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October 25, 2011
REYNOLDS PACKAGING KAMA, INC., F/K/A ALCOA KAMA INC., PLAINTIFF,v.INLINE PLASTICS CORP. DEFENDANT.
I. Statement of Facts and of the Case
A. Procedural History
This case comes before the Court for resolution of the final disputed factual issues and contested legal claims advanced by the parties. This litigation, which draws to a close with this opinion, began on October 15, 2008 when the plaintiff, Reynolds Packaging KAMA, Inc., brought a breach of contract action against the defendant, Inline Plastics Corporation, in order to recover unpaid amounts claimed to be due and owing under a series of written, long-term supply agreements between the parties. (Doc. 1) Specifically, Reynolds' complaint alleged that Inline was a long-term customer of Reynolds, a manufacturer of oriented polysterene sheet ("OPS") and polyethylene terephthalate sheet ("PET") , plastic products which were used in a variety of business applications. Over a span of years, Inline, which manufactured plastic containers for retail sales of food products, purchased large quantities of oriented polysterene sheet OPS and PET from Reynolds, pursuant to a series of written supply agreements between the parties. (Id.) According to Reynolds' complaint, Inline had received, but not paid for, approximately $3,000,000 in goods under these supply agreements when the last of these written agreements expired in the summer of 2008. (Id.) Reynolds sought reimbursement of these moneys, which it alleged were due and owing under its written contracts with Inline. (Id.)
On December 12, 2008, Inline filed an answer and counter-claim in this contract action. (Doc. 11) In its answer, Inline acknowledged that it had enjoyed a contractual supply relationship with Reynolds under a series of written agreements which extended until June 30, 2008, when the last, fully-integrated written supply agreement between the parties expired. (Id.) Inline, however, asserted a counter-claim against Reynolds for actions which allegedly occurred after those written agreements terminated in June of 2008. (Id.) According to Inline's counter-claim, Inline and Reynolds entered into an interim supply agreement which was embodied in a series of oral and written e-mail communications in the summer of 2008. (Id.) Inline alleged that under the terms of this interim agreement Reynolds committed to providing Inline with plastic for its manufacturing operations through the end of 2008, as Inline made arrangements for a new long-term source of supply for these materials. (Id.) Inline alleged in its counter-claim that Reynolds breached this agreement by suddenly terminating this supply relationship in October of 2008, and Inline sought damages for the injuries it alleged that it suffered due to this unexpected interruption in its plastics supplies. (Id.)
Reynolds then moved for summary judgment, both on its contract claims against Inline based upon the written agreements between the parties, and on Inline's counter-claim assertion that these parties had entered into an interim supply agreement embodied through a string of communications. (Doc. 28) On February 1, 2010, we issued a report and recommendation which recommended that summary judgment be granted in favor of Reynolds on its contractual claims against Inline, claims which were based on the terms of fully-integrated written supply contracts between the parties. (Doc. 61) As for Reynolds' motion for summary judgment with respect to Inline's counter-claim, which alleged that a less formal and structured interim supply contract had existed between these parties in the summer and fall of 2008, we recommended that summary judgment be denied since there were contested, and unresolved, material issues of fact concerning the course of dealings between the parties which precluded the entry of judgment in favor of Reynolds as a matter of law.(Id.)
On March 17, 2010, the district court entered an opinion and order adopting this report and recommendation. (Doc. 65) Following further pre-trial proceedings before the district court, in May of 2011, the parties consented to have the remaining issues in this litigation tried by this Court in a non-jury trial. (Doc. 95) As defined by the parties, those remaining issues which must be resoled by this Court, are threefold: First, the parties dispute the amount owed by Inline on Reynolds' contract claim, with Reynolds alleging that the total sum owed under this contract was $63,000 greater than the amounts originally agreed to by the parties. Second, the parties disputed factual issues that were central to Inline's contractual counter-claim, and specifically contested whether there was any enforceable interim supply agreement between the parties after June 2008, which had been breached through Reynolds' refusal to sell additional products to Inline after October 2008. Finally, the parties contested the amount of any damages to Inline that could be attributed to any alleged breach of this agreement by Reynolds.
With the remaining issues in this case framed by the parties in this fashion, the Court conducted a non-jury trial in this case on August 31, 2011. (Docs. 103, 104 and 105) Our factual findings and legal conclusions as to these disputed issues follow.
B. Factual Findings
1. Inline's Counter-Claim
With respect to Inline's counter-claim, we make the following findings of fact: In the summer of 2008, the longstanding supply agreement between Reynolds and Inline drew to a close. (Tr. 11-12, 108-9.*fn1 ) That contractual relationship had been embodied in a series of written agreements, most recently a 2006 supply agreement which expired on June 30, 2008. (Id., Pl. Ex. 1 and 2.) Under the terms of this 2006 supply agreement, Inline agreed to purchase products from Reynolds at highly favorable rates. (Pl.Ex. 2.) The written agreement which was scheduled to expire in June 2008 also addressed an on-going issue between the parties--Inline's substantial indebtedness to Reynolds arising out of prior purchases. (Pl.Ex. 2.) Indeed, by the summer of 2008 this outstanding indebtedness was substantial, amounting to approximately $3.2 million.(Id., Pl. Ex. 1 and 2.) Under the terms of the written agreement, in order to address Inline's outstanding debt, the 2006 Supply Agreement contained a provision intended to help Inline pay down the debt incrementally by including an upcharge on new product purchased each quarter. (Pl. Ex. 2, 2006 Supply Agreement ¶ 5.) Specifically, this provision, which also expired along with the supply agreement, provided as follows:
To bring [Inline's] account current, [Inline] will pay [Reynolds], quarterly, an additional $.03 per pound for all pounds of Product purchased during each quarter . . . This payment will be applied to the outstanding receivables on [Inline's] account. (Id.)
As their longstanding business relationship drew to a close, Reynolds and Inline had markedly different business interests and priorities. From Reynolds' perspective, one of its highest priorities was reaching a new agreement concerning the repayment of this multi-million dollar receivable owed by Inline, since the termination of the existing supply agreement also terminated the contractual means by which Inline was repaying this debt. (Tr. 103-120.) This issue of debt repayment was a pre-eminent concern for Reynolds, and the ability to make future interim sales to Inline in the Fall of 2008 was a matter of lesser concern to Reynolds since Reynolds had determined by the Summer of 2008 that Inline's historic line of business had actually not been profitable for Reynolds. (Tr. 103-120.)
In contrast, as their longstanding contractual relationship drew to a close Inline had other priorities. (Tr. 14-29.) Inline's principle focus was on securing a short-term interim source of supply from Reynolds as it transitioned to a new long-term supply source. (Tr. 14-29.) As for its outstanding indebtedness to Reynolds, while Inline acknowledged this debt, it was unable to provide Reynolds with any specific assurances regarding how that looming debt would be paid. (Tr. 64-65.)
Moreover, it is evident from the trial testimony of the two principals for Reynolds and Inline, William Coad and Thomas Orkisz, that neither Mr. Coad nor Mr. Orkisz fully appreciated how different, and divergent, their corporate interests, needs and priorities were as this supply agreement drew to a close and the parties engaged in discussions regarding an interim relationship. (Tr. 14-29, 103-120.) Thus, the parties approached these discussions through the prisms of two very different perspectives, and with mutual misunderstandings regarding their respective needs and priorities. (Tr. 14-29, 103-120.) The confusion which these different, and mutually unappreciated, expectations created would compound over the next four months. (Tr. 14-29, 103-120.)
The discussions between the parties regarding this interim relationship began on June 25, 2008, when William Coad, the President of Reynolds, wrote to Thomas Orkisz, Inline's President. (Pl.Ex. 3.) In this June 25, 2008 letter Reynolds provided Inline with revised pricing for interim supplies of plastic materials as Inline transitioned to a new long-term supply source. (Id.) However, Mr. Coad's correspondence also spoke to what was then Reynolds' most pressing priority, repayment of the $3.2 million debt owed by Inline, and proposed a one-year repayment schedule for this debt, with interest. (Id.)
On July 3, 2008, Thomas Orkisz, acting on behalf of Inline, responded to this proposal in an e-mail communication. (Pl.Ex. 4.) Orkisz's reply reflected Inline's very different priorities in this business relationship. (Id.) Mr. Orkisz made no mention of repayment of the outstanding $3.2 million debt owed to Reynolds, one of the principle issues set forth in Mr. Coad's June 25, 2008 proposal.(Id.) Instead, Mr. Orkisz sought further price concessions from Reynolds on his primary, concern the interim supply proposal. (Id.) While the parties addressed those pricing issues in a series of subsequent e-mail communications, (Pl. Ex 5), Reynolds' concerns regarding the establishment of some fixed repayment schedule of Inline's $3.2 million indebtedness remained a pending, and unaddressed, issue from Reynolds' perspective. (Tr. 103-120.)
Thus, on July 14, 2008, William Coad wrote to Thomas Orkisz in an e-mail communication which discussed the interim supply agreement between the parties but once again expressly linked those discussions to a "need to confirm the repayment schedule for Inline's outstanding balance." (Pl. Ex. 6. ) Ten days later, on July 24, 2008, Orkisz replied to this communication in a fashion which reflected a continued lack of understanding on Orkisz's part regarding Reynolds' need for a fixed repayment schedule for this $3.2 million debt.(Pl. Ex. 6. ) Indeed, Orkisz's July 24, 2008, response did not speak to this issue in any fashion. (Pl. Ex. 6.) Instead, Orkisz, whose priorities revolved around meeting Inline's interim supply needs, simply outlined those needs for Coad without addressing repayment of this outstanding debt. (Id.)
Reynolds' demands for repayment of this outstanding $3.2 million debt, however, remained a recurring theme in conversations between the parties between June and October, 2008. (Tr. 47, 48, 60, 64-65, 103-120.) In at least some of these discussions, Inline's President, Thomas Orkisz, indicated that he was exploring proposals which would achieve Reynolds' principle stated objective, prompt repayment of this substantial debt. As Mr. Orkisz testified:
I think, you know, from the period of the end of June [2008] through that point [October 2008], there was probably at least, you know, three or four conversations over the summer of this topic [repayment of the $3.2 million debt]. In some instances I probably told Bill [Coad, Reynolds' President] I was looking into it, looking at options, talking to my bank to see if we could accelerate it. There might even been some thought about maybe compromising it we could pay it off quickly but a lesser amount. You know you're talking three years ago. But there were some things kicked around. (Tr. 64.)
Ultimately, however, Mr. Orkisz concluded that: "One constant that we pretty much landed on [was] not believing we could do anything better and an historical quarterly rate of about 250 to 300K." (Tr. 64-5.) Thus, the final proposal advanced by Mr. Orkisz on the issue of primary importance to Reynolds in these negotiations, repayment of the outstanding $3.2 million debt, was a proposal to pay the principal owed, without interest, in quarterly installments of approximately $250,000.*fn2 (Id.
While the parties pursued these on-going discussions regarding payment of the debt owed to Reynolds, Inline continued to press forward with its business priority, obtaining an interim source of supply from Reynolds through the end of 2008, while Inline transitioned to other long-term supply sources. In that regard, on August 19 and 20, 2008, Mr. Orkisz and Mr. Coad engaged in an exchange of e-mails regarding Inline's forecasted requirements through November 2008. (Pl Ex. 7 and 8.) In response to Mr. Orkisz's forecasts on behalf of Inline, Mr. Coad replied that Reynolds would: "be able to meet your November volume requirement--we can continue beyond that if we have volume forecasts". (Pl. Ex. 8.)
Each of the principals to this exchange freighted their August 2008 e-mail exchange with significantly different meanings. For Mr. Coad, acting on behalf of Reynolds, the e-mail simply was meant to convey that Reynolds had the capacity to meet Inline's interim needs provided that all of the outstanding issues actively being discussed between the parties-- and most particularly the $3.2 millions debt-- were resolved. (Tr. 118-119.) In contrast, Mr. Orkisz construed Reynolds' statement that "We will be able to meet your November volume requirement-- we can continue beyond that if we have volume forecasts," (Pl. Ex. 8), as a free-standing commitment to continue to make sales to Inline, even if Inline did not agree to a repayment schedule of its outstanding $3.2 million debt. (Tr. 23-27.)
This mutual misunderstanding persisted between the parties until early October when Coad and Orkisz had a discussion regarding repayment of this debt, an issue that had been lingering unresolved between Reynolds and Inline since June, 2008.
In the course of that discussion Mr. Coad came to understand that Inline's position with respect to this debt ultimately was that it could only pay the principal owed, without interest, in quarterly installments of approximately $250,000, a position which was unacceptable to Reynolds. (Tr. 64-65, 119-120.)
Informed of Inline's position on this significant outstanding issue between the parties, Mr. Coad wrote to Inline's President, Mr. Orkisz, as follows:
Tom, we have reviewed the options we discussed yesterday and they are not acceptable to Reynolds Packaging. The need for a repayment schedule for the $3.1 million outstanding balance has been discussed with you since our contract ended on June 30, 2008. A proposed repayment schedule was sent to you in a letter from me on June 25, 2008. In the absence of an agreed upon repayment plan we must take the following actions effective October 10th:
1) All shipments of plastic sheet from Reynolds Kama to Inline will be discontinued-- orders will not be accepted effective today.
2) We will initiate Legal action to recover all monies owed to Reynolds Food Packaging/Kama by Inline.
I am available today and Thursday to discuss any specific proposals you may wish to bring forward. (Pl. Ex. 9.)
Despite Mr. Coad's closing that he was "available today and Thursday to discuss any specific proposals you may wish to bring forward," Mr. Orkisz never replied to this e-mail. (Tr. 33.) Instead, Inline construed this message as tantamount to a refusal by Reynolds both to accept new orders and to fulfill pending orders.(Tr. 29-33.) Construing the message in this fashion, Inline canceled all of its existing orders with Reynolds, and sought supplies elsewhere. (Id.) This reaction by Inline served to further highlight the depth of the mutual misunderstanding between the parties in October 2008, since Reynolds had only intended to refuse future supply orders from Inline, but stood ready to complete pending orders. (Tr. 119-120.) Thus, when Inline canceled its pending orders, Reynolds construed this action as a irretrievable breach of this business relationship and commenced this lawsuit.
Inline, in turn, began undertaking efforts to meet its short-term supply needs in others fashions. As a result of these efforts, caused by what Inline characterizes as Reynolds' breach of its agreement to serve as an interim supplier to Inline through 2008, Inline alleges that it suffered various damages totaling $349, 752. *fn3 (Tr. 75-88, D.Ex. 2.)
2. Loss Calculation on Reynolds' Breach-of-Contract Claim
With respect to the issue of the losses claimed by Reynolds on its breach-of -contract claim, the Court makes the following findings of fact:
Following the filing of this complaint, Inline proposed, over Reynolds' objection, to continue to make quarterly payments of monies owed under this contract. (Docs. 19, 20, 21 ) On April 7, 2009, this Court, Blewitt, M.J., directed that such payments be made directly by Inline to Reynolds while this lawsuit was pending. (Doc. 23)
As the parties proceeded to litigation of the summary judgment motion filed by Reynolds in this contract dispute, they were able to quantify with precision the total amount of this outstanding indebtedness on this contract stating that "Inline admits that it owes Reynolds the amount of $2,792,860.02 as of March 21, 2009." (Doc. 33, p.2) Inline then continued to make quarterly payments reducing this acknowledged indebtedness until April, 8, 2011, when Inline made a final $307, 162 installment payment to Reynolds which Inline reported to Reynolds "complete[d] Inline's payable obligations to Kama." (Tr. 66-74, D.Ex. 14*fn4 .)
Reynolds did not directly dispute Inline's mathematical assessment that full payment had been completed on this contract when Inline paid this sum in April 2008. Instead, Reynolds first challenged the calculation of this total debt in one narrow respect at trial. Calling Christopher Smith, a senior accounting manager for Reynolds, as a witness, Reynolds presented evidence which indicated that there was an additional $63,000 owed to Reynolds on Inline's account. (Tr. 132-149.) Mr. Smith reached this conclusion based solely upon a review of computerized accounting records which showed that there were three unpaid invoices to Inline on Reynolds' accounting records from 2004. (Tr. 136.) However, Mr. Smith had no personal knowledge regarding any of these 2004 invoices; acknowledged that Reynolds' accounting systems had been automated several times since 2004; conceded the possibility of data entry errors in these records; and agreed that Inline had disputed some invoices. (Tr. 139-148.)
II. Discussion
A. Legal Principles Governing Construction of Contracts
As a federal court exercising diversity jurisdiction in this case, we are obliged to apply the substantive law of Pennsylvania to this dispute. Chamberlain v. Giampapa, 210 F.3d 154, 158 (3d. Cir. 2000). The legal principles governing the interpretation of contracts under Pennsylvania law is familiar and well-settled. At the outset, the issue of whether a contract has arisen between two parties generally presents a question of fact, particularly where the record contains conflicting evidence regarding intent. See Channel Home Centers v. Grossman, 795 F.2d 291, 300 (3d Cir. 1986) ("Under Pennsylvania law, when the record contains conflicting evidence regarding intent, the question of whether the parties formed a completed contract is one for the trier of fact.") (citation omitted).
Furthermore, the legal benchmarks applied to different types of agreements-- oral and written--are also clearly settled. Initially, "[w]hen a written contract is clear and unequivocal, its meaning must be determined by its contents alone." Mellon Bank, N.A. v. Aetna Bus. Credit, Inc., 619 F.2d 1001, 1010 (3d Cir. 1980) (citation omitted); Mace v. Atl. Ref. & Mktg. Corp., 785 A.2d 491, 496 (Pa. 2001). A contract is ambiguous if it is reasonably susceptible to different constructions and capable of being understood in more than one sense. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. Lewis, 935 F.2d 1428, 1431 (3d Cir. 1991). Under Pennsylvania law, ambiguous contracts are interpreted by the trier of fact, and unambiguous contracts are interpreted by the court as a matter of law. Mellon Bank, 619 F.2d at 1011 n.10.
The United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit has aptly summarized Pennsylvania law regarding the interpretation of contractual language and terms:
The fundamental rule in interpreting the meaning of a contract is to ascertain and give effect to the intent of the contracting parties. The intent of the parties to a written agreement is to be regarded as being embodied in the writing itself. The whole instrument must be taken together in arriving at contractual intent. Courts do not assume that a contract's language was chosen carelessly, nor do they assume that the parties were ignorant of the meaning of the language they employed. When a writing is clear and unequivocal, its meaning must be determined by its contents alone. Only where a contract's language is ambiguous may extrinsic or parol evidence be considered to determine the intent of the parties. A contract contains an ambiguity if it is reasonably susceptible of different constructions and capable of being understood in more than one sense. This question, however, is not resolved in a vacuum. Instead, contractual terms are ambiguous if they are subject to more than one reasonable interpretation when applied to a particular set of facts. In the absence of an ambiguity, the plain meaning of the agreement will be enforced. The meaning of an unambiguous written instrument presents a question of law for resolution by the court.
Great Am. Ins. Co. v. Norwin Sch. Dist., 544 F.3d 229, 243 (3d Cir. 2008) (internal citation omitted) (citing Murphy v. Duquesne Univ., 777 A.2d 418, 429-30 (Pa. 2001)). Furthermore, courts must, whenever possible, read contract provisions so as to avoid ambiguity. Id. at 247. Where a contract is not ambiguous, but is instead subject to only one reasonable interpretation, it is appropriate for a district court to resolve the issue of interpretation as a matter of law. See Norfolk S. Ry. v. Reading Blue Mountain & N. Ry., 346 F. Supp. 2d 720, 725 (M.D. Pa. 2004). However, when a party argues that a contract is sufficiently ambiguous to require parol evidence, that party must advance an alternate meaning of the contract which is commercially reasonable. See County of Mercer v. Unilect Corp., 612 F.Supp.2d. 638, 649 (W.D. Pa. 2009)(collecting cases). Further, under Pennsylvania law, agreements must satisfy the following three requirements to be enforceable: (1) both parties must manifest an intent to be bound by the terms of the agreement; (2) the terms must be sufficiently definite to be enforceable; and (3) the agreement must be supported by consideration. ATACS Corp. v. Trans World Commc'ns., Inc., 155 F.3d 659, 666 (3d Cir. 1998) (internal citations omitted).
In making this determination, the pivotal inquiry is whether the parties "manifested an intention to be bound by [the agreement's] terms and whether the terms are sufficiently definite to be specifically enforced." ATACS Corp., 155 F.3d at 665(internal citations omitted). Thus, in order to form a contract there must be an offer, acceptance, consideration, or mutual meeting of the minds. Aircraft Guaranty Corp. v. Stro-Lift, Inc., 103 F. Supp. 2d 830, 835-36 (E.D.Pa. 2000) (citing Jenkins v. County of Schuylkill, 658 A.2d 380,383 (Pa. Super. 1995). "A 'meeting of the minds' occurs when both parties mutually assent to the same thing, as evidenced by an offer and acceptance." Id. (citing Management Systems, Inc. v. Consolidated Recycling and Transfer Systems, Inc., 617 A.2d 1140, 1146 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1996).
In this case we are presented with a business, and Inline contends, contractual relationship which is premised on an exchange of e-mails coupled with other oral communications. While in some instances an exchange of e-mails, and other oral communications between parties, may be sufficient to establish a contract, see American Eagle Outfitters v. Lyle & Scott Limited, 584 F.3d 575 (3d Cir. 2009)(exchange of correspondence sufficient to create contract, albeit ambiguous contract, between parties), such exchanges do not always rise to the level of enforceable agreements. Rather, under Pennsylvania law, certain basic principles govern the interpretation of contracts which consist of separate written and oral communications. Thus, when applying Pennsylvania law:
To establish that it had an oral contract [a party] must show that: 1) both parties manifested an intention to be bound by the terms of the agreement; 2) the terms of the agreement were sufficiently definite to be specifically enforced; and 3) there was mutuality of consideration. Redick v. Kraft, Inc., 745 F.Supp. 296, 300 (E.D.Pa.1990) (applying Pennsylvania law). The requirement of consideration is satisfied if there was a benefit conferred on the promisor or a detriment to the promisee and "an act, forbearance or return promise bargained for and given in exchange for the original promise." Channel Home Centers, Grace Retail v. Grossman, 795 F.2d 291, 299 (3d Cir.1986). [Furthermore], "The existence and terms of an oral contract must be established by clear and precise evidence." Redick, supra, 745 F.Supp. at 300. Whether a contract exists is a factual issue for the trier of fact to determine unless there is no genuine issue of material fact.
York Excavating Co., Inc. v. Employers Ins. of Wausau, 834 F.Supp. 733, 740 (M.D.Pa.1993).
In determining whether the parties "manifested an intention to be bound by [an agreement's] terms and whether the terms are sufficiently definite to be specifically enforced," ATACS Corp., 155 F.3d at 665(internal citations omitted), Pennsylvania courts agree that "[a]n agreement to agree is incapable of enforcement" Highland Sewer and Water Auth. v. Forest Hills Municipal Auth., 797 A.2d 385, 390 (Pa. Commw. Ct. 2002). Thus, the mere statement of an aspirational goal to reach some future agreement is not an enforceable contract in Pennsylvania. Channel Home Centers v. Grossman, 795 F.2d 291, 298 (3d Cir. 1986). However, when construing what may be inartfully crafted or incomplete agreements, it is also clear that"the omission of an essential term in a contract, such as price, does not [necessarily] vitiate contract formation if the parties otherwise manifested their mutual assent to the agreement and the terms of the agreement are sufficiently definite." ATACS Corp., 155 F.3d at 667. Quite the contrary, "it is well settled that the terms of a contract need not be expressed with complete exactness," Conrail v. Canada Malting Co., No. 98-5984, 2000 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 1273, at *26 (E.D. Pa. Feb. 10, 2000) and "Courts generally disfavor the destruction of contracts [merely] because of uncertain terms."
Id. (citations omitted). Applying these principles, when confronted with an inartful or incomplete agreement courts are encouraged to "if possible, so construe the contract as to carry into effect the reasonable intention of the parties if that can be ascertained.'" Id. (citations omitted). However, in all instances where we are applying Pennsylvania law and interpreting oral agreements, " 'The existence and terms of an oral contract must be established by clear and precise evidence' Redick, supra, 745 F.Supp. at 300, [and] whether a contract exists is a factual issue for the trier of fact to determine . . . ." York Excavating Co., Inc. v. Employers Ins. of Wausau, 834 F.Supp. at 740.
Furthermore, agreements, like the agreement alleged by Inline in this case, which consist of fragmentary oral and written exchanges, are frequently sufficiently uncertain and ambiguous that they require consideration of extrinsic evidence to determine what understandings, if any existed between the parties. See American Eagle Outfitters v. Lyle &Scott Limited, 584 F.3d 575 (3d. Cir. 2009)(exchange of correspondence sufficient to create factual issue regarding whether contract, albeit ambiguous contract, existed between parties). When addressing these factual issues, we are called upon to consider the competing evidence and ascribe the most commercially reasonable interpretation to the parties' words and actions. See Glenn Distributors Corp. v. Carlisle Plastics, Inc. 297 F.3d 294, 301 (3d Cir. 2002).
B. Inline Has Failed to Carry Its Burden of Proof on Its Contract Counter-claim
Judged against these benchmarks, we find that Inline has failed to carry its burden of proof regarding the keystone to its counter-claim, the existence of an enforceable interim supply contract between the parties in the Fall of 2008. Recognizing that under Pennsylvania law agreements must satisfy the following three requirements to be enforceable-- (1) both parties must manifest an intent to be bound by the terms of the agreement; (2) the terms must be sufficiently definite to be enforceable; and (3) the agreement must be supported by consideration. ATACS Corp. v. Trans World Commc'ns., Inc., 155 F.3d 659, 666 (3d Cir. 1998)--we find that Inline's proof simply does demonstrate that Reynolds and Inline manifested an intention to be bound by a single agreement. Quite the contrary, we find that the communications between the parties here, which were sporadic and consisted of both written and oral exchanges, reflected a series of mutual misunderstandings rather than manifesting a single shared intention to be bound by an agreement.
It is evident that, from the outset of its discussions, Reynolds was linking an interim supply agreement with Inline to its principle concern, prompt repayment of a $3.2 million debt owed by Inline. Thus, Reynolds repeatedly raised these two issues in conjunction with one another; plainly sought to address both of these issues in its negotiations; and abandoned these discussions when it became apparent that Inline was unwilling or unable to satisfactorily address the concern which it had raised at the outset of these talks and had pursued through these discussions--prompt debt repayment. We find, therefore, that from Reynolds' perspective, satisfaction of this $3.2 million debt was a material element of any contract. We further find that Reynolds manifested that intention on multiple occasions, making it clear that agreement on repayment terms was a material element of any on-going business relationship between the parties. Accordingly, since the parties never reached a single shared intention on this material aspect of their negotiations, we find that they never entered into an enforceable interim supply agreement.
In reaching this conclusion we recognize that Inline places great weight on Reynolds' assertion in an August 20, 2008 e-mail that Reynolds would "be able to meet your November volume requirement--we can continue beyond that if we have volume forecasts" (Pl. Ex. 8) as evidencing an irrevocable commitment to supply products regardless of any debt repayment. However, from our perspective, the problems with this contention are two-fold.
First, this argument relies upon a single comment by Reynolds devoid of the broader factual context of the business dealings between the parties. That factual context reflects that, even as Reynolds was stating it had the capacity to meet these needs, it was concurrently pressing Inline for a commitment to repay its multi-million dollar debt. Furthermore, the context of this communication reveals that Inline was representing to Reynolds that it was exploring means of achieving that very goal. As Inline's President, Thomas Orkisz, testified:
[F]rom the period of the end of June [2008] through that point [October 2008], there was probably at least, you know, three or four conversations over the summer of this topic [repayment of the $3.2 million debt]. In some instances I probably told Bill [Coad, Reynolds' President] I was looking into it, looking at options, talking to my bank to see if we could accelerate it. There might even been some thought about maybe compromising it we could pay it off quickly but a lesser amount. You know you're talking three years ago. But there were some things kicked around. (Tr. 64.)
Thus, it is evident from the testimony of Inline's President, that he was initially suggesting to Reynolds that he both understood their need for prompt repayment of this $3.2 million debt and was exploring means to achieve that repayment. Placed in this broader factual context, where Inline admits that it was informing Reynolds that it "was looking into [debt repayment], looking at options, talking to [the] bank to see if we could accelerate it," this single statement by Reynolds cannot reasonably be viewed as a binding commitment to supply Inline even if Inline refused to timely repay its $3.2 million debt.
More fundamentally, the interpretation of this statement which Inline urges upon us runs afoul of one of the guiding principles we must apply when interpreting
ambiguous agreements; namely, that a party's interpretation of ambiguous language must be commercially reasonable. See e.g., Glenn Distributors Corp. V. Carlisle Plastics, Inc. 297 F.3d 294, 301 (3d Cir. 2002); County of Mercer v. Unilect Corp., 612 F.Supp.2d. 638, 649 (W.D. Pa. 2009)(collecting cases). Here, the interpretation proposed by Inline asks us to find that Reynolds decided to act in a commercially unreasonable fashion by unilaterally electing to supply Inline, even though Inline refused in any meaningful way to address Reynolds' oft-stated need for prompt repayment of a $3.2 million debt. Because Inline's efforts to parse this business relationship into these separate isolated segments which are not dependent upon one another is not commercially reasonable behavior in this setting, we will decline to adopt this interpretation of Reynolds' words and actions in determining whether there was an enforceable agreement between the parties. We will also decline Inline's invitation to find that there was an enforceable agreement between the parties which would have compelled Reynolds to sell products to Inline even as Inline refused to promptly repay a multi-million dollar debt owed for past goods sold.
Accordingly, for the foregoing reasons we will find against Inline on its counter-claim.*fn5
C. Reynolds Has Failed to Carry Its Burden of Proof on Its Claims for an Additional $63,000 in Damages on Its Contract Claim
Likewise we find that Reynolds has not carried its burden of proof on its claim that it is owed an additional $63,000 from Inline on the original long-term supply agreements in this case. As a threshold matter, we note that Reynolds had previously quantified the total amount of this outstanding indebtedness on this contract with precision and in a manner which was inconsistent with its current claims. Indeed, in 2009 Reynolds flatly stated that "Inline admits that it owes Reynolds the amount of $2,792,860.02 as of March 21, 2009" in its summary judgment pleadings. (Doc. 33, p.2)
We further note that Inline then made quarterly payments on this acknowledged debt, reducing this indebtedness until April, 8, 2011, when Inline made a final $307, 162 installment payment to Reynolds , a payment which Inline reported to Reynolds "complete[d] Inline's payable obligations to Kama." (Tr. 66-74, D.Ex. 14.) Reynolds accepted this payment without protest and without any demurrer denying Inline's claim that the payment "complete[d] Inline's payable obligations" until shortly before trial.
At trial, Reynolds presented testimony by Christopher Smith, a senior accounting manager for Reynolds, who testified that an additional $63,000 was owed to Reynolds on Inline's account. (Tr. 132-149.) However, Mr. Smith reached this conclusion based solely upon a review of computerized accounting records which showed that there were three unpaid invoices to Inline on Reynolds' accounting records from 2004. (Tr. 136.) Thus, Mr. Smith had no personal knowledge regarding any of these 7 year-old invoices. Smith also acknowledged that Reynolds' accounting systems had been automated several times since 2004, could not exclude the possibility of data entry errors in these records. Furthermore, Mr. Smith agreed that Inline had disputed the validity of some Reynolds' invoices. (Tr. 139-148.) Thus, Reynolds' proof of these additional damage claims rested upon the testimony of a witness who had no direct personal knowledge regarding the background of these 7 year-old invoices. This claim was supported by records of uncertain provenance, which were disputed by Inline. Moreover, this loss claim was inconsistent with Reynolds' earlier, and longstanding, loss calculation in this case. Therefore, in our view, this testimony, standing alone, is simply insufficient to carry Reynolds' burden of proving that the longstanding, and mutually acknowledged indebtedness of Inline on this contract had actually been unwittingly miscalculated by all parties for years. Therefore, for the foregoing reasons we will find against Reynolds' on this aspect of its contract claim.
III. Conclusion
In accordance with the findings of fact and conclusions of law set forth in this opinion, IT IS ORDERED that:
1. We find against Inline on its counter-claim.
2. We find against Reynolds on its contract claim for payment of an additional $63,000 by Inline.
3. The clerk is directed to close this file.
Martin C. Carlson United States Magistrate Judge
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GBP/USD gravitates to 1.22
Fri, 28 Oct 2016 07:43:33 GMT
The British economy expanded more than expected in the Q3 despite the Brexit vote, official figures revealed on Thursday. >>
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EUR/USD marks a week of low volatility on Friday
Fri, 28 Oct 2016 07:20:45 GMT
The attempts to break through the resistance, which has put down all the efforts of the Euro against the US Dollar, continue. >>
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Gold remains near the 200-day SMA
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The yellow metal is at the same level where it has been throughout the week. However, there is one slight difference, if the metal's price on Friday is compared with >>
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Dukascopy Aggregate Technical Indicator Morning
Fri, 28 Oct 2016 07:13:29 GMT
Dukascopy Aggregate Technical Indicator for 30 min, 1H, 4H and 1D time frame charts for major pairs for the last 144 periods till 07:30 GMT. >>
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Gold remains stuck
Fri, 28 Oct 2016 06:58:57 GMT
The yellow metal slightly surged on Friday morning, as it was in a yet another rebound from the weekly PP, which is located at 1,263.46. >>
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USD/JPY on the edge of falling under 105.00
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Relatively strong US data yesterday helped the Greenback to strengthen against the Yen, therefore, to preserve the bullish trend. >>
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GBP/USD gravitates to 1.22
Fri, 28 Oct 2016 06:58:25 GMT
The British currency weakened against the US Dollar on Thursday, but remained in its intraweek trading range, namely between the weekly S1 from the downside and the monthly S3 from >>
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Fri, 28 Oct 2016 06:57:54 GMT
The common European currency continued training below the post Brexit low level of 1.0912 against the US Dollar during Friday morning. >>
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Fri, 28 Oct 2016 05:26:03 GMT
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Thu, 27 Oct 2016 13:08:00 GMT
By Thursday noon the Kiwi remained against the Greenback in the same sport, where it was three sessions ago. >>
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USD/CAD slowly continues to move higher
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AUD/USD gravitates towards 0.7620
Thu, 27 Oct 2016 13:07:42 GMT
The Aussie failed to maintain trade above the 0.77 mark yesterday, with the immediate resistance area triggering a sell off, which resulted in the pair remaining relatively unchanged over the >>
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subset: commoncrawl


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Reviews For
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|Intricately detailed, the Blue Sky Garden Stool is crafted of high fired ceramic with lustrous blue swirl glazed finish. Used in Chinese gardens for centuries as a gazing perch, this stool motif of stylized swirling clouds adds texture and visual interest indoors or out as a side table or spare seat.
For more ideas check out 2 ways to style a coffee table
Shape: Round
Frame material: Ceramic
Coffee Table Design: Table
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Weight: 20.9lb
Width: 13.5"
Depth: 13.5"
Height: 17.75"


text: Recently we were guests for a clam/lobster bake prepared at our hosts' home. This was just okay. First of all they had to build a fire/cooking area because they couldn't dig one into a beach in the traditional style. Then they threw the lobsters into their cooking box in a pile - didn't spread them out for even cooking. That... More


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text: Written By Guest Writer Edibles / Kitchen Tools / One ingredient Mar 11, 2013 Udo's Oil – An Omega Powerhouse SHARE VIA: Facebook Twitter PinterestEveryone and their dog seems to be using some form or another of olive oil; from all the hype of the Mediterranean diet, to the acclaimed health benefits, it seems to be the ideal choice for a healthy oil, right? What about coconut oil? First it was the worst oil for you to eat, and now it's the healthiest? What's the deal with finding the right oil, and how do you know it's the best one out there? First off, how is the oil made? Most oils are refined, processed, bleached, and exposed to heat – that is a total no no! Oil should always be unrefined and unprocessed. How is it packaged? If it is in plastic then it is definitely not the right oil for you. Plastic can leach harmful substances into the oil. Think about it, would you ever drink wine out of a plastic bottle – didn't think so, so why would you ever buy oil in a plastic bottle? Does your oil have omegas in it? You know, the essential fats that our bodies need for increasing energy, strengthening the immune system, improving cardiovascular health, and improving brain function? Since both coconut and olive oil (not to mention grapeseed or flax) don't have all of the essential omegas, chances are that you are not getting all of them in your oil. So… with all that being said, it must be time for an oil makeover.One oil blend that is getting a lot of recognition is Udo's Oil™. This omega powerhouse is packed with all the essential omegas required by our body. Carefully cold-pressed in small batches, Udo's Oil™ is unrefined, unprocessed and made by a local company in Burnaby B.C., Flora Manufacturing and Distributing. The oil blend is made from carefully sourced organic ingredients, such as flaxseed (all of the flax seeds are from certified organic Canadian grown flax), sunflower seed, sesame seed, coconut oil and evening primrose seed oil. Besides Udo's Oil™ being organic, it is also Non-GMO, Vegan and Raw, that's right raw! Meaning the oil does not get pressed at a temperature over 55°C. On top of that the oil is packaged in amber glass bottles, and not plastic. Seriously though, what more could you ask for?Udo's Oil™ really will take any dish to the next level, and it can be added to any meal. Where the oil really shines is in salad dressing, it will seriously transform any salad. We dare you to try the recipe below; you will be hooked.Udo's Oil™ Salad Dressing1 Cup Udo's Oil™2 Lemons juiced¼ Cup Balsamic Vinegar1 Large Clove Pressed Garlic½ Tbsp Unrefined Sea SaltPour all ingredients into a mason jar, and shake with the lid on for 1 minute. Pour over any salad and witness your dish transform into a tasty delight.Florahealthoilsomega-3 SHARE VIA: Facebook Twitter Pinterest Written By: Guest Writer We get many people writing guest articles for us, as well as past contributors. This is the Guest ... Read More You may also like Get Fresh November 14, 2016 Kiwi Magic "It's what's on the inside that counts." The Internet would like us to know that, if given the chance, kiwis could cure cancer, ... Read More How to Cook / Victoria September 8, 2016 Chef Peter Zambri's Italian Series at Cook Culture Take your Italian cooking to the next level with Chef Peter Zambri of Zambri's in Victoria. In this class, Peter will examine the complete ... Read More The Big Picture / Victoria July 25, 2016 Job Offer: Director of Business Development (Victoria) for EAT EAT Magazine is looking for a part-time Director of Business Development (Victoria). Could develop into full time for the right person. EAT Magazine ... Read More Recipes / Side dish July 22, 2016 DIY Blueberry Jam with Lavender and Lemon One of the reasons I love blueberries is because they make great jam, due to their naturally occurring high levels of pectin. They are also a welcome ... Read More Pantry / The Big Picture June 27, 2016 Community Gardens Have Radical Potential in Victoria As a city that is internationally renowned for its gardens, it does come as a surprise that the majority of our produce in Victoria is not grown near ... Read More The Big Picture / Victoria June 2, 2016 Get Ready For Feast Food & Film Starting June 17th Join food film buffs over two weekends in June to celebrate food films paired with delicious local restaurants and drink providers! On ... Read More Comments are closed.


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Having unwanted fat in different areas of your body can have a substantial effect on your health and self-confidence. While traditional weight loss through workout and diet is a fantastic method to drop weight in general, even the best workouts cannot target issue locations like the tummy, inner thighs, arms, and butts. Liposuction is a time checked treatment that is used to eliminate excess fat from specific areas of the body, permitting a specific to form and contour their body to their preference. Is liposuction right for you? Discover now.
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I've just discovered FormSpring, an online Web application that allows small businesses to create, manage, and host online forms without having to know HTML or other code. FormSpring is positioning this application as one that "is perfect for small businesses who want to capture customer/client information without investing in expensive coding/development time."
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Addition of CSS field to quickly add custom styles to your templates.


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Gsm Listening Devices With Voice Trigger From Gsm Listening Device Supplier Northvision
Posted at: Offers to Sell and Export | Posted on: Thu 13 May, 2010 1:35 pm |
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Gsm listening devices With Voice Trigger From GSM listening device supplier Northvision
CX600R (Sound activated trigger, auto call back function)
Products descriptions:
This gsm bugs gsm listening devices allow you to spy anyone in any place. You only need to buy a new SIM card, place it in this device. Once you call this number, this device will auto answer, and it is working like a phone with auto answer without speaker.
So you can actually hear anyone's talking about you or whatever when you call in that sim card's phone #. But no one will notice, because this device look like a USB hub or small USB device. But actually it is a spy tool.
If you store this beside a computer and put in to a usb it will keeps charging..
And you can call in anytime anywhere..or you can put in the car or other place and it will work 1 to 2 days it will need to charge again.
Frequency: 900, 1800, 1900
Embed four condense microphone
24 hour non-stop power supply
All GSM SIM card compatible
Microphone range(Meter): 5~7(Radius), 4 levels
Receive sensitivity: -\+10K
Working temp: -40~50'C
Responding frequency: 1.2K~800Khz
Stand-by time: 7 days
Working time: 4 hours
Weight: 0.18kg
Size: 2.8 x 1.6 x 0.8 cm
Products applications:
Police can use it for law enforcement
Lawyers can use it to collect evidence
Reporter can use it to interview in special occasion
For stealth surveillance
Company Contact:
Contact Name: Eric Zhou
Company Name: Northvision Technologies Co., Ltd
Tel: 86-755-81470881
Fax: 86-755-81470881
Street Address: B12B, Duhui 100 Building B,
Huaqiangbei, Futian District, Shenzhen,
Member name: NorthvisionTechnologies
Member Since: 13 May 2010
Total Leads:
45 NorthvisionTechnologies Import Export Business Leads
Business focus: Spy Cameras, Sports Cameras, Home Intellicorder Video Door Cameras, Bird Hunting Mp3, Gsm Mms Cameras, Gsm Bugs
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Voice-activated Trigger Recording Function Rechargeable Li-polymer Battery Surveillance Dvr
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Part of the FutureEverything music programme and located at the Northern Quarter's Soup Kitchen, Land of Light, Moonboots, Jason Boardman, Jolyon Green & Simon Tonkinson will be taking the stage on Friday 22nd March 2013. Land Of Light are the Londonbased duo Jonny Nash and Kyle Martin. The pair make atmospheric, new worlds of sound which float just out of reach in Vangelistinged smoothness. There will also be DJ Support supplied by Moonboots and Jason Boardman (Aficionado), Jolyon Green (Lowlife) and Simon Tonkinson (Be My Guest) so grab your ticket now and head to the Northern Quarter.
Best Live Music Venue 2014 - DesignMyNight Awards The Soup Kitchen in Manchester's Northern Quarter does exactly...More about Soup Kitchen
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In the recent past there has been a paradigm shift in the ways in which media, including audio, video and games, is accessed and consumed by the public. Increasingly, consumers are looking for one device that can receive this wide range of media, with companies such as Google, Apple and Amazon keen to tap into this new lucrative market. The latter has recently released Amazon Fire TV, a set-top media-streaming box that connects to an HDTV to stream media directly into consumers' homes. Fire TV is the latest gadget in this product range, with Apple TV, Roku streaming devices and Google Chromecast already offering extensive streaming services. With many media commentators heralding media-streaming services as the future and indeed in some cases the present reality of global media consumption, the public is in need of the facts about some of the features and services offered by the latest entrant to the fray, Amazon Fire TV.
Fire TV's quad-core processor and 2 GB of memory is the best to be found on the market thus far, with impressively smooth streaming and little buffering/loading time sure to please consumers. Fire TV supports Dolby Digital Plus surround sound and HDMI video out up to 1080p and will connect to the internet via Wi-Fi through a speedy dual-band/dual-antenna connection. The box supports a wide range of streaming platforms, including Netflix, YouTube, Hulu Plus and Amazon's own Instant Video service. It also has access to an extensive library of games, with over a hundred currently available and thousands more on the way, which can be played using a dedicated game controller (sold separately). Retailing at $99 in the US, it is likely that Fire TV will sell somewhere near £99 in the UK, as evidenced by Apple and Roku's similar price conversions.
The only box so far offering voice search, accessed through a microphone in the Bluetooth remote, Fire TV's combination of accurate voice recognition and manual arrow key searches have been talked up immensely by Amazon. The voice-recognition technology here is among the best currently on the market, and directing one's voice to the handheld remote rather than across the room towards the TV allows for a more streamlined and less shouty experience. However, as with a great many other products that derive their services from a great number of platforms, the search function is hamstrung by being unable to peruse all media libraries simultaneously. The promised improvement in this regard cannot come soon enough for viewers who are left searching Amazon Instant Video, Netflix and Hulu Plus one after the other when surely one search would have sufficed. Amazon Fire TV does indeed have the best specs, most extensive media library and the most potential areas for even greater improvement when compared to its rivals. But at the moment it is a nuts and bolts issue in the search function that is holding the whole device back.
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Android Developer - remote work
- Katowice
- 2016-05-30 15:15
- 6000 - 8000 zł netto
- Kontrakt
Opis oferty
For our company conducting IT projects for the biggest start-ups from USA, Middle East and Europe we are looking for a superstar Android Developer with an interest in skillfully crafting creative mobile applications and utilities. You will work in a small team designing and building new mobile applications and helping to drive the full lifecycle of development
Wymagania i obowiązki
- Translate designs and wireframes into high quality code.
- Working closely with small international teams to identify and define requirements.
- Working closely with UX and Design teams to create useful and entertaining interfaces.
- Keep up to date with the latest trends and opportunities in the ever changing mobile world.
- Knowledge of the open-source Android ecosystem and the libraries available for common tasks.
- A knack for benchmarking and optimization.
- At least 2 years experience with Java and Android mobile applications.
- Perfect command of English
- Solid knowledge about the Android framework.
- API experience HTTP, REST, JSON.
- Familiarity with Git.
- Published apps in Google Play store.
- Strong knowledge of Android SDK, different versions of Android, and how to deal with different screen sizes.


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Designed for embroidery beginners, veterans, hobbyists, crafters and home-based entrepreneurs,
AEG P10 has all the features to meet your embroidery needs. The embroidery opportunities are endless with AEG P10. Let your imagination run wild. The sky is the limit!
Main Features:
- Single head machine with 10 needles to meet all of your embroidery needs
- Sleek and stylish design with 7'' HD true colour LCD touch screen
- User-friendly interface with easy-to-understand icons and operation
- Multiple languages available, including English, Chinese, Spanish, Portuguese, Turkish, Dutch, French, German, Thai, Arabic, etc.
- Servo motor enables machine to be more durable and reliable
- Patented intelligent thread break detection system
- Linear guide rail makes machine more reliable
- Low power consumption at 80W
- Automatic colour change
- Automatic thread trimming
- Single button with different colour display for START and STOP
- On-board lettering
- One-step appliqué
- One-step tracing
- Machine reads multiple design formats, such as DST and DSB
- Dual CPUs enable design input/output while machine is in operation
- Pre-set hoops to avoid hitting hoop frames
- Position of design within hoop is displayed on screen while in operation
- Design automatically rotates 180° when switching from cap to flat (or vice versa) embroidery mode
- Recessed USB port to better protect USB flash drive
- Automatic data restoration when machine is powered off and later powered back on
- While working, the embroidered part will be displayed in colour with the unfinished parts in shadows
- Digital ON / OFF switch for built-in LED light
- Screensavers available
- Ethernet or wireless connection makes it easy for design management on PC
- Network capability
- Environmentally-friendly heavy duty carton package
Below are some example items that AEG P10 can accomplish embroidery on.
- Caps
- Robes
- Backpacks
- Sweat Suits
- Visors
- Pet Apparel
- Laptop Cases
- Sports Uniforms
- Headbands
- Dog Collars
- Children's Clothing
- Work Uniforms
- Wristbands
- Seat Covers
- Baby Bibs
- Dance Wear
- Golf Shirts
- Leather Products
- Pillow Cases
- Scrubs
- Jackets
- Towels
- Bags
- Pants
- Needle: 10
- Head: 1
- Max speed: 100SPM
- Motor – Main Servo motor
- X-7 – Stepping Motor
- Operation Box: Intuitive 7'' True Colour LCD Touch Screen
- Hook: Japanese Koban Hook
- Memory Capacity: 20,000,000 stitches or 200 designs
- Memory Media: USB Memory Stick
- Safety Device: Error Code Message
- Maximum embroidery area: 31x21CM or 12.2"x8.3"
- Cap embroidery: 220° wide angle cap system
- Power: AC90 - 240V, 50 – 60 Hz self-adaptable worldwide
- Net Weight: 45 KGs or 99 LBs
- Shipping weight: 60Kgs or 132 LBs
- Machine measurement: 648X574X783mm or 25.5"Wx22.5"Dx30.8"H
- Package measurement: 708X748X807mm or 27.8"Wx29.4"Dx31.7"H
Network Capability Ready
Using advanced network technology, you can connect together as many AEG P series as you wish to create an extremely flexible production system. Embroider the same design on all of your machines at the same time or different designs on different machines simultaneously.
Click here to download the brochure:


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Store HoursMon-Sat 10-9 Sun 12-6
Call 800.266.9016 For HelpMon-Fri 9-5 EST
Item # SS528-04081
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The Showtime Corset from Shirley of Hollywood is a sexy strapless look to wear in the bedroom or out on the town! The corset features heavy, quilted faux leather bra cups and front panel accented with a heavy-weight zipper up the front. Bra cups are padded. Strapless, no boning, no wires. G-string panty sold separately.
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Spinach and Cheese Torta
Total Time
Prep 20 mins
Cook 23 mins
Spinach, cheese, and roasted red peppers--what could be yummier? ZWT 3: Mexican/SW/Tex-Mex (cheeses and tortillas)
Ingredients Nutrition
- 1 (6 ounce) bag Baby Spinach
- 2 large eggs
- 1 egg white
- 1⁄2 cup shredded four-cheese Mexican blend cheese
- 1⁄2 cup milk
- 1 tablespoon chopped fresh cilantro (optional) or 1 tablespoon parsley (optional)
- 1⁄2 teaspoon salt
- 1⁄8 teaspoon fresh ground pepper
- 4 (8 inch) spinach tortillas or 4 (8 inch) whole wheat tortillas
- 3⁄4 cup diced roasted red pepper (not stored in oil)
- Preheat the oven to 350.
- Spray a 9-in round cake pan with cooking spray.
- Put the spinach in a large microwavable bowl; cover with plastic wrap and prick several holes in the plastic.
- Microwave on high until the spinach starts to wilt, about 2 minutes.
- Let stand until the spinach wilts completely, about 5 minutes.
- Uncover and let cool.
- Squeeze the spinach to remove the excess liquid; chop coarsely.
- Meanwhile, put the eggs, egg white, cheese, milk, cilantro or parsley (if using), salt, and ground pepper in a bowl, beating with a whisk to combine.
- To assemble the torta, place 1 tortilla in the bottom of the pan. Layer with half the spinach, 1 tortilla, then the roasted peppers.
- Top with 1 tortilla and the remaining spinach and tortilla. Pour the egg mixture over the top.
- Bake about 20 minutes or until firm.
- Remove the torta from the oven and increase the heat to broil.
- Broil 5 inches from heat until just browned on the top, about 1 minute.
- Let stand 5 minutes before inverting the torta on a cutting board and slicing into 4 wedges.
Most Helpful
This was really terrific, TRUE! I did use roasted peppers in a jar too! HOWEVER, drained, ran under water and in paper towel I did drain, While listening to the weather outside which was RAIN! Don't think it distracted from taste to me! Thank you! Glad this recipe I did see!
Excellent! I grated chihuahua and cheddar cheese, used Whole Foods fat free tortillas and cilantro from the garden. Really good and healthy tasting!
This is a lovely low fat mexican torta! I used a little more cheese (sprinkled a bit on each layer but used low fat cheese) and chopped some tomatoes to add in one of the spinach layers. Very nice and versatile - I could see playing around with adding other ingredients too! ZWT 3


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* AlasPoorScrappy: The death of the revolting [[{{Jerkass}} Timmons]] is so brutal that it's hard not to feel sorry for him, even though [[SortingAlgorithmOfMortality it wasn't very surprising that he died]].
** He dies pleading with the Pawnee to [[spoiler: not hurt his mules]] even as he lay there suffering and bleeding out. He was a disgusting little troll [[JerkWithAHeartOfGold with a core of pure platinum]].
* {{Anvilicious}} / SomeAnvilsNeedToBeDropped: Nowadays it comes off as extremely preachy, but at the time of its release it was one of the first positive portrayals of American natives to reach wide acclaim. Not counting [[HistoricalVillainUpgrade the Pawnee]] of course.
* SugarWiki/AwesomeMusic: Most of the score, but especially the beautiful [[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KHvKviaeulg John Dunbar Theme]], which was apparently one of Pope John Paul II's favorite pieces of music.
* HarsherInHindsight / HilariousInHindsight: The villainization of the Pawnee in this movie will come across as bitterly ironic to anyone who's seen ''Film/TheRevenant''.
* HoYay: Wind In His Hair calls Dunbar his ''kola'', which in Lakota custom includes sleeping in the same blanket when part of a hunting party and in some cases even sharing wives. This also qualifies as FoeYay since they didn't like each other at first.
* OneSceneWonder: Major Fambrough, the crazy (possibly from either syphilis or lead poisoning) military officer that gives Dunbar his orders, and thinks that it's the time of KingArthur.
--> "[[SugarWiki/FunnyMoments Sir knight! I have just pissed in my pants... And there is nothing anybody can do about it]]."
* TearJerker: [[spoiler:The deaths of Two-Socks and Cisco, in rapid succession.]]
* ValuesDissonance: How the film was received then and how some see it now.
* VanityProject: Creator/KevinCostner directed, produced and starred in this film, however, it is [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dances_with_Wolves#Reception regarded as being a well-done]] vanity project that managed to win four awards.


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Here is the listing of Best reference books on Non-linear Control Systems.
|1. "Modern Control Principles and Applications" by J.C. Hsu and A.U. Meyer
|2. "Stability of Nonlinear Control Systems" by D.P. Atherton
|3. "Nonlinear systems" by M. Vidyasagar
Book Review: The book deals with the advancements made in the application of differential geometric methods to nonlinear analysis along with the knowledge of basic techniques. The book also demonstrates the behavior of nonlinear control systems under various different situations. The book generates nonlinear techniques and methods which are used in the field of linear control theory. The book also contains chapters on lyapunov stability, input output stability and differential geometric control theory. The book also contains various problems that help the readers test their understanding.
|4. "Nonlinear System Theory: Functional Analysis Approach" by J.M. Holtzman
Sanfoundry Global Education & Learning Series – Best Reference Books!


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Figure 1. Percentage of sunlight backscattered from upper ocean layers as a function of wavelength in nanometers (CZCS observing wavelengths in boldface), under three conditions: (A) clear open ocean water, low phytoplankton concentration; (B) moderate phytoplankton bloom, open ocean; (C) turbid coastal waters containing sediment as well as phytoplankton.
Simple, semi-empirical equations can be used to estimate the concentration of chlorophyll-a and its degradation products from satellite measurements of backscattered sunlight at three wavebands centered at 443, 520, and 550 nm, covering the blue and green regions of the spectrum (See figure, left).These radiances are not merely reflected from the sea surface, but are derived from sunlight that has entered the ocean, been selectively absorbed, scattered and reflected by phytoplankton and other suspended material in the upper layers, and then backscattered through the surface.This approach permits quantitative estimates of phytoplankton pigment concentrations within the upper tens of meters of the open ocean, and within somewhat lesser depths in coastal waters.
Sunlight backscattered by the atmosphere contributes 80-90% of the radiance measured by a satellite sensor at these key wavelengths.Such scattering arises from dust particles and other aerosols, and from molecular (Rayleigh) scattering.However, the atmosphereic contribution can be calculated and removed if additional measurements are made in the red and near-infrared spectral regions (e.g., 670 and 750 nm).Since blue ocean water reflects very little radiation at these longer wavelengths, the radiance measured is due almost entirely to scattering by the atmosphere.Long-wavelength measurements, combined with the predictions of models of atmospheric properties, can therefore be used to remove the contribution to the signal from aerosol and molecular scattering.
Embodying this approach, the CZCS measured reflected sunlight at 443, 520, 550, 670, and 750 nm with a spatial resolution of about 1 km across a swath 2200 km wide. An additional thermal-infrared spectral channel, at 11.5 microns, was included as well to permit concurrent measurements of sea-surface temperature. This pioneering instrument recorded over 60,000 two-minute ocean scenes over its extended 8-year mission lifetime, laying the foundation for systematic studies of ocean color from space.
Suspended sediment, detritus, and pigments other than chlorophyll also affect the spectrum of backscattered sunlight.When reflectance by these substances contributes a relatively high fraction of the total signal, as in the cases of some coastal waters, the semi-empirical equations used to estimate phytoplankton concentrations from CZCS measurements yield unreliable results.Research is underway to develop equations that can distinguish detrital, sediment, and phytoplankton signatures in observations of coastal waters.The application of these new equations requires measurements in more spectral channels than were provided by CZCS; future sensors are being designed to provide the required capabilities.


text: Photos Du Jour: The First Day From Court Philippe Chatrier to the practice courts, the stars of the WTA - including the highest-ranked teenagers in the world, Laura Robson and Madison Keys - were shining on Day 1. Published May 27, 2013 12:00 Ana Ivanovic hit the practice courts ahead of the first day of play at the 2013 French Open. Elsewhere, Laura Robson and Eugenie Bouchard were also having an all-teenager hitting session. Madison Keys, one of the brightest young rising stars of American tennis, was also out there. Ivanovic proved practice makes perfect as she stormed out to a lopsided first set in her match. Petra Martic was on the receiving end of a 61 36 63 decision against the 2008 French Open winner. Another Roland Garros standout, 2012 runner-up Sara Errani, was also among Sunday's early winners. Martina Hingis was cheering from the sidelines as her pupil was fighting back from 64 42 down... And Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova completed the mission, edging Andrea Hlavackova, 46 76(5) 64. Yulia Putintseva rolled past Ayumi Morita in straight sets to set up a second round with Errani. Elsewhere, No.32 seed Sabine Lisicki made the next round with a 63 64 win over Sofia Arvidsson. And another German, qualifier Dinah Pfizenmaier, dispatched Mandy Minella to do the same, 75 61. Monica Puig scored her first Top 20 win with a nail-biting upset against World No.11 Nadia Petrova. Virginie Razzano, one of the Cinderella stories from this event a year ago, also won her opener. There would be no fairytale ending for Venus Williams in the last match of the day, however. Urszula Radwanska outlasted the former World No.1 in three hours and 19 minutes, 76(5) 67(4) 64. Topics: 2013, roland garros, tournaments, news, virginie razzano, venus williams, urszula radwanska, monica puig, mandy minella, dinah pfizenmaier, sabine lisicki, sofia arvidsson, yulia putintseva, martina hingis, anastasia pavlyuchenkova, sara errani, petra martic, eugenie bouchard, madison keys, laura robson, ana ivanovic, french open [+] More Share this page! Print Email Related photos WTA Elite Trophy Ambassador Stefanie Graf Shines In Zhuhai November 06, 2016 Tennis legend and WTA Elite Trophy ambassador had a busy weekend in Zhuhai, China! Catch up with all her activities - including a visit to city's impressive landmark bridge - right here! Zhuhai Gallery: Round Robin Round-Up November 03, 2016 Catch up on all the action - on and off the court - from the round robin stage at the Huajin Securities WTA Elite Trophy Zhuhai! Kvitova, Konta & Suárez Navarro Shine In Zhuhai Player Party October 31, 2016 Petra Kvitova, Johanna Konta, Carla Suárez Navarro, and more stepped out for the Huajin Securities WTA Elite Trophy Zhuhai's official player party - see all the best photos right here! To The Top 3


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Immerse yourself in this complete guide on Lamborghini's ultimate performance cars. Nearly 50 years ago, upstart high-end sports car manufacturer Lamborghini set the performance car world on its ear with its stunning supercar, the Miura. Wrapped in a svelte Marcello Gandini - designed body and powered by a 350-horsepower V-12, the Miura instantly made every other car look antiquated. In 1974, Lamborghini again shocked the automotive world with the mad Countach (an Italian expression one might utter at the sight of a beautiful woman), another Gandini masterpiece. Wide, low, and menacing, the original Countach completely recalibrated the supercar template. The Diablo replaced the Countach in 1990 and was the last of the Lamborghini supercars under the auspices of the "original" company. Audi acquired the company in 1997 and would bring significant German efficiency to bear, turning out supercars to a new template: the Murielago in 2001, the Gallardo in 2003, the Reventon in 2008, the Aventador in 2011, and, most recently, the appropriately named Huracan. Each one is an ultimate car. Many were collector vehicles from the moment they rolled off the production line. Beneath their stunning bodywork lie chassis and powerplants bristling with the best technology of their respective eras. Lamborghini's latest supercars zip from 0 to 60 miles per hour in under 3 seconds and hit top speeds in excess of 220 miles per hour. Their prices are equally staggering. Lamborghini Supercars 50 Years is devoted exclusively to all of Lamborghini's ultimate performance cars. No enthusiast of these world-class sports cars will want to miss it!
About Stuart CodlingJAMES MANN is one of the world's leading car and motorcycle photographers, with more than 20 years of experience shooting for enthusiast publications, the motor industry, and businesses around the world. His work has appeared within and on the covers of more than 50 books and has provided stunning visuals for numerous magazines, including Classic and Sports Car, CAR magazine, Forza, The Sunday Times, and Automobile magazine as well as being chosen to photograph the British Auto Legends stamps for the Royal Mail. His advertising clients include Aston Martin, BMW, and Toyota, among others. James is the photographer of the Motorbooks titles Art of the Formula 1 Race Car, Form follows function: Art of the Super Car, Art of the Le Mans Race Car and The Art of Ducati. Visit his website at www.jamesmann.com Journalist and broadcaster STUART CODLING has worked in motorsports for over a decade, covering sports cars in the United States before joining F1 Racing, the world's best-selling Formula 1 magazine. He has ridden pillion with World Superbike Champion Neil Hodgson, gone snowboarding with (former) FIA President Max Mosley, and been sworn at by ex-Ferrari F1 driver Eddie Irvine. He has appeared as an F1 expert on TV and radio, has hosted for Renault F1, and contributes to F1 Racing, Autosport, and Autocar. He is the author of the Motorbooks bestsellers Art of the Formula 1 Race Car and Real Racers. Read more about him on his website: www.stuartcodling.com.
Details Book
|Stuart Codling
|Motorbooks International
|Data Published
|01 October 2015
|Format Book
|PDF, Epub, DOCx, TXT
|Number of Pages
|224 pages
|Age +
|15 years
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Former UFC welterweight #1 contender Rory MacDonald has signed with Bellator MMA. Rory made his UFC debut at the age of 20. He just turned 27 in July. In February, Bellator signed former UFC light watch video >>
http://fightnetwork.com/ - Fight Network's John Pollock, John Ramdeen and Robin Black tell us what's making waves in MMA including a glance at Bellator MMA 120 PPV: Quinton "Rampage" Jackson vs. Muha watch video >>
Quick highlight of Donald Cerrone's conference call regarding fighting Ben Henderson at the UFC Boston show which is headlined by Conor McGregor vs Dennis Siver on January 18th. watch video >>
Benson Henderson joined AXS TV's Inside MMA, where he discussed his decision to sign with Bellator MMA as a free agent after fighting for the UFC for nearly five years, the response from other fighte watch video >>
Bellator MMA President Scott Coker appeared on AXS TV's INSIDE MMA tonight where he announced they have signed former UFC fighter and WEC champion Chris Leben, who has been retired for over two years watch video >>
Kimbo still wants to fight in Bellator MMA, but not Seth Petruzelli. watch video >>
Donald "Cowboy" Cerrone replaces the injured Eddie Alvarez to fight Ben Henderson on the Conor McGregor vs Dennis Siver card; Jon Jones earns the most at UFC 182 and is gloating after his win over Da watch video >>
Take an inside look into the evolution of Donald "Cowboy" Cerrone from his early days in kickboxing to securing his place as one of the top Lightweights in the UFC today. Known for his wild antics ou watch video >>
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http://fightnetwork.com/ - Fight Network's John Pollock, John Ramdeen & Robin Black brings us the latest including fallout from Bellator MMA 129; Paul Bradley decisions Josh Neer; Neer frustrated wit watch video >>


text:
To pick up tiny pieces of broken glass, take some tape and roll it into a ball with the sticky side out and dab up the glass and toss away.
By Lazetta
Carefully press a fresh slice of white bread over the tiny pieces of glass. The slice of bread must be fresh and soft. Always use caution whenever handling broken glass.
I cut a potato in half and press it against the glass and find it works amazingly well.
I take old newspaper, crumple it, and wet it with water; then wipe up glass splinters. That is an old solution handed down from my mother and grandmother.
Add your voice! Click below to comment. ThriftyFun is powered by your wisdom!


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Free personalized radio that
plays the music you love
Wishing On A Star (Live At Wembley)
A star
I'm wishing, wishing, wishing
On a star
A star
I'm wishing, wishing, wishing
On a star
Features of This Trackmodern r&b stylings
a subtle use of vocal counterpoint
a subtle use of vocal harmony
interweaving vocal harmony
minor key tonality
a dynamic female vocalist
romantic lyrics
These are just a few of the hundreds of attributes cataloged for this track by the Music Genome Project.show more
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"Catholic Answers Live came along early in my journey through RCIA two years ago, and has been a staple for my spiritual diet ever since."
~ Randall, Chandler, AZ
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"Could I but know all, I would have the faith of a peasant woman."
~ Louis Pasteur, founder of physio-chemistry, father of bacteriology, inventor of bio-therapeuties; devout Catholic.


text:
Asked by mekarevell at 8:57 AM on Oct. 14, 2010 in Crazy for CreditsLevel 39 (113,252 Credits)
Next question in Crazy for Credits
crazy for credits??? bump it!!!!!!!!!! ; p
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- Worldwide Rank #71,428,154
- Follower/Following Ratio 0.53
- Daily New Followers 0
ゆっきー Twitter Stats
@0204_toki - Tracking ゆっきー Twitter profile since April 2, 2014
*臨床検査技師* love*湘南、AK、あゆ
ゆっきー Tweets
@0204_toki has posted 382 tweets in the last 5 days, which translates to an average of 76.4 tweets per day.
ゆっきー Twitter Followers
@0204_toki has 54 followers on Twitter.
This account is #71,428,154 in the worldwide rank of the most popular Twitter users.
ゆっきー Following on Twitter
@0204_toki is following 101 Twitter accounts.
Last month this account stopped following 1 users.
ゆっきー Predictions & Milestones
@0204_toki will hit 54 followers in the next 3 months, and 54 in one year.
You are on ゆっきー's Twitter stats page
We track these Twitter stats since April 2, 2014 . You can see how many followers ゆっきー lost or gained and what the prediction is for tomorrow or the next 15 days, together with all kinds of other stats like rank compared to all Twitter users, tweets etc.
Why don't you give it a try and compare ゆっきー to yourself ? Or if you are ゆっきー get even more feature rich & up-to-date stats with our premium Twitter Stats.
Twitter Counter is the #1 Twitter stats site powered by Twitter. It all started in June 12, 2008 and we grew rather rapidly because of our Twitter Counter badge. The button is a nice small image that shows your visitors how many followers you have on Twitter. Within a year the button was on many many blogs around the world and we displayed more than 100 million buttons in one month. We track follower stats for over 180 million users now.


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From now until 31st March 2014, anyone registering a new Universal Audio Apollo DUO, Apollo QUAD, or Apollo 16 audio interface bought from us will receive a free pre-installed Thunderbolt Option Card worth £409!
The Apollo Thunderbolt Option Card provides greater UAD plug-in instances, improved performance at higher sample rates, and reduced UAD plug-in latency versus FireWire. Compatible with the latest generation of iMac, MacBook Pro, MacBook Air and Mac mini, the Thunderbolt Option Card offers unrivalled bandwidth and next-generation connectivity for Apollo.
So how do you get your hands on this astronomic offer? Just click on the banner to buy your Apollo interface without the Thunderbolt Option Card, or get in touch with us on the details below, and you'll receive the free card from us. As an authorised Universal Audio reseller, we can provide all your Apollo needs!
Want to know more about our Universal Audio Apollo interface deal? Give us a call on 03332 409 306 or email email@example.com. For all the latest news, follow @Jigsaw24Audio on Twitter or 'Like' us on Facebook.