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Pilot Light is a burgeoning nonprofit organization that was developed to inform and enhance the relationship that children have with the foods they eat. Building from the belief that education reform is the civil rights movement of our generation, Pilot Light was conceived to address the gross inequities that have arisen in relation to knowledge about and access to healthy food and other nutritional resources. The organization was founded by four visionary Chicago-based chefs: Paul Kahan, Matthias Merges, Jason Hammel, and Ryan Poli. Chef Kahan is the Executive Chef / Partner of Blackbird, Big Star, Avec, The Publican, Publican Quality Meats, Nico, and is the 2013 James Beard Foundation Outstanding Chef. Chef Merges is the Chef / proprietor of Yusho Restaurant, Billy Sunday, A10, and Folkart Restaurant Management, and the Former Director of Operations and Executive Chef of Charlie Trotter's Restaurant. Chef Hammel is the Chef / Owner of Lula Café and Nightwood. Chef Poli is the former Executive Chef/Partner of Tavernita Restaurant.
Pilot Light's mission is to: empower children to make healthy choices for themselves and their communities by developing skills, knowledge, and attitudes through the integration of culinary education within school standards, curricula and culture, and to develop and influence policy that will impact children's long-term relationship with food. Pilot Light's vision is to: provide standards, curriculum and professional development focusing on food and its integral role in students' lives, and to inform policy and decision-making to foster informed nutritional choices, reduce childhood obesity, and improve the well being of our country's youth. Pilot Light intends to leverage its strategic connection to the culinary community to support kids in developing a healthy relationship with food and a broader understanding of the world.
In order to meet and support the organization's mission and vision, the following Pilot Light goals will serve as initial areas of focus and achievement:
- The meaningful incorporation of standards and curriculum focused on a healthy relationship with food as a core subject in CPS K-12 schools.
- The reduction of childhood obesity through the promotion of informed nutritional choices at school, at home and within the greater community.
Pilot Light is now looking for an Executive Director to drive the initiative and ensure its successful growth and sustainability within the Chicago community and beyond.
Reporting to the Board of Directors, the Executive Director (ED) will have overall strategic and operational responsibility for Pilot Light (PL) programs, expansion, and execution of its mission. In the start-up phase of Pilot Light, the Executive Director (ED) will be responsible for research, due diligence, and the development of a strategic plan to refine and implement programmatic scale-up and growth. The ED will establish partnerships with key stakeholders and manage a team of talented, passionate individuals as PL grows; he/she will be accountable to the Board of Directors for developing a program that reflects Pilot Light's mission and vision, and implement this program in a replicable and sustainable fashion across Chicago Public Schools (CPS); he/she will plan and lead a fundraising effort to support the launch of Pilot Light and raise funds to sustain annual budget requirements. The ED will work with the Board of Directors to establish a culture of rigor, trust, and continuous improvement at all levels of the organization.
Start-up & Strategic Planning:
- Conduct due diligence to identify and analyze competitive/complementary landscape to inform decisions for scaling
- Develop and implement 3-year strategic plan, focusing on growth and development of the organization:
- Refine PL Standards, developing grade-level performance indicators
- Develop PL curriculum for implementation during growth phase and at scale-up
- Create and execute professional development plan to support schools and chefs
- Develop chef engagement plan that aligns with curriculum implementation during growth and scale-up
- Provide deliverables outlined in the plan according to established deadlines
- Evaluate progress toward goals as outlined in the plan; create metrics to support longitudinal program evaluation
- Work with CPS to further hone and modify scalable plan for Pilot Light program in schools using best practices, challenges, and theory of change for PL. Plan should reflect growth toward serving all CPS students
- Determine strategic alignment/partnership with national and local programs that support mission-driven ideal to provide students a greater understanding of food and to eliminate childhood obesity
- Develop a working knowledge of significant developments and trends in the fields of culinary arts as well as education, specifically as they relate to health and wellness
- Work with IBM analysts to create data repository to collect information from multiple schools as initiative begins to serve citywide students at scale
Leadership & Management:
- Ensure ongoing local programmatic excellence, rigorous program evaluation, and consistent quality of finance and administration, fundraising, communications, and systems; recommend timelines and resources needed to achieve PL's strategic goals
- Actively engage and energize PL volunteers, board members, event committees, partnering organizations, and funders
- Support a strong board of directors; serve as ex-officio of each committee, seek and build board involvement with strategic direction for ongoing local operations and possible national rollout
- Recruit, lead, develop, and retain high quality leadership team; create and implement evaluation processes, conducting regular performance reviews and providing timely feedback to staff and reports to board
- Ensure effective systems to track scaling progress, and regularly evaluate program components, so as to measure successes that can be effectively communicated to the board, funders, and other constituents
- Develop key partnerships with stakeholders to ensure programmatic sustainability and focus on students' nutrition and access to healthy alternatives
Operations & Budget:
- Develop program budget and appropriate revenue sources through diverse funding streams (local, State, Federal stakeholders; foundation and philanthropic support)
- Ensure operational integrity of PL including adequate compliance with all applicable laws, regulatory reporting, contractual obligations and donor restrictions
Fundraising & Communications:
- Expand local revenue generating and fundraising activities to support existing program operations and regional expansion
- Act as an external local and national presence that publishes and communicates program results with an emphasis on the successes of the local program as a model for regional and national replication
- Use external presence and relationships to garner new opportunities; establish strong partnerships with public and private organizations as well as individuals to meet fundraising targets
- Deepen and refine all aspects of communicationsfrom web presence to external relations with the goal of creating a stronger brand
- Create targeted communications plan to attract and retain core stakeholders and advocates
- Develop collateral materials for presentation to stakeholders, using data to inform subjective targeting (policy makers, schools, parents, news outlets, funders, etc)
The ED will be thoroughly committed to Pilot Light's mission. All candidates should have proven leadership, coaching and relationship management experience. Concrete demonstrable experience and other qualifications include:
- Advanced degree, ideally an MBA or MPA, with at least 5 years of senior management experience; track record of effectively leading and regionally and/or nationally scaling a performance- and outcomes-based organization and staff; ability to point to specific examples of having developed and operationalized strategies that have taken an organization to the next stage of growth
- Unwavering commitment to quality programs and data-driven program evaluation
- Excellence in organizational management with the ability to coach staff, manage, and develop high-performance teams, set and achieve strategic objectives, and manage a budget
- Past success working with a board of directors with the ability to cultivate existing board member relationships
- Strong marketing, public relations, and fundraising experience with the ability to engage a wide range of stakeholders and cultures
- Strong written and verbal communication skills; a persuasive and passionate communicator with excellent interpersonal and multidisciplinary project skills
- Action-oriented, entrepreneurial, adaptable, and innovative approach to strategic planning
- Ability to work effectively in collaboration with diverse groups of people
- Passion, idealism, integrity, positive attitude, mission-driven, and self-directed
The ideal candidate will also have:
- Experience or working knowledge of culinary arts, the food industry and/or food education
- Experience or working knowledge of education and curriculum development
- Exposure to or formal background in childhood obesity issues
- Ability to navigate and partner with large government organizations; experience or working knowledge of school systems, preferably CPS
- An understanding of the academic and health needs of Chicago communities; experience working on behalf of underserved individuals
Salary range commensurate with experience.
Application Instructions
The review of candidates will begin immediately. Applications should be submitted electronically prior to March 2014 and should include a cover letter and resume. Applications or inquiries about the position and/or the search process should be directed to the following address:
Subject: Pilot Light ED


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The season is getting closer as training camp approaches. While the NFL season comes to an end every February, the NFL rumor season never sleeps.
Let's take a look at some hot topics that still need answers before training camp.
The season is getting closer as training camp approaches. While the NFL season comes to an end every February, the NFL rumor season never sleeps.
Let's take a look at some hot topics that still need answers before training camp.
Terrell Owens is still looking for a job. Owens still has plenty of talent and can give a team a viable option at receiver. He can't afford to be the bad boy anymore so any team that signs him will have a model citizen.
Will Albert Haynesworth be a happy camper in Washington? He'll be playing in the 3-4 defense which he doesn't like. Will this affect his game or attitude during the season?
Will he even be in Washington? Odds are he'll probably stay.
Tim Tebow is possibly the most famous No. 25 pick in the history of the NFL. How will coaching genius Josh McDaniels use him? If Tebow makes the pro bowl early in his career, will McDaniels trade him because he is too skilled to play for Denver?
Only time will tell.
Things haven't been going well for the former first overall pick. Getting cut by the Raiders could have been a blessing in disguise for both sides. Getting arrested for "allegedly" sipping on some Purple Drank is not good for the young QB.
Will Russell find a team in the NFL? Will he find a team anywhere?
Is Roy Williams dreaming? Miles Austin looks like he'll be the number one guy in Dallas. The Cowboys drafted Dez Bryant with their first round pick and Tony Romo is best friends with Jason Witten. Where does Williams fit in?
If you are 40 years old and still have the ability to play starting quarterback in the NFL, you can take your time to decide when you will return. Some people call this gray-haired bandit a diva, but they should call him the luckiest 40 year old in the world.
Not many old guys have an NFL playoff team hoping he'll start at QB for them.
Joe Flacco is the man in Baltimore, and the Ravens just added Marc Bulger as the backup. Is Flacco not happy about this? You decide after reading this quote from the Baltimore Sun.
"I don't want to have any bad words about Marc," Flacco said. "I'm sure Marc is a great guy. But I had a great relationship with Troy and John. Depending on what happens, one of them might not be around and two of them might not be around. We'll see what happens."
In other words, what the hell is he doing here?
Is Sam Bradford really going to make more money than Super Bowl Champions Peyton Manning, Drew Brees, and Tom Brady? Something is not right here. How do you miss most of your last year in college, enter the NFL Draft and start making more money than a proven veteran? Gotta love the NFL.
Reggie Wayne has hinted that he may hold out until his contract gets addressed. Wayne has been a part of the Colts offense for nine years. How serious is he and will this affect the Colts offense very much?
If there is one guy who doesn't want to have his name in the headlines, it's Mike Vick. His name recently was tied to a shooting recently and things aren't looking good for Vick. Where will this investigation lead to? Will this affect his future with the Eagles?
The Chargers are currently in contract disputes with stars Vincent Jackson and Marcus McNeill. Both players seem like they are willing to stage long holdouts. Will this affect the Chargers dominance of the AFC West?
I don't imagine their absence will help, but Phillip Rivers is a star and he'll keep the Chargers above water.
Rumors are going around that Bob Sanders may not be able to play football again. Now these rumors have been disputed, but do the Colts need to worry about their injury prone superstar?
When healthy Sanders is a top safety in the NFL, but when is he really healthy?
JaMarcus Russell is the latest to get in trouble with Codeine, but with investigations in San Diego, New Orleans along with other individual players around the league, you have to wonder if this is a bigger problem than most people think?
The Patriots are not shy to let go of veteran players that have helped them win titles. Logan Mankins could be on his way out of New England, but if his teammates had a say he would remain with the team.
If the Patriots traded Seymour last year before the season, you'd have to wonder if they'd do the same with Mankins.
One of the greatest playmakers the NFL has ever seen could be on his way down. The status of his injuries should be a concern for Ravens fans. Will they see the playmaker they are used to seeing in 2010? Will the Ravens defense have enough gas in the tank to help out their stronger than ever offense?
What is this year's biggest story headed into training camp? Speak your voice and be heard.
For more NFL News and Updates follow me on Twitter: https://twitter.com/SplogNation
Also catch me on GameTyme Radio this Sunday as we'll discuss the Eagles, Broncos, Raiders, and Ravens. I got the Broncos.

subset: commoncrawl


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Mustangs with aftermarket parts that alter the front suspension geometry sometimes need more camber adjustment than can be done with typical caster camber plates. This is especially true on older (79-93) Mustangs with a combination later model spindles, X2 balljoints, and/or Cobra R brake kits. Sometimes there just isn't enough room in the strut tower for a camber plate to make all the adjustment you need. These Camber Bolts increase camber-range up to 1 degree by allowing you to ajust the angle that the front spindle attaches to the strut. Sold in pairs. 1 pair adjusts both from struts.
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We love to keep our Alumni involved with the school because at Irene's, we are one big family. We meet up for fun, for learning, and for growing. So keep our alumni alive and growing. Come join us when you can :)
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text: A low noise, low-power, low-distortion instrumentation amplifier (in amp) from Analog Devices is designed to measure extremely small signals in noisy industrial operating environments. The high-bandwidth AD8429 is claimed to be one of the fastest in amps available, with a current feedback architecture that offers 15MHz bandwidth and a 22V/μs slew rate. This is 30% higher than competing in amps, claims the company. With a low distortion of -130dB, the amp can be used in industrial vibration analysis, healthcare instrumentation and precision data acquisition equipment, all of which demand reduced size, power and distortion levels. With 1nV/√Hz input noise and 45nV/√Hz output noise, the amp operates across the extended industrial temperature range of -40 to 125˚C.


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BROOKLYN - An 18-year-old who was arrested for holding up an East Flatbush store on Monday is now facing even more charges.
As News 12 reported Wednesday, Desean Walcott was taken into custody for allegedly robbing the Yung Market on Nostrand Avenue at gunpoint, but investigators have now connected him to two more armed robberies.
They say he was caught on surveillance video flashing two guns inside the Sip & Chat Restaurant on Jan. 16, and is believed to have pulled the same stunt at Carrasco's Grocery Store a day later, getting away with $600.
READ MORE: Brooklyn Crime Stories
Walcott is facing seven counts of robbery.


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The Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) updated energy-efficiency requirements for Federal procurement of commercial boilers, water-cooled ice machines, and industrial (high/low bay) luminaires, and established new efficiency requirements for suspended luminaires.
Personnel involved in procurement for any of these four product categories should follow the links above to review the updated and new efficiency requirements on the FEMP website, and then include the efficiency requirements in the technical specifications for any procurement actions. Federal agencies are required by law to procure only products that meet or exceed the FEMP-designated level of efficiency.
Vendors supplying products within these four product categories should follow the links above to review the updated and new efficiency requirements on the FEMP website, and then update the FEMP-designated status of the products they supply in GSA Advantage, DOD EMALL, and other Federal e-commerce sites. Only products that meet the efficiency requirements should be labeled as FEMP-designated.
FEMP updates efficiency requirements for product categories periodically – approximately every two years – to fulfill its mandate of identifying the efficiency level of the top 25% of products in a given product category. FEMP is also mandated to identify new product categories for which establishing efficiency requirements would result in significant energy savings to the Federal Government. Visit FEMP's Energy-Efficient Product Procurement Web section to learn more.


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Weekdays 6:30 a.m. to 7 p.m.
Weekends 9 a.m. to 7 p.m.
222 State Avenue NE
Olympia, WA 98501
(Note: This is not the location of Intercity Transit Administrative Offices)
Outside Thurston County 1-800-287-6348
Fax 360-943-8760
E-mails received on weekdays are answered during normal weekday business hours (see hours of operation above). E-mails received on weekends and holidays will be answered on the next weekday during hours of operation. For immediate assistance, call Customer Service during their normal business hours.
Customer Service can provide you a customized trip plan. Just e-mail us at firstname.lastname@example.com.
To help you plan your trip, we will need to know:
Then we can tell you:
On weekdays, please allow 24-hour response time. E-mails received on weekends and holidays will be answered the following weekday.
Lost and found items are kept at Customer Service in the Olympia Transit Center. If you have lost an item, please call us at 360-786-1881, or e-mail firstname.lastname@example.com. When you contact us, please:
If you have found someone else's belongings on a bus, please turn them in to the driver.
If you wish to make a comment or suggestion about Intercity Transit, please:
We welcome your input and appreciate your ideas on how we can improve our service.


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Research posts
Helping Fossils Find Their Place in the Tree of Life
by AMNH on
A single tooth, part of a jaw, a piece of a skull: sometimes, that is all scientists have to tell the story of animals that went extinct millions of years ago. But new methods developed by scientists at the American Museum of Natural History and Stony Brook University are making it easier to accurately place these animals in the tree of life with partial fossils and DNA data.
Sea Anemone Tree of Life Reveals Giant Species as Impostor
by AMNH on
A deep-water creature once thought to be one of the world's largest sea anemones, with tentacles reaching more than 6.5 feet long, actually belongs to a new order of animals.
Astronomers "Check the Prescription" of a Cosmic Lens
by AMNH on
Distant exploding stars observed by NASA's Hubble Space Telescope are providing astronomers with a powerful tool to check the "prescription" of supernovae that act as natural "cosmic lenses." Astronomers use these lenses to capture a magnified view of the remote universe.
Ancient Shark Fossil Reveals New Insights into Jaw Evolution
by AMNH on
New study, led by scientists at the American Museum of Natural History, shows that living sharks are actually quite advanced in evolutionary terms, despite having retained their basic "sharkiness" over millions of years.


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After spending over 20 years as an IT Director, I made a 180 degree turn in 2003 when both my parents needed care. I chose real estate as a full time career because it offered the flexibility I needed in my personal life. I was very accustomed to corporate contract negotiation as well as contract legal ease so the most complex aspects of real estate were really fairly easy adjustments. With my tech background, I was able to ride the real estate tech wave with ease and used my voiceover background to provide a bit of an added flair to my on line listings. Never being afraid to be in front of an audience, I soon found myself teaching pre-licensing courses to new REALTORS® as well as Continuing Education courses to seasoned professionals. The teaching aspect is incredibly important to me as it allows me to stay on top of the changing world of real estate and lending laws.
CT RE License 0756151
John Proto, Feel Right At HOME
Real Estate Agent / New Haven, CT
Coldwell Banker Residential Brokerage - Coldwell Banker Real Estate LLC
Office (203)654-9189
- Email: John Proto
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Wisconsin football head coach Bret Bielema said Maryland's entry into the Big Ten conference opens opportunities for more recruiting on the East Coast.
Maryland officials announced the move from the Atlantic Coast Conference Monday afternoon. It is the 13th member of the Big Ten.
Bielema said Wisconsin was already scheduled to play Maryland in coming years because it was an attractive opportunity for recruiting.
"It allows kids to go back home and play," he said. "Right now our only true home game is Penn State, so it will give us two more opportunities to sell."
Rutgers is expected follow suit by Tuesday, departing the Big East and making it an even 14 in the Big Ten. The move for both schools is not expected to take effect until 2014.


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Back again for my 5th Christmas season to buy my gifts. You guys have the best prices and service anywhere!
Wow! I ordered on Thursday and my package arrived on Saturday with the post office carrier at my door. Talk about fast shipping - I'll be back to order again!
I love the live badge preview option on your web site. I set up my badge and knew exactly what it was going to look like before it arrived. Better yet was your price which was $20 less than the competition! You've got a customer for life now!
OMG!......my job fleece just arrived with the custom embroidery logo and it looks awesome. I was not expecting it in 4 days since you had to do a logo - GREAT SERVICE.
I wanted to thank you for the free exchanges. I sent my Ladies EMT pants back on a Friday and the exchange showed up promptly (and free of charge). Thanks and I will be back to purchase more from you guys!
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We reserve the right to make brand name substitutions. Product photos are representations only, actual products may vary slightly from photos. Prices are subject to change without notice.
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Definition of dog
1 a : canid; especially : a highly variable domestic mammal (Canis familiaris) closely related to the gray wolf b : a male dog; also : a male usually carnivorous mammal
2 a : a worthless or contemptible person b : fellow, chap <a lazy dog> <you lucky dog>
3 a : any of various usually simple mechanical devices for holding, gripping, or fastening that consist of a spike, bar, or hook b : andiron
4 : uncharacteristic or affected stylishness or dignity <put on the dog>
5 capitalized : either of the constellations Canis Major or Canis Minor
6 plural : feet
7 plural : ruin <going to the dogs>
8 : one inferior of its kind <the movie was a dog>: as a : an investment not worth its price b : an undesirable piece of merchandise
doglikeplay \ˈdȯg-ˌlīk\ adjective
Examples of dog in a sentence
That dog barks all day long.
children playing with the family dog
wild dogs such as the Australian dingo
They say she's a real dog.
Her latest book turned out to be a real dog.
That was a dog of a movie.
Origin and Etymology of dog
Middle English, from Old English docga
First Known Use: before 12th century
14th Century
First Known Use of dog
14th century
Definition of dog
doggedplay \ˈdȯgd, ˈdägd\
transitive verb
1 a : to hunt, track, or follow like a hound <dogged her every move> b : to worry as if by pursuit with dogs : plague <dogged by his past failures> c : to bother or pester persistently <dogged him about his grades>
2 : to fasten with a dog
dog it
: to fail to do one's best : goldbrick
Examples of dog in a sentence
He dogged her every move.
Creditors dogged him until he finally paid his bills.
First Known Use of dog
First Known Use of dog
DOG Defined for Kids
Medical Dictionary
Medical Definition of dog
: a highly variable carnivorous domesticated mammal of the genus Canis (C. familiaris) closely related to the common wolf (Canis lupus); broadly : any member of the family Canidae
Learn More about dog
Thesaurus: All synonyms and antonyms for dog Spanish Central: Translation of dog Nglish: Translation of dog for Spanish speakers Britannica English: Translation of dog for Arabic speakers Britannica.com: Encyclopedia article about dog
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up dog? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).


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Many young students learn through their parents and grandparents what freedom is and what it means, not only to them but for every American. Some local students got the opportunity to express this in their own words.
February 1-7 was recognized as National Burn Awareness Week, and Safe Kids Kansas and the Office of the State Fire Marshal focused that week on reminding parents and caregivers that fire is just one cause of burn injuries to children. Scalding hot water, hot foods and beverages, heating appliances, hot pots and pans, fireworks, electrical currents and chemicals can all be the cause of serious burns to children.
NARFE will meet at 11:30 a.m. on Thursday at Stoneridge Club. Speaker will be Diann Henderson on the new playground equipment.
The future of Barton County is important to all of us. Looking ahead and planning takes a lot of cooperation between all the county entities, cities, townships, fire and EMS districts, department heads, County Administrator and County Commissioners. We don't always see eye to eye, but we always have the best interest of the citizens of Barton County at heart.
The new Dining and Events Center at Barton Community College's Camp Aldrich should be finished by the end of this month, Dean of Administration Mark Dean told college trustees Tuesday afternoon.
Great Bend Recreation Commission's Executive Director Diann Henderson received the prestigious Distinguished Fellow Award given by the Kansas Recreation and Park Association at the KRPA Awards of Excellence Luncheon at its annual State Conference held in Dodge City.
Bartlett Grain in Great Bend will increase storage capacity by two million bushels on a project expected to be completed by the 2016 wheat harvest.
Tuesday morning's sunrise creates a colorful picture.
According to the Barton County Sheriff's Office. In recent weeks, in an effort to ensure compliance and foster public safety, the Barton County Sheriff's Office has been doing a canvas of all registered sex offenders and violent crime offenders in Barton County.
The Great Bend Recreation Commission will be hosting a free Stop 'N Learn Session titled, "Concealed and Carry Firearm Regulations" on Wednesday, Feb. 10, from 12 – 1 p.m. at the Great Bend Activity Center located at 2715 18th St.
The Kansas Wetlands Education Center announces the winners of the 2016 World Wetlands Day Coloring Contest. Nearly 400 second graders completed a coloring sheet featuring a Black Bullhead Catfish, one of several catfish species commonly found in Kansas.
The Rush County Memorial Hospital Foundation will hold a fundraiser from 7 to 10 p.m. on Saturday at the Country Club in LaCrosse. Wine tasting, Sweet Bar and dinner will be served. Reservations are required. Tickets are $50 per person and can be bought at any LaCrosse bank.
This week's Chamber of Commerce Coffee will be hosted by Post Rock Radio at the Chamber Board Room, 1125 Williams, at 9:30 a.m., Thursday. Host will be Steve Swigart with greeters Gaila Nielsen and Amanda Baxter. Coffee, refreshments and door prizes will be available.
Next year's calendar for Great Bend USD 428 schools will be similar to this year's, but the winter break will be two days shorter and spring break will start a week later, Superintendent Brad Reed said.
Courtesy photos by Marianne Krallman
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From Free net encyclopedia
An abortion is the premature termination of a pregnancy associated with the death of an embryo or a fetus. This can occur spontaneously, in the form of a miscarriage, or be intentionally induced through chemical, surgical, or other means. All mammalian pregnancies can be aborted; however, human abortion receives the most focus in biology and the mass media.
There have been various methods of inducing an abortion throughout the centuries. In the 20th century, the ethics and morality of abortion became the subject of intense political debate in many areas of the world.
The following medical terms are used to define an abortion:
- Spontaneous abortion (miscarriage): An abortion due to accidental trauma or natural causes.
- Induced abortion: An abortion deliberately caused. Induced abortions are further subcategorized into therapeutic abortions and elective abortions:
- Therapeutic abortion: <ref>Roche, Natalie E. (2004). Therapeutic Abortion. Retrieved 2006-03-08.</ref>
- To save the life of the pregnant woman.
- To preserve the woman's physical or mental health.
- To terminate a pregnancy that would result in a child born with a congenital disorder which would be fatal or associated with significant morbidity.
- To selectively reduce the number of fetuses to lessen health risks associated with multiple pregnancy.
- Elective abortion: An abortion performed for any other reason.
- Therapeutic abortion: <ref>Roche, Natalie E. (2004). Therapeutic Abortion. Retrieved 2006-03-08.</ref>
A pregnancy that ends earlier than 37 completed weeks of gestation, and where an infant is born and survives, is termed a premature birth. A pregnancy that ends with an infant dead upon birth at any gestational stage, due to causes including spontaneous abortion or complications during delivery, is termed a stillbirth.
In common parlance, the term "abortion" is synonymous with induced abortion of a human fetus. However, in medical texts, the word 'abortion' can also refer to spontaneous abortion (miscarriage).
The incidence of and reasons for induced abortion vary in regions in which abortion is generally permitted.
It has been estimated that the total number of induced abortions performed globally is approximately 46 million per year. 26 million of these are said to occur in places in which abortion is legal; the other 20 million happen where it is illegal. Some countries, such as Belgium and the Netherlands, experience a low rate of induced abortion, while others like Russia and Vietnam have a comparatively high rate. <ref>Henshaw, Stanley K., Singh, Susheela, & Haas, Taylor. (1999). The Incidence of Abortion Worldwide. International Family Planning Perspectives, 25 (Supplement), 30–8. Retrieved 2006-01-18.</ref>
A 1998 study aggregated data from studies in 27 countries on the reasons women seek to terminate their pregnancies. It concluded that common factors cited to have influenced the abortion decision were the desire to delay or end childbearing, concern over the interruption of work or education, issues of financial or relationship stability, and perceived immaturity. <ref>Bankole, Akinrinola, Singh, Susheela, & Haas, Taylor. (1998). Reasons Why Women Have Induced Abortions: Evidence from 27 Countries. International Family Planning Perspectives, 24 (3), 117-127 & 152. Retrieved 2006-01-18.</ref> In Finland and the United States, concern for the health risks posed by pregnancy in individual cases was not a factor commonly given, whereas in Bangladesh, India, and Kenya such a concern was found to be more prevalent. A 2004 study in which American women at clinics answered a questionnaire yielded similar results. <ref>Finer, Lawrence B., Frohwirth, Lori F., Dauphinee, Lindsay A., Singh, Shusheela, & Moore, Ann M. (2005). Reasons U.S. women have abortions: quantative and qualitative perspectives. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 37 (3), 110-8. Retrieved 2006-01-18.</ref>
Some abortions are undergone as the result of societal pressures. These might include the stigmatization of disabled persons, preference for children of a specific sex, disapproval of single motherhood, insufficient economic support for families, lack of access to or rejection of contraceptive methods, or efforts toward population control (such as China's one-child policy). A combination of these factors can sometimes result in compulsory abortion or sex-selective abortion. In many areas, especially in developing nations or where abortion is illegal, women sometimes resort to "back-alley" or self-induced procedures. The World Health Organization suggests that there are 19 million terminations annually which fit its criteria for an unsafe abortion. <ref>World Health Organization. (2004). Unsafe abortion: global and regional estimates of unsafe abortion and associated mortality in 2000. Retrieved 2006-01-12.</ref> See social issues for more information on these subjects.
Forms of abortion
Spontaneous abortion
Spontaneous abortions, generally referred to as miscarriages, occur when an embryo or fetus is lost due to natural causes. A miscarriage is spontaneous loss of the embryo or fetus before the 20th week of development. Spontaneous abortions after the 20th week are generally considered to be preterm deliveries. Most miscarriages occur very early in a pregnancy. Approximately 10-50% of pregnancies end in miscarriage, depending upon the age and health of the pregnant woman. <ref>"Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility: Recurrent Pregnancy Loss (Recurrent Miscarriage)." (n.d.) Retrieved 2006-01-18 from Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology web site.</ref>
The risk for spontaneous abortion is greater in those with a history of more than three previous (known) spontaneous abortions, those who have had a previous induced abortion, those with systemic diseases, and in women over age 35.
Other causes can be infection (of either the woman or the fetus), immune responses, or serious systemic diseases of the woman.
A spontaneous abortion can also be caused by accidental trauma; intentional trauma to cause miscarriage is considered an induced abortion.
Induced abortion
A pregnancy can be intentionally aborted in a number of ways. The manner selected depends chiefly upon the gestational age of the fetus, in addition to the legality, regional availability, and/or doctor-patient preference for specific procedures.
Surgical abortion
Image:Abortionmethods.png In the first fifteen weeks, suction-aspiration or vacuum abortion is the most common method. Manual vacuum aspiration, or MVA abortion, consists of removing the fetus or embryo by suction using a manual syringe, while the Electric vacuum aspiration or EVA abortion method uses an electric pump. These techniques are equivalent, differing only in the mechanism use to apply suction. They are sometimes referred to as STOP: 'Suction (or surgical) Termination of Pregnancy'. From the fifteenth week up until around the twenty-sixth week, a surgical dilation and evacuation (D & E) is used. D & E consists of opening the cervix of the uterus and emptying it using surgical instruments and suction.
Dilation and curettage (D & C) is a standard gynaecological procedure performed for a variety of reasons, including examination of the uterine lining for possible malignancy, investigation of abnormal bleeding, and abortion. Curettage refers to the cleaning of the walls of the uterus with a curette. The World Health Organization recommends this sort of procedure, also called Sharp Curettage, only when MVA is unavailable. <ref>World Health Organization. (2003). Managing complications in pregnancy and childbirth: a guide for midwives and doctors. Retrieved 2006-02-24.</ref> Sharp curettage only accounted for 2.4% of abortion procedures in the US in 2002. <ref>Strauss, Lilo T., Herndon, Joy, Chang, Jeani, Parker, Wilda Y., Bowens, Sonya V., Berg, Cynthia J. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2005-11-15). Abortion Surveillance - United States, 2002. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Retrieved 2006-02-20.</ref> The term "D and C", or perhaps suction curette, etc, is sometimes used as a euphemism to refer to the first trimester abortion procedure, irrespective of the method used to perform the procedure.
Other techniques must be used to induce abortion in the third trimester. Premature delivery can be induced with prostaglandin; this can be coupled with injecting the amniotic fluid with caustic solutions containing saline or urea. Very late abortions can be brought about by intact dilation and extraction (intact D & X) (also called Intrauterine cranial decompression), which requires the surgical decompression of the fetus's head before evacuation, and is sometimes termed "partial-birth abortion." A hysterotomy abortion, similar to a caesarian section but resulting in a terminated fetus, can also be used at late stages of pregnancy. It can be performed vaginally, with an incision just above the cervix, in the late mid-trimester.
From around gestational week 20-23 an injection to stop the fetal heart can be the first phase of the surgical abortion procedure. <ref>Vause S, Sands J, Johnston TA, Russell S, Rimmer S. (2002). PMID 12521492 Could some fetocides be avoided by more prompt referral after diagnosis of fetal abnormality? J Obstet Gynaecol. 2002 May;22(3):243-5. Retrieved 2006-03-17.</ref><ref>Dommergues M, Cahen F, Garel M, Mahieu-Caputo D, Dumez Y. (2003). PMID 12576743 Feticide during second- and third-trimester termination of pregnancy: opinions of health care professionals. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2003 Mar-Apr;18(2):91-7. Retrieved 2006-03-17.</ref><ref>Bhide A, Sairam S, Hollis B, Thilaganathan B. (2002). PMID 12230443 Comparison of feticide carried out by cordocentesis versus cardiac puncture. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2002 Sep;20(3):230-2. Retrieved 2006-03-17.</ref><ref>Senat MV, Fischer C, Bernard JP, Ville Y. (2003). PMID 12628271 The use of lidocaine for fetocide in late termination of pregnancy. BJOG. 2003 Mar;110(3):296-300. Retrieved 2006-03-17.</ref><ref>Senat MV, Fischer C, Ville Y. (2002). PMID 12001185 Funipuncture for fetocide in late termination of pregnancy. Prenat Diagn. 2002 May;22(5):354-6. Retrieved 2006-03-17.</ref>
Chemical abortion
Image:Mifepristone.png Template:Main
Effective in the first trimester of pregnancy, chemical (also referred to as a medical abortion), or non-surgical abortions comprise 10% of all abortions in the United States and Europe. The process begins with the administration of either methotrexate or mifepristone, followed by misoprostol. When appropriately used, 98% of women undergoing medical termination of pregnancy will experience completed abortion without surgical intervention. The Food and Drug Administration currently approves the use of mifepristone up to 49 days gestation (7 weeks), though evidence based regimens exist for its use up to 61 days gestation with similar success rates. Misoprostol alone can also be used, though it is not FDA approved for this purpose. Misoprostol (Cytotec) alone has the advantage of costing less than one dollar for an effective dose, as opposed to several hundred dollars for an effective dose of mifepristone. In cases of failure of medical abortion, vacuum or manual aspiration is used to complete the abortion surgically.
Other means of abortion
Image:Angkordemon.jpg Historically, a number of herbs reputed to possess abortifacient properties have been used in folk medicine: tansy, pennyroyal, black cohosh, and the now-extinct silphium (see history of abortion). The use of herbs in such a manner can cause serious — even lethal — side effects, such as multiple organ failure, and is not recommended by physicians. <ref>Ciganda, C., & Laborde, A. (2003). Herbal infusions used for induced abortion. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol, 41(3), 235-9. Retrieved 2006-01-25.</ref>
Abortion is sometimes attempted through means of trauma to the abdomen. The degree of force applied, if severe, can cause serious internal injuries without necessarily succeeding in inducing miscarriage. <ref>Education for Choice. (2005-05-06). Unsafe abortion. Retrieved 2006-01-11.</ref> Both accidental and deliberate abortions of this kind can be subject to criminal liability in many countries. In Burma, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand, there is an ancient tradition of attempting abortion through forceful abdominal massage. <ref>Potts, Malcolm, & Campbell, Martha. (2002). History of contraception. Gynecology and Obstetrics, vol. 6, chp. 8. Retrieved 2005-01-25.</ref>
Reported methods of unsafe, self-induced abortion include the misuse of the Misoprostol drug for ulcers, and the insertion of non-surgical implements such as knitting needles and clothes hangers into the uterus.
Health effects
Early-term surgical abortion is a simple procedure. When performed before the 16th week by competent doctors — or, in some states, nurse practitioners, nurse midwives, and physician assistants — it is safer than childbirth. <ref>Cates W., Jr, & Tietze C. (1978). Standardized mortality rates associated with legal abortion: United States, 1972-1975 Electronic version. Family Planning Perspectives, 10 (2), 109-12. Retrieved 2006-01-28.</ref>
As with most surgical procedures, the most common surgical abortion methods carry a small risk of potentially serious complications. These risks include: a perforated uterus, perforated bowel or bladder, septic shock, sterility, and death. The risk of complications occurring can increase depending on how far the pregnancy has progressed, but remains less than complications that may occur from carrying the pregnancy to term.
Assessing the risks of induced abortion depend on a number of factors. Firstly, there are relative health risk of induced abortion and pregnancy, which are both affected by wide variation in the quality of health services in different societies and among different socio-economic groups, a lack of uniform definitions of terms, and difficulties in patient follow-up and after-care. The degree of risk is also dependent upon the skill and experience of the practitioner; maternal age, health, and parity; gestational age; pre-existing conditions; methods and instruments used; medications used; the skill and experience of those assisting the practitioner; and the quality of recovery and follow-up care. A highly-skilled practitioner of birth and abortion, operating under ideal conditions, will tend to have a low rate of complications; an inexperienced practitioner in an ill-equipped and ill-staffed facility, on the other hand, will often have a higher incidence of complications and could prove fatal in pregnancy, birth, or abortion.
In the United Kingdom, the number of deaths due to legal abortion between the years of 1991 and 1993 was 5, as compared to the 9 deaths caused by ectopic pregnancy during the same time frame. <ref>Department of Health. (1998). Why Mothers Die: Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom 1994–1996. London: The Stationery Office. Retrieved 2006-01-11.</ref> In the United States, during the year 1999, there were 4 deaths due to legal abortion, 10 due to miscarriage, and 525 due to pregnancy-related reasons. <ref>Elam-Evans, Laurie. D., Strauss, Lilo T., Herndon, Joy, Parker, Wilda Y., Bowens, Sonya V., Zane, Suzanne, et al. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2003-11-23). Abortion Surveillance - United States, 2000. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Retrieved 2006-01-11.</ref> <ref>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2003-02-20). Fact Sheet: Pregnancy-Related Mortality Surveillance - United States, 1991-1999. Retrieved 2006-04-02.</ref>
Some practitioners advocate using minimal anesthesia so that the patient can alert them to possible complications. Others recommend general anesthesia, in order to prevent patient movement, which might cause a perforation. General anesthesia carries its own risks, including death, which is why public health officials recommend against its routine use.
Dilation of the cervix carries the risk of cervical tears or perforations, including small tears that might not be apparent and might cause cervical incompetence in future pregnancies. Most practitioners recommend using the smallest possible dilators, and using osmotic rather than mechanical dilators after the first trimester of pregnancy.
Instruments are placed within the uterus to remove the fetus. These can, on rare occasions, cause perforation or laceration of the uterus, and damage to structures surrounding the uterus. Laceration or perforation of the uterus or cervix can, again on rare occasions, lead to even more serious complications.
Incomplete emptying of the uterus can cause hemorrhage and infection. Use of ultrasound verification of the location and duration of the pregnancy prior to abortion, with immediate follow-up of patients reporting continuing pregnancy symptoms after the procedure, will virtually eliminate this risk. The sooner a complication is noted and properly treated, the lower the risk of permanent injury or death.
In rare cases, the abortion will be unsuccessful and the pregnancy will continue. An unsuccessful abortion can also result in the delivery of a live neonate, or infant. This, termed a failed abortion, is very rare and can only occur late in the pregnancy. Some doctors faced with this situation have voiced concerns about the ethical and legal ramifications of then letting the neonate die. As a result, recent investigations have been launched in the United Kingdom by the Confidential Enquiry into Maternal and Child Health (CEMACH) and the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, in order to determine how widespread the problem is and what an ethical response in the treatment of the infant might be. <ref>Rogers, Lois. (2005-11-27). "Fifty babies a year are alive after abortion." The Sunday Times. Retrieved 2006-01-11.</ref>
Unsafe abortion methods (e.g.,use of certain drugs, herbs, or insertion of non-surgical objects into the uterus) is potentially dangerous, carrying a significantly elevated risk for permanent injury or death, as compared to abortions done by physicians.
Suggested effects
There is controversy over a number of proposed risks and effects of abortion. Evidence, whether in support of or against such claims, might in part be influenced by the political and religious beliefs of the parties behind it.
Breast cancer
Template:Main articles The abortion-breast cancer (ABC) hypothesis (a.k.a. ABC link) posits a causal relationship between induced abortion and an increased risk of developing breast cancer. The hypothesis has not been verified and abortion is not considered an actual breast cancer risk by any major cancer organization.
In early pregnancy the level of estrogens increase and initiates breast growth in preparation for lactation. The ABC hypothesis proposes that if this process is interrupted with an abortion – before full differentiation in the third trimester – then more relatively vulnerable undifferentiated cells could be left than there were prior to the pregnancy, resulting in a greater potential risk of breast cancer.
A large epidemiological study done by Dr. Mads Melbye et al. in 1997, with data from two national registries in Denmark, reported the correlation to be negligible to non-existent after statistical adjustment. <ref>Melbye M., Wohlfahrt, J., Olsen, J.H., Frisch, M., Westergaard, T., Helweg-Larsen, K., et al. (1997). Induced abortion and the risk of breast cancer. (abstract) New England Journal of Medicine, 336, 81-5. Retrieved 2006-01-11 from PubMed.</ref> The National Cancer Institute conducted an official workshop with numerous experts on the issue in February 2003, which concluded with its highest strength rating for the selected evidence it considered that "induced abortion is not associated with an increase in breast cancer risk." <ref>National Cancer Institute. (2003-03-04). Summary Report: Early Reproductive Events and Breast Cancer Workshop. Retrieved 2006-01-11.</ref> Then in 2004, Dr. Beral et al. published a collaborative reanalysis of 53 epidemiological studies and concluded that abortion does "not increase a woman's risk of developing breast cancer." <ref>Beral V., Bull D., Doll R., Peto R., Reeves G. (2004). Breast cancer and abortion: collaborative reanalysis of data from 53 epidemiological studies, including 83,000 women with breast cancer from 16 countries. (abstract) The Lancet, 363, 1007-16. Retrieved 2006-04-12 from PubMed.</ref>
Of over 100 experts at the NCI workshop, Dr. Joel Brind, ABC's primary advocate and an invitee to the workshop, filed the only dissenting opinion which criticized the NCI and Melbye conclusions. <ref>Brind, Joel. (2003-03-10). Early Reproductive Events and Breast Cancer: A Minority Report. Retrieved 2006-03-24.</ref> Brind points out the majority of interview-based studies have indicated a link, and some have been demonstrated to be statistically significant, <ref>American abortion-breast cancer studies</ref> but there remains debate as to their reliability because of possible response bias. Most medical professionals agree with the recent research that concludes no ABC association; <ref>American Cancer Society. (2006-10-03). What Are the Risk Factors for Breast Cancer? Retrieved 2006-03-30.</ref> and the ABC issue is seen by some as merely a part of the current pro-life "woman centered" strategy against abortion. <ref>Pro-Choice Action Network. (2002). Abortion and Breast Cancer — A Forged Link. Retrieved 2006-03-22.</ref> Nevertheless, gaps and inconsistencies remain in the research, and the subject continues to be one of mostly political but some scientific contention. <ref>Jasen, Patricia. (2005). Breast Cancer and the Politics of Abortion in the United States. Retrieved 2006-03-26.</ref>
Fetal pain
The existence or absence of fetal sensation during abortion is a matter of medical, ethical and public policy interest. Evidence is conflicting, with some authorities holding that the fetus is capable of feeling pain from the first trimester,Template:Fact and others maintaining that the neuro-anatomical requirements for such experience do not exist until the second or third trimester.Template:Fact
Pain receptors begin to appear in the seventh week of pregnancy. The thalamus, the part of the brain which receives signals from the nervous system and then relays them to the cerebral cortex, starts to form in the fifth week. However, other anatomical structures involved in the nociceptic process are not present until much later in gestation. Links between the thalamus and cerebral cortex aren't forged until around the 23rd week. <ref>Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology. (1997). Fetal Awareness. Retrieved 2006-01-11.</ref>
Researchers have observed changes in the heart rates and hormonal levels of newborn infants after circumcision, blood tests, and surgery — effects which were alleviated with the administration of anesthesia. <ref>Anand, K., Phil, D., & Hickey, P.R. (1987). Pain and its effects on the human neonate and fetus. New England Journal of Medicine, 316 (21), 1321-9. Retrieved 2006-01-11 from The Circumcision Reference Library.</ref> Others suggest that the human experience of pain, being more than just physiological, cannot be measured in such reflexive responses.
Mental health
Some women will experience negative feelings as a result of their reproduction choices. In the case of abortion, however, whether this phenomenon warrants a general diagnosis, or even classification as an independent syndrome, is debated. Post-abortion syndrome is listed in neither the DSM-IV-TR nor the ICD-10.
Studies have suggested a link between the elective termination of an unwanted pregnancy and an improvement in reported mental well-being. <ref>American Psychological Association. (2005). APA Briefing Paper on The Impact of Abortion on Women. Retrieved 2006-01-15 from The Internet Archive.</ref> Elective abortion may reduce the occurrence of depression in cases of unwanted pregnancy, as compared to cases in which the pregnancy has been carried to completion, but it is also sometimes reported as an additional stressor (ibid.). The majority of evidence would seem to indicate that adverse emotional reactions to the procedure are most strongly influenced by pre-existing psychological conditions and other negative factors (ibid.). In cases in which abortion has been denied, it can have a negative, long-lasting outcome for both women and their families. <ref>Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. (2000). The Care of Women Requesting Induced Abortion. Retrieved 2006-03-26 from the National Electronic Library For Health website.</ref>
Data on the incidence of clinical depression, mental illness, post-traumatic stress disorder, and suicide in association with abortion remain inconclusive. <ref>Schmiege, S. & Russo, N.F. (2005). Depression and unwanted first pregnancy: longitudinal cohort study Electronic version . British Medical Journal, 331 (7528), 1303. Retrieved 2006-01-11.</ref> A comparative analysis of the suicide rates among postpartum and post-abortive women in Finland found a statistical correlation between abortion and suicide. <ref>Gissler, M., Hemminki, E., & Lonnqvist, J. (1996). Suicides after pregnancy in Finland, 1987-94: register linkage study Electronic version. British Medical Journal, 313, 1431-4. Retrieved 2006-01-11.</ref>
Miscarriage, or spontaneous abortion, is known to present an increased risk of depression in women. <ref>Depression Risk Increased After Miscarriage. (2002-04-01). Retrieved 2006-01-11.</ref> Childbirth can also sometimes result in maternity blues or postpartum depression.
History of abortion
Image:TansyPills(Close-Up).jpg Template:Main
The practice of induced abortion, according to some anthropologists, can be traced to ancient times. There is evidence to suggest that, historically, pregnancies were terminated through a number of methods, including the administration of abortifacient herbs, the use of sharpened implements, the application of abdominal pressure, and other techniques.
Soranus, a 2nd century Greek physician, suggested in his work Gynecology that women wishing to abort their pregnancies should engage in violent exercise, energetic jumping, carrying heavy objects, and riding animals. He also prescribed a number of recipes for herbal bathes, pessaries, and bloodletting, but advised against the use of sharp instruments to induce miscarriage due to the risk of organ perforation. <ref>Lefkowitz, Mary R. & Fant, Maureen R. (1992). Women's life in Greece & Rome: a source book in translation. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press. Retrieved 2006-01-11.</ref> It is also known that the ancient Greeks relied upon the herb silphium as both a contraceptive and an abortifacient. The plant, as the chief export of Cyrene, was driven to extinction, but it is suggested that it might have possessed the same abortive properties as some of its closest extant relatives in the Apiaceae family.
Such folk remedies, however, varied in effectiveness and were not without risk. Tansy and pennyroyal, for example, are two poisonous herbs with serious side effects that have at times been used to terminate pregnancy.
Abortion in the 19th century continued, despite bans in both the United Kingdom and the United States, as the disguised, but nonetheless open, advertisement of services in the Victorian era suggests. <ref>Histories of Abortion. (n.d.) Retrieved 2006-01-11.</ref>
Social issues
A number of complex issues exist in the debate over abortion. These, like the suggested effects upon health listed above, are a focus of research and a fixture of discussion among members on all sides the controversy.
Effect upon crime rate
A controversial theory attempts to draw a correlation between the unprecedented nationwide decline of the overall crime rate witnessed in the United States during the 1990s and the decriminalization of abortion 20 years prior.
The suggestion was brought to widespread attention by a 1999 academic paper, The Impact of Legalized Abortion on Crime, authored by the economists Steven D. Levitt and John Donohue. They attributed the drop in crime to a reduction in individuals said to have a higher statistical probability of committing crimes: unwanted children, especially those born to mothers who are African-American, impoverished, adolescent, uneducated, and single. The change coincided with what would've been the adolescence, or peak years of potential criminality, of those who had not been born as a result of Roe v. Wade and similar cases. Donohue and Levitt's study also noted that states which legalized abortion before the rest of the nation experienced the lowering crime rate pattern earlier and that those with higher abortion rates had more pronounced reductions. <ref>Donohue, John J. and Levitt, Steven D. (2001). The impact of legalized abortion on crime.Quarterly Journal of Economics. Retrieved 2006-02-11. </ref>
Fellow economists Christopher Foote and Christopher Goetz criticized the methodology in the Donahue-Levitt study, noting a lack of accommodation for statewide yearly variations such as cocaine use, and recalculating based on incidence of crime per capita; they found no statistically significant results. <ref>Foote, Christopher L. and Goetz, Christopher F. (2005). Testing economic hypotheses with state-level data: a comment on Donohue and Levitt (2001). Working Papers, 05-15. Retrieved 2006-02-11.</ref> Levitt and Donohue responded to this by presenting an adjusted data set which took into account these concerns but, they claim, maintained the statistical significance of their initial paper. <ref>Donohue, John J. and Levitt, Steven D. (2006). Measurement error, legalized abortion, and the decline in crime: a response to Foote and Goetz (2005). Retrieved 2006-02-17, from University of Chicago, Initiative on Chicago Price Theory web site: http://pricetheory.uchicago.edu/levitt/Papers/ResponseToFooteGoetz2006.pdf.</ref>
Such research has been criticized by some as being utilitarian, discriminatory as to race and socioeconomic class, and as promoting eugenics as a solution to crime. <ref>"Crime-Abortion Study Continues to Draw Pro-life Backlash." (1999-08-11). The Pro-Life Infonet. Retrieved 2006-02-17 from Ohio Roundtable Online Library.</ref> <ref>"Abortion and the Lower Crime Rate." (2000, January). St. Anthony Messenger. Retrieved 2006-02-17.</ref> Levitt states in his book, Freakonomics, that they are neither promoting nor negating any course of action – merely reporting data as economists.
Sex-selective abortion
The advent of both ultrasound and amniocentesis has allowed parents to determine sex before birth. This has lead to the occurrence of sex-selective abortion or the targeted termination of a fetus based upon its gender.
It is suggested that sex-selective abortion might be partially responsible for the noticeable disparities between the birth rates of male and female children in some places. The preference for male children is reported in many areas of Asia, and the use of abortion to limit female births has been reported in Mainland China, Taiwan, South Korea, and India. <ref>Banister, Judith. (1999-03-16). Son Preference in Asia - Report of a Symposium. Retrieved 2006-01-12.</ref>
In India, the economic role of men, the costs associated with dowries, and a Hindu tradition which dictates that funeral rites must be performed by a male relative have led to a cultural preference for sons. <ref>Mutharayappa, Rangamuthia, Kim Choe, Minja, Arnold, Fred, & Roy, T.K. (1997). Son Preferences and Its Effect on Fertility in India. National Family Health Survey Subject Reports, Number 3. Retrieved 2006-01-12.</ref> The widespread availability of diagnostic testing, during the 1970s and '80s, lead to advertisements for services which read, "Invest 500 rupees [for a sex test] now, save 50,000 rupees [for a dowry] later." <ref>Patel, Rita. (1996). The practice of sex selective abortion in India: may you be the mother of a hundred sons. Retrieved 2006-01-11, from University of North Carolina, University Center for International Studies web site: http://www.ucis.unc.edu/resources/pubs/carolina/abortion.pdf.</ref> In 1991, the male-to-female sex ratio in India was skewed from its biological norm of 105 to 100, to an average of 108 to 100. <ref>Sudha, S., & Irudaya Rajan, S. (1999). Female Demographic Disadvantage in India 1981-1991: Sex Selective Abortion, Female Infanticide and Excess Female Child Mortality. Retrieved 2006-01-12 </ref> Researchers have asserted that between 1985 and 2005 as many as 10 million female fetuses may have been selectively aborted. <ref>Reaney, Patricia. (2006-01-09). "Selective abortion blamed for India's missing girls." Reuters AlertNet. Retrieved 2006-01-09.</ref> The Indian government passed an official ban of pre-natal sex screening in 1994 and moved to pass a complete ban of sex-selective abortion in 2002. <ref>Mudur, Ganapati. (2002). "India plans new legislation to prevent sex selection." British Medical Journal: News Roundup. Retrieved 2006-01-12.</ref>
In the People's Republic of China, there is also a historic son preference. The implementation of the one-child policy in 1979, in response to population concerns, led to an increased disparity in the sex ratio as parents attempted to circumvent the law through sex-selective abortion or the abandonment of unwanted daughters. <ref>Graham, Maureen J., Larsen, Ulla, & Xu, Xiping. (1998). Son Preference in Anhui Province, China. International Family Planning Perspectives, 24 (2). Retrieved 2006-01-12.</ref> Sex-selective abortion might be a part of what is behind the shift from the baseline male-to-female birth rate to an elevated national rate of 117:100 reported in 2002. The trend was more pronounced in rural regions: as high as 130:100 in Guangdong and 135:100 in Hainan. <ref>Plafker, Ted. (2002-05-25). Sex selection in China sees 117 boys born for every 100 girls. British Medical Journal: News Roundup. Retrieved 2006-01-12.</ref> A ban upon the practice of sex-selective abortion was enacted in 2003. <ref>"China Bans Sex-selection Abortion." (2002-03-22). Xinhua News Agency. Retrieved 2006-01-12.</ref>
Unsafe abortion
Image:RussianAbortionPoster.jpg Template:Main Where and when access to safe abortion has been barred, due to explicit sanctions or general unavailability, women seeking to terminate their pregnancies have sometimes resorted to unsafe methods.
"Back-alley abortion" is a slang term for any abortion not practiced under generally accepted standards of sanitation and professionalism. The World Health Organization defines an unsafe abortion as being, "a procedure...carried out by persons lacking the necessary skills or in an environment that does not conform to minimal medical standards, or both." <ref>World Health Organization. (2004). Unsafe abortion: global and regional estimates of unsafe abortion and associated mortality in 2000. Retrieved 2006-01-12.</ref> This can include a person without medical training, a professional health provider operating in sub-standard conditions, or the woman herself.
Unsafe abortion remains a public health concern today due to the higher incidence and severity of its associated complications, such as incomplete abortion, sepsis, hemorrhage, and damage to internal organs. WHO estimates that 19 million unsafe abortions occur around the world annually and that 68,000 of these result in the death of a woman. <ref>World Health Organization. (2004). Unsafe abortion: global and regional estimates of unsafe abortion and associated mortality in 2000. Retrieved 2006-01-12.</ref> Complications of unsafe abortion are said to account, globally, for approximately 13% of all maternal mortalities, with regional estimates including 12% in Asia, 25% in Latin America, and 13% in sub-Saharan Africa. <ref>Salter, C., Johnson, H.B., and Hengen, N. (1997). Care for postabortion complications: saving women's lives. Population Reports, 25 (1). Retrieved 2006-02-22.</ref> Health education, access to family planning, and improvements in healthcare during and after abortion have been proposed to address this phenomenon. <ref>World Health Organization. (1998). Address Unsafe Abortion. Retrieved 2006-03-01.</ref>
Abortion debate
Image:Prolife-DC.JPG Image:March.jpg Template:Main Over the course of the history of abortion, induced abortions have been a source of considerable debate and controversy regarding the morality and legality of this practice. An individual's position on the complex ethical, moral, philosophical, biological, and legal issues have a strong relationship with that individual's value system. A person's position on abortion may be best described as a combination of their personal beliefs on the morality of abortion, and that person's beliefs on the ethical scope and responsibility of legitimate governmental and legal authority. Another factor for many individuals is religious doctrine (see religion and abortion).
Abortion debates, especially pertaining to abortion laws, are often spearheaded by advocacy groups belonging to one of two camps. Most often those in favor of legal prohibition of abortion describe themselves as pro-life while those against legal restrictions on abortion describe themselves as pro-choice. Both are used to indicate the central principles in arguments for and against abortion: "Is the fetus a human being with a fundamental right to life?" for pro-life advocates, and, for those who are pro-choice, "Does a woman have the right to choose whether or not to have an abortion?"
In both public and private debate, arguments presented in favor of or against abortion focus on either the moral permissibility of an induced abortion, or justification of laws permitting or restricting abortion. Arguments on morality and legality tend to collide and combine, complicating the issue at hand.
Debate also focuses on whether the pregnant woman should have to notify and/or have the consent of others in distinct cases: a minor her parents; a legally-married or common-law wife her husband; or a pregnant woman the biological father. In a 2003 Gallup poll in the United States, 72% of respondents were in favor of spousal notification, with 26% opposed; of those polled, 79% of males and 67% of females responded in favor. <ref>The Pew Research Center for the People and the Press. (2005-11-02). "Public Opinion Supports Alito on Spousal Notification Even as It Favors Roe v. Wade." Pew Research Center Pollwatch. Retrieved 2006-03-01.</ref>
Public opinion
Political sides have largely been divided into absolutes. The abortion debate, as such, tends to center around individuals who hold strong positions. However, public opinion varies from poll to poll, country to country, and region to region:
- Australia: In a February 2005 ACNielsen poll, as reported in The Age, 56% thought the current abortion laws, which generally allow abortion for the sake of life or health, were "about right," 16% want changes in law to make abortion "more accessible," and 17% want changes to make it "less accessible." <ref>Grattan, Michelle. (2005-02-16). "Poll backs abortion laws." The Age. Retrieved 2006-01-11.</ref> A 1998 poll, conducted by Roy Morgan Research, asked, "Do you approve of the termination of unwanted pregnancies through surgical abortion?" 65% of the Australians polled stated that they approved of surgical abortion and 25% stated that they disapproved of it. <ref>Roy Morgan International. (1998-03-03). Almost Two-Thirds Of Australians Approve Of Abortion. Retrieved 2006-01-11.</ref>
- Canada: A recent poll of Canadians, conducted in April 2005 by Gallup, found that 52% of those polled want abortion laws to "remain the same," 20% want the laws to be "less strict," and 24% would prefer that the laws become "more strict." An earlier Gallup poll, from December 2001, asked, "Do you think abortions should be legal under any circumstances, legal only under certain circumstances or illegal in all circumstances and in what circumstances?" 32% of Canadians responded that they believe abortion should be legal in all circumstance, 52% that it should be legal in certain circumstances, and 14% that it should be legal in no circumstances. Canada currently has no laws restricting abortion. See Abortion in Canada.
- Ireland: A 1997 Irish Times/MRBI poll of the Republic of Ireland's electorate found that 18% believe that abortion should never be permitted, 35% that one should be allowed in the event that the woman's life is threatened, 18% if her health is at risk, 28% that "an abortion should be provided to those who need it," and 5% were undecided. <ref>Kennedy, Geraldine. (1997-12-11). "77% say limited abortion right should be provided." The Irish Times. Retrieved 2006-01-11.</ref>
- United Kingdom: An online YouGov/Daily Telegraph poll in August 2005 found that 30% of Britons would back a measure to reduce the legal limit for abortion to 20 weeks, 19% support a limit of 12 weeks, 9% support a limit of less than 12 weeks, and 25% support maintaining the current limit of 24 weeks. 6% responded that abortion should never be allowed while 2% said it should be permitted throughout the entirety of pregnancy. <ref>YouGov. (2005-07-30). YouGov/Daily Telegraph Survey Results. Retrieved 2006-01-11.</ref>
- United States: In a January 2006 CBS News poll, which asked, "What is your personal feeling about abortion?", 27% said that abortion should be "permitted in all cases," 15% that it should be "permitted, but subject to greater restrictions than it is now," 33% said that it should be "permitted only in cases such as rape, incest or to save the woman's life," 17% said that it should "only be permitted to save the woman's life," and 5% said that it should "never" be permitted. <ref>The Polling Report. (2006). Retrieved 2006-01-11.</ref> A November 2005 Pew Research Center poll asked "In 1973 the Roe versus Wade decision established a woman's constitutional right to an abortion, at least in the first three months of pregnancy. Would you like to see the Supreme Court completely overturn its Roe versus Wade decision, or not?", with 29% indicating they want it overturned, and 65% that they do not. <ref>The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. (2005-11-29). Abortion Seen as Most Important Issue for Supreme Court. Retrieved 2006-01-12.</ref>
Abortion law
Template:Main articles Image:AbortionLawsMap-FIXED.png Image:PBAsigning wide.jpg
Before the scientific discovery that human development began at fertilization, British common law allowed abortions performed before quickening, the earliest perception of fetal movement by a woman during the second trimester of pregnancy. In 1861, the British Parliament passed the Offences Against the Person Act, which outlawed abortion throughout the British Empire. The Soviet Union, with legislation in 1920, and Iceland with legislation in 1935 were some of the first countries to generally allow abortion. The second half of the 20th century saw the liberalization of abortion laws in other countries. The Abortion Act 1967 allowed abortion for limited reasons in the United Kingdom. In the 1973 case, Roe v. Wade, the United States Supreme Court struck down state laws banning abortion in the first trimester, ruling that such laws violated an implied right to privacy in the United States Constitution. The Supreme Court of Canada, similarly, in the case of R. v. Morgentaler, discarded its criminal code regarding abortion in 1988, after ruling that such restrictions violated the security of person guaranteed to women under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Canada later struck down provincial regulations of abortion in the case of R. v. Morgentaler (1993). Abortion in Ireland, on the other hand has been affected by the addition of an amendment to its Constitution in 1983 by popular referendum, recognizing "the right to life of the unborn".
Current laws pertaining to abortion are diverse. Religious, moral, and cultural sensibilities continue to influence abortion laws throughout the world. The right to life, the right to liberty, and the right to security of person are major issues of human rights that are sometimes used as justification for the existence or the absence of laws controlling abortion. Many countries in which abortion is legal require that certain criteria be met in order for an abortion to be obtained, often, but not always, using a trimester-based system to regulate the window in which abortion is still legal to perform:
- In the United States, some states impose a 24-hour waiting period before the procedure, prescribe the distribution of information on fetal development, or require that parents be contacted if their minor daughter requests an abortion.
- In the United Kingdom, as in some other countries, two doctors must first certify that an abortion is medically or socially necessary before it can be performed.
Other countries, in which abortion is illegal, will allow one to be performed in the case of rape, incest, or danger to the pregnant woman's life or health. A handful of nations ban abortion entirely, such as Chile, El Salvador, and Malta.
See also
- Abortion by country
- Fertilisation
- Gynaecology
- Obstetrics
- Partial-birth abortion
- Pregnancy
- Religion and abortion
- Reproduction
- Selective reduction
- Self-induced abortion
<references />
External links
- Abortion Statistics and Other Data
- Abortion Laws of the World
- Abortion Policies: A Global Review
- U.S. National Library of Medicine and National Institutes of Health MedlinePlus encyclopedia
- 1983 PBS Frontline - Abortion Clinic
The following links may be biased:
- Abortion.com
- The Alan Guttmacher Institute
- American Life League
- CareNet
- Just Facts: Abortion
- Planned Parenthood
- "Pro-Life Nation" by Jack Hitt NY Times 9 April2006bg:Аборт
ca:Avortament cs:Interrupce da:Provokeret abort de:Schwangerschaftsabbruch es:Aborto eo:Aborto fr:Interruption volontaire de grossesse id:Gugur kandungan ia:Aborto it:Interruzione volontaria di gravidanza he:הפלה מלאכותית lt:Abortas hu:Terhességmegszakítás nl:Abortus ja:妊娠中絶 no:Abort nn:Abort pl:Aborcja pt:Interrupção da gravidez ru:Аборт sh:Abortus simple:Abortion sr:Абортус fi:Abortti sv:Abort tl:Pagpapalaglag th:การแท้ง tr:Kürtaj uk:Аборт zh:堕胎 pam:Abortion


text:
Quick Details
- Place of Origin: Henan, China (Mainland)
- Brand Name: HY
- Model Number: HYFK-820
- Production Capacity: 40kg/h
- materials: stainless steel
- voltage: 220/380v
- motor: 1800w
- motor rated speed: 1420r/min
- weight: 40kg
Packaging & Delivery
|Packaging Details:
|wooden package
|Delivery Detail:
|in 5 days
HYFK Flour mill
HYFK-820 mill can grind all kinds of beans,grains, medicines into 50 ~ 200 section uniform powder. simple and solid structure, small noise , easy to operate, exquisite crushing , no dust, applicable to the supermarket and shop counters, processing store scene for processing various grain crops use.
Applicable scope:
1. Various food containing sesame seed, walnut, rice, hermas, soybean, green beans, peanuts, lotus seed, corn, sorghum, etc. 2. Various dry medicinal materials contain almond, tuckahoe, red jujube, tangshen, astragalus membranaceus, etc.
Main technical parameter
model:HYFK 820
motor rated speed:1420 r/min
final finess:50~200sections
Packaging Details
Standard export box, container or can be adjusted according to your demands
Delivery Details
Within 3-5 days after payment received
Fast Delivery:
♥ Professinoal peson reply your questions
♥ One year warranty for you
♥ Perfect and careful after-sale service
♥ Fast delivery for you
♥ 24 hours on-line service for you
Zhengzhou hongle machinery & equipment co.ltd is engaged in the development, design, manufacture and sale of meat processing machinery.
Zhengzhou hongle food machinery factory over the years adopts many new ideas, absorbs a wide range of advanced technologies worldwide as well as excellent processing and testing equipment, and takes a reliable strict quality guarantee system and an important after-sales service system to win customers' trust in the industry.
We have strong technical force and standard management. Our existing products are related to the meat processing industry and flour product processing industry, including frozen meat grinders, cutting machines, mixers, saline injection machines, roll kneading machines, filling machines, vacuum and surface machines and mixing trap machines, totally 20 categories of products.
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A: Our person is 24hours on-line. When nobody reply you , please leave your requirements on e-mail or chat tool, we will reply you as soon as possible.
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Q:How do you make your price?
A: We make the price according to our comprehensive costing. And our price will lower than the trade company because we are manufacture.You will get competitive price and better quality.
contact us !


text:
Notes from the Manager
Related Strips: #472: Scenephile, Part Two; #535: Movin' On Up
Those of you in my hometown of Peoria, Illinois, or thereabouts — I will be on the Greg and Dan Show on WMBD 1470 AM this Friday, bright and early at 8:00am or something like that. (I find it amusing that their show is followed by Glen Beck.) It should be up as a podcast at a later date, so I'll try to link it up for the rest of you.
I'll also be at Peoria's Acme Books and Comics this Saturday , signing (and selling) books from 12pm to 3pm, as well. Acme is located at 2218 W. Glen Ave., Peoria, IL, and just-so-happens to be the comics shop that I got my books from since it opened.
In fact, the owner, Bob Gordon, is the guy I bought books from since I first started reading comics — I was the annoying kid who hung out at the comics shop way too much after school and sorted the back issue bins in exchange for store credit many a time. Bob and the friendly guys at Acme basically began my comics education — nudging me towards books like Sandman and such at an earlier age than any responsible adult should have, and it's pretty safe to say that if it wasn't for Acme, I wouldn't be making the kind of comics I do now. They're the best guys in the world.
So, going there to sign copies of my own comic book is kind of an extra-awesome thing for me. It kind of makes up for the fact that I'm going to be in Peoria all weekend.
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Multiplex: Chapter 14 is now available!
Saturday, May 28, 2016
Multiplex: Chapter 14 is now available! If you're a Kickstarter or Patreon backer, you have already been notified about this, but for those of you who aren't, you can get it from Gumroad superfast, or you can get it from the Multiplex Store. Either way supports the continued creation of Multiplex.
In Multiplex: Chapter 14, Jason reads a book while the Flickhead and Multiplex crews play more video games. This is some heavy shit here, broh! This volume collects strips #287–310 from the Multiplex archives, plus five bonus comics not found online!
I've probably mentioned this before, but I hope to continue making new Multiplex comics for these collections at about the same pace as the regular comic (two a week) over at Patreon, and then releasing the eBook collections with this material every 4–6 weeks or so. (And then funding a print collection through Kickstarter after all of the bonus material is finished — rather than funding the creation of that new material with the Kickstarter as I've done for the first three books.)
So just because the strip will be finished doesn't mean Multiplex is going to disappear entirely!
Other Recent Posts
- "Autobiography" (excerpt)
- Multiplex will be back on Monday
- Multiplex: Chapter 13 is now available!
- Multiplex: Chapter 12 is now available!
- The Sessions: Voice Acting in Anime and Video Games
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- Work on Book Three has begun.
- Multiplex is back (yes, already!)
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- Major NASA Announcement


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Quotes & Info
|PACW > SEC Filings for PACW > Form 8-K on 7-Nov-2012
|All Recent SEC Filings
Other Events, Financial Statements and Exhibits
On November 6, 2012, PacWest Bancorp (the "Company") and First California Financial Group, Inc. ("First California") announced that they had entered into a definitive agreement, dated as of November 6, 2012, pursuant to which First California will merge with and into the Company (the "Merger"). A copy of the press release relating to the Merger is attached hereto as Exhibit 99.1. In addition, the Company will be providing supplemental information regarding the Merger in connection with a presentation to investors. The slides to be used in connection with this investor presentation are attached hereto as Exhibit 99.2.
(d) Exhibits.
Exhibit Number Description 99.1 Joint Press Release, dated November 6, 2012 99.2 Investor Presentation, dated November 6, 2012


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(based on 63 reviews)
Ratings Distribution
5 Stars
4 Stars
3 Stars
2 Stars
1 Stars
of respondents would recommend this to a friend.
Best Uses
Reviewed by 63 customers
Displaying reviews 1-10
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These are nice!
By blondy0703
from Macungie,PA
About Me Novice
Comments about Self Threading Needles:
I just got frustrated threading needles because my eyes aren't as good as years ago. I used this for a quick fix and I threaded it easy enough, but at one point I had to rethread it.
Bottom Line Yes, I would recommend this to a friend
Was this review helpful? Yes / No
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By SusieQ
from Jackson, MI
I haven't had an occasion to use these yet, but I'm sure I will appreciate them when I do.
Not so Great
By Ronnyj1503
from SC
About Me Experienced
Been looking for these a long time, but not like they used to be. Tried spreading the slot at top and broke it off. Breaks the thread pulling it into the slot.
Bottom Line No, I would not recommend this to a friend
These needles are life savers!
By Morgan
from NW Georgia
No cons, just perfect! I no longer dead having to thread a needle.
better than a regular needle
By Babe
from PA
Just use it as you would a regular needle. Package needs to have larger needles!
(1 of 2 customers found this review helpful)
Not old lady needles
By alhw
from Morton, IL
I have not used these yet, but they have to work great. I recently purchased a self-threading sewing machine, because the old eyes are not what they used to be. I was glad to find these.
(2 of 2 customers found this review helpful)
Don't understand the good reviews
By Steve-Annie
from NYC
I bought these a while back and tried three different ones. They ALL just broke the thread, so I gave up!
(1 of 1 customers found this review helpful)
I would by these anytime.
By grandma 3
from Madison WI
About Me Experienced, Novice
Very easy to use.
Great Gadgets
By Linda
from Alexandria,Virginia
About Me Experienced, Regular Seamstress
i love how easy these are to use. It is hard for me to see regular needles but these make sewing easy. I will use them often.
Easy to thread needle
By Sewing Bonnie 1937
from Crosss Lanes, WV
Older people will find this is really easy to use