text:
to break the ice between client and therapist
what you do may be influenced by how you see yourself and how you are seen by others. This means that your self-perceptions and others' perceptions have
causal force
convergent validation is seldom an effective tool for assessing the validity of personality judgments
cohort effects refer to differences in personality between people of different historical generations
if test scores go down as anxiety goes up, then
test scores and anxiety are negatively correlated
psychologists expect to reach a final answer to their research questions
the personality coefficient is similar in size to the situation coefficient
which of the following is NOT one of the concerns associated with the practice of null-hypothesis significance testing?
the smaller the sample size, the easier it is to find a significant effect
what is the first step in the empirical method of scale construction
gather lots of items
people low in agreeableness tend to have greater risks to their cardiac health
measurements of weight are made on what kind of scale?
a ratio scale
at the heart of aggregation is the idea that
random errors cancel each other out
a test created using the rational method yields what kind of data?
empirically developed tests have created some serious legal problems for companies that administer such tests to employees or potential hires
a strong handshake is a reliable indicator of honesty
self-fulfilling prophecies are more technically known as
expectancy effects
the technical meaning of reliability concerns
how much measurement error is present in your assessment instrument
Self-monitoring seems to be an important quality of a good personality judge for both men and women
according to the text, if peers based judgments on reputation and not observation, then researchers should find
equal agreement for both observable and unobservable traits
researchers usually agree about the interpretation of a result
which of the following illustrates converging criteria that could be used to establish the accuracy of a personality judgment
the trait of neuroticism is associated with unhappiness
a researcher constructs a scatter plot and notices that it shows a linear trend such that scores on the X axis increase as scores on the Y axis decrease. The correlation coefficient that describes the relationship between X and Y should therefore be negative
what are the steps in the realistic accuracy model (RAM) of personality judgment
as described in the text, according to some researchers, the TAT measures ___, whereas questionnaire-based measures predict ___.
what people want; how motives are expressed
as part of a research project, a participant carries a handheld computer (e.g., palm pilot) that signals her at random times throughout the day. at those times, the computer presents a series of questions for her to answer regarding her current activities. This is an example of ___ data.
experience sampling
both correlational studies and experimental studies attempt to measure the associations between variables
according to the text, it is reasonable to first assume that almost all psychological findings lack generalizability
we need to collect clues about personality because
personality is something hidden that resides inside an individual
personality psychologists adhering to the ___ approach focus on psychic energy, the workings of the unconscious mind, and the nature and resolution of internal mental conflict
it is only possible to improve personality accuracy at the utilization stage
which of the following attributes seem to be consistently related to being a good judge of personality
conscientiousness and intelligence
according to research that shows a link between a trait's observability and the accuracy with which it is judged, which of the following traits would be easiest to judge accurately?
the factor analytic technique of test construction is designed to
identify groups of test items that seem to be alike
in current psychological research, men are more likely to participate in studies than women
according to the BIS/BAS two-dimensional model, someone who is high in BIS and high in BAS would be considered?
according to Freud, the internal structure of the mind consists of
the id, ego and superego
the basic developmental task of the phallic stage is
the ac question of gender identity
when a Freudian refers to "psychic conflict", he or she means that one individual's
id, ego and superego are in conflict with each other
adult behavior, according to Horney, is based on efforts
which of the following is TRUE regarding the exotic becomes erotic model of sexual orientation development described in the textbook?
the model proposes that all people are physically aroused by novelty
which statement best summarizes psychoanalytic thinking about mental energy?
Freud believed that mental energy was limited, whereas modern psychoanalysts believe that the mind's processing ability is limited
what book marked the beginning of evolutionary thinking?
Darwin's origin of species
the chemicals that are released from the hypothalamus, the gonads, and the adrenal cortex?
what is the best description of the role that testosterone plays in personality?
it acts as an energizing factor that accentuates existing behavioral tendencies
conscious mind
Alder was interested in neurotic needs
according to the article in the funder and ozer reader, fraternities with higher average testosterone levels tended to be
more rambunctious than other frats
given Snyder's description of self-monitoring, you would expect someone who is a low in self-monitor to be ___ than a high self-monitor
less depressed
the meta-analysis of mean-level changes in personality across the life span suggests which of the following?
most mean-level changes in personality occur in young adulthood
displacement, condensation, and symbolization are all secondary process think techniques
according to Melanie Klein, the ___ position refers to a child's desire to
Worship and protect the good parts of an object because they fear losing them.
a scientist who tries to determine how differences in a particular trait are correlated with differences in a particular gene is using what method
the association method
what gene seems to be related to the trait of neuroticism
according to Erikson, adolescents are likely to face a(n)
identity crisis
brian and matt both just flunked out of college. Brian is sure he did not flunk and that he really is going to graduate. Matt simply refuses to think about what just happened. Brian is using the defense mechanism of ___ and matt is using ___.
denial; repression
men and women seek essentially the same thing. Both are trying to increase the likelihood they will produce viable offspring who will survive.
which statement is TRUE regarding the influence of Freud
Freudian ideas continue to influence psychology today
low levels of cortisol are associated with which psychological disorder
Freud's anal stage corresponds to Erikson's stage of
autonomy versus shame and doubt
Freud believed that Leonardo da Vinci's prolific scientific investigations were subliminations of his frustrated sexual passions
experienced the same forbidden impulse the joke expresses
if it trait is influenced by genes, then it ought to be more highly correlated across pairs of ___ than across pairs of ___.
Identical twins; fraternal twins
Victorians criticized Freud's theory as too unscientific
hospitalized mental patients tend to get low scores on the self-monitoring scale
according to the object relations theorist D. W. Winnicott, the purpose of a transitional object is
to compensate for the fact that we cannot have our loved ones with us all of the time
which of the following traits is largely independent of integrity tests?
leaving a disproportionate amount of libido behind at a childhood stage of development is called
two-year-old jonathan knows he is not allowed to have a second piece of candy. When his mother is distracted, he takes another piece out of the candy jar, just to see if he can get away with it. Johnathan is the ___ stage of development
how much genetic material you share with someone you might help
which of the following Freudian ideas is NOT supported by modern research
the items on the California Q-set were designed by a team of researchers and practitioners who generated a comprehensive set of terms sufficient to describe people
in the middle age, we experience the psychosocial crisis of ___, according to Erikson
generativity versus stagnation
"Freudian slips" are also known as
one criticism of traditional Freudian theory is that it is not parsimonious (or at least parts of it are not parsimonious). This means that is
is overly complex
Kevin is placing a personal ad in the local paper. According to evolutionary predictions about mate selection, what will he most likely mention when describing himself?
his financial resources
according to one survey of employers, seven out of the top eight qualities sought in new employees involved
juan pushed a terrible childhood experience out of his awareness and now is not able to recall it in adulthood. Which defense mechanism is he using?
joe developed a fixation in the phallic stage. When he experiences a great deal of stress at work, joe will likely become
uninterested in sex
jung's distinction between people who are oriented outwardly toward the jung's distinction between people who are oriented outwardly toward the
the extraversion-introversion dimension of the big five
which of the following is NOT accurate regarding structured interviews
the method corrects for many of the limitations of S data
as a person becomes an expert in an area, he or she will begin to ___ to help organize the information
use larger chunks
nima moved to the U.S. when she was 5 years old, and she gradually adopted the language, attitudes, and styles of American culture. The process through which nima became Americanized is known as
john argues that a particular culture's distinctive view of reality simply exists and believes that there is no way to meaningfully address the origin of cultural differences. John seems to subscribe to which philosophical tradition
mike thinks that sitting around contemplating the meaning of existence is a waste of time. He spends his life concentrating on developing his career, building a bigger house for his family, and enjoying himself. Sartre and other existentialists would say that mike is
living in bad faith
what disorder might represent an extreme or exaggerated version of traits associated with "marching to a different drummer" or acting original and somewhat idiosyncratically
Salvatore Maddi believed the most severe existential pathology was
a person who know that he is hostile and aloof is said to have ___ knowledge about himself
which childhood illness may have a link to obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
strep throat
the out group homogeneity bias refers to the tendency to view one's own group as having members that differ widely from each other while believing individuals from other groups are "all the same"
the highest need proposed by Maslow was
in Pavlov's famous studies, when the presentation of meat was frequently preceded by the sound of a bell, dogs
suicide and self-mutilation are characteristic of which personality disorder
the idea that all cultural views are equally valid and that it is ethnocentric to think otherwise is called
cultural relativism
sally is very concerned with abandonment and her partner's lack of commitment to their relationship. She is high on which personality dimension
rejection sensitivity
according to the goal circumplex model, goals related to helping one's community are high on what dimension
the American south has a separate "culture of honor", distinct from the rest of the U.S., which requires members to be more tolerant of insults
a study in china showed that information about ___ is remembered as well as information about the self
Steven believes that intelligence and ability can change with experience. Steven has a(n) ___ theory of ability
which theorist would most likely make the statement that stress is valuable for optimal psychological development
which two individuals are credited with turning existentialism into a more optimistic view of life?
what country had the highest levels of self-compassion
a culture that stresses that "tall poppies are cut first" might be high in which cultural dimension
researchers have yet to find evidence for the self-reference effect in china
according to distinctions between types of idiographic goals, a ___ is something you think about, whereas a ___ is something you do
current concern; personal project
the key target for psychotherapy, according to Bandura, is
based on research related to self-determination theory, which individual is likely to report the highest level of well-being
the person focused on personal growth
Csikszentimihalyi's concept of flow is analogous to
an optimal experience
bicultural individuals often have difficulty quickly switching cultural frames of reference
___ consists of your biological experiences and ___ consists of your psychological experiences
umwelt; eigenwelt
cross-cultural psychology has examined differences in the way that members of various cultures think. Some research suggests that people from collectivist cultures think___ than those from individualistic cultures
more holistically
what term refers to Bandura's idea that the self-system, environmental factors, and behavior are all dynamically interlinked
reciprocal determinism
according to the text, accurate self-knowledge is a hallmark of mental health
positive psychologists usually argue that true happiness comes form overcoming important challenges. This idea is quite similar to Sartre's conception of
optimistic toughness
hallucinations are associated with schizoid personality disorder but not schizotypal personality disorder
all languages have terms for traits such as talkative, timid and diligent
dollard and miller view psychological conflict as the result of
approach-avoidance conflict
when a new mobile is first hung over baby jessica's crib, she looks at it frequently. After several weeks pass, she spends hardly any time looking at the mobile. Jessica has become ___ to the mobile
according to research and theory about goals, it is most advantageous to have the ability to
shift between short and long term goals
men who suffer from histrionic personality disorder might project a hyper masculine attitude and brag about their athletic abilities
knowing how to ride a bike is an example of declarative knowledge
what term describes a person who typically expects the worst so that they can be surprised or even relieved when the worst does no happen
which of the following is NOT a philosophical underpinning of behaviorism
members of asian cultures find it more acceptable to deal with controversial issues in bigger meetings than individuals from the united states
vertical society tend to believe that individuals are importantly different from each other
which of the following is one of the diagnostic criteria of OCPD
individuals who are high in the trait of narcissism might seem charming and attractive on the first impression
the basic idea behind empiricism is that
everything we know is the result of our experience
someone who absolutely must have a relationship where they are uncritically accepted is likely to have which personality disorder
the purpose of a basic approach (or paradigm) is
great strengths are usually great weaknesses
the unique mandate of personality psychologists is to attempt
to explain whole, functioning persons in their social context
personality psychologists adhering to the ___ approach focus on psychic energy, the workings of the unconscious mind, and the nature and resolution of internal mental conflict
in observing human behavior, it is impossible
to understand everything about a person all at once
which of the following is NOT one of the basic approaches to personality
personality psychology emphasizes how people are ___, whereas subfields such as cognitive and social psychology emphasize how people are ___.
different from each other; similar to each other
___ theories of personality apply the insights and methods derived from the study of perception, memory, and thought to the study of personality
learning and cognitive
jeff suspects that his roommate's sexist jokes may indicate that his roommate has some hidden, unconscious hostility toward women or that he feels very insecure around women. Jeff's analysis suggests a ___ approach to personality.
psychologists following the phenomenological approach
are concerned with our conscious experience of the world and the consequences of having free will
the personality paradigm that focuses on rewards and punishments is know as the ___ paradigm
advocates of any particular basic approach to personality historically
claimed that their approach explains everything worth explaining
personality is an individual's characteristic patterns of
all of the above ( behavior, emotion, and thought)
which of the following is not part of the psychological triad
psychological health
personality psychology shares with clinical psychology
a common obligation to try to understand the whole person
personality psychologists who adhere to the ___ approach focus on identifying, conceptualizing, and measuring the ways in which people differ psychologically from one another
what two topics are covered under the phenomenological approach
humanistic and cross-cultural perspectives on personality
the trait approach, the behaviorist approach, and the psychoanalytic approach
address different sets of questions about human psychology
personality psychology and clinical psychology overlap most often when approaching
personality disorders
the task of an employer who attempts to identify dependable, conscientious, and hard-working job applicants is similar to the task of the ___ psychologist, who attempts to identify and assess individual differences
imagine that a researcher conducts a study and finds a statistically significant correlation between eating pizza and aggression. However, there is no real association between eating pizza and aggression in nature. What kind of error has this researcher made
type I error
a personality description of a client by her or his therapist is an example of ___ data
according to the text, the goal of a scientific education is
to teach what is known and how to find out what is not yet known
because jesse's teacher believes that he is intelligent, she challenges him with extra assignments and generally encourages his curiosity. At the end of the school year, jesse performs better on the school's achievement test than any other student. Jesse's enhanced performance was likely due to the
expectancy effect
a teacher is mistakenly told that one of his students is intellectually gifted. However, by the end of the year, this student has actually made substantial gains in her standardized test scores. This is an example of what psychological phenomenon
behavioral confirmation
dr. rogers tries to motivate aggression in the laboratory by manipulating the room temperature. If this is the only way that dr. rogers tries to motivate aggression, the results of her studies may lack.
generalizability over stimuli
reports of the number of times a subject told a joke in a day
which of the following is the biggest concern that funder has about the use of deception in psychological research
the use of deception may actually harm psychology and psychological researchers
the principle of aggregation holds that random errors often become magnified when averaged together
according to principles described in the text, it would be relatively difficult to create a reliable measure of
attitudes toward paperclips
what is the goal of the dissertation in the process of scientific education
to demonstrate that the future scientist can contribute something new to the field
which formula in psychometrics quantifies the principle of aggregation
according to the text, the tendency of a group of people who lived at a particular time to differ in some way from those who lived earlier or later is called a
cohort effect
which type of data is likely to be the most subjective and judgmental
a researcher wants to evaluate the correlation between extraversion and happiness. What is the null hypothesis in this analysis
extraversion is uncorrelated with happiness
psychology is relatively unique among the sciences because it uses the case method
on Friday, terence completes the self-monitoring scale and receives a score of 49. on the following Tuesday, he fills out the scale again and receives a score of 28. terence's scores on the self-monitoring scale do not appear to be
dr. jones measures aggression by counting the number of times a research participant hits an inflatable "bobo doll". If this is the only way dr. jones measures aggression, the results of his studies may lack
generalizability over responses
validity is much easier judge than reliability
the implicit associations test (IAT) yields what kind of data
personality trait measurements are typically made on what kind of scale
an ordinal scale
it is possible to directly calculate correlation effect sizes from experimental social psychology
your responses to the personality test item "I am an intelligent person" would be ___ data, whereas your score on an intelligence test that reflects the number of problems you got right would be ___ data.
a test created using the empirical method yields what kind of data
the improvement in reliability gained by adding additional "good" test items can be precisely calculated using what formula
the spearman-bown
according to situationists, the upper limit of personality coefficients is estimated as
measurements of weight are made on what kind of scale
a ratio scale
not all items on objective tests are absolutely objective
sally found that neither caffeine nor extraversion predicted problem soving by themselves; however, she found that they both worked together to predict problem soving. This is an example of what kind of an effect
a true interaction
a variable that influences the association between two other variables is called a(n) ___ variable
the person-situation debate reflects deep-seated views about human nature
as described in the text, according to some researchers, the TAT measures ___, whereas questionnaire-based measures predict ___.
what people want; how motives are expressed
funder strongly believes that Mischel conducted an unfair literature review in personality and assessment
when taking a(n) ___ test, a person interprets an ambiguous stimulus in order to express the inner workings of her or his mind
there is a tendency to equate a situationist perspective with a more optimist view of the world
which of the following would be an example of using a moderator variable approach to improve the predictability of behavior from personality
determining if the behavior of high self-monitors is less consistent that that of low self-monitors
according to the analogy drawn in the text between situational effects on behavior and scud missiles, situations are powerful because they
seem to have inconsistent effects
which of the following is NOT a limitation of the factor analytic approach
the factors are only as good as the criterion groups used to validate the factors
individuals high in the trait of extraversion tend to die younger than individuals who are lower in extraversion
which of the following is the strongest situation
a funeral
how should you act in everyday life according to the "transparent self" theory of psychological health
conceal very little from those around you
a strong handshake is a reliable indicator of honesty
the basic reason that research on the accuracy of personality judgments experienced a lengthy hiatus between 1955 and the mid-1980s was that
researchers lacked a consensual criteria for determining the accuracy of a personality judgment
judgments other people make of your personality are known as
your reputation
according to the text, what term describes a context where social norms tend to restrict what people do?
a strong situation
teachers show an increased willingness to ignore disciplinary problems in these students
which of the following illustrates converging criteria that could be used to establish the accuracy of a personality judgment
you always show up to work on time, and your colleagues say that you are dependable and conscientious
research on expectancy effects has provided a clear estimate of the size of the effect in real life
based on recent research, what approach for job interviews might be the best
face to face interviews
researchers know a great deal about the characteristics of good judges of personality
according to research that shows a link between a trait's observability and the accuracy with which it is judged, which of the following traits would be easiest to judge accurately
imagine that judgments of extraversion correlate with the number of parties that people attend over the course of four years of college. Researchers would therefore say these judgments have
predictive validity
participants in a recent study were shown composite faces from targets that scored extremely low or high on personality dimensions and then asked to judge the target. Which two traits had the highest levels of accuracy
extraversion and agreeableness
to evaluate accuracy in personality judgments, researchers often want to know if personality judgments have predictive validity
which of the following traits would be hardest to judge
emotional stability
in making an overall judgment of your personality, which person should be most accurate
a lifelong best friend
the philosophy of constructivism is widespread in modern intellectual life
which of the following was NOT mentioned as a potential moderator of accuracy
the age of the target of the judgment
general patterns that emerge
peoples scores on one of the factors do not predict their scores on any of the other factors
socialization practices
efforts by researchers to develop a list of items that would adequately
describe people
a failure to feel an emotional response to loved ones
testosterone can be influenced by the outcome of a sporting event
introverts react more strongly than extraverts to sensory stimulation
there is little evidence for segregation by gender in the playgroups of
young children
how much genetic material you share with someone you might help
severe mental retardation
all of the following Freudian ideas were reinterpreted by David Funder in the textbook EXCEPT
compared to Freud, ego psychologists pay a good deal of attention to
which of the following is NOT one of the neurotic needs Horney theorized
in middle age, we experience the psychosocial crisis of ___, according to Erikson
according to Melanie Klein, a child who idealizes a parent also
the idea the men and women each have a masculine and a feminine side is liked to Jung's ideas about
the extraversion introversion dimension of the big five
which of the following concepts is NOT associated with Adler
even more neo-Freudians rely on information from ___ to test or verity their ideas
the Jungian classification of the four basic ways of thinking
the Rep test is used to evaluate whether an individual is fully functioning person
Csikszentmihalyi concluded that the best way that someone can spend their time is in
according to the hierarchy of needs, people must feel that they belong before they can self actualize
according to existentialist philosophy, the opposite of living in bad faith is
authentic existence
the time, place and circumstances into which you happened to be born is called
brad tends to avoid anything that could be stressful or challenging, preferring to live life with familiar activities, experiences, and people. The psychologist Salvatore Maddi would likely suggest that brad is lacking
Andrew watched himself in the mirror and was overcome with the remarkable insight that he was observing himself in the mirror. Andrew is experiencing
more holistically
low levels of these traits reduce intrapersonal contact and disease risk
"loosing face" is a primary danger in what type of culture
the ecological approach attempts to find physical reasons for cross-cultural differences
which of the following people is likely to be the most individualistic
what term describes someone who is low in emotional intelligence
personal projects are similar to the concept of life tasks
which two dimensions are included in the goal circumplex model
self transcendence versus physical self; extrinsic versus intrinsic
tell themselves to slow down and think more deliberately
bicultural individuals often have difficulty quickly switching cultural frames of reference
what two types of processes are included in most dual process models
the experiential system is more recent in evolutionary terms than the rational system
according to research and theory goals, it is most advantageous to have the ability to
which of the following is the best way to get information into long term memory
explicit self knowledge
provide individuals with opportunities for success
personality trait terms are used less frequently in India than in Europe
searched for ways to think well themselves; did not show this response
narcissism might be a conflict between implicit and declarative self esteem
what is actually measured by the implicit association test
jacks friends don't hink he is very smart; however, jack thinks that he is quite intelligent. Jack would most likely be considered high in which personality dimension
what does it mean to say that certain personality disorders are ego syntonic
people who have them do no think anything is wrong
the DSM explicitly links low economic status with antisocial personality disorder
dependent, avoidant, obsessive-compulsive
which disorder seems to be linked with economic status and urban settings
The task of an employer who attempts to identify dependable, conscientious, and hard-working job applicants is similar to the task of the ________ psychologist, who attempts to identify and assess individual differences.
Personality psychology emphasizes how people are ________, whereas subfields such as cognitive and social psychology emphasize how people are ________.
Which of the following is good practice for interpreting correlations?
Which of the following is a limitation of projective tests?
The sole basis on which items are selected for empirically derived personality scales is whether
Traditionally, the usual practice in evaluating the degree to which behavior is affected by the situation has been to
According to the text, what is the last step in a factor analysis?
What term refers to a limit on the generalizability of a particular research conclusion?
Positive emotionality in Tellegen's three-factor model is closest to which trait in Eysenck's model?
What is another name for ego resiliency?
· psychological adjustment
According to the text, the two larger purposes for measuring traits are to
Julie is a serious and conscientious employee; however, with her friends at happy hour on Friday afternoon she is the life of the party. According to Snyder's theory, Julie would most likely be
· a high self-monitor
Which of the following is NOT a positive correlate of authoritarianism?
· preference for weak political candidates
A researcher tries to discover the most important or basic personality traits that exist across people. What approach is she taking?
· an essential-trait approach
The plasticity factor covers both extraversion and openness.
· True
Research on authoritarianism helps explain the behavior of the people in Germany in the 1930s.
Which of the Big Five traits appears to be the most difficult to understand?
· openness
Steve is extremely deferential to his boss. He complies immediately with orders and never questions the decisions his boss makes. In his role as plant supervisor, Steve enjoys giving orders to the people he supervises and he gets very angry if they question those orders. Steve is probably a(n)
What are the Big Three traits according to Auke Tellegen?
· positive emotionality/negative emotionality/constraint
The most important advantage of Q-sorting is that it
· forces the judge to compare all the items directly against each other.
Which Big Five domain captures a tendency to experience positive emotions?
· extraversion
When compared to high self-monitors, people who score low in self-monitoring tend to
· masturbate less often.
Sammy is concerned about whether or not relatively extraverted adolescents become relatively extraverted adults. Sammy studies what kind of personality stability?
· rank order
The lower your score is on measures of psychological health and well-being, the
· higher your score is on neuroticism.
· conservatives; pseudoconservatives
Low self- monitors are more likely than high self-monitors to be described as
Cross-cultural research on the Big Five suggests that
· the central attributes of personality are generally similar in other cultures but there are important differences.
A study of the associations between testosterone levels and spectator sports demonstrates that
· testosterone can be influenced by the outcome of a sporting event.
Early reports about personality and emotional changes in Phineas Gage after his accident led
· neurosurgeons to perform lobotomies to control maladaptive behavior.
The neurotransmitter dopamine is associated with systems that
· respond to reward.
The neurotransmitter serotonin is associated with the reward deficiency hypothesis.
· False
High levels of cortisol appear to be associated with ________, and low levels of cortisol appear to be associated with ________.
· stress, anxiety, and depression; impulsivity and sensation-seeking
Introverts are more chronically aroused than extraverts.
· True
The chemicals that are released from the hypothalamus, the gonads, and the adrenal cortex are called
· hormones.
Which glucocorticoid hormone is involved with the fight-or-flight response?
· cortisol
Which of the following was NOT one of bodily humors?
· marrow
According to Galen, an excess of yellow bile would cause a person to be
· angry and bitter.
Damasio's patient named Elliott had brain damage to the same region that was injured in Phineas Gage.
· True
Research on brain asymmetry indicates that
· an especially active left frontal lobe may be associated with a propensity to feel emotions such as happiness and enjoyment.
What is the oldest brain imaging technique?
· electroencephalography (EEG)
Norepinephrine is both a neurotransmitter in the brain and a hormone in the body.
· True
What term describes the junction between two neurons?
· synapse
The importance of integrated systems in the functioning of the brain suggests why the results of psychosurgery are often erratic.
According to Eysenck's theory, which type of person should exhibit the greatest salivation in the lemon juice test?
· an introvert
What term refers to brain regions that have been injured, removed, or destroyed?
· Lesions
Which of the following is NOT indicated by a heritability statistic?
· whether genes and environments interact to produce behavior
A researcher who attempts to show how self-serving biases may have facilitated survival is taking a behavioral genetic approach.
· False
When personality psychologists measure trait differences in extraversion, what kinds of direct observations are they making?
· phenotypic observations
So far, evolutionary psychology has been much more concerned with the origins of ________ than with ________.
According to evolutionary explanations of mate selection, women and men seek essentially the same thing from a mating partner—an increased likelihood that the partner is physically attractive.
· False
It is widely argued the single genes have strong links to personality attributes.
There is evidence that particular genes are related to certain personality characteristics and psychological difficulties.
· True
If there is no phenotypic variation in a trait, then the heritability of that trait will be approximately
· 0.
What is the precise meaning of a heritability coefficient?
· the proportion of total variance in a trait that is due to genetic influences
A recent study indicates that a serotonin-related genetic allele seems to influence the development of depression in conjunction with
The heritability of IQ is higher in impoverished families than in more economically advantaged families
Monozygotic (MZ) twins share ________ percent of the genes that vary across individuals and dizygotic (DZ) twins share, on average, ________ percent of the genes that vary across individuals.
· 50; 25
According to a recent study, the kind of depression that follows failure, such as a job loss, is characterized by
· fatigue, pessimism, and guilt.
Across a wide variety of cultures, ________ are more likely than ________ to place a higher value on physical attractiveness.
· men; women
What is the starting point of the exotic becomes erotic model of sexual orientation development described in the textbook?
· biological variables such as prenatal hormones and genes
When placing personal ads, women are more likely to specify that they are seeking someone who is ________, whereas men are more likely to specify that they are seeking someone who is ________.
· older; younger
Most epigenetic studies have been conducted with humans.
According to the text, what are the four key ideas of psychoanalytic theory?
What differentiates secondary process thinking from primary process thinking?
· Primary process thinking is impulsive, whereas secondary process thinking is rational
According to Freud, slips of the tongue reflect primary process thinking.
Which part of the personality is responsible for creating defense mechanisms?
· ego
Most psychoanalysts have never exposed themselves to psychoanalysis as a patient.
· False
One criticism of psychoanalytic theory is that it
· relies too heavily on case study evidence.
Which defense mechanism is based on the id's primary process thinking?
· displacement
Another name for a modern-day psychoanalyst is a(n) ________ psychologist.
· ego
Which aspect of humor would Freudians likely find the most interesting?
· the fact that most jokes involve sexual or hostile impulses
The genital character type
· is psychologically well-adjusted.
One explanation of violent homophobia is that it is the result of
· reaction formation.
According to Freud, the process of psychological development is driven by the
· investment and redirection of psychic energy
Ego psychologists believe that the most important function of the ego is compromise formation.
Freud made a distinction between libido and sexual energy.
· False
Zeke has just found out that his brother has been killed in a plane crash. His first response is, "No, not John; he's not dead." According to psychoanalytic theory, Zeke is experiencing the operation of a(n)
· defense mechanism.
What is a common first reaction to the diagnosis of a fatal illness?
· denial of the diagnosis
The defense mechanism of ________ keeps forbidden thoughts, feelings, and impulses out of awareness by replacing them with their opposites.
· reaction formation
When you deal with an unpleasant or threatening feeling by turning it into a more objective thought, you use
· intellectualization
Terror management theory is concerned with anxiety related to threats of modern-day terrorism.
John Bowlby was the earliest psychoanalyst to develop play therapy.
The psychological goal of attachment is
· to feel secure.
Research suggests that anxious-ambivalent children are relatively likely to grow up to be adults who tend to
· be obsessed with their romantic partners.
Many neo-Freudians preserve Freud's spirit in their writings but reinterpret his original ideas.
· True
In Jungian terms, the recurring images repeated in dreams, myths, and literature are called
Organ inferiority refers to a physical malady.
· False
In Erikson's view, important aspects of psychological development
· continue to change throughout the life span.
Which of the following concepts is NOT associated with Adler?
· feminine protest
Adler was interested in neurotic needs.
· False
Jung emphasizes spiritual and mystical issues more than Freud.
What is the anima?
· a man's idealized conception of women
What is the overarching principle of object relations theory?
· We relate to others through our mental images of them.
Object relations theory is still an active branch of psychoanalytic thinking.
Horney felt that when women experience penis envy, it symbolizes their
· lack of power and control in society.
The internalized image of your own mother is a key archetype for Jung.
· False
Dr. Ders is a psychotherapist who emphasizes the importance of relating to others as real people who have mixtures of virtues and vices. Dr. Ders is most likely a therapist in the tradition of
· object relations theory.
Jimmy is a 5-year-old boy. When his parents leave him with a babysitter, he latches onto his stuffed animal, Tim. In the terminology of the object relations theorist D. W. Winnicott, Tim is
· a transitional object
Also known as Geworfenheit, _______ refers to the time, place, and circumstances into which you happened to be born.
· thrown-ness
Steven has come to terms with his mortality, accepted responsibility for his existence, and knows that he determines what happens in his life. Existentialists would say that Steven is
· attaining authentic existence.
George Kelly's personal construct theory emphasizes that individuals
· build the experience of reality through unique sets of ideas about the world.
The theorist ________ would likely use the metaphor "humans are scientists" to describe the nature of human psychology.
· George Kelly
Your particular experience of the world is called your
George Kelly believed that to understand a person, you need to understand his or her personal construct system. This idea is known as.
· construct renewal.
Which of the following virtues does NOT appear to be particularly important in Eastern traditions?
Self-determination theorists believe that eudaimonia is dangerous.
· False
What aspect of human psychological functioning is of particular interest to humanistic psychologists?
· self-awareness
Sartre divided existential anxiety into aguish, fear, and forlornness.
· False
________ is the relatively recent branch of psychology that investigates the traits, processes, and social institutions that promote a good and meaningful life.
· Positive psychology
Which of the following is NOT a concern with the typical strategy used to evaluate the effects of Rogerian psychotherapy?
· No measurable variables have been used to evaluate Rogerian therapy.
According to the hierarchy of needs, people must feel that they belong before they can self-actualize.
Nietzsche argued that the most honorable response to the dilemmas of existence is to
· rise above it all and become a superman.
Positive psychologists usually argue that true happiness comes from overcoming important challenges. This idea is quite similar to Sartre's conception of
· optimistic toughness
Pessimism might belong in the attributes considered by positive psychologists.
Research suggests individuals high in which personality attribute are most likely to experience flow?
· locus of control
An individual who seeks to maximize gain by making the most money possible is following a satisficing goal.
· False
Which of the following ad slogans is more likely to come from an individualistic culture than from a collectivist culture?
According to the text, which of the following is considered to have a collectivist-vertical society?
· China
Studies of endogenous personality descriptors in China and Spain seem to suggest that there are ________ factors in each lexicon.
· seven
Research suggests that Americans may be more likely to recall the larger context of pictures compared to individuals from Japan.
Singapore is both ethnically heterogeneous and culturally tight.
According to the text, what term describes cultures that have only a few proscribed goals and a few ways to achieve these goals?
· tough
Indians prefer to place an X next to the part of the form that does NOT apply.
· True
Psychologists who are concerned that the results of contemporary empirical research may not apply to all people everywhere are questioning the ________ of those results.
· generalizability
If less than 2 percent of a country's population exhibits left-handedness, then cross-cultural researchers might say that the culture is likely a(n) ________ culture.
· tight
Members from which country would be most likely to self-enhance?
· Germany
Which value would most likely be associated with a collectivist culture?
· reciprocity
Some research suggests that thinking in Asians as opposed to Americans is more disrupted by talking.
Some cross-cultural researchers compare average levels of traits across cultures. For example, Chueng and Song (1989) found that, compared to an American sample, Chinese research participants generally described themselves as higher on
· emotional reserve.
According to the textbook, what behavior led to a Danish mother's arrest in New York?
· leaving her 14-month-old daughter asleep in a stroller
Judgments of cultural complexity as opposed to cultural tightness are fairly straightforward.
· False
According to the text, what two factors are hypothesized to influence whether a culture is high in tightness?
· ethnic homogeneity and population density
Countries with low average levels of self-esteem also tend to have high rates of
· suicide.
Bandura's efficacy expectation is a belief about
Which theorist had a substantial intellectual influence on Mischel's ideas about the cognitive-affective personality system?
· George Kelly
Strict behaviorists believe that thoughts and emotions are important to study.
Opponent processes in the body can counteract some of the effects of depressants.
· True
According to Dollard and Miller, ________ provides the motivating force for human behavior.
· drive reduction
According to Dollard and Miller, ________ drives include drives for food, water, physical comfort, sexual gratification, and so on, whereas ________ drives include drives for love, prestige, money, and power.
· primary; secondary
According to Mischel, what is the most important aspect of personality and cognition?
· The many systems of personality and cognition interact.
Based on recent research, what appears to be TRUE regarding people's ability to forecast emotional reactions to major events?
· People tend to overestimate the emotional impact of both negative and positive events.
It has been suggested that chronic anxiety is the result of
· repeated exposure to averse stimuli that are unpredictable and random.
If a particular song frequently precedes your being touched by your significant other, then eventually hearing the song will make you think of being touched by him or her. This is the basic idea behind
· associationism.
Perhaps the biggest limitation associated with the use of punishment is that
When a new mobile is first hung over baby Jessica's crib, she looks at it frequently. After several weeks pass, she spends hardly any time looking at the mobile. Jessica has become ________ to the mobile.
· habituated
E. L. Thorndike proposed that people learn to do things faster and more efficiently when the effects of the behavior are negative.
· False
Which of Bandura's ideas has proven to be the most influential?
· his emphasis on observational learning
According to Dollard and Miller's approach-avoidance conflict theory, the tendency to approach a positive goal is stronger than the tendency to avoid a negative goal.
· False
Most people use punishment effectively.
· False
The Bobo doll studies of aggression demonstrated that
· learning can occur vicariously through observation.
The element of reciprocal determinism that departs most significantly from classic behaviorism is the idea that
If you are frustrated because your coworker's performance prevented you from getting the end-of-the-year bonus you expected, Dollard and Miller would predict that you respond to this frustration with
A ________ is a desired end-state, and ________ are the means that the individual uses to achieve this end-state.
Goals that are unique to the individuals pursuing them are called ________ goals.
· idiographic
Which of the following is the NOT one of the basic stages of emotion?
· scripts
Freud's secondary process thinking resembles Epstein's rational system
The memories of chronically hostile individuals as opposed to chronically agreeable individuals show no differences.
· False
In cognitive-experiential self theory, the ________ system dominates when you are emotional and the ________ system dominates when you are calm.
· experiential; rational
A bicultural Asian American who has just been primed with the image of a dragon is more likely to interpret ambiguous symbols in what way?
· according to typical Asian interpretations
People with more generally negative views of others are more accurate in their person perceptions.
· False
A person with a developmental goal will most likely respond to failure with a(n) ________ pattern of behavior.
· mastery-oriented
What measurement instrument assesses the extent to which people are relatively defensive in their perception of potentially threatening information?
· the repression-sensitization scale
Extraversion is associated with happiness but neuroticism is not related to happiness.
What goal-related term describes the ongoing motivation that persists in the mind until the goal is either attained or abandoned?
· current concerns
· incremental
There is no evidence that happiness leads to good outcomes; rather, evidence suggests that happiness is a result of good outcomes.
· False
Mrs. Khoury enjoys running the office. She likes telling other employees what to do and strives to be promoted to vice president of her company. According to McClelland's view of motivations, Mrs. Khoury is high in ________ motivation.
What term refers to the idea that the concepts that have been recently activated in the mind influence one's perceptions of the world?
· priming
Research has examined the degree to which individuals' optimistic and pessimistic strategies persist across various contexts. The results of this research suggest that
· correlations of strategy use across contexts range from about .30 to .40
Shy people might have defense mechanisms that work too well.
Jack's friends don't think he is very smart; however, Jack thinks that he is quite intelligent. Jack would most likely be considered high in which personality dimension?
· self-enhancement
According to the text, one study found the ________ measures of shyness predicted spontaneous expressions of shyness better than ________ measures of shyness.
· implicit; self-report
"The Little Engine that Could" provides an illustration of which self-related concept?
· self-efficacy
Which stage of the realistic accuracy model has the fewest limitations when it comes to making self-judgments?
· availability
Sarah moved from a small town in Ohio to New York City and has since learned a lot about herself. According to the realistic accuracy model, she has expanded the ________ stage of judgment.
Which of the following is NOT one of the stages of the realistic accuracy model?
· accuracy
What seems to be the connection between accurate self-knowledge and mental health?
· Accurate self-knowledge seems to be a hallmark of mental health.
Self knowledge can be divided into ________ knowledge and ________ knowledge.
· anxiety
Procedural knowledge can be taught by reading and listening to lectures.
· False
According to self-discrepancy theory, what emotion arises from discrepancies between ideal and actual selves?
· depression
What might happen to someone who is high in self-consciousness and primed with words related to stereotypes about senior citizens?
· She might walk more slowly after the priming episode.
The overall opinion of the self is called
· self-esteem.
Which methods are appropriate for identifying self-schema?
· S data and B data
What emotions are thought to occur when a stranger harms aspects of your me-self?
· anger and distress
A person who habitually avoids social interaction but is unaware of his shyness is said to have ________ knowledge about the self
· searched for ways to think well of themselves; did not show this response
According to recent work by Carol Dweck, what is one way to change personality?
· Try to change your beliefs about your own personality.
What is the name of the sixth factor that might be required to fully capture psychopathology in addition to the Big Five domains?
The American Psychological Association publishes the DSM.
· False
According to the textbook, Adolf Hitler exhibited many of the classic signs of what personality disorder?
· narcissistic
An individual who truly believes that he or she should be the first person rescued from a burning building exhibits a symptom of which personality disorder?
· narcissistic
Which of the following is one of the diagnostic criteria for OCPD?
· miserliness
What term describes the exemplar or ideal mental image associated with a particular category?
· prototype
Some researchers have suggested that strep throat infections in children are associated with the development of schizoid personality disorder.
· False
What disorder might represent an extreme or exaggerated version of traits associated with conscientiousness?
· obsessive-compulsive
What term describes the urge to seek erotic stimulation by rubbing up against people in crowded buses?
· frotteurism
According to Funder's classification scheme, what four disorders are characterized by patterns of behavior that interfere with social relationships and can make an individual difficult to be around?
· antisocial, histrionic, narcissistic, paranoid
Although the DSM reports that the ________ personality is frequently reported, recent data suggest that it is fairly rare.
· dependent
Physical illnesses that might be related to mental health appear on which axis of the DSM?
· Axis III
Someone who relies too heavily on others for making decisions is likely to have which personality disorder?
· dependent
Severe psychopathologies such as schizophrenia appear on which axis of the DSM?
· Axis I
Sally has an exaggerated sense of the greatness of her attributes and abilities. A trained observer would say that Sally is high in what personality dimension?
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of B data?
· Direct observations require little in the way of psychological interpretation.
Faking responses in order to influence test results is most difficult on ________ constructed tests.
· empirically
What does the abbreviation MMPI stand for?
· Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
...Dr. Robbins asks his research participants to fill out questionnaires describing their early life. He then obtains copies of their arrest records from the county courthouse. The questionnaires used in Dr. Robbins's study would be ________ data, whereas the arrest records would be ________ data.
According to the text, what simple example of L data is considered by clinical psychologists to be a potential indicator of psychopathology?
· never being married by age 40
According to the book Personality and Assessment, a correlation of .30 is impressive.
· All of the above.
Dr. Akita is designing a test to measure sociability. She writes items that seem directly and obviously related to sociability, such as "I like to go to parties" and "I enjoy the company of other people." Which method of test construction is Dr. Akita using?
· rational method
Validity is the degree to which a measurement
· actually reflects or measures what you think it does.
Which of the following is the best definition of validity
According to the text, which of the following is NOT a threat to the generalizability of personality research?
· constructivist; critical realist
What might be an effect of expectancies in real life?
· to magnify or maintain existing behavioral tendencies
Happiness is associated with what trait?
Personality attributes are rarely linked with mortality risk.
Individuals high in the trait of extraversion tend to die younger than individuals who are lower in extraversion.
· False
A correlation coefficient is a(n) ________ that ranges between ________.
________ data are fairly easily verifiable, concrete, real-life outcomes of possible psychological significance.
Research on expectancy effects has provided a clear estimate of the size of the effect in real life.
· False
Applied psychologists involved in personnel selection are less concerned with error variance than research psychologists.
The p-value tells researchers the probability that a finding will be exactly duplicated.
· False
Individuals with certain traits seem to be attracted to studies of prison life.
· True
How common is shyness?
· About 1 person in 4 considers himself or herself chronically shy.
Early research on the good judge of personality indicated that the good judge was
· None of the above.
According to Gordon Allport's article in the Funder and Ozer reader,
· a trait is more generalized than a habit.
One result of the person-situation debate was that many social psychologists concluded that personality did not really exist.
According to the text, children who were able to delay gratification the longest were also likely to be described as
· cooperative.
If Dr. O'Connell wants to learn about Laura, why might Dr. O'Connell want to avoid using S data?
· The person supplying the S data may not want to or be able to provide accurate reports about Laura.
________ data are the most frequently used basis for personality assessment.
The process whereby an individual seeks out completely objective information about herself/himself is called self-verification.
· False
If a personality psychologist wants to know the actual answer to a personality test question then the participant's response is considered S data.
· True
I data essentially measure
· your reputation.
Reliability and validity are both aspects of a broader concept called
· generalizability.
Personality assessment would be relevant to which of the following constructs?
· All of the above.
The ancient Romans believed that someone with an excess of blood tended to be cheerful, ruddy, and robust.
· True
Sally is a strong proponent of the lexical hypothesis. Where would she likely begin her search for the essential traits of personality?
· the dictionary
According to the sociometer hypothesis, depression evolved as a way to monitor how much we are accepted by others.
· True
An element of Freudian theory that has been maintained in modern attachment theory and research is that
· early relationships with parents form models for later romantic attachments.
Brian and Matt have both just flunked out of college. Brian is sure he did not flunk and that he really is going to graduate. Matt simply refuses to think about what just happened. Brian is using the defense mechanism of ________ and Matt is using ________.
· denial; repression
What part of the human brain seems to be the most distinct from the brains of nonhuman animals?
· frontal cortex
What are the three types of attachment in children?
· anxious-ambivalent, avoidant, secure
Two-year-old Jonathan knows he is not allowed to have a second piece of candy. When his mother is distracted, he takes another piece out of the candy jar, just to see if he can get away with it. Jonathan is in the ________ stage of development.
· anal
One criticism of psychoanalytic theory is that Freud considered the development of women to be
· a deviation from the male model.
Which of the following chemicals breaks down certain neurotransmitters?
· monoamine oxidase
The fact that the same environment affects different individuals in different ways illustrates the principle of gene-environment interactions.
What term did Freud use to describe the psychological respite or time out that occurs before the genital stage?
· the latency stage
In the movie, The Science of Sex Appeal, the "golden ratio" refers to
· the formula of feature ratios for a perfectly attractive face.
The largest and most important level of consciousness in Freud's topographic model of the mind is the
· unconscious mind.
What might be the evolutionary function of crying according to recent research described in the text?
· as a way to elicit social support
Criticisms of psychoanalysis often involve personal assaults on Freud's ethics and personal life.
· True
Freud believed that ________ memory lapses reveal unconscious conflicts.
· all
Why did Freud believe that psychotherapy was beneficial?
· Talking about problems helps bring those issues into conscious awareness.
The works of Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo were, according to Freud, examples of
· sublimation.
Given Snyder's description of self-monitoring, you would expect someone who is a low in self-monitor to be ________ than a high self-monitor.
· easier to judge
The doctrine of opposites holds that the ego must be as strong as the superego.
· False
Negative emotionality in Tellegen's three-factor model is closest to which trait in Eysenck's model?
· neuroticism
In the Hatsa tribe in Kenya,
· the lower the pitch of male voices the more children they had.
Erich Fromm coined the term ________ to describe individuals who frequently turn their wills over to a higher external authority but who enjoy the experience of giving orders to those who are below them in the hierarchy.
· authoritarian character
Researcher Karl Grammar has identified a human pheromone that women usually don't like,
· except during ovulation.
Joe is a 15-year-old who abuses drugs on a regular basis. Research using the Q-sort suggests that as a child, Joe probably would have been described as
· emotionally unstable and immature.
________ are the result of unsuccessful attempts by the ego and superego to control forbidden impulses.
· Parapraxes
All of the following are objections to evolutionary theorizing EXCEPT:
· Evolutionary theory is unnecessarily complicated as it involves too many basic principles.
Trisha, who is on a diet, passes a bakery and sees a chocolate cake in the window. She immediately wants to go in and get the cake, but then realizes that eating the cake will only destroy her diet. When she then feels guilty for even thinking about breaking her diet, Trisha is experiencing
· psychic conflict.
According to Eysenck, psychoticism is a blend of aggressiveness, creativeness, and impulsiveness.
· True
Current evidence suggests that Eysenck's biological theory of extraversion is about half right. Which part of the theory has received support?
· Introverts react more strongly than extraverts to sensory stimulation.
The object relations theorist Melanie Klein suggests that important love relationships are mixed with emotions such as envy, fear, and guilt. People react to these emotions by
· resorting to idealization of relationships.
According to the text, one of the purposes of the DSM is to provide psychiatrists and clinical psychologists with an official diagnosis for insurance purposes.
A person with a judgment goal will respond to failure with a(n) ________ pattern of behavior.
· helpless
Severe psychopathologies such as schizophrenia appear on which axis of the DSM?
· Axis I
All individuals have the same construals of the world.
· False
What are the two basic dimensions of the emotional circumplex model proposed by Averill?
· aroused-unaroused and negative-positive
The American South has a separate "culture of honor," distinct from the rest of the United States, which requires members to be more tolerant of insults.
· False
________ occurs when a child picks up the cultural influences of the place where she or he grows up.
· enculturation
The ________ approach focuses on individual differences that make every person unique.
According to the textbook, the ought self resembles Jeffrey Gray's ________ system, whereas the ideal self resembles Gray's ________ system.
· Stop; Go
There are actually multiple ways to structure an introduction to personality psychology.
The ________ approach focuses on rewards and punishment and how behavior is a function of the situation.
· learning
Utilitarianism, a social philosophy, claims that
· the best society produces the most happiness for the largest number of people.
Humans are the only animals that learn by observing others.
In Triandis's model, the distinctive tasks a culture needs to accomplish and the physical layout and resources of its land are called the culture's
Mrs. Garcia often invites her family and friends to her house for lunches and parties. She is also involved with the people in her church group and in the Parent-Teacher Association at her child's school. According to McClelland's view of motivations, Mrs. Garcia is high in ________ motivation.
· affiliation
Women in the United States are not more collectivist than men.
· False
Imagine that you are participating in a psychology experiment. The experimenter asks you to take a bite of chocolate and to describe your experience of the chocolate—its tastes, its texture, its feel on your tongue, and so on. You would be involved in which method of psychological research?
· introspective
A strong, consistent, and stable tendency to experience positive and energizing emotions is the fundamental feature of what trait?
· extraversion
The ________ approach focuses on moment-to-moment conscious experience, free will, and the ability to choose important aspects of one's reality.
The philosophical belief called ________ claims that people learn in order to seek pleasure and to avoid pain.
· hedonism
A utilitarian always values happiness over freedom.
· True
Sharon believes that intelligence and ability are innate and you cannot do anything to change them. Sharon has a(n) ________ theory of ability.
· entity
Your expectations about sequences of events that should occur in certain situations are called cognitive
According to the text, Canadians who failed an experimental task subsequently ________ on a second task, whereas Japanese participants who failed an experimental task ________.
· denigrated the task; worked harder on a second task
Researchers have found that the Big Five personality factors can be identified cross-culturally if one allows for some variation of the specific traits that make up each of the Big Five. This finding is closely related to the idea(s) of ________ in the comparative cultural approach.
· emics and etics
Procedural self-knowledge does NOT include
· explicit self knowledge
Even amoebas and crayfish can learn habituation.
· True
According to the theory surrounding the Big Five, what term describes the generalized scripts that are produced by the Big Five traits?
· characteristic adaptations
Dependent personality disorder is more common in men than women.
· False
Some research suggests that pessimism might prove more adaptive than optimism in
· handling the diagnosis of a chronic disease.
According to Triandis, ________ societies assume that all persons are essentially equal.
· horizontal
According to Carl Rogers you can become a ________ only if you experience ________ from important others in your life.
· fully functioning person/unconditional positive regard
According to the text, you should judge an approach to studying personality by which of the following criteria?
· its usefulness
Which of the following is NOT a major achievement of the learning approaches to personality?
· These approaches helped further the understanding of the importance of early childhood learning.
According to the text, which of the following is considered to have an individualist-horizontal society?
· Norway
Psychometricians assume that construct of intelligence is demonstrated through responses to an IQ test.
The fact that life outcomes are multi-determined is the biggest disadvantage of L data.
The Binomial Effect Size Display is a method for illustrating
effect sizes
Daily diary reports can be considered ________ data.
experimental B
According to Cronbach and Meehl's (1955) terminology, psychological attributes such as intelligence and sociability are examples of ________, whereas an IQ test and Extraversion questionnaire are both examples of specific tests or measurements.
To assess the personality traits of a group of 5-year-olds, researchers use a puppet inventory in which children pick the puppet that best matches their personality. This is an example of ________ data.


text:
The Brunswick
Head to historic Bloomsbury and discover an eclectic mix of shops and entertainment. The Brunswick is home to the Renoir art-house cinema, numerous restaurants and over forty shops selling everything from the latest fashions to everyday essentials. The Brunswick is located close to The British Museum, the West End and Covent Garden.
Venue Details & Map
The Brunswick
- Address
Judd Street
BloomsburyLondonWC1N 1BS
- Telephone:
- +44 (0)20 7291 7991
Yelp Reviews
Cute strip-mall/concrete square with lots of shops and a few chain restaurants, surrounded by government housing. They've got Lots of food and clothing shops, a Robert Dyas, a Holland & Barrett, a movie theatre, and a Waitrose. Also I Love that they have seating areas.. Perfect for the warm weather! (though they're here year-round)more
It was such an amazing change to the neighbourhood when the Brunswick went from being a council estate with second-hand and cheep stores in the middle. It was somewhere you avoided at night walking home... trust me. Now that the Brunswick has been redone, this is a lovely place to live and shop. There is the Waitrose of course, fashion stores, a Zavvi, health food stores, restaurants....more
I used to live close by and when your options are between either King's Cross or Russell Square, I was happy to find the Brunswick shopping center.
It is mostly outdoor, the shops surrounding the inner yard. Besides the basic Starbucks and Boots you can find a lovely independent cinema, chocolate boutique and nice places for dining.
The place is hidden from the cars and the tourists, very...more
I may be a horrific snob, but since when has there been an L.K. Bennett in the middle of a council estate? There is now.
The Brunswick is a strange creature, catering for the gentrified folk who live and work around Russell Square, yet in itself consisting of mainly social housing built in the early 1970s. Originally a project in mixed housing, including some luxury apartments interspersed...more

subset: commoncrawl


text:
I Must Go On - RC WEEK 190
Your original file link
So SWEET Bro. love it to the MAX.
Awesome mix.
Love it
Great Job
beautiful mix bro
i like it
Ooops..i've never heard about this movie beforebut ur mix sounds awesome..so romantical & sweeti wont stop listening to it..awww
Very well mixed ..as always
Looooooooooooooooooove it very much
Thank You My Dear
But Its From The Anime Series
Later They Brought Out The Movie Too
SPEECHLESS Bro U know this is the kind of music, I can relate myself to
Don't know what type is this called, but I'm listenning to it non-stop
Thanks Bhai for this mix
sounds lovely! wonderful mix and good job loved it!
peaceful mix and really nice. loved it a lot...!!!
lovely tune Amdo bro I'm very imperssed by your work loved it
ooooohhhh so so lovely!!!!! this is perfectly crafted~~~!!! one of your bests!!!! congrats!!!!
sound very beautiful amdy bro..
very peacefull..
i love it so much...
beautiful mix amdy bro
lovely mixing love it
That's a lovely and beautiful mix Amdo bro
Love this tune so much
Great mixing
I love it more each time from when I first heard to now~so perfect
Very serene tune bro
Simply B.E.A.U.T.I.F.U.L.


text:
This international programme is aimed at ensuring sustainability and improving the livelihoods of coastal communities in developing countries.
Delivered by a consortium of Commonwealth organisations, it raises awareness and conducts research to help identify long-term solutions for fisheries management. This is achieved through regional case studies, study tours, ministerial statements and civil society consultations.
Programme research is available online, in the newsletter and a series of publications. Final findings will be presented at the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM) in
November 2009.
If you want to get involved in our case studies or study tours, or find out where we'll be communicating the findings, please click here.
Sign up for our newsletter RSS updates
Programme photography
Join our Facebook Group
01 Jan 2010
Interview with Charles Nurse, Quality Assurance Officer at the Seafood Industry Development Company (SIDC)
01 Jan 2010
Interview with Azard Mohammed, Director of Blue Bamboo Cunupa Fishing Association
01 Jan 2010
Interview with Bharat Patel, Director of Machimar Adhikar Sangharsh Samiti (MASS)
More news


text:
The Year in Raven (And What We're Up To In 2014)
Written by Jon Henshaw and published
2013 was a bit of a wild ride for Raven. All-in-all, it was an exciting and productive year that included a complete makeover of the platform and several major new tools.
JANUARY: Goodbye, scraped data
It all kicked off in January with the removal of unauthorized scraped data from Google.
FEBRUARY: Introducing Site Auditor
While we said goodbye to our old friend SERP Tracker, we soon (in February) said hello to our new friend Site Auditor.
The Site Auditor became an instant favorite with existing and new customers alike. Thanks to how easy it is to use and its reporting features, people are using it to get new clients and also to quickly fix their own sites.
Next, we added some new partners into the Raven fold. Constant Contact, AWeber and Emma joined MailChimp and Campaign Monitor as Raven email data partners.
MARCH: A new rankings alternative
Shortly after, we introduced SERP Tracker's younger and more handsome cousin, the Keyword Ranking tool.
Powered by Google's and Bing's respective Webmaster Tools plus data from Google Analytics, the Keyword Ranking tool provides important organic keyword insights directly from the source – the search engines themselves. Coupled with its reporting capabilities, the Keyword Ranking tool provide an alternative solution for viewing and reporting ranking data.
APRIL: Site Performance debuts
Barely a week after announcing our reporting update, we debuted a new tool called Site Performance. This tool was particularly special because it provides key insights into sites without having to authenticate with Google or any other services. That meant our customers could use it in sales opportunities, and also to stack up their own site against their competitors. And like all of Raven's tools, it's reportable.
Also in April: Our REPORT EVERYTHING initiative. If you've been a longtime Raven customer, you were probably aware that while you could report on just about everything, you still couldn't report on everything. In early April, we rectified that. We combed through every tool and updated the reporting system so it could report on every data point we allow you to manage.
JULY: Welcome, PRNewswire
In the summer, we added an awesome new feature and third party partner. Now you can create and send press releases via PR Newswire.
We also updated our social tools to support native posting of images to Twitter and Facebook in August. It was something many customers asked for and something I now use often.
AUGUST: A brand-new Raven
For most of the summer, our entire team focused on one project that would redefine Raven. Within four months our development team and designers were able to completely overhaul the entire Raven platform with a beautifully simple and modern user interface. It was incredibly well received by our customers and the industry. The new design is paving the way for an even more simple-to-use platform that will also be responsive for all devices.
OCTOBER: Custom Google Analytics Reports
In October, we debuted Custom Google Analytics Reports. It was a new feature added to our Google Analytics tool that enables you to build custom charts based on up to six unique metrics. Each chart creates a custom view of the data that is also reportable.
So what's next?
Raven in 2014
In 2014, Raven has five main things we'll be focusing on.
1. Customers
2014 (and beyond) will be highly focused on what our customers need. Throughout the year we will be surveying and interviewing current users of Raven, testing out new ideas and frequently reviewing and considering your feature requests. This level of customer interaction is how Raven originally got started, and it's how we're going to move forward from here on out.
2. Reporting
Reports are one of the main things you love about Raven, and we plan to give you even more to love. We are currently working on a major overhaul and rewrite of our entire reporting system. How you make and share reports will be simpler than ever, and the reports will be visually stunning. We have one goal in mind – making you look good to your clients or boss.
3. Social
We have big plans for our social tools. First, expect to see the debut of LinkedIn on the Raven platform in early 2014. Later, we will be debuting new tools to better help you track and report on all of your social interactions. We also hope to introduce Google+ to Raven in 2014, too.
4. Site Auditor
The Site Auditor will be coming out of beta in 2014. That means it will be able to crawl well over the current 1k page limit, and we'll also be adding a few more features to it.
5. The Future
In 2014, I'll be doing something different too. I'll be leading a new R&D initiative focused on researching and prototyping the next big thing in online marketing 🙂
Your turn
So how did we do in 2013? Do our 2014 goals match up with what you'd like to see from us? Let us know in the comments!


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3. Proposal Approval & Submission
A. Proposal Approvals
Before a proposal is submitted to an external funding agency, the application must be approved through the University's established procedure. SmartGrant Online Routing is used to gather the approvals. By electronically approving the proposal in SmartGrant, each signatory accepts accountability for the roles and actions assigned to them by the University, as described below.
Proposal Approvals
SmartGrant gathers information required for processing a grant or contract and electronic signatures showing the University's support. Routing is required for every grant proposal or contract submitted to the Office of Research. If circumstances prevent online routing, the paper form is available here.
The routing process must be completed before the proposal can be submitted.
- The Intro Proposal Data section includes information on the Principal Investigator (PI) and Co-Principal Investigator(s), the project type, proposal due date, name of sponsoring agency, and proposal title. Questions regarding conflict of interest, involvement of human subjects, and cost sharing are addressed. You may need to check with the Office of Research for specific information.
- The Budget Preliminary Info section records project start and end dates, specifies Indirect Costs Rates, and sets up your budget for development.
- The Budget Detail section will need to be generated and Personnel effort entered.
- The Print Forms section allows you to create an abstract or upload documents your Chair/Dean may need to see for approval.
Once the above steps are completed, routing can be initiated. Electronic approval is required from the PI, other committed personnel such as co-PIs or Faculty Associates, and the department chair(s) and college dean(s) of the PI and any other committed personnel. Depending on the scope of the project other approvals (see below) may be necessary. All of the required approval signatures must be obtained before the proposal will be submitted to the funding agency.
Call the Office of Research if you need help entering your proposal in SmartGrant and initiaing Online Routing.
The usual practice is to upload the abstract, budget, and budget justification for Chair/Dean review. They may ask for the complete proposal if they would like to review it in more detail.
Principal Investigator, Project Director, and Co-Principal Investigators
The e-signatures of the principal investigator, all co-principal investigators, and other committed personnel are required. "Other committed personnel" means KSU faculty or staff who are either paid from the grant or committing time to the projects as specified in the proposal. By signing electronically approving the proposal, the PI, co-PIs, and other committed personnel agree to:
- Accept responsibility for the intellectual content of the research or scholarly activity that is proposed
- Accept responsibility for the quality and completeness of both the fiscal and technical portions of the proposal
- Ensure that all necessary institutional approvals (see "Other Approvals" below) are received prior to submission of the proposal to an outside funding source
- Avoid conflict of interest
- Adhere to the principles of responsible conduct in research or other creative work described in the KSU Faculty Handbook
- Assure that the sponsored project is conducted safely and in accordance with university, federal, state, and local regulations
- Meet deadlines for the completion of reports to the sponsoring agency
- Accept responsibility for administration of the awarded activity
- Use funds for the awarded project appropriately and ensure that all expenditures are consistent with the terms and conditions of the award
- Report potentially patentable or other commercial results
- Complete the work on schedule and within the project's agreed upon budget
- Assure compatibility with the total academic assignment determined in consultation with the department chair or director and dean
Department Chair and/or Center/Institute Director
The department chair or center/institute director of the Principal Investigator and all Co-Principal Investigators must approve all sponsored activities prior to proposal submission to the dean(s). In certain cases, center/institute directors are delegated oversight responsibilities. The signature of the department chair or center/institute director or designee on the Proposal Routing Form indicates acknowledgement of the:
- Research or creative activities that are being conducted in the department
- Research or creative activity conforming to the short or long-range objectives of the department
- Needs of the proposal in terms of space requirements, materials, staffing, or health and safety hazards associated with the conduct of the activities
- Commitment to provide any necessary requirements if the proposal is funded
- Approval of release time (if any) for designated faculty
- Coverage of any over expenditure or disallowed expenditures from departmental funds
- Adherence to all applicable department, college, and university procedures
- Competency of the PI to conduct and manage the proposed project
The dean or designee assures that he/she:
- Acknowledges the proposed project
- Recognizes the project as compatible with the institutional goals and objectives of the college
- Makes available staff and space necessary for conducting the project
- Recognizes personnel descriptions as appropriate and consistent in the college
- Is aware of the budgetary impact of the project on the college
Other Approvals
Depending on the nature of the project additional approvals may be needed before the proposal is submitted to the Office of Research. Projects requiring special assistance from the offices of must be signed off by the applicable responsible official.
- Information Technology Services,
- Environmental Health & Safety, or
- Plant Operations (if alterations are required to the physical plant)


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The Rev. Dr. Joy Jittaun Moore joined the faculty at Fuller Theological Seminary in September 2012 as assistant professor of preaching and also serving as associate dean for African American Church Studies from 2012 to 2015. She came from Duke University Divinity School in Durham, North Carolina, where she served as associate dean for Church Relations and associate dean of Black Church Studies. Previously she was assistant professor of preaching, director of Women's and Ethnic Ministries, and later director of Student Life at Asbury Theological Seminary, Wilmore, Kentucky, and was chaplain and director of Church Relations at Adrian College, Adrian, Michigan. Moore's research interests focus primarily on understanding the critical issues influencing contemporary culture for community formation. A frequently featured preacher, Bible study leader. and teacher, she is currently conducting research on the impact of various media forms on how we assimilate information and what it does to our religious imagination. Her chapter, "Preaching: Telling the Story in a Sound-bite Culture," in Generation Rising: A Future with Hope for the United Methodist Church, edited by Andrew C. Thompson (Abingdon, 2011), calls for preaching that takes seriously the story of Scripture over the moralisms we choose to impose on its stories. Her book Text Messaging: Ancient Stories for a Cyberspace Future is forthcoming with Bristol Books. An ordained elder in the United Methodist Church, Moore has pastored congregations in Michigan since 1988. A characteristic of her work has been to provide opportunities for the Christian hope to be explained and practiced so others are welcomed to accept their vocation as representatives of the reconciling love of God—practicing hope, hospitality, and honesty. Moore is a member of the board of directors for ZOE Ministries, an empowerment program taking a comprehensive approach to transforming the lives of African children orphaned by HIV/AIDS, war, disease, famine, and other causes. She is also on the advisory board of the Duke Center for Reconciliation, founded in 2005, a leading voice in shaping a distinctly Christian vision of reconciliation, with a desire to equip the church for reconciliation, justice, and peacemaking in a divided world. She became a John Wesley Fellow in 2001 and is a member of the Society for Biblical Literature, the Academy of Homiletics, the American Academy of Religion, and the National Association of United Methodist Evangelists. Dr. Joy is an avid fan of books by David Baldacci, and, when she is not teaching, enjoys traveling, watching reruns of Babylon 5, and reading. She occasionally blogs at joyseroom.com
Community formation, biblical studies, practical theology, homiletics, narrative hermeneutics, and social media


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Pirates' McCutchen OK after getting hit in headWho works for whom, here? And it's not like Daniel McCutchen is hanging around and ready to fill in as a backup McCutchen. Know your place, ball. Pittsburgh Pirates center fielder Andrew McCutchen gave the franchise a brief scare on Monday when a ball hit… (more)
Andrew McCutchen's mom Petrina sings national anthem before wild game cardYour browser does not support iframes. Pittsburgh Pirates fans didn't need any extra motivation to get hyped for Tuesday's wild card game, which they won 6-2 over the Cincinnati Reds. After all, this was a game and a night they have been anticipating an…Source: yahoo.com
Andrew McCutchen Is Tougher Than A Screaming Line DriveIt's the day before the Pirates' first playoff game in 21 years. What could possibly go wrong? How about National League MVP candidate Andrew McCutchen getting hurt during today's batting practice? Yeah, that would pretty much be the worst. And, yeah, t…Source: deadspin.com


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Generosity appreciatedJuly 17,2014On behalf of those we serve in the community, I wish to thank Rutland Area Vehicle Enthusiasts for their longtime support of home health care and hospice in our community.
Thank you for allowing us to work toward our mission of providing the highest quality health care to our friends and neighbors in need. RAVEs generous gift, combined with the gifts of many others in our community, goes right to work ensuring that home health care and hospice services are available to all in our community regardless of their geographic location or financial limitations.
Simply put, we would not be able to continue our mission without your generous support.
(Executive director,
Rutland Area Visiting Nurse
Association & Hospice)
RutlandMORE IN LettersMost people have now heard about fake news influencing the American voter this election cycle. Full StoryI have something to say to those liberals who are horrified about Trump being elected president. Full StoryDonald Trump railed against Hillary Clintons close relationship with Goldman Sachs, saying she... Full Story
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CrossCurrents - Clark Kent Ervin & the Aspen Institute's Security Forum
Aspen Institute's Security Forum starts next week. Today on CrossCurrents, Clark Kent Ervin the Director of the Aspen Institute's Homeland Security Program.
From his Aspen Institute Bio: Clark Kent Ervin is the Director of the Aspen Institute Homeland Security Program. He joined the Institute in 2005. Before doing so, he served as the first Inspector General of the United States Department of Homeland Security, from January, 2003 to December, 2004. Prior to his service at DHS, he served as the Inspector General of the United States Department of State and the Broadcasting Board of Governors, from August, 2001 to January, 2003. His service in the administration of President George W. Bush is preceded by his service as the Associate Director of Policy in the White House Office of National Service in the administration of President George H.W. Bush.


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A look ahead to high school and college basketball action, plus how Juneau's Joe Thompkins did at the Paralympics at Salt Lake City.
Recent headlines
Tongass National Forest plan moves to young-growth timberPlans for managing the nation's largest national forest call for changes in timber harvests that one critic says will be "the demise of the timber industry."
Obama creates 'climate resilience area' in Bering SeaPresident Obama today issued an executive order creating the "Northern Bering Sea Climate Resilience Area" of 112,300 square miles.
Researchers aim to protect the Bering Sea's rare blue king crab while preserving fisheriesAs the blue king crab population crashes, fishermen on St. Paul Island face more restrictions to reduce bycatch. But the rules to protect the crab also make it difficult to do research on the species.
Energy bill fails; Murkowski blames HouseThe office of House Speaker Paul Ryan announced Wednesday there was no time left to pass an energy bill, according to the publication The Hill.