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Understanding "Assault Weapons"
This post is a somewhat condensed version of a three post series that I posted on my personal blog last week.
In the coming weeks, we're going to hear a lot about "assault weapons". This term is one that makes those who are informed about guns climb the walls a bit. "Assault weapon" is a legal term which was created by a series of gun control laws in the late '80s and early '90s culminating in the 1994 Federal Assault Weapon Ban. However, the term was coined to sound like the military technology term "assault rifle" (many even use the terms interchangeably.) Assault rifles were a development in military technology coming out of World War II, and it's there that I'd like to start this story.
Battle Rifle to Assault Rifle
During World War II the need for a lighter gun suitable for rapid fire became increasingly obvious. The roughly .30 caliber battle rifles that were standard issue for all WW2 armies fired very powerful cartridges and were accurate out to distances over 600 yards. However, although the rifles were technically accurate at such long distances, few soldiers had the skill to am the well at long range, and the vast majority of battlefield shooting was conducted at distances of 300 yards or less. Moreover, in WW2's highly mobile tactics, the ability of infantry soldiers to lay down effective suppressing fire had become important. For most of the war this was achieved through specialization. Most infantry soldiers carried full size battle rifles like the American semi-automatic M1 Garand and the German bolt action K98, while a smaller number of soldiers were issued sub machine guns — lighter weapons which could shoot in fully automatic (firing continuously as long as the trigger was held down) or burst mode (firing bursts of 3-5 shots every time the trigger was pulled.) To make then easy to handle (and allow them to carry more rounds) sub machine guns shot smaller, pistol cartridges rather than a full size rifle cartridge and were thus suitable only for short range.
|Tom Hanks holding a Thompson
Sub Machine Gun (chambered for the
.45 APC pistol cartridge) in
Saving Private Ryan
Military technologists were convinced that a cross between a full sized battle rifle and a sub machine gun was needed. Such a gun would shoot a rifle cartridge, but a lighter one which would not have as much recoil as a high power .30 caliber round. It should also be capable of shooting in burst or fully automatic mode as well as semi-automatic mode (one shot for each pull of the trigger.)
Germany produced the first true "assault rifle" near the end of World War II, the Sturmgewehr 44. It shot a shortened .30 caliber bullet with a lighter charge of powder behind it, making the recoil lighter and the ammunition cheaper to produce and lighter to carry, and it could shoot either in semi-auto or full-auto mode. By late 1943, however, the tide was already turning against Germany and its manufacturing capacity was waning. Only half a million were ever produced (compared to over 14 million of their full size K98 Mauser bolt action battle rifle.) However, it provided the inspiration for Mikhail Kalashnikov's development of the AK-47 in Russia after the war. The AK-47 also used a light .30 caliber cartridge and selective fire (the ability to fire either semi-auto or full-auto.) The design became the standard Russian infantry rifle in 1949 and went on to become perhaps the most widely produced rifle design in history.
|Sturmgewehr 44
|The 5.56x45mm round shot by the M16 (left)
next to the 7.62x51mm shot by the M14.
The United States was comparatively late in adopting an assault rifle . After World War II the US sought to improve on the M1 Garand and in 1959 adopted the M14. The M14 did have selective fire and accepted a large detachable magazine. However, the M14 still fired a full size .30 cartridge, the 7.62×51mm NATO. The rifle had many fans and continues to be used to this day by US soldiers and marines who are designated marksmen, but the 7.62×51mm NATO proved too high powered a cartridge to be practically shot in burst or full auto mode, and the rifle itself was heavy. As a result, the US Army adopted the M16 for jungle combat in 1963 and in 1969 made the M16 the standard service rifle. The M16, made with an aluminum receiver and a plastic stock, was five inches shorter and three pounds lighter than the M14 and it shot a much smaller cartridge, the 5.56×45mm NATO, with a .22 caliber bullet weighting about a third as much as the .30 caliber bullet of the 7.62×51mm NATO.
Because the bullet is so light and travels at such high velocity, it is extremely accurate even at long distances. However, due to its light weight it packs only half as much energy as full size .30 caliber rounds. This makes the M16 much more comfortable to fire, especially rapidly, which is the purpose of the "assault rifle" concept, however troops have in some conditions complained that it lacks "stopping power" and in Iraq and Afghanistan many units have a designated marksman with an M14 for situations in which a heavier weapon is needed. For the same reason, many hunters shun the civilian version of the round (the .223 Remington), believing that it is too small to humanely kill deer and other full size game. The round is often found, however, in the "modern sporting rifles" which are similar in appearance to military designs. For the recreational shooter, the light rounds fired by military assault rifles are often preferred because they have fairly light recoil, are highly accurate at the 100-200 yard distances found at most rifle ranges, and because ammunition is far less expensive than the larger high powered hunting rounds.
Military technology has continued to develop, but all standard service rifles since the 1960's have been variations on the assault rifle concept. The standard US service rifle is the M4 Carbine, a slightly modernized version of the M16 design.
|M4 Carbine
Military to Civilian
Military and civilian gun technology have always advanced hand in hand. Cartridge repeating rifles and revolvers were introduced for military use during the Civil War and proceeded to become wildly popular on the civilian market during the following 50 years. After World War One, bolt action rifles (mainly based on military designs) became the standard civilian rifles and semi-automatic pistols (many based on military pistols like the Colt .45 and the German 9mm Luger) became increasingly popular. After World War II, rifles from the war or based on designs used during the war became popular for civilian use. However, assault rifles were, by definition, excluded from the US civilian market because the 1934 Firearms Act had banned civilian ownership of machine guns in the US (except with very expensive and onerous licensing). Thus, any rifle with selective fire was automatically illegal for civilian US ownership. As early assault rifles began to make their way onto the US market (either as military surplus or with civilian models of military weapons)they had to be modified in order to permanently remove any burst fire or automatic fire features. This means that any gun sold legally to civilians in the US does not fit the military definition of an assault rifle, since it lacks a selective fire feature. It is simply a "military-style" rifle which shoots a lower power rifle cartridge the same as the cartridges used by real military assault rifles.
When Colt got the contract to build the M16 for the US military, it also released a civilian model, the AR-15. (AR stands for Armalite Rifle, Armalite having been the manufacturer which originally developed the design and sold it to Colt.) The AR-15 was different from its military cousin the M16 in that it did not have a selective fire feature, and several internal components of the rifle were modified in order to make it harder for enterprising owners to modify the gun in order to make it into a fully automatic machine gun. A few other manufacturers offered civilian rifles based on the M16 design (and all civilian rifles based on this design are loosely referred to by shooters as "AR" rifles, even though "AR-15" is a trademark of Colt) but these guns were not widely popular.
Arguably, the main reason for this is that civilian rifles based on military designs fired cartridges which most hunters considered to be too light for hunting. Indeed, the .223 Remington cartridge which is fired by the AR-15 is not allowed for hunting deer and other full size game in some states, because it is believed that it is too small and low powered to kill humanely. The primary hunting use of the .223 (for which it was popular prior to its adoption by the military) was "varmint hunting". Ranchers used these high velocity, highly accurate but small cartridges to shoot pests like prairie dogs, coyotes and the like at long distances.
As the Cold War wound to a close and the iron curtain came down, the governments of Eastern Europe found themselves pressed for cash and sitting on huge arsenals of aging military rifles, not just assault rifles but even millions of bolt action Mausers and Mosin-Nagants dating back to World War II and before. They began to sell these rifles on the international market. Western-made civilian versions of military rifles (such as the Colt SP-1, the AR-15 sold during the 70s and 80s) had been fairly expensive. These communist block guns, however, were far cheaper, and there was also dirt cheap surplus ammunition being sold for them.
At the same time, AR-15 type rifles benefited from the popularity of the Gulf War. In the 70s and 80s the M16 had been closely associated with Vietnam, and many gun owners derided it as under powered, unreliable, over priced, made of plastic, etc. The M16 (and its civilian cousins) had been gradually improved in the 25 years since its adoption by the military and so Gulf War era M16s were genuinely higher quality than their Vietnam era ancestors. At the same time, the M16 had arguably been unfairly derided in the wake of an unpopular war and the low military morale that followed it. After the Gulf War, respect for the military was far higher and respect for its standard rifle rose as well.
Shooting culture was changing during this period as well. Rather than being solely devoted to hunting, an increasing number of shooters were interested primarily in sport shooting at gun ranges and being prepared for potential self defense use of guns. For those who shot almost exclusively at gun ranges, the fact that the cartridges fired by civilian versions of military assault rifles were fairly light for hunting game didn't matter, and the fact that cheap military surplus ammunition was available made civilian versions of military rifles much cheaper to shoot than standard hunting rifles. Further, for gun owners concerned about self defense, military style rifles offered intimidating looks more likely to cause an assailant to flee while also being compact and light. The lower power cartridges fired by military style rifles also made them more suitable for home defense than a full size hunting rifle.
Arguably the biggest boost to the popularity of military style rifles, however, were the attempts to ban them. Little regulatory attention had been paid to military style rifles until the Stockton Shooting in 1989, in which an alcoholic drifter and frequent criminal named Patrick Purdy bought an AK-47, decorated it and his tactical jacket with legends such as "Freedom", "Victory", "Hezbollah", "PLO", and "death to the Great Satin"[sic] and opened fire on children at Cleveland Elementary School in Stockton, CA, which he had himself attended sixteen years before. Five children were killed and twenty-nine wounded before Purdy took his own life. California passed a ban on military style rifles which it termed "assault weapons" later that year, and President George H. W. Bush signed an executive order restricting the importation of military style rifles from outside the country. These efforts culminated in the passing of the Federal Assault Weapons Ban in 1994, which banned the import or manufacture of rifles which certain military style features.
Gun rights organizations pointed out (rightly) that the features banned by the AWB were in the main cosmetic. The controversy focused huge amounts of attention on military style rifles. Shooters who had never thought about trying a military style rifle before tried them and often found they enjoyed them. And anyone who had vaguely thought of buying one at some point snapped one up before the ban was put in effect. As the passage of the ban (which only banned the manufacture and importation of new guns with certain features but did not seek to restrict those which were already made prior to the ban) loomed, sales of the rifles it would ban skyrocketed. Once the ban did pass, many of the less expensive foreign competitors to the American-made AR-15 models became much harder to get while makers of AR-15s quickly modified their designs to be compliant with the ban and continued selling rifles. Thus, due to publicity and the proudly contrarian tendencies of shooters, sales of military style rifles actually went up rather than down after the Assault Weapon Ban. When the ban expired in 2004, sales expanded even more rapidly as the "evil" features became legal again on new rifles. The AR-15 platform is now the best selling type of rifle in the US with so many models available on the market that Field & Stream ran an article back in 2009 listing the "25 Best AR-Style Rifles".
The Legal Definition of "Assault Weapons"
When legislators sought to ban military style rifles, they faced a problem: Since military assault rifle designs already had to be modified in order to remove selective fire features in order to be sold in the US civilian market, there was not actually a functional difference between the military style rifles which gun control advocates sought to ban and "normal" sporting rifles. The result was a checklist of what gun rights advocates jestingly referred to as "evil" features. Any rifle that had two or more of these features was legally defined as an "assault weapon".
However, since these were minor cosmetic features (with the exception of the pistol grip which does have superior ergonomics to the more traditional stock comb grip) the solution was simply to remove the other offending features. Thus, while the above AR-15 could not have been manufactured under the AWB, the one below remained legal:
As the re-design of the rifles during the ban made clear, the features banned were in no way essential to the operation of the rifle. A flash suppressor may be useful for Navy SEALS conducting a night attack, but it makes no difference one way or another on the gun range or in committing a crime. A folding stock may make a carbine slightly more compact, but it certainly doesn't make it small enough to stuff down one's pants when going to hold up a liquor store. And the last time there was a deadly bayonet attack on US soil was probably during the Civil War. The only element of the law (one which applied to all guns, not just to "assault weapons") which might arguably make a gun "less deadly" was the ban on detachable magazines holding more than ten rounds of ammunition. Though as crimes such as Columbine show, it's still quite possible to have a deadly mass shooting in which high capacity magazines play no part. Regardless of what one may think about the need to ban or regulate military style rifles, the 1994 ban clearly achieved virtually nothing.
How Much Are "Assault Weapons" Used In Crime?
The Coalition to Stop Gun Violence takes a fairly standard line on "assault weapons" in its page on the topic:
Assault weapons possess features specifically designed by the world's militaries to make it easier for the shooter to fire a sustained, high volume of rounds into a wide area. As a result of America's weak gun laws, these weapons entered our civilian marketplace decades ago, and criminals quickly learned how to exploit their military features.
However, these claims about the widespread adoption of military style rifles by criminals do not seem to align well with the facts. According to a report this year by the Congressional Research Office "By 2007, the number of firearms [owned by US civilians] had increased to approximately 294 million: 106 million handguns, 105 million rifles, and 83 million shotguns." (page 8) However, according to the FBI's uniform crime report, only 3.6% of murders are committed using rifles, a number that would include both "assault weapons" and more traditional rifles. Rifles were outranked in numbers of murders committed in 2010 by handguns (60.2% of murders), knives (13.1%), fists, kicking and other uses of the human body (5.7%), blunt objects (4.2%) and shotguns (3.7%). Another way to think of this is: Although there are roughly the same number of rifles and handguns available in the US, handguns are used in homicides at a rate nearly 17 times that of rifles.
A 2004 report prepared for the National Institute of Justice to assess the effectiveness of the (then expiring) Federal Assault Weapon Ban wrote:
Numerous studies have examined the use of AWs in crime prior to the federal ban…. A compilation of 38 sources indicated that AWs accounted for 2% of crime guns on average (Kleck, 1997, pp.112, 141-143).
Although each of the sources cited above has limitations, the estimates consistently show that AWs are used in a small fraction of gun crimes. Even the highest estimates, which correspond to particularly rare events such mass murders and police murders, are no higher than 13%. Note also that the majority of AWs used in crime are assault pistols (APs) rather than assault rifles (ARs). Among AWs reported by police to ATF during 1992 and 1993, for example, APs outnumbered ARs by a ratio of 3 to 1 (see Chapter 6).
From all of these, it would seem that military style rifles simply are not used that much in crime. This should not actually be all that surprising. The reason why the modern assault rifle is such an effective military weapon is that it is able to deliver accurate fire (and do so rapidly enough to allow a single soldier to tie down multiple enemy soldiers) at a distance of up to several hundred yards. This function (delivering accurate fire out to several hundred yards) is useful to civilian sport shooters as well, but it is of no use to criminals, who generally are using guns at a distance of just a few feet. That is why handguns are favored by criminals. Long distance accuracy and even rate of fire are not nearly as important in crime. Indeed, in most crimes employing a gun, the gun is not even fired; it is used as a threat. Far more important to criminals is the ability to carry a gun without it being seen until it is produced. Rifles, however military in appearance, do not fit well in a pocket.
Compactness is also the reason why handguns are primarily used by civilians in self defense. According to the same Congressional Research Office report cited above (page 13):
Another source of information on the use of firearms for self-defense is the National Self-Defense Survey conducted by criminology professor Gary Kleck of Florida State University in the spring of 1993. Citing responses from 4,978 households, Dr. Kleck estimated that handguns had been used 2.1 million times per year for self-defense, and that all types of guns had been used approximately 2.5 million times a year for that purpose during the 1988-1993 period.
This would suggest that while handguns are used in 89% of murders that are committed with guns, they are also used in 84% of cases of self defense. (As with the use of guns in crime, in the majority of cases of self defense, the gun is never fired, it is only drawn as a threat.)
Military rifles do seem to hold an attraction to some people bent on mass kills, as shown by the use of AR-15 rifles by the killers at Aurora, CO and Newton, CT. However, these cases are incredibly rare, only a handful over the last decade, as compared to the millions of military style rifles owned and used by completely law abiding citizens. Nor are military style rifles in any way required to perpetrate horrific mass killings as examples such as the Virginia Tech shooting demonstrate. Although gun control advocates tend to emphasize that "assault weapons" are designed to be fired "as fast as possible", the fact of the matter is that the civilian rifles which are termed "assault rifles" do not fire any faster than more traditional designs of semi-automatic rifles, or than pistols and revolvers. Virtually all handguns manufactured in the last 100 years, and a significant percentage of the rifles manufactured in the last 50, can be fired as fast as the trigger can be pulled. The attraction of military style rifles for mass killers is not that they offer some technological edge in killing that other guns do not possess, it is that their appearance ties in with their deluded images of themselves, allowing them to think of themselves as looking more deadly. In this sense, the selection of a gun with a military appearance is much the same as the selection of "tactical gear" which often serves little practical function for the crime planned, but which allows the killer to imagine himself to be military and dangerous in appearance.
Did the 1994 AWB Reduce Crime?
Murder rates and violent crimes rate did fall significantly from roughly 1994 (the year when the AWB was enacted) through 2000 and have remained flat to slightly down since that time. However, rifles (and thus necessarily the subset of military-style rifles) remained a roughly stable (and very small) percentage of guns used in crimes throughout the period. The National Institute of Justice Report showed some evidence that military style rifles were used less in crimes after the 1994 ban (pages 42-45) however it also noted that since rifle manufacturers came out with legal ban-compliant versions of their military style rifles, the actual number of military style rifles sold went up during the ban rather than down (page 35-36). Given this increase in sales of military-style rifle and the fact that the "ban" did not actually remove any of the existing "assault weapons" from circulation, it seems likely that any small change in the rate of their use in crimes would have been coincidental.
Altogether, the NIJ conclusion that the ban had little clear effect on crimes seems pretty likely:
Should it be renewed, the ban's effects on gun violence are likely to be small at best and perhaps too small for reliable measurement. AWs were rarely used in gun crimes even before the ban. LCMs [large capacity magazines, defined by the AWB as magazines holding more than ten rounds] are involved in a more substantial share of gun crimes, but it is not clear how often the outcomes of gun attacks depend on the ability of offenders to fire more than ten shots (the current magazine capacity limit) without reloading.
Now that eight years have passed since the expiration of the, with sales of "assault weapons" skyrocketing but the number of murders falling, it seems hard to make a case that the expiration of the AWB has had any effect on crime either.
Do military style rifles have legitimate civilian purposes?
The somewhat peculiar rhetorical fall-back which is sometimes executed in the face of this data goes something like this: "Sure, assault weapons may only be used in a small percentage of crimes, but these are guns which have no legitimate civilian purpose, so why not ban them and achieve whatever small reduction in violence that would result?"
This seems like an odd argument in the face of the fact that military style semiautomatic rifles are one of the highest selling types of rifles in the US. With millions of these rifles being owned by US citizens and only a few hundred being used for crimes each year, it seems fairly obvious that there must be legitimate civilian purposes for them. Millions of civilians are choosing to spend $700-$2000 in order to buy these rifles, and very few of them are using the rifles to commit crimes, so whatever they are doing with them would seem to be "legitimate civilian purposes". As I described in earlier, these rifles are actually pretty well suited both to target shooting and to home defense.
Are military style rifles exceptionally "high power" rifles?
One of the other claims that I often see in news stories is that military style rifles such as AR-15s are far more "high powered" rifles than normal civilian rifles. Coalition to Stop Gun Violence collects a number of quotes from such stories on their "What Law Enforcement Says About Assault Weapons" page:
"We're literally outgunned. You're talking about the kind of firepower that can go through vehicles, through vests, and that can literally go through a house."
"These are state-of-the-art weapons … My firearms experts over here tell me that…no body armor that we have would have saved our officers from these weapons here. I mean, in fact, many of them are capable of slicing through a vehicle. This is just how deadly these weapons are."
"[A semiautomatic AK-47 rifle] can lay down a lot of fire in an urban area where there is basically no cover from it. You can conceal yourself from these weapons, but they'll rip through a car. They'll rip through a telephone pole. They can rip through just about anything in an urban environment. Everybody understands when they read the morning paper that you have to push as much as you can to get these guns off the street."
It is true that rifle bullets are very powerful and destructive things, often capable of going through walls or piercing the metal body of a car. However, this is the case with all rifle bullets. Indeed, the intermediate size rounds fired by assault rifles are significantly lower power than the rounds typically used by hunters. The 5.56×45mm NATO round fired by the AR-15 packs a force of 1,300 foot-pounds of energy. The 7.62×39mm fired by the AK-47 is slightly more powerful at 1,500 foot-pounds. However, the .308 Winchester, a common hunting cartridge, is far more powerful than either one at 2,600 foot-pounds. Every common hunting cartridge is more powerful than those used by military assault rifles. The suggestion that "assault weapons" fire unusually high powered rounds compared to standard rifles is directly contrary to the very purpose of the shift from battle rifles to assault rifles after World War II, which was to move to a lower power (and thus lower recoil) cartridge that would be easier for soldiers to shoot.
What perhaps gives rise to this confusion is that "assault weapon" rounds pack far more force than standard pistol rounds. For instance, the 9mm Luger round (which the ATF reports is the most common caliber of pistols traced by police in connection with crimes — and which is also the caliber of pistol most often carried by police themselves) carries a force of only 400 foot-pounds, a little less than a third of that of the AR-15's 5.56×45mm NATO.
Is there a legitimate purpose to "high capacity magazines"?
Magazine size is perhaps the number one area in which new gun control legislation is likely to focus. The 1994 AWB banned the manufacture and importation of magazines holding more than ten rounds for any type of gun with a removable magazine. This had the largest effect on semiautomatic pistols. Most pistols made in the last 20 years hold over a dozen rounds in their standard magazine. (This isn't because the guns are particularly "high capacity", it's just the number that fit in a magazine the same length as the pistol's grip.) Military style rifles also often came with a larger magazine holding 20-30 rounds.
Gun control proponents point out that there are very few situations in which a civilian would need to have a magazine holding more than ten rounds of ammunition. Hunters usually only get one good shot at an animal. Target shooting is usually done in sets of 5 or 10 shots. Very few self defense situations require firing more than ten shots.
However, at the same time, very few crimes involve the firing of large numbers of shots either. The National Institute of Justice study on the AWB reported that only 3% of instances of gun violence involved the firing of more than ten shots — though those 3% did account for 5% of gunshot injuries, a slightly disproportionate share.
Gun rights advocates respond with two fairly indisputable points: To the person intent on firing a lot of shots in the commission of a crime, carrying extra loaded magazines is easy and changing magazines is incredibly fast. With no particular training it takes about a second to drop an empty magazine and put in a new one. Further, given that there are already, by government estimates, 20-30 million magazines holding more than ten rounds in current circulation, even if the manufacture of more were banned, there are so many already available that the ban would do little other than increase the cost. An sort of buy-back or confiscation program would be very difficult to enforce simply because of the huge number of magazines in circulation. As such, it seems very hard to imagine than any ban of the manufacture of new magazines holding more than ten rounds would do anything other than annoy gun owners — something which at times seems to be considered an end unto itself among gun control advocates.
Summing up: In the face of terrible crimes, there is a strong desire on the part of civil society to "do something". In the coming weeks and months we will see that instinct playing itself out in full force. An attempt to ban or regulate "assault weapons" is likely to be one of the centerpieces of this attempt to do something. However, for all their black and angular aesthetic, "assault weapons" are not different in function than other common rifles. They substitute metal stocks and grips for wood, and they sometimes feature military style features that have little relevance to civilian use (lugs to which a bayonet can be attached, flash suppressors, etc.) but these features do not make them more dangerous. Indeed, the lighter weight cartridges which they share with the military assault rifles which are their technological ancestors are actually significantly less powerful than the standard hunting cartridges fired by most "normal" civilian rifles. The rifles labeled as "assault weapons" are owned by millions of law abiding citizens, and they are very rarely used in crimes. The urge to ban or regulate them is an urge to put appearances over substance.
The original series of posts that this was condensed from can be found here:
Assault Weapons Part 1: Battle Rifle to Assault Rifle
Assault Weapons Part 2: Assault Rifles vs. "Assault Weapons"
Assault Weapons Part 3: Gun Control
18 Responses to Understanding "Assault Weapons"
This is fairly removed from what concerns Catholics as Catholics.
You are marshalling statistics which point to a conclusion that regulations pertaining to firearms have only the weakest influence on crime rates. It is doubtful that the policy wonks in the Administration, on Congressional staffs, or employed by genuine research centers like Brookings do not know this. So, why some much discussion and controversy? I have been noodling around looking at the utterances of liberal journalists on this question and the ones I examine (bar Adam Gopnik) are not interested in pondering the relationship between behavioral variables. These relationships are simply assumed or do not interest them. Instead, you get short articles with titles like "Five Right-Wing Myths about Gun Control", which then manufacture straw-men to knock down. This public discussion seems to be a substitute for a discussion of something else. Care to take a guess?
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Thanks for this, it was very interesting and timely.
Yes, I did pretty much stick to policy wonk questions in this (or prudential questions, if one would rather use that terminology.) That seemed like the wavelength on which these conversations go on. I don't think that anyone holds that gun ownership in general or of particular types of guns is in and of itself wrong in the sense that crimes such a burglary, assault, etc. are wrong, so it seems like the conversation is necessarily one of whether some new type of gun control would result in a significant reduction in crime.
I suspect that you're right that even on the Left, people who have studied the question in any depth are aware that past gun control laws haven't had a discernible impact on crime. However, I'm not sure I'd necessarily conclude from that that the conversation is actually about something else. Two things come into play here:
1) If one generally likes an idea, it's usually very easy to explain away (to one's own satisfactly) why it's never worked. Thus, even among those on the left who know that the AWB had no effect, I think the conclusion tends to be that that simply means that it wasn't aggressive enough. If they could get real gun control, they imagine, it would work. (And, if one can imagine of getting all the way out to the extreme, this is arguably true. If one could make all the guns in the US magically disappear, the number of people killed or injured with guns would most definitely go down!)
2) A lot of otherwise smart and informed people don't bother to research a topic that seems obvious to them. Given the cultural and ideological divisions in our country, I think an awful lot of those on the left find it so blindingly obvious that "there is no legitimate civilian use for an assault rifle" that the idea of bothering to study the question doesn't really come up. Thus, I would tend to suspect that a lot of people in the Administration and working in Democrat congressional offices simply take it as an article of faith that banning assault weapons would reduce crime a lot, and have never really bothered to look further than Citizens Against Gun Violence briefing papers to see whether that is actually true.
All that said, I don't flatter myself I've got readers at the White House. My only object here is to provide readers who are interested in being informed about the issue with a better understanding of what these rifles are, why people own them, and what effect the past attempts to restrict them have had. (That, and I just enjoy the chance to write about guns.)
death to the Great Satin"[sic]
Are you sure this was a mistake – maybe he was making a fashion statement?
More seriously, thanks for the information. Accurate factual information always interests Catholics as Catholics. It seems any policy decisions should start with accurate factual information about the subject matter to which the policy is directed. That is, if the policy seeks to actually address a situation effectively.
It is no coincidence that our current Miss America (and boy do I miss America) is a New York liberal who won based upon a pro-gun control response to her final question.
I find 2nd Amendment legal commentary quite unintentionally humorous. It obviously takes a Harvard legal education to completely misunderstand fourteen simple words:
"the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed."
If parental consent, spousal notification, ultrasounds, waiting periods, etc. can be considered an unconstitutional infringement on the "right" to an abortion, how can the government constitutionally ban any firearm? That is, without being completely hypocritical and inconsistent.
there is no legitimate civilian use for an assault rifle
That may or may not be true, but it is an irrelevant question. There are many things for which there is no legitimate civilian use, but so what? What legitimate civilian use is there for a Civil War sabre, or 23 pairs of shoes, or just about any TV programming? Certainly in our culture, there simply does not need to be any more legitimacy (from a legal perspective) beyond "I want it."
What about high-magazine clips, Darwin?!
Why are you hiding things from us? Why?
There's a basic rule in negotiation: always be willing to give away things that don't matter to you. Wouldn't it make sense for gun rights activists to cave on a lot of this stuff? The ideal, of course, is to win the argument. But there's a lot to be said for appearing to be the reasonable compromiser. The NRA should come out against bayonets and things that look scary. They should reluctantly negotiate down from 30-round magazines to 21-round. They should call for the death penalty for anyone using fully automatic rifles in commission of a crime. Then everyone will sign the legislation and go home.
From a recent Forbes article:
"Assault Weapon" is just a PR lie used to agitate gullible, Obama-worshiping imbeciles.
"According to FBI Crime Statistics more Americans are killed with clubs/hammers than with rifles, including assault rifles. In 2005, the number of murders committed with a rifle was 445, while the number of murders committed with hammers and clubs was 605. In 2006, the number of murders committed with a rifle was 438, while the number of murders committed with hammers and clubs was 618. The fact that more people are killed with blunt objects each year remains constant.
"For example, in 2011, there were 323 murders committed with a rifle but 496 murders committed with hammers and clubs."
What cracks me up is how so many seem to think the Second Amendment only applies to hunting. I'm with that poster above who talked about the irrelevance. I find myself unwittingly asking myself the question liberals want me to ask – is this used by hunters. Shows the influence of the media.
I find myself unwittingly asking myself the question liberals want me to ask – is this used by hunters. Shows the influence of the media.
The question they would like you to ask at this point in time. I refer you to an article which appeared in Law and Contemporary Problems a few years back in which a professor argued that laws permitting and regulating hunting when juxtaposed to animal cruelty laws were constructed upon an unconstitutional arbitrary distinction. He then sketched a justification for the outlaw of hunting by judicial decree, denying any discretion to legislatures to define animal cruelty.
Tom McKenna's has been saying for years that agitation against capital punishment, most particularly lawfare directed at capital penalties, was actually a decoy. The ultimate aim is to replace legislator's prescription of penalties and punishment as a goal of adjudication: everything would be at the discretion of the judge, directed toward 'therapeutic' goals, and making as little use of incarceration as could be managed (and all insulated from popular complaint).
Sky's the limit with these chumps.
We need more gun control laws so as to limit to the extent possible criminals' workplace dangers.
The laws and sentencing we have laws that do not keep violent thugs safely (for us) locked away. Eighty percent of violent predators in prisons get back out and resume preying on us — many are more efficient killers — and two-out-of-three ex-convicts will hurt or kill one or more of us.
Who wants more gun laws when we already have laws that allow a man to rape a fifteen-year-old girl and chop off her arms with a hatchet, and in eight years he gets freed to kill again?
Can you explain this distortion: where killers are set free and law-abiding citizens can't obtain firearms to defend themselves?
I am not sure giving in on pointless things is actually a good negotiating tactic here. Most negotiating tactics assume that both sides want to reach a point where they are reasonably happy (or at least not unreasonably unhappy) with the new result negotiated.
In this particular case, the fear of "assult weapons" is so unreasoned that ultimately what is given up this time will only be the starting point the next time a tragic shooting occurs to push the discussion to the front of the news again (And we all know that nothing short of banning guns entirely will prevent it from happening again… and then there will still be knives, bombs, etc.).
There's a basic rule in negotiation: always be willing to give away things that don't matter to you. Wouldn't it make sense for gun rights activists to cave on a lot of this stuff? The ideal, of course, is to win the argument. But there's a lot to be said for appearing to be the reasonable compromiser.
What MarylandBill said. Gun-control proponents are the mirror image of pro-lifers in that regard, and I can understand why pro-aborts fight tooth and nail any reasonable restriction. Any concession is just a first step. Of course, with abortion, it deserves to be banned outright because it is murder, and is nowhere inthe Consitution. Guns, on the other hand, are expressly protected in the Constitution and do have legitimate purposes – the guarantor of last resort of the other 9 rights in the Bill of Rights being one of them.


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Greetings jjen:
The general formula used to express the amount, A, an investment will be worth when principal, P, is invested at interest rate, r, for time, t, with number of compoundings per year, n, is given as follows: A=P[1+r/n]^(nt). In the case at hand, we wish to know how much money must be invested if an AMOUNT OF $9,000 is desired at the end of a seven year period. Because the word 'principal' refers to the initial investment, it is 'P' that we seek to determine in the formula. A=9,000, r= 0.06 (always express the interest rate as a decimal), n=4 (quarterly compounding means the investment compounds every "quarter year", giving four compoundings per year), and t=7 (i.e., 7 years). Substituting the known values into our formula gives,
9,000 = P[1 + 0.06/4]^(4*7) which simplifies to 9,000 = P[1 + 0.015]^28 or, 9,000 = P[1.015]^28. Now we use a bit of algebra and divide both sides of the equation by [1.015]^28 which leaves P = 9,000/[1.015]^28. I leave the final calculations to you and your calculator. And there you have it!
I hope this helps.
Rich B

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Tag Archives: earth day
This is my father's world
I have to admit it. When I was told, a few weeks ago, that tonight — instead of the normal Wednesday night Bible study — we would be viewing a worldwide, live simulcast about environmental stewardship, I rolled my eyes just a little bit. I figured it would be finger-wagging, political — all the things that give care for the environment an undeserved bad name.
I would hereby like to apologize.
"Hope For Creation," interdenominational but strongly endorsed by the United Methodist Church, was inspiring, challenging yet upbeat, and thoroughly Biblical (even, at a few points, evangelical), while at the same time noting that the people of the Earth must work together across sectarian lines to solve this problem.
This telecast is well, well worth your time, and it will be available for viewing for the next week at BlessedEarth.org. It's motivated me to take a second look at simple things I could be doing to consume less and be a better steward.
Matthew Sleeth is a humble, soft-spoken man with an incredibly powerful message about care for the environment. I would really like to see the film series Blessed Earth has produced, an excerpt from which was shown during the simulcast.
Do not miss this.


text:
1080p-capable Apple TV ships a day early, just in time to AirPlay with your new iPad
Did you spring on the pre-order train on the side of the third generation Apple TV, equitable after the Cook-note? Might indigence to check that doorstep, as a metric fashion of you — including reader Joel on top of — have written in to say you're recently made known hockey-puck streaming boxes have arrived. For those congruity score, that's a day in front of the announced March 16th ship be reckoned, meaning lucky souls can get a insignificant downtime with that revamped interface and 1080p streaming a not much early. Let us know how you're propensity it in the comments, and because those of you still waiting, may we humbly approve our hands-on or comparison posts?
[Thanks to everyone who sent this in]
Category: Tech World News


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MOUNTAIN VIEW, Calif. — Adults with higher income and education levels are more likely to employ coupons and other money-saving strategies, according to a new survey conducted by Harris Interactive and commissioned by Coupons.com here. Households with incomes in the $75,000 to $100,000 range were more likely than households that make less than $35,000 per year to employ saving strategies, including coupons (81% compared with 63%); compare unit prices of package sizes (88% versus 61%); stock ...
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The Petersbug Borough Assembly approved a sales tax-free day scheduled for Saturday, October 5.
Assembly member Susan Flint said sales tax revenues are ahead of budget this year and the time period would be good for residents.
"October is a month where it's pretty much residents living in Petersburg, or shopping in Petersburg," Flint said. "I think it would be a better time to have it than when it was in May when we're full of visitors."
The Chamber of Commerce Retail Committee proposed a sales tax-free day last May but the assembly rejected it. Borough Manager Giesbrecht said the request was too short of a notice and sales tax was under budget at the time.
"We're very happy they gave us enough notice this time to go through with it and the budget looks good," Giesbrecht said.
This isn't the first time Petersburg has seen a sales tax-free day. Savann Guthrie, owner of the Fabric Basket and the chairperson for the Chamber of Commerce Retail committee, helped to institute such a day—an idea that had been floating around for several years and voted on as an ordinance by the public in 2011.
"I thought it was great for my business," Guthrie said. "I had more business on that day than I did on any of the other days."
Cynthia Mathisen, manager of Lee's Clothing, said her business was one of several who offered additional incentives during Petersburg's last tax-free day.
"We would do a discount as well as tax-free so there would be certain items on sale so a lot of us capitalized on that," Mathisen said.
This past July saw sales tax revenues soaring above $400,000—higher than any month in the past five years. Giesbrecht said that's because of the borough formation.
"This is the first July when we're taxing more transactions on sales outside the city limits," Giesbrecht said.
The assembly budgeted $2,809,196 in sales tax revenue for the 2013 fiscal year and have budgeted $2,956,892 for the 2014 fiscal year.
All but one member of the assembly, John Hoag, voted for the resolution at the August 19 meeting.


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Cardiovascular Effects in Psoriasis Patients Treated With Adalimumab.
This study has been completed.
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
Information provided by (Responsible Party):
Aida Lugo-Somolinos, MD, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
First received: March 18, 2011
Last updated: April 17, 2015
Last verified: April 2015
|Tracking Information
|First Received Date ICMJE
|March 18, 2011
|Last Updated Date
|April 17, 2015
|Start Date ICMJE
|March 2011
|Primary Completion Date
|March 2015 (final data collection date for primary outcome measure)
|Current Primary Outcome Measures ICMJE
|Percentage change in endothelial function compared to baseline. [ Time Frame: 6 months ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
|Original Primary Outcome Measures ICMJE
|Same as current
|Change History
|Complete list of historical versions of study NCT01320293 on ClinicalTrials.gov Archive Site
|Current Secondary Outcome Measures ICMJE
|Changes in cytokine profile compared to baseline [ Time Frame: 6 months ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
|Original Secondary Outcome Measures ICMJE
|Same as current
|Current Other Outcome Measures ICMJE
|Not Provided
|Original Other Outcome Measures ICMJE
|Not Provided
|Descriptive Information
|Brief Title ICMJE
|Cardiovascular Effects in Psoriasis Patients Treated With Adalimumab.
|Official Title ICMJE
|Effect of Immunomodulatory Therapy With Adalimumab on Endothelial Function in Patients With Moderate to Severe Psoriasis
|Brief Summary
Severe psoriasis has been demonstrated to be associated with decreased endothelial function and an increase risk of future coronary events. Although systemic therapy with immunomodulatory agents has been shown to improve psoriatic symptoms, its effects on systemic inflammation and endothelial function are unknown.
In this study we want to assess the cardiovascular risks factors, endothelial dysfunction and inflammatory markers before and after treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis with an FDA-approved biologic agent, adalimumab (Humira).
|Detailed Description
|Not Provided
|Study Type ICMJE
|Study Phase
|Not Provided
|Study Design ICMJE
|Endpoint Classification: Safety/Efficacy Study
Intervention Model: Single Group Assignment
Masking: Open Label
Primary Purpose: Treatment
|Condition ICMJE
|Intervention ICMJE
|Drug: Adalimumab
40mg subcutaneously, every other week for 6 months
Other Name: Humira
|Study Arm (s)
|Active Comparator: adalimumab
Intervention: Drug: Adalimumab
|Publications *
|Not Provided
* Includes publications given by the data provider as well as publications identified by ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier (NCT Number) in Medline.
|Recruitment Information
|Recruitment Status ICMJE
|Enrollment ICMJE
|Completion Date
|March 2015
|Primary Completion Date
|March 2015 (final data collection date for primary outcome measure)
|Eligibility Criteria ICMJE
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
|18 Years to 55 Years (Adult)
|Accepts Healthy Volunteers
|Contacts ICMJE
|Contact information is only displayed when the study is recruiting subjects
|Listed Location Countries ICMJE
|United States
|Removed Location Countries
|Administrative Information
|NCT Number ICMJE
|Other Study ID Numbers ICMJE
|Has Data Monitoring Committee
|Plan to Share Data
|Not Provided
|IPD Description
|Not Provided
|Responsible Party
|Aida Lugo-Somolinos, MD, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
|Study Sponsor ICMJE
|University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
|Collaborators ICMJE
|Investigators ICMJE
|Information Provided By
|University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
|Verification Date
|April 2015
ICMJE Data element required by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors and the World Health Organization ICTRP


text:
By Sean Greene 12:31am, February 26, 2014
VIDEO: Highlights of Lake Forest's victory (Courtesy: WBOC)No. 18 Lake Forest held on to defeat No. 15 Seaford 54-51 in a mild upset Tuesday in the opening round of the DIAA Girls Basketball Tournament.
The victory is the first in Lake Forest's tournament history.
This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.


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Priest Ranch is excited to announce the release of our new label with our 2013 red wines. We hope that you and your customers will like the new package.
Recent Accolades
Both our Somerston Estate and Priest Ranch wines have been rated by some great critics recently. Find an overview of our recent accolades here.
Our Team
Remember that our team is here to help you with any questions or special requests! Please feel free to contact us directly, at (707) 967-8414 or by email.


text:
WD1 Notebook: Ohio State Turns Corner
by Laurel Pfahler | LaxMagazine.com | Twitter
|A win over Northwestern - the Buckeyes' first since 2003 - served as the centerpiece for Ohio State's recent turnaround. (Ohio State Athletics)
The Ohio State women's lacrosse team hit a rough patch early this season but quickly turned the corner.
Now the No. 16 Buckeyes (6-3) have some momentum going into a big American Lacrosse Conference matchup against No. 5 Florida, as they host the Gators (8-2) at 1 p.m. Saturday.
Ohio State opened at 2-3, including three straight losses to Stanford, Boston College and Canisius, but the Buckeyes now are riding a four-game win streak that began with notable wins over Louisville and then-No. 4 Northwestern. They beat Hofstra 9-8 in New York on March 15 and are idle until Florida arrives at Ohio Stadium.
"I think everything happened for a reason," Ohio State coach Alexis Venechanos said. "I feel like those situations early in the season helped us to where we are right now."
Turnovers were a cause for concern early on and played a factor in the Buckeyes' losses. Ohio State had 18 miscues in an 11-10 loss to Canisius on March 1, and Stanford took advantage of seven second-half turnovers to rally for an 11-9 win on Feb. 19.
Venechanos said she's seen a different team since then.
"That made our team a little more hungry and they cleaned a lot of things up physically, but I think that mental toughness is a lot of why we are where we are," Venechanos said. "We saw how those little mistakes cost us early in the season, so we've been there already and we want to continue to move forward. It was a good learning experience."
Ohio State showed its resiliency by bouncing back to win three games in six days heading into last weekend's win at Hofstra.
Venechanos said it was an important stretch to build some confidence for the rest of the season.
"The hope is you go back to those moments and you're able to feel confident if they come back again," Venechanos said. "We need to go back to those moments to improve them and not get caught up in the past. We're looking forward to another opportunity to get better every game."
Jackie Cifarelli leads the team with 30 points on eight goals and 22 assists, while Katie Chase has a team-high 20 goals and two assists. Seven players have 16 points or more, creating a nice balance on attack that Venechanos admitted she was surprised to see.
|Boston College has reached the Top 5 after a 7-1 start, but still has plenty of work to do, according to head coach Acacia Walker.
Boston College coach Acacia Walker said the Eagles are honored to be among the nation's top five right now, but are working to stay grounded for the long haul – especially with a game against top-ranked North Carolina on Saturday.
The Eagles' early-season success doesn't necessarily reflect some of the "growing pains" Walker is seeing. Ranked No. 4, Boston College (7-1) has wins over Notre Dame and Ohio State, and the lone loss was an 11-9 game against Syracuse. However, during its current four-game win streak, two of those against unranked teams were decided by just three goals.
"We're not playing to our potential right now so I'm hoping with more hard work and time and practice and patience we'll get there," Walker said. "This weekend will be an awesome test."
Walker said the Eagles lack consistency and need to put together a full game to be successful in any game, but even more so against a team like UNC.
"It's intensity and focus," Walker said. "We really upped the intensity in practice this week and raised the bar as far as expectations and keeping them accountable for their mistakes. Playing in the ACC you have to be at your best at all times, so we are raising the bar in every capacity."
Boston College ranks 20th in scoring defense, allowing 8.4 points per game, and is 23rd in scoring offense with 13.3 points per game.
Walker said she has been pleased with the progress of the defense – led by Claire Blohm and Kate McCarthy – and some young players are stepping up on offense, but the midfield play has carried the team so far.
"The greatest part of our game is speed and athleticism and what we are doing in the midfield – pushing the ball in transition and building fastbreaks," Walker said. "Hopefully we can build on that and put together all the pieces."
Stony Brook (5-2), which entered the Lacrosse Magazine rankings at No. 19 this week, has been dominant in its wins, outscoring opponents 81-16. The Seawolves' two losses were to Florida, 14-1, and Notre Dame, 9-8. Dorrien Van Dyke (23 goals, 2 assists) and Courtney Murphy (21 goals, 2 assists) lead the attack, and goalkeeper Frankie Caridi posts a 5.45 goals against average.
Robert Morris sophomore Jessica Karwacki leads the nation in draw controls with 84 for an average of 14 a game. Northwestern senior Alyssa Leonard, who recently set the NCAA career draw control mark at 359, averages 8.83 draw controls per game this season.
Navy is off to an 8-0 start for the first time in program history. The Mids opened the 2010 season at 7-0 and were 6-0 last year before dropping their first loss. Senior Aimee Gennaro has scored in 24 consecutive games, including 20 multi-goal performances. She has 23 goals this season, bringing her active NCAA-leading career goal total to 192.
The University of Southern California, in its second season, has won three straight since dropping its first two games. The Trojans cap off a six-game home stretch Wednesday against Princeton.
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text:
Cowboy Little's Big Wild West Show: Music and Comedy
* Additional fees apply. No coupon or promo codes necessary to enjoy the displayed discount price.
The last date listed for Cowboy Little's Big Wild West Show was Friday June 1, 2012 / 8:00pm.
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Oregon Ballet Theatre Dances The Nutcracker
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Experience the wonder of holiday magic at Oregon Ballet Theatre's beloved holiday production of The… More
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What a lot of fun! You don't have to be a cowboy to enjoy this western comedy.
star this review starred report as inappropriate
Absolutely fantastic. Great fun and high energy.
star this review starred report as inappropriate
The Band was fair, but the rest of the "talent" was sub-par. I have to say that this was the worst entertainment that I have ever seen! It was certainly not worth the $15.00 that I paid for the two tickets.
star this review starred report as inappropriate
This is an improvisational group that does themed shows and this is one of those shows with a cowboy theme. They are pretty funny with some cute acts. Larry Wilder was a highlight for sure with genuine musical talent. It says family friendly...continued
The show runs 90 minutes including an intermission. It contains some mild adult humor, but is suitable for all ages.


text: Furniture First Approves New Members Furniture Industry News Update - Furniture World Magazine Posted: 2/6/2013 The Furniture First Board of Directors reported that it approved three retailers as new members of the national buying group: Lott Furniture in McComb, MS, Steger's Furniture, in Pekin, IL, and Wilson Furniture in Bridgeport, OH. Each company is a family-owned business with a long community history. Lott Furniture, established in 1921, has been owned by the Smith family since 1967 and their four locations are currently run by the family's third generation. Steger's Furniture, founded in 1937, is also operated by a third generation. Family-owned Wilson Furniture has been serving the residents of the Ohio Valley for 115 years. The addition of the three companies brings the Membership rolls to 198 stockholders, with 422 furniture stores in 47 states. "Furniture First offers a competitive advantage to independents in a difficult economy," stated Furniture First President Bill Hartman. "Our programs add to their bottom line with rebates, discounts and operational efficiencies. But the other benefits we offer, like our exclusive merchandise and private labels, also help them improve their margins and stand out from the competition in their local markets." The qualifications for Membership in the National Buying Group result in a high-quality cooperative. Furniture First only takes on stores that are full-line independents that have been in business for more than five years, though the average age of Member businesses is more than 45 years. Stores are required to have good credit and meet minimum volume requirements. Most Members, whether they have a single storefront or a chain of locations, serve the solid middle market of consumers. Since the group is geographically exclusive by representation, Members are not in direct competition with each other, adding to the overall willingness to share and collaborate among the Cooperative's Members. Furniture First participated in the Las Vegas Market this week where they displayed their exclusive, private label bedding line. The mattresses, which are manufactured by Serta, target the promotional end of the mattress market. The lineup will also be on display at the April High Point Market in Furniture First's new showroom: IHFC G770. Furniture First is a 19-year-old national buying group serving the retail home furnishings and mattress industry. Furniture First has 198 company members representing 414 store fronts and $1.5 billion in retail sales. For more information on Furniture First, call Bill Hartman at 800-411-3477, ext. 123 or email firstname.lastname@example.com. Furniture World Magazine-Business solutions for furniture retailers


text:
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Dynamic Sports Construction, Inc. specializes in performance and multi purpose flooring solutions for many types of organizations and businesses. These include worship facilities, fitness centers, YMCA, recreation centers and elementary school, middle school, high school and college applications. We provide many options to suit your needs. Our flooring is time tested, and provide not only the aesthetics but also the durability that is required by today's high-use facilities. Dynamic Sports Construction, Inc. is a full-service contractor. We pride ourselves on the fact our own experienced personnel handle the installation of every one of our indoor flooring systems. We do not rely on a network of sub-contractors, as many regional dealers and distributors of foreign manufacturers do.
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text:
I apologize if this question is in the wrong forum, I am not a math student and have no clue which branch of mathematics this question would fall under. In fact my profound ignorance of math makes it so I don't even know if this is a stupid question till I ask it. Since most problems that nag at me in insomniac moments are not number related, I can easily track down more information if I can't figure the answer out myself, but here I have had no luck with Google or any of the basic explanations of series and sets I've found online, so even a few search terms to help put me on the right track in lieu of an answer would be helpful.
If I remember right the series of natural numbers 1,2,3,4... is an infinite series, and the series of negative numbers -1,-2,-3,-4... is an equally infinite series. But doesn't this make zero the midpoint of a series that runs into infinity on both ends? This feels paradoxical to me since I thought it was impossible to calculate a midpoint to infinity.
So anyway, I assume I must be making an error in my premise (searching so far indicates possibly by misunderstanding the definition of the word "infinite" as it used in math in general or with number series specifically?) but I don't know exactly and am stuck in trying to track it down. Again,sorry if this is an idiotic question but for whatever reason it's nagged at me for a day or two and I figured I'd take a shot and see if anyone here could explain it to me or set me on the right scent to find out more on my own.
infinte things don't behave like finite things. it's apples and oranges. half of a finite thing is less than the original thing. half of an infinite thing...still infinite. you can even chop up infinity infintely many times....and STILL have infinity:
1) we'll put all the even numbers in this bag.
2) we'll put all the odd multiples of 3 in this bag.
3) put all the odd multiples of 5 that aren't multiples of 15 in this bag.
4) odd multiples of 7 that aren't multiples of 21 or 35 in this bag.
we'll wind up with an infinite number of bags (one for each prime), and each one will have an infinite number of integers in it. try doing THAT with a finite number....
Thanks so much!! I have always had trouble with math I can't put into context by imagining it spatially, strangely enough. I was an English major who failed college algebra twice, and had no hope of passing until I found a kind professor who didn't think I was pulling his leg when I begged him to arrange that all my tests be mainly in the form of word problems, which would allow me to solve the exact same problems that when just presented to me as equations might as well have been cuneiform as far as my ability to decipher them. I don't know what that particular mental block would be called, Math dyslexia? And no matter how much I meditate I have never been able to conjure up a nice image of infinity to rotate like I can a geometric shape
Since my last Math class was over 20 years ago, compound ignorance with atrophy -- aside from finding some lovely reading on zero and infinity, until I figured it'd be best to risk asking a stupid question here than just give up, I couldn't even come up with concise enough searches to yield anything beyond that same simple and symmetrical grade school number line I had in my head and was messing me up. You all were super helpful right off in giving me the simplest answer and even better, with your comments as a springboard for inquiry, I have spent the evening happily refreshing myself on real and imaginary numbers, infinite sequences and sets, and reading all about the Cauchy sequence and Topological spaces (which I don't understand at all yet!).
Thanks again for helping a math moron with a curious mind and pointing me in a more fruitful direction, ( And the icing is that 5 hours of reading about math appears to be a cure for insomnia--my brain is fried and so Good Night to you)!!


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Kern, Petra S.; Gerberick, Frank G.; Ryan, Cindy A.; Kimber, Ian; Aptula, Aynur; Basketter, David A.
Background:: Development, evaluation and validation of alternatives to skin sensitisation testing require the availability of reliable databases with which comparative analyses can be conducted to establish performance characteristics. To facilitate this we have published previously a database comprising results from local lymph node assays (LLNAs) conducted with 211 chemicals. That database embraced a substantial range of chemistry, and of relative skin sensitising potency, and has found application in the assessment of new or refined methods.
Objective:: In this paper we describe a second compilation to extend the LLNA database.
Methods:: This second data compilation was derived from previously conducted LLNA studies involving an additional 108 chemicals. In addition, the first database contained a small number of inaccuracies, affecting results recorded with a few chemicals. In this paper these have been corrected.
Results:: The inclusion of 108 new substances has served to extend and consolidate the areas of chemistry covered by the database. In addition, the entire dataset was evaluated for pre and prohaptens which will facilitate the choice of chemicals for alternative assay developments.
Conclusions:: It is anticipated that the new revised and extended database totalling over 300 chemicals will now serve as the primary resource to support the development and evaluation of new approaches to hazard identification and potency assessment.
©2010American Contact Dermatitis Society, All Right Reserved
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While the biggest story regarding Bellator 106 so far has been the withdrawal of Tito Ortiz and the card being moved from pay-per-view to Spike TV, in reality the card is pretty much as strong today as it was three weeks ago.
No matter which way you hack it, Bellator MMA's champions are some of the best fighters in their respective weight classes, and two of them will be fighting on Saturday night. Not to mention the opportunity to see the rematch of one of 2013's greatest upsets, "King" Mo Lawal vs. Emanuel Newton 2.
Regardless of how you feel about Bellator, you have the chance to see one (possibly two) of the greatest lightweights in MMA, and perhaps the greatest featherweight in the world. For free.


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Tue, 7th Jan 2014
Make a vinegar and bicarb powered jet boat, to sail across your bath
Sun, 28th Mar 2010
Make your own rainbow with this simple kitchen science, though you will have to provide y...
Mon, 18th Jun 2012
Make some beautiful and strangely behaving waves using nothing more than a bottle of oil ...
Fri, 27th Apr 2012
Opening a bottle of wine without using a corkscrew, or even touching the cork.
Sat, 6th Aug 2011
Make liquid soap or washing up liquid bounce off more soap.
Sun, 13th Mar 2011
Bend a stream of water without even touching it.
Sun, 3rd Oct 2010
Investigate some of the strange properties of a fluid you are very close to - spit.
Sun, 11th Apr 2010
Can you make a ball float in the centre of a glass? It is harder than you would think. ...
Sun, 21st Mar 2010
Find out some of the pigments in a leaf using some easy household materials.
Sun, 28th Feb 2010
Do a classic experiment to show why dams have to be so high and submarines so strong.
Sun, 21st Feb 2010
Make your own model weather system in a bowl of water.
Sun, 14th Feb 2010
Make raisins dance in front of your eyes using nothing more sophisticated than some fizz.
Sun, 7th Feb 2010
One of the most basic ways of cleaning water is to use a filter. If you fancy getting a l...
Sun, 29th Nov 2009
Find out how to build an airbrush to produce beautifully smooth paint finishes, and what ...
Sun, 6th Sep 2009
Does a glass get heavier if you put your finger in the water? Find out in this experiment...
Sun, 31st May 2009
Find out some of the science behind that tasty cinema snack! Why is it that you always fi...
1 | 2 | 3 >


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Additional Mathematics
Key Stage 3
The Junior school curriculum covers the four statuary attainment targets namely Number, Algebra, Shape Space and Measure and Processes. Pupils are taught the basic Mathematical skills which provide them with a solid foundation for GCSE study.
Pupils follow the linear AQA specification which entails 100% written examination taken at the end of form V. This is comprised of a calculator paper (60%) and a non-calculator paper (40%). The Collins text for AQA Modular Mathematics is used to support the students' learning. (It has the same content as the linear course!) Each student should have access to an electronic copy of book 1 & 2 to use throughout the year.
The great themes introduced in GCSE Further Mathematics are developed. Pupils cover a wide range of topics in Pure Mathematics, Mechanics and Statistics and begin for the first time to get a feel for how the various branches of Mathematics fit together. The CEA specification is followed.


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As a family-run business, we thrive on a friendly and impartial business manner, enforced by consistently high-quality flooring for sale at competitive prices.
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Fox News
The Faux News Meme
The last refuge of a leftist flailing away in an argument, be it in person, on the radio, or the internet, is to accuse his conservative opponent of getting all their information from Fox News. Actually, they don't say Fox News, they say Faux News because they have all the creativity of a discombobulated yak. Be that as it may, this line of argument amuses me on several levels. First of all, the left's ire about Fox News is completely hysterical considering the left-leaning tilt of just about every other major news organization. In fact it is a sign of the overall leftist tilt of the mainstream media that left-wingers are so obsessed with Fox News. You see there are so many left-wing news stations and major news publications that skew left that conservatives can't really focus their ire on any single one. Meanwhile, the major right-leaning news organizations are pretty much Fox and perhaps the editorial section of the Wall Street Journal.
What's more, from the sound of the complaints you would think that every conservative in America was tuned into Fox at all hours of the day, receiving our marching orders before heading out into pitched battle with the forces of the left. Sure, Fox News does better ratings than all the other cable news stations combined. But if you take a closer look at the numbers, Fox's dominance has as much to do with the fact that nobody watches cable news. Fox attracts a bit more than a million viewers a day on average for its programming. That's impressive . . . until you consider that the Daily Show with Jon Stewart (the show that is pretty much single-mindedly obsessed with attacking Fox News for its news coverage) gets more viewers than any show on Fox except Bill O'Reilly. So the same people who mock conservatives for being Fox News drones are basically getting most of their news from a satirical show on Comedy Central. Yeah.
Fox News is a killer whale in a local swimming pond. So the idea that legions of conservatives are largely just aping Fox News is simply laughable.
Personally, the only time I watch Fox News is when I occasionally watch Special Report with Brett Baier (the guy who got Mr. Cool, Mitt Romney, completely off his game the other night), and then only to watch the final 20 minutes for the All-Star Panel. So I basically watch Fox News once a week or so if that, and then only to watch pundits talk about the issues. I also tend to watch Fox over the other networks on election nights, but that's because I think it has better coverage – after all, they're the network that has Michael Barone. Based on conversations I've had with most of my conservative friends, I think my viewership is par for the course.
So, I'm curious, do any of you actually watch Fox with any regularity?
E. J. Dionne & Maureen Dowd Are Playing With A Dangerous Fire
In a recent column Washington Post columnist, E J Dionne noted that the Tea Party movement is a great scam. Quite an indictment coming from the self described progressive Catholic who still thinks government can never be big enough and the Church should tell the faithful more about the teachings of the agnostic Saul Alinsky than that of 2,000 year old teachings of the Catholic Church. Dionne has made it his business to comment on all matter of politics and religion for quite some time. His partner in left wing chicanery is New York Times columnist Maureen Dowd who never hesitates to go for the jugular. Though she says he she comes from humble Washington DC roots, you would never know it by how she mocks those who really came from humble surrounding and never forgot it. She probably grew up with many Sarah Palin's and Christine O'Donnell's around her. Yet, I doubt she mocked many to their face as she gleefully does now to the backs of Palin and O'Donnell.
Dionne and Dowd seem to have it backwards, they don't think citizens should voice their views about the fallacies of liberal Big Government, but they do believe everyone knows better than the divine about religion. This is quite common for liberals who often seem to think they are divine. Dionne and Dowd are part of a movement who thinks they should control government and religion, and those who disagree with them are often labeled as unintelligent; the worst sin as far as liberals are concerned. However, who is the unintelligent one? Big Government has never worked. It has only brought huge debt which has to be repaid by future generations. Individuals who go into debt face a series of tough measures. Yet Dionne and Dowd seem oblivious to this and advocate the same disastrous path for the government, the end result being tough measures for everyone. In other words Big Government is a disaster that doesn't work.
However, Big Government isn't the only disaster Dionne and Dowd advocate. They want the Catholic Church to turn her back on its 2,000 year old teachings and embrace the Dictatorship of Relativism, so named by Pope Benedict XVI. Dionne and Dowd are happy to embrace dissident Catholics who espouse this sort of thinking. It seems Dionne and Dowd are more comfortable with the views of Marx, Alinsky and Freud than they are with Christ, St Paul, St Thomas Aquinas, St Joan of Arc and Pope Benedict XVI. Continue reading
CNN Joins The Hit Piece Parade Against Pope Benedict XVI and The Catholic Church
It would appear that those in the mainstream media who want to do hit pieces on Pope Benedict XVI need to take a number. The latest to engage in Yellow Journalism is CNN. The "network of record" dispatched Gary Tuchman to do the dirty work. One might recall that it was none other than Tuchman who remarked how distressing it was travelling in the heartland during the 2008 Election campaign. He complained that some who recognized him told him that their Middle American views and ideas were repeatedly mocked by the mainstream media, all the while those of the liberal establishment were hailed. Tuchman's words were quite revealing when it comes to this story.
CNN has been advertising their hit piece on Pope Benedict XVI as if he was already guilty of some sort of cover up, even though during the Abuse Scandal it was none other than the New York Times who praised then Cardinal Ratzinger for tackling the tough problems. What tough problems did he tackle? The most notable example being Father founder of the Legionaries of Christ. Father Marcial Maciel was one of the few prominent conservatives caught up in the Abuse Scandal, most of the abusers were Church liberals who wanted to change the Church. Cardinal Ratzinger took on Father Maciel at the height of his power and popularity. One might recall that Father Maciel was quite close to Pope John Paul II. So from this example we can see that Cardinal Ratzinger (now Pope Benedict XVI) showed no favorites and pulled no punches. The Legionaries of Christ were shaken to the core and as pontiff, Pope Benedict XVI removed their leadership and installed his own, hardly the work of someone who was timid.
The CNN piece was perhaps even more despicable than the New York Times hit piece, because in the interim much of the modus operandi of the Old Gray Lady was exposed. Still CNN used the same material and claimed that they had something new. There is nothing new here. The crux of their argument comes from material provided by Jeffrey Anderson the attorney who has made millions off the scandal. Anderson says he is one a mision to "reform the Church." What kind of reform would that be? Some Catholic dioceses have been forced into bankruptcy, which means the poor whom they dioceses assisted through their social programs are left in the cold. For all his concern of "reform" Anderson hasn't provided a penny to these particular poor.
Obamas Speech: Dem Health Care Bill Now, With Or Without GOP
[Updates at the bottom of this posting as of 3:03am CDT on AD 9-10-2009]
President Obama's speech covered many topics, lets first layout our President's plan:
I. Keep the health insurance you have now.
1. Pre-existing symptoms or disabilities no longer will disqualify anyone from coverage.
2. No spending caps set by insurance companies.
3. No drop in coverage in the middle of an illness.
4. Limit on out of pocket expense.
5. Minimal requirements of coverage.
II. Public Option & Exchange
1. When losing your job you have the Public Option if you can't afford insurance.
2. Insurance exchange markets will be required for insurance companies to participate in.
3. Tax credits for small businesses.
4. In theory this will not lead to a government take over.
Diagnosing contemporary conservatism's ills.
Apropos of DarwinCatholic's post on the meaning of conservatism, the following comment from Francis Beckwith (What's Wrong With The World) struck a chord:
"Conservatism–as a philosophical, cultural, and political project–does in fact have boundaries, and those have been set by the cluster of ideas offered by such giants as Burke, Lincoln, Chesterton, Lewis, Hayek, Chambers, Friedman, Kirk, Weaver, Gilder, Buckley, and Reagan. There are, of course, disagreements among these thinkers and their followers, but there is an identifiable stream of thought. It informs our understanding of human nature, families, civil society, just government, and markets.
"What contemporary conservatism has lost–especially in its Hannitized and Coulterized manifestations of superficial ranting–is the connection to a paternity that is necessary so that its intellectual DNA may be passed on to its progeny.


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I believe that beauty should come naturally from the products used, to the ease in which they work. I am devoted to providing you with the highest quality products, superior service and an unforgettable atmosphere.
I have had the pleasure of being in the amazing surrounding of Amy, and if anyone has been around her your spirit lifts and smiles immediately! This is unlike any other spa I've been to. Most just get you in and out but Amy pampers you and treats you like a queen. My soul-sister, Beverly and I had a spa day, just the two of us and we were greeted with the sweetest welcome sign, Sift cupcakes (YUMMO!) and a big smile from Amy. The whole day was magical...smiles, laughter, and HAPPY tears shed. We couldn't have asked for a more special day as we were both celebrating our 1 yr. survivorship together! Absolute perfection. Would HIGHLY recommend Amy to anyone looking for that over-the-top wonderful spa experience.
Mandy Cleary
I always recommend Amy for either make-up or beauty treatments. It has changed and saved my skin to look better than it has in years. Thank-you Amy!!"
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Shani Christenson, Owner of Shani's Sweet Creations


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Our get it straight v neck top is a must have item in your wardrobe! Wear it with wide leg pants and a denim jacket. Model wears size xs garment stats: cotton/elastane


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Jon Anderson Mourns Chris Squire: 'He Was Still My Brother'
Former Yes singer Jon Anderson has penned a touching tribute to Chris Squire.
Former Yes singer Jon Anderson has penned a touching tribute to Chris Squire.
Jon Anderson's health woes continue, as he reveals a new issue that will require surgery.
The Anderson Ponty Band will be in residence at Aspen's Wheel Opera House in September, with an album and tour to follow.
While he continues his six-year (and counting) journey to complete the upcoming sequel to his 1976 debut album, former Yes vocalist Jon Anderson is already on to his next project: A new band with violinist Jean-Luc Ponty.
Former Yes singer and front man Jon Anderson is taking his time with the upcoming sequel to his landmark first solo album, 'Olias of Sunhillow.' The project has so far been six years in the making, and in a new interview, the diminutive singer likens the work to a slow-baking cake. "It's not ready yet," Anderson tells Noise11.com. "I have all the ingredients but I haven't put it in the oven yet."
When I was growing up I was forced to share a bedroom with my older brother Jim. Jim, being the oldest, controlled the stereo and by default shaped my music taste...


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Rumblings xtra: Items that didn't make print edition
The Columbus Dispatch - February 08, 2013 09:59 AM
The betting odds on Ohio State quarterback Braxton Miller to win 2013 Heisman Trophy are 7-1, according to betting site Bovada.lv, second only to quarterback Johnny Manziel of Texas A&M. Manziel, listed as 4-1, became the first freshman to win the award given to college football's best player in December.
Wide receiver Marquis Lee of USC (9-1), Georgia quarterback Aaron Murray and Oregon running back D'Anthony Thomas (both 10-1) and Alabama quarterback A.J. McCarron, Miami running back Duke Johnson and South Carolina defensive end Jadeveon Clowney (all 15-1) are next in order.
The same betting site has the Denver Broncos (7-1) as the early favorite to win next year's Super Bowl. The Cincinnati Bengals (35-1) are in a group in the middle of the pack and the Cleveland Browns (66-1) are near the bottom of the list. Only three teams are listed with longer odds than the Browns.
Ted Ginn Jr. is a free agent this off-season and his father, Ted Ginn Sr., told the Plain Dealer's TimWarsinskey that the 49ers "don't use him" and "he has to find a home." The former Ohio State player has had nothing to say himself about his situation, but he was used almost exclusively as a return specialist in his third season with San Francisco. He had only two pass receptions.
The rumors about LeBron James eventual return to the Cavaliers have swirled for months, although the Miami Herald's Barry Jackson quoted "a very close associate" of the former Akron high school star as disputing a report that his Ohio-based agent, Rich Paul, will lobby for his return to Cleveland in 2014 when he can become a free agent.
"LeBron is his own man, and Rich only cares about what LeBron wants," the associate insisted. "LeBron loves it [in Miami]."
The associate didn't rule ruling out Cleveland, however.
Missouri coach Gary Pinkel recruited a class that some services have rated as the worst in the Southeastern Conference and the former Toledo coach repeated a speech to reporters that he has been giving every year.
"We believe in our evaluation system," Pinkel said. "I say it every year and I'll say it again — we never look at any stars on any players. It's never happened. We don't ever look at any rankings. It's never happened. We do what we do, and I think over the years it's proved it's worked in a very positive way for us in bringing players that can help us win a championship."
When the Bengals named Adam Zimmer, son of defensive coordinator Mike Zimmer, as assistant defensive backs coach this week, the old man made sure that he won't be related to him in the team's meeting rooms on the field.
"I'm not going to be 'Dad' at the office," Mike Zimmer told Bengals.com. "It's going to have to be 'Coach' or 'Zim' or 'Mike,' or whatever he wants. I told him over dinner last night. He'll be treated just like everyone else and I'll probably be harder on him. My dad was harder on me."
But Dad isn't likely to take down the pictures in his office of Adam and his two sisters, or him and Adam and Mike on a hunting trip. Adam is clear that he has modeled his career after his father.
"It will be fun to be around him," Adam told the website. "The girls will probably be up for a lot of games now. I haven't had a Christmas with the family since I got into coaching. Maybe that will happen now."


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There and Back Again: A Journey to CES and Mercifully Home, in Photos
Another CES over. Trucks loaded, booths demolished, spaces cleared to make room for the next trade show.
For many, there's more to CES than the work and the business, far more going on behind the scenes, between the people, and surrounding the big show. For me it starts with the trip to CES itself: a four-hour, in-car catharsis of flowing tarmac and thunderous music. The building excitement of meeting friends not seen in months, and seen again for many more.
This isn't your normal CES roundup. This isn't about gear. This is about CES as event. An event that simultaneously caps off the stressful holidays, and celebrates the promise of a new year.
And it begins with a road.


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ORLANDO, Fla. -- Changes in the pharmacy marketplace will be explored at the National Association of Chain Drug Stores' 37th annual Pharmacy Conference to be held here Aug. 21 to 24 at the Marriott Orlando World Center. programs and capitation. On Aug. 23, discussion will shift to health care reform, with an assessment provided by an official representing the Clinton administration. Chain pharmacy workshops held Aug. 24 will explore operational issues: quality assurance in prescription ...
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Mistic Zotics - Pitaya Fruit
Mistic Zotics Pitaya Fruit is another interesting concoction from Mistic. This flavor features 15% j...
Mistic Zotics - Yuzu Fruit
Mistic Zotics Yuzu Fruit is a 15% fruit juice beverage that uses orange, carrot, pear, and yuzu frui...
West Indies - Acerola Berry
Mistic Zotics Acerola Berry is a sweet beverage that tastes like cherry and grape. It's somewhat ref...
Tibet - Ginseng Green Tea
Mistic Zotics Ginseng Green Tea is a very light tea beverage that uses a mellow brew of green tea (a...
Mozambique - Marula Fruit
Mistic Marula Fruit is a sweet, strawberry-like beverage that is part of the Mistic Zotics line. The...
Thailand - Mangosteen Fruit
Mistic Zotics Mangosteen Fruit is an interesting concoction that uses 15% fruit juice to create an e...
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Yesterday Stargazer's World had its 1,000 th post. I'm pretty new to the world of blogging, having only joined the team little over a year ago, but I think many endeavors such as this fizzle away after the initial enthusiasm and we (and I use the term because Michael and the other contributors here have made me feel at home from the get go) are very proud to be going …
See original here:
Here is to 1,000 more!
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