, economic, and cultural contexts.
You will develop knowledge of business management and sport on local, national, international and global levels to prepare for a career in the sector. You may choose to pursue a career within governing bodies, federations, clubs, sponsors, marketing organisations, the media, local and central government or legacy and heritage organisations.
There are also ways for you to tailor your university experience to your interests. You will have opportunities to get involved with a #DMUglobal experience and choose a language study option.
If you are interested in this programme but are unsure of your eligibility to apply, please send your CV/resume or profile to firstname.lastname@example.com for review.
- Valuable industry links in the UK and overseas, including established DMU relationships with: Leicester City Football Club, Leicester Tigers Rugby Football Club, and Leicestershire County Cricket Club
- Option to pursue an in-company project, social internship, live practice project or entrepreneurship project
- Personal leadership mentoring and career coaching
- World-leading academics from the faculties of business and art, design and technology
- Access to business research that is cited as world leading and internationally excellent by the independent and peer assessed Research Excellence Framework (REF 2014)
- Unique learning environment headquartered in the Great Hall of Leicester Castle
- Regular presentations by leading business figures
- Networking and peer support as a result of being part of a small, exceptionally talented tutor group
- Modules that have been developed in partnership with business, with the objective of providing students with key skills needed to lead and succeed in today's global business environment
- Access to the postgraduate wing of the £35million Hugh Aston Building which has its own café and store
- Access to a high tech 24/7 high-tech library with a choice of learning environments. This in addition to new amenities such as the QEII Diamond Jubilee Leisure Centre
- Mentoring and one-to-one academic support from leading academics, at the forefront of their fields
- Excellent contact hours of 15 or more hours per week
- Emphasis on the development of business-relevant cultural awareness, including optional language study
Remember to mention TARGETjobs when contacting employers!


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May 19, 2016
How labeling legislation could change food waste
While the Food Date Labeling Act as written only applies to consumer food products, it could have a trickle-down effect on other areas of the food industry.
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Far more managers will qualify for time-and-a-half pay unless their salaries are raised or their hours are cut.
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Tulane feeds students' desire for ethnic cuisine
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Smoking Gun Potato with Smoked Beef Brisket
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NACUFS honors schools for successful dining ideas
UC-Berkeley, Yale and Vanderbilt were among the winners named at the association's 2016 Loyal E. Horton awards.
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Officials say local restaurateurs are not happy with student dollars staying on campus.
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Homemade Mac and Cheese
In FSD's May issue, we profiled Country Barbecue Co., a self-branded dining concept at Oklahoma State University in Stillwater that smokes brisket, pork, chicken, sausage and turkey on-site. Velveeta and mild cheddar cheeses give this side a gooey texture.
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In FSD's May issue, we profiled Country Barbecue Co., a self-branded dining concept at Oklahoma State University in Stillwater that smokes brisket, pork, chicken, sausage and turkey on-site. The Gobbler features house-smoked pulled turkey, avocado and veggies in a whole-wheat wrap.
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In my opinion, the top three UK soaps – EastEnders, Coronation Street and Emmerdale – have really upped their game this year.
Many of the year's storylines have caused controversy and even sparked outrage. For me, EastEnders has had the best plotlines this year; for instance, the Whitney-Tony storyline and Danielle's death.
Then of course we've had god botherer Lucas turning murderous and dear old Jim coming home. We've seen Max Branning's rise and fall – again – and Archie's constant evil meddling will of course culminate in his death on Christmas Day, but what a brilliant soapy ride his story has been!
Then there was the fantastic portrayal of Stacey Slater's bi-polar disorder which has definitely been my favourite soap storyline of the year. Lacey Turner's portrayal of the troubled girl has been awe inspiring.
In Corrie – which would get second place award for me – we've seen Emily fall in love and lose her love when Ramsay died. We've seen Peter Barlow fall from boozy grace then stumble his way back to good-dadhood. And of course, there's been Molly and Kevin's affair which has had the nation gripped. But arguably the biggest Street storyline has been Tony Gordon's murderous spree and final confession.
We've also seen Steve and Becky finally get married and Gail going into yet another doomed relationship.
Over in the Dales we've witnessed Andy going loopy then slowly getting back to some normality while Chas's relationship with Aaron and Paddy fell apart and Nicola gave birth. And surprisingly, the child didn't have horns or cloven feet.
The scenes in which the departed Lexi held Angelica hostage on the roof of the hospital were tense, nervous headache ones, and though they most definitely had some great moments, even those dramatic scenes didn't really pack a huge punch for me.
My favourite Emmerdale storyline this year has to be the return of Charity. She's a brilliant character and it's been great to see Charity and Cain's old spark reignited!
And talking of igniting things, we've seen bunny-boiler Sally infiltrating the haven that was the Thomas's marriage and trying to kill Laurel so she can get her hands on Ashley, which frankly, is a mental image I could've done without…
So which soap has been your favourite this year in terms of keeping you glued to your seat with the storylines? Cast your vote below!


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Email this article from PlasticsNews.com
Injection molder Majors Plastics expands employee stock plan
OMAHA, NEB. (Jan. 8, 5:25 p.m. ET) — Injection molder and contract manufacturer Majors Plastics Inc. is now employee owned. Through a recent expansion of Majors' Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP), the company's 500 employees now own 100 percent of the company.
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CSA Travel Protection
Consumer Complaints and Reviews
We used CSA for trip cancellation insurance for a 2 week rental in Emerald Isle North Carolina. This costs us over $200.00. Then we found out recently that our 13 year old dog has cancer and it has spread to her lungs. We are giving her daily chemotherapy at home and she is very fragile. We cannot in good conscience leave her to take a beach holiday. We called CSA and explained this to them and sent them all the appropriate documentation. They quickly denied the claim and when I asked for an appeal was told they don't "really have an appeal process" but would "kick it upstairs and review the situation."
A few days later (very quick review I guess) we received a letter denying us any of our claim. I know this is a dog but she is our family and we wasted all that money for nothing. Read other review sites to see similar complaints and many much more serious than ours. Do not waste your money for a company that will do just about anything to deny your claim.
Expert Review
Matthew BrodskyInsurance Contributing Editor
Matthew Brodsky is an established expert on insurance, having written hundreds of articles and other pieces of content on the subject, interviewed countless practitioners, and attended dozens of conferences and events. He served as an editor at industry magazine Risk & Insurance for six years.
More about Matthew→
With more than 20 years of experience providing travel and vacation protection products, CSA Travel Protection has developed a reputation for affordable and comprehensive insurance plans.
- Money back guarantee: With CSA, you can buy a plan and try it out for 10 days. If you don't like the coverage, cancel for a full refund.
- Comprehensive health coverage: CSA offers a "No Out-of-Pocket" medical plan.
- Pet relocation services: For those planning extended trips, bringing along furry children can mean the difference between carefree fun and homesickness.
- 24/7 emergency assistance: With a worldwide hotline dedicated to CSA policyholders, when you need emergency assistance, it's only a phone call away.
- Identity theft protection: Identity theft is one of the world's fastest growing crimes, so protection and resolution assistance can help you relax during your travels.
- Best for Party animals, workaholics, adventurers and family trippers.
Compare Travel Insurance
CSA Travel Protection Company Profile
- Company Name:
- CSA Travel Protection
- Address:
- CSA Travel Protection P.O. Box 939057
- City:
- San Diego
- State/Province:
- Postal Code:
- 92193-9057
- Country:
- United States
- Website:
- https://www.csatravelprotection.com/


text: Don't do it. I put it on and now I can't get the top part of it off my phone. I'm going back to the Apple store so they can break ti off or something. Then I'll take my Invisible Shield off the back. Oh - they HAVE to give me a new one too.


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I had a great time at this hotel. Great value for the price. The staff was very friendly and courteous throughout our stay. I will gladly stay at this hotel in the future. I would recommend it to a friend as well.
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- Our extended stay hotel in Glastonbury, CT offers the comfort of home and close proximity to downtown Hartford and greater Hartford area. We offer free WiFi and hot free breakfast every morning. Our pet friendly hotel is ideal for leisure or business. ... more less
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Hilton Hotels, Booking.com, Odigeo, Travelocity, Orbitz, Hotels.com and Priceline so you can book your Homewood Suites by Hilton Hartford South-Glastonbury reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- Homewood Suites Hartford South-Glastonbury Hotel Glastonbury
- Homewood Suites Glastonbury
- Homewood Glastonbury
- Glastonbury Homewood Suites


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It's important to remember that each blade type is designed to make certain types of cuts for a reason. They are engineered specifically for that particular cut and may not work well to make other kinds of cuts in other types of material. For instance, a crosscutting blade shouldn't be used to make rip cuts. It can be unsafe to use the incorrect blade for certain tasks, as the blade teeth and thickness may not be sufficient to cut certain materials and could cause problems during the cut. Always use the appropriate blade for each type of material.
Woodworking Circular Saw Blades
Woodworking saw blades are round circular saw blades that are designed to cut various types of wood, including lumber, plywood, softwood, hardwood, panels and laminates. They can be used in various applications, depending on the type of wood you are cutting and the kind of task you are performing. Blades come in a variety of sizes and can be made of various materials to accommodate different uses.
Types of Woodworking Circular Saw Blades
Plywood Blades
For cutting plywood. The blade has numerous fine teeth for a better, cleaner cut.
Ripping Blade
For cutting parallel to the wood grain. This blade has fewer teeth and a large gullet.
Crosscutting Blade
For cutting across the wood grain. This blade has more teeth and a small gullet for smoother cuts.
Combination Blade (All-Purpose Blade)
For cutting across or parallel to the wood grain. Great for all-purpose wood cutting. If you need a blade for general use, this is the best blade for you as it can be used for a majority of woodworking applications.
Fine-Tooth Finish Blade
For making extra smooth cuts.
Hollow Ground Blade
For making smooth cuts across the wood grain.
Dado Blade
For making grooves, dadoes and rabbet cuts in lumber.
Thin Kerf Blade
For cutting dimensional lumber.
Finish/Paneling Blade
For cutting paneling, veneer, plywood, laminates and plastics
Top Picks
General Purpose
The DEWALT® 10" x 40 Tooth General Purpose Woodworking Saw Blade is quality made and carefully designed to take on a variety of woodworking applications. It features large, precision-ground C4 micro-grain carbide teeth with fine-grit diamond wheels so each tooth plane the wood for an exceptionally smooth finish. Works with circular saws.
Framing Saw Blade
Try the Freud Diablo 7-1/4" x 24 Tooth ATB Carbide Framing Saw Blade with Diamond Knockout Arbor for a blade that's tough enough to take on heavy duty construction and remodeling projects. Equipped with a thin kerf and PermaShield coating to prolong blade life, its laser-cut stabilizer vents reduce noise, vibration and heat build-up, allowing for more precise cuts. Works with portable and low-powered circular saws.
Finishing Saw Blade
Count on Freud's 7-1/4" x 40 Tooth ATB Finishing Saw Blade with Diamond Knockout and PermaShield Coating for lasting performance on construction and remodeling projects. This advanced laser-cut blade has a thin kerf, making it an ideal pick for portable and low powered saws. In addtions, the PermaShield Coating helps prevent gumming and corrosion, prolonging blade life and enhancing performance. Works with portable and low-powered circular saws.
General Purpose Blade
Opt for the Bosch 12" x 60 TIP General Purpose Woodworking Blade for a quality, all-purpose blade. Designed to produce clean cuts in a variety of operations, it's ideal for ripping or crosscutting soft and hard woods, along with wood products. Works with circular saws.
Chipboard/OSB Woodworking Blade
Bosch's 10" x 80 TPI Chipboard/OSB Woodworking Blade is designed to last. It's capable of fast sizing of chipboard/OSB sheets and stacked sheets. It's also useful for cutting laminates, plastics, PVC, acrylics, polyurethane and similar synthetics. Works with circular saws.
How thick a blade is. The thicker the blade is, the longer it lasts and the more it can be resharpened. Blades with a thin kerf tend to be sharper and cut faster. Thinner kerf blades require less work from your motor since they cut less wood. If your saw doesn't pack a large amount of power, thinner kerf blades are the best choice. However, thin kerf blades tend to cut rougher edges than thicker kerf blades.
The sharp points on the blade. The more teeth a blade has, the cleaner the cut. Fewer teeth make for a rougher cut. The number of teeth depends on the blade. Some blades have only 24 teeth while others can contain up to 60 to 80 teeth.
- Flat Top: Used in ripping hard and soft woods
- Alternate Top Bevel: The teeth alternate between a right-handed and left-handed bevel. Perfect for smooth cuts during crosscutting of natural woods and veneered plywood
- Combination Tooth: Perfect for both crosscutting and ripping
- Triple Chip Grind: Cuts laminates, plastics, MDF and non-ferrous metal
- High Alternate Top Bevel: Used for extra-fine crosscutting
There are five types of teeth:
The curved area between two saw teeth. Serves as an area for chip removal while you are cutting. Ripping blades tend to have deeper gullets to accommodate the bigger chips that are produced while cutting. Crosscutting blades have a smaller gullet because they produce smaller and fewer chips.
Expansion Slot:
A grooved area of the blade (typically on larger blades) designed to create an avenue for built-up heat on the blade.
The part of the blade behind the teeth that provides added support to the teeth.
Hook Tooth/Rake:
Angle of the saw tooth in relation to the center of the blade. Blades can have a negative, positive or zero degree hook angle:
Negative Hook Angle:
Saw teeth tip away from the direction of the blade rotation. Blades with a negative hook angle slow the feed rate during the cut
Positive Hook Angle:
Saw teeth tip toward the direction of the blade rotation. Blades with a high positive hook angle cut aggressively and have a fast feed rate.
Zero Degree Hook Angle:
Saw teeth are in line with the center of the blade
Horizontal cut made in lumber.
Rip Cut:
A cut that is parallel to the wood grain.
Before You Buy
There are several things to consider before buying a woodworking circular saw blade. Always consider the diameter needed, the kerf, and the arbor size. The type of wood is also important (see the types of blades list above). Also think about if you want any sort of coating on your blade. Many blades are coated to prevent corrosion and wear while maximizing blade performance.
Are coated blades worth the extra money?
It depends. Do you care about what the wood looks like after cutting it? Many times, blades can leave burn marks if they are too hot and overheat while they are used to cut. If you want to avoid burn marks or you are concerned with the appearance of the wood, spend the extra money on a coated blade. The coating helps reduce friction and heat, which means the blade is less likely to leave burn marks on the wood. If not, stick with a regular blade without coating.
What kind of saw blade should I use?
It depends on the application. If you are making rough cuts, opt for a ripping blade. If you want a more precise, finer cut, go for a crosscutting blade. If you need a blade for various cutting applications, go for a combination blade. Also, there are blades designed for cutting certain types of wood, like plywood (plywood blade), lumber (dado blade), dimensional lumber (thin kerf blade).
I have more questions!
We'd love to help. Give us a call at 866-597-3850 (Monday - Friday, 8am to 5pm CDT). Or email us at email@example.com.