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May 14, 1997
AMERICAN FEDERATION OF STATE, COUNTY AND MUNICIPAL EMPLOYEES, COUNCIL 31, AFL-CIO, RUSSELL LADSON, ADELE TRASS, DANY ST. PREAX, PLAINTIFFS-APPELLEES,v.THE DEPARTMENT OF CENTRAL MANAGEMENT SERVICES, MICHAEL S. SCHWARTZ, DIRECTOR OF CENTRAL MANAGEMENT SERVICES, THE CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION, DEFENDANTS-APPELLANTS.
APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF COOK COUNTY. No. 94 CH 11503. THE HONORABLE LESTER D. FOREMAN, JUDGE PRESIDING.
Rehearing Denied June 19, 1997. Released for Publication June 25, 1997.
Presiding Justice Cousins delivered the opinion of the court. Leavitt and Cahill, JJ., concur.
PRESIDING JUSTICE COUSINS delivered the opinion of the court:
Plaintiffs, a labor organization and three State of Illinois employees, filed a complaint against the Department of Central Management Services (CMS), its Director, and the Illinois Civil Service Commission for administrative review from the Illinois Civil Service Commission (the Commission). The complaint was based on the Commission's approval of revisions to the job classification plan that created the "Public Service Administrator" classification (PSA). The PSA classification replaced approximately 240 other job classifications. The trial court dismissed the labor organization from the suit with prejudice and later issued a writ of certiorari in favor of the individual plaintiffs. The court ordered the defendants to reinstate the plaintiffs to the classifications they had been assigned to prior to the revision of the plan. On appeal, defendants contend that: (1) the Commission's approval of the classification plan was not subject to review by writ of certiorari; and (2) assuming arguendo that the Commission's decision was reviewable using a writ of certiorari, the Commission's approval of the revision was not arbitrary or capricious.
In September 1993, the Governor's Human Resources Advisory Council (the Council) issued its final report entitled "Recommendations for Change in Illinois." One of the Council's recommendations was that the number of classifications of state jobs subject to the provisions of the Illinois Personnel Code (the Code)(20 ILCS 415/1 et seq. (West 1992)) be "dramatically reduced." The Council stated that, in the past, a classification was defined with such "excruciating detail that it could also serve as the actual job description" and that such detailed type of system had resulted in 1,679 job classifications.
In the Council's opinion, career development would be expanded by the new broad-banded classification system because it would encourage extended career opportunities for workers who may have been locked into one or two agency specific series and locked out of very similar jobs in other agencies. The Council also noted that the change would encourage state agencies to update job descriptions as a routine measure in the work place, thus eliminating the "cumbersome and difficult" requirement of having to obtain the approval of the Civil Service Commission for authorization of a position classification change.
In August 1994, the Illinois Department of Central Management Services published a notice in the Illinois Register of the proposed amendment to the position classification pay plan. The proposed amendment revised the heading of section 310.495 of the rules in the Administrative Code from "Senior Public Service Administrator Class Series" to "Public Service Administrator Series." 80 Ill. Adm. Code § 310.495 (1994).
The notice of proposed amendment stated that the new series would include the following classifications: "Public Service Administrator" (PSA); "Senior PSA, Level I"; and "Senior PSA, Level II." The notice also stated that the new PSA class would replace most job titles assigned to the merit compensation system salary ranges of MC-08 to MC-11 and would be assigned the salary range of $28,680 to $59,500 *fn1 The proposed amendment provided that any incumbent in the MC-08 to MC-11 salary range prior to classification in the PSA class would be placed into the range with no change in salary. Also, the proposed amendment provided that salary increases of between 5% and 10% may be given to those in the PSA class who were assigned additional responsibilities.
On November 15, 1994, Stephen Schnorf, former director of CMS *fn2, approved a change in the classification plan to add the PSA classification. The classification plan review report that was compiled by CMS stated that the new classification applied to certain managerial supervisory or confidential state employees whose positions were at the salary ranges MC-08 through MC-11. Employees whose positions were affected by the new PSA class would move into the class at their existing salaries.
The report stated that the PSA class was "created in order to consolidate a large number of senior management classifications to result in a more effective classification system." The report also stated that the narrowly defined classes that previously were used restricted management's ability to assign duties and functions to positions. According to the report, the "establishment of the Public Service Administrator class is consistent with a broad banding approach to classification and will enable management flexibility in the assignment of duties and creation of positions."
Common to all PSA positions is the management nature of the work. PSA positions are "full line supervisors" or administrators who assist higher level managers. Other PSA positions may act in a confidential labor relations capacity. The PSA class encompasses those jobs where the scope of the operation and associated administrative and managerial duties is not as great as that of the Senior PSA, but where work performed is higher than that of first level management positions.
The minimal requirements for the PSA class include the knowledge, skill, and mental development equivalent to the completion of four years of college, preferably with courses in business or public administration, and prior experience equivalent to three years of progressively responsible administrative experience in a public or business organization. Specific requirements vary by position option and relate to the specific position's duties and responsibilities.
On November 17, 1994, the Illinois Civil Service Commission held a special meeting to determine whether to approve the creation of the PSA classification, as required by the Personnel Code. 20 ILCS 415/8a (West 1992). Gilbert Feldman, attorney for the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees, Council 31, ALC-CIO (AFSCME), attended the meeting and voiced his opinion that the PSA class did not comply with section 8a(1) of the Personnel Code, which requires that a classification plan be "based upon similarity of duties performed, responsibilities assigned, and conditions of employment so that the same schedule of pay may be equitably applied to all positions in the same class." 20 ILCS 415/8a(1)(West 1992). Mr. Feldman stated his opinion that the reclassification would encompass job titles so disparate that they rationally could not be placed in the same classification.
Mike Murphy responded on behalf of CMS at the Commission's open meeting by stating that the commonality in the class consists of the supervisory responsibility of each employee. Murphy also stated that the decision to create the PSA class was in response to the Human Resource Advisory Committee's suggestion that the number of classifications be reduced. Murphy said that the PSA class would create a career ladder for employees.
At the special meeting, the Commission unanimously approved the PSA class specification and abolished approximately 240 classifications. On November 17, 1994, Bruce J. Finne, Executive Director of the Commission, sent a letter to Feldman notifying him of the Commission's decision.
After the Commission approved the PSA class, CMS sent letters to state employees affected by the change. A letter sent by Julie L. Moscardelli in CMS's bureau of personnel management stated that the change would make the classification plan more understandable and the system more "'user friendly.'" The letter also stated that the new position title includes a broadened pay range and may enhance career opportunities. The letter also delineated eight option designations for the new class: (1) general administration/business/marketing/labor/personnel; (2) fiscal management/accounting/budget/internal auditing insurance/financial; (3) management information systems/data processing/telecommunications; (4) physical sciences/environmental; (5) agriculture/conservation; (6) health and human services; (7) law enforcement/correctional/public safety/inspection and compliance; and (8) special license (attorney, pharmacist, registered engineer, etc.).
On December 22, 1994, the plaintiffs, AFSCME, and three state employees, Russell Ladson, Adele Trass, and Dany St. Preax, filed a complaint for administrative review, naming CMS, Director Schnorf, and the Commission as defendants. The complaint stated that AFSCME is the certified bargaining representative of many civil service state employees and that it was the petitioner in pending representation case proceedings before the Illinois State Labor Relations Board involving state employees who were in classifications abolished and now in the PSA class. The complaint also said that the individual plaintiffs were in classifications that had been abolished by and replaced by the PSA class. AFSCME was identified as a "participating party" before the Commission.
The plaintiffs claimed that the Commission's approval of the new PSA class was contrary to law because the class fails to comport with the statutory standard specified under section 8a(1) of the Personnel Code. 20 ILCS 415/8a(1)(West 1992). The plaintiffs also alleged that the Commission's approval of the PSA class was contrary to the manifest weight of the evidence and adversely impacted them. The plaintiffs asked the circuit court to reverse the Commission's decision.
The defendants filed a motion to dismiss the complaint with prejudice based on a lack of subject matter jurisdiction. The defendants argued that the Commission's approval of the position classification was not an administrative decision subject to review under the Administrative Review Law (735 ILCS 5/3-101 et seq. (West 1992)) and that the plaintiffs did not have the right to seek review of the Commission's decision. In a memorandum filed in support of their motion, the defendants stated that neither AFSCME nor the individual plaintiffs had shown how they were aggrieved by the Commission's approval of the PSA classification. Additionally, the defendants argued that the individual plaintiffs were not parties to the administrative proceedings.
On March 24, 1995, the circuit court ordered that the plaintiffs' complaint for administrative review be stricken and allowed the plaintiffs 28 days to file an amended complaint. On March 28, 1995, the plaintiffs filed a first amended complaint for administrative review and for a writ of prohibition. In count I, which sought review under the Administrative Review Law (735 ILCS 5/3-101 et seq. (West 1992)), the plaintiffs alleged that AFSCME "was a participating party at [the Commission] hearing on behalf of itself and the State employees under the pay plan represented by AFSCME." The individual plaintiffs alleged that the Commission's decision deprived them of their "basic civil service rights under the Personnel Code which the aforesaid statutory standard was designed to protect." The individual plaintiffs did not identify which job classifications they had prior to the revision of the plan and did not state for which agency or agencies they worked.
AFSCME alleged that it was deprived of its "derivative interest as legal representative of the individual Plaintiffs and other State employees similarly situated." AFSCME also claimed that the Commission's decision would have an adverse impact on it in pending representation proceedings before the Illinois State Labor Relations Board. In count II of the first amended complaint, the plaintiffs asked the court to issue a writ of prohibition to prevent the Commission from abolishing the classifications and replacing them with the PSA class.
The defendants filed a motion to dismiss the first amended complaint, alleging that the court lacked subject matter jurisdiction under the Administrative Review Law and that the plaintiffs failed to state a claim upon which relief could be granted regarding the writ of prohibition.
On August 4, 1995, the court dismissed count I of the first amended complaint with prejudice, ordered count II stricken, and allowed the plaintiffs 28 days to file an amended complaint. At a hearing on the motion to dismiss, the court found that the plaintiffs lacked standing to bring an administrative review action. The court also stated that "AFSCME is out as far as I am concerned. So I want you to plead a cause of action by way of a writ of prohibition" as to the individual plaintiffs.
On August 16, 1995, the plaintiffs filed a second amended complaint for a writ of prohibition, writ of certiorari, and declaratory and injunctive relief. The complaint noted that the prior administrative review count had been dismissed by the court. In addition to reiterating the claim for the writ of prohibition, the individual plaintiffs asked the court to review the action of the Commission pursuant to a writ of certiorari, to determine that such action was contrary to law, and to quash the action and proceedings of the Commission. The plaintiffs also asked the court to declare that the Commission acted in violation of its statutory authority, to declare that the CMS's administration of the Personnel Code was illegal, and to enjoin the defendants from implementing the action of the Commission.
The defendants filed a motion to dismiss pursuant to section 2-619.1 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-619.1 (West 1992)), claiming that counts II and IV for a writ of prohibition and for declaratory relief and injunction, respectively, should be dismissed for failure to state claims upon which the requested relief may be granted and that count III for writ of certiorari should be dismissed for lack of jurisdiction.
After a hearing held on December 4, 1995, the circuit court denied the defendants' motion to dismiss, ordered the Commission's previously filed record to stand as the defendants' answer to count III of the second amended complaint relating to the writ of certiorari, and stayed counts II and IV of the second amended complaint. Thereafter, the parties filed briefs in support of their positions as to count II.
At a hearing on February 7, 1996, the circuit court stated that it understood the state's attempt to simplify matters in terms of the classification plan, but wondered how employees would be able to advance competitively with only one broad job classification. The court noted that the plaintiffs had asserted that they had been deprived of their "right to advancement in career service" and that the defendants claimed that the plaintiffs were not entitled to a writ of certiorari because they had not shown that they had been injured by the creation of the PSA class. The court stated that it was going to "attribute an injury to the plaintiffs as a consequence of this change because "I think it does, in fact, deprive them of their right to career service under some form of merit approval." The court also stated that it did not see how the new class was based on a similarity in the types of employment because many of the abolished classes "have no coordination one with the other *** and many of these are totally different one from another."
While the court ordered that the writ of certiorari should issue, the court made clear that it was ruling only in favor of the three plaintiffs because "this was not a class action." The court said that it was ordering the defendants "to reinstate these people to the positions that they had previously been [in]. I'm asking them to reinstate these categories of MC-8, MC-9, MC-10, and MC-11."
Counsel for the plaintiffs stated that he would voluntarily dismiss the remaining counts of the second amended complaint. The court's order states that a writ of certiorari will issue in favor of the individual plaintiffs, that counts II and IV are voluntarily dismissed without prejudice, and that "this is a final and appealable order." The court granted the defendants' oral motion for stay of the court's ruling, pending defendant's appeal, stating that "this is a case that the Appellate Court must decide."
For the reasons which follow, we quash the writ of certiorari and its proceedings.
Defendants first contend that the Commission's approval of CMS's proposed change in the classification plan was not subject to review by a writ of certiorari. Plaintiffs initially argue that this argument is waived because defendants failed to raise this issue before the trial court. It is true that issues raised for the first time on appeal may not normally be considered by a reviewing court. People ex rel. Daley v. Datacom Systems Corp., 146 Ill. 2d 1, 27, 585 N.E.2d 51, 165 Ill. Dec. 655 (1991). However, this rule is not rigid and inflexible. Hebb v. Beegle, 135 Ill. App. 3d 157, 481 N.E.2d 846, 90 Ill. Dec. 46 (1985). The question in the case sub judice is one of law and has been fully briefed and argued by the parties. People ex rel. Daley, 146 Ill. 2d at 27. Furthermore, the waiver rule is an admonition to litigants, not a limitation upon the jurisdiction of the reviewing court. As such, we recognize that the responsibility of a reviewing court for a just result and for the maintenance of a sound and uniform body of precedent may sometimes override the considerations of waiver that stem from the adversarial nature of our system. American Federation of State, County, & Municipal Employees Council 3 v. County of Cook, 145 Ill. 2d 475, 480, 584 N.E.2d 116, 164 Ill. Dec. 904 (1991). We believe that the instant case presents such an occasion.
The common law writ of certiorari was developed to provide a means whereby a petitioner who was without avenue of appeal or direct review could obtain limited review over an action by a court or other tribunal exercising quasi-judicial functions. Stratton v. Wenona Community Unit District No. 1, 133 Ill. 2d 413, 427, 551 N.E.2d 640, 141 Ill. Dec. 453 (1990). Where the Administrative Review Law has not been expressly adopted, the writ of certiorari serves as an available method of reviewing the actions of agencies and tribunals exercising administrative functions. Stratton, 133 Ill. 2d at 427; Hanrahan v. Williams, 174 Ill. 2d 268, 272, 673 N.E.2d 251, 220 Ill. Dec. 339 (1996). The purpose of the writ is to have the entire record of the inferior tribunal brought before the court to determine, from the record alone, that the inferior tribunal proceeded according to the applicable law. Stratton, 133 Ill. 2d at 427; Tanner v. Court of Claims, 256 Ill. App. 3d 1089, 1092, 629 N.E.2d 696, 196 Ill. Dec. 151 (1994). "If the circuit court, on the return of the writ, finds from the record that the inferior tribunal proceeded according to law, the writ is quashed; however, if the proceedings are not in compliance with the law, the judgment and proceedings shown by the return will be quashed." Tanner, 256 Ill. App. 3d at 1091.
However, there is no absolute right to review by certiorari. The issuance of a writ of certiorari is within the sound discretion of the trial court. Tanner, 256 Ill. App. 3d at 1092. A writ is properly denied if, as a matter of law, the court is able to determine plaintiff cannot prevail or he is not entitled to the review he seeks. Tanner, 256 Ill. App. 3d at 1092. Furthermore, the writ should not issue where it would operate inequitably or unjustly, or in the absence of substantial injury or injustice to the petitioner. Stratton, 133 Ill. 2d at 428.
Defendants argue that the Commission's approval of the reclassification plan was a quasi-legislative action and, therefore, not subject to review by a writ of certiorari. The plaintiffs argue that the instant case is reviewable by writ because the Commission's powers and decision in the instant case were quasi-judicial.
The United States Supreme Court has stated there is "a recognized distinction in administrative law between proceedings for the purpose of promulgating policy-type rules or standards, on the one hand, and proceedings designed to adjudicate disputed facts in particular cases on the other." United States v. Florida East Coast Ry. Co., 410 U.S. 224, 245, 35 L. Ed. 2d 223, 239, 93 S. Ct. 810, 821 (1973). Quasi-judicial hearings concern agency decisions that affect a small number of persons on individual grounds based on a particular set of disputed facts that were adjudicated. On the other hand, quasi-legislative actions involve general facts affecting everyone. No individual rights are at stake in a quasi-legislative proceeding. See Advanced Systems, Inc. v. Johnson, 126 Ill. 2d 484, 506-07, 535 N.E.2d 797, 129 Ill. Dec. 32 (1989).
For example, in People ex rel. Narczewski v. Bureau County Merit Comm'n, 154 Ill. App. 3d 732, 506 N.E.2d 402, 106 Ill. Dec. 695 (1987), the merit commission sought to hold a public meeting to review a written reprimand issued by a sheriff to his deputy. The court held that this action was quasi-judicial. Narczewski, 154 Ill. App. 3d at 735. Also, in People ex rel. Olin Corp. v. Department of Labor, 95 Ill. App. 3d 1108, 420 N.E.2d 1043, 51 Ill. Dec. 485 (1981), the court held that the Department of Labor's action was quasi-judicial in nature where the Director of the Department sought to hold a meeting to determine whether union employees received proper notice of a hearing regarding the eligibility of unemployment benefits. The court stated that a determination of the existence of proper notice requires an interpretation of "the most fundamental requirement of the constitutional guarantee contained in the due process clause." Olin Corp., 95 Ill. App. 3d at 1110.
Conversely, in Advanced, our supreme court held that the Department of Revenue's determination of the tax multiplier is a legislative function and the required multiplier hearing was intended to be an information-gathering forum in pursuit of legislative facts. As such, the court noted that the nature of the required hearing was similar to a rule-making or informational proceeding that affected all taxpayers in the city. The court stated that no individual rights were at stake at the multiplier hearing. Advanced, 126 Ill. 2d at 507. See also, Tyska v. Board of Education of Township High School District 214, 117 Ill. App. 3d 917, 927, 453 N.E.2d 1344, 73 Ill. Dec. 209 (1983)(where court held that the board's decision to close school and reassign students was tantamount to the quasi-legislative power to make prospective regulations and orders and involved a public policy question concerning the school system and district as a whole, and not an adversarial adjudication of the rights of the individual).
In the instant case, because the Commission is an administrative agency created by the legislature, it has quasi-legislative as well as quasi-judicial powers. See Granite City Division of National Steel Co. v. Illinois Pollution Control Board, 155 Ill. 2d 149, 161, 613 N.E.2d 719, 184 Ill. Dec. 402 (1993). Here, the legislature has granted the Commission explicit authority to approve, maintain, prepare and revise the classification plan (20 ILCS 415/8a(1), 10(4)(West 1992)) and to approve personnel rules and amendments to the rules submitted to it by the Director of CMS (20 ILCS 415/10(3)(West 1992)). The Commission also has the authority to hear and determine written charges seeking the discharge, demotion, or suspension of employees (20 ILCS 415/10(6)(West 1992)) and to hear appeals of employees who do not accept the allocation of their position under the position classification plan (20 ILCS 415/10(5)(West 1992)).
As stated earlier, plaintiffs argue that the Commission acted in a quasi-judicial manner when it approved the revision of the position classification plan because the plan deprived them of the right to future promotions. We disagree. Although the Commission has quasi-judicial powers, the Commission's required approval of the reclassification plan was a quasi-legislative function. The nature of the hearing on the reclassification plan was similar to rulemaking. Although the legislature allows the Commission to hear appeals of employees who do not accept the allocation of their positions, the view of individuals presented at the hearing in the instant case was allowed to provide information to the Commission. No facts or individual rights were adjudicated at the hearing. In fact, the plaintiffs' classifications at the hearing were not revealed and there is no evidence in the record of the plaintiffs' classifications prior to or after the Commission approved the reclassification plan. There is also no evidence in the record as to what affect, if any, the reclassification plan had on the plaintiffs. In particular, the record does not reflect whether some or all of the plaintiffs, prior to the reclassification, were in category MC-8, MC-9, MC-10, or MC-11. Additionally, we hold that, because the Commission's approval of the reclassification plan was a quasi-legislative action, the hearing was not subject to review by a writ of certiorari.
Plaintiffs further argue that, assuming arguendo the Commission's decision was quasi-legislative, the Commission acted in an arbitrary and capricious manner. When an administrative agency such as the Commission exercises its rule-making powers, it is performing a quasi-legislative (as opposed to a quasi-judicial) function, and, therefore, it has no burden to support its conclusions with a given quantum of evidence. Illinois State Chamber of Commerce v. Pollution Control Board, 177 Ill. App. 3d 923, 928, 532 N.E.2d 987, 127 Ill. Dec. 158 (1988). This fundamental principle explains the discrepancy in the standards of judicial review of each type of proceeding; that is, when dealing with an adjudicatory proceeding, a reviewing court may only set aside the agency decision if it is clearly against the manifest weight of the evidence. When reviewing administrative rules and regulations, on the other hand, a court may not invalidate the regulation unless it is clearly arbitrary, unreasonable or capricious. Shell Oil Co. v. Pollution Control Board, 37 Ill. App. 3d 264, 270-71, 346 N.E.2d 212 (1976). As a reviewing court, we must employ this standard of review because administrative agencies are inherently more qualified to decide technical problems and the mechanics of dealing with them. Illinois State Chamber of Commerce, 177 Ill. App. 3d at 928. Because the courts lack the expertise possessed by administrative agencies, they should hesitate to find a regulation unreasonable. Shell Oil, 37 Ill. App. 3d at 271.
Specifically, plaintiffs assert that the Commission has failed to comply with the statutory requirements in approving the reclassification plan. Section 8a(1) of the Personnel Code states that the revision of the classification plan must be consistent with the Code's standard that positions in a classification must have similarity of duties performed, responsibilities assigned, and conditions of employment so that the same schedule of pay may be equitably applied to all positions of the same class. 20 ILCS 415/8a(1)(West 1992). Plaintiffs argue that the reclassification is in contravention to the Code's standards and the system of merit employment.
We recognize that a fundamental purpose of a civil service system is to remove employment from the patronage system. Glenn v. City of Chicago, 256 Ill. App. 3d 825, 628 N.E.2d 844, 195 Ill. Dec. 380 (1993). Instead, it seeks to offer the employee the inducement of promotion for conscientious, faithful, honest, and efficient service. Glenn, 256 Ill. App. 3d at 833. "The evils, sought to be remedied by legislation of this character, are well known and well understood. These evils are such as grow out of what is generally called 'the spoils system' ***. [And, they] *** have been fitly characterized as inefficiency, extravagance *** and political assessments." People ex rel. Akin v. Kipley, 171 Ill. 44, 58-59, 49 N.E. 229 (1897). However, the need to protect employees against layoffs and demotions made solely on the basis of political patronage must be balanced against the corresponding need of that administration to implement measures designed to save costs and promote greater efficiency in government administration. Glenn, 256 Ill. App. 3d at 833. Therefore, an administration may reclassify employees, or even abolish positions and lay off workers, if such steps are taken in good faith to promote greater economy and efficiency. Glenn, 256 Ill. App. 3d at 833. This policy allowing reclassification recognizes that an administration should not be unduly hampered in the performance of its managerial responsibilities. Glenn, 256 Ill. App. 3d at 834.
Plaintiffs concede that the Commission is empowered under the statute to change plaintiffs' classifications. However, plaintiffs contend that the action taken was not in conformity with the terms of the statute. However, plaintiffs' contention is not convincing. Defendants have cited cases from other jurisdictions that are more instructive. In Heyne v. Mabrey, 178 Ind. App. 610, 383 N.E.2d 464 (1978), the Indiana Court of Appeals held that plaintiffs were not injured by reclassification where the plaintiffs' salaries had not been reduced nor had their duties changed. In addition, the Indiana court held that the plaintiffs did not have any "property rights" in the possibility of step increases in pay because the step increase is a mere expectancy which falls short of a legitimate claim of entitlement. Heyne, 178 Ind. App. at 613, 383 N.E.2d at 467.
Defendants also cite Carls v. Civil Service Comm'n, 17 N.J. 215, 111 A.2d 45 (1954). In Carls, the New Jersey Supreme Court held that the reclassification of employees was neither arbitrary nor capricious where neither the plaintiffs' duties nor their salaries changed. The court also held that the plaintiffs did not have a vested right in their former classifications because they were, at all times, subject to the broad reclassification powers that had been delegated by the legislature to the Commission. Carls, 17 N.J. at 223, 111 A.2d at 49.
Defendants further cite Schultz v. Regents of the University of California, 160 Cal. App. 3d 768, 206 Cal. Rptr. 910 (1984). In Schultz, the court held that the plaintiff did not have a protectible property interest where his salary was frozen after reclassification until the salaries of others in the new class rose to equal his salary. The court concluded that plaintiff's expectation of a step increase was not supported by any promises or "mutually explicit understandings" between him and the University regarding the step increase and that plaintiff had nothing more than a "unilateral expectation" that he would receive an increase in salary. Schultz, 160 Cal. App. 3d at 777-78, 206 Cal. Rptr. at 915-16.
We also believe Glenn v. City of Chicago, 256 Ill. App. 3d 825, 628 N.E.2d 844, 195 Ill. Dec. 380 (1993), is apposite. In Glenn, the plaintiffs, a class of current and former career service employees of the City of Chicago, challenged the validity of the city's personnel rule that reclassified their positions, that reduced their salaries and eliminated their accrued seniority. The plaintiffs contended that the reclassification system was invalid because it did not protect the seniority and salary of the reclassified job holder. The court held that the rule in question did not provide for the right to seniority, but only provided for the right to reclassify to further efficiency and economy in government. The court noted that seniority and the values of career service were not synonymous, and to require that seniority and wages be protected in the event of reclassification would greatly dilute and undercut the economic and administrative reform that would warrant good-faith classification in the first instance. Glenn, 256 Ill. App. 3d at 835.
In the case sub judice, we are mindful that the trial court stated: "And I do attribute an injury to the plaintiffs as a consequence of this change because I think it does, in fact, deprive them of their right to career service under some form of merit approval. And I don't see how that merit approval is in any way systematically capable of being administered under a system where everybody regardless of what their particular job description is all get put into one category." However, in our view, this statement by the trial court has no factual support in the record. Rather, we agree with the defendants that the plaintiffs have failed to articulate how application of the new pay grade adversely affects them, especially considering that all employees entered the PSA classification at the same salary they had prior to the change, all employees moved into a salary range with at least as great a maximum salary as their previous range, and that most employees realized an increased maximum range with the change. Based on the record, we cannot say that the reclassification was arbitrary or capricious.
Accordingly, the writ of certiorari and its proceedings are quashed.
Writ quashed.
LEAVITT and CAHILL, JJ., concur.
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text:
Chicken Spaghetti
Total Time
Prep 10 mins
Cook 45 mins
Talk about comfort food, Yummy! Also very easy.
Ingredients Nutrition
- 1 chicken
- 1 onion
- 2 -3 stalks celery
- salt & pepper
- 1 (10 1/2 ounce) can cream of chicken soup
- 1 (10 1/2 ounce) can mushroom soup
- spaghetti
- Velveeta cheese
- Boil chicken with onion, celery, salt and pepper until chicken is done.
- Take chicken out of broth and remove from bone, while spaghetti is cooking in broth until done.
- Put deboned chicken back in with spaghetti and broth.
- Add cans of cream of chicken and cream of mushroom soup.
- Add Velveeta cheese to taste.
- Serve hot.
Most Helpful
Hi Darlene. This is absolutely wonderful, and very easy. It makes a lot, too, which is good, because WE LOVE LEFTOVERS!
I love this recipe. I used chicken breast and I did not add the celery. I also like to make it with angel hair spagehetti. It was absolutely YUMMY and very easy to make. I like to sprinkle crushed pepper on top. Thanks for the recipe. A definate favorite in my book.
Since there was no indication of how much of the broth to leave in, I ladeled off (and saved) most of it after the noodles were ready. After adding the soups, cheese, and a can of Rotel, I added back enough broth to suit me. Then I poured it in a baking dish, added shredded cheese to the top and baked until it melted. Very good base recipe!


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I had a great speacious and clean room. Plenty of options for the complimentary breakfast. Staff was nice. Could hear the large planes every so often, but not many during the night. Location is great for airport access, but not close to much else that I was aware of.
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- Complimentary Guest Shuttle available from 4:00AM - 1:00AM daily. ... more less
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- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Hilton Hotels, Booking.com, Priceline, Hotels.com, Travelocity and Odigeo so you can book your Hampton Inn & Suites Oakland Airport-Alameda reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
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Note: Sample below may appear distorted but all corresponding word document files contain proper formattingExcerpt from Research Paper:
Panic of 1857
"In the life of a nation, every year has its failures and disappointments, but 1857 had more than its share." ~ Kenneth M. Stampp[footnoteRef:1] [1: Stampp, Kenneth M. America in 1857 a Nation on the Brink. New York: Oxford UP, 1990. Print.]
There have been many times in American history where the people of the country gave into fear and paranoia and subsequently made what could have been a minor difficulty into a crisis of epic proportions. During the middle of the 19th century, several incidents occurred which had a decidedly negative effect on the American economy and the nation's moral overall. The economic setbacks followed by the discovery that several executives in charge of government finance were corrupted caused American citizens to turn against the nation's authority figures. This feeling of distrust, accompanied by the panic of an unstable economy laid the groundwork for the American Civil War and nearly tore the United States of America asunder.
A year after the Panic of 1857, banker Robert Morris wrote the book The Banks of New York Their Dealers, the Clearing House, and the Panic of 1857. In this book, he illustrated what it was like for someone working in the financial industry to live through the crisis, but also used the publication to explain to the American people what a banking system was supposed to be and why it was integral. He wrote:
A bank is simply a plan of organizing capital, by which the full benefits of it are secured. The separate means of individuals are united together, and a large sum thus constituted, which is hired out on interest to those who need it. This combination, and the manner of its use, may be compared to a dam across a valley, and the accumulation in one body of the water of the separate springs, which otherwise would be of little service; but being united, they form a propelling power for extensive machinery. Without the organization of capital in some form, a community must remain in comparative barbarism. The few who possess wealth above their wants must either send it away for investment where it would enrich other places, or it would for the most part lie dead, while the poor would continue in ignorance and drudgery. A public school, a library, or a church, would be impossible without combination. It is therefore a social necessity to organize capital, and communities thrive in proportion as this organization is affected. They prosper, not only in material substance, but in education and morals (Morris 12).[footnoteRef:2] [2: Morris, Robert. The Banks of New York Their Dealers, the Clearing House, and the Panic of 1857, with a Financial Chart. New York: D. Appleton &, 1858. Print.]
After a financial crisis wherein the banks came out the villain, Morris and other economists tried to remind that American people that the banks served an important function in society and should be entrusted despite the incidents.
The Panic of 1857 began as an economic crisis stemming from the decline of the purchase of agricultural goods exported from the United States into foreign countries. With less and less money coming into the country from outside sources, more and more stress was being placed on the internal economy (Huston 4).[footnoteRef:3] Part of this was because during the Crimean War, Russian agriculture was cut off from Western Europe which led to a greater need for imports of vegetation from the United States. After the war ended, this agricultural boon came to a screeching halt as foreign countries began purchasing fruits, vegetables, and other agricultural goods from the East at a cheaper price (McPherson 189).[footnoteRef:4] Short-sided farmers and plantation owners failed to consider that this windfall may not be a permanent situation. Many people had gotten loans in order to buy more lands to plant crops in expectation of further sales, found themselves insolvent when the Crimean War ended and they had fewer buyers for their product. [3: Huston, James L. The Panic of 1857 and the Coming of the Civil War. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 1987. Print.] [4: McPherson, James M. Battle Cry of Freedom: the Civil War Era. New York: Oxford UP, 1988. Print.]
In the Southern states, all agriculture came from plantations which utilized slave labor. There was a growing movement in the United States were Abolitionists were trying to make the keeping of slaves illegal. In the American south, there were approximately four and a half million slaves, constituting one-third of the region's population. "Not only did the slaves constitute about one-third of the South's total population, they also represented an investment of roughly three billion dollars. That southern slavery stood for such a large portion of the South's inhabitants, involved such huge amounts of capital, and accounted for so much of the region's income, were more than ample reasons for southerners to defend the institution" (Huston 6).[footnoteRef:5] Questions over moral right or wrong were marginalized when compared to the consideration of financial and economic concerns. The American south had too much to lose economically if slavery were abolished. Given that the nation was already in a position of economic distress, the Southerners were even more against even discussing the topic of abolition. According to Edward Ayers: [5: Huston, James L. The Panic of 1857 and the Coming of the Civil War. ]
Southerners blamed northern financiers for brining on the Panic of 1857. Though the whites and free black working people of southern cities suffered along with their counterparts in the North, white Southerners bragged their region quickly recovered from the panic. They also boasted that their slaves, unlike white workers, never starved or went without a roof over their heads (337).[footnoteRef:6] [6: Ayers, Edward L. American Passages a History of the United States. New York [u.a.: Wadsworth, 2007. Print.]
The arguments over which part of the country were more adept at handling the financial crisis would spur on discussions between Abolitionists and Anti-Abolitionists over the question of the ethicality of slavery.
The Panic of 1857 was not the first in American history. In the first half of the 19th century, the average American citizen began to treat banks and the economic banking system with a degree of suspicion. According to historian James L. Huston:
As a result of banking troubles in the first half of the nineteenth century, the public perceived of and treated financial institutions differently from other business pursuits. Whereas ironmongers, textile owners, and farmers were generally left to their own devices with regard to labor policies and production techniques, state governments attempted to goad bankers into prudent behavior. Few Americans heeded the arguments of economic theorists that the law of supply and demand would regulate the issuance of currency just as surely as it determined the price of textile products. Banking operations seemed altogether mysterious to many citizens, and not a little sinister, and numerous Americans demanded that the financial community be regulated (Huston 1).[footnoteRef:7] [7: Huston, James L. The Panic of 1857 and the Coming of the Civil War. ]
It became the states, not the federal government that controlled the banks and consequently laws that would regulate one state's banking policies would be inapplicable in another state. Twenty years before the panic of 1857, the United States had another financial crisis which was based on the fact that each state not only regulated their banks, but had the power to print their own money rather than a uniform nationwide currency.
The rectifications made after the 1837 crisis were largely what would create problems later on. Newly settled lands brought in more wealth to the government and gold prospecting created a class of the newly wealthy. These individuals, having lived through the financial crisis of the past generation were reluctant to trust in banks or other corporations which dealt in large sums of money. Their lack of faith is what directly led to the 1857 panic and the ruin of many of these newly-rich people (Ticker 89).[footnoteRef:8] In 1857, there were few or no laws regarding depositing funds and withdrawal. A depositor could place as much money as they liked in the bank and then withdraw however much of that amount at any time (Leavitt 93).[footnoteRef:9] The bank would utilize cash on hand to make loans or to perform other transactions. The danger here was that when there would be a run on the bank and a large group of people all demanded the return of their money at the same time; the bank would be left insolvent (Huston 3).[footnoteRef:10] Without cash on hand enough to cover all the depositors, the bank would have to close due to bankruptcy. [8: The Ticker, Volume 1. Princeton, 1908. Print. ] [9: Leavitt, Samuel. Our Money Wars; the Example and Warning of American Finance. Boston: Arena Pub., 1894. Print.] [10: Huston, James L. The Panic of 1857 and the Coming of the Civil War. ]
Although there had been economic crises in the United States before 1857,…[continue]
"Causes Of The Panic Of 1857" (2011, April 12) Retrieved December 10, 2016, from http://www.paperdue.com/essay/causes-of-the-panic-1857-120008
"Causes Of The Panic Of 1857" 12 April 2011. Web.10 December. 2016. <http://www.paperdue.com/essay/causes-of-the-panic-1857-120008>
"Causes Of The Panic Of 1857", 12 April 2011, Accessed.10 December. 2016, http://www.paperdue.com/essay/causes-of-the-panic-1857-120008
In many ways, the how of the evolution of the Civil War is a pseudo-chicken-and-egg question; which issue supported the other? Did the slave labor of the South spawn the abolition rampant throughout Union ideology or did the economics of one-sided success and agricultural threat pose a fundamental insecurity system? New Jersey highlighted the road in between. "Let the south be protected in all her rights but let the
However, despite the personal successes, he felt personally responsible for the loss and would use the events from Bull Run to questions his effectiveness as a military officer. Next, Sherman would serve under Robert Anderson. Where, he would eventually succeed him and take command of all Union forces in Kentucky. This was important, because Kentucky was considered to be a neutral state in the war, where the Union army was
U.S. President James Buchanan James Buchanan, fifteenth President of the United States (James Buchanan, n.d.), was born on April 23, 1791 in Cove Gap, Pennsylvania (BUCHANAN, James, (1791-1868), n.d.). He moved when he was five to Mercersburg, Pennsylvania. He was born into an affluent merchant family. He went to school at the Old Stone Academy prior to going to Dickinson College in 1807. He then learned law and was admitted to
People like Andrew Carnegie and Rockefeller had reasons to justify their wealth and position. They subscribed to the concept of survival of the fittest and they felt they were the fittest. I remember that light came as in a flood and all was clear. Not only had I got rid of theology and the supernatural, but I had found the truth of evolution. 'All is well since all grows better' became
United States, at the beginning of 1855, seemed to be the strongest it had ever been with Western expansion, a flourishing economic outlook, and thousands of new immigrants bringing their hard work to America's newest factories and fields. However, the tension was mounting politically, tension that would lead to an inevitable, long-suffering war that killed thousands of Americans, and changed the landscape of our nation forever. The climax came
In addition the Europeans that colonized Australia believed that their culture was superior and the aboriginal culture would somehow disappear in a short period of time. When this did not occur drastic steps were taken to assimilate indigenous people. These steps included taking aboriginal children away from their families to be raised in white society. Certainly this type of violent and reckless interaction led to great fear and panic because


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Fortune, a well-respected magazine, is out today, and with it came the annual FORTUNE 500 ranking, which lists the top 500 corporations in America based on revenue for the past year. Apple, for the first time in its history, has made the top ten, coming in at #6.
Other notable tech companies that made the list include: Facebook, coming in at #482; AT&T, #11; Verizon, #16; Microsoft, #35; and Amazon, at #49. Naturally, it's difficult for technology companies to crack the top ten, which includes corporations of such caliber as General Motors, Exxon, and (at #1) Walmart.
Do you think Apple will remain on the list next year?


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Candy Cakes Dessert Pack
Posted by Blazer August 25, 2013
Posted in DAZ | Poser | Carrara, Scenes & Props
The Candy Cakes Dessert Pack is an add on for the Candy Cakes Store and features a huge variety of sweets. There are 35 Unique designs which total 85 items including variations!
Included desserts are: Cakes, muffins, cupcakes, lollipops, macaroons, donuts, mini tarts, cookies and more! Also included is a 3 tray stand for displaying the assortments.


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Hotels in Hartford, Connecticut
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Trending now in Hartford
- Most bookedRadisson Hotel CromwellTop-rated for business travelers
213 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"The hotel was close to where we needed to be. I did expect the hotel to be in better condition and it needs a little updated but the friendliness of the staff offset that. Bathrooms are Very Small but room was nice and clean and bed was comfortable. A little mix up with my reservation and staff..."
S, Nov 2016, US
135 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
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"Everything was really good except for the WiFi, which did not work for us and the size of the bad which was little small for two adults."
A Traveller, Nov 2016, US
- Hilton HartfordTop-rated for families
128 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
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"I attended my 30 year High School reunion on Thanksgiving weekend so I used the ballroom, the restaurant and a room. Every part of the hotel was just great. Modern facilities, clean, friendly staff. Not much more you can ask for!"
F, Dec 2016, US
114 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
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"I was very happy with my stay. The room was comfortable and spacious. The location was conveniently right off the highway and near an LA Fitness so I could keep up with my workouts. I liked the serene surroundings-- many trees and no retail adjacent. There was a bar and restaurant which I did..."
R, Nov 2016, US
- DoubleTree by Hilton Hotel Bristol, ConnecticutTop-rated for business travelers
69 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"I love this hotel. The only complaint I had was the tissues in the bathroom. Someone had pulled out all the tissues from the box, and then someone had sort of stuffed them in the top, and not very well. I understand the desire not to waste, but from a sanitary and aesthetic point of view, it's un..."
A Traveller, Nov 2016, US
- Sheraton Hartford Hotel at Bradley AirportTop-rated for families
36 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"Just stayed one night prior to an early departure from Bradley. The hotel is actually connected to the terminal so it is very convenient. You don't have to go outside to get to the terminal which is nice on a chilly morning. "
A Traveller, Dec 2016, US
- Avon Old Farms HotelTop-rated for business travelers
26 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"Very nice room in the luxury section but the continental breakfast was below par for a luxury hotel and disappointing. The warm buffet continental breakfasts available at less expensive chain hotels is much better. There is a nice restaurant at the hotel at additional cost but it did not appear t..."
A Traveller, Nov 2016, US
- The Farmington Inn & SuitesTop-rated for business travelers
25 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"Me and my boyfriend absolutely loved this place.The area surrounding the inn is beautiful and everyone is so friendly.The room service was great and food tasted like I went to a nice restaurant.I have stayed at alot of hotels and this hands down has been the best.It was a home away from home and ..."
J, Dec 2016, US
23 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
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"We stayed one night. The room is comfortable but the beds are small which I knew in advance. Bathroom is also kind of small and tub is very rounded which was odd. Oatmeal cookies in the evening were nice. The fitness center had to be opened at 5:05 and when the front desk did it was dirty and..."
A Traveller, Nov 2016, US
- Springhill Suites Marriott AirportTop-rated for business travelers
17 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
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"Clean rooms. Staff was very nice. Good breakfast available. Toiletries and snacks available. "
K, Dec 2016, US
Map of Hartford hotels
- Connecticut Convention Center
- XL Center
- Wesleyan University
- University of Hartford
- Westfarms Mall
- Lake Compounce
- Shoppes at Buckland Hills
- Central Connecticut State University
- Trinity College
- Rentschler Field
- University of Connecticut-Hartford
- University of Connecticut Health Center
- Bushnell Park
- Connecticut Office of Culture and Tourism
- Connecticut State Capital
- Mark Twain House
- Webster Theater
- Xfinity Theatre
- Pope Park
- Wadsworth Mansion
Best hotels in Hartford
You can compare all of our Hartford hotel rooms including the major Hartford hotel chains using our genuine Hotels.com guest reviews as well as TripAdvisor Hartford hotel reviews to help find the perfect hotel room when booking your accommodation in Hartford. We also feature Expedia Hartford hotels and reviews.
When you book your Hartford stay with Hotels.com you may also earn free nights on participating hotels by joining the Hotels.com Welcome Rewards program. It's free to join and only takes 2 minutes to sign up and when you stay 10 nights you receive 1 night free*. So even a short weekend break in Hartford can get you on your way to a free night.
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We can help you to find the perfect Hartford hotel room for almost any occaision. With our fast and secure hotel search you may compare different Hartford hotels by:
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Hotels near Vienna Franz-Josefs-Station
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Trending now in Vienna
- Most bookedVienna Grand Apartments City
42 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
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"Lovely, very clean, spacious modern apartment that was perfect for our short stay in Vienna. Taking two kids (both under 10) to stay in a hotel can be a challenge, so this was the perfect solution. Easy to get to, only a few stops on the U Bahn from the CAT (airport express). Very friendly, help..."
A Traveller, Oct 2016, GB
28 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
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"it was very convinyet to travel were we had to go with the train that is a minite away.brekfest was exelent."
A Traveller, Nov 2015, IE
14 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
Most recent review
"The apartment is a very good choice for staying in Vienna. It is very well situated, just 3 blocks from the metro station in a quiet neighborhood but with all the services you may need (restaurants, supermarkets, etc.). I didn't like the key handover procedure. Nobody was waiting for us and we ha..."
A Traveller, May 2014, US
14 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
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"The owner of the hotel was very accomodating and cordial. I would stay here again considering its location and amenities"
A Traveller, Jun 2016, US
12 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
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"We were a group of 3 travelers meeting in Vienna: one arriving at 8 am and Roland the host was good enough to let her in early to the apartment. We booked 2 apartments next to each other which was perfect: the apartments were bright and well furnished. Roland also provided tourist information and..."
A Traveller, Aug 2015, AU
- Luxury Design Home StroheckgasseNo Guest Reviews yet
10 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
- CheckVienna - LiechtensteinstrasseNo Guest Reviews yet
5 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
- Bellevue HotelNo Guest Reviews yet
5 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
4 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
- Appartement LiechtensteinNo Guest Reviews yet
3 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
View hotels near to Vienna Franz-Josefs-Station on a map
- St. Stephen's Cathedral
- Vienna State Opera
- Stephansplatz
- Vienna International Centre
- Vienna City Hall
- Hofburg Imperial Palace
- Messe Wien Exhibition and Congress Center
- Schoenbrunn Palace
- Wiener Stadthalle
- Karlsplatz
- Wiener Prater
- University of Vienna
- Ernst Happel Stadium
- Spanish Riding School
- Gasometer
- International Atomic Energy Agency
- Schwedenplatz
- Naschmarkt
- Belvedere
- Konzerthaus
Best Cheap Vienna Franz-Josefs-Station, Vienna Hotels
Our 5 most popular Vienna hotels near Vienna Franz-Josefs-Station are:
1. Hotel Beethoven
2. Blue Danube Apartments
3. GoVIenna Modern Apartment
4. Rafael Kaiser Premium Apartments
5. AJO Apartments Danube
To help you make up your mind we have reviews for these hotels and others nearby.
Why stay near Vienna Franz-Josefs-Station
The distance to Vienna Franz-Josefs-Station is important. At Hotels.com our extensive location mapping will show you the hotels nearest to the station as well as any landmarks and other stations. You can filter the results as well to help you get the best deal on hotels at Vienna Franz-Josefs-Station.
You can sort the listings by price as well as filter for certain features such as free breakfast, meeting room facilities, WiFi etc... you can also filter our hotel search results by hotel type, so you could end up getting a great deal on a luxury 5 star hotel near Vienna Franz-Josefs-Station.
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Hotels.com makes it easy to save money on every booking. We offer our Price Guarantee on most bookings. Plus we offer 4 more ways to save:
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4. City Breaks - Save up to 50% on weekend and short breaks.
Things To Do Near Vienna Franz-Josefs-Station - Vienna Travel Guides
Top 10 romantic attractions in Vienna
Book a hotel in Vienna and enjoy romantic coffee houses adorned with chandeliers and the fairytale p...
Top 10 hotels in Vienna
Whether it's an art nouveau hotel with chandeliers you're after or a cosy, reasonably-priced guestho...
Overnight stays in Vienna. A guide to the districts of Vienna
Whether you go to gaze at the palaces of the Habsburgs or whether you fancy a stroll along the Danub...
Read about more things to do near Vienna Franz-Josefs-Station


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Hey Roman,
Sounds like you may have an update coming soon 🙂
Been trying to figure out the Google Authorship for the folks that post on our site and have a Google+ account. It looks like all the information is being published from their site user account with the exception of the REQUIRED "updated" field. It appears Google will not publish the Author details without this field.
Can you tell me where to include this field (article below)…?
and/or add it to the Alora theme for added value to your Alora users?
SITE: technosultants.com/blog/warning-missing-required-field-updated-wordpress
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Make way for the Queen and the Princess!
We are talking about SNSD's dancing Queen who is no other than HyoYeon, and Tiffany's dog named Princess. Check out their cute clip below~
Tiffany's Snapchat
Release Date: June 28, 2016
Release Date: July 5, 2016
Release Date: May 17, 2016
Buy SNSD's 'Phantasia in Japan' DVD/Blu-ray


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Having undesirable fat in various areas of your body can have a significant influence on your health and self-confidence. While conventional weight reduction through workout and diet plan is a great way to reduce weight in general, even the very best workouts can't target problem locations like the belly, inner thighs, arms, and butts. Liposuction is a time tested treatment that is used to eliminate excess fat from specific locations of the body, allowing a specific to shape and contour their body to their liking. Is liposuction right for you? Find out now.
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825 Munshaw Road, Crystal Lake, IL (map)
Come join us at Dolphin Swim Club's indoor heated, salt water swimming pool. Family swim is available from 5:30 pm till 7:30 pm. Family friendly changing rooms. All ages, friends and family members welcome to attend!!!
FREE to NICA Members.
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Love, Sleep and Play
Pampers is launching its first new campaign in a decade with a film made entirely from YouTube clips. The user generated videos, capturing 'real' babies special moments have been edited together to launch Pampers new Love, Sleep & Play brand campaign. Created by the global P&G team at Saatchi & Saatchi, the multi-media marketing campaign is set to launch across several key markets in Western Europe this Summer and will feature the inspiring and emotive 'Love, Sleep & Play' video, which brings to life Pampers' philosophy for bringing up babies. The film captures genuine baby moments reinforcing Pampers' belief that there are many ways to raise a baby, none of which are right or wrong, but fundamentally all babies need for their happy, healthy development is Love, Sleep & Play.
Executive Creative Director: Rob Burleigh
Art Director: Hector Dudding
Copywriter: Oliver Quinn
Producer: Sarah Corfield
Regional Business Director: Neill Robb
Account Director: Alexandra Lauff
you can never fail with babies.
it wouldve been nice if they worked on a more specific insight.
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Harley of Scotland™ Nor'easterly sweater
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Lynnfield MA Real Estate & Homes for Sale
32 Properties Found
The median home value in Lynnfield, MA is $725,000.
This is
higher than
the county median home value of $328,200.
The national median home value is $177,414.
The average price of homes sold in Lynnfield, MA is $725,000.
Approximately 82.88% of Lynnfield homes are owned,
compared to 10.38% rented, while
6.74% are vacant.
Lynnfield real estate listings include condos, townhomes, and single family homes for sale.
Commercial properties are also available.
If you see a property you're interested in, contact a Lynnfield real estate agent to arrange a tour today!
Sort Results:
1 - 25 of 32 Properties Displayed
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900 Lynnfield Street UNIT 3 Lynnfield, MA 01940
Open House:
Sunday, 12/11 11:00-12:30PM
Cooperating BrokerCOLDWELL BANKER RESIDENTIAL BROKERAGE - LYNNFIELD Evelyn Rockas
Here is your opportunity to live in a luxury townhome in very sought after Heritage Woods the 55+ Community! This 7 RM 3 BDRM 2.5 open concept home has it all. Enjoy cooking in the stainless steel appliance kitchen with gas range and walk-in pantry while your guests sit at the breakfast bar or hang out in the dining room and cathedral ceiling living room with gas fireplace and french door leading to deck with great views. First floor master with walk-in closet and master bath is very convenient. Half bath completes first floor. The 2nd level has two more bedrooms, one which could be used as a master, full bath with two sinks and loft area perfect for another family/sitting room or office. The lower level features a walk out to level yard, large built in closet and plenty of space for your decorating touches. This young home w/1 car garage, recessed lighting, ceiling fans,HW floors, plenty of storage space, beautifully appointed, near major routes and amenities won't last. Come see!
5 Debston Lane Lynnfield, MA 01940
Open House:
Sunday, 12/11 2:00-3:30PM
Cooperating BrokerCOLDWELL BANKER RESIDENTIAL BROKERAGE - LYNNFIELD Evelyn Rockas
Location! Near Lynnfield Market Street and major routes this 11 room 4 bedroom 2.5 bath Colonial has it all and is an entertainment delight for all seasons! Enjoy guests in the front to back living room w/ fireplace and dining room both featuring bow windows overlooking professional landscaped level yard for fun & relaxation. Gather in the kitchen featuring dining area, granite counter built-in & custom cabinetry or relax in the adjacent family room w/ gas fireplace. The fabulous sunroom with skylights & views of the yard takes you out to a large deck perfect for summer entertaining. Retreat to the master suite w/ dressing room, makeup table & master bath. Three bedrooms & main bath complete 2nd level. The lower level includes oversized game/play/family rm with fireplace for children/teens or to get away, laundry rm with sink, exercise rm, workshop & large storage rm. 2 car garage, C/air, crown molding, recessed lighting, pocket doors, parquet, HW & pine flooring, ceiling fans & more!
1 Locksley Rd Lynnfield, MA 01940
Cooperating BrokerCOLDWELL BANKER RESIDENTIAL BROKERAGE - LYNNFIELD
Location! Desirable Sherwood Forest area of Lynnfield. Enjoy this brand new construction home. The gourmet chef's kitchen has, granite counters, 10ft island, custom cabinetry & a beautiful double sided gas fireplace which doubles for the family room as well. Still time to choose your own paint colors, plumbing fixtures, tile etc. The second floor offers 3 spacious bedrooms including master suite with his & her walk in closets. Great size laundry room with easy access on the second level. The 3rd level offers a fabulous bonus room 50x12, bring your imagination. HW floors, recess lighting, newly paved horseshoe drive way, attached garage, farmers porch, new central air, wired for surround sound on first level and backyard, central vac, and more! Come check out this new home! Close to Market Street and major highways.
1219 Main Street Lynnfield, MA 01940
Cooperating BrokerNORTHRUP ASSOCIATES Bernard Starr
Architecturally designed custom shingle style home abutting Sagamore Golf Course with amazing 8th hole views! Extensive granite stone work throughout the landscaping tie the pool house and main house together. An outdoor paradise was created on the 1.4 acre lot featuring a fireplaced pool house with automatic retractable screens, complete with an outdoor shower & kitchen, a half bath, and golf cart storage. The heated gunite pool has an automatic retractable safety cover and a heated spa that can be open all year round. Inside the main house ceilings are cathedral, coffered and domed to add visual interest. The kitchen features two tone cabinetry, soap stone counters, Sub Zero fridge, wine fridge and a custom built-in window seat. Extra large French doors from the family room, living room & master bedroom suite access a wrap-around farmers porch with tranquil views. All bedrooms with en-suite bathrooms. Lower level complete with full bath, game room & gym. Home & irrigation on well.
51 Ledge Rd Lynnfield, MA 01940
Cooperating BrokerTHE GREENE REALTY GROUP Derek Greene
Turn the key and you're home. This 3 bedroom, 2 bath contemporary style ranch is a must see! All the work has been done. The floor plan offers a large master bedroom with walk-in closet and gas fireplace. The living area opens to an updated, east-in kitchen with stainless appliances, granite countertops and expansive cupboards. The most recent updates include new windows and garage door. Easy access to major highways close to Boston.
1 Village Row Lynnfield, MA 01940
Cooperating BrokerA. JAMES LYNCH, INC. Salvatore Tavernese
Pristine 9 room,4 bedroom brick-front split-entry with attached oversized 25'x29' two-car garage...formal fireplaced living room with bay window and gleaming hardwood floors...formal dining room with French glass doors and 3 year old eat-in cabinet kitchen with quartz countertops and stainless steel appliances lead to four season heated sunroom with burber carpet...leading to large L- shaped composite deck...lower level features 27' family room and oversized playroom for the growing family ...plus kitchenette...4th bedroom or office.....new septic system...underground sprinklers...gorgeous private backyard with spacious paver patio...minutes from major highways ( Rtes 95,128,93 and 1 ) and commuter rail...great school system...Don't miss out ! Open House Sunday Dec. 4th, 12 noon - 2:00pm.
299A Edgemere Road Lynnfield, MA 01940
Cooperating BrokerNORTHRUP ASSOCIATES Gale Rawding
WHY BUY OLD WHEN YOU CAN BUILD NEW!! Desirable Wildewood area... Stately hip roof colonial home with a nice set back on a private level lot. Beautiful details with crown moldings and wainscotting, Laundry on second level, first floor office and so much more.. call for details.. Quality construction with premier builder or bring your own plans.
9 Locksley Rd. Lynnfield, MA 01940
Open House:
Sunday, 12/11 1:00-2:00PM
Cooperating BrokerCOLDWELL BANKER RESIDENTIAL BROKERAGE - LYNNFIELD Rossetti Poti Team
Royal Barry Wills Classic Colonial features 3 bedrooms, 2.5 baths, fireplaced living room, hardwood floors, updated kitchen with granite counter tops, gas heat, central air, finished basement, heated airconditioned sunroom off living room, large deck and 2 car garage, great house, great location
46 Pillings Pond Road Lynnfield, MA 01940
Cooperating BrokerRE/MAX PROPERTY SHOPPE, INC. Tsakirgis Team
Welcome To Paradise!The Property Is Absolutely Amazing Inside & Outside!Open Floor Plan. .Vaulted Ceilings In Living, Dining Rooms & Kitchen With Accents Of Ceiling Beams & Recessed Lighting . Kitchen Boasts Stainless Steel Hood Range, White Quartz/Marble Custom Counters & Dining Table .The Kitchen & Dining Rooms Have Floor To Ceiling Windows .As You Dine/Entertain/Food Prepare.. You Have The Pleasure of Looking Out On The Most Breathtaking 1/2 + Acre Lot With Custom Paver Patios..Barbecue Pit( Which Remains). Heated Inground Pool.Stone Walkways/Stairs & Evening Lighting. Master Bedroom With Dressing Room Area & Custom Closets . All Newer European Baths With Exquisite Taste In Tile & European Custom Vanities..Oversized Paver Driveway Ever So Meticulous!..The Home Is Quite The Home For Entertaining Or Just To Enjoy Oneself By Pool/ Barbecue Pit & Read A Book With A Glass Of Wine!. It's Your Choice ...I Am Sure It's Amazing In The Winter Wonderland .All Renovation Took Place From 2015
1 Saunders Road Lynnfield, MA 01940
Cooperating BrokerASSURANCE REAL ESTATE, LLC Fred Ginches
Exceptional Renovation 2016. This 3bedroom, 2full bath open floor plan Contemporary-Spilt Entry residence is sited on a private 0.37 Acre lot near downtown Lynnfield & MarketStreet. All new with top of the line finishes Inside & Out. NEW Custom Kitchen features: 36professional Bertazzoni gas-lp stove range, GE CAFÉ appliances, Oversized Island w wetbar topped with beautiful Super White Quartzite-Granite Countertops! Home has Harvey windows, new 2 Zones forced air by Carrier Heat- A/C, new custom lighting & window treatments. New maintenance free vinyl cedar-shaker siding exterior, new gutters, new roof, professional landscaping finished w new walkway. 1 car garage w EXTRA workshop area & so much more.. The most unique feature about this home is that it offers a flexible open concept kitchen/diningroom/livingroom floor plan w 2 fireplaces. Great location & commute to Rt1, Rt95, & Rt128!
1200 Salem St UNIT 186 Lynnfield, MA 01940
Cooperating BrokerRE/MAX RENAISSANCE INC. Vision Realty Group
**SHORT SALE**SOLD AS-IS**PRICE NOT YET APPROVED BY LENDER**NEGOTIATED BY ATTORNEY** Desirable and rarely available Cedar Pond Village!! Enjoy luxury living at it's best in this townhouse with an established association. Property has 2 generously sized bedrooms on the second floor, each with their own bathrooms! Laundry also located on second living level. Kitchen gets plenty of sunlight throughout the day, and the views from the backside are beautiful. This complex hosts a lot of amenities including an in-ground swimming pool, tennis court, club house and more. Serene views from the back deck and lower walk out level. Subject to short sale negotiation fee of $5,000 paid at closing by buyer. Smoke certificate is buyer's responsibility **ALL OFFERS MUST HAVE SIGNED DISCLOSURE ATTACHED TO THIS LISTING**
1508 Main Street Lynnfield, MA 01940
Cooperating BrokerAMERICAN HALLMARK Russell Arico
Large oversized ranch, first floor family room, hardwood floors, central air, large deck, large wooded lot.
13 Canterbury Rd Lynnfield, MA 01940
Cooperating BrokerCENTURY 21 COMMONWEALTH Antonella Nigro
So much to love in this tastefully decorated home with many updates throughout! The beautiful kitchen sparkles with it's new granite counters, stainless steel appliances, subway tile backsplash, recessed lighting & under cabinet lighting. The generous size living room features a fireplace w/built in bookshelf and opens to both the kitchen and dining room creating that much sought after open floor plan! Newly finished hardwood floors with walnut stain throughout. Interior all freshly painted. The large, level fenced in yard complete with a deck and patio area provides plenty of outdoor space. New Roof and Gutters. New brick walkway and professional landscape. HW heater (2014), Central Air (2014), Gas Furnace (2007). Located on a dead end street and convenient to Rte 1 & Rte 128. Enjoy nearby Market Street for shopping, dining, & fun! Truly a move in ready home!
59 Parsons Avenue Extension Lynnfield, MA 01940
Open House:
Sunday, 12/11 12:00-2:00PM
Cooperating BrokerCOLDWELL BANKER RESIDENTIAL BROKERAGE - LYNNFIELD Nikki Cappadona
OPEN HOUSE SUNDAY 12 to 2. Stunning New Construction at the end of Cul-De-Sac overlooking the Lynnfield Center Golf Course! Enjoy this wonderful stately open floor plan Colonial w/9 FT ceilings and a three car attached garage! The Oversized kitchen w/ white cabinetry,Granite,Gas cooking+SS appliances,pantry is open to the Gas FPcd Family Room w/access out to private level yard. The kitchen also has access to the Mud Room and three car garage.The Dining Room is right off the kitchen and is opened to the Living Room. The first floor study is tucked away for privacy. The master bedroom suite has two walk-in closets, an oversized master bath w/ double granite vanities, separate tiled shower, soaking tub. The second floor laundry room is a treat. The second and third bedroom have a Jack-and Jill bath w/ double granite vanities. The Fourth bedroom has separate full bath w/tub and shower. Central air, HW floors. Great location with access all major Highways! Enjoy Lynnfield Market Street
30 Pine Hill Road Lynnfield, MA 01940
Cooperating BrokerNORTHRUP ASSOCIATES Helen Bolino
TOTALLY RENOVATED 4 bedroom Colonial on quiet DEAD END street. Home has a NEW GRANITE Kitchen with WHITE Cabinets , FIREPLACE living room , SPACIOUS first floor family room with fireplace and SLIDER to new COMPOSITE DECK, 4 GENEROUS bedrooms on second floor , MASTER has NEW FULL bath with TILED Tub GLEAMING hardwood floors, LOWER Level has fireplace Family room and New CARPET, New HEATING System, NEW ROOF, and Updated electric, GREAT VALUE for all the updates.
7 Ashley Court Lynnfield, MA 01940
Cooperating BrokerBOSTON HUB REAL ESTATE Joseph Firicano
RARE, extraordinary expression of boundless creativity, passion, and a designers touch of timeless style only minutes north of Boston. This luxurious exceptionally architectured 15,000+ square foot Masco Scholz Design retreat sits on two plus acres creating the utmost privacy in a high end exclusive neighborhood! An exquisitely designed interior, an amazing open chefs kitchen, generous bedrooms, a two level outdoor living/entertainment area, & a resort style pool create a grand setting for entertaining. Sophisticated features include soaring ceilings, HUGE windows, whole house audio system, security camera system, back up generator, home theater, billiards room, gym with hot tub, & many other refinements. A dramatic 2-story foyer welcomes you into elegance. Formal living/dining rooms, multiple kitchens, several baths, oversize 4+ garage, private master suite with prestigious bath and fire place opens to a terrace. The most amazing home on the North Shore has arrived!
15 Ramsdell Way UNIT 31 Lynnfield, MA 01940
Open House:
Sunday, 12/11 12:00-3:00PM
Cooperating BrokerFIRST ADVANTAGE REALTY, INC. Sheriff Abuzahra
New Construction. Enjoy soaring 9 foot ceilings, spacious closets with 2 walk ins, luxurious master suite, granite counter-tops, stainless steel appliances, jetted tub, subway tile, rear patio, over sized 2 car garage all perfect for entertaining, and more. Conveniently located just minutes from Route 128, Route 1, and Market Street where you can enjoy retail shopping, fine dining, and a brand new organic grocery store. Both FIOS and Xfinity(Comcast) available.
390 Salem Street Lynnfield, MA 01940
Cooperating BrokerCAMPION & COMPANY FINE HOMES REAL ESTATE Ryan Clunan
Located on just under 6 acres, this Lynnfield Estate is a rare opportunity to acquire a property with unparalleled privacy and proximity to Boston. A custom designed Italianate Craftsman, built in 2000 by the current sellers. Approached via a long, tree-lined drive, this home consists of approximately 7,000+ sqft. of versatile living space that is as elegant as it is functional. It features 5 spacious bedrooms including an in-law/guest suite, 4.5 bathrooms, an open-concept main living level, a large recreation room, handcrafted stone fireplaces and 2-car covered garage. The homes beautifully landscaped outdoor living area includes a built-in fire pit and terraces, and there is space for a pool and tennis or sports court. This home has everything you need to entertain, relax and grow, all located less than 1 mile from the vibrant MarketStreet - Lynnfield dining and shopping plaza and less than 15 miles from downtown Boston.
34 Brook Drive Lynnfield, MA 01940
Cooperating BrokerNORTHRUP ASSOCIATES Bernard Starr
This stately brick front Colonial is only 17 years old with 4 finished levels of living space! It features an extra large backyard perfect for family & friends entertaining. A large master bedroom suite over the garage features a gas fireplace, double walk-in closet, jet tub, sound system and a private balcony. Nicely finished lower level with new W/W carpet and 1/2 bath. Finished walk-up 3rd floor with 2 bonus rooms. The 2 car garage has an extra loft storage area and is heated. Central air & security system. Newer architectural shingle roof. Conveniently located to Route 1 for commuters. Septic passed for a 4BR system.
62 Parsons Avenue Extension Lynnfield, MA 01940
Open House:
Sunday, 12/11 12:00-2:00PM
Cooperating BrokerCOLDWELL BANKER RESIDENTIAL BROKERAGE - LYNNFIELD Nikki Cappadona
Open House Sunday 12 to 2! One of a kind!! Golf front views in the stunning open floor plan w/ 9' ceilings. Enter the foyer to an open concept living style with gas FPcd Family Room right off the Kitchen. The kitchen offers an oversized island that seats 5, white cabinetry, granite counters, SS appliances plus convenient walk-in pantry all open to the dining room. The 1st floor study has access to outside porch. The Living Room can easily be a second family+ is located off the kitchen. The first floor Home Office is tucked away to the side for privacy. The Master suite with oversized walk-in closet, oversized bathroom w/ double granite vanities, separate shower & soaking tub. The second & third BRs have access to shared bath w/separate granite sinks. The fourth BR has its own full bath w/granite, tub/shower. The walk out lower level is partially finished and leads to the beautiful level yard. Central air, HW floors, two car garage located at end of cul-de-sac!
10 Roundy Road Lynnfield, MA 01940
Cooperating BrokerCOLDWELL BANKER RESIDENTIAL BROKERAGE - LYNNFIELD Rossetti Poti Team
Lovely Glen Meadow three bedroom Ranch with large level lot with Central a/c. Enjoy the fireplaced living room with hardwood floors which is open to the dining room, perfect for entertaining this holiday season! The updated kitchen is conveniently located just off the dining area. Three bedrooms all with hardwood floors plus 1.5 baths. Partially finished basement, sunroom in rear with access to large yard with plenty of room for expansion. One car garage, nice level oversize driveway.
8 Fernway Lynnfield, MA 01940
Cooperating BrokerNORTHRUP ASSOCIATES Maureen Rossi DiMella
West Knoll location !! Wills built Split Entry. This home features 8 rooms, 3/4 Bedrooms and 2 full baths. Spacious and sunny Living room with fireplace and built-ins. Dining room and first floor Family room off Kitchen overlooking yard and patio. Two car Garage with storage. Lower level has Family room with Built-ins and fireplace, laundry room and play room. New septic in 2013. Needs some TLC. Convient location...close to highways and Market Street.
55 Parsons Avenue Extension Lynnfield, MA 01940
Open House:
Sunday, 12/11 12:00-2:00PM
Cooperating BrokerCOLDWELL BANKER RESIDENTIAL BROKERAGE - LYNNFIELD Nikki Cappadona
OPEN HOUSE Sunday 12 TO 2..NEW CONSTRUCTION IN CENTER LOCATION WITH VIEWS OF THE GOLF COURSE! Stunning Open Floor Plan with 9ft. ceilings. The foyer opens to a Cathedral Ceiling GREAT ROOM w/sliders out to composite deck w/private lot. Fireplace Family Room opens to White kitchen w/White Quartz Countertops/GAS Thermador 5 burner SS Stove/Oven, Oversized L Shaped Quartz Island sits four easily. Separate walk-in butlers Pantry w/granite countertops & cabinetry. The mudroom w/ closet is attached to a three car oversized garage. The first floor study is tucked away on the first level. The master suite is front to back w/walk-in closet, double granite vanities, separate tiled shower w/seat+ plus jacuzzi/soaking tub. The second & third bedrooms share a Jack/Jill full bath w/two granite vanities. The fourth bedroom has access to the main full bath. The sitting area on the second level is ideal. The laundry room is conveniently located on 2nd floor. This gracious home has all the amenities!
6 Tapley Rd Lynnfield, MA 01940
Cooperating BrokerTERRAIN REALTY mamlspin
Abbuting conservation with lots of sun exposure ith has hardwood floors throughout the first floor with a slate floor at the main entrance. There are 2 fireplaces and a pleasant cozy breeze way, a large 38 x 12 composite deck with electronic awning for extra shade when needed. Updated heat, hot water and electric and partially finished basement with fireplace, storage, playroom and laundry with soap stone sink and with plenty of extra storage in the attic above the 2 car garage, Also included is a large windowed storage shed set out in the rear of an expansive private garden/lawn oasis. Convenient yet private location close to Town Center and shopping offering peace and tranquility yet easy access to major roads. Roof 2015. Title V pass Oct. 2014. Property sold as is. Quite street for neighborhood access
17 Yorkshire Drive Lynnfield, MA 01940
Cooperating BrokerRE/MAX ADVANTAGE REAL ESTATE Mitchell Rosenwald
LOCATION is PERFECT, in a PRIVATE setting ! A commuter's dream near major highways. This 4 bedroom plus Clapboard Colonial has beautiful hardwood floors throughout , 2 full / 2 half baths including two gas fire places and a huge carpeted bonus room over the 2 car garage and potential office over mud room that connects to main home.Partial finished basement with built in shelves, gas fire place as well as bar area. Freshly repainted exterior, majority of interior painted with de-lead certificate on hand, and newer replacement window throughout home. Sun room off rear of tree lined lot in King James Grant area. In-ground salt water pool by Cherry Hill (2009) has heating / cooling system. Enjoy fenced yard abutting conservation and well maintained landscaped lot.Two car garage with direct access to the home with a circular driveway to park additional vehicles. Well water feeds the irrigation system. Move in ready.
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Lynnfield MA Real Estate Listings Provided By:
Berkshire Hathaway HomeServices Verani Realty
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Lynnfield ZIPs01940 Homes for Sale


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