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1999-2001 Cobra Tail Light Installation
Many like the look of the amber turn signals on the 1999-2001 Cobra Mustangs. Ford stopped using these tail lights for the 2003-2004 models. Many like the clean look and wish to install a set into their cars. Its not that difficult so fear not.
1999-2001 Cobra Tail Light Installation
Whats Needed
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
1. 1999-2001 Cobra Amber Turn Signal Tail Lamps
2. Flasher part number from Ford is #5L5Z-13350-AA or EP-27 from Napa to save a bit
3. 16 Gauge wire
4. Quick Connects
5. Butt Connectors
6. Socket set and Ratchet (deep sockets)
7. Wire Stripper
8. Wire Crimper
9. Dykes
Start by removing the factory lamps. This is pretty much straight forward. Remove the interior truck panels and unbolt the tail light. I recommend using a towel to slide under the tail light so it does not scratch the paint on removal. After they are removed Cut the connector off the harness and leave yourself enough wire to work with. Cut the connector off the new harness and splice/connect the old connector with the new harness. I chose to solder and heat shrink my connections, but you can do as you like.
You will have one green wire left over on the new harness. Attach a few feet of 16 gauge wire to it.
After performing step one on both lamps and harnesses, make a jumper wire to connect your lamps to the third brake lamp. You could go right to the wire, but I chose this route because I did not want the wires to keep me from removing the lamps.
Run the jumper from a green wire in the trunk. It is located near the FPDM. Inside the RR panel.
Install the lamps and run your lengths of wire accordingly. Make the connection and secure all new wiring.
This step is done under the driver's side dash. First, remove your original flasher. It is located above the OBDII connector and should be yellow. The updated one is blue and will replace yours. Just plug it in and secure it as it was. Second, find the gray connector up by the steering column at cut the solid green wire for the brake interrupt. I chose to disconnect the harness, remove the wire from it's terminal, insulate it and tape it up and out of the way.
And that's it! OE with a touch of class!
4 Comments
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Pingback: Finished installing my Export Tail Lights - Mustang Forums at StangNet
can i install these on my 03 v6 model? like im sure its possible right?


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About tomhofer : Moo moo moo moo. I am a cow.
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tomhofer's favorite FMLs
Today, an hour after having been turned down for sex, I walked in on my wife fingering herself to a copy of War and Peace. FML
by Anonymous / 11/25/2012 at 4:34pm / Netherlands (Noord-Brabant) / Intimacy
Today, I was working at the checkout of a nearly empty store, so I picked up an empty box, closed my eyes, and slow-danced with it to the 80s love ballad playing on the radio. I don't know what's worse, dancing with a box, or opening my eyes to see ten or so wary customers waiting to be served. FML
by foreveralone / 11/13/2012 at 5:23am / Australia (New South Wales) / Work
Today, my manager made me stay at work for an extra four hours, making me miss an urgent specialist appointment I'd scheduled months ago. Why? Because her neighbor's dog was having puppies, and she wanted to go home early and see them. FML
by whytetrash / 11/02/2012 at 1:53am / Australia (New South Wales) / Work
Today, my dad saw on TV that in some parts of Africa, it's not uncommon for people to attach make-shift flamethrowers to their cars to defend against carjackers. He's now lost his mind and is forcing me to help him put one together to scare off Jehovah's Witnesses. FML
by Watchtower? More like fortress. / 10/19/2012 at 5:39pm / Norway (Oslo) / Miscellaneous
Today, I told my daughter that she won't be going to her homecoming dance as punishment for her terrible grades. She's been crying and singing "If I Die Young" in her room for hours. At this point, I don't know if I need to call a therapist or a vocal coach. FML
by Anonymous / 10/15/2012 at 12:07am / United States (Colorado) / Kids
Today, I had to admit that I desperately need anti-anxiety medication. Apparently, when you walk around a grocery store avoiding eye contact and generally acting "sketchy", management will call the police on you, who will then pat you down to be sure you aren't shoplifting. FML
by AnxietyGirl / 09/24/2012 at 3:18am / United States (Colorado) / Health
Today, I was walking down the street when I had a coughing fit. The next thing I know I'm being pushed about by a group of guys who were smoking, because they thought I was coughing deliberately to send them a message about smoking being bad. FML
by Tyler / 09/03/2012 at 5:37am / Australia (Victoria) / Miscellaneous
Today, I took a picture of myself seductively eating an apple. I don't know what I'm doing with my life. FML
by Rochelle / 07/25/2012 at 2:14am / United States / Miscellaneous
Today, my dad got drunk and played a practical joke on me; a practical joke that resulted in my knee being broken. Now, I'm sitting in a hospital bed all alone while my dad hunts for "hot nurses". FML
by justhelpful / 07/02/2012 at 1:44pm / Austria (Tirol) / Health
Today, the mall got evacuated while I was getting my hair colored. I am now standing outside of a crowded mall, wearing a showercap. FML
by tylah / 06/23/2012 at 11:11am / United States (New Jersey) / Miscellaneous
Today, when I told my family I was a vegetarian, I expected them to make fun of me because that's just my family. But what I wasn't expecting was my dad to use raw meat as a puppet and make it say, "Eat me! Eat me!" then throw it at my face. FML
by Anonymous / 06/21/2012 at 10:52am / United States (Massachusetts) / Miscellaneous
Today, I tripped and fell on the sidewalk. As I did, a car that was passing by stopped, made a U-turn, and then came back so the people inside could laugh at me. When they were done taunting me, they made another U-turn and continued back in their original direction. FML
by Anonymous / 06/18/2012 at 10:39am / Canada (Ontario) / Miscellaneous
Today, I had to sneak out of work to get my daughter from her school. Apparently, she had thought that hurling a bowling ball down the stairs during the lunch hour rush would make her cool. In actual fact, it made her expelled. FML
by Anonymous / 05/30/2012 at 2:47pm / United Kingdom (Vale of Glamorgan, The) / Miscellaneous
Today, my boyfriend and I decided it was time to lose our virginity. After our clothes were removed, we spent 30 minutes trying to figure out how to actually have sex, and eventually gave up. FML
by Anonymous / 03/10/2012 at 2:23am / United States (Washington) / Intimacy
Today, I sent out a text saying "Smile! You're beautiful and don't let anyone tell you otherwise." to most of my contacts. I got one reply, from my best friend, saying, "Are you fucking stupid?" FML
by dis_bee_leaf / 02/13/2012 at 11:27am / Canada / Miscellaneous
- 1Today, I took a test. I got up to turn it in, and accidentally bumped into another student. We both… 2Today, I tried to fire the worst worker I've ever had over the phone because he never shows up for… 3Today, my energetic 10-month-old decided to stay up four hours past bedtime. After I FINALLY got…

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Free Tv Net
Free tv net Certainly, live sports events like the World Cup final, or the Super Bowl Finals tend to gather huge numbers of viewers, blotting out everything else that might be available on television at the same time. Free tv net You will not regret it and you will be happy to know that you will find all the episodes; even the very latest one. They are all there, compiled for your viewing pleasure and you cannot say that no one let you in on the secret okay? Free tv net However, if you have cable TV the process and requirements will differ variably. In the latter instance a coaxial cable becomes a necessary acquisition. This cable needs to be connected to your wall cable TV port and then the opposite end must be connected to your tuner card, quite simple.
Amazon | Google | Yahoo | Bing


text:
Each day you amaze me. You make me laugh with each silly face make. You amaze me with each profound statement you say, especially for someone so young.
You're tough, but gentle. I've always said that I could see you climbing Mt. Everest with nothing more than a tank top, a pair shorts and flip-flops all the while yelling for everyone else to keep up. You've taken down your brother in a modified full Nelson during a "No she's my mommy" fight.
The world is not ready for you, but it better prepare because here you come.
I love seeing your gentle side when you leave a pile of grass clippings and say it's a nest for a baby worm, or when you pick a flower to bring to me because I'm sad.
You're my special Little Miss and I'm so lucky to have you in my life.
Happy Birthday Little Miss. Mama Loves you
[This message edited by simplydevastated at 7:51 AM, August 29th (Thursday)]
Think of the haters in your life as sandpaper; theyll scratch you up time and time again but in the end youre polished, smooth, and spotless..while they end up useless
We make a living by what we get, but we make a life by what we give.
And never grow a wishbone, daughter, where your backbone ought to be.
― Sarah McMane
My tolerance for stupid shit is getting less and less.
Me: FBS (no longer betrayed nor a spouse)-62
Him: WXH-62
D-day: 2007 (two years before finding SI)
Laughter will cure life's ills. Have you had your laugh today?
Sad, she is a spitfire
click, she is precious if I do say so myself So, are you the Virgo? I agree, they do rock
[This message edited by simplydevastated at 8:45 PM, August 29th (Thursday)]


text:
When Money And Love Collide
By Marcie Sillman & Hannah Burn • Sep 16, 2013
It's no surprise that money stress doesn't bode well for romance. For many couples, decisions like marriage, divorce or children hinge on the question: Can we afford it? Marcie Sillman talks with UC Santa Barbara economics professor Shelly Lundberg and couples counselor and director of UC Los Angeles' Sexual Health Program Gail Wyatt about how money impacts our love lives.
Produced by Hannah Burn.


text:
Apple's iTunes Music Store now available in 119 countries
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Both directions of Hwy. 610 at Hwy. 252 are jammed. A rollover on the eastbound side has lanes blocked. Westbound traffic heavy and slow from University Avenue. Eastbound slows at Broadway.
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Here is a heads up for downtown workers who may have forgotten or were unaware that the Vikings have a game at U.S. Bank Stadium Thursday night.


text: The Texas Constitution is unconstitutional. Texas Constitution, Article 1, Section 4: "…nor shall any one be excluded from holding office on account of his religious sentiments, provided he acknowledge the existence of a Supreme Being." My very good friend Noelle (President of the Secular Center) was interviewed by Fox News Houston about the issue. Here's [Read More…]


text:
For my 12 year old son to use in the alps. To build into a mini dh bike.......
What have you got?
For my 12 year old son to use in the alps. To build into a mini dh bike.......
What have you got?
16.5 rocky mountain slayer sxc...............daughters but really too small
Got this:
Email me if of potential interest for more details, pics etc. I've got the long rockers if required (frame only BTW).
Got this its a 17" http://singletrackworld.com/forum/topic/fs-kona-stinky-medium
Got a small Heckler frame (15in I think), great condition, it's the Heckler 4.0 so a few years old, got it for the gf a couple of years ago but she finds it a bit small, not looking for much, £150, let me know and I'll get some photos and more details up?
Sorry, Heckler 5.0 which is 2001 - 2007
The heckler may well work, will email, cheers. Other perhaps too big for alpine use I think.
If Moniex doesnt want the Heckler i am interested.
Vondally, how much are you looking for the Rocky Mountain?
Feel free to email me at:
Hi Dave, not heard anything from moniex, so if your interested email me if you want more photos info etc.
This topic has been closed to new replies.
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text:
Over the years in wrestling, the finishing move has been one of the most important aspects of a character's overall performance.
When I look at some wrestlers today, their finishing moves pale in comparison to some of the finishing moves I grew up watching.
Wade Barrett's Wasteland doesn't really stand out, and it seems like it doesn't do much damage to his opponent as well.
However, when Shawn Michaels hit Sweet Chin Music on his opponent, sometimes out of nowhere, you knew that wrestler was down for the count.
I would like to rekindle some of my memories of WWE finishing moves over my lifetime of watching wrestling in this list.
Some are from the past, and some are from the present, but these 10 finishing moves are my favorites based on how famous the move is/was and how original and unique it is/was.


text:
I did another dark look today. Blue and purple and teal, three of my favorite shades, of course!
I started by applying Too Faced Shadow Insurance. Then I used Bare Escentuals Buxom Nunchucks along the upper lash line, rather thickly. With a lid brush, I applied Frigid to the lid and crease and then I did a windshield wiper motion to blend the edge of the crease color. Next, with an Urban Decay crease brush I applied Darling to the upper crease and browbone. I took a blender brush and blended the crease/browbone area. Next, I applied Vapour to highlight under the brows and to the inner corners of the eye. With an angled eye shadow brush, I applied Nunchucks along the lower lash line. I applied Perversion along the lower water line. I did my brows and added a coat of mascara.
Buxom Smoky Eye Stick in Nunchucks – thickly along upper lash line and thinly along lower lash line
Urban Decay Frigid – lid and crease
Sugarpill Darling – upper crease
MAC Vapour – browbone and inner corners of eye
Urban Decay 24/7 liner in Perversion – lower water line
Cover Girl Lash Blast Luxe Mascara
Nyx Black Brow Pencil
NARS Powder foundation SPF 12 in Siberia
Skindinavia Cool Flash Spray
MAC Peachykeen – blush
NARS Copacabana – highlight
NARS Nico – contour
Buxom Big & Healthy Lip Stick in London
Buxom Big & Healthy Lip Polish in Laura


text: Ready for a red-plaid ski boot? Even if you're not, you have to admire the exuberance of Full Tilt's 2011 styles. Quilted panels, decorative zippers, gym-sock cuffs (as in the Hot Dogger), put the fun in freeriding, though skiers of a certain age might want to go with something a little more conservative. $499, FullTiltBoots.com


text:
Russell Anglin writes a weekly column for the Quay County Sun in Tucumcari. Here's a "snip" from his recent offering on baseball slugger Manny Ramirez:
Their view: Hair won't compromise World Series outcome
September 9, 2010
Aug. 22 — Weekly update
August 21, 2010
Portales police still awaiting information Portales police say there is still no word on the outcome of forensic analysis of evidence in the slaying of Eastern New Mexico University student Angel Vale. Portales Deputy Police Chief Lonnie Berry said the state crime lab has not released any paperwork to his department with any conclusions about […]


text:
This member hasn't filled in their description.
RuralNinja's FML badges
How depressing, no badges acquired at all. :/
RuralNinja's favorite FMLs
Today, my friends and I decided to compare dick sizes one by one. I was last and I was the smallest. I was also the only Asian amongst my friends. They now call me "the stereotype". FML
by verysadasian / 07/30/2009 at 10:21am / United States (Virginia) / Intimacy
Today, my mom came into my room to have a heart to heart talk. My dildo was sitting on the nightstand. I didn't notice until she told me to make sure the dog didn't get it. FML
by BrokenVow / 07/30/2009 at 8:02am / Canada (British Columbia) / Intimacy
Today, I cleaned my house after a big party. Everything was great when my parents came home. Except for the bottle of hot and spicy mustard next to the shampoo in the shower. No one knows how it got there. I'm busted because of mustard. FML
by Anonymous / 07/30/2009 at 6:38am / United States (New York) / Miscellaneous
Today, I was trying to wiggle my boxer shorts off to get it on with my girlfriend when my knee hooked on the elastic band. I was anxious to get started, so I used force and ended up kneeing my girlfriend in the crotch. FML
by solomantis / 07/30/2009 at 1:46am / Norway (Oslo) / Intimacy
Today, I was really upset after work, and tearily asked my boyfriend to bring something over to cheer me up when he visited later. An hour or so later he arrived, having bought me a brand new large purple dildo to "brighten my mood". FML
by BigPurplePresent / 07/28/2009 at 9:34am / South Africa (Western Cape) / Intimacy
Today, I told my boyfriend I was really horny. He then gave me the link to his favorite "porn". He said I should do it for him. It was a youtube video of some girl making a sandwich. FML
by fmysexlife / 07/27/2009 at 1:06am / United States (New Hampshire) / Intimacy
Today, I heard my parents having sex for the first time so I turned the TV up really loud to drown out the noise, and a minute or two later my mom comes downstairs in this skimpy nightgown to ask me why the TV was so loud and, seeing the horror on my face, kept asking what was wrong with me. FML
by scarred / 07/27/2009 at 12:42am / United States (Michigan) / Intimacy
Today, I decided to make a place in my house for my friends to sign called "The Friend Wall." By sign I meant sign, not draw body parts. This afternoon I ate lunch next to a basketball-sized vagina and a monumentally large blue and purple penis. FML
by rbates / 07/25/2009 at 2:32pm / United States (Florida) / Miscellaneous
Today, I passed a homeless person asking for change. When I politely apologized and told him I had none, he yelled angrily "who comes to this city without money?" I replied "apparently, you do." Wrong answer. He followed me, now screaming. FML
by re2K5 / 07/25/2009 at 12:39pm / Korea Republic of (Kyongsang-bukto) / Money
Today, while my boyfriend and I were having sex, he suddenly stopped and walked to the kitchen. He decided to bake chocolate chip cookies in the midst of our intimacy. However, he told me we could still continue while the oven preheated. FML
by jcooh0lla / 07/24/2009 at 5:30pm / United States (Connecticut) / Intimacy
Today, I was shopping at COSTCO for a romantic evening with my girlfriend, I bought some flowers, dinner and a super pack of condoms, At the register behind me I heard somebody say "Good thing my daughter has a responsible boyfriend." It was my girlfriend's father. FML
by costcocondoms / 07/23/2009 at 1:23am / Mexico (Baja California) / Love
Today, I got very dressed up and was excited for my uncle's wedding. While standing in line for photos, I heard my dad's voice from behind me say "Who's the hot chick in the brown dress?" My uncle responds "Uh, that's your daughter." Silence. FML
by Rory / 07/23/2009 at 12:26am / United States (Illinois) / Miscellaneous
Today, the boss returned from vacation. While he was gone we thought it would be a great idea to fill the water cooler with margaritas. Even after rinsing it we still have lime flavored water. Needless to say we got a company memo about appropriate office behavior. FML
by shayes9 / 07/22/2009 at 6:15pm / United States (Florida) / Work
Today, I was taking a shower when my boyfriend suddenly hopped in with me. We were getting a little frisky when my mom's hand unexpectedly came through the curtain, and dropped a condom in the bottom of the shower, all the while saying, "Keep it safe kids!". FML
by uh-oh / 07/21/2009 at 3:45pm / United States (New Mexico) / Intimacy
Today, my boyfriend and I were on the phone. He started talking dirty, and saying how horny he was, etc. So I decided to play along and said "I want you to picture me naked, baby." All of a sudden I heard a huge sigh. He responded, "Ew, that just killed it." FML
by picturemenakedbaby / 07/21/2009 at 6:42am / United States (Illinois) / Intimacy
- 1Today, I took a test. I got up to turn it in, and accidentally bumped into another student. We both… 2Today, I tried to fire the worst worker I've ever had over the phone because he never shows up for… 3Today, a week after dropping my car off for the third time in a month at the dealership because of…
- Today, I got a call from my local hospital's emergency room, stating my wife was in labour. My wife… Today, I made up an ingenious plan to finally hook up with the guy I really like at a party. Well,… Today, my girlfriend and I were starting to get hot and heavy in my truck at our favorite park. We…


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Rudhira release song from upcoming album posted by Rudhira
2 posts on this topic, 956 views
Norwegian prog/metal-band Rudhira is getting ready to release it's debut album Ein and has released the albums second song, Embraced by the Rain, online for free streaming or download.
Soundcloud: http://soundcloud.com/rudhira/embraced-by-the-rain
YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1PEBWTLsB_w
The album is an eclectic collection of musical ideas written, produced and recorded by the band with assistance in the engineering department by Audun Austli, HÃ¥kon Dalen & Conor Patrick, and mix/master being handled by Knut Vegar Prytz. The album will receive a digital release (iTunes, Spotify, WiMP, Rdio, Deezer, Amazon, etc) on June 1st through Pug-Nose Records with details on a physical release TBA.
For more information:
An album teaser that covers all the songs on the album has been released and is available on both SoundCloud and YouTube:
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We're busy. Real busy. And let's face it, we don't always have time to keep the house sparkling from floor to ceiling. So what do you do when unexpected company decides to drop by and you only have 30 minutes to get ready?
The first thing I do is plug the kitchen sink, pour in 1/4 cup of Pinesol, then fill with about a gallon of really hot water.
Next, I make clean sweep of the house by grabbing a laundry basket and tossing in toys, shoes, loose papers, and any other clutter. The basket gets hidden in the garage for sorting later.
A quick wipe down of the kitchen counters and coffee tables and dust-bustering any crumbs or fuzzies off the floor takes less than 5 minutes.
Right before guests arrive, I drain the Pinesol from kitchen sink and the whole house smells like I've been scrubbing away all day!
Share your housekeeping hack below for a chance to win 1 of 12 coupons for a Free full-size bottle of Pinesol, any size, any scent! Winners will be selected on Friday.
You can also follow this link to get a printable coupon for $1 off Pinesol.


text:
How to Cook a New York Strip Steak
If you're in the mood for a cut of meat that's got character, you'll want to know how to cook a New York strip steak. New York strips are tender and juicy, with just the right amount of toughness. They're choice cuts for grilling and pair well with baked potatoes, iceberg wedge salads and other steakhouse favorites. While the hearty flavor of New York strip steaks may be hard to match, this recipe makes the entree that much more indulgent by adding in a blue cheese butter spread. Not a fan of blue cheese? You can adapt the compound butter recipe to include almost any flavor--fresh herbs, such as rosemary or thyme, or even stronger cheeses. Make the compound butter ahead of tim--and make plenty of it, as you can use it as a spread for bread or a condiment for potatoes, too.
-Hi! I'm Kristina with recipe.com, and I have 3 words for you. Steak blue cheese, and butter. Today, we're gonna make New York strip steaks with a blue cheese butter. So here's what you're gonna need: A half a cup of butter, 4 ounces of crumbled blue cheese, a quarter teaspoon of granulated garlic, and a quarter teaspoon of freshly ground black pepper or to taste. Then you'll need some olive oil, kosher salt, and freshly ground black pepper and then of course the star of the show, your New York strip steaks. Here we have 4 steaks that are about 8 to 10 ounces. So now we're gonna make a really easy compound butter. Here I'm gonna use blue cheese, but if you wanna use some of your favorite herbs, get-- get a little creative, this is the time to do it. So, first there is the butter then of course our blue cheese. My favorite comes from Point Reyes then a little bit of granulated garlic, and some freshly ground black pepper. Now, you can use a hand mixer to this or fork will do the job just as well. Now your compound butter is ready to go. I'm just gonna put this in the refrigerator and now it's time to grill the steaks. So I've allowed the steaks to sit at room temperature for about 30 minutes before we put them on the grill. Now, I'm gonna take some olive oil and brush the steaks. Get it nice and coated on both sides and now we're gonna season both sides with salt and pepper. So, I've preheated the grill. It's nice and hot. The burners are up on high. Now, let's put the steaks on. The steaks have been on the grill for about 4 to 5 minutes on each side. Let's plate them up and put on our compound butter. Look at those steaks. So now I'm just gonna put a dollop of the blue cheese butter on each steak. How good does that look really? My goodness. Dinner is served. New York strip steaks with blue cheese butter. Thanks for watching. For more great recipes and savings, visit us at recipe.com.
What You'll Need
- 1/2 cup (1 stick) unsalted butter, at room temperature
- 4 ounces crumbled blue cheese, preferably Maytag or Point Reyes
- 1/4 teaspoon granulated garlic
- 1/4 teaspoon freshly ground black pepper, or more to taste
- For the Steaks:
- 4 8- to 10-oz. New York strip steaks, 1 to 1-1/2 inches thick
- Olive oil
- Kosher salt
- Freshly ground black pepper
Step By Step
To make the butter, blend the butter, blue cheese, garlic, and pepper together in a medium bowl. (A fork is a good tool for doing this. If you wish, you could use a hand mixer.) Pack the butter in a small container and refrigerate until needed. The butter can be made several days in advance and even frozen.
Allow the steaks to stand at room temperature for 30 minutes before grilling. Brush olive oil over both sides of the steaks and season generously with salt and pepper.
Oil the grill racks. Preheat your grill using all burners set on high and with the lid closed for 10 to 12 minutes.
Place the steaks on the grill, close the lid, and cook for 4 to 5 minutes per side for medium-rare. Add a minute or two to each side for medium; subtract a minute or two from each side for rare. Remove from the grill and let rest for at least 5 minutes. Smear at least a tablespoon of the butter over each steak and serve.
While anyone can grill steaks, this scrumptious take on how to cook a New York strip steak is the kind of dish you might expect to find on the menu at the finest steakhouses. A special satisfaction comes from being able to deliver a meal of that caliber from your own kitchen.


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Central nervous system disease in patients with macrophagic myofasciitis
Macrophagic myofasciitis (MMF), a condition newly recognized in France, is manifested by diffuse myalgias and characterized by highly specific myopathological alterations which have recently been shown to represent an unusually persistent local reaction to intramuscular injections of aluminium-containing vaccines. Among 92 MMF patients recognized so far, eight of them, which included the seven patients reported here, had a symptomatic demyelinating CNS disorder. CNS manifestations included hemisensory or sensorimotor symptoms (four out of seven), bilateral pyramidal signs (six out of seven), cerebellar signs (four out of seven), visual loss (two out of seven), cognitive and behavioural disorders (one out of seven) and bladder dysfunction (one out of seven). Brain T2-weighted MRI showed single (two out of seven) or multiple (four out of seven) supratentorial white matter hyperintense signals and corpus callosum atrophy (one out of seven). Evoked potentials were abnormal in four out of six patients and CSF in four out of seven. According to Poser's criteria for multiple sclerosis, the diagnosis was clinically definite (five out of seven) or clinically probable multiple sclerosis (two out of seven). Six out of seven patients had diffuse myalgias. Deltoid muscle biopsy showed stereotypical accumulations of PAS (periodic acid–Schiff)-positive macrophages, sparse CD8+ T cells and minimal myofibre damage. Aluminium-containing vaccines had been administered 3–78 months (median = 33 months) before muscle biopsy (hepatitis B virus: four out of seven, tetanus toxoid: one out of seven, both hepatitis B virus and tetanus toxoid: two out of seven). The association between MMF and multiple sclerosis-like disorders may give new insights into the controversial issues surrounding vaccinations and demyelinating CNS disorders. Deltoid muscle biopsy searching for myopathological alterations of MMF should be performed in multiple sclerosis patients with diffuse myalgias.
- inflammatory myopathy
- myofasciitis
- macrophage
- multiple sclerosis
- vaccine
- CK = creatine kinase
- HBV = hepatitis B virus
- MMF = macrophagic myofasciitis
- PAS = periodic acid–Schiff
Macrophagic myofasciitis (MMF) is a new type of inflammatory myopathy of recent emergence in France (Gherardi et al., 1998) and other western countries (Cabello et al., 1999; Navarro et al., 1999). It is characterized by stereotypical accumulations of tightly packed, non-epithelioid macrophages, in epi-, peri- and endomysium (Gherardi et al., 1998). MMF is distinct from previously described idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, granulomatous myopathies and fasciitis–panniculitis syndromes (Carpenter et al., 1992; Naschitz et al., 1996). It was initially believed to represent an infectious disease on the grounds of histopathological similarities with Whipple's disease (Misbah et al., 1997) and occasional response to antibiotic therapy, but it was recently recognized as an unusual reaction to intramuscular injection of aluminium-containing vaccines (Gherardi et al., 1999; WHO Vaccine Safety Advisory Committee, 1999). Ninety-two cases of MMF have been documented from January 1993 to May 2000 by an expert group of myopathologists at the Association Française contre les Myopathies. The main presenting manifestation of MMF was diffuse muscle pain. Fourteen patients (15%) also had evidence of CNS involvement (Authier et al., 1999; Granel et al., 1999), including eight with a symptomatic demyelinating CNS disorder, four with asymptomatic abnormal hypersignals in the white matter at MRI and two with a cerebrovascular disease. In the present report we describe seven of the eight patients with biopsy-proven MMF and symptomatic demyelinating CNS involvement.
Patients and methods
All seven patients were adults (age range = 27–53 years; five females, three males). They were evaluated in neurological centres and underwent complete physical examination and the following laboratory tests: serum creatine kinase (CK) determination (six out of seven), EMG (five out of seven), deltoid muscle biopsy (seven out of seven), CSF examination (seven out of seven), sensory, auditory and visual evoked potentials (six out of seven), brain MRI (seven out of seven), duodenal biopsy (five out of seven) and other biological tests including serum protein immunoelectrophoresis, CH50, C3 and C4 levels, rheumatoid factor, antinuclear and anticardiolipin antibodies, cryoglobulinaemia, TPHA (treponema pallidum haemagglutination assay), VDRL (venereal disease research laboratory test), serology for hepatitis B and C viruses, HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) and serum angiotensin converting enzyme-level determination.
Clinical histories
Patient 1
A 53-year-old caucasian woman presented with fatigue and diffuse myalgias at rest and on exertion, that were followed by dizziness and unsteadiness within a few months. One year later, she experienced visual loss and left hand paraesthesias and clumsiness. Physical examination showed right sensory hypoaesthesia, left hand clumsiness and bilateral Babinski's sign. CSF was normal. Brain fluid-attenuated inversion recovery and T2-weighted MRI disclosed multiple supratentorial periventricular and pericallosal white matter hypersignals with corpus callosum atrophy. Visual and sensory evoked potentials were delayed and abnormal, suggesting CNS involvement. Initial diagnosis was multiple sclerosis. CK levels, EMG and thigh muscle MRI were normal. Deltoid muscle biopsy was performed because of myalgias.
Patient 2
A 51-year-old caucasian woman presented with a remitting–relapsing left sensory hemisyndrome from age 39 years. From age 41 years, she also complained of fatigue and diffuse myalgias. Physical examination was normal. CSF, sensory, visual and auditory evoked potentials were normal. Brain T2-weighted MRI disclosed a single supratentorial white matter hyperintense signal. Initial neurological diagnosis was multiple sclerosis. CK levels, EMG and thigh muscle MRI were normal. Deltoid muscle biopsy was performed because of myalgias.
Patient 3
A 49-year-old caucasian woman presented with a 15-year-history of CNS involvement, manifesting as transient paraesthesias and clumsiness in hands at age 34 years, transient vertigo at age 38 years and progressive spastic paraplegia from age 46 years. At age 47 years she developed fatigue, diffuse myalgias and arthralgias. CSF showed moderately increased protein level (0.53 g/l). Brain T2-weighted MRI disclosed multiple supratentorial white matter hyperintense signals. Visual and sensory evoked potentials were delayed and abnormal, suggesting multifocal CNS involvement. Auditory evoked potentials were normal. Initial diagnosis was multiple sclerosis. Deltoid muscle biopsy was performed to investigate myalgias.
Patient 4
A 32-year-old caucasian man presented with a 1-month history of acute mania with delusions and agitation. During hospitalization, behavioural disorders improved under neuroleptic treatment, but the patient developed depression, bradypsychia, athymormia and bulimia. Neurological examination showed pyramidal signs in lower limbs and cerebellar dyskinesia of left upper limb. No muscle symptoms were noted. Routine blood tests were normal. Brain T2-weighted MRI showed bilateral frontal and temporal high intensity lesions. CSF examination showed 29 cells/ml (70% lymphocytes) and increased protein level (1.3 g/l) with oligoclonal bands. Whipple's disease was first suspected but duodenal biopsy was normal, PCR (polymerase chain reaction)-based detection of Tropheryma whippelii was negative and treatment by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was inefficient. Deltoid muscle biopsy was performed to assess a mitochondrial disease.
Patient 5
A 32-year-old caucasian man presented with a 10-year history of progressive left hemiplegia and myalgias. In childhood, he had experienced several attacks of transient hemiparesia of unknown origin, without apparent sequelae, considered as hemiplegic migraine. At age 22 years, he sprained his left ankle and physical examination disclosed pyramidal signs in the left lower limb. At age 27 years, he developed mild pyramidal signs in left upper limb and myalgias. At age 32 years, his condition markedly worsened and physical examination showed left spastic hemiparesia with dysmetria and bilateral Babinski's sign. CSF examination showed increased protein level (0.92 g/l) with oligoclonal bands. Brain T2-weighted MRI disclosed multiple supratentorial white matter hyperintense signals. Sensory, visual and auditory evoked potentials were delayed and abnormal. Initial diagnosis was multiple sclerosis. Deltoid muscle biopsy was performed to assess mitochondrial disease.
Patient 6
A 26-year-old caucasian woman presented with diffuse myalgias and fatigue a few months after vaccination against hepatitis B virus (HBV). Two years later, she experienced a bilateral visual loss, diagnosed as bilateral optic neuritis, with complete recovery after intravenous methylprednisolone. Seven years after the onset, she complained about recurrence of myalgias and recent urgency of micturition. Physical examination was normal. CSF, visual, auditory and sensory evoked potentials and brain T2-weighted MRI were normal. A urodynamic study was suggestive of a central neurological bladder disorder. Initial diagnosis was multiple sclerosis. CK and EMG were normal. Deltoid muscle biopsy was performed because of myalgias.
Patient 7
A 48-year-old caucasian man presented with a 4-year history of progressive paraparesis and diffuse myalgias. Physical examination showed spastic paraparesis and cerebellar syndrome. CSF examination showed 6 cells/ml and increased protein level (0.59 g/l). Brain T2-weighted MRI disclosed one supratentorial white matter hypersignal. Visual and auditory evoked potentials were normal. Initial diagnosis was probable multiple sclerosis. CK levels and EMG were normal. Deltoid muscle biopsy was performed because of myalgias.
Clinical data and relevant laboratory tests are summarized in Table 1 and in Fig. 1. Six patients had diffuse myalgias as the prominent muscle symptom. Presence or absence of myalgia could not be established in Patient 4 because of cognitive impairment. Proximal weakness, serum CK elevation and myopathic EMG were not observed. Routine blood tests were normal or not contributory. All patients had stereotypical MMF at muscle biopsy (Figs 2 and 3). Myopathological alterations included (i) focal infiltration of epimysium, perimysium and perifascicular endomysium by sheets of large cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage (CD68+, CD1a–, S100–), with a finely granular periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) positive content, appearing as small osmiophilic spiculated structures on electron microscopy (Fig. 2); (ii) lack of necrosis, epithelioid or giant cells and mitotic figures (Fig. 2); (iii) presence of lymphocytic infiltrates, mainly CD3+/CD8+, intermingled with macrophages or surrounding microvessels; and (iv) inconspicuous muscle fibre damage (Fig. 2). Microorganisms could not be detected by appropriate staining (Ziehl-Neelsen, auramine, Gram) and electron microscopy. As assessed by their individual vaccination booklet and the information provided in the general practitioner's files, all seven patients had received aluminium-containing vaccines (HBV vaccine: four out of seven, tetanus toxoid vaccine: one out of seven, both HBV and tetanus toxoid: two out of seven) 3–78 months before muscle biopsy (median = 33 months).
|Patient 1
|Patient 2
|Patient 3
|Patient 4
|Patient 5
|Patient 6
|Patient 7
|CK = creatine kinase; CSF = cerebrospinal fluid; VEP = visual evoked potentials; AEP = auditory evoked potentials; SEP = sensory evoked potentials; EMG = electromyogram; HS = hyperintense signal; MP = methylprednisolone; WM = white matter; MS = multiple sclerosis; n.a. = not available; n.d. = not done; N = normal; i.v. = intravenous; i.m. = intramuscular. *At time of muscle biopsy; †azithromycin 2 g/d p.o. + ciprofloxacin 1 g/d p.o.; ‡prednisone 1/2 mg/kg/d (duration of treatment not less than 2 months).
|Age (years)*/sex
|Age (years) of detection of muscle involvement
|CNS involvement
|General symptoms
|Muscular symptoms and signs
|Diffuse myalgias, muscle tenderness
|Diffuse myalgias, muscle tenderness
|Diffuse myalgias, muscle tenderness
|Diffuse myalgias
|Diffuse myalgias
|Diffuse myalgias
|Serum CK level
|Muscle biopsy
|Macrophagic myofasciitis
|Macrophagic myofasciitis
|Macrophagic myofasciitis
|Macrophagic myofasciitis
|Macrophagic myofasciitis
|Macrophagic myofasciitis
|Macrophagic myofasciitis
|Neurological symptoms and signs
|Dizziness, right sensory hemisyndrome, left hand clumsiness and paraesthesias, bilateral Babinski sign
|Relapsing left sensorimotor deficit
|Transient hands clumsiness and paraesthesias, vertigo, spastic paraplegia
|Cognitive and behavioural disorders, pyramidal syndrome in lower limbs, left upper limb dyskinesia
|Spastic left hemiparesia, bilateral Babinski sign
|Visual acuity loss, urgency of micturition
|Spastic paraparesis, cerebellar syndrome
|Protein 0.56 g/l with 26% γ-globulins (polyclonal), 3 cells/mm3
|Protein 1.3 g/l with oligoclonal bands, 29 cells/mm3 (70% lymphocytes)
|Protein 0.92 g/l with oligoclonal bands, 5 cells/mm3
|Protein 0.59 g/l, 6 cells/mm3
|Evoked potentials
|Abnormal VEP and SEP
|Abnormal VEP and SEP
|Abnormal VEP, AEP and SEP
|Abnormal SEP
|T2-weighted brain MRI
|Multiple HS in supratentorial periventricular and pericallosal white matter, thin corpus callosus
|One HS in supratentorial periventricular white matter
|Multiple HS in supratentorial periventricular white matter
|Multiple HS in supratentorial frontal and temporal white matter
|Multiple HS in supratentorial white matter
|One HS in supratentorial white matter
|Initially proposed neurological diagnosis
|Secondary progressive MS
|Relapsing–remitting MS
|Secondary progressive MS
|Suspected Whipple's disease
|Secondary progressive MS
|Secondary progressive MS
|Clinically probable MS
|Evidence for i.m. aluminium-containing vaccine injection (number of injections)
|Tetanus (n = 1)
|HBV (n = 3)
|Tetanus + HBV (n = 8)
|HBV (n = ?)
|Tetanus + HBV (n = 5)
|HBV (n = 4)
|HBV (n = 4)
|Vaccination prior to CNS involvement (delay)
|Yes (66 months)
|Yes (anti-tetanus: 2 yrs before first attack; anti-HBV: 4th injection 12 months before paraplegia)
|Yes (2 months)
|Yes (anti-tetanus injection <12 months before onset of chronic left hemiparesia; next anti-tetanus injection <10 months before involvement of left upper limb; 3rd anti-HBV injection 8 months before worsening of hemiparesia)
|Yes (anti-HBV: 3rd injection 2 years before first attack)
|Yes (6 months)
|i.v. MP: ineffective antibiotics†: improvement of fatigue and paraesthesias oral steroids‡: complete improvement of myalgias
|i.v. MP: ineffective antibiotics†: ineffective
|i.v. MP: ineffective methotrexate: ineffective oral steroids‡: complete improvement of myalgias and fatigue
|Trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole: ineffective
|i.v. MP: ineffective
|Steroids‡: improvement of myalgias
|i.v. MP: ineffective
In the six patients with muscle symptoms, evidence of CNS involvement preceded (three out of six), followed (two out of six), or was contemporary with (one out of six) muscle involvement. All patients had neurological manifestations, including hemisensory or sensorimotor symptoms (four out of seven), bilateral pyramidal signs (six out of seven), cerebellar signs (four out of seven), visual loss (two out of seven), cognitive and behavioural disorders (one out of seven) and bladder dysfunction (one out of seven). The routine clinical diagnosis was multiple sclerosis in six patients and Whipple's disease in one (Patient 4). In Patient 4, the diagnosis of Whipple's disease was finally ruled out on the grounds of normal duodenal biopsy, negative PCR-based detection of Tropheryma whippelii and inefficacy of antibiotic treatment and the final diagnosis was possible multiple sclerosis. Using Poser's criteria for multiple sclerosis (Poser et al., 1983), five patients had `clinically definite multiple sclerosis' (Patients 1–3, 5 and 6) and two had `clinically probable multiple sclerosis' (Patients 4 and 7). None of the patients fulfilled neurological or extra-neurological criteria for CNS Whipple's disease (Louis et al., 1996). The temporal relationship between aluminium-containing vaccine administration and both CNS and muscle symptoms is presented in Fig. 1. In all patients with muscle symptoms, aluminium-vaccine injection preceded myalgias. Evidence of aluminium-vaccine injection before onset of CNS involvement was established in all patients but one (Patient 2) in whom vaccination of unknown type had been administered before the onset of the first CNS manifestations. Cytological CSF examination showed mild lymphocytosis in one patient (Patient 4) and was normal in others (six out of seven). The CSF protein level was found to be increased in four out of seven patients, with oligoclonal bands in two. Sensory evoked potentials were abnormal in four out of six patients, visual evoked potentials in three out of six and auditory evoked potentials in one out of six. T2-weighted brain MRI (Fig. 3) showed single (two out of seven) or multiple (four out of seven) supratentorial white matter hyperintense signals and corpus callosum atrophy (one out of seven). It was normal in Patient 6. Six patients underwent a duodenal biopsy that yielded neither PAS-positive macrophages in the lamina propria (six out of six) nor PCR-based detection of Tropheryma whippelii (four out of four). Clinical evolution of CNS involvement was remittent–progressive (three out of seven), progressive (three out of seven), or remittent (one out of seven). In Patient 1, both CNS and muscle symptoms improved under a combination of oral prednisone (1/2 mg/kg/day) and antibiotics (azithromycin 2 g/day + ciprofloxacin 1 g/day). Patients 2 and 6 recovered from their myalgias within 4 weeks after oral prednisone (1/2 mg/kg/day) administration. Patient 2 was free of neurological symptoms at time of treatment. Patient 6 did not improve in terms of the neurological urinary symptoms under steroids. In Patients 3, 5 and 7 intravenous methylprednisolone and oral methotrexate (Patient 3 only) were ineffective on both myalgias and neurological symptoms. In Patient 4, antibiotic treatment (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) was ineffective on CNS involvement.
All seven reported patients had MMF and a CNS disease meeting Poser's criteria for definite (five out of seven) or probable (two out of seven) multiple sclerosis.
Muscle involvement in our patients was similar to that reported in other patients with MMF (Gherardi et al., 1998). Patients with MMF detected by French myopathology centres from 1993 to 1997 had diffuse myalgias (86%) and arthralgias (64%), marked asthenia (43%) and, less often, muscle weakness (36%) and fever (29%) (Gherardi et al., 1998). Abnormal laboratory findings such as elevated CK levels, increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate, or myopathic EMG were infrequently detected (Gherardi et al., 1998). Muscle biopsy showed dense accumulations of large macrophages, with a finely granular basophilic and PAS-positive cytoplasm, in epi-, peri- or endomysium. No giant cells were observed. Electron microscopy showed small intracytoplasmic osmiophilic structures in macrophages and no microorganisms. These inclusions did not react with calcium stain. CD8+ T-cell infiltrates were observed either intermingled with macrophages or in the form of small perivascular cuffs. Myonecrosis, atrophy and myopathic changes were virtually absent. PAS-positive macrophages could not be detected anywhere other than in muscle and fascia. Appropriate investigations failed to detect viral or bacterial infection. Most patients responded well to oral steroids, whether combined or not with antibiotic therapy. In brief, MMF appeared distinct from previously described inflammatory myopathies, including idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, sarcoid-like myopathies, Shulman's disease (eosinophilic fasciitis), eosinophilia–myalgia syndrome and other fasciitis–panniculitis syndromes (Carpenter et al., 1992; Banker, 1994; Naschitz et al., 1996). The rapid emergence of MMF suggested an environmental aetiology (Gherardi et al., 1998). In a preliminary study using various analytical techniques, the cytoplasmic inclusions of macrophages were shown to contain high amounts of aluminium whereas serum aluminium levels were normal, suggesting focal aluminium accumulation into the muscle rather than systemic intoxication (Gherardi et al., 1999). Aluminium is used as an adjuvant of vaccines against HBV, hepatitis A virus and tetanus toxoid and is usually administered intramuscularly into the deltoid muscle in adults. All MMF patients have been shown to have circulating antibodies to HBV, hepatitis A virus or tetanus toxoid, positive anti-HBV testing being due to previous vaccination, as assessed by the isolated positivity of anti-HBV antibodies, in 88% of patients (Gherardi et al., 1999). In-depth re-evaluation of patient histories revealed documentation of intramuscular injections of aluminium-containing vaccines months to years prior to biopsy, as demonstrated in the present series where administration of HBV vaccine, tetanus toxoid vaccine or both HBV and tetanus toxoid vaccines has been performed 3–78 months (median = 33 months) before muscle biopsy yielding MMF lesions. A recent workshop of the WHO Vaccine Safety Advisory Committee, aimed at reviewing the scientific evidence about MMF, recognized that it is `a distinctive histopathological entity that may be caused by intramuscular injection of aluminium-containing vaccines' (WHO Vaccine Safety Advisory Committee, 1999). In this session, it has been shown that intramuscular injections of such vaccines in experimental animal models induce comparable but transient lesions at the site of injection, suggesting that MMF may occur in `a predisposed subset of individuals with impaired ability to clear aluminium from the deltoid muscle' (WHO Vaccine Safety Advisory Committee, 1999). Whether or not this could reflect a macrophagic dysfunction of genetic or acquired origin has not yet been defined. To our knowledge, only a very few patients with MMF have been identified outside France (USA, two; UK, one; Portugal, one and Spain, two) (Cabello et al., 1999; Navarro et al., 1999). Why MMF is detected at a much higher rate in France than in other countries remains speculative, but a local pharmaceutical cause linked to manufacturing practices of the implicated vaccines seems unlikely (WHO Vaccine Safety Advisory Committee, 1999).
Our patients had a CNS involvement sharing similarities with multiple sclerosis. There was no direct evidence of demyelinating disorder, however, although both clinical symptoms and MRI findings were in keeping with such a condition. Admittedly, neuropathological examination could be the only way to determine the exact nature of CNS lesions. Multiple sclerosis is not known to cause myalgias (Layzer, 1994). In contrast, numerous conditions can produce multifocal CNS syndrome with a relapsing and remitting course in young adults (Paty et al., 1991). None of our patients had clinical, histological or serological evidence of vasculitis or connective tissue disease. The diagnosis of Whipple's disease was initially considered because of detection of PAS-positive macrophages at muscle biopsy (Swash et al., 1977; Louis et al., 1996; Misbah et al., 1997), but neither neurological symptoms suggestive of Whipple's disease (oculomasticatory or oculofacial–skeletal myorythmia, supranuclear vertical gaze palsy, dementia, or hypothalamic manifestations) (Romanul et al., 1977; Adams et al., 1987; Wroe et al., 1991; Louis et al., 1996), nor evidence of systemic Whipple's disease (lymphadenopathies, digestive symptoms, evidence of bacilliform structures, macrophage infiltration or positive PCR-based detection of Tropheryma whippelii in digestive mucosa) was observed. Sarcoidosis is another condition that may involve muscle and CNS (Matthews, 1992). Our patients showed no evidence of systemic sarcoidosis and their neurological symptoms did not suggest neurosarcoidosis that preferentially involves the base of the brain and posterior fossa (Gray et al., 1997). MRI in neurosarcoidosis may show multiple periventricular enhancing areas mimicking multiple sclerosis (Matthews, 1992), but it also typically shows localized space-occupying lesions, meningeal involvement and hydrocephalus, all abnormalities not observed in our patients (Matthews, 1992; Sharma, 1997). Above all, myopathological features of MMF are clearly distinctive from those of sarcoidosis.
Conceivably, the condition of our patients could have resulted from (i) a chance association between MMF and multiple sclerosis; (ii) a unique pathological process affecting both skeletal muscle and CNS, mimicking but distinct from multiple sclerosis; (iii) a multiple sclerosis-associated risk to develop MMF, or the opposite; and (iv) a predisposing factor common to MMF and multiple sclerosis, favouring co-expression of diffuse myalgias and multiple sclerosis in some individuals. Further studies are needed to substantiate or invalidate these hypotheses.
There is controversy regarding the possible association between HBV-vaccination and multiple sclerosis (Tourbah et al., 1999; Zipp et al., 1999). Our patients had muscle symptoms starting 15 days to 48 months after vaccination and CNS symptoms starting or worsening 3–66 months after vaccination. Only Patient 4, who developed a progressive demyelinating disorder 3 months after HBV vaccination, would be considered as post-vaccinal acute disseminated encephalomyelitis using recommanded criteria (Griffin, 1990; Tourbah et al., 1999). In fact, the post-vaccinal period during which symptoms of neurological disease might be considered to be associated with the effects of vaccination is arbitrary, ranging from 10 weeks to 6 months according to different studies (Tourbah et al., 1999). In addition, most demyelinating CNS diseases observed shortly after vaccination resemble classic multiple sclerosis rather than monophasic acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (Tourbah et al., 1999). As stated above, a chance association between multiple sclerosis and MMF is possible. However, the high proportion of multiple sclerosis (8.7%) in patients with MMF, which is regarded as a very rare adverse reaction to vaccines, is quite impressive. The prevalence of subclinical white matter abnormalities, detected by brain MRI, has not been yet evaluated in MMF patients. We believe that our findings should be taken into account in the debate on the association between HBV vaccination and multiple sclerosis in two respects. First, since both HBV vaccines and tetanus toxoid vaccines were implicated in our patients, aluminium adjuvants, instead of vaccine antigens themselves, could be regarded as potentially deleterious, as previously suggested (McMahon et al., 1992). Aluminium-containing vaccines induce the development of earlier, higher and longer-lasting immunity compared with soluble vaccines. Aluminium adjuvants act by depot formation at the site of injection, but also induce immune activation that includes IL-1 (interleukin-1) production by monocytes, eosinophilia, complement activation, and increased specific and non-specific IgG1 and IgE antibody responses (Gupta et al., 1995). Secondly, persistent MMF lesions may be associated with an immunological process underlying particular susceptibility of some individuals to develop multiple sclerosis. Interestingly, MMF was occasionally associated with the recent onset of an autoimmune disease, including systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and Hashimoto's thyroiditis, in our initial series (Gherardi et al., 1998), suggesting that MMF patients could be at risk of developing autoimmune disorders other than multiple sclerosis. In animal experiments, lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates were observed in the vicinity of macrophages when the complete vaccine was used, defining the so-called immunogenic granuloma that was not formed when the adjuvant was used alone and that increased when polyantigens were added to the vaccine containing aluminium-adjuvanted vaccine (Balouet et al., 1977). It is therefore possible that persistent local antigen presentation assessed by the lymphocytic component of MMF lesions is involved in the emergence of autoimmune disorders.
Nearly 100% of the 60 million French population have been immunized against tetanus toxoid and, among adults (age >15 years), 26 million (31%) have been immunized against HBV (Ministère de l'emploi et de la solidarité). By comparison, 92 patients with MMF, including eight with a multiple sclerosis-like disorder, is a very small number. HBV infection is a major public health problem, infection affecting ~300 million people worldwide and is a major cause of chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma, killing an estimated 1 million people each year (Zipp et al., 1999). According to the recommendations of the WHO vaccine safety advisory committee, there is no basis at present for recommending a change in HBV vaccination practices (WHO Vaccine Safety Advisory Committee, 1999).
We conclude that (i) MMF is an emerging condition characterized by stereotypical myopathological alterations attributed to aluminium-containing vaccines, which manifests by diffuse myalgias; (ii) multiple sclerosis-like CNS disease may be observed in patients with MMF; and (iii) deltoid muscle biopsy searching of the myopathological alterations of MMF should be performed in multiple sclerosis patients with myalgias.
We wish to thank Drs J.-P. Borsotti and T. Petrella (Service d'anatomie et de cytologie pathologiques, centre hospitalier et universitaire de Dijon) for referring muscle biopsy slides (Patient 2) and Dr P. Brugières (Service de neuroradiologie, hôpital Henri-Mondor, Créteil) for his helpful advice. This work was supported by grants from the Association Française contre la Myopathie and the Direction de la Recherche Clinique (AP-HP).
- © Oxford University Press 2001


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Robert Guerrero hasn't been seen since losing a clinical decision to Floyd Mayweather last May, but he'll make his return to the ring this coming Saturday night, taking on little-known Yoshihiro Kamegai at the StubHub Center in Carson, California.
Guerrero is a multiple-time world champion in various weight classes, but he's had a long layoff that was largely the result of promotional issues. He still has the name and talent to be a factor at 147 pounds, but this is probably a must-win fight.
Kamegai isn't well-known, and he seems like the prototypical opponent you'd see for a fighter making a comeback. He's fought in the United States before, but he doesn't hold a victory over an opponent of any note.
Will Guerrero make a triumphant return on Saturday night? Or will Kamegai score the upset?
Read on for your complete preview and prediction of Saturday's main event.


text:
Launched CajuScript 0.3, change log:
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* Syntax customizable with regular expression.
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* Java calls performance in loops was increased.
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* Many others bugs been solved.
See more info in cajuscript.org
Thank you.


text:
Economics Departments, Institutes and Research Centers in the World
Ruimtelijke Economie Groningen
Faculteit Economie en Bedrijfskunde
Rijksuniversiteit GroningenTranslation: Regional Economics Groningen
Translation: Faculty of Economics and Business
Translation: Royal University of Groningen
Location: Groningen, Netherlands
Homepage: http://www.regroningen.nl/
Phone: +31 50 3633740
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Postal: PO box 800, 9700 AV Groningen
Handle: RePEc:edi:rerugnl
Areas or Functions: Regional and Urban Economics, Real Estate
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- Goldengorin, Boris
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This listing is provided to you by EDIRC at the Economic Research Department, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
Please send additions and corrections to Christian Zimmermann.


text:
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- © 2011 Paolo Ravizzini
Compatibility: Requires iOS 4.2 or later. Compatible with iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch.


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This week's soon-to-end deals have got something for everybody. Whether you want to tell animated stories, guard your online and physical wallets, or keep your groove going at the gym, these are all offers worth jumping on before it's too late.
Pad&Quill Traveler Case Looks Like It Feels As Good As It Looks
Pad&Quill is at it again, this time with a low-profile rear-shell style case for the iPhone 5/S. While calling anything from Brian Holmes's P&Q "minimal" would be a stretch, the Traveler Case gets pretty close. It is also gorgeous to look at, and would surely be just as lovely for the hands. It looks like the kind of case you couldn't stop fingering.
Skinny Victor Wallet Is A Metaphor For Your Sad, Junk-Filled Life
No, it's not a Mac or an iPhone accessory. It's not even a camera gadget. But I have no doubt you're going to love the Victor Wallet from WaterField design. It's thin, it has a soft, finger-loving lining and it comes with a strap to keep it shut.
"Access," The Nano-Suction "Wallet" Case For iPad Mini
We've seen roughly one zillion iPhone wallet cases passing through the pages of Cult of Mac, and like neutrinos there are surely untold others which we never even detect. And yes, the Access Case is another wallet case, and yes, it's even a Kickstarter project. But it has one thing none of the others do: it has a sweet-looking sister that fits the iPad, and which knows how to suck…


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Keys to effective self motivation
Are you un-motivated? Do you need the keys to effective self motivation? Motivation is something that we all want. Motivation can help us become more successful in our personal lives, in our work, at school, in our relationships, as well as many other aspects of our lives. Motivation is what helps us lose those extra five pounds, start up a business, or work on organizing the home office. If you're normal, you make a lot of goals and have a lot of really good intentions, but about two days later, they're already nothing more than a guilty memory as you slide right back into your old habits. It seems like motivation is one of the hardest things out there to actually get and keep. Well, today is your lucky day because it is possible to become effectively self motivated. Here are some tips and keys on how you too can become motivated and get those things done that you've always wanted to do, but were never quite motivated enough.
Experts break motivation into two different types of motivation: intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. Let's give an example of extrinsic motivation first. Extrinsic motivations are things outside of you that motivate you to do something-you go to work because you want the paycheck at the end of the month, for example. You exercise because you want your body to look a certain way. A good way to get extrinsically motivated is to set up awards or prizes for yourself. This acts as an effective way to motivate yourself to do something, if that works for you. For example, you can promise yourself that if you lose five pounds, you can go splurge on that pair of designer jeans that you really want. Or if you reach a certain goal at work, you can take a day off and go to a day spa or go golfing or something along those lines. The only way that these awards will work as extrinsic motivators, however, is if you don't cheat and go ahead and do them anyway, and if you continually work towards them instead of deciding that they don't quite matter that much.
Intrinsic motivators are motivating forces that come from within you. Examples of intrinsic motivators would be increased confidence, increased feelings of self worth, and increased self esteem as you work towards accomplishing a certain goal and achieving certain things. Some other intrinsic motivators are a desire to perform according to a certain standard, social, religious, or even academic. Another intrinsic motivator can be feelings of guilt, or feelings of pride and accomplishment. Both of these feelings can drive you to change the way that you do things and how you live.
There are three important keys to effective self motivation that stem from both extrinsic and intrinsic motivators. Here's what those keys to effective self motivation are.
1. Love what you do.
Do you like your job? Do you enjoy going to work each day? Do you like the things that you do at work? Do you enjoy the environment? Disliking your work not only has a negative effect on your motivation to do a good job, but it can also have a negative effect on your earning potential, since you are not driven to perform well in the workplace. Loving your job doesn't mean that it's never boring, but if you don't like what you're doing, both in terms of work and the way you spend your outside time, you won't be motivated at all.
2. Cut down on clutter.
You might not realize it, but all of those piles of things-papers, junk, mementos, whatever-really bogs you down. It sucks energy right out of you. It's important that you take care of things as soon as they come up, instead of piling them up and thinking that you'll do them later, and then becoming too disheartened to go through a huge pile of stuff a few days or weeks afterwards.
3. Write down your goals.
Write down goals, big and small. If you have big goals, break them down into smaller components so that you can manage each part and you aren't overwhelmed. It's important to have manageable sections of goals, but also to keep the big idea in front of you so you can remember what you're working towards.


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(KFDX) Extreme drought has the city leaders in Wichita Falls, Texas considering extreme measures.
The town council will vote next week on coating local lakes with an anti-evaporation powder.
Public Works Director Russell Schreiber says they are close to exhausting almost all their water management strategies, so trying something never tried on such a large scale may be worth the chance to make every drop count.
Lake Arrowhead could soon be covered with a biodegradable lime based powder that turns to a coating in an effort to slow the loss of water into thin air by evaporation.
"It's gonna look like lime that you chalk a baseball field with," says Schreiber.
Copyright 2016 Nexstar Broadcasting, Inc. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.


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There's Always One …
Guys like this make be believe many CEOs are just idiot savants who have the single talent of making tons of money (or, lately, not):
I'm the chief executive of a publicly traded company and, like my peers, I'm very highly paid. The difference between salaries like mine and those of average Americans creates a lot of tension, and I'd like to offer a suggestion. President Obama should celebrate our success, rather than trying to shame us or cap our pay. But he should also take half of our huge earnings in taxes, instead of the current one-third.
How about speaking for yourself?
Oh, and if you want to give half, break out the old check book and in the line that says "Pay To The Order Of", put "US Treasury". Fill in the amount that equals half your pay and sign the thing. There, all done.
I promise, it won't be returned.
If you're wondering who wrote the nonsense above, it was Reed Hastings, CEO of Netflix.
9 Responses to There's Always One …
As he adjusts his monocle: "Hey … I'm rolling in dough. Go on, take half of it … ha ha ha. It won't be missed!"
This is a dumb statement from just about every angle.
These kind of statements always come from people who spend huge sums of money to an army of CPAs to minimize their tax exposure.
Well, if this guy's a Democrat, then what he really means is "everybody making this much money should pay half in taxes – except me."
No no, you guys have it all wrong, he's in line for a top appointed government position – taxes are a non-issue for him.
Better yet, give back half your pay to the company and increase dividends to investors/shareholders appropriately. They will know how to spend it wisely.
What an absolute a$$! McQ is right. If Mr. NetFlix is feeling all that guilt just whip out that old checkbook and send all your money to the U.S. Treasury.
Well Reed how about cutting your salary and spreading it over your employees instead? Sometimes smart people say really dumb things. Warren Buffet complains about estate taxes being too low but then moves his fortune into the Gates foundation where it will escape taxation. If these folks are so concerned, then just write a check.
Try to take my money! I triple-dog dare you! You can't! My accountants are better than yours!
Nyah nyah nyah!
On the other hand, I remain mystifed why these 'Titans of Industry' are viewed with such awe and defference. Given the normal distribution of intelligence, and the fact that much of the top of the distribution is drawn off into such occupations as science (real science, not that poly sci crap), engineering, medicine, etc., the idea that these CEOs are some sort of intellectual giants is ludicrous. Business isn't rocket science, and running a large business isn't much different, except in scale, than running a small one.
Reduce your salary and pay your employees more. Government employees already earn above average salaries, and enjoy far better benefits and retirement than private sector employees. Why would you give the government money?


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Ernst Scheyer papers, 1924-1972
Scheyer, Ernst, b. 1900 d. 1985
Art historian
Active in Detroit, Mich.
Collection size: 244 items (on 2 partial microfilm reels)
Collection Summary: Correspondence; lecture notes; photographs; clippings; and biographical material.
REEL 496: Correspondence, mostly 1949-1962, including letters from Anne Morrow Lindbergh, Frank Lloyd Wright, Thomas Mann, Erika Mann, Zoltan Sepeshy, Julia Feininger, T. Lux Feininger, E.P. Richardson, Mrs. Albert Einstein, Fred Werner, major German museums, and others; lecture notes from Scheyer's art history classes; poetry translated from Dutch to English; photographs; clippings; and biographical material.
REEL 3471: Letters from family and friends of Lyonel Feininger for a biography of him by Scheyer. Correspondents include Julia Feininger, T. Lux Feininger, H. Francis Kortheuer, Maria and Alfred Churchill, Dayrell Kortheuer, and others. Also included is a letter from Scheyer to the Smithsonian Institution discussing his collection of works by the "Blue Four," and asking to exhibit and lecture on the group at the Smithsonian.
Biographical/Historical Note: Art historian; Detroit, Mich. Wrote extensively on his friend and artist, Lyonel Feininger. Was a proponent of the art of the German Expressionist and abstract art group, the Blue Four (Blaue Vier), whose members were Wassily Kandinsky, Lyonel Feininger, Paul Klee, and Alexei Jawlensky. Married to Galka Scheyer.
Material on reel 496 lent for microfilming 1973 by Ernst Scheyer. Material on reel 3471 except letter to the Smithsonian, donated by Scheyer, 1965. Letter to Smithsonian on reel 3471 transferred to AAA from NMAA, 1981.
How to Use this Collection
- Microfilm reels 496 and 3471 available at Archives of American Art offices and through interlibrary loan.
- Use of original papers requires an appointment and is limited to the Archives' Washington, D.C., Research Center. Microfilmed materials must be consulted on microfilm. Contact Reference Services for more information.
- For more information on using the Archives' resources, see the FAQ or Ask Us.


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Papa Murphy's franchisees sue as company preps IPO (Forbes) A group of more than 20 franchisees who collectively own more than 60 Papa Murphy's Take 'N' Bake Pizza restaurants is suing Papa Murphy's International LLC. The franchisees take issue with the company's alleged lack of disclosure and excessive marketing fees. The franchisees are seeking more than $20 million in damages. —Marcella Veneziale Houlihan's, Miami Subs introduce new prototypes ...
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2014 Ultralight / Light Plane Safety Seminar
Saturday, March 8, 2014
Illinois Department of Transportation, Division of Aeronautics, and the Federal Aviation Administration, Springfield FSDO, are presenting the 33rd Annual IUAC Ultralight/Lightplane Safety Seminar on Saturday, March 9, 2013, in Springfield, IL. Attendance is FREE. Pre-registration is not required.
The Illinois Ultralight Light Plane Safety Seminar is back at the Illinois Building on the Illinois State Fairgrounds. The safety seminar will cover a broad range of subjects. There will be ultralight, engine manufacturer, and accessory displays representing UL/sport/recreational type aircraft. Anyone representing any item of equipment used in this segment of aviation and interested in displaying such item should call contact Carol Para at firstname.lastname@example.com.
To get to the safety seminar:
Take I-55 to Springfield
An address to plug into your street GPS is:
2520 Main St
Registration for the event will be from 8:00 am to 9:00 am, with the seminar sessions beginning promptly at 9 am. Arrive early for viewing the exhibits, since the featured seminar sessions will consume a major portion of the day. The program will conclude around 4:00 pm.
U.S. Department of Transportation


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I like Apple's Address Book because of the seamless integration with most of apps. Also being able to sync my contacts into my phone using iSync is saving me valuable time.
The lack of support for some (newer) phones is a small limit though.
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Dell Alienware M11x available for pre-order
Dell and Alienware combined to give the world the first real gaming netbook – the M11x which picked up honors at this years CES. It's been generating a lot of interest amongst gamers as a viable travelling option. And for its size, you'd have to say it packs quite a bit of punch.
Although, it won't be available until the 1st of March, you can pre-order this baby from Dell's website at the starting price of $799. The M11x seems to have all its bases covered. It's got a rugged and uber-cool black exterior with the usual Alien head on the cover. The base specifications include an 11.6″ screen, Windows 7 Home, Intel Pentium SU4100 1.3GHz processor, 2GB of DDR3 RAM, a 160GB hard drive, and the new nVidia GeForce GT 335M graphics card with 1GB of graphics memory. Dell claims that the M11x will deliver "the graphics power of a 15-inch laptop in an 11-inch form factor."
Upgrades include the more powerful Intel SU7300 processor, upto 8GB RAM and Hard Disks with various capacities. The colors the M11x comes in are black and silver. You can also chose from color options for the system's LED lighting.
Filed under: Dell Netbook Review, Netbook


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Any reasonable person listening to Judge Roberts yesterday could only conclude that a judge who, if anything, disappointed despairing conservatives because of the caution with which he approaches the revisiting of past court decisions, would not be cavalier with the Constitution itself, as Mr. Oliphant thinks. Judge Roberts appeared to be so conservative an umpire, in fact, that his most animated criticism of the Dred Scott decision, which protected slavery, was that the high court went beyond the facts of the case. It is hard to imagine an umpire such as that moving the strike zone.
The problem with being so non-activist -- so appropriately unimaginative, as Roberts is -- is that nobody can claim him as a political pawn. He has few truly impassioned defenders, as a result -- few except those who hope he will prove every bit as originalist as he sounds.


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Vibraphonist and acclaimed North Central College jazz faculty member Brad Stirtz performs Jan. 20 in the College's intimate Madden Theatre.
"An Evening with Jazz Vibraphonist Brad Stirtz" begins at 8 p.m. Friday, Jan. 20, in the College's Madden Theatre at the Fine Arts Center, 171 E. Chicago Ave., Naperville. Tickets are $15/adults and $12/students and senior citizens; call the North Central College Box Office at 630-637-SHOW (7469) or visit northcentralcollege.edu/showtix.
Stirtz will be joined onstage by other members of North Central College's jazz faculty, which includes saxophonist Mitch Paliga, pianist Frank Caruso, bassist Jim Cox and percussionist Jack Mouse.
A native of Minden, Neb., Stirtz studied at the American Conservatory of Music in Chicago, where he earned a master of music degree in percussion performance.
Stirtz has taken his career around the world with concerts in Uganda, Trinidad and across the United States. He has performed and recorded with such jazz luminaries as Ed Thigpen, Patricia Barber, Jerry Goodman, Dan Haerle and Fareed Haque, along with vocalist and fellow North Central jazz faculty member Janice Borla.
As a jazz/percussion educator, Stirtz has served on the faculties of the American Conservatory, Roosevelt University, Benedictine University, Northern Illinois University and North Central College. For more than 20 years he has been a member of the summer faculty at Birch Creek Music Academy in Door County, Wis., where he teaches jazz improvisation and playing techniques for international percussion instruments.
USG Corporation and Navistar, Inc. are underwriting sponsors of North Central College's 2011-2012 Sesquicentennial Fine & Performing Arts Season. This program is partially supported by a grant from the Illinois Arts Council, a state agency. This performance is one of many ongoing programs at North Central College to enrich and broaden the cultural and academic outlook for the College and community. North Central offers a variety of venues accommodating a rich range of local and world-class events, performances and space needs for the public. For a comprehensive schedule of musical performances, theatrical and dance productions, art exhibits and lectures, visit northcentralcollege.edu/show or call the box office at 630-637-SHOW (7469).


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In the Broadway musical Fame, Carmen sings about wanting to live forever. Of course, this is not possible today, but many positive thinkers believe that in the near future, biotech breakthroughs, along with nanomedicine advances, could provide an indefinite lifespan; eliminating most causes of death.
Centenarians, people who have reached 100 years of age boast nearly 500,000 members worldwide; but supercentenarians, those 110 years and older, total just 65 as of this writing. Current title of the world's oldest person goes to Italian Dina Manfredini at 115. See Oldest Validated Supercentenarians.
Only seven people have made it past 115, including Jeanne Calment, the French woman who died in 1997 at age 122, the oldest human age ever recorded according to the Guinness Book of World Records.
Why aren't the oldest living people getting older? The Millennium Project's 2012 State of the Future Report shows that most populations are living longer. Life expectancies in countries not ravaged by AIDS have been rising gradually for decades. Americans can expect to live 80 years today; 5 years longer than the average in 1990, plus many of today's 'boomers and seniors who enjoy good health are likely to achieve centenarian status. However today, reaching supercentenarian status and beyond is challenging.
Experts call this "rectangularization of the mortality curve." In 1990 Japan had 3,000 people 100 years or older, with the oldest being 114 years. By 2010, 44,000 hit the 100 mark; but the oldest was still 114.
For reasons that aren't entirely clear, scientists say, the odds of dying in any given year between the ages of 110 and 113 appear to be about one in two; but by age 114, the chances jump to two in three.
University of Texas Health Science Center professor Steve Austad sees the spike in mortality at age 114 as a statistical artifact. Today's oldest humans, Austad reminds us, grew up without many of the benefits of 20th century advances in nutrition and medicine. He believes that supercentenarians owe their longevity, more to freakish genes than perfect health; the 122-year-old Calment smoked for 96 years.
Most anti-aging scientists believe that to break the maximum human age barrier will require new medical procedures that can slow or reverse; and eventually, stop the aging process completely.
Many now believe that stem cells represent the best remedy to eliminate aging. As we age, the stem cell reserves we are born with decline. Cells lose their ability to regenerate and repair tissue, causing our organs, muscles, skin, and immune structure to deteriorate. This progression opens the door for numerous diseases that attack our bodies and eventually bring about death.
Researchers have found that by replacing aging cells with new stem cells, many age-related diseases can be stopped in their tracks; and as a bonus, patients receiving stem cell treatments experience an increase in energy, vigor and strength. The body and mind actually become biologically younger.
Though more research is needed to realize all the hopes and dreams of this 'stem cell magic', progress is advancing exponentially; especially in areas of creating dissolvable housing systems (templates) that direct stem cells to grow into specific parts, such as hearts, livers, muscles, bones, eyes, skin, and teeth.
In addition, by 2020, experts predict that most of the world will shift towards preventative healthcare. Sensors will soon appear in clothing and inside bodies, detecting everything from cancer to an impending stroke or heart attack. This proactive approach will allow doctors to stop most diseases before they start.
Today, according to the National Institutes of Aging, 17 million Americans are between the ages of 75 and 85. That figure is expected to double by 2050. While centenarians may be a rarity today, Americans living beyond the age of 100 is expected to grow to 2.5 million by mid-century.
Anti-aging guru Aubrey de Grey believes the first person to achieve a 1,000 year lifespan has already been born. Can medical science stamp out aging and sickness in such a brief time? Although there are challenges to this optimism, positive futurists believe that with exponential advances in biotech research expected in the coming decades, an indefinite lifespan could be in store for all of us. Comments welcome.
Stem cells and bio-printing, together with nanotechnology and synthetic biology are promising avenues to explore. However, it is unlikely that a basic evolutionary process such as aging is going to be entirely and permanently controlled by these approaches alone. It is like trying to find treatments which permanently stop babies growing up.
Aging is an extension of a normal developmental mechanism which has an evolutionary aim: the survival of the species. In order to outline ways that are likely to be effective we need to use other approaches, based on entropy and thermodynamics, mathematics and even philosophy.
I can see how "entropy and thermodynamics, mathematics and even philosophy" can help end the aging process, however, once the human genome is 100 percent simulated on a computer, once cells are simulated in real time with all parts working, one can imagine that you will then be able to simulate an organ, up to the entire body. Immense computing power will need to exist indeed, to simulate every atom, every compound, and proten, etc. Once that is accomplished we will be able to manipulate the body in such a way, on the computer, to design designer drugs, gene therapy, and full organ replacement to cater to the individual and masses.
I envision an incredible future unfolding in the coming decades. Today's healthcare advances are only the beginning.
Futurists Ray Kurzweil and Institute for Molecular Manufacturing's Robert Freitas believe that tiny medical nano-devices expected by late 2020s will provide radical upgrades to our bodies. "We won't reengineer our bodies all at once", Kurzweil says, "It will be an incremental process accomplished one benign step at a time over decades".
Today we prevent many diseases through nutrition and supplements, and we look forward to biotech and nanotech breakthroughs expected in the 2020s that will replace defective and aging organs with stem cell therapies, genetic engineering, and advanced nanomaterials.
Kurzweil also predicts that in the coming decades, progress in cognitive sciences will enable non-biological intelligence to merge with our biological brains.
As we learn more about our body, experts say we can engineer new systems with dramatic improvements. Freitas believes that by the 2030s, we could create artificial respirocytes that would allow us to hold our breath for 4 hours and sprint for 15 minutes without taking a breath.
Even more radical, with respirocytes providing extended access to oxygen, nanobots could remove carbon dioxide from our cells, which would eliminate the need for lungs. Without lungs, we would no longer require breathable air! This will give us incredible abilities. We could live in space and on other planets with little technology help.
In his book, Fantastic Voyage, Kurzweil describes how we could reengineer our digestive system, enabling nanobots to deliver nutrients directly into our cells, eliminating the need for food. To implement this technology, we would wear a 'nutrient belt' loaded with millions of nutrient-bearing 'bots, which would enter and leave the body through our skin.
However, many may want to hang on to their food-eating pleasures, so scientists propose a special digestive tract to receive real food, but bar those nutrients from entering the blood stream. 'Bots would convert this food into molecules and route it into the 'nutrient belt'. This would allow us to eat anything we want – no harm, no foul.
The next organ on our hit list is the heart, a remarkable machine, but one that is too often subject to failure. Freitas has designed a revolutionary nano-robotic blood cell system that he believes could eliminate the need for a heart.
This configuration would also eliminate need for kidneys, bladder, liver, lower esophagus, stomach, intestines, bowel, and skeleton. We will need to keep our skin, sex organs, mouth and upper esophagus for touching, talking and eating, but scientists believe we could also replace these parts with an exotic 'nano-skin', which offers greater protection from physical force and extreme temperatures, and may even provide more enjoyable sex and touch.
The most amazing application of this future includes replacing the brain. Scientists hope to reverse-engineer the brain by mid 2020s or so, and with efforts to capture thought at moment of creation underway at Howard Hughes Medical Institute, forward-thinkers believe we can one day replace neurons with materials that process information at supercomputer speeds.
Will this 'magical future' happen? Forward-thinkers see these radical advances as our next evolutionary step, which could become reality by 2050. Comments welcome.
Some research I have been doing recently suggests that the biggest contributor to poor health at this present time is not our living habits. Whether we exercise, smoke or eat healthy or unhealthy has an aggregate effect of about 20% on the likelihood of being healthy or not. The largest indicator of health is one's level of wealth. Poverty has a 40 - 50% effect on whether one can expect to be healthy and long lived.
While clothes that monitor our day to day health might be cool, I don't think they will have a huge effect on global health since the people who would need them won't be able to afford them. What we need is a multifaceted plan to address health concerns, but also to address poverty that is the single greatest preventable cause of death that faces us at this time.
Next entry: Beyond Machines: The Year 3000
Previous entry: The Singularity and the Future-Human under Capitalism
Executive Director, Dr. James J. Hughes,
35 Harbor Point Blvd, #404, Boston, MA 02125-3242 USA
Email: director @ ieet.org


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I am making JApplet which has JPanel on it. I have JComboBox on JApplet (outside JPanel) and I should use it to select number of circles that will be drawn on JPanel. For example, if I choose 2, the JPanel should get 2 circles.
How can I access the paintComponent method inside JPanel and to "connect" it with JCombobox?
I have written the comboItemStateChanged method, but I don't know what to put in it. Here is how it looks:
Any ideas...?Code:
private void comboItemStateChanged(java.awt.event.ItemEvent evt) {
int selection;
selection = combo.getSelectedIndex();
if (selection == 0) {
else if (selection == 1) {
else if (selection == 2) {
else if (selection == 3) {
else if (selection == 4) {


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How do I make my Windows 7 desktop look and feel like a Linux desktop?
Jack Wallen shows you how to use free third-party tools to modify the standard Windows 7 desktop into a desktop that resembles Linux.
This download is also available as an entry in the TechRepublic Microsoft Windows Blog.
Provided by: Jack Wallen Topic: Hardware Date Added: Sep 2010 Format: PDF


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Fine tip stainless steel tweezer that is excellent for plating and handling delicate ingredients. Powder-Coat finish.
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