text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Apr 22, 1975
|Filing date
|Apr 28, 1959
|Priority date
|Apr 28, 1959
|Publication number
|Simpson Murray
|Original Assignee
|Maxson Electronics Corp
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (18), Classifications (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
United States Patent Simpson ll ll 3,879,732
[ Apr. 22, 1975 M U LTl-DlRECTlONAL BARRAGE JAMMING SYSTEM Primary Examiner-Malcolm F. Hubler Assistant E.\uminer-G. E. Montone Attorney. Agenl. 0r Firm-Nolte and Nolte EXEMPLARY CLAIM l. A jammer for radars or the like operating in a given frequency band. comprising an antenna system having an elongated radiation aperture and means for producing a multiplicity of simultaneous directional radiation beams. said means including a multiplicity of feed lines each connected so as to produce one of said beams. a plurality of fixed-tuned radio receivers each connected to one of said feed lines and having a radio frequency bandwidth sufficient to encompass said given frequency band. a transmitter for producing jamming waves having components extending throughout said given frequency band. a switching means connecting said transmitter to each feed line and responsive to the receiver connected to the same feed line. for causing said antenna system to radiate jamming waves in every direction from which signals of a predetermined amplitude are received.
8 Claims, 10 Drawing Figures JAMMING MODE l I F no CON-YROL RCVR MULTIDIRECTIONAL ANTENNA 1 20A zon 2| CRYSTAL 21A 1 2m GATE VIDEO GATE RCZVR GATE RCNVR RCVR 2o SWITCHING UNlT [MODULATOR 5Q MODULATOR 2 SIDELOBE. 64 2 sueenesson 1 SWITCH 22 F I 3 3s "1 B 3| I as CAHCINOTRON I zsl 38A A I 32 MODE A. men emu DIRECTIONAL almanac MODULATOR P s CARCINOTRON 2 2 MODE 3. MULTIDIRECTIONAL noncousnenr amuse. t 5 I l E 380 60 as. CARCINOTRON o o PMENIEDA ZE H 3.878. T 32 swear? ANTENNA ELEMENT n V MISSION LINES 20 E7 V n I l C) (I I 2 qg ANTENNA FED LINES T0 REC- T Jr EIVERS AND L WWW TRANSMITTER p Ma L W W W vvv s RE$|$TlVE LOADS Fl 3 TO ANTENNA BRANCH LINE 40] 4|\ 42} IMU 1w |5ow aw 8-IOKMC 2 NT 3 Low LEvEL HIGH LEVEL PONER SUPPLY 43 POWER SUPPLY /45 SWITCHING /44 UNIT INVENTOR MURRY SIMPSON ATTORNEYS PATENIED Z B LOG RECEIVER CHANNEL sz-Izmanr'l FIG. 4
S' VIDEO ouT OMNI CHANNEL BLANKING PULSE To R.F. SWITCHES BEAM DIFFERENCE SCHMITT AMPLIFIER TRIGGER BUFFER FROM RECEIVER FIG. 5
SWITCHING CONTROL --2I 7O STA RT 5 MSEC. MODULATOR INVENTOR MURRY SIMPSON ATTORN EYS PiJEmiunrnezms 3. 879.732
sum u or 7 CROSSOVER OR ROTATING OR NULL POSITION NUTATING FEED \NORMAL RADAR ERROR REFLECTOR ANTENNA BEAM SIGNALS POSITIONING SERVOS IA) TRACKING RADAR ANTENNA. (BI TRACKING RADAR ANTENNA BEAM CONFIGURATION ICITARGET PULSES RECEIVED BY RADAR RECEIVER (DI DEMODULATED ERROR SIGNAL APPLIED TO RADAR ANTENNA SERVOS F'G. 6 TRACKING RADAR ANGULAR SIGNALS INVENTOR MURRAY SIMPSON AT TORNEYS RADAR MAIN BANG RADAR TRACKING GATE I I TRUE TARGET PULSE SPURIOUS TARGET l i TI TI I II I TIME ON RANGE IA) NORMAL TRACKING RADAR WITH TRACKING GATE ON TARGET.
FIG. 7 GATE SNATCHING OF TRACKING RADAR INVENTOR MURRAY SIMPSON BY M ATTORNEYS Pmmfiumzzms 3. 879 T 32 saw 5 a5 1 (AJNOISE JAMMING OF RADAR PPI INDICATOR IN MODE A "HIGH GAIN MULTIDIRECTIONAL BARRAGE" JAMMING.
RADAR PPI INDICATOR PRESENTATIONS FIG. 8 UNDER MODE A AND MODE D JAMMING INVENTOR MURRAY SIMPSON ATTORNEYS PATENTEB ZEIB 1. 879 732 smug? BEAM POSITIONS 0 o ACTIVE PASSIVE ON-OFF F'G. 9 'NDlCATOR USED WITH MULTlDlRECTIONAL BARRAGE JAMMING SYSTEM INVENTOR MURRAY SIMPSON ATTORNEYS MULTI-DIRECTIONAL BARRAGE JAMMING SYSTEM The present invention relates to a radar jamming system.
The system according to the invention is designed to provide continuous. noise modulated. jamming signals in the microwave region of 1.000 40.000 megacycles. over frequency bands of 1.000 megacycles or more. for the purpose of interfering with radar operation. The particular embodiment of the invention herein disclosed in designed to have the following capabilities:
I. Continuous frequency coverage in the microwave region. over a minimum band of frequency of 1.000 megacycles.
2. Freedom from tuning of receiver or transmitter elements in the jammer.
3. High antenna gain for transmission and reception of jamming signals.
4. Ability of defeating multiple target. passive detection which makes use of noise correlation techniques.
5. Instantaneous response (dependent on R-F switch speed) to radar signals from any direction and within the overall frequency band of the system.
6. Flexibility of transmitter can use any wideband noise source. such as a frequency swept Carcinotron or traveling wave tube. This equipment is designed to operate either as an airborne. groundbase or shipboard jamming system and to render ineffective operation of radars which are equipped with the latest counter-countermeasures improvements. These improvements may include rapid frequency tunability. as much as on a pulse-to-pulse basis; passive detection capability wherein a radar can obtain a fix on a jammer by the use of several passive directional receivers and correlation techniques to identify a particular jamming source from others that may be in the area; and various countercountermeasures circuit improvements in the radar which result in the requirement to increase the jamming-to-signal ratio as much as db. The present system responds instantaneously to a radar signal and provides continuous jamming of the frequency band of the radar so that no range data can be obtained by the radar.
The invention will be fully understood from the following description and the accompanying drawing. in which:
FIG. I is a block diagram of a multi-directional barrage jamming system;
FIG. 2a is a schematic diagram of a muIti-directional antenna;
FIG. 2b shows a radiation pattern of the antenna of FIG. 20;
FIG. 3 is a diagram of a white noise, broadband traveling wave tube transmitting system;
FIG. 4 is a diagram of a side-lobe cancellation system.
FIG. 5 is a block diagram ofa suitable switching unit;
FIG. 6 illlustrates the tracking radar angular signals;
FIG. 7 illustrates the gate switching oftracking radar;
FIG. 8 is an indicator comparison of Mode a and Mode D;
FIG. 9 is a drawing of the directional information display means. The basic problem of a continuous wave, noise modulated jammer is to provide a sufficient numher of watts per megacycle within the target radar bandwidth. This may be done either by increasing the amount oftransmitter power or by making use of additional directivity in the antenna. which has the effect of producing a greater concentration of power in the specific direction of the jammer. It is difficult to increase the power of the transmitter due to limitations in the power capabilities of microwave transmitting tubes. The existing oscillator and amplifier tubes are able to produce in the order of I00 to 200 watts CW in the range 1.000 to l 1.000 megacycles. with the lower level of power at the high end of the band. If this amount of power were to be distributed uniformly over a frequency band of 1.000 megacycles. the power density would be in the order of 0.l to 0.2 watt per megacycle. This is far below the minimum requirements for satis factory jamming.
The method employed according to the invention is to make use of the directivity of an antenna beam in order to increase the effective power at the jammer. The use of directive antennas for the purpose of jamming has been limited due to the necessity for extremely wide angle of coverage for the jammer. This is so since the radars to be jammed may exist in any azimuth direction over a total angle of 360. with relation to the aircraft carrying thejammer. Moreover. it is necessary to provide capability in the jammer to operate against a number of radars simultaneously. since jamming only one when there may be others which can provide sufficient data to the enemy for the purpose of search. acquisition and track. would be of little value. It would obviously be impractical to install a number of relatively large directional antennas in the aircraft in order to provide directivity against a number ofground and airborne radar targets. For this reason. most jammers have employed relatively omnidirectional. broad beam antennas, with the result that little or no gain was provided to enhance the available power of the jamming transmitter.
The proposed jamming system makes use of a novel Multi-Directional Antenna invented by Judd Blass and disclosed in application Ser. No. 798.078 filed Mar. 9. 195). now abandoned. This antenna is capable of pro viding a multiplicity of beams from a single aperture. each of which is fed from a separate source. The principal feature of an antenna of this type is that a common aperture can be used to provide this multiplicity of beams over a large angle. as wide as Moreover, the gain of each antenna can be as high as the overall size of the aperture. The antenna system shown in FIGS. 2a and 21) includes an antenna array I0 comprising radiating antenna elements 11 connected to transmission lines I2. Radiating elements 11 may be dipoles. waveguide slots, horns or any other type of radiating ele ments, and the transmission lines may be coaxial lines. waveguides or other suitable conductors. The antenna transmission lines 12 are connected to another group of lines 14 called antenna feed lines. Both the antenna transmission lines 12 and the feed lines [4 are terminated in resistors or non-reflecting energy absorbing terminations 16. The resistive loads 16 may be considered as having their remote ends grounded. Each antenna feed line [4 is connected to selected transmission lines l2 through directional couplers IS. The number of feed lines is equal to the number of desired directional beams. The amount of coupling that is provided at each junction point of an antenna transmission line l2 and an antenna feed line 14 is determined by the direction of the beam desired for that particular feed line. The feed lines [4 maybe connected to a plurality of re ceiver inputs or transmitter outputs of the same carrier frequency. The several feed lines 14 may cross the antenna lines 12 at different angles in order to provide different amounts of phase delay between successive junction points and thereby produce selected different beam directions. which may have a wide angular range. for example. 90.
An antenna beam can be pointed in the 6,, direction (see FIG. 2b) by coupling a series feed line M to the antenna array so that the phase difference between radiating elements 11 results in maximum radiation in the 6., direction. Similarly. a beam can be caused to ra diate in the 6,. direction if a series feed line 14 with suitable phase variation between elements is connected to the antenna H).
The system will now be described with particular ref erence to FIG. I. A multi-directional antenna of the type described above is employed as a transmitting and receiving antenna. Each terminal of the antenna feed line is connected to a respective crystal video receiver 20. A. ZIIN. The R-F bandwidth of this receiver is sufficient to cover the total operating frequency of the jammer. Any signal which is received by the specific beam corresponding to this line. and which is above the threshold level of the crystal video receiver 20. will produce an output in the receiver. A microwave switch 22-22N is energized by gate circuits 2l2lN connected to respective receivers 20-20N to open immediately upon receipt of an acceptable signal in the corresponding crystal video receiver. This switch permits transmitted energy to pass into the particular antenna feed line and corresponding antenna beam. in the manner described below.
At the same time. an energizing signal from the receiver is passed into a switching unit 24. The output of the switching unit 24 is connected to a modulator 26. The modulator 26 is immediately switched on and applies power to the transmitter 30. The transmitter output is connected through branch lines 31, 32. 33 to the main R-F transmitter feed line 34 which is tied to each of the beams of the multidirectional antenna 10. It has previously been indicated that the switch 22-22N corresponding to the direction from which the radar signal is received. was energized. opening that particular beam line. The transmitter output will. therefore, be fed to that particular beam through the switch which was energized. This will provide transmitter power which is radiated in the direction from which the radar signal is received. The beamwidth will correspond to the maximum gain which can be provided by the total aperture of the mutli-directional antenna 10. There is. therefore. the considerable advantage of gain and directivity by the use of this system. lf, as is likely. radar signals are received from several different sources within the total coverage of the multi-directional an tenna. switches 22-22N in each of the beams corresponding to the direction ofthe sources. will be opened and the transmitter power will be distributed to each of these specific directions. The total transmitter power will. therefore. be radiated in only the specific directions corresponding to the radar sources. lfonly a radar in one direction exists. the full gain of the antenna will be available. If more than one radar in different directions is in operation within the total bandwidth of the system. the total transmitter power will be distributed among the specific radar sources.
The transmitter 30, shown in FIG. I, is composed preferably of Carcinotron oscillator tubes 36-36Q. Each of these tubes is modulated by a noise source 38-380 which has frequency components in the band of 50 KC to 5 MC. Modulation is applied to the sole" electrode of the Carcinotron where very little power is required. In the diagram 21 total ofQ Carcinotrons are shown in the transmitter 30. Each Carcinotron is modulated over a portion of the total jamming bandwidth. As an example. if a total jamming bandwidth of 1,000 megacycles is desired. each Carcinotron may be modulated on its sole electrode over a band of 200 megacycles, resulting in a need for a total of five Carcinotron tubes to make up the entire transmitter section. It should be pointed out. however, that it is not absolutely necessary to use a number of Carcinotrons. One C'arcinotron may be employed and modulated over the total bandwidth of the jammer. In this case. of course. the transmitter wattage per megacycle will be reduced to the total transmitter power divided by the overall bandwidth.
The type of modulation used in the Carcinotron is frequency modulation. This has been proven to be effective against typical radar systems. provided that the deviation in the FM of the Carcinotron is at least three times wider than the radar bandwidth. :1 condition which is easily satisfied in the proposed jamming system.
There is considerable flexibility in the proposed system for the specific transmitter that is employed. As was indicated above. it is possible to use either one or more Carcinotron oscillator tubes 36 as transmitting devices. Moreover it is possible to replace the (amino tron by wideband traveling wave tube transmitting devices. A typical system of this type is shown in H6. 3. Herein a series of traveling wave tube amplifiers 40. 41, 42 culminate in a high power tube capable of operation over the complete jamming bandwidth. The initial signal used is best provided by a white noise source which. in this case. would be ideal for the purpose of jamming. This noise source could actually be the natural noise of the low level traveling wave tube amplifier 40. It can be seen that a transmitter of this type is extremely straightforward. lt requires essentially low and high level power supplies 43 and 45 and a switching unit 44, corresponding to unit 24 of FIG. 1 for controlling the power supplies.
MODES OF OPERATION Mode A High Gain Directional Barrage In this mode of operation. which is primarily useful against tracking type radars. the jamming signal is applied only in the direction in which the radar is located. All other directions in the antenna are inactivated by the RF switches 22-22N located in the respective antenna feed lines. Therefore, the full gain of the antenna is available for jamming a particular radar. lf several radars are operating simultaneously then the switches 22-22N corresponding to the directions of those radars are opened and high gain transmission will be applied again only in the directions in which the radars are ac tually in operation. The principal objective in this mode of operation is to obtain the greatest amount of jamming intensity in watts per megacycle against a high gain tracking type radar. The crystal video receiver -20N will. therefore, in this mode open up the switch 22-22N corresponding to its beam position when an acceptable radar signal is received which is above the threshold level. At the same time. the modulator 26 is turned on through the switching unit 2.4 and barrage transmitter power will be applied through the open switch positions against the specific radars being jammed.
A look-thru system is employed in order to determine the continued presence of the radar signals while jamming is taking place. The requirements for this lookthru are relatively small, since no transmitter tuning or receiver tuning is necessary. Were it not for the fact that sufficient isolation cannot be provided between the receiver and transmitter in order to provide necessary receiver sensitivity, the look-thru would not be necessary. However, this is not the case. As an example, it is likely that the sum of the directivity and decoupling will be in the order of 40 db in each antenna feed line. For a total possible transmitter power of 1,000 watts, a 40 db decoupling would result in a signal of 100 milliwatts applied to the crystal video receiver 20. This is considered to be the maximum that the receiver could tolerate. Obviously this signal is well above the threshold level. Therefore, the lool-t-thru is required.
The look-thru is designed to provide the minimum amount of information to the radar. There will. therefore be a relatively long look-thru period. in the order of several seconds. The look-thru period is determined by the maximum amount of time that the radar is in one of the beams of the antenna. The antenna has an individual beamwidth of 2%". At a maximum angle of 45 off the perpendicular to the array plane of the antenna, at a distance of 10 miles, the aircraft will traverse approximately l,400 feet through one beam. If the aircraft speed is in the order of Mach 1, the maximum look-thru period should be approximately one to two seconds. A figure of 2 seconds can. therefore. be taken as a satisfactory look-thru period. The look-thru ON time need only be sufficient to determine a continued presence of the radar signal. This will only require two to three radar pulses or. for typical conditions, approximately 30 milliseconds for radars whose pulse repetition frequency may be as low as 100 pps. The look-thru will operate simply by gating off the transmitter for a 30-millisecond interval and turning on the receiver. Look-thru control apparatus may be included in switch unit 24 or jamming mode controller 52. If the radar signal continues to be received, the transmitter is turned back on again anad the receiver is gated off until the next look-thru cycle. This will be applied uniformly to all Receivers in each of the antenna beam channels. Therefore. with a system of this type the duty cycle of jamming will be 98% 7r, which will represent extremely effective jamming.
Mode B Multi-Directional Non-Coherent Barrage This mode of operation is particularly useful for jamming a search radar complex in a ground defense system, particularly a defense system which has the capability of passive detection by the use of noise correlation techniques. Passive detection can be used by the ground defense system when jamming is employed by an attacking aircraft. This can be accomplished since it is always possible for the ground radar to obtain the direction line of the jamming source, in this case, the attacking aircraft. By the use of several ground receiv- 6 ing systems and triangulation techniques. it is possible to obtain an absolute fix on the position of the aircraft even when no radar range information is obtained due to jamming.
Although this system is extremely effective in locating the position of a single isolated aircraft which is jamming, a substantial difficulty arises when a relatively large number of aircraft are in the area, each of which is producing jamming. Under these conditions amabiguities are produced ambiguities to direction lines which intersect each of the jamming sources. The problem is to identify which of the intersections repre' sents the same aircraft and which represent intersections of separate jamming sources. in general. the number of ambiguities is equal to the square of the number of jamming sources or separate aircraft in the raid.
One effective technique to resolve this type of ambi guity for passive detection purposes is to make use of noise correlation techniques. The object is to correlate the noise jamming signal in order to identify a particular jamming source from all other sources. In this manner, the signals received from the several passive detection devices on the ground are brought together to a common point through transmission lines and passed through a correlator. The correlator will determine whether the noise received at the separate passive de tection sites is coherent and, therefore, can be ascribed to a single jamming source. In this manner the ambiguities are resolved and it is possible to identify by triangulation techniques a fix for each of the jamming aircraft in an array.
The instant jamming system can very effectively defeat a passive detection system of this type in the following manner: Each of the antenna feed lines of the system, as shown in FIG. 1, is provided with a passive modulating device 50 through SON. This modulator. which can be a ferrite modulator, is operated noncoherently with any other modulator by the use of noise type modulating signals. In this mode of operation all beam channels are opened up simultaneously and the barrage transmitter 30 is turned on. Signals will be radiated through each of the beam positions. However, each beam position will now radiate a signal which has been subjected to non-coherent noise modulation by the use of the ferrite modulator 50-50N in its line. Therefore, a ground detection station will receive only that signal which is being radiated from the beam directed at that ground station. A separate ground receiving system, which is part of the passive detection system, will now receive another jamming signal which is definitely non-coherent with the first. Therefore, if this is passed through a noise correlating unit it will be registered as a separate target. In this manner an extremely effective means is provided in which several aircraft can confuse very completely the operation of an otherwise highly effective, sophisticated passive detection system making use of noise correlation techniques. It is not possible for a similar effect to be obtained by other jamming systems. unless they do have the capability of very high directivity in different direc tions. The switches 22-22N are opened in the multidirectional non-coherent barrage mode of operation by adjusting the control knob in the jamming mode control to the position which would indicate noncoherent, multidirectional barrage. In this case, a bias voltage is applied through the switching unit to each of the receivers 20 to 20N. This bias voltage would activate the receivers in the same manner as if an actual signal was being received in each of the receivers to ZUN. ln this case. each of the gates 21 ZlN would be opened. which. in turn, would energize and open each of the switches 22 to 22N. The carcinotron output which is applied to each of the switches 22 to ZZN would, therefore. be directed to the antenna in such a manner that all of the beams corresponding to each of the switch positions 22 to ZZN would be energized. The modulator 50 to SON would. in this case. modulate each of these signals in a noncoherent fashion to produce a non-coherent. multidirectional barrage mode. In this mode. jamming signals radiating in different directions corresponding to the different beam positions. would be modulated with noncoherent. noise signals in accordance with the requirement of this mode of operation.
This mode of operation is extremely important in attempting to break through a modern well equipped ground defense network. equipped with an efficient passive detection network. In this mode of operation, the receiver 20*20N is not required since all channels are operated simultaneously and the switches ZZ-ZZN in all channels are open.
Mode C Angle Track Breaking Repeater One of the most common modes of operation of a tracking radar is the use of a conically scanning antenna beam in order to obtain an exact angular lock on the target. This is done by continuously rotating or nutating the feed of a parabolic radar antenna in such a manner that the pencil beam is moved in space around a circle corresponding to one beam width of the antenna. as shown in FIG. 6. When the radar antenna beam is oriented in such a position that the cross-over points directly at the target, the signal received by the radar will have no modulation. However, if the direction of the radar antenna is slightly off the crossover point, the signal received by the radar receiver will be modulated at the scan frequency of the radar antenna. This signal is demoduated at the output of the radar receiver and results in a low frequency signal whose amplitude and phase is such that when fed to a servo system which controls the position of the radar an tenna. it will so direct the radar antenna that it is brought precisely to the crossover point. thus providing a very accurate angular lock on the target. It is seen from the above that the demodulated scan frequency is a very important element used in a tracking radar in order to accurately track a target.
The angle track breaking repeater mode of operation is designed to counter a tracking radar of the type described abovc. This is done by receiving the signals from the radar which contain the scan frequency. These signals. which would be received in the beam of the multidircctional. barrage jamming system corre sponding to the direction ofthe radar. would be passed through the circuit shown in FIG. 3. Since these signals contain the scan frequency of the radar. there is sufficient information present for the jamming system to use this signal in order to transmit a signal back to the radar at a high level with the phase reversal introduced by the switching unit 44 of FIG. 3. The high level is provided by the chain oftraveling wave tube amplifiers 40. 41 and 42, as shown in FIG. 3. This chain of amplifiers converts a low level received signal at the input ofTWT No. I (40) to a high level output signal at the output of TWT No. 3 (42). An amplifier chain ofthis type can provide gain as high as l00 db. Thus a low level re ceivcd signal of approximately 30 dbm lll' watts) can be transmitted at the output of the amplifier chain at a level of dbm or 10,000 watts. In this manner, the signal received by the radar receiver from the jammer would be demodulated in the radar receiver and produce an error signal which would be of the incorrect phase and. therefore. would tend to throw the radar an tenna away from its proper null position. Thus, the tracking radar would be unlocked from the target and would, in this manner, be unable to accomplish its nor mal tracking function. The phase reversal which is required in order to drive the conically scanning radar off track can be provided in a number of ways, all of which are quite familiar to the existing state of the art and. therefore. are not described in detail. One of the simplest ways of providing phase reversal is to pass the detected scan frequency signal through a single stage amplifier. The characteristics of a single stage amplifier are such that a l phase reversal is provided between the input and the output. The output of the amplifier is then applied as modulation to the final stage of the amplifier chain TWT N0. 3 (42) which will modulate the output signal with phase reversal required in order to break lock on the tracking radar.
A jamming mode controller 52, through the switching unit 24, sets up the conditions for each receiver to operate as a track breaking repeater. In this case. the modulator 26 responds to a radar signal by producing a pulse modulation on the transmitter 30 in synchronism with the received signal. This pulse is transmitted through the appropriate beam corresponding to the di rection of the receiver 20-20N which was energized. The scan modulation is picked up by the receiver 20-20N and would be used to modulate the pulse train of the transmitter 30 in order to break angle track of the radar. This system has a substantial advantage over conventional pulse repeaters in that different modula tions can be received immediately from different directions by individual receivers and the transmitter can be modulated with a composite modulating signal corresponding to the individual modulations of different ra dars arriving from different directions on different beams of the jammer. In this manner angle track breaking is accomplished simultaneously against all of the radars in operation.
A similar procedure can be applied for gate snatching. Here again each receiver 20-20N operates independently against a specific signal received from a direction corresponding to a particular antenna beam. The conventional angle track breaking repeaters operate generally on the basis of peak detection and, therefore, can only be truly effective against one signal at a time since it must receive a total modulation envelope which requires several periods of the radar scan modulation. Only when the particular radar being jammed is thrown off angle track can be repeater operate against a successive number of radars. In this respect. it is not truly instantaneous since at best it must operate against one radar for a number of scan modulation periods.
The proposed jamming system does not suffer from this limitation since each receiver 20-20N can receive instantaneously the scan modulation corresponding to each directional beam to which the receiver is connected. It. therefore, has a substantial advantage in terms of traffic handling capacity generally proportional to the number of beams in the multi-directional antenna 10. Another very important advantage in the case of the repeater mode is the available gain in the antenna. This will be in the order of 20 db for a typical jamming antenna used with this system. Since conventional repeaters use essentially omni-directional antennas. it is possible by this method to eliminate 20 db gain from the repeater amplifier and. therefore. make use of substantially lower repeater transmitter power.
Gate snatching applies to a specific counter-measure that can be used against a tracking radar. A procedure which is used by all tracking radars for maintaining a lock on the target. in addition to the angle track described above. is to introduce a time position gate from the radar system which is positioned precisely around the target pulse received by the radar receiver. In this manner, all signals outside of the gate are rejected by the tracking radar and only the target pulse is used for the purpose of angle track as well as range track. Thus. three coordinates of the target. namely, azimuth, elevation (two orthogonal angles), as well as range, are ob tained. If a means can be obtained in which the target pulse received by the radar can be made to assume a different position in time from that of the true target pulse. the radar track will be broken once the repeated pulse by the jammer is no longer transmitting. This is shown in FIG. 7 and is precisely what is accomplished in the gate snatching mode of the jammer. In this case. the jamming mode control 52 of FIG. 1 would be set by the operator to the gate snatching mode. In this case. the radar signal again would be received by the proper receiver 20 to 20N corresponding to the direction of the radar to the jammer. The radar pulses would be passed through the circuit corresponding to FIG. 3. The switching unit. in this case. would introduce a graduated delay in the received pulses in such a manner that the successive pulses would be delayed by fractions of a microsecond (assuming a normal tracking radar pulse of approximately one microsecond) until such time that the total delay of the transmitted pulse from TWT No. 3 (42) in FIG. 3 would be in the order of 5 to l microseconds. This would be well beyond the normal tracking radar gate width. In view of the relationship of the amplitude of the repeated pulse in the jammer compared to that of the normal echo received by the tracking radar. the tracking radar gate would follow the position of the repeated jammer pulse. After the delay of to microseconds. the jammer would begin transmitting again with zero delay and repeat the same cycle described above. The radar tracking gate would then be left hanging 5 to It) microseconds away from the true target position and. in this manner. would break the track and destroy the information of the tracking radar.
Mode D Multiple Spot Confusion Another mode of operation for this system is the mul tiple spot confusion mode. This mode is particularly useful for confusion of search-type radar systems. Confusion is provided by producing a multiplicity of spots on the radar scope which makes it difficult for the operator to differentiate the actual target from the false spots which appear as true targets.
In order to provide this mode. it is necessary for the system to be capable of providing a large number of transmissions at the exact radar frequency. Moreover, it must be capable of operating in a similar manner against as many radar signals as are likely to be dangerous to the aircraft at the particular time. For search radar this number is quite substantial. The advantage of the proposed jamming system for this application is the fact that it can separate radars by direction and does not require any special technique for remembering RF frequency since it makes use of a barrage transmitting source. The only requirement again is that the crystal video receiver 2020N generates. through the switching unit 24. pulses to the modulator 26 corresponding to the desired confusion signals. The R-F siwtch 22-22N in each beam will transmit the R-F pulses in the direction of the specific radar being jammed. Again the full gain of the antenna is helpful, both in receiving sidelobe signals from the radar and in transmitting confusing pulses back to the radar with sufficient radiating intensity to enter the sidelobes of the radar. Mode A operation is known as high gain, directional barrage. Mode D is multiple spot confusion. There is a very substantial difference between these two modes. In Mode A, the signal transmitted by the jammer is a noise modulated CW signal which produces a noisy response on all or portions of the radar indicator, depending on the range of the radar from the target. In Mode D. the signal that is produced by the jammer contains a series of pulses. These pulses appear on the radar scope as spots which can be similar in appearance to normal radar targets. Thus. in Mode D. the radar operator is confused between the actual target which is represented by a spot on the scope and a large number of false targets. represented by other spots on the scope due to trans mission of the jammer. Frequently. in Mode D operation. the radar operator may not be aware that he is being jammed but may assume there is a large number of targets present. whereas in fact there is only one target and a number of false targets. Thus. in this case. a single aircraft using this mode of transmission can be made to appear to be a large number of aircraft. with its position being unable to be identified. In Mode A, the signal transmitted is a noise modulated signal which completely covers all or large portions of the radar scope. In this case. the operator is definitely aware of the fact that he is being jammed, and the purpose of jamming in this case is to obscure the scope completely or in part. The amount of average power required in Mode A is substantially larger in order to provide effective jamming, compared to that required in Mode D. In the latter case. power must be transmitted only during the time of the pulse transmission which. in general. is done at a relatively low duty cycle, whereas in Mode A. the transmission must be continuous in order to obliterate all or a large portion of the radar indicator. A comparison of the radar indicator in the two modes of operation is shown in FIG. 8. Sidelobe Cancellation Although the antenna does produce a large number of highly directive beams. it does have sidelobe levels as is the case with any other antenna. since it is not an ideal device. The sidelobe level may be at all times less than 25 db below each main beam. Since the system is expected to operate over a dynamic range which will be greater than 25 db. unless some means is provided in the system for avoiding it. reception will be obtained in sidelobes. thus energizing beams not corresponding to the directions from which radar signals are being received. A sidelobe cancellation system is shown in FIG. 4. An omni-directional antenna channel is provided which has a gain somewhat larger than the maximum sidelobe level of the directive antenna 10. This channel 60 is identical in characteristics to the separate receivers -20N used in the directive antenna channels. The outputs of each directive receiver 20-20N is compared with the output of the omni-directional receiver 60 in a sidelobe suppressor unit 64 comprising circuits 65-68. If the difference signal is positive, indicating that the directive receiver signal is greater than the omni-directional receiver signal, this is an indication that the received signal is in fact coming in on the main lobe of this particular channel and a gate or side lobe control switch is energized which delivers the output of the directional receiver 20-20N to the switching unit 24. If, on the other hand, the signal is negative. indicating the output of the omni-directional receiver is greater. the signal is indicated to be coming in on the sidelobe and the gate 21 of this directional antenna is not energized. thus preventing the switching unit 24 from opening up this particular beam. In this manner, only those signals coming in one the main lobes will be used for the purposes ofturning these switches on. Sidelobe signals will be cancelled, and, therefore, will not energize the respective directional channels.
This system has been thoroughly tested and found to operate very satisfactorily in suppressing sidelobes of normal radar antennas. FIG. I shows how the sidelobe cancellation system is employed in one particular channel of the system (Channel 1). A similar sidelobe suppressor unit is used in each of the channels in order to prevent activation from signals being received on the sidelobes.
The basic antenna array shown in FIG. 2a is a linear array whose length is determined by the required gain ofthe system. Since the antenna is a linear, fixed array, it is not possible to obtain a full 360 coverage with a single antenna element. A single element can produce 90 coverage (145 on either side of the axis). Therefore, a total of four antennas are required in a system which must produce 360 coverage for the carrying aircraft. Either separate jammers can be connected to each antenna or a single jamming transmitter can have its power distributed to the four antenna elements. In either case, each of the receiving beams is used in the same manner as in a single antenna element.
For antennas operating in the X-band and S-band regions, a summary of the principal design parameters is as follows. For X-Band (8,000 l0,000megacycles) an antenna gain of 23 db for each beam is provided with an aperture of 34 inchesv This will produce a horizontal bandwidth in each beam of 2.5 and a total of 36 beams to cover an overall angle of 90 (:45 on each side of the axis.)
The antenna vertical beamwidth will be in the order of 50 to 60 and will be equivalent to that of a normal vertical pattern of an open end waveguide. This is necessary in order to provide sufficient vertical coverage without the need for scanning in a vertical plane.
As an indication of the effect of the gain provided in this antenna. the following relations apply. If a single ISO-watt Carcinotron is rapidly swept over 1,000 megacycles, the power density would be 0.15 watts per megacycle. If an essentially omni-directional antenna having no gain is used, this will be the intensity of radiation in the direction of the radar. This value of 0.15 watts per megacycle is considered to be substantially below the minimum effective jamming level by a factor of at least l0 db. A system of this type would, therefore,
not be satisfactory for adequate jamming, particularly against high gain fire control radars.
lf. on the other hand, the same transmitter is used in the proposed jamming system, an additional factor of 23 db gain would be provided. Thus the effective radiated power in the direction of the radar in the proposed system would be greater by a factor of 200. or 30 watts per megacycles. This value of power will generally be more than adequate to effectively jam even the highest power fire control radars, equipped with substantial ECCM capability. Moreover, this can be accomplished against a number of different radars at different fre quencies instantaneously with no reduction in watts per megacycle, providing the various radars being jammed are in the same beam. lf several of the radars are operating in different beams of the jammer, there will be a corresponding reduction in effective watts per megacycle equal to the number of beams that are energized in the jammer.
A similar jamming system operating at S-band can be provided with an antenna which would be no greater in the dimension of the array than the X-band model. The S-band antenna would have a gain of IS db and a horizontal beamwidth for each of the multi-directional beams equal to 7.5". Thus a total of 12 beams would be provided to cover Since the radars operating in S- band are generally ofthe search type, reduction of5 db in effective antenna gain would not reduce the jamming effectiveness. It can, therefore. be seen that a jamming antenna whose maximum width is approximately 34 inches could be provided in both the S- and X-band regions to provide extremely effective jamming over an angle of 90 for each antenna.
The following advantages can be ascribed to the jamming system:
I Multi-Signal Capability The proposed system can jam as many radars as may be operating within the overall bandwidth of the jamming system, which will be a minimum of L000 megacycles and as high as 2,000 megacycles in the microwave frequency band 1,000 1 1,000 megacycles. Greater bandwidths can be obtained for microwave frequencies up to 40,000 megacycles. This system will jam with equal effectiveness as many radars, within the total bandwidth of the system, as may be in operation in any one beam of the multi-directional antenna. Where several radars may be in operation in directions corresponding to different beams of the multidirectional antenna, the system will still operate effectively against these radars. However, the effective radiated power in watts per megacycle will be reduced by the number of jamming antenna beams in operation. 2. Enhancement of Available Transmitter Power By the use of a high gain antenna, the effective radiated power of the jamming system is increased by the gain of the antenna which corresponds to the total aperture of the antenna. This is an extremely important improvement in effectiveness of the jammer and does not require the use of higher power transmitters, which may not be available or may be extremely costly. A typical design described in this report requires a 23 db gain, X-band antenna and an 18 8db gain, S-band antenna. This degree of gain will be directly added to the transmitter power and applied precisely in the direction from which the radar is operating. Thus the extremely important factor of high antenna gain, which is a normal part of a radar system design, is finally made available to the jammer, and thus helps it make a considerably better showing in the power battle that exists between these two types of systems. 3. Fixed, Flush Mounted Antenna The jamming antenna used in this system is permanently fixed to the aircraft. Nevertheless it still provides high directivity over an angle of 90 for each separate antenna. The radiating aperture can be perfectly flush mounted to fit the contour of the aircraft. There is no need for a radome which would protrude from the normal aircraft surface. 3. Defeats Passive Detection Capability of Ground Radar System By the use of the Multi-Directional, Non-Coherent Barrage mode of operation, the proposed jamming system will make it impossible for a passive detection system, employing noise correlation techniques to obtain a fix on the jamming aircraft. This is due to the fact that each of the passive detection receivers employed by the ground system will be receiving non-coherent ground signals radiated through separate antenna beams of the proposed jamming system. Thus the ground passive detection system will register these signals as originating from separate jamming sources which will provide excellent protection to the jamming aircraft from this otherwise extremely potent ground detection technique. In the high gain directional barrage mode, passive detection capability of the ground defense system will be minimized due to the fact that the jamming power will be transmitted only in the direction of the ground radar which is in operation and will be minimized down to the sidelobe level in all other directions which might conceivably contain passive detection devices. Thus in the above described operating Modes A and B of the jamming system, passive detection will be very severely impaired. 5. System Has Instantaneous Response There is no requirement for tuning either a transmitter or receiver in the proposed system. All components are broadband. The transmitter operates in the barrage mode, covering all frequencies within its hand with equal capability. The system can operate equally well against fixed tuned radars or variable tuned radars. It can even satisfactorily jam frequency diversity radars, which have the capability of changing frequency on a pulse-to-pulse basis. These radars represent the ultimate in ECCM radar capability. Nevertheless, if the total frequency diversity excursion is within the jamming barrage bandwidth, it will be completely jammed with high gain by the proposed jamming system. 6. Multi-Mode Operation This system can operate in two primary modes. namely, Mode A: High Gain Directional Barrage, and Mode B: Multi-Directional, Non-Coherent Barrage. In addition. if a traveling wave tube type transmitter is employed, two additional modes, namely, Mode C: Track Breaking Repeater and Mode D: Multiple Spot Confusion can be provided. This provides the greatest possible degree of flexibility to the jammer for optimum performance against any type of airborne or ground radar, either Search, Acquisition or Track. Changing the modes ofthe system can be accomplished by simple changing of the setting of the jamming mode control in the system. All other components are essentially common to all modes. 7. Radar Directional Information One of the special advantages of the proposed system is that it provides directional information with regard to the various radars that are being received and being jammed. This is due to the fact that since reception is obtained on individual beams, this information can readily be made available to the ECM operator by means of providing separate neon light indicators on the jamming Mode Control (52) of FIG. I. This will provide a quantized PPI display to the ECM operator which can be used by him as a tactical display of the battle situation. He can derive from this display, information regarding the number of radars that are tracking him, as indicated by the number of beams being activated. He can also determine. to a large degree, the effectiveness of a particular mode of ECM being used, as indicated by the dropout of a particular radar in the presence of jamming. If a particular mode is not effective, he can switch to another mode in order to obtain greater effectiveness against that particular radar. In this manner, the ECM operator, for the first time, has a clear indication of the degree of threat he is facing from radars and the effectiveness of his ECM against these radars.
FIG. 6 shows an indicator of the type which may be used with the invention. Referring to FIG. 9, beam positions are indicated by individual neon lights 90,, 90,,. These lights are in a 1:1 correspondence to the beam numbers of the Multi-Directional Barrage Jamming System. In addition, two neon lights in the lower left hand corner of the indicator are noted as active or passive. When the passive is on, this implies that the system is in the Receive Only mode and that the jam ming transmitter is not turned on even though signals are received. In this case. lights will be lit corresponding to the specific beams in which signals are being received. When the switch in the lower left hand corner is thrown to the active position, the jamming transmitter will be energized in the direction from which signals are received. In this case, the lights 90 to 90,, that are lit would indicate the actual beams through which the jamming transmitter is transmitting. The light in the lower right hand corner simply indicates whether the system is on or off.
8. Inherently Flexible System Design Since the transmitter is connected to a composite R-F transmission system, it is inherently flexible. The number of transmitters can be anywhere from one to as large a number as desired, providing they are all connected to the R-F transmission line. Thus for a Carcinotron transmitter either one Carcinotron or a number of Carcinotrons can be employed to cover the entire barrage frequency band. Using more transmitters will increase the amount of effective watts per megacycle over the band. As shown above, even one ISO-watt Carcinotron will provide greater effective radiated power than what can be provided now by a spot jammer in which the full power of the transmitter is applied within the frequency band of a single radar, at one frequency. Moreover the Carcinotron transmitter can be replaced by a traveling wave tube transmitter with no other change in the jamming system.
9. Simple, Reliable Circuit Design The basic components in the proposed jamming sys tem are simple. There are a relatively large number of similar, simple components employed, again making for extremely high reliability in the design. One of the major parts of the system, namely, the multi-directional antenna is a completely passive network which has been proven to be extremely reliable. The receivere is an extremely crystal video device which requires no tuning or critical adjustment. The transmitter is a straightforward barrage transmitter unit in which no great accuracy is required in its frequency setting elements. If a Carcinotron is employed it is not necessary that the sole electrode supply or beam electrode supply be too highly regulated as would be the case in a spot jamming system.
10. Satisfactory Performance in the Presence of ECCM Techniques The proposed jamming system will operate effectively against radars which are equipped with the latest electronic countencountermeasures devices. In particular. it will perform satisfactorily against a radar which is equipped with pulse-to-pulse frequency diversity.
Moreover, it will operate effectively against the latest types of passive detection devices employing noise correlation techniques. lt, therefore. fully meets the most stringent requirements that can be applied to a modern jamming system.
lt will be understood that in order to avoid unnecessary complexities and to make the invention as easily understandable as possible. I have avoided unnecessary elaborations and expositions of elements which are known and understood by those familiar with this art. and other simplifications have been adopted to facili tate the understanding of the invention. Therefore. the disclosure is not to be considered as limitative, the true spirit and scope of the invention being defined in the following claims.
What I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent is:
l. A jammer for radars or the like operating in a given frequency band. comprising an antenna system having an elongated radiation aperture and means for producing a multiplicity of simultaneous directional radiation beams. said means including a multiplicity of feed lines each connected so as to produce one of said beams. a plurality of fixed-tuned radio receivers each connected to one of said feed lines and having a radio frequency bandwidth sufficient to encompass said given frequency band. a transmitter for producing jamming waves having components extending throughout said given frequency band. a switching means connecting said transmitter to each feed line and responsive to the receiver connected to the same feed line, for causing said antenna system to radiate jamming waves in every direction from which signals of a predetermined amplitude are received.
2. A jammer according to claim 1. including sidelobe suppression means connected to each switching means for preventing said switching means from connecting the transmitter to its feed line, and receiving means connected to said antenna for receiving signals having a greater amplitude than sidelobe signals of said antenna and for operating said sidelobe suppression means.
3. A jammer according to claim I, wherein the transmitter comprises a plurality of parallel connected Car cinotron oscillators, and electrical noise sources connected to the Carcinotron oscillators for frequency modulating them.
4. A jammer according to claim I, wherein the transmitter comprises a plurality of series connected wide frequency band traveling wave tube amplifiers.
5. A jammer according to claim 1, including means responsive to the reception ofa signal of a predeterined amplitude by one of said receivers for rendering the transmitter operative.
6. A jammer according to claim 5. including means for periodically switching off the transmitter for a fixed interval during jamming to provide look-thru operation of the jammer.
7. A jammer according to claim 1, including modulators connected to transmitter and means for energizing the several modulators non-coherently and connecting the outputs thereof to all feed lines simultaneously.
8. A jammer according to claim 1. including a modulator connected to said transmitter. a switching unit and a jamming mode control means connected to said modulator and said receivers for modulating said transmitter with pulses of received radar signals.
|Cited Patent
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|Sperry Corporation
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|Westinghouse Electric Corp.
|Radar jammer with an antenna array of pseudo-randomly spaced radiating elements
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|Method and system for beamformer primary power reduction in a nominally-loaded communications node
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|Nov 2, 2010
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|Jul 19, 2011
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|Smart signal jammer
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|Nov 26, 2012
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|Dec 8, 1984
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


text:
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By utilizing these proprietary methods and an extensive network of IT industry contacts, Gomes has built an enviable reputation for discovering low risk / high reward situations...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................In 2008, Mr. Gomes semi-retired. He moved to Miami Beach shortly thereafter. In 2009, he began donating picks to Seeking Alpha and quickly built a reputation for picking doubles, triples, and M&A candidates. He was publicly credited as the first analyst to confirm Himax's role in Google Glass. 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From 1998-2004, he served as the Director of Investment Research at AMR Research, a globally-recognized IT advisory firm which was later acquired Gartner Group. There, he drove the business unit's expansion into a multi-million dollar operation, guiding clients through the Internet bubble and subsequent bust. 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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Violence is continuing in Syria as the UN and Arab League envoy, Kofi Annan, prepares to brief the Security Council on the progress of his peace plan.
Activists say at least three people have been killed in an army offensive in Idlib province, and there has been fresh fighting in the city of Homs.
There has also been an explosion in central Damascus, state media report.
On Sunday, Gulf Arab states agreed to pay the salaries and other costs of the rebel Free Syrian Army (FSA).
The money, which will be distributed through the opposition Syrian National Council, is the first formal international support for the FSA.
The decision was announced at a meeting in Istanbul of the "Friends of Syria" - a group of 83 countries backing political change.
The conference also warned President Bashar al-Assad that he had little time to comply with Mr Annan's peace plan, which he accepted last week.
"The window of opportunity for the regime to implement its commitments to Joint Special Envoy Annan is not open-ended," a statement said.
"The Friends' Group called upon the Joint Special Envoy to determine a timeline for next steps, including a return to the UN Security Council, if the killing continues," it added.
Mr Annan wants a UN-supervised ceasefire by all parties, the withdrawal of soldiers and heavy weapons from cities, the release of prisoners, delivery of humanitarian aid, and free movement for journalists.
On Monday morning, activists said government forces were continuing their offensive on opposition strongholds in Idlib, in Syria's north.
At least one person was killed by gun and shellfire in the village of Hass, according to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. The homes of people who had fled were also set on fire and others were arrested.
The Local Co-ordination Committees (LCC) put the death toll at six.
The groups also said two other villages in the nearby Jabal al-Zawiya area - Deir Sunbol and Farkiya - had also been targeted by troops and that at least one person had been killed. The LCC said a child and a youth had died.
There were also reports of heavy shelling in the central city of Homs.
The LCC said a young man was killed by a shell explosion in the Deir Baalba district, and that four members of the Free Syrian Army had died in violent clashes with security forces in several parts of the city.
A bomb also exploded near a police station and hotel in the central Marja district of Damascus, injuring at least four people, state television said. The site was quickly cordoned off by security forces, witnesses said.
The UN says at least 9,000 people have been killed since pro-democracy protests erupted last March. The government says about 3,000 members of the security forces have died combating "armed terrorist gangs".


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TO ADOPT: Complete an application at www.baltimorecats.org/application
**This is a courtesy posting - please do not contact The Feline Rescue Association about this cat!**
Yzma is an affectionate cat who would love to be on your lap or sleeping near you. She is about 7 pounds and around 4 years old according to the vet. She was found on a street in west Baltimore. Yzma would do better in a home without other animals, but loves human attention. She is up to date on all her shots.
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There is something to be said for the simple life. Impossible as it seems to attain, I find that I always feel more at ease when my surroundings are cheerful, airy, and filled with meaningful objects - not "filler" objects. Whenever I visit my parents on the farm, I'm always inspired by the way country life just seems to present you with such objects in abundance. My mom's baked goods on the table, the stack of wood by the fireplace, the collection of straw hats hanging up by the screen door...
These images inspire me to find and create the same comfort in my home, and I hope they do the same for you.
Images via Country Living
Friday, September 19, 2008
Get that "simple life" feeling in your home
Labels: bathroom, bathtub, bedroom, country, Country Living, kitchen, pantry, rustic, simple life
3 comments:
Ooh, these are beautiful! Thank you! I totally agree with you. My mood lifts dramatically when I'm in an airy, cheerful space. Oh and thank you so much for going through the trouble of adding a search button. :-)
- September 19, 2008 at 1:24 PM
- Suzann said...
Such lovely photos. I have been seeking a simple life for quite some time now and am looking forward to creating such a space here in my own home.
- September 22, 2008 at 4:09 AM
- house decor said...
These pictures are beautiful, very rustic and warm. Great post thank you
- September 25, 2008 at 3:17 AM
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Saba Tower 2, Jumeirah Lake Towers, Saba Towers
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Here at Truth in Aging, we try to take the health risks purported by the Environmental Working Group's cosmetic safety database with a grain of salt. Though well-meaning, the website's safety profiles for most products and ingredients teeter on paranoid. You'd have to be a mad DIY chemist locked in a hermetically sealed bubble of sanitation to concoct an all-organic potion that, maybe, just might get the green light from the EWG's stringent guidelines. Nonetheless, it is an excellent resource for scouting out very safe or very hazardous products.
You can imagine my surprise when I came across a long list of Johnson & Johnson's baby lotions that showed a safety rating of 8. Keep in mind that 0-2 represents a low hazard, 3-6 indicates a moderate hazard, and 7-10 signals a warning sign that should be slapped on the product's consumer packaging. How could a company in the baby business be selling a whole bathtub of products that are highly unsafe? And how could a trusted brand name that has been around for decades get away with it? I had to investigate...
It is well-known that companies in the cosmetics business change formulas all the time. Sometimes, they'll replace ingredients with cheaper alternatives or updated substitutes that have not been around long enough to determine long-term effects. When an ingredient with unknown side effects is included in your favorite lotion, who knows what sort of health issues may arise from a causal link years down the road. For the purposes of my investigation of Johnson & Johnson, I focused on the formula of J&J Baby Baby Lotion with Aloe Vera & Vitamin E.
Dimethicone (risk rating of 3), though not great, isn't enough to warrant a red flag. One concern with dimethicone, a silicone-derived emollient, is that its occlusive nature (meaning that it coats the skin with an impenetrable layer) can cause irritation when sweat gets trapped underneath. Not only are synthetic silicones non-biodegradable, but they also may accumulate in the liver and lymph nodes, where they may foster the growth of tumors. You've probably heard of the debilitating symptoms suffered by thousands of women who have had silicone-based breast implants.
A safety score of 8 goes to Fragrance, which appears relatively high on the lotion's list. Because phthalates are often used in fragrances, they can creep their way into products without appearing on the label. According to Greenpeace, phthalates are suspected to do damage to the liver and kidneys, to interfere with the development of the reproductive organs, and to mimic the hormone estrogen in the body. There is a strong correlation between phthalate exposure and early onset of puberty in girls.
Besides fragrance, which can provoke unwarranted irritation, Johnson & Johnson's formula seems to go slightly haywire in the preservatives section. Benzyl alcohol achieves a danger score of 7, surprisingly high considering that it is a less problematic preservative than most others. Because babies have extremely sensitive skin, there should be a concentration of benzyl alcohol no higher than 1%. Nonetheless, the FDA has approved benzyl alcohol lotion at a concentration of 5% as a treatment for head lice in children.
The most blameworthy culprit would appear to be a trifecta of parabens, in particular methylparaben, which has a safety score of 8. Between allergic reactions and disruption to the endochrine system, parabens are implicated in constant scaremongering. Whether substantiated or not, these potentially toxic preservatives should not go anywhere near a cosmetic baby product.
As if the ingredients label isn't frightening enough on its own, Johnson & Johnson's baby products have recently been found to contain trace amounts of chemicals that the Environmental Protection Agency classifies as probable carcinogens. In a March article in the Washington Post it was revealed that Johnson & Johnson Baby Shampoo tested positive for 1,4-dioxane (which has been banned by the EU) and formaldehyde, as reported by the nonprofit Campaign for Safe Cosmetics. These elements are byproducts of the manufacturing process and do not appear on the ingredients label.
I'd wager that Johnson & Johnson's baby lotions are no purer than its shampoo. As reported in Cosmetics Design, the Campaign for Safe Cosmetics and 40 other charitable organizations have sent a letter to Johnson & Johnson urging the company to remove formaldehyde and 1,4-dioxane from its products. If Johnson & Johnson has managed to eliminate potentially hazardous ingredients from its cosmetics in Japan (where formaldehyde is banned), why wouldn't a similar reformulation process be possible everywhere else?
Unless cosmetics are screened and regulated across the board, how can we as consumers know what trace chemicals are polluting the products we use everyday? If there are bits and pieces of carcinogens sprinkled in many of our products, we are unknowingly enduring repeated exposure that can lead to long-term health concerns. But babies and children, at least, should be spared this exposure to chemicals, as their still-developing bodies are particularly vulnerable. Manufacturers of contaminated cosmetics targeted at children should be held accountable for misleading parents and putting innocent lives at risk.
See also:
Johnson and Johnson's Reformulated Formula
Ingredients in Johnson & Johnson Baby Baby Lotion:
Water, Propylene Glycol, Myristyl Myristate, Glyceryl Stearate, Stearic Acid, Oleic Acid, Polysorbate 61, Dimethicone, Isopropyl Palmitate, Sorbitan Stearate, Cetyl Alcohol, Stearyl Alcohol, Synthetic Bees Wax, Carbomer, Benzyl Alcohol, Fragrance, Methylparaben, Propylparaben, Butylparaben, Aloe Vera Extract, Tocopherol Acetate (Vitamin E Acetate)
I have used Johnsons baby lotion since my late teens. I am almost 61 and look
Years younger. I am a success story, and many people ask
me my secret. It is baby lotion and I would not
be without it.
OMG if I wasnt spoilt for choice of lotion in the local pharmacy and started looking through their ingredients, it is a shocker to know I've been slabbing these sh*ts onto my baby! Thank goodness my baby have not come out with any allergies!
In my country this brand is like a family brand, thanks to their strong marketing easy availability and affordable(organics are VERY expensive here), most family have it for their babies or themselves to use >.<!!
Need to spread awareness to all my friends >.<
Cetly Alcohol, Cetearyl Alcojol, Benzyl Alcohol, Stearic Asic, and Oleic Acid....all ingredients found in Johnsons Baby lotion and other Baby products by Johnsons. They say it is safe on newborns, LIES! I used this on my newborn when I ran out of DOVE for sensitive skin, one night and boy I should of never used that little Johnsons Baby Body Wash in her bath, she broke out all over her body. Her doctor said it was more than likely because of the switch in using JOHNSONS. Which are not equip for newborn skin, or any baby skin for that matter. Once back using DOVE soap and AVEENO unscented lotion for Babies her skin cleared up quick. I am sticking with DOVE and AVENNO products from now on! JOHNSONS BABY PRODUCTS are not for babys skin! YOU ARE ONLY BUYING THE NAME NOT THE QUALITY OF THE PRODUCT. Don't be fooled by the hype!
It bugs me so much that crap ingredients can be poured into a bottle and sold on the market...with people thinking that just because it's marked as 'baby' it's 'safer' to use and a 'healthier' option. Ummmm, no...even an adult night lotion that is completely natural is much safer! Unfortunately, Australian food standard labels don't have to declare absolutely all ingredients. So alongside all the existing ingredients on the list, can you imagine what is not listed? No wonder I've been frequenting natural foods stores lately.
Would never use this product, buy it for a friend or recommend to anyone. Even if paraben free, they are still full of yuk that does not need to go anywhere near a baby or adult. It is still on sale as J&J are a huge company who simply do what they want and do not care about the impact they may have on our health. They are after our money. A product only has to contain a few % of natural products to be labelled natural!!! I only use Arbonne and would not use any product with chemicals that are harmful in them. That includes what I use to clean my house. :)


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Asylum seekers abused in HK, group alleges
Asylum seekers face physical and psychological abuse in Hong Kong detention centres as part of government tactics to force them out of the city, a concern group says.
The Society for Community Organisation, after interviewing former inmates from immigration holding centres, said people fleeing political persecution overseas faced 'torture' in detention centres where they were held for violating immigration laws.
Most of the 51 inmates interviewed said they were stripped in front of fellow asylum seekers and before officers who insulted them and joked during body searches. Many said they were denied medical care and psychological counselling and were given only Panadol for all types of medical complaints.
Those who objected were sent to prison mental hospitals or into solitary confinement as 'revenge', said the society's organiser, Annie Lin On-nei. 'Immigration officers would tell them 'if you don't like the treatment here, you can go back to your country',' Ms Lin said. 'We believe the government is purposely doing this to force the asylum seekers out of Hong Kong.'
An immigration spokesman rejected the claims, saying: 'Our officers won't tell the asylum seekers this. Also, we don't see them unless on visits for assessing their torture claims.'
Ms Lin fears the Immigration Department, faced with an increase in the number of torture claimants in Hong Kong from 186 in 2005 to 514 cases last year, will abuse asylum seekers more in detention to force them out. Two hundred asylum seekers are detained in Hong Kong, mostly for overstaying. Most are in Castle Peak Bay Immigration Centre and Ma Tau Kok detention centre. The society urged the government to adopt a no-detention policy towards asylum seekers.
The Correctional Services Department (CSD) received 75 complaints from asylum seekers and torture claimants from April 2005 to December last year. Of these, 27 were processed and found to be unsubstantiated. The remainder are still being investigated.
Castle Peak Bay is managed by the CSD on the Immigration Department's behalf. A CSD spokeswoman rejected the accusations, saying under the department's rules, inmates 'must be treated with kindness and humanity'.
African former inmate Saidou, 30, who said he was persecuted in his country for being a member of an opposition party, said he wasn't allowed to shower for three weeks after he objected to having to undergo a body search at Ma Tau Kok detention centre in front of four officers.
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Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy<quoted text>
Time to starve the government beast.
...In reality, states that levy personal income taxes, including the states with the highest top rates, have seen more economic growth per capita and less decline in their median income level over the last ten years than the nine states that do not tax income. Unemployment rates have been nearly identical across states with and without income taxes.
Four of the nine states without income taxes are actually doing worse than the average state in regards to economic growth per capita: Texas, Tennessee, Florida, and Nevada.
Five of the nine states without income taxes are doing worse than average in terms of median income growth: New Hampshire, Florida, Tennessee, Alaska, and Nevada.
Six of the nine states without income taxes had higher than average annual unemployment rates over the last decade: Texas, Florida, Tennessee, Washington, Alaska, and Nevada.


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The Hama Masstricht Metal 6x4 Photo Frame, is lovely to have on a desk as it incorportes a clear interactive calander, with magnetic moveable, colour-coded squares. The frame has the month at the top then the date and then the month. The photograph is easily mounted from the back of the frame and it stands or hangs depending on preference. The squares can be used for each day, date and month and moved every day for an up to date calender. The Hama Maastricht Metal 6x4 Photo Frame measures approximately 9.25 x 7.5 inches overall.
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