text:
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.3/157564
|Download PDF (Published version) (Adobe Acrobat PDF, 667 KB)
- Title
- Analysis of time delay effects on a linear bubble chain system
- Author(s)
- Ooi, Andrew; Nikolovska, Aneta; Manasseh, Richard
- Abstract
- A chain of vertically rising discrete air bubbles represents a transition phenomenon from individual to continuum behavior in a bubbly liquid. Previous studies have reported that there is a preference for acoustic energy to propagate along the bubble chain and that this behavior could be explained by a coupled-oscillator model. However, it has recently been demonstrated that quantitative results from the coupled-oscillator model do not match experimental data. In this paper, it is shown how adding time delays to the coupled-oscillator model can produce results that are in better agreement with experimental data. In addition, the effects of time delays on the natural frequencies and damping of individual eigenmodes of the vertical bubble chain are also investigated. It was found that adding time delays can dramatically change the damping of the different modes of the system while having less dramatic impact on the natural frequencies of the individual eigenmodes. Counterintuitively, it is found that the effects of time delays appear to be more important when the bubbles are closer together than when they are farther apart.
- Publication type
- Journal article
- Source
- Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 124, no. 2 (Aug 2008), pp. 815-826
- Publication year
- 2008
- FOR Code(s)
- 02 Physical Sciences; 09 Engineering
- Keyword(s)
- Acoustic intensity; Acoustic wave propagation; Bubbles; Damping; Delays; Eigenfunctions; Eigenvalues; Oscillations; Vibrations
- Publisher
- Acoustical Society of America
- 0001-4966
- Publisher URL
- Copyright
- Copyright © 2008 Acoustical Society of America. This article may be downloaded for personal use only. Any other use requires prior permission of the author and the Acoustical Society of America. The following article appeared in Journal of the Acoustical Society of America (Vol. 124, no. 2) and may be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2945156.
- Full text
- Peer reviewed


text: EM has made public participation a fundamental component of its cleanup mission and has found that the EM SSAB, which draws upon diverse community viewpoints to provide advice and recommendations, has contributed greatly to bringing community values and priorities to the cleanup decision-making processes. As part of its annual assessment of board contributions, a summary of key recommendations is created by site management. What follows are some of the identified achievements of the local boards of the EM SSAB in 2011.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Product Categories >> Fiber Optic Passive Component >> Fiber Optic Attenuator
Fiber Optic Attenuator
Fiber optic attenuators are devices that reduce signal power in fiber optic network by inducing a fixed or variable loss. Fiber optic attenuators are used to control the power level of optical signals at the outputs of light sources and electrical-to-optical (E/O) converters. They are also used to test the linearity and dynamic range of photo sensors and photo detectors. Fiber optic attenuators use several methods of attenuation. Examples include air gaps, micro-bends, acoustic-optic modulators, and electro-optic modulators.


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text:
Dean Jagger
Born on November 7, 1903
From Columbus Grove, Ohio
Dean Jagger as "Maj. Harvey Stovall"
In 1942, an American Air Force unit stationed in England is plagued with morale problems until no-nonsense Brigadier General Frank Savage (Gregory Peck) assumes command. His tough leadership is initially resented by not only his pilots but his second-in-command (Hugh Marlowe), a West Point graduate and son of a general. But, with the help of a hotshot flying ace (Robert Patten) and a sympathetic administrator (Dean Jagger), the unit pulls together into a gung-ho fighting crew.
|Academy Award (1949)
|Actor in a Supporting Role


text:
By Casey Peacock and Karl Terry: PNT Staff
The Eastern Plains Community Action Agency's Early Headstart program in Portales is hoping to expand and centralize its operation.
Program's officials are hoping to accomplish that by adding on to a building leased from the city of Portales on Boston and moving out of one on South Avenue D with a less attractive lease. To do that, local EPCAA officials are looking to the state legislature for $573,869 in capital funding to tackle the project.
The Head Start pre-school (ages 3-5) program was moved in 2000 to the city-owned facility on North Boston, which previously housed the senior citizens center. The Eastern Plains Community Action Agency spent $350,000 to bring the building up to code, according to EPCAA board chairperson Inez Rodriguez.
The Early Headstart program, which caters to children 6 weeks to 36 months, is located on South Avenue D and recent rent increases there, coupled with the inconvenience of the two separated locations, spurred the board into looking for solutions, according to Rodriguez.
The expansion proposes to build into the park that is next to the North Boston building. This arrangement would allow the two programs to be housed separately, but in the same location, said Rodriguez.
"We're trying to bring them together, we feel it will benefit us better," Rodriguez said. "The current arrangement has proved to be impractical for the staff and parents."
With one kitchen between the two facilities, Rodriguez said the staff prepares meals at the North Boston site and transfers them to the other location.
Parking is also a problem, Rodriguez said. Many parents have children enrolled in both programs, and that causes them to have to drop children off at each location.
Program officials asked the City Commission to request the funding from the legislature.
City councilors at that meeting were supportive of the program and the need to consolidate it at one site, but were resistant to adding the project to their list of capital outlay requests.
"We're not a fiscal agent for you," Mayor Orlando Ortega Jr. said. "The lease just states that the building reverts to us if you're not doing Headstart there. Being a fiscal agent is a big responsibility, (and) we take that very seriously for anyone."
Councilor Mike Miller said he was supportive of the idea but suggested that EPCAA make the request themselves.
"It wouldn't be our request, it would be their request as an entity," Miller said. "You can advocate that much better than we can."
EPCAA Executive Director Dora Martinez of Tucumcari says her agency is primarily supported by federal and state operating funding and can't apply for state capital outlay funding.
"Directly, we cannot apply for funding like that," Martinez said. "We approached the city because they're the one who owns the building. If the city of Portales doesn't apply, we'll just have to stay where we're at."
Portales City Manager Debi Lee said she intends to help Rodriquez and EPCAA officials apply for capital outlay funding. She said the idea would be for EPCAA Headstart of Portales to lobby for the funding and the city of Portales to support the request as long as it can be kept separate.
"They're in a good position to ask for the money," Lee said. "There's a need for daycare."


text:
Results tagged ' Johnny Damon '
Somehow I knew it would end like this…
Sad but realistic…
Well, the Yankees lost a series that they could have and should have won. I can't say that I am as disappointed as I've been in past years during play-off failures as I recognized the team had its fatal weaknesses that would be exposed the deeper it got in the play-offs. Clearly, starting pitching has been a problem. CC Sabathia has been great, but he hasn't been Justin Verlander- or Roy Halladay-great. He is still the ace and legitimately so, but the weaknesses in the rotation behind him put more pressure on CC to be perfect. That's a tough for anyone. Even if the Yankees had gotten past the Detroit Tigers, I am not so sure that they would have fared well against the Texas Rangers.
When the season began, I felt that on paper the Boston Red Sox had a superior team. My picks for the World Series were the Red Sox and the Philadelphia Phillies. I was wrong on both counts, but I felt that the Yankees weak rotation would put too much pressure on the hitters. When the big bats go cold, there just haven't been the consistent key hits off the bench. There have been a few here and there, but nothing like the critical and timely hits that Johnny Damon and Hideki Matsui used to deliver. I was concerned that this would be the final fatal blow for the Yankees chances in 2011, and that's exactly what happened.
At the trading deadline, I had hoped the team would at least make an attempt to acquire a clutch hitter if they weren't able to find any pitching depth. They stood pat and did nothing. I agree that it was the right decision if the moves would have cost talent like Manny Banuelos, Dellin Betances or Jesus Montero, but other teams found ways to spend a little to acquire a lot like the Tigers with their pickup of pitcher Doug Fister.
The priority move – sign Cash…
Although the 2011 season was a "failure" as per owner Hal Steinbrenner, I clearly hope the team decides to bring back GM Brian Cashman. No one understands the Yankees or the city of New York better than Cash, and he's still the right man for the job. With so much to do in the off-season, the Yankees need to move quickly to sign Cash. With CC likely to opt out of his contract, the Yankees will need to be equally as quick to renegotiate a replacement contract so that they can turn to ways to improve the team as opposed to sustaining the current depth of talent. I would hate to see the Yankees lose other opportunities because they are too focused with the Cashman and Sabathia negotiations. Last off-season, it appeared that the team was only capable of dealing with one issue at a time. When they were chasing Cliff Lee, it seemed as though that's all they did. They let other matters sit, including the topic of Andy Pettitte, until Lee surprised everyone and returned to Philadelphia. I am not quite sure why the organization is incapable of multi-tasking, but they do need to 'divide and conquer' if they intend to be the dominant force in 2012.
Looking forward to Jorge Posada Day…
Jorge Posada played very well in September and October, and he's been a fantastic Yankee, but the time has come for him to go. I hope that he decides to put the bat down and simply walks away. I'd really hate to see him try to play again in 2012, which most likely would be with a different team. His legacy is secured in Yankees history, and he'll always be treated as royalty by the organization. He was the greatest catcher since Thurman Munson, and he'll certainly be remembered in the same room with Munson, Bill Dickey, Yogi Berra, and Elston Howard.
The "Opt-Out" I wish would happen…
How great would it be if Rafael Soriano opted out of his contract? Sadly, that's not going to happen and the Yankees are stuck with the guy who is trying to be the next Jose Veras rather than the next Mariano Rivera…
Bay Area Losses…
Northern California has certainly suffered great losses this week with the passing of Apple co-founder Steve Jobs and now legendary Raiders owner Al Davis. Davis is one of the guys that you just thought would live forever. I am not a Raiders fan, but he revolutionized the game and was one of its most colorful characters. I admired his strength and resolve, and it's unfortunate that his final Raider seasons were filled with losses. The game certainly won't be the same without Davis…
If you can't beat 'em, join 'em!…
Understandably, the signing was met with mixed reaction by Yankees fans, but personally, I liked the move to sign Andruw Jones as the team's fourth outfielder.
Understandably, the signing was met with mixed reaction by Yankees fans, but personally, I liked the move to sign Andruw Jones as the team's fourth outfielder.
Have Arm, Will Travel…
Say what you will, it was a win…
Tom Szczerbowski/US Presswire
A night after losing 3-2 to the Toronto Blue Jays in a game that probably could have been won if a clutch hitter like Johnny Damon, Melky Cabrera, Hideki Matsui or Jerry Hairston, Jr. were on the roster, the Yankees returned to their winning ways with a 11-5 victory over the Jays. It was another solid fill-in performance by Dustin Moseley. He was only responsible for 2 of the runs, as the remainder were charged against Chad Gaudin. Moseley has definitely stepped up in a big way during the absence of Andy Pettitte. After fretting what life would be like with Sergio Mitre after Andy went on the DL, manager Joe Girardi quickly reversed course and went with Moseley, a decision that has proven to be very fruitful. Moseley is not the front-end starter you want in the play-offs, but for a team trying to battle its way to the AL East Championship, he has been exactly what the doctor ordered.
After losing to the Jays last night, the Yankees found themselves in a first place tie with the Tampa Bay Rays who defeated the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim. Mention has to go to Rays closer Rafael Soriano who threw a 9-pitch 9th inning that resulted in 3 strikeouts. It was quite an impressive feat. Why did the Atlanta Braves let Soriano get away again?…
Johnny Damon has apparently invoked his no-trade clause to stay in Detroit after being claimed on waivers by the Boston Red Sox. All things considered, I am glad that Johnny opted to leave his Yankees legacy intact. Damon was clearly one of the primary players responsible for the fall of the Curse of the Bambino as the Red Sox won the 2004 World Series, however, he was later able to cut the cords with the Red Sox after failed contract negotiations (or lack thereof) to sign with the Yankees where he ultimately won another championship. Had he returned to Boston, he would have tarnished his Yankees legacy and turned the Yankees Universe against him. David Cone was one of my favorite Yankees, but I don't know if I can ever forgive him for going to Boston. I would have hated to see Johnny return to Boston. When I broached the possibility to my Red Sox friends, I received responses like "ugh!", "ick!", and "no!". While Jason Varitek and David Ortiz may have welcomed Johnny back, I am not sure that he would have been embraced by the RSN. Perhaps he would have, but did the Red Sox claim Damon because they truly wanted him or did they do it to block the Rays? As an aging player, I could have understood the player's desire to play meaningful September games. However, for Johnny, there was so much at stake personally. He was a good Yankee, and hopefully, he'll let that legacy stand on its own merits. No reason to ruin it by going back to Beantown. If the Yankees had just waited out Damon's demands and brought him back to the Bronx, none of this would have been necessary. Who knows where he'll play in 2011, but for now, I remain proud of Damon for standing by his principles and commitment.
Lisa Blumenfeld/Getty Images
In an off-topic comment, I was dismayed to hear that Minnesota Vikings wide receiver Sidney Rice will miss at least half of the season following hip surgery. Given that the injury was suffered during the NFC Championship Game against the New Orleans Saints, I am not quite sure why Rice waited until now to have surgery. He was the first true threat since the Vikings traded Randy Moss, so Brett Favre is definitely facing a challenge in what should be his final season. This morning, there were reports the Vikings were close to signing former Packers wide receiver Javon Walker who clashed with Favre at times during their days in Green Bay. With Percy Harvin's on-going bouts with migraines, the best receiver at this point is probably Bernard Berrian which does not bode well for the Vikings and Favre.
Seattle Times
Sports can be so brutal at times…
Yet Another No-Name Pitcher…
I guess that A-Rod should have held one of those
homers in reserve for Sunday…
The Yankees couldn't muster any offense against
Bryan Bullington and the Kansas City Royals as the former number
one Pittsburgh Pirates draft pick but still a no-name 29-year-old journeyman earned his first major league victory in beating the Yankees
Bridget Wentworth/The Star Ledger
On the other side was loser A.J.
Burnett, who was magnificent if you throw out the first inning.
John Rieger/US Presswire
On Saturday night, Alex Rodriguez homered three
times (the first time he has accomplished the feat since 2005). However, the last homer merely padded the
score as the Yankees coasted to the 8-3 win.
It's too bad that he couldn't have waited until Sunday to homer. Any offense at all would have probably won
the game. But like Derek Jeter said, the
way Bullington was pitching, there was no way they were going to beat him.
The Yankees have been very pedestrian thus far in
August. They are 6-8, and have been
underperforming in every series. They
have the occasional outbursts like Saturday night, but they have not been able
to sustain any success. If the Tampa Bay
Rays didn't encounter their own struggles, they most likely would be in first
place today. As it is, they are just one
game behind the Yankees after another solid performance by Jeremy Hellickson, a
native Iowan like myself. If the Yankees
don't kick it into gear soon, they'll be left to fight for Wild Card
scraps. The team is certainly capable of
getting on a roll and reeling off 10 straight victories, so the sooner the
I was afraid that today was going to feature a
sluggish Yankee performance. I was
reading the LoHud Yankees blog before the game, and they posted a report that
it was a lazy Sunday morning in the clubhouse with absolutely nothing going on. To me, that translated to a lack of energy
and the team was just ready to board the plane to return home. Unfortunately, it showed up in how they
played today against the Royals. Nothing
against Bullington, he pitched a great game, but then again, he had a receptive
audience… L
Now, the Yankees head home to face former teammates
Johnny Damon and Austin Jackson, and the Detroit Tigers. If they play like they played in Kansas City,
the results won't be favorable.
I am not a fan of the Boston Red Sox (obviously),
however, I am glad to see that Dustin Pedroia will return to second base for
the Sox on Tuesday night. He will also
be celebrating his 27th birthday, so birthday wishes are in order
for the Sox warrior. I certainly do not
want to see the Sox get on a roll, but it will be good to see Pedey back at
second for "those" guys.
Jim Davis/Boston Globe
Somewhere my friend Julia is on vacation and loving
every minute of today's Yankees loss…
Enjoy Pedey's birthday, Julia…
It's Just Another Manic Monday…
Robert Frost once said he could sum up everything he has learned about life in three words. "It goes on"…
It was one of those days for the great Mariano Rivera and the Yankees on Sunday. The Yankees had controlled the majority of the game after a Randy Winn triple in the bottom of the 2nd inning had given them an early 2-1 lead.
Sergio Mitre did everything asked of him as he went 5 innings and only gave up 4 hits and 1 run. David Robertson, who has been struggling, came on in relief of Mitre and was effective for two innings.
Antonelli/New York Daily News
So, the Yankees had the perfect formula for victory (Chamberlain + Rivera), right? Wrong. Joba allowed the first batter to reach base during the top of the 8th inning when Denard Span singled. Following a fielder's choice which left Orlando Hudson at first, Joe Mauer walked. Joba struck out the next batter (Justin Morneau), and it looked as though he might escape the inning without any further damage. Unfortunately, an infield single by Michael Cuddyer loaded the bases and ended Joba's afternoon. Manager Joe Girardi called on Mariano Rivera for a four-out save. Mo quickly fell behind the first batter he faced (Jim Thome) and eventually walked him to bring in a run (closing the Yankees lead to 3-2). Mo was unable to shut the door as the next hitter, Jason Kubel, smashed a grand slam to right to give the Twins the lead, 6-3.
Antonelli/New York Daily News
William Perlman/The Star Ledger
The Yankees tried to rally in the bottom of the 9th and had the first two men on base. But Twins closer Jon Rauch struck out Derek Jeter, Brett Gardner and Mark Teixeira to end the game.
This was a very disappointing loss. The Yankees have had great success against the Twins at Yankee Stadium and had won the first two games of this series. A win today would have put a psychological knife into the Twins or the very least would have given them doubts about their ability to win at the Stadium in October. For the Twins, it was a huge win and it lifted the monkey off their backs. Prior to the game, former Twins great Bert Blyleven labeled it as a "must win"
Star Tribune
So, the weekend ends on a down note for the Yankees as they await the arrival of their fiercest rival, the Boston Red Sox, for a two-game series in the Bronx starting on Monday.
Of course, Yankees-Red Sox can only mean one thing. It's time for another wager between me and my friend Julia of Julia's Rants. For the latest wager, the loser must write a blog about the opposing team's first World Series victory. If the teams split the series, the winner will be the team with the highest run total. The Red Sox did lose today to Johnny Damon and the Detroit Tigers so neither the Yanks or Sox carry any momentum into the latest series.
The Yankees received some bad news when it was announced that DH Nick Johnson may need wrist surgery. They'll first try a cortisone shot, but if it doesn't work, surgery will be the next option which would most likely shelf Johnson until August. This is exactly what Yankee fans had feared when Johnson signed with the Yanks during the off-season as Johnny Damon's replacement. GM Brian Cashman says that Johnson's injury potential was taken into consideration, however, it doesn't appear that there is a solid Plan B in place. I like the lineup with Posada at DH and Francisco Cervelli at catcher, however, that may or may not be a good long term solution. I'd prefer more of a sure thing (trade for Johnny Damon?), but unfortunately, the trade market will not be open until July (or June at the earliest).
Brandon Wade/AP
It was a particularly tough sports day for me today as the San Jose Sharks lost 2-1 to the Chicago Blackhawks in Game 1 of the NHL Western Conference Finals. I am sure that if I need to hear some positive sports news, Julia will be more than happy to tell me all about the Boston Celtics' Game 1 win over the Orlando Magic in Game 1 of the NBA Eastern Conference Finals… L
San Jose Mercury News
The day did have a great start for me before the games began. I participated in the 99th Annual Bay to Breakers 12K Run in San Francisco. The run started near the Bay by Embarcadero and headed west (up the Hayes Street Hill and through Golden Gate Park) to the Pacific Ocean.
San Francisco Chronicle
In San Francisco, you have to be prepared to see just about anything…and I did! Many runners (and walkers) chose to wear costumes while some opted for nothing at all. I took the more conservative and traditional route myself. I do not know the total headcount but the run was very slow at the beginning and going up the Hayes Street Hill due to the sheer volume of people.
San Francisco Chronicle
Personally. I accomplished my modest goal of running the race inside of an hour. It was a fun and very enjoyable day…well, at least until the 8th inning at Yankee Stadium!
Motor City Misery…
The string comes unwound…
The Yankees had been successful in every season series this year except for their trip to Anaheim, CA, but the string of success came to a resounding thud in Detroit. The Tigers were victorious in winning 3 of 4 games against the Yankees.
The Tigers took a close game on Monday, 5-4, when a late Yankees rally fell short. Tuesday was rained out, so the team played two the next day. Despite a strong performance by Javier Vazquez (his best of the season, by far), the Yanks fell 2-0 in the first game. They rebounded in the nightcap behind a very strong performance by Phil Hughes, which is rapidly becoming "the norm" for #65. The game was close most of the way until the Yankees scored 6 runs in the 9th to win, 8-0.
In the getaway game, the Yanks were shut out for the second time in three games, 6-0. The game was highlighted by a disappointing outing by CC Sabathia.
Tonight, the Yankees are back in the Bronx for a weekend series against the Minnesota Twins.
As it stands right now, I am concerned about the team. Andy Pettitte pitches on Saturday and there is uncertainty regarding his health. He has missed a start due to elbow stiffness and it would not be realistic to expect his high level of performance in April to continue.
The rainout in Detroit, forcing Javier Vazquez to pitch on Wednesday, has pushed Javy's next start back a day so Sergio Mitre will start Sunday against the Twins.
My biggest concern is the ongoing health challenges the team has faced. For awhile, it seemed as though every win was accompanied by an injury. I know the Yankees spare no expense, but at times, I do wonder about the team's strength and conditioning program. It is a completely unsubstantiated remark, but the constant little injuries do make you wonder what the cause might be.
Curtis Granderson is eligible to come off the DL on Monday, but he has yet to begin running again. He is scheduled to do some light running this weekend, and has been vigorously working out. However, if he hasn't started running, it does not appear he'll be back immediately. Nothing against Marcus Thames, Randy Winn or Greg Golson, but I'd prefer to see those guys coming off the bench…not starting in the outfield.
Other Yankees have been dinged up…Jorge Posada, Nick Swisher, Robinson Cano, Mariano Rivera, et al. Chan Ho Park and Alfredo Aceves are on the DL with Granderson, although Park is expected back soon.
A trip to October always includes a bit of luck so hopefully the Yanks will be able to overcome these string of injuries without losing too much ground to the Tampa Bay Rays…or let the dreaded Boston Red Sox catch up.
On the bright side (for me), the San Jose Sharks will soon begin the Western Conference Finals against the Chicago Blackhawks for the right to advance to the Stanley Cup. I had hoped for a Stanley Cup collision against my friend, Julia, but unfortunately, her Boston Bruins let a 3 games to none lead slip away. That also included a 3-0 lead in Game 7. So close Julia, "but so far away". Sorry, my friend. At least we still have hope in the NBA play-offs as the Los Angeles Lakers and Boston Celtics are in their respective conference finals. So, we'll have to hope for Lakers-Celtics in the finals, with a Sharks-Bruins match-up just a dream for future years.
Mr. Personality…
The Bully has spoken…
As much as I love the Yankees and support their right to spend whatever is necessary to win, I admittedly have trouble warming up to Yankees president Randy Levine. I agree with Levine's words: "We play by all the rules and there doesn't seem to be any complaints when teams such as the Brewers receive hundreds of millions of dollars that they get from us in revenue sharing the last few years. Take some of that money that you get from us and use that to sign your players", Levine said in an interview with ESPNNewYork.com in response to Milwaukee owner Mark Attanasio's ongoing complaints about how much the Yankees spend. Per ESPN, the Yankees have paid out nearly $175 million in the last 7 years (92% of the total revenue sharing that has been paid out to teams).
I agree, in principle, with everything Levine has said, but he still comes across as a big bully. I don't follow the business side of the Yankees as much as I do the playing side so maybe I just don't know Levine. Or maybe this truly is the real Levine. Either way, I am not a fan of his…
After failing to see the much-needed clutch hit during Sunday night's loss to the Red Sox, I could not help but notice Monday's box scores:
Johnny Damon, Detroit Tigers (8-4 win over the Kansas City Royals)
2 hits (including a double); 2 runs; and 2 RBI's
John Sleezer/McClatchy-Tribune
Hideki Matsui, Los Angeles Angels (6-3 win over the Minnesota Twins)
2 hits (including a solo home run); 1 run; and 2 RBI's
Rose Palmisano/The Orange County Register
The four RBI's could have come in very handy on Sunday night!
At least Melky Cabrera went 0-for-5 for the Atlanta Braves. Well, he did score a run. Ugh!
The Yankees captured their first win of the season with a 6-4 victory in Boston. The win evens the series, and sets up the getaway game as the deciding game in my latest wager with Julia of Julia's Rants. It should be a great game with Andy Pettitte facing new Red Sox pitcher John Lackey. Hopefully, I will be arranging for the shipment of a book to the Boston area so that a friend of mine can begin her book assignment!
In tonight's game, Nick Johnson did EXACTLY what he was signed to do…get on base. With the bases loaded in the 8th and the score tied 4-4, Nick worked a walk to bring in the go-ahead run. Robinson Cano added an insurance run with a solo homer in the 9th, but Nick Johnson was definitely the key to the rally.
Joba Chamberlain showed me that he is the 8th inning set up guy, and Mariano Rivera proved, yet again, he is a legend in our midst. I am sure it will be a very sad day when Mo walks off the mound for the final time. I have been very proud of him all these years, and he probably is my favorite Yankee.
It was not a great night for Boston's Jon Lester but I am convinced this will be a big year for him. I may not be a Red Sox fan but I am a Jon Lester fan. Beckett and Lackey? Not so much…
Elsa/Getty Images
Ex-Yankee Paranoia…
Unfortunately, Johnny Damon hasn't forgotten how to beat the Yankees…
Gene J. Puskar/AP
In Damon's first appearance against his ex-mates, he hit an RBI single and a solo home run to power the Tigers to victory, 6-2, in Lakeland, Florida. Hopefully, this doesn't become a regular occurrence in Yankees-Tigers matchups. Two of the hopefuls for the fifth spot in the starting rotation were the victims of Damon's abuse. Chad Gaudin and Sergio Mitre each gave up three earned runs in three and four innings of work, respectively. Austin Jackson even got in on the action with some great defensive plays.
Gene J. Puskar/AP
On the bright side, the Yankees also played the Baltimore Orioles in Tampa and won 5-3 behind the heroics of Jorge Posada. Javier Vazquez was the starter and winner, but Alfredo Aceves continued to impress. So, if Phil Hughes has competition for the starting rotation, I'd have to say that Aceves is the top contender at this point. I am convinced that Joba Chamberlain is headed to the pen, and either Mitre or Gaudin (or both) will find themselves pitching elsewhere.
Gene J. Puskar/AP
Kei Igawa, perhaps the Yankees most disappointing free-agent signing in recent memory outside of anyone named Carl, saw his latest attempt to make the Yankees flame out. He was one of nine players cut and re-assigned to minor league camp. The other notable name, but not unexpected, was pitcher Andrew Brackman. The odds have definitely been against Brackman but I hope he can persevere and pitch in the big leagues one day.
Nick Latham/Getty Images
As a Minnesota Vikings fan, this has been a disappointing off-season so far. Of course, there's the inevitable 'will he or won't he' retirement talk about Brett Favre. If Favre does retire, it's hard to get excited about the team's offense being helmed by either Tavaris Jackson or Sage Rosenfels. We've already seen a great running back depart when Chester Taylor signed with the rival Chicago Bears. The team wined and dined free agent LaDainian Tomlinson, but he left Minnesota for New York with no agreement. Nothing against Minneapolis, but it's hard to compete with the city of New York. There's no telling where LT will eventually land, but he would be a nice backup for Adrian Peterson. So far, the Vikings biggest acquisition has been the free agent signing of long kicker Rhys Lloyd. Hopefully, the Vikings will be able to make the necessary moves to ensure that their current championship quality window does not close without any hardware.
Peter Read Miller/SI
This has been an interesting year on American Idol. I have seen most of my early favorites depart, so I've had to find new ones to back. At this point, I am a fan of Crystal Bowersox and Lee Dewyze. I am surprised at some of those who advanced to the Top 12 and some who didn't, but the show should start heating up in the coming weeks.
I am headed down to Burbank to see The Tonight Show with Jay Leno this week. The scheduled guests are Terry Bradshaw and Kara DioGuardi. The musical guest is Ziggy Marley. It should be a fun and energetic show to watch. I am looking forward to it. I was able to see The Late Show with David Letterman last year, so it will be fun to see how it compares to Leno. Of course, from my perspective, I can't wait until Conan O'Brien is back on the air…
The Title Defense Begins…
Now that CC is getting warmed up, Spring Training is officially underway…
Noah K. Murray/The Star Ledger
So far, Camp has been very quiet for Team World Champions. Of course, that figures to change when position players report next week. But it has been great to see the guys arriving in Tampa as they begin defense of their World Series championship.
Noah K. Murray/The Star Ledger
I always enjoy hearing about the players who re-committed themselves during the off-season, and arrive in camp in better shape than ever. This year's "Biggest Losers" are reliever Jonathan Albaladejo and right fielder Nick Swisher. Both reported significantly lighter than we lost saw them in October. I have been a bit concerned that Swisher will have difficulty matching last season's success, but hopefully, the weight loss will help him build upon the success and we'll continue to see the A's version of Swisher and not the White Sox version.
It's evident the players have a great deal of respect for Andy Pettitte. Andy could have had the perfect ending to a great career by riding off to the sunset after last year's championship, but he decided that he is not ready to hang up the glove yet. Obviously, I was disappointed when Andy admitted steroid use, however, throughout his career and including the time of the admission, Andy has handled himself with nothing but class and dignity. CC Sabathia credited Pettitte for helping his transition, and I am sure that he'll have a similar influence on Javier Vazquez as he re-adjusts to life with the Yankees. I would have preferred if Andy had never left to play in Houston for three years, but conversely, the time away definitely gave Andy a different perspective and he clearly values his Yankees legacy now more than ever before.
I saw the comment by Hideki Matsui on the Angels MLB.com website that although he feels physically strong, his knees aren't 100%. As tough as it was to see Godzilla leave, I think the Yankees made the right decision. While I recognize that he may have a great 2010 season, sooner or later he'll begin breaking down and missing more time. Besides, there's not much more that he could have done for a Yankees farewell than being named the World Series MVP.
Speaking of ex-Yankees, Johnny Damon is now officially a member. He signed a one-year deal with the Detroit Tigers for $8 million. Damon will definitely be the poster child for negotiating failures, at least for the short term. With better strategy, he could have secured a longer term deal for more money from the Yankees, but Damon and agent Scott Boras overvalued the market. Of course, the Yankees quickly moved on. I do not find fault with the Yankees approach because had they waited, they risked getting nothing. As it stands, the Yankees offense should be fine with Nick Johnson, Randy Winn and Marcus Thames on-board. I am still puzzled by the Tigers since they moved Curtis Granderson because of money, and he would have made less this year than Damon will cost them. I guess Damon is an $8 million insurance policy as a hedge to see if Austin Jackson is capable of making the leap to the major leagues.
Another former Yankee, Chien-Ming Wang, signed with the Washington Nationals. I am surprised that he went with the Nats. Nothing against them, but I really expected to see Wang go with Joe Torre and the Los Angeles Dodgers. They have a clear need for a fifth starter, and if healthy, Wang could have potentially filled the void. Whatever happens, I wish Wang the best of luck…and health. I hope he has learned to run the bases now that he'll be hitting in the National League.
Scott Miller/Reuters
Now that Jose Molina is in Toronto, it sounds like manager Joe Girardi is going to make sure that Jorge Posada and A.J. Burnett work as a team this spring. Hopefully, they'll be able to build a good rapport. If not, I hope that Francisco Cervelli is up to the challenge of being A.J.'s personal caddy.
The Yankees will definitely encounter more than a few former players (and manager) during the upcoming season.
LA Times
Hopefully, the "pies" will belong to the current Yankees and not the former crowd. It should be a fun season, and I am looking forward to the renewed battle with Julia. I was hoping that we'd have a few "warm-ups" during the Spring, but the Yankees and Red Sox are not scheduled to face each other until Opening Day. Oh well, I am looking forward to starting the season 1-0. Right, Julia? 😉
Jim McIsaac/Getty Images
This is off-topic, but now that American Idol has reduced the field to 24, my early favorite is Janell Wheeler…
But then again, Ashley Rodriguez does have a great voice…
It should be a great Season 9 on American Idol! Music and Yankees baseball…sounds like it will be a great summer to me! If Julia doesn't agree, this video says it all…


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DVD Burn Quality
The following media were used in the tests:
- DVD+R Verbatim Advanced AZO (Mitsubishi Chemical, MID: MCC 004 (000))
- DVD-R Verbatim Advanced AZO (Mitsubishi Chemical, MID: MCC 02RG20)
- DVD+RW Verbatim DataLifePlus (MID: MKM A02 (000))
- DVD-RW Verbatim DataLifePlus (MID: MCC 01RW4X)
The following table shows you the duration of the burn session for each format and speed:
The drives again take the same time to process any type of DVD media. The only difference is that the BenQ drive could burn an 8x DVD-R disc at higher burn speeds while the MSI burned it only at the speed the blank was rated for.
I will now discuss the quality of the recorded discs, starting from write-once formats.
Single-Write (Non-Rewritable) DVD Media
DVD+R Discs Burn Quality at 4x speed
The two discs differ in their quality, despite the drives having performed the burning in the same manner. The total number of PI Error blocks found on the disc from the BenQ is two times smaller than on the disc from MSI DR16-B2. This is the only success of the BenQ in this test, however. The total number of PI Failure blocks is smaller on the MSI disc by a factor of 30! Well, the average PI Failure rate is acceptable even on the BenQ disc (but it is close to the limit), but there is a high spike of PI Failures on the outermost tracks of the disc. The same goes for PI Errors, too, although not so dramatically.
Beta/Jitter and TA Test for the DVD+R disc
The Beta graph is normal, with small and quite acceptable fluctuations. The Jitter parameter is acceptable, too. But looking at the results of the TA Test I should note that the MSI drive doesn't maintain the required pit/land lengths at 4x burn speed. Jitter is overall small (it is only rather high for the small-lengths pits and lands), but the Peak Shift parameter is rather big. It means the drive makes the pits a little shorter and the lands a little longer than they should be.


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Parks Canada
Home > Library > National Historic Sites in Alberta > Medicine Hat Clay Industries
Local clays, natural gas and a railway paved the way for Medicine Hat's emergence as a major centre of the clay products industry in Canada during the early 20th century. Brick, pottery, chimney flue and sewer pipes poured out of its factories on rail to cities across Canada and into the United States. The Historic Clay District, as it is known locally, preserves a unique industrial landscape featuring an operating brick plant and two pottery factories that still resonate with the persistence and industriousness of the people who worked here.
Medalta Potteries was established in 1912 and its sturdy crocks, bowls, artware and hotel crockery were familiar household items cross the country. Today Medalta ware is a prized collector's item. Explore the plant and learn how the age-old craft of pottery making was adapted to suit mass production requirements. Stand inside one of the four circular kilns. Stop in at the gift shop and buy a piece to take home. Let the kids sink their hands into wet clay in the Children's Clay Area. The Historic Clay District is a work in progress. Once threatened with demolition it is emerging as one of Canada's foremost industrial museums and cultural centres dedicated to clay. The working pottery, where you can watch the skilled craftsmen produce replicas of Medalta ware and the gallery for contemporary ceramics are scheduled to open in late 2007. Across the street the Hycroft China plant that was opened in 1937 as a state of the art plant and where little has changed will tell another part of the story.
The Historic Clay District is open for tours year round and is located at 713 Medalta Ave. S.E., in Medicine Hat. For more information,please call: 403-529-1070 or check out the website at www.medalta.org
Services: interpretive tours, school programs, gift shop, parking, walking trails.


text:
Our urologists provide expertise and surgical treatment of disorders of the urinary and male genital tracts. We work closely with patients to develop individualized treatment plans that include both medical and surgical approaches to a range of urological problems. In addition close collaboration with other University of Utah Health Care specialists helps us give our patients the most complete care available and allows for the best possible outcomes.
Our services include treatment of the following:
- Incontinence, male and female
- Inguinal and testicular surgery: hydrocele
- Kidney, ureteral and bladder stones
- Laparoscopic surgery
- Neurogenic bladder and spinal injuries
- Vasectomy and vasectomy reversal


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In a battle between former world title challengers, Rey Bautista (30-2, 23 KOs) of the Philippines will face Heriberto Ruiz (46-10-2, 28 KOs) of Mexico June 11th in a rematch. The bout is scheduled for 12 rounds and the IBF International featherweight title. Site of the match will be the Cebu City Waterfront Hotel & Casino, Barangay Lahug, Cebu City, Cebu, Philippines. The two fought in 2008 in Las Vegas, Nevada where Ruiz dropped Bautista in round three of that bout in route to winning a unanimous decision.
Boxing News -- 24 hours/day - Reload often! | UPDATED TODAY
firstname.lastname@example.com updated all day, every day!
email@example.com updated all day, every day!


text: On December 3, 2013, the Office of Hearings and Appeals (OHA) issued a decision denying an appeal (Appeal) from a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) determination issued by the Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA). The Appellant contested the adequacy of the search for documents responsive to its FOIA request. The OHA reviewed NNSA's description of its search. NNSA described the searches that were conducted at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and the Nevada Site Office, and thus, OHA determined that NNSA conducted an adequate search for responsive documents. Therefore, the OHA denied the Appeal.


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Fire, who better to do it than those directly
associated with the band, along with some special
guests? Original keyboardist Larry Dunn and
multi-instrumentalists Morris Pleasure and Sheldon
Reynolds, both longtime members, update September,
Cant Hide Love and a host of other familiar fare.
Other EWF staples include Ronnie Laws, who played on
EWFs third album, Last Days and Time, and
contributes sax on Cant Hide Love, and guitarist
Johnny Graham, who recreates his rockin soul solo on
Thats the Way of the World. The mildly hip-hopped
versions dont necessarily bring a new dimension to
the proceedings; rather, they make you long for the
original. Interesting and engaging, but it needs a bit
of a kick.
Brian Bromberg Metal (Artistry Music)
Last year, Brian Bromberg had a jazz best-seller in
Bobblehead, but its a safe bet nothing on Metal
will find its way onto the smooth playlists. Thats
because this is one of the hardest rocking shred
guitar albums ever, made even more noteworthy by the
fact theres not a guitar in sight. Bromberg plays all
the lead lines on his signature piccolo bass, while
filling in under, behind and around with 4-string,
5-string, and tenor basses, with accompaniment from
Joel Taylor on drums and occasionally Dan Siegel on
keys. The opening Good Morning is indeed a wakeup
call, while Through The Window continues in that
vein and Carlos is a winning power ballad. All
instrumental and all muscle, Metal proves Brombergs
versatility and yes, indeed, his mettle.
Hiroshima Obon (ESL Music)
Japanese worldbeat smooth jazz? Well, yes. Hiroshima
goes further afield on this entirely instrumental
effort than in the past, with enjoyable results.
Matching ambient jazz beats with the likes of koto and
erhu sounds difficult, but the band pulls it off
without a hitch. Melodies come and go, floating atop
the synths of Kimo Cornwell and Dan Kuramoto, who also
plays saxes, flute, and shakuhachi (the notoriously
difficult bamboo flute). The opening Swiss Ming sets
the tone, but almost every tune contains the elements
that make this group unique. Atomic Café features
some soul guitar straight out of the 70s, percussion
beats and those crazy Asian instruments, all following
Dan Kuramotos saxy lead lines. The lack of vocals is
actually a plus, as it focuses all attention on the
best songs the group has ever written.
Frances Black How High The Moon (Koch)
If shed eschew the annoying vibrato, Black could take
her place alongside Maire Brennan and others
celebrating Irish and Celtic music. Even with the
quavery voice, Black manages to capture the emotion
and bittersweet melodies that make the genre popular.
The opening How Sweet The Tune, the following
Magdalen Laundry, in fact, most every cut contains
the keening emotion and lyrics that define the best
traditional Irish music. But the instrumental
accompaniment is less inclined toward that tradition
than American pop music, with piano, bass, guitar and
strings supporting Blacks soprano. The title track
features some sax and guitar reminiscent of John
Martyn, while in other places Black brings to mind
Linda Thompon. Not bad company.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 27, 2007
|Filing date
|May 11, 2004
|Priority date
|Mar 24, 1999
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Thomas J. Pennaz, Noel H. Eberhardt
|Original Assignee
|Motorola, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (31), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (5), Classifications (48), Legal Events (2)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a divisional of copending U.S. Ser. No. 09/532,807, filed on Mar. 21,2000, entitled "CIRCUIT CHIP CONNECTOR AND METHOD OF CONNECTING A CIRCUIT CHIP," by Thomas J. Pennaz, et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 6,891,110), assigned commonly with the present application, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, and from which priority under 35 U.S.C. �120 is hereby claimed.
The application (U.S. Ser. No. 09/532,807) has partial priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/125,842, filed Mar. 24, 1999 and U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/149,486, filed Aug. 18, 1999.
The present invention relates to interposers and a method of mounting an integrated circuit chip (IC) or similar device using such an interposer connected across a gap between thin film circuits, such as two conductive film sections of a conductive film antenna, or similar circuit made from conductive film or other conductive flex circuit. More specifically, the invention is directed toward a method of mass-producing devices, such as radio frequency identification tags (RFIDs), by mounting integrated circuit chips (ICs) on interposers that are then physically and electrically connected to the circuit, such as a conductive film antenna, using a pressure sensitive conductive adhesive.
Radio frequency (RF) devices such as RFIDs can be used for inventory management, highway toll express passes, and many other purposes that are suited for interrogation of the device. Such devices can be made by incorporating an appropriate IC across the gap of two conductive surfaces of a thin conductive film antenna. Such an antenna may be formed by introducing a gap between a conductive film surface, thus creating two conductive portions or halves. The IC contains encoded data for identification purposes. The IC and the antenna act together as a transponder, which receives an RF signal and modifies it according to the data encoded on the IC.
The invention is an interposer that includes a thin substrate having two printed conductive ink pads. These pads provide a larger effective electrical contact area than ICs precisely aligned for direct placement without an interposer. The larger area reduces the accuracy required for placement of ICs during manufacture while still providing effective electrical connection. The substrate is coated with a pressure sensitive conductive adhesive that allows an IC to be electrically and mechanically mounted across the conductive ink pads. Pressure sensitive adhesives are preferred, but this production method is not limited only to pressure sensitive applications. The IC can be mounted across the gap of the interposer, ideally with the same adhesive as used to mount the interposer-IC subassembly to the circuit.
Methods are known in the art of connecting ICs to thin metallic foils, e.g., leadframes. In these methods, the IC is affixed on top of the leadframe, then the leadframe is connected to electrical connections on the IC by wire bonding techniques. Because of the fragile nature of the bonding, the connections are encapsulated for support. The present invention uses an interposer having conductive adhesive to both mechanically join and electrically connect the IC to a thin metallic film antenna, thus maintaining flexibility and providing a more robust connection. However, the scope of the present invention includes use in any thin film circuit application requiring placement of an IC or other flush mount components.
The prior art methods have difficulty in aligning ICs with base substrates or vice versa. IC placement was accomplished by first placing the individual base substrate in alignment with an IC, such that the bonding leads of the substrate are aligned to the connectors on the IC. Alternately, if the substrate is the base piece, the IC had to be precisely aligned for a physical and electrical connection. The relatively small bonding leads or pads on the substrate and IC provide a small effective connection area and greatly restrain the tolerances for placement of an IC across the gap of a thin metallic film circuit substrate. IC placement and mounting are serious limitations for high speed manufacturing.
A prior method of making a RF tag includes using a chip placement machine that mounts ICs between two separate conductive portions of a thin film antenna. This method requires the precise alignment of the IC between a gap of approximately 0.017 inch between the antenna portions. Such tolerances greatly reduce line speeds. This method is acceptable for high-priced items that can be produced at slow line speed. The chip placement machine cannot be readily used for high speed application of ICs on low cost devices. Also, a chip placement machine is relatively costly to purchase and operate. The interposer with a pre-positioned IC overcomes this required precision so that a convertor, such as a label printer, can affix ICs with a high line speed as required for uses such as packaging or other disposable products incorporating RFID tags or similar devices. A converter can use existing technology to apply the IC mounted on an interposer without the need to purchase a chip placement machine.
Previous methods also required bonding such as thermosonic; lasersonic; soldering; or wire bonding. Such methods typically require more process steps and often have defects due to the application of heat in soldering or wire bonding. Further, wave soldering or reflow ovens often expose components to high temperatures that may cause damage to the components. These difficult methods are replaced by applying an interposer of the present invention having a pre-positioned IC to the base substrate (i.e., antenna halves) with conductive adhesive. No heat needs to be applied in placing and connecting the interposer-chip subassembly to the substrate circuit. Heat and high humidity can be detrimental to chips. The pressure sensitive anisotropically conductive adhesive used in the present invention overcomes these bonding limitations and potential defect causing steps.
Current technology relies on the use of a conductive tape applied as a free film to attach the interposer to the RFID antenna or similar circuit. Significant flexibility, improved efficiency and lower cost are obtained by using a printable conductive adhesive. To form an aperture in a tape, a relatively difficult step of punching a hole is required. The adhesive of the present invention is printed over the conductor area and serves to attach the interposer to the antenna halves, both physically and electrically. It may be printed or applied in any pattern including having an aperture or recess.
Other techniques for bonding ICs to conductive circuit patterns of a substrate are known in the art. One such method uses an anisotropically conductive adhesive between raised areas (pads) for bonding on the substrate and matching bonding raised areas of the IC. The adhesive was typically an insulative polymer containing conductive particles that simultaneously contact a raised connection of the IC and a matching raised area of the substrate to provide interconnection. The conductive particles do not conduct in the lateral or horizontal direction since they transmit current only in the vertical direction between the substrate and device bonding raised areas. Such conduction is "anisotropic." The polymer is cured after mounting the IC on the substrate that thereafter provides a permanent structural bond in addition to a conductive connection. The replacement of solder bond connections by anisotropic conductive adhesives can often reduce assembly costs, can accommodate relatively high concentrations of conductive connections, and can make devices more amenable to repair and reconstruction. Similar techniques are needed to bond ICs to thin film circuit substrates, such as antenna halves, without significant curing times, without excessive heat, and without matching bonding raised areas in precise alignment. The present method uses pressure sensitive anisotropically conductive adhesive between the IC mounted on an interposer and the antenna halves (base substrate) to solve these concerns. Pressure sensitive adhesives are selected for ease of application, but other adhesives are available though not preferred.
Prior adhesives with conductive particles that simultaneously contact a raised connection of the IC and a matching raised area of the substrate to provide interconnection were not used with interposers and required precise alignment of the components and were only usable in one orientation. Also, many disposable substrates, such as thin polymeric films, cannot tolerate the high temperatures associated with curing.
The ICs were previously encapsulated by the application of a chip face encapsulant material on the ICs that are attached to the antenna. Typically, an epoxy was used. Besides long curing times, the use of epoxy may cause undesirable friction when joining circuits to an interposer. The present interposer can secure the IC, rather than placing an epoxy encapsulant over the surface of the IC. The curing of an epoxy encapsulant often takes hours and is not conducive to high speed production. The present invention overcomes the long cure time of such encapsulants by using a pressure sensitive conductive adhesive and an interposer that can secure the IC. Also, filled epoxy is more rigid so devices requiring flexibility are not well suited for epoxy encapsulants over the surface of the IC. The interposer of the present invention maintains flexibility.
ICs have become drastically less expensive, and are often not the most expensive part of a device. An IC may be incorporated into a device, such as an RFID tag, a luggage tag or prescription label, in which the device substrate would be the most expensive component. The "expensive device substrate," for lack of a better term, can be spoiled if the IC is not mounted correctly or if there is a short circuit in the mounted IC. Isolating the IC placement to the less expensive interposer subassembly allows IC defects to be detected before the final assembly to the more expensive device substrate, such as a thin film antenna. An IC on an interposer will make for less spoilage of the "expensive device substrate." Spoilage is limited to the lowest cost component when a low-cost interposer with an IC is used.
This relates to another critical problem overcome by the interposer-chip combination. Certain applications require sequential production of expensive device substrates, such as numbered pharmaceutical labels or packages. If a bad IC is inserted in such a sequence-critical application, the web would have to be re-spliced, effectively shutting down production until completed. By isolating the individual interposer-chip combination as a subassembly, the interposer can be applied by a standard head that can repeat without shutting down when a bad IC is detected so that there are no missing labels or packages in the sequence.
It has therefore been found beneficial to produce an interposer that is inexpensive to mass produce and easy to insert at high line speed, preferably in multiple orientations with respect to the antenna or similar circuit. The present invention incorporates some of the advantages of the existing technology, while alleviating several of the problems associated therewith. Interposers are well suited for high volume applications because they offer low-cost solutions and easy attachment. Additionally, the improved method of manufacturing a thin RF transponder with such an interposer is necessary for such mass production.
It is a primary objective of the present invention to provide a method for the quick and easy attachment of ICs to a RF antenna, or a similar circuit made from a metallized film substrate or other metallized flex circuit, by using an interposer subassembly having a preattached IC on a printed conductive pad and using an anisotropically conductive pressure sensitive adhesive.
In a preferred embodiment, the invention may be described as a method of making thin, flexible transponders, such as RFID labels and tags. RFIDs require an RF antenna and an appropriate IC encoded with data. The present invention uses an interposer having an IC as a subassembly that is attached to a thin conductive film antenna. An RF antenna is formed by creating a gap between two portions of metal on a thin metallic film. The gap may be formed by using a laser or by masking the gap before the metallic film is applied to the thin film. The IC via an interposer is connected across the gap between the antenna portions, thus creating an RFID. No wiring or heating is required because the interposer has two pads, such as carbon ink printed, that make electrical contact with the isolated antenna portions, via an electrically conductive adhesive. A pressure sensitive adhesive will not require significant curing time for attachment to become effective.
With the disclosed interposer, an IC is not directly mechanically and electrically attached to the antenna. The IC is attached to an interposer so that it can be positioned at the connection ends of the antenna circuit. The interposer comprises a base substrate film with two printed pads. An IC is connected between the two electrically isolated pads. The interposer can provide added structural support and can secure the internal components. Other flush mount components, such as LEDs, can be attached using similar techniques. This removes the limitations for precise placement on the leads of a circuit. Additionally, IC's can be mounted on conventional circuits via an interposer.
Placement of the IC is easier with the interposer. The gap between antenna portions is critical for proper functioning of an RF antenna. The antenna gap is dictated by the spacing between the IC pads and requires the IC to be precisely inserted (by machine placement for instance) between a space of 0.014 and 0.020 inch, which is a typical gap between IC pads. The interposer isolates the IC placement to this critical gap by limiting it to a subassembly having a critical gap created between two relatively large separate conductive interposer pads. The IC is placed across the critical gap between the interposer pads. Since the connector pads of the interposer can contact any portion of the antenna pad to establish electrical connection, placement of the interposer is not constrained by the relatively small critical interposer gap. However, the interposer pads still maintain an electrical connection across the non-critical antenna gap. This removes the IC placement constraint created by the critical antenna gap located on the antenna circuit substrate while maintaining the function of the critical gap in the circuit. The larger area of the interposer pads reduces the accuracy required for placement of ICs during manufacture while still providing effective electrical connection. This allows an IC to be placed across the gap with greater placement tolerances. An example of such an interposer pad would be a printed carbon ink that is 0.20 inches extended from the IC connection area. Silver is an expensive substitute for carbon ink and the tolerance can dictate the necessary extension of the pad from the IC connection area. It is contemplated that the carbon ink or silver ink pad is not printed on the entire interposer surface.
With the present disclosure, insertion can be used with many devices. The interposer pattern or repeat is constant thereby simplifying the critical IC placement step. There is still a critical gap, but it is in a constant format. Variability of the antenna pattern adds significant complexity to the direct IC attachment process. For example, tickets, luggage tags, anti-theft devices or inventory control devices have different layouts for antennas or other circuits. Direct attachment would require a reconfiguration for each different antenna or circuit layout. By standardizing the IC placement via the interposer in a preferred embodiment, the finished part can vary widely and not encumber the process.
In a preferred embodiment disclosed herein, numerous interposer-chip subassemblies are prepared for subsequent attachment to antennas by starting with numerous printed interposers on a web to which a plurality of ICs is attached. Nearly 1000 interposers can be placed on each foot of web with a width of 18 inches. Preferably, each interposer-chip subassembly is separate and rectangular for easy application like a label. The group of interposer-chip subassemblies is inexpensive to mass produce and easy to insert at high line speed with less spoilage of devices due to defective ICs. The interposers are designed for a minimum press speed of 80 feet per minute.
This invention also includes a geometry of components that allows for attachment of the interposer chip subcomponent regardless of the orientation of the antenna or similar circuit to which it is attached. Current IC mounting technology requires the IC be mounted across the interposer gap. Interposers are inserted in the web direction to be accurately placed on the antenna or similar circuit. The gap must presently be perpendicular to the interposer web direction due to IC orientation. Therefore, without the improved geometry, the interposer reel must be oriented parallel to the antenna web being printed.
Due to space limitation, press configuration, web optimization or other considerations, it may be desirable to orient the antenna gaps either parallel or perpendicular to the web direction during printing or application. In fact, in extreme-cases, it may be desirable to orient the antenna gaps at angles other than 0� or 90� to the web, in which case, current geometries fail.
This limitation can be overcome through geometry that allows universal orientation of the antenna to the web and allows efficient interposer insertion regardless of antenna orientation. The improved geometry includes conductive ink pads that are in the shape of a butterfly, propeller or bow-tie pattern preferably with a separation line between each portion. The butterfly, propeller or bow-tie pattern extends from one corner of the label to the opposite corner. The pattern must maintain a gap perpendicular to the web to allow for IC placement across the gap. Preferably, a conductive adhesive is printed or applied around the edges of the label with a recess of no adhesive in the center.
It is also contemplated that a metallized film package can be used as an antenna for an RFID device. Metallized films and papers are common components of packaging and labels used for barrier properties, opacity, and desirable graphics. Due to the conductivity of a metallized surface, the material can function as a RF antenna. With a laser, metal can be removed from the package film, but leaving the base film intact, so that there are two electrically and physically isolated portions of metallic surface. A gap must be incorporated between the portions to provide electrical isolation. Another non-conductive substrate, such as a paper or polymer, could be laminated to the metallized film so that the packaging maintains two electrically isolated surfaces. An appropriate integrated circuit article preferably using an interposer will convert the package into an RFID device (or a similar device) if access to the portions of the metallized surface is available. The interposer can be applied to the package (RFID antenna) as described herein to replace the less versatile bar code. A separate substrate of the device that contains an antenna layer would not be required because the metallized film layer forming the antenna is a portion of the packaging film.
A thin film circuit, shown as an antenna 20 (or a similar circuit made from metallized film or other metallized flex circuit) can be made from a thin etched or stamped foil, typically manufactured from a thin foil of copper, copper-alloy, or nickel-iron alloy by stamping or etching. The etching or stamping creates patterns on strips that become antennas. Other methods of making an antenna include printing a conductive ink. This invention relates to ICs 10, which are joined and electrically connected to individual antennas 20, focusing on the interposer 30, its substrate 32, and the printing of contact pads 34 and 36 thereon onto which the IC 10 is incorporated. The layer of anisotropically conductive pressure sensitive adhesive 38 makes contact with connectors of the IC 10 as to interconnect the antenna 20 and the IC 10. Pressure sensitive adhesives are selected for ease of application, but other adhesives are available though not necessarily preferred. Two different adhesives, both conductive, can be used in association with the interposer 30. A pressure sensitive conductive adhesive is preferred for attachment of the interposer 30 to the antenna 20 or similar circuit, and a different adhesive can be used to attach the IC 10 to the interposer 30, such as a conductive hot melt.
The subassembly includes IC 10 on the interposer 30 such that the IC 10 is in contact with both pads 34 and 36 of the interposer 30. The subassembly is adhered to a base circuit substrate to form a device. In a preferred embodiment, the subassembly is adhered to a thin metallic film antenna 20 to form an RFID.
The interposer substrate 32 can be a variety of film or paper. Flexible substrates, such a polymeric film or paper, are preferred. Ideally, the surface of the substrate 32 is ink-receptive if a carbon pad (34 or 36) or a similar pad is printed.
The pads 34 and 36 are conductive surfaces that are designed to make electrical contact with antenna portions 60 and 62. Pads 34 and 36 provide a large effective electrical contact, which reduces the accuracy required for placement of ICs during manufacture while still providing effective electrical connection. As shown in
Preferably, the pads 34 and 36 are silver or carbon printed. Known printing techniques such as flexographic, screen, or rotogravure are suitable. The preferable resistance is less than 100 ohms per square. (Resistivity is measured on a strip with a 10:1 length to width ratio. Ohm/square is determined by dividing the resistance measurement along the length by 10.) The choice of material depends on the costs and level of conductivity required. The lowest possible resistance is ideally preferred. Carbon is approximately 100 ohms per square compared to less than one ohm per square for silver, but silver is approximately ten times as expensive. Certain metallized films (i.e., vapor deposited) and foils have greater conductivity.
The leading edge 45 of the printed pad 36 can serve as an alignment mark in printing. As shown in
A conductive adhesive film 38 secures the components of the device, such as an RFID tag. The conductive adhesive can be applied or printed over any conductor including metallized film, printed conductive inks (either carbon or silver or combinations thereof), foils or other conductors. Ideally, the same adhesive can be used to mount and hold the IC 10 that bonds the device together. A pressure sensitive anisotropically conductive adhesive is most desirable to mount the IC 10 to the interposer 30, as well as to bond the resulting tag or device together. The conductive adhesive is preferably printable. The pressure sensitive adhesive film 38 will adhere the components together with an electrically conductive film that transmits current only anisotropically.
The conductive adhesive may also serve to hold the interposer 30 to a liner, which allows handling of interposers 30 in roll form to be applied as labels from reels. The adhesive properties of the conductive adhesive are adjusted with the liner to facilitate the handling of interposers during IC attachment and to provide release properties to allow mechanical insertion in high volume applications.
The pressure sensitive adhesive does not require the application of heat to adhere the components. The pressure sensitive adhesive can be cured through radiation (UV or EB) or can be conventionally dried (either as solvent-based or water-based). UV cured adhesives have been used as the preferred curing/drying method, and for high-speed production, a quick curing solution is required. H. B. Fuller has a part for such a formula, namely Solar Cure RT-7575. Ideally, the anisotropically conductive adhesive is a printable, UV-quick curable, pressure sensitive adhesive that maintains its flexibility. Adhesives to be avoided include those that require UV, heat or microwave curing that have an unacceptable cure time for high speed production. The pressure sensitive adhesive film 38 ideally has a minimal resistance, but metal or other conductors adversely affect the adhesion. The pressure sensitive adhesive film 38 must be suitable for high speed applications, such as having properties that avoid bubbling. The adhesive must provide sufficient bonding and electrical properties at a high speed insertion. It should preferably maintain flexibility without losing its connection.
The adhesive is preferably printed over the conductor area and serves to attach the interposer to the antenna halves, both physically and electrically. The adhesive can be printed either by flexographic, gravure or screen printing or other suitable printing methods.
As shown in
As can be best seen in
In a preferred method, the method of making a RF type device, without the application of heat, comprises the steps of:
The method of applying the IC mounted on an interposer can be accomplished using a standard press head, which is existing technology for many convertors. Preferably, numerous interposer-chip subassemblies are prepared for subsequent attachment to circuits to form devices at high line speeds. Also, an additional step of detecting defects on the ICs on the interposers can be performed before applying the subassembly to the thin film circuit. If defects are found, the defective IC assembly will be skipped.
Although the preferred embodiment of the invention is illustrated and described in connection with a particular type of IC, antenna circuit, and tag, it can be adapted for use with a variety of devices. Other embodiments and equivalent interposers and methods are envisioned within the scope of the invention. The examples of gaps between antenna portions are for illustration purposes, and this interposer-chip subassembly can be used with a wide variety of configurations. Various features of the invention have been particularly shown and described in connection with the illustrated embodiment of the invention, however, it must be understood that these particular arrangements merely illustrate and that the invention is to be given its fullest interpretation within the terms of the appended claims.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
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|Mar 2, 1972
|Dec 28, 1976
|Microsystems International Limited
|Method of making thin film crossover structure
|Apr 27, 1977
|Feb 20, 1979
|Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated
|Crossover structure for microelectronic circuits
|Nov 8, 1978
|Jul 29, 1980
|U.S. Philips Corporation
|Semiconductor device
|Mar 6, 1989
|Oct 16, 1990
|Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha
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|Dec 11, 1990
|Hitachi, Ltd.
|Semiconductor device and tape carrier
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|Sep 10, 1991
|Hewlett-Packard Company
|Method and apparatus for mounting an integrated circuit on a printed circuit board
|Dec 14, 1989
|Nov 26, 1991
|Robert Bosch Gmbh
|Method of electrically and mechanically connecting a semiconductor to a substrate using an electrically conductive tacky adhesive and the device so made
|Sep 13, 1990
|Feb 11, 1992
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Direct attachment of semiconductor chips to a substrate with a substrate with a thermoplastic interposer
|Jul 1, 1991
|Nov 10, 1992
|At&T Bell Laboratories
|Integrated circuit interconnection technique
|Jul 24, 1991
|Jul 6, 1993
|At&T Bell Laboratories
|Conductive adhesive film techniques
|Sep 30, 1992
|Apr 19, 1994
|At&T Bell Laboratories
|Anisotropic conductor techniques
|Sep 17, 1991
|Nov 1, 1994
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Flex tape protective coating
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|Jun 18, 1996
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Radio frequency circuit and memory in thin flexible package
|Mar 11, 1994
|Oct 22, 1996
|British Technology Group Limited
|Attaching an electronic circuit to a substrate
|Mar 3, 1995
|Dec 24, 1996
|Casio Computer Co., Ltd.
|Electrically connecting structure
|Jan 26, 1995
|Jun 23, 1998
|Loctite (Ireland) Limited
|Compositions and methods for providing anisotropic conductive pathways and bonds between two sets of conductors
|Jan 9, 1997
|Jul 7, 1998
|Micron Communications, Inc.
|Method of manufacturing an enclosed transceiver
|Oct 16, 1997
|Jul 28, 1998
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Method and workpiece for connecting a thin layer to a monolithic electronic modules surface and associated module packaging
|Mar 25, 1996
|Oct 27, 1998
|International Business Machines
|Method of making a thin radio frequency transponder
|May 31, 1997
|Feb 22, 2000
|Lucent Technologies Inc.
|Luggage tag assembly
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|Micron Technology, Inc.
|Method of manufacturing and testing an electronic device, and an electronic device
|Jun 8, 1998
|Sep 5, 2000
|Ford Motor Company
|Enhanced mounting pads for printed circuit boards
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|Solder resist window configurations for solder paste overprinting
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|Jul 24, 2001
|Motorola, Inc.
|Radio frequency identification tag apparatus and related method
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|Jul 31, 2001
|Alfred Gnadinger
|Radio frequency identification transponder having integrated antenna
|Sep 15, 1999
|Sep 4, 2001
|Lucent Technologies Inc.
|Antenna package for a wireless communications device
|Jul 11, 2001
|Aug 6, 2002
|Brady Worldwide, Inc.
|Laminate RFID label and method of manufacture
|Apr 18, 1997
|Oct 22, 1998
|Pav Card Gmbh
|Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Chipkarte
|Jan 29, 1988
|Aug 10, 1988
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Full panel electronic packaging structure
|Title not available
|Title not available
|"Improved Method for C-4 Chip Joint", IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, IBM Corp., New York, US vol. 31, No. 6, Nov. 1, 1988 pp. 335-336, XP000054208, ISSN: 0018-8689.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Mar 21, 2011
|Apr 15, 2014
|Fujitsu Limited
|RFID tag manufacturing method with strap and substrate
|Jun 14, 2011
|Mar 17, 2015
|Avery Dennison Corporation
|Method of manufacturing conductive structures
|Nov 1, 2012
|May 26, 2015
|Avery Dennison Corporation
|Method of manufacturing conductive structures
|Jun 14, 2011
|Jan 5, 2016
|Avery Dennison Corporation
|Method for making short run radio frequency identification tags and labels
|Mar 21, 2011
|Jul 14, 2011
|Fujitsu Limited
|RFID tag manufacturing method with strap and substrate
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Apr 22, 2011
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Apr 24, 2015
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8


text:
can you finish?
I can't figure out how to do this but Ive been assured its easily doable.
Calculate: (int) 2x(4x+7)8 dx
So I'm assuming we try to get 4x on its own and find 2x in terms of u?
A solution to this would help me heaps here I just cant see it!
note you don't have to resort to u-substitution, you COULD just multiply out (4x+7)8, and then multiply every term by 2x, and then integrate term-by term. this is kind of "the hard way", u-substitutions are meant to make your life EASIER (short-cuts are good, right?).
linear substitutions u = ax+b are always "do-able", we just have a "fudge factor" of a constant to worry about:
du = a dx, so
dx = (1/a) du <--take the 1/a outside the integral sign.


text:
Dan Maes raised $50,201.16 in August, spent $54,011.76; $19,786.08 on hand; says more coming
Dan Maes raised $50,201.16 between July 29 and Sept. 1. In the July 15 to July 28 period, he collected $18,005.98 in contributions. Since he began his campaign, Maes has collected $240,730.50 and spent $227,116.05, according to his report to the Colorado Secretary of State. During August, Maes spent $54,011.75 and he wound up the month with $19,788.08 on hand for his gubernatorial campaign. He's hoping for a "major endorsement" and contribution that he expects will attract more contributions, he told this morning's Arapahoe Republican Mens [and women's] Club breakfast. He told the meeting that his August contributions were double what he received in July. If Maes collects half of what he received in August in September, he'll be lucky. It is way too late for him to raise money and buy the TV and radio time that he needs to be competitive with John Hickenlooper and Tom Tancredo. LINK: Maes report to Colorado Secretary of State.
Colorado • Fundraising • Politics •
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When I try & print from "SRWARE Iron" it crashes & has to re-start.
I haven't the most up to date version, and don't seem to have this problem with any other browser ??
Just wondering if anyone else is having this problem ??
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A&M-Commerce athletes honored
Commerce – 13 Texas A&M University-Commerce student athletes have recently been recognized as inaugural recipients of the Division II Athletic Directors Association (DII ADA) Academic Achievement Awards.
The award recognizes the academic accomplishments of student-athletes at the Division II level. To be eligible for the honor, a student-athlete must maintain a cumulative grade point average of 3.5 or higher, have attended the nominating institution a minimum of two years (or four semesters) and have been an active member of his or her intercollegiate team during the 2007-08 academic year.
Sixty-seven NCAA D-II institutions participated in the program this year with 2,188 student-athletes honored.
The following A&M-Commerce student athletes are recipients of the Division II Athletic Directors Association Academic Achievement Award:
Kelly Logan, Men's Cross Country, Track
Tyler Tyndell, Men's Cross Country, Track
Brandon Womack, Men's Cross Country, Track
Leslea Traylor, Women's Cross Country, Track
Timothy Miller, Football
Daniel Rios, Football
Lacy Alexander, Women's Soccer
Erika Bonola, Women's Soccer
Josh Conder, Men's Track
Anthony Tosie, Men's Track
Jacquelyn Orr, Volleyball
Jana Starkweather, Volleyball
Brittany Williams, Volleyball


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Outrageously Anti-Abortion
Sometimes it's all in the phrasing. The other day I read a mention of the annual Red Mass celebrated in Washington DC which quoted Justice Ginsburg's explanation of why she no longer attends (though Justice Breyer, also Jewish, attends). The quote in full:
"Before every session, there's a Red Mass," Ginsburg said. "And the justices get invitations from the cardinal to attend that. And a good number of the justices show up every year. I went one year, and I will never go again, because this sermon was outrageously anti-abortion."
Outrageously anti-abortion. Well.
Becoming a Father: A Political Manifesto
In honor of my son's first birthday this week:
Becoming a father has brought clarity to my soul- one could say spiritually and in other significant ways which relate back to the state of my eternal soul. I have always been political, but now I believe I really get what that means. Politics is treated like a game, a sport, a business; it is even viewed as a necessary evil by many. Politics and sex are similarly abused by many, and cheaply regarded by way too many. They aren't games, or sports, they are about loving others, taking care for the next generation. Politics and sex are holy, even if we do our best to undermine them and rob them of their inherent godly potential for good.
Consider the alternative to political organization- anarchy. Who benefits from that? The strong, the uncaring, the 'might makes right' crowd; certainly not the child, not the honest man looking for a stable situation to raise a family up in peace.
And They Accuse Us of Brainless Sloganisms
So there's a new You-Tube video spreading around meant to be the final word in exposing the hypocrisy of anti-abortion advocates. In what many seem to believe is highly telling, an interviewer asks a group of demonstrating pro-lifers that, should abortion be declared illegal, if they would punish women who had abortions. Apparently the confused looks, murmured "I don't know, I don't think they should be punished," and the otherwise general indication that they hadn't thought much on the issue, somehow shows that pro-lifers do not believe that abortion is murder, or even the taking of human life. There is a huge amount of self-congratulatory straining of shoulders, clapping themselves on the back for having discovered this one-shot knockdown argument.


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Questions may be directed to:
Duane H. Funk
Focus: Researching in the British Isles: England, Wales, Scotland, and Scots-Irish—No Irish because there exists already a strong GFO interest group for that heritage. We try to have interesting speakers who provide interesting experiences or online databases for research in these countries. One hour of the two hour meeting is devoted to Brick Wall questions.
Meetings: Every 4th Saturday at 1 pm in the odd months (Jan, Mar, May, Sept—none in Jul, Nov) in the multi-purpose area at the back of the library. At least one field trip a year to a British site with lunch following.
Anyone with an interest in English/Welsh/Scottish research is welcome to join us.
Useful links


text:
My mom & dad, Christopher, Michelle, Michelles mom.
My PagesHome
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2008 Christmas letter
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Pictures of Tim
Vacation Pictures
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LinksChristian Apologetics and Research Ministry
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Member ofSouthside Baptist Church
My mom & dad, Christopher, Michelle, Michelles mom.
Seasons Greetings to our friends and family!
Dear friends and family, Merry Christmas!
We are pleased to greet you all from Middle Georgia, home to the 2007 Little League World Champions,
Oprah's favorite city (Macon) and Sonny Perdue, the governor who prays on the steps of our State Capital!
The girls and I started our year in California to attend my brother Christopher's wedding to Michelle on December 31st. It was also neat to be able to meet Joni Eareckson Tada when we went to Universal Studios with Jody and Darren (our niece & nephew/cousin). Joni, a quadriplegic, has been an inspiration to me for over 20 years now. She writes, sings, paints and has a radio and TV program now! This was better than meeting a movie star to me!
Claire, Lydia & Sarah
Lydia turned 6 on January 28th and I was finally able to have a party here at home for her birthday. No ice storms, as has happened in the past. We rented an inflatable moon jump and everyone had a good time! Lydia is in 1st grade at Byron Elementary and she's a very good student like all her siblings.
Sarah turned 20 in March, unbelievable to me! She will always be my baby though. This fall, she was accepted into the nursing program at Georgia College and State University. Also in March, Edna, a young mother from our old church, came to stay with us. She was here for 12 weeks. Her two little girls live with her parents. I rediscovered my old weight loss seminar (The Weigh Down Workshop) this past spring and lost 20 lbs. I was dismayed to find out, however, that the founder has turned this weight loss seminar into a cult! Gwen Shamblin has strayed from her initial focus of loving God (instead of food) with all your heart, soul, mind and strength, to legalistic rules and coming out from all other churches (where her classes used to be taught!) to her church because she thinks it is right and all other denominations are wrong. I met a family who attended the church via satellite and was relocating to Tennessee just to be able to attend the church in person. Claire likes to joke now that "Mommy was in a cult." I didn't join the seminar this time, though. I just used Shamblin's techniques to lose weight. Unfortunately, I have gained back 10 of the 20lbs but am still pressing on and encouraged because in the past I would just lose 10lbs and gain it all back, over and over again!
Sarah and Teddy both got jobs at a local Christian Day camp for the summer. It's run by Byron United Methodist Church. In June Teddy turned 17. He is a senior at Peach County High and just started working at the new Circuit City. He's also looking into where he's going to college next year and is very interested in Emory University in Atlanta.
We had Claire's birthday party in May at the end of the school year because by July 31st we can't seem to round up all her friends for her party. They had a sleep over. It was fun and we celebrated again in July. In July we were also excited about the 7th Harry Potter book to be released on the 21st. I am so glad all my children love to read. They also love Harry Potter, who was previously banned from our house until I decided to check the books out for myself. Recently, I read an excellent book by Connie Neal called What's A Christian to do with Harry Potter?. We weren't disappointed in JK Rowlings ending either; she continued her theme of sacrificial love and good triumphing over evil and even had a couple Bible verses in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. C.S Lewis' Chronicles of Narnia, which we read together in 2006, has the same themes. This year we read Madeleine L' Engle's A Wrinkle in Time series, which is also similar to HP in that it takes love, which the evil force doesn't have, to conquer evil. Interesting note: Claire was born on Harry's and JK Rowling's birthdays! Reading to Lydia and Claire has inspired me and in October I enrolled in a children's literature writing correspondence course.
Ian turned 14 in September and is in 8th grade at Byron Middle School. He is a good student also. He always has his light on (too) late at night because he's up reading. When he's not reading, he loves to play video games. In October, Bob and I went to Tres Dias. What is Tres Dias? Well, the definition from their web site says: Tres Dias is an adult weekend which aims to concentrate closely on the person and the teachings of Jesus Christ. Bob and I had heard about it for many years and finally went to see for ourselves. The men go first and then the women. I was so discouraged when I went, just weary in well doing, trying to help individuals who seemed unappreciative. It really revived me and made me realize even more how much God loves me- which, in turn helps me to continue to love others, even if they don,t return that love. The letters I received while there, especially from my family, I will always treasure. A new friend from Tres Dias also wrote me a note I will treasure. In it, she said, "Love is God's greatest command, If you want to have the power of God released in your life, put His love into practice by loving those around you and serving in your Christian community as you have seen this team demonstrate this weekend."
This November we had a lot of illness. First, Ian, Claire and Lydia were feeling ill. We found out from the doctors that it was mono and Lydia also had strep throat,at the same time! Meanwhile, Sarah wasn't feeling well and her blood pressure(BP) was high. I took her to two different doctors and she still wasn't feeling right and her BP was still high even though they put her on medicine for it. So on a Sunday night (the 11th), I took her to the emergency room. She stayed in the hospital for two days and they did lots of tests and finally found a small tumor on her pituitary gland. So, she has more doctor's appointments to figure out what to do next. Needless to say, all this has been a little stressful! It sure has got us praying more frequently! Sarah came home from the hospital Tues. and on Thurs. my daily devotional reading was from Jeremiah 17 and was about trusting God. The very same day we went to the new Kroger and I had another reminder to trust God. This one was a bit usual: the lady who rung up our groceries had calligraphy tattooed on her left arm and I noticed it and asked her what it said, so she recited it for me, she said: "In my anguish I cried to the LORD, and he answered by setting me free. The LORD is with me; I will not be afraid. What can man do to me? The LORD is with me; he is my helper. I will look in triumph on my enemies. It is better to take refuge in the LORD than to trust in man. It is better to take refuge in the LORD than to trust in princes."
Henry Drummond (1851-1897) made the connection between trusting God and loving Him in his book THE GREATEST THING IN THE WORLD which was written in 1879. I first heard about this book on one of Gwen Shamblin's tapes! What Drummond says is that to love God is to trust Him. This is what John meant when he said "There is no fear in love." (1 John 4:18) Drummond's book about love was widely read and quoted during his lifetime, and went on to sell over 12 million copies. It continues today to influence people to follow God's two great commandments: to love God and to love each other.


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A Typical Day at a Child Development Center in Brazil
The weather is cold, and it is hard to get out of the bed. It's 7:30 in the morning on a typical day, and despite his wanting to stay under the blankets, Renan has an appointment he wouldn't miss for anything. Lilian, his young mother, enters the […] Continue Reading ›


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Home List of Titles [O II] emitters in the GOODS field at z similar to 1.85: a homogeneous measure of evolving star formation
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.3/190021
- Title
- [O II] emitters in the GOODS field at z similar to 1.85: a homogeneous measure of evolving star formation
- Author(s)
- Bayliss, K. D.; McMahon, R. G.; Venemans, B. P.; Ryan-Weber, E. V.; Lewis, J. R.
- Abstract
- We present the results of a deep, near-infrared, narrow band imaging survey at a central wavelength of 1.062 microns (FWHM=0.01 microns) in the GOODS-South field using the ESO VLT instrument, HAWK-I. The data are used to carry out the highest redshift search for [OII]3727 emission line galaxies to date. The images reach an emission line flux limit (5 sigma) of 1.5 x 10^-17 erg cm^-2 s^-1, additionally making the survey the deepest of its kind at high redshift. In this paper we identify a sample of [OII]3727 emission line objects at redshift z~1.85 in a co-moving volume of ~4100 Mpc^3. Objects are selected using an observed equivalent width (EW_obs) threshold of EW_obs = 50 angstroms. The sample is used to derive the space density and constrain the luminosity function of [OII] emitters at z=1.85. We find that the space density of objects with observed [OII] luminosities in the range log(L_[OII]) > 41.74 erg s^-1 is log(rho)=-2.45+/-0.14 Mpc^-3, a factor of 2 greater than the observed space density of [OII] emitters reported at z~1.4. After accounting for completeness and assuming an internal extinction correction of A_Halpha=1 mag (equivalent to A_[OII]=1.87), we report a star formation rate density of rho* ~0.38+/-0.06 Msun yr^-1 Mpc^-3. We independently derive the dust extinction of the sample using 24 micron fluxes and find a mean extinction of A_[OII]=0.98+/-0.11 magnitudes (A_Halpha=0.52). This is significantly lower than the A_Halpha=1 (A[OII]=1.86) mag value widely used in the literature. Finally we incorporate this improved extinction correction into the star formation rate density measurement and report rho*~0.24+/-0.06 Msun yr^-1 Mpc^-3.
- Publication type
- Journal article
- Research centre
- Swinburne University of Technology. Faculty of Information and Communication Technologies. Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing
- Source
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 413, no. 4 (Jun 2011), pp. 2883-2894
- Publication year
- 2011
- FOR Code(s)
- 0201 Astronomical and Space Sciences
- Keyword(s)
- Galaxies; High redshifts; Luminosity function; Mass function; Star formation
- Publisher
- Wiley-Blackwell Publishing
- 0035-8711
- Publisher URL
- Copyright
- Copyright © 2011 The Authors. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society copyright © 2011 RAS.
- Peer reviewed