text:
|PAVE Phased Array Warning System
|military structures[1]
The Cape Cod AFS AN/FPS-115 (white structure with circular array) on 1 October 1986 was 1 of 2 while two more FPS-115s were being built. At the beginning of the Cold War, the Cape Cod landform had a Permanent System radar station (1951 North Truro AFS), and the offshore Texas Tower 2 was at George's Bank (closed 1963).
|United States
|Radar stations
|Massachusetts, California, Florida, Texas
|Electronic Systems Division System Program Office: 42°27′45″N 71°16′31″W / 42.4626°N 71.2753°W (in MA)
Raytheon Equipment Division: 39°15′24″N 84°26′00″W / 39.2566°N 84.4333°W (MA)[2]
|Prime Contractor[4]
|Raytheon Equipment Division (named April 1977)[3]
IBM Federal Systems
Gilbane Construction Company (MA)[4]
tbd (CA)
tbd (GA)
tbd (TX)
|1976 October 27
1980 August 15
1995 (GA, TX closed)
c. 1990–2001
The PAVE Phased Array Warning System (PAVE PAWS) was a Cold War system of computer and radar equipment developed to "detect and characterize a sea-launched ballistic missile attack against the United States".[6] With the first solid-state phase-scanned array deployed,[7] the system at the perimeter of the contiguous United States used a pair of Raytheon AN/FPS-115 Radar Sets at each site[8] (2 sites in 1980, then 2 more used 1987–95) as part of the United States Space Surveillance Network.
Fixed-reflector radars with mechanically-scanned beams such as the 1955 GE AN/FPS-17 Fixed Ground Radar and 1961 RCA AN/FPS-50 Radar Set were deployed for missile tracking, and the USAF tests of modified AN/FPS-35 mechanical radars at Virginia and Pennsylvania SAGE radar stations had "marginal ability" to detect Cape Canaveral missiles in summer 1962.[8] A Falling Leaves mechanical radar in New Jersey built for BMEWS successfully tracked a missile during the October 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, and "an AN/FPS-85 long-range phased array (Passive electronically scanned array) radar was constructed at Eglin AFB"[8] Site C-6, Florida[9] beginning on 29 October 1962[10] (the Bendix Radio Division's[11] FPS-85 contract had been signed 2 April 1962).[12] Early military phased array radars were also deployed for testing: Bendix AN/FPS-46 Electronically Steerable Array Radar (ESAR)[6] at Towson, MD[13] (powered up in November 1960),[14] White Sands' Multi-function Array Radar (1963), and the Kwajalein Missile Site Radar (1967).[15]
Submarine Launched Ballistic Missile Detection and Warning System[edit]
The Avco 474N Submarine Launched Ballistic Missile (SLBM) Detection and Warning System (SLBMD&W System)[5] was deployed as "an austere…interim line-of-sight system" after approval in July 1965[16] to modify some Air Defense Command (ADC) Avco AN/FPS-26 Frequency Diversity Radars into Avco AN/FSS-7 SLBM Detection Radars. The 474N sites planned for 1968 also were to include AN/GSQ-89 data processing equipment (for synthesizing tracks from radar returns), as well as site communications equipment that NORAD requested on 10 May 1965 to allow "dual full period dedicated data circuits" to the Cheyenne Mountain 425L System, which was "fully operational" on 20 April 1966.[16] (Cheyenne Mountain Complex relayed 474N data to "SAC, the National Military Command Center, and the Alternate NMCC over BMEWS circuits",[17] for presentation by Display Information Processors—impact ellipses and "threat summary display" with a count of incoming missiles[18] and "Minutes Until First Impact" countdown).[19]
By December 1965 NORAD decided to use the Project Space Track "phased-array radar at Eglin AFB…for SLBM surveillance on an "on-call" basis"[20] "at the appropriate DEFCON".[21] By June 1966 the refined FPS-85 plan was for it "to have the capability to operate in the SLBM mode simultaneously [sic] [interlaced transmissions] with the Spacetrack surveillance and tracking modes"[16] Rebuilding of the "separate faces for transmitting and receiving" began in 1967[4] after the under-construction Eglin FPS-85 was "almost totally destroyed by fire on 5 January 1965".[22] FPS-85 IOC was in 1969,[23] 474N interim operations began in July 1970 (474N IOC was 5 May 1972),[5] and in 1972 20% of Eglin FPS-85 "surveillance capability…became dedicated to search for SLBMs,[24] and new SLBM software was installed in 1975.[14] (the FPS-85 was expanded in 1974).[4]
The Stanley R. Mickelsen Safeguard Complex with North Dakota phased arrays (four-face Missile Site Radar and single-face GE Perimeter Acquisition Radar, PAR) became operational in 1975 as part of the Safeguard Program for defending against enemy ballistic missiles.
The SLBM Phased Array Radar System (SPARS)[a] was the USAF program initiated In November 1972 by the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS)[3] while the Army's PAR was under construction. A 1974 SPARS proposal for "two new SLBM Phased Array Warning Radars" was submitted to replace the east/west coast 474N detection radars, which had "limitations against Soviet SLBMs, particularly the longer range SS-N-8"[26] on 1973 "Delta" class submarines.[4] Development began in August 1973,[27] SPARS was renamed[b] PAVE PAWS on 18 February 1975,[28]:37 and system production was requested by a 13 June 1975 Request for Proposals (RFP).[6] Rome Air Development Center (RADC) "was responsible for the design, fabrication installation, integration test, and evaluation of" PAVE PAWS (through 1980).[6]
The differing USAF AN/FPS-109 Cobra Dane phased array radar in Alaska achieved IOC on 13 July 1977[5] for "providing intelligence on Soviet test missiles fired at the Kamchatka peninsula from locations in southwestern Russia".[8] The Safeguard PAR station that closed in 1976, had its radar "modified for the ADCOM mission during 1977 [and] ADCOM accepted [the Concrete Missile Early Warning Station] from the Army on 3 October 1977"[5] for "SLBM surveillance of Arctic Ocean areas".[33] By December 1977 RADC had developed[6] the 322 watt PAVE PAWS "solid state transmitter and receiver module",[3] and the System Program Office (ESD/OCL) issued the AN/FPS-115 "System Performance Specification …SS-OCLU-75-1A" on 15 December 1977.[34] IBM's PAVE PAWS "beam-steering and pulse schedules from the CYBER-174" duplexed computers to the MODCOMP IV duplexed radar control computers were "based upon" PARCS program(s) installed for attack characterization in 1977 when the USAF received the Army's PAR.[3] Bell Labs enhanced[clarification needed] the PARCS beginning December 1978, e.g., "extending the range"[5] by 1989 for the Enhanced PARCS configuration (EPARCS).
Environmental and health concerns[edit]
USAF environmental assessments in August 1975 and March 1976 for PAVE PAWS were followed by the EPA's Environmental Impact Analysis in December 1977.[3] The USAF requested the National Research Council (in May 1978) and a contractor, SRI International (April 1978), to assess PAVE PAWS radiation.[3] Two NRC reports were prepared (1979,[23] tbd), SRI's Environmental Impact Statement was reviewed during a 22 January 1979 public hearing at the Sandwich MA high school auditorium (~300 people).[28] The studies found no elevated cancer risk from PAVE PAWS[35] e.g., elevated Ewing's Sarcoma rates were not supported by 2005 available data[36] (a December 2007 MA Department of Health report concluded it "appears unlikely that PAVE PAWS played a primary role in the incidence of Ewing family of tumors on Cape Cod.")[37] A followup to a 1978 Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine report[38] concluded in 2005 that power densities beyond 15 metres (49.2 ft) were within permissible exposure limits.[39] Consistent with other regulations to prevent interference with aircraft systems, the FAA restricts aircraft at altitudes below 4,500 ft (1,400 m) to maintain 1 nm (1.85 km) from the Cape Cod SSPARS phased array.[40]
The 1st Raytheon AN/FPS-115 Radar Sets were controlled by PAVE PAWS computers to have a "3 dB Beam Width" of 2.2 deg[41] and had 27 October 1976 "ground-breaking ceremonies" at the East Coast Site.[28] The East Coast site had been announced as Otis Air Force Base on 26 May (Beale Air Force Base was announced as the West Coast site),[42] then Raytheon was contracted on 23 May.[43] After first energized (Otis' south face for 1.5 hours on 3–4 April 1978), System Performance Testing at "the Otis AFB PAVE PAWS facility" was completed 16 January 1979.[28] To mitigate interference at the FPS-115 site on Flatrock Hill[44] from the Cape & Islands Emergency Medical Service (EMS), on 8 February 1979 ESD installed six high pass filters—then Raytheon was contracted 24 May to move the EMS Repeater Station to Bourne, Massachusetts (completed 13 July).[28] After a 5–7 March "final review of the East Coast PAVE PAWS EIS was held at Hq AFSC", the site was accepted by ESD on 12 April.[28] The "first radio frequency transmission" from the West Coast Site was 23 March 1979[28] (it was completed in October 1979).[45] "ADCOM wanted four [PAVE PAWS] sites, but by the end of 1979 only two had been funded".[5]
Initial operating capability was in 1980: "Cape Cod Missile Early Warning Station" on 4 April with IOT&E completed 21 May;[5] Beale AFB IOC on 15 August.[1] and Otis Also in 1980, the 2 PAVE PAWS, 3 BMEWS, and the PARCS & FPS-85 radar stations transferred to Strategic Air Command (then Space Command in 1983).[23] By 1981 Cheyenne Mountain was providing 6,700 messages per hour[46] including those based on input from the PAVE PAWS and the remaining FSS-7 stations.[47] Also in 1981 as part of the Worldwide Military Command and Control System Information System (WIS), The Pentagon's National Military Command Center was receiving data "directly from the Satellite Early Warning System (SEWS) and directly from the PAVE PAWS sensor systems".[47] Beam Steering Unit (BSU) and Receiver Beam Former (REX) replacements were replaced on the 4 Cape Cod/Beale radars in the 1980s.[48]
The PAVE PAWS Expansion Program[28] had begun by February 1982 to replace "older FPS-85 and FSS-7 SLBM surveillance radars in Florida with a new PAVE PAWS radar to provide improved surveillance of possible SLBM launch areas southeast of the United States [and for another] to the Southwest.[33] After a 3 June 1983 RFP, Raytheon Company was contracted on 10 November and had a 22–23 February 1984 System Design Review for the Southeast and Southwest radars.[28] The Expansion's Development Test and Engineering testing commenced on 3 February 1986 at the Southeast Site (PAVE PAWS Site 3, Robins Air Force Base--completed 5 June) and 15 August at the Southwest Site (PAVE PAWS Site 4, Eldorado Air Force Station).[28] The Gulf Coast FPS-115s were operational in 1986 (Robins)[8] and May 1987 (Eldorado IOC).[1] In February 1995, all 4 radars were being netted by the "missile warning center at Cheyenne Mountain AS [which was] undergoing a $450 million upgrade program".[49] Other centers receiving PAVE PAWS output were the 19xx Missile Correlation Center and 19xx Space Control Center.[citation needed]
During the End of Cold War draw down, the Eldorado and Robins radar stations closed in 1995,[50] and an AN/FPS-115 was sold to Taiwan in 2000[51] (installed at Loshan or Leshan Mountain, Tai'an, Miaoli[52] in 2006,[53] commissioned 2013).[54] By October 1999, Cape Cod and Beale radars were providing data via Jam Resistant Secure Communication (JRSC) circuits to the Command Center Processing and Display System in the NMCC.[31] The transition of BMEWS and PAVE PAWS to SSPARS had begun with the 4 AN/FPS-50 BMEWS radars near Thule Air Force Base being replaced with a Raytheon AN/FPS-120 Solid State Phased Array Radar at Thule Site J (operational "2QFY87").[55]
The Solid State Phased Array Radar System (SSPARS) began replacing PAVE PAWS when the first AN/FPS-115 face was taken off-line for the radar upgrade. New Raytheon AN/FPS-123 Early Warning Radars became operational in 19xx (Beale) and 19xx (Cape Cod) in each base's existing PAVE PAWS "Scanner Building".[4] RAF Fylingdales, UK and Clear Air Force Station, Alaska BMEWS stations became SSPARS radar stations when their respective AN/FPS-126 radar (3 faces)[57] and 2001 Raytheon AN/FPS-120 Solid State Phased Array Radar became operational.[56] In 2007, 100 owners/trustees of amateur radio repeaters in the 420 to 450 MHz band near AN/FPS-123 radars were notified to lower their power output to mitigate interference,[58] and AN/FPS-123s were part of the Air Force Space Surveillance System by 2009.[59] The Beale AN/FPS-123 was upgraded to a Raytheon AN/FPS-132 Upgraded Early Warning Radar (UEWR), circa 2012, with capabilities to operate in the Ground-based Midcourse Defense (GMD) ABM system—the Beale UEWR included Avionics, Transmit-Receive modules,[29] Receiver Exciter / Test Target Generator, Beam Steering Generator, Signal Processor, and other changes.[60] After additional UEWR installations for GMD at Thule Site J and the UK (contracted 2003[43]), a 2012 ESD/XRX Request for Information for replacement, and remote operation, of the remaining "PAVE PAWS/BMEWS/PARCS systems" at Cape Cod, Alaska, and North Dakota was issued.[48] The Alaska AN/FPS-132 was contracted in fall 2012[61] and in 2013, the U.S. announced a plan to sell an AN/FPS-132 to Qatar.[62]
See also[edit]
- Dunay radar, a UHF radar with a similar function and era of development.
- Voronezh radar, the latest post Soviet-era Russian equivalent.
- ^ PAVE PAWS was one of the earliest large USAF Support Systems not developed with a 3 digit number and an appended letter, such as the preceding 474N SLBM system and the "Big L" systems that included the Burroughs "425L Command/Control and Missile Warning" ("fully operational" at Cheyenne Mountain on 20 April 1966[16]) and the "496L Spacetrack" systems[25] which networked PAVE PAWS.
- ^ The PAVE identifier used when PAVE PAWS was designated on 18 February 1975[28]:37 was "a code word for the Air Force unit in charge of the project" and which developed other PAVE systems--"CF" the unit for "the COBRA system" with[8] the Cobra Dane (AN/FPS-108) radar. By 1979, PAVE systems used the term Precision Acquisition Vehicle Entry defined for the identifier, e.g., the 1980 PAVE Pillar[29] and c. 1977[6] Pave Mover (JSTARS) programs initiated by the USAF.[30] In particular, on 1 October 1999 the Department of the Air Force identified PAVE PAWS as "Precision Acquisition Vehicle Entry Phased Array Warning System",[31] a term publicized as early as 1979.[32]
- ^ a b c d Cold War Historic Properties of the 21st Space Wing Air Force Space Command (PDF) (Report). OSTI.gov. 1996. Retrieved 2014-06-10.
Cold War era (36 CFR 60.4)
- ^ "Cold War Wayland: Raytheon". whshistoryproject.org.
- ^ a b c d e f Engineering Panel on the PAVE PAWS Radar System (1979). Radiation Intensity of the PAVE PAWS Radar System (PDF) (Report). National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 2014-06-05.
The [Cape Cod] PAVE PAWS antenna consists of a circular array of 5,354 elements, of which only half, or 2,677, are to be active when the facility begins operation in April 1979, and of the active elements only 1,792 are powered. At some future date, which is not yet determined, the entire antenna may be placed in operation. The beam of radiation is focused and pointed in a specific direction by controlling the way the individual elements radiate. If the beam is to be directed to the left of center (or "boresight"), the signals radiated from the elements on the left side of the array are delayed relative to those emitted from the elements on the right, the period of the delay increasing progressively across the array from right to left.
- ^ a b c d e f g Photographs / Written Historical and Descriptive Data: Cape Cod Air Station Technical Facility/Scanner Building and Power Plant (PDF) (Report). Retrieved 2014-06-10[dead link].
Technical Facility/Scanner Building (HAER No. MA-151-A), which houses the AN/FPS-1152 radar and related equipment… PAVE PAWS Site 1 … AN/FSS-7…designed by Avco Electronics Division… The first two PAVE PAWS sites in Massachusetts and California represented the first two-faced phased array radars deployed by the U.S.Check date values in:
- ^ a b c d e f g h "IV. Ballistic Missile Surveillance and Warning". History of ADCOM January 1977 to December 1978. US Air Force via archive.org. p. 87.
Normally, the radar worked on commercial power, but six diesel generators had been provided for backup in case that source was disrupted. For the radar's energy pulse to reach out to its maximum range, electrical power was drawn into a capacitor bank, built up, then discharged or surged into space. This procedure, called power surging happened every 51 milliseconds. … reviewed plans for EPARCS and they had concluded its location limited its ability to provide adequate warning of low angle trajectory ICBM reentry vehicles … About a 24 percent reduction in [Thule] O&M costs would be realized using an upgraded PAVE PAWS[-type] phased array.
- ^ a b c d e f Smith, John Q.; Byrd, David A (1991). Forty Years of Research and Development at Griffis Air Force Base: June 1951 – June 1991 (Report). Rome Laboratory. Retrieved 2014-03-10. (PAVE PAWS concept drawing on p. 141)
- ^ Brookner, Eli (May 1, 1997). "Major Advances in Phased Arrays: Part 1". The Microwave Journal. Horizon House Publications.
diameter of 102 feet for a total of approximately 5300 elements. The elements in this outer ring beyond the 72.5 feet are reserved for a future 10 dB increase in system sensitivity.
- ^ a b c d e f Winkler, David F; Webster, Julie L (June 1997). Searching the Skies: The Legacy of the United States Cold War Defense Radar Program (PDF) (Report). Champaign, IL: U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratories. LCCN 97020912. Retrieved 2013-04-23.
The [PAVE PAWS] structure consists of two AN/FPS-115 phased-array radars mounted on a triangular building. … AN/FPS-35 search radars located at Manassas, Virginia, and Benton, Pennsylvania, received modifications and began to be tested during the summer of 1962. During these tests, both radars attempted to track Polaris, Minuteman, Titan, and the Thor-Delta missile launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida. The tests revealed that the AN/FPS-35 had only marginal ability to detect missile launches.(transcription available at the Federation of American Scientists website)
- ^ "20th Space Control Squadron". Retrieved 21 February 2011.
- ^ "National Security Space Road Map – Eglin". Federation of American Scientists.
- ^ "Bendix workers at work during construction of a 13-storey structure for the AN/FPS-85 radar at Eglin AFB,United States". US Air Force via criticalpast.com. 1965.
A man surveying and aligning each member on the 45DG scanner face with delicate optical equipment.
- ^ NORAD Historical Summary January-June 1962 (PDF), 1 November 1962
- ^ "Animation shows the functioning and working of the AN/FPS-85 Spacetrack Radar in Florida,United States.". US Air Force via criticalpast.com. 1965.
- ^ a b "AN/FPS-85 Spacetrack Radar". globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
- ^ "US Secretary of Defense Testifies". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 23 (6): 23. June 1967. ISSN 0096-3402.
- ^ a b c d NORAD Historical Summary January – December 1966 (PDF), US Air Force, 1 May 1967,
on 22 June 1965 the JCS directed CONAD to prepare a standby plan for use of the USAF AN/FPS-85 facility at Eglin AFB as a backup to the SDC, and an interim backup plan for use in the event of catastrophic failure prior to availability of the AN/FPS-85. An interim backup plan was submitted to the JCS in August 1965 and was approved on 12 October. This plan, 393C-65, was published on 15 November 1965. A draft plan for use of the AN/FPS-85 had also been submitted to the JCS in August 1965. This plan was approved on 21 October 1965. It was published as Operations Plan 392C-66 on 10 October 1966 and was to be implemented on the FOC date of the AN/FPS-85.
- ^ "NORAD Historical Summary (July-December 1965)" (PDF). 1 May 1966.
The Spacetrack radar at Moorestown and the cooperating radar at Trinidad were not to be closed until the FPS-85 at Eglin AFB proved its operational capability. … By 20 October, U.S. -U.K. agreement had been reached to let the U.K. Operations Centre pass BMEWS warning data to SHAPE. … Satellite Reconnaissance Advance Notice (SATRAN), was developed jointly by DIA, the Foreign Technology Division, and NORAD. …commanders would be able to plot the track of a satellite over their areas and take defensive action, such as dispersal, camouflage, etc.
- ^ "NORAD Center Located At Colorado Springs Site" (Google news archive). The Othello Outlook. 26 November 1964. p. 3. Retrieved 2014-03-09.
- ^ Wilson, Andrew (17 June 1964). "The Doomsday Men". The Age.
- ^ "NORAD Historical Summary January – December 1966" (PDF). US Air Force. 1 May 1967.
AN/GSQ-89 (SLBM Detection and Warning System) … On 31 July 1964, NORAD concurred with the main conclusions of the study. NORAD recommended to USAF that funds for an austere interim system… DDR&E approved the interim line-of-sight system concept on 5 November 1964 and made $20.2 million available for development. The SLBM Contractor Selection Board, with NORAD representation, recommended the selection of the AVCO Corporation. In July 1965, DDR&E approved AVCO's plan to modify FPS-26 height finder radars at six sites and to install one at Laredo AFB, Texas (Laredo would then be designated site Z-230). … The modified radars were to be termed AN/FSS-7's and the system was to be designated the AN/GSQ-89.
- ^ Leonard, Barry (2009). History of Strategic Air and Ballistic Missile Defense (PDF). , Vol II, 1955–1972. Fort McNair, DC: Center for Military History. ISBN 978-1-4379-2131-1. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
- ^ NORAD Historical Summary July-December 1964 (PDF), US Air Force, 31 March 1965
- ^ a b c "Brief History of Aerospace Defense Command" (transcript of USAF document). Histories for HQ Aerospace Defense Command, Ent AFB, Colorado. Military.com Unit Pages.
AN/FSS-7 radars located on the Atlantic, Pacific and Gulf coasts. The network, eventually controlled by the 4783rd Surveillance Squadron of the 14th [sic] Aerospace Force, was fully operational by May 1972. … On 11 September 1978, Air Force Secretary John Stetson, at the urging of Under Secretary Hans Mark, had authorized a "Space Missions Organizational Planning Study" to explore options for the future. When published in February 1979, the study had offered five alternatives ranging from continuation of the status quo to creation of an Air Force command for space.
- ^ Jane's Radar and Electronic Systems, 6th edition, Bernard Blake, ed. (1994), p. 31 [cited by Winkler]
- ^ "NORAD's Information Processing Improvement Program: Will It Enhance Mission Capability?" (Report to Congress). Comptroller General. 21 September 1978. Retrieved 2013-01-24.
- ^ "Documents on Disarmament – Report by Secretary of Defense Schlesinger to Congress". UN.org. 1974. Retrieved 2014-04-21.
The Western hemisphere satellites provide the first warning of SLBM launches against the U.S. Complementary warning coverage is now supposed to be provided by the 474N SLBM "dish" warning radars. Unfortunately, these 474N radars—four on the East Coast, three on the West Coast, and one on the Gulf Coast—have limitations against Soviet SLBMs, particularly the new longer range SS-N-8. … Accordingly, we again propose to replace those radars (including the AN/FPS-49 standby SLBM warning radar at Moorestown, New Jersey) with two new SLBM Phased Array Warning Radars—one on the East Coast and one on the West Coast.
- ^ Satterthwaite, Charles P. (June 2000). "Space Surveillance And Early Warning Radars: Buried Treasure For The Information Grid" (PDF).
The network, eventually controlled by the 4783rd Surveillance Squadron of the 14th [sic] Aerospace Force, was fully operational by May 1972. … Early Warning Radar Systems such as PARCS and PAVE PAWS, and Space Surveillance Radars, such as the Eglin AFB Radar…are called Buried Treasure, because they already exist as National Information Source assets, but their full potential and value is greatly under utilized.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Del Papa, Dr. E. Michael; Warner, Mary P (October 1987). A Historical Chronology of the Electronic Systems Division 1947–1986 (PDF) (Report). Retrieved 2012-07-19.
the Space Defense Center combining the Air Force's Space Track and the Navy's Spasur.
- ^ a b "Northrop Grumman Sets T/R Module Standard". Avionics Today. 12 April 2011.[not in citation given]
- ^ Levis, Alexander H. (ed.). The Limitless Sky (PDF). p. 74.
- ^ a b Communications-Electronics (C-E) Manager's Handbook (PDF) (Report). Department of the Air Force. 1 October 1999. Retrieved 2014-06-04.
The NMCC's [Command Center Processing and Display System] provides Tactical Warning and Attack Assessment (TW/AA) data to surveillance officers in the Emergency Actions Room and the National Military Intelligence Center (NMIC).
- ^ "Pave Paws for the Cape". The Telegraph. 23 January 1979.
- ^ a b Weinberger, Caspar; SECDEF (February 8, 1982). Annual Report to Congress: Fiscal Year 1983 (PDF) (Report). United States Department of Defense. Retrieved 2014-07-08.
- ^ System Performance Specification for Phased Array Warning System, PAVE PAWS, Radar Set AN/FPS-115 (Specification No. SS-OCLU-75-1A, Code Ident::49956 [sic]), Hanscom Air Force Base: "Prepared by PAVE PAWS System Program Office, Electronic Systems Division, OCL", 15 December 1977 (cited by ADA088323)
- ^ [dead link]Cape radar found not to pose health risk Accessed 5 November 2007
- ^ National Academies' National Research Council. Available Data Do Not Show Health Hazard to Cape Cod Residents From Air Force PAVE PAWS Radar. January 2005.
- ^ "Evaluation of the Incidence of the Ewing's Family of Tumors on Cape Cod, Massachusetts and the PAVE PAWS Radar Station" (PDF). Massachusetts Department of Health. December 2007.
- ^ "Environmental Check to Precede Otis Radar". The Telegraph. 12 April 1978.
- ^ "2005 Radio Frequency Power Density Survey for the Precision Acquisition Vehicle Entry-Phased Array Warning System (PAVE PAWS), Cape Cod AFS, MA" (PDF). US Air Force. 23 December 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 July 2011.
- ^ FAA – SNY – New York – Sectional Aeronautical Chart Edition 86 – 15 Nov 2012
- ^ "Appendix H—Upgraded Early Warning Radar Analysis". NMD Deployment Final Environmental Impact Statement (PDF). Missile Defense Agency. 1 July 2000.
- ^ "Otis Air Base Selected for New Radar Site". The Telegraph. 28 May 1975.
- ^ a b "Brochure – History of Cape Cod Air Force Station" (PDF). Air Force via radomes.org. 10 January 2008.
- ^ "Test Report with Appendices" (PDF). Broadcast Signal Lab via isotrope.im. June 2004.
- ^ "AN/FPS-115 PAVE PAWS Radar". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2014-06-04.
The active portion of the array resides in a circle 22.1 meters (72.5 feet) wide in the center of the array. Each radiating element is connected to a solid-state transmit/receive module that provides 325 watts of power and a low-noise receiver to amplify the returning radar signals. The RF signals transmitted from each array face form one narrow main beam with a width of 2.2 degrees … The far-field region begins at 439 meters (1,440 feet).
- ^ "minutes of "hearings before a subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives, Ninety-seventh Congress; 19 and 20 May 1981"". Failures of the North American Aerospace Defense Command's (NORAD) attack warning system: (Report). United States Government Printing Office. Retrieved 2013-01-23.
at Norad is the establishment of a Systems Integration Office
- ^ a b Modernization of the WWMCCS Information System (WIS) (PDF) (Report). Armed Services Committee, US House of Representatives. 19 January 1981. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
- ^ a b PAVE PAWS, BMEWS, and PARCS Radar Systems (Solicitation) (01262012), FedBizOpps.gov, 23 January 2012, retrieved 2014-06-11,
The PAVE PAWS and BMEWS Beam Steering Unit (BSU), Receiver Exciter (REX), Receiver Beam Former (RBF), Array Group Driver (AGD), Radio Frequency Monitor (RFM), Frequency Time Standard (FTS), and the Corporate Feed (CFD) were built for these five radars in the late 1970's and were upgraded in the 1980's. … The PARCS Signal Processing Group (SPG) has received only "band-aid" fixes since the site's Initial Operating Capability (IOC) in 1975
- ^ Orban, SSgt. Brian (February 1995). "The trip wire". Guardian. Air Force Space Command. p. 6.
For more than 30 years, the crews operating the missile warning center inside Cheyenne Mountain have maintained an early warning trip line [for] incoming ballistic missiles
- ^ "PAVE PAWS Site". Federation of American Scientists.
- ^ "Fact Sheet – Upgraded Early Warning Radars, AN/FPS-132" (PDF). US Air Force. 15 January 2013.
- ^ Fisher Jr, Richard D (5 June 2014). "New Chinese radar may have jammed Taiwan's SRP". IHS Jane's Defence Weekly.
- ^ "US radar system a waste of money for Taiwan: magazine". Want China Times. 30 July 2013.
- ^ "A Dossier on the Pave Paws Radar Installation on Leshan, Taiwan" (PDF). Federation of American Scientists. 2013-03-08.
the ITT Exelis Electronic Systems segment in Clifton, N.J., is the prime sustainment and modernization contractor for these radar systems. … PARCS…analyzes more than 20,000 tracks per day, from giant satellites to space debris.
- ^ "National Security Space Road Map – Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS) at Clear". Federation of American Scientists.
- ^ a b "Raytheon completes upgrades to BMEWS radar in Alaska". radomes.org. 16 March 2001.
...relocation of existing electronic equipment from a decommissioned PAVE PAWS site in Eldorado, Texas, to the newly constructed facility at Clear. By relocating the two 102-foot diameter transmitter/receiver arrays, electronic cabinets and computers
- ^ "AN/FPS-115, AN/FPS-120, AN/FPS-123, AN/FPS-126". Radomes.org. Retrieved 2014-06-11.
- ^ "Amateur Radio Repeaters Interfering with Government Radar". W5YI.org. 8 July 2007.
- ^ Chatters, Maj Edward P, IV; Crothers, Maj Brian J. (2009). "Chapter 19: Space Surveillance Network" (PDF). AU-18 Space Primer (PDF). Air University. p. 252. Retrieved 2014-06-06.
Perimeter Acquisition Vehicle Entry Phased-Array Weapons System (PAVE PAWS)
- ^ "Contract HQ0006-01-C-0001" (PDF). dod.mil. 1 January 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 July 2013.
- ^ "PAVE PAWS Radar Upgrades: Clear AFS Goes from Warning to BMD Targeting". Defense Industry Daily. 17 September 2012.
- ^ "U.S. to Sell Large Early Warning Radar to Qatar". MostlyMissileDefense.com. 7 August 2013. Retrieved 2014-06-08.
External links[edit]
|rear of Scanner Building
|element diagram with subarrays (p. 18 Fig. 4)
|interior of Beale Scanner Building
- "Pave Paws – Fact Sheet". afspc.af.mil.


text:
SAINT-ETIENNE, France (AP) – Saint-Etienne has reached agreements to sign Romania midfielder Banel Nicolita from Steaua Bucharest and Ivory Coast forward Max Gradel from Leeds.
Saint-Etienne said on its website Tuesday that both players are expected to sign their contracts on Wednesday after completing their medical tests.
Gradel scored 18 league goals for second-tier club Leeds last season.
The 26-year-old Nicolita, who can play on either wing, scored 23 league goals in 188 games for Steaua, and has played 31 times for his country.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The Toyota Bonus Bucks Program is totally free and is available to anglers who tow with a 2012 or newer Toyota Tundra, Sequoia, 4Runner, Tacoma or FJ Cruiser and fish in Bonus Bucks supported events. Plus, you don't have to win the tournament to win the Bonus Bucks; you simply have to be the highest finishing registered participant and finish in the top 50% of the field.
Own or lease a 2012 or newer Toyota Tundra, Sequoia, Tacoma, FJ Cruiser or 4Runner. Vehicle must be registered in your name individually or jointly. Please note vehicle eligibility now requires a model year of 2012 or newer. In 2017, vehicle eligibility will roll to model year 2013 and newer.
Complete the official registration form and return via email, fax or mail (or complete online form). In addition, submit a copy of your current truck registration and / or title with your registration form via email, fax or mail. Registration must be received and confirmed by the Bonus Bucks Office prior to fishing in your first contingency paying event. You will receive an email response once your registration has been approved. You do not have to re-register for the Program annually, unless your information has changed.
Participate in a contingency paying tournament, and post the highest placing finish of those who have registered for the program. Select Bassmaster, FLW and Team Tournament Trail events will pay the top two highest placing finishes. Highest finishes must fall within the top 50% of the field, with a minimum field size of no less than 30 boats. A list of supported events and payouts are posted on this website.
Submit the Official Contingency Claim Form, along with a copy of your truck title and / or current truck registration, within 30-days of your finish. Upon verification and approval, your contingency payment will be sent via U.S. mail. Winners should allow a minimum of 8 weeks for approval, processing and distribution.


text:
New Additions for AUTUMN 2011
d'Oblong Garden
Plants : A - E
Plants : F - H
Plants : I - L
Plants : M - O
Plants : P - S
Plants : T - Z
Photo Album
African Botanical Art
On-line Ordes/Shipping Rates
Contact Us
Plants A
Plants B
Plants C
Plants D
Plants E
Plants F
Plants G
Plants H
Plants I
Plants J
Plants K
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Plants N
Plants O
Plants P
Plants Q
Plants R
Plants S
Plants T
Plants U
Plants V
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Plants X,Y,Z
Botanical Etchings
Botanical Watercolours
Daubenya aurea £7.50
Choice Spring flowering species with large flowers of
golden yellow held just above the prostrate glossy
green leaves. Sept-Oct (Western Karoo to Middelpos)
4 year old bulbs...
Daubenya aurea var coccinea £8.50
The striking red form of the above species.
4 year old bulbs...
Dierama 'Blackbird' £4.50
Dierama igneum £3.50
Dierama nicholsii £3.50
Dierama pendulum £3.00
Dierama reynoldsii £3.00
Dierama 'Tiny Bells' £4.00
Dierama trichorhizum £3.00
Dipcadi ciliare £6.50
Pretty and understated - flowers of palest beige
cream with a green tinge held in dense spikes in
Nov-Mar. (Oudtshoorn to Port Elizabeth, Karoo to
Northern Province)
Flowering size bulbs...
Drimia depressa £6.50
Pretty dwarf species - deciduous at flowering with 10cm flower stems
of white tinted pink flowers in dense spikes. Sept-Dec
Flowering size bulbs...


text:
The Style Gallery is a great new way for you to view, love, and share outfit photos. It's meant to showcase
all the expressive, creative, and inspirational personalities of our community!
Love you too!
Your email has been sent!
Sitting in the same chair at the same table in the library can become a bit overwhelming when you have exams to study for. Anytime you're in the mood for a mid-cramming session pick-me-up, you head over to the coffee cart, and this time, your brown wedges lead the way. These Mary Janes boast a decorative button and a faux suede exterior, which perfectly matches the hue of your steamy drink as you take a couple of sips and relax. Wear these wedges with deep red skinny jeans, an oversized, striped sweater, and a printed headband for a head-to-toe ensemble that will definitely have you studying in style!
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text:
Chief public defense official picked as newest circuit judge
Robert "Mack" Crawford's path to the bench hasn't been your typical one.
Reared on a farm in the rural Pike County hamlet of Concord, Crawford started adulthood in agribusiness and has sold mules and been in the antique business, among other ventures. Oh, and he notched 20 years as a small-town lawyer in Pike County, the last 16 years of which Crawford served in the Georgia legislature representing Pike, Upson and Lamar counties.
That political streak ended when he was appointed by Gov. Sonny Perdue three years ago to head up the state's Public Defender Council. In that position, Crawford has traversed the state to testify in a number of capital murder cases.
And so when news came last week that Crawford was appointed as one of two new Superior Court judges for the Griffin Judicial Circuit, he got a number of well-wishes from about 70 plus judges whose courtrooms he has been in.
In fact, that experience has shown Crawford that while some things work well in certain courtrooms, they may not hold up as well in others.
Crawford said he realizes he and his fellow judges are being asked to shore up some bad feelings left from the resignation of their predecessors: former Superior Court Judges Paschal A. English Jr. and Johnnie L. Caldwell Jr. Both resigned within four days of each other in April.
Caldwell soon after admitted that he made inappropriate remarks towards female attorneys and later it was alleged that he initiated inappropriate physical contact with a Peachtree City divorce attorney.
English tendered his resignation four days after Caldwell, and it ultimately was made public that he had a sexual relationship with an attorney for the local public defender's office, creating an ethical quandary with the potential for re-opening a number of criminal cases in which the attorney, Kim Cornwell, represented clients in front of English.
"I think the people here want the stability back from the bench," Crawford said. "I think they want the trust in the system here."
Crawford said while he's not as well-known in Fayette County, he has a "tremendous amount of friends" here and he's looking forward to getting to know the people here.
His role on the bench will involve a "learning curve" Crawford said, but he has courtroom experience in various criminal and civil matters from his 20 years as a self-described "small town attorney."
When he graduated law school in two years and started up as an attorney, he was only the fourth attorney practicing in the rural Pike County area.
"In a small town, you have to do whatever walks in the door to make a living," Crawford said, referring to the variety of cases he handled, which also included appointment to represent indigent clients.
Crawford thinks his job as a new Superior Court judge will become smoother once he gets to know the attorneys here and they get to know him better. It also helps that all four of the circuit's Superior Court judges will be working together to insure a certain amount of continuity in the process so things won't be as different depending on which judge is handling a given case.
It also works in the circuit's favor that each county has excellent clerks of court, Crawford said.
For years the Griffin circuit has had a reputation for stiff sentences for criminals, but Crawford said he is hoping to weigh punishment options based on the circumstances of each case with an "approach of being redemptive."
That includes evaluating the options of "what's the best outcome for everybody concerned, the defendant, the state, law enforcement, everyone," Crawford said.
"I think you have to look at that and try to apply a dose of common sense," he said. "And if there is in some way a redeeming quality in someone I think it's up to a judge to weigh all that."
That applies not just to criminal defendants but also to parties in civil matters such as divorces and the like, Crawford said.
As for his political career, Crawford will face the voters in 2012 for a potential second term and if he is to successfully run for office, he almost likely needs to win over a good chunk of Fayette voters even though he's well known in the other three counties in the Griffin circuit.
And when election time comes in November 2012, Crawford already has a trick up his sleeve that has served him well: Ralph the Republican, a life-size fiberglass elephant who helped him gain notoriety the first time he ran for the legislature. Crawford was shocked he won the race, and he and Ralph have been running mates ever since.
As for his own Republican bona-fides, Crawford lays claim to reining in expenses in the notorious death penalty case against Fulton County courthouse shooter Brian Nichols who killed a Superior Court judge, court reporter and sheriff's deputy as he fled the courthouse in 2005 from a rape trial in which he was a defendant.
Nichols also was convicted of killing then-Fayette resident David Wilhelm, an off-duty federal agent who at the time was renovating a home in Atlanta for his family.
As director of the state's public defender council, Crawford says just five of the state's 31 capital murder cases have "outside attorneys," which cost taxpayers above and beyond the attorneys on staff at each circuit's public defender office.
As a Superior Court judge now, Crawford realizes he is being entrusted with a very prominent position.
"I am humbled to have been given this opportunity by the governor," Crawford said.


text:
- 19 total posts
- 2 reviews
- 17 comments
Reviews & Stories
Skeletor No More - Coralville, IA
I had two viles done in March and then another two injected a few weeks ago. Mostly to my checks, lower jaw, chin. No nodules, no redness, no bruising, though the injections do hurt. So, I haven't really noticed anything. Yesterday a friend stopped by and said, "Wow, what have you done? You look amazing. You look ten years younger." I also had thermage, so I'm giving this a yes. I also... READ MORE
Removal Under Local - Chicago, IL
I'm about two weeks post saline implant removal. I'm thrilled to have those hard, round balls gone. I felt I was living a lie. Few knew I had implants and I knew I wasn't natural. I had 300cc under the muscle, but am small and they were too perky and full for my age. I LOVE my small, soft breasts. I originally wanted to have fat transfer, but the PS said I didn't have enough fat, would... READ MORE
Recent comments from Mossville8994
Congrats on being free!! I'm so glad you're surgery is done. I kept the gauze pads and bandages on for two days. I didn't have ace wrap, just a few large bandage pads and compression bra. I was given Ultram (tramadol) and I had to... READ COMMENT
I'm not a doctor, so can't give you an opinion. People react differently to different medications. If I am worried about medications, I talk to my pharmacist. You cannot believe everything you read online. You have to consider the... READ COMMENT
If you have a low pain tolerance and are high anxiety, I would think of taking something to at least help relax you. You don't want to move while they're doing surgery. I understand not wanting to be under sedation, but you have to go... READ COMMENT
I didn't have any anxiety, even the day of surgery and I'm a high anxiety, obsessive person. I take anti-anxiety medicaton at night, so I can sleep. The ends justifies the means. I wanted mine out so badly, that it didn't matter what... READ COMMENT
I do think the creme helps, but I would make sure your doctor thinks it is okay. I went through menopause at 40, so am on hormone replacement anyway. I do like the softer breasts. I could pound on my chest before and it was like tough... READ COMMENT


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Move Me
- Artists Ranno Vollman, Colorhytmo
- Release Date 2013-02-20
- Labels Crossworld Records
- Catalog CWR130
Teaming up for this techno-house duet are the brilliant Frankfurter based artist 'Colorhytmo' and label boss 'Ranno Vollman'. On duty to provoke the club culture on another astonishing musical endeavor, 'Move Me' is the perfect tool to have in your back pocket. Weather your looking for some nasty after-hour beats, or for a main room house anthem, these two tracks are there to engage and entertain the crowds.
Enjoy and support another quality 'Crossworld Records' release!


text: GLAAD Going global: 5 GLAAD Global Voices highlights from 2015 2015 saw the expansion of GLAAD's commitment to global LGBT acceptance grow. The initiative engaged in support of strong, organized, local LGBT organizations that have identified clear objectives and believe GLAAD can be helpful in achieving those objectives. Issues: Global, News, Family, People of Color, Religion and Faith, Spanish-Language and Latino, Transgender, Young Adult


text:
7 posts tagged with hitchens by beisny.
Displaying 1 through 7 of 7.
Charlie Rose honors Christopher Hitchens
A Charlie Rose discussion about the life and work of author Christopher Hitchens with his friends and fellow authors: Salman Rushdie, Martin Amis, James Fenton & Ian McEwan. Also featuring past Hitchens appearances on the show. (1 hr SLVideo)
Charles Dickens's Inner Child
'Whatever you do—hang on to your childhood!' He was true to this in his fashion, both in ways that delight me and in ways that do not. He loved the idea of a birthday celebration, being lavish about it, reminding people that they were once unborn and are now launched. This is bighearted, and we might all do a bit more of it. It would help me to forgive, perhaps just a little, the man who helped generate the Hallmark birthday industry and who, with some of his less imposing and more moistly sentimental prose scenes in A Christmas Carol, took the Greatest Birthday Ever Told and helped make it into the near Ramadan of protracted obligatory celebration now darkening our Decembers. - Christopher Hitchens writes about Charles Dickens in his last Vanity Fair column
When the King Saved God
"A culture that does not possess this common store of image and allegory will be a perilously thin one. To seek restlessly to update it or make it "relevant" is to miss the point, like yearning for a hip-hop Shakespeare." -Christopher Hitchens stands up for the King James Bible
Pakistan and India
What to do about Pakistan? The Economist urges the west to focus on the Kashmir issue in order to help stabilize the region. Christopher Hitches urges the US to stand more firmly behind India.
And the entire marvelous panorama of the war passed before my eyes
Christopher Hitchens reviews the letters of Rosa Luxemburg, the Polish-born German political radical, intellectual, and author.
Unspoken Truths
"For me, to remember friendship is to recall those conversations that it seemed a sin to break off: the ones that made the sacrifice of the following day a trivial one." -Christopher Hitchens tries to come to terms with the loss of his voice. [more inside]
Monarchy, you see, is a hereditary disease that can only be cured by fresh outbreaks of itself
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I Unleash My Journalism Students To Critique Newsweek's Daniel Lyons
September 17th, 2009 – a day that will live in infamy. It is the day I officially became bored with defending Twitter to columnists that "don't get" the popular microsharing service. On that day, Newsweek columnist Daniel Lyons (who frankly, I'd never heard of until that day, even though I knew of his Fake Steve Jobs work – great PR!) wrote a piece called "Don't Tweet On Me: Twitter shows that stupid stuff sells," which I immediately hated for at least three reasons. One, most things people say seem stupid and useless to random people, so this is not novel observation. Two, everyone who has observed general society knows that stupid sells (maybe Lyons should visit a comedy club sometime?). And three, Lyons effectively insults 99.9% of the population with his remarks (of course, they didn't notice because they don't read Newsweek – whew, bullet dodged).
But honestly, I'm bored with writing posts about how useful Twitter is. I don't really care if anyone "gets it" at this point – frankly, the less people and businesses use it the more advantage those that do gain over the others, and that's much more fun to watch. There are tangible benefits quantified and qualified out there – and I feel no need to share them here. But please don't think how busy I am means that I don't think Daniel Lyons should escape a good skewering.
So, taking a page out of the Web 2.0 playbook, I crowdsourced the task to journalism students (each writer volunteered and these posts were not graded) in the School of Media and Public Affairs at The George Washington University in Washington, DC. I'm currently teaching a class called Sustainable Journalism in a New Media Age, and I felt this would be a perfect opportunity for some of my students to publish something on True/Slant, to work out their contrarian / critique style, and to perform a useful service to humanity – picking apart Daniel Lyons' arguments about how stupid Twitter is. (And maybe they will even personally experience mainstream media blowback!)
Starting on Monday, look for brief, funny, engaging, authentic and biting guest posts in this space from four of my undergrad students. They're going to be great. Not only do they poke, poke, poke at Newsweek until its measly article looks like Swiss cheese (sorry Jon Meacham, I like you), but keep in mind that these writers are ages 18-21 – and by the time they graduate this hot young talent probably wouldn't be caught dead working for a dinosaur like Newsweek. But I'll let them speak for themselves.
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[...] This post was mentioned on Twitter by Andrew Lih, nerissas and Dr. Kevin Alcena. Dr. Kevin Alcena said: RT @cheeky_geeky: Crowdsourcing criticism: I Unleash My Journalism Students To Critique Newsweek's Daniel Lyons – http://bit.ly/67vur [...]
[...] I Unleash My Journalism Students To Critique Newsweek's Daniel Lyons [...]
[...] in today's world. And these policies contain more neuter than neutrality. Newsweek's Dan Lyons is currently engaging in a conversation right here on True/Slant as journalism students dissect one of his columns. If Dan worked at the Washington Post, [...]
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54 year old Paul L. Torgusen of New Ulm died Wednesday, June 27, at the New Ulm Medical Center. Funeral service will be 10:30am Saturday, June 30, at Redeemer Lutheran Church in New Ulm. Interment will take place at a later date. Visitation will be 4-7pm at Schmucker Funeral Service in New Ulm and one hour prior to the service at the church. Memorials are preferred to Redeemer Lutheran Church or to the donor's choice.
Paul L. Torgusen


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Housefull 2
|Housefull 2
Theatrical release poster
|Written by
|Vasu singh (Dialogue)
|Screenplay by
|Abhishek Sharma
Sajid Khan
Additional Screenplay:
Vasu Singh
|Story by
|Abhishek Sharma
original story by
VAsu Singh & T.P.Gajendran (uncredited)
|Based on
by Tukkara & Banda paramasivam by T.P.Gajendran
|Akshay Kumar
Asin Thottumkal
John Abraham
Jacqueline Fernandez
Abhishek SHARMA
Zarine Khan
Shreyas Talpade
Shazahn Padamsee
Rishi Kapoor
Randhir Kapoor
Mithun Chakraborty
Boman Irani
|Music by
Background Score:
Sandeep Shirodkar
|Manoj Soni
|Edited by
|Rameshwar.S Bhagat
|Distributed by
|Eros International
Release dates
|6 April 2012
Running time
|160 minutes[1]
|₹500 million (US$7.4 million)[2]
|Box office
|₹1.86 billion (US$28 million)[3]
Housefull 2 (also known as Housefull 2: The Dirty Dozen) is a 2012 Indian comedy film directed by vasu singh (NEW Delhi) and produced by Sajid Nadiadwala. It is the sequel to the 2010 film, Housefull and stars Vasu singh(Pilani), Asin, Abhishek Sharma, Jacqueline Fernandez, KaranVeer Kushwha, Anjani Suman, Zarine Khan, Shazahn Padamsee, Neeraj Saroya, Pallav(Vicky,BKBIET), Devprakash Gochar and Akash Chandra play lead roles. Johnny Lever, Chunky Pandey and Neelu Kohli play supporting role.[4] The music is composed by Sajid-Wajid.[5] It is the second installment of Housefull film series.
Upon release, Housefull 2 received mixed reviews; however, the response was better than its predecessor and it performed well at the box office. It became a major commercial success with a worldwide gross of ₹1.86 billion (US$28 million).[3]
The movie is a remake of 1998 Malayalam movie Mattupetti Machan
The film opens with two cousins – Heena (Asin Thottumkal) and Bobby (Jacqueline Fernandez), the two daughters of the Kapoor family who hate each other very much – start quarrelling over something relating to their duties of Animals' Law Authority. Their fathers, Chintu (Rishi Kapoor) and Dabboo (Randhir Kapoor), are step-brothers who hate each other to the very core. Even their wives hate each other. Chintu wants the richest son-in law for his daughter, Heena, while Dabboo too wants the same for his daughter, Bobby. Aakhri Pasta (Chunky Pandey), a marriage counsellor, is ordered by both Chintu and Dabboo to find the best son-in-law. Aakhri Pasta brings Mr. Babani (Virendra Saxena) to discuss Babani's son Jai.
When Chintu misinterprets one of Aakhri's comments, he verbally abuses Babani while shouting. Babani suffers from a condition that affects his heart when he hears loud noises. Due to Chintu's shouting, Babani suffers a heart attack, landing him in a hospital. Babani's son Jai (Shreyas Talpade) comes to know of this and gets angry, then vows revenge, telling his friend Jolly/Jwala (Ritesh Deshmukh), who is the son of billionaire J.D. (Mithun Chakraborty), to go to Chintu, agree to marry his daughter and then break off the wedding at the last minute. Jolly is busy trying to introduce his girlfriend to his own father and does not want to get involved. He suggests Max (John Abraham), their former college mate and a thief, to do the job. Jay goes with Max as his driver but somehow, they end in the wrong house and go to Dabboo's house.
Jay and Max later find out their mistake. Jai, still wanting revenge, doesn't know what to do and Jolly suggests another former sleazy college mate, Sunny (Akshay Kumar). Jolly goes with Sunny as his bodyguard because Max and Sunny are sworn enemies and as Dabboo's house and Chintu's house are right next to each other, their plan may get destroyed. Sunny and Jolly encounter a crocodile and Max and Jay encounter a snake. They manage to survive the attack.
While Heena and Bobby are at a cruise, they accidentally end up on an island. Max and Sunny become friends again, While Heena and Bobby become friends also . They find a resort and go home. Dabboo gets Jolly (Max/John Abraham) engaged to Bobby and Chintu gets Jolly (Sunny/Akshay Kumar) engaged to Heena. The day of the engagement, Chintu blindfolds Jolly, Sunny, Jai and Heena and takes them to J.D.'s house. After seeing the real Jolly holding Sunny's garland, J.D. believes that Jolly got engaged to Heena. Luckily, Sunny convinces him. Jolly calls them at midnight and reveals his father's secret of being Jagga Daaku . He also reveals that his real name is Jwala. After Sunny fools Chintu, Chintu calls Dabboo in excitement and tells him that his daughter, Heena, is getting married to Jolly, the son of J.D. Confused, and believing Max to be Jolly, Dabboo takes Max and Bobby to J.D.'s mansion. Sunny handles the situation well by fooling J.D. by taking the name of his religion and tells him that Max is Jolly's friend and Bobby is Max's fiance (though actually it is true) and Max's father is against his and Bobby's marriage. J.D. then welcomes Bobby, Max and her family to his house and tells them to stay there till Bobby and Max's marriage.
Batuk Patel (Boman Irani) arrives with his daughter Parul (Shazahn Padamsee) to make things worse. Jay and Jwala come to receive them from the airport. But when they see Parul, Jay and Jwala lie that Jay is Jolly. Parul becomes happy hearing this as they secretly love each other. Jelo (Zarine Khan) gives Jwala the ultimatum — take me to your house or forget me. To help Jwala, Sunny lies to J.D., saying that Jelo is his fiance, and J.D. again agrees to let her live there as Sunny takes the name of his religion. Sunny and Max lie to their respective fathers-in-law that the other guy is the son of J.D. and a maid servant in the mansion. This creates a lot of confusion.
When Sunny's father as well as Max's 'Guru' tells them never to break anyone's heart, Sunny and Max tell the truth to Heena and Bobby. Enraged, Bobby and Heena slap Max and Sunny respectively and tell them that they never want to see their faces again. But thinking that instead of telling the truth, Sunny and Max could have done more wrong with them, the two sisters forgive the two boys on the very next day. There Jay and Jolly also let off their plan of revenge on Kapoors on Jay's father's advice. Then Heena proposes Sunny in Sunny's style and Bobby proposes Max in Max's style.
On the day of the four couples' marriage, J.D. and the other brides' fathers learn the truth about the grooms and that they have been lying all this time. Finally Bobby and Heena convince their fathers to forget their enmity and live together as blood brothers. Chintu and Dabboo join hands and so do their wives. But J.D. was not convinced by them telling the truth, so he turns back into Jagga Daku and starts frightening the families with his gun. He tries to shoot Sunny with his gun as Sunny runs towards J.D. to save him from the falling chandelier and then he understands what was happening. In the end, all the grooms get married to their respective girlfriends.
- Akshay Kumar as Sunny
- Asin Thottumkal as Heena Kapoor,Chintu's daughter and Sunny's girlfriend.
- John Abraham as Max
- Jacqueline Fernandez as Bobby Kapoor, Dabboo's daughter and Max's girlfriend.
- Ritesh Deshmukh as Jwala (Jolly), The son of famous billionaire J.D aka Jagga Dakku.
- Zarine Khan as Jelo, Jolly's girlfriend
- Shreyas Talpade as Jai Babani
- Shazahn Padamsee as Parul Patel,Daughter of Batuk Patel and Jai's girlfriend.
- Boman Irani as Batuk Patel, J.D's old friend whom he met in during war of Gangapur and father of Parul Patel
- Mithun Chakraborty as J.D (Jagga Dakku), A famous billionaire who was once a bandit in Gangapur 30 years ago.
- Randhir Kapoor as Dabboo Kapoor
- Rishi Kapoor as Chintu Kapoor
- Chunky Pandey as Aakhri Pasta
- Johnny Lever as Mithai Patil, J.D and Jolly's house servant.
- Malaika Arora Khan as Anarkali/Hetal/Sarla(cameo appearance)
- Vindu Dara Singh as Sosa
- Neelu Kohli as Dolly Kapoor
- Suparna Marwah as Sweety Kapoor
- Ranjeet as Dr. Ranjeet V. Asna K. Pujari (Sunny's father)
- Virendra Saxena as Mr. Babani
- Henrik Liljegren as Airline pilot
Sequel and production[edit]
The sequel of Housefull 3 was confirmed by producer Sajid Nadiadwala on 30 September 2010. The filming started on 9 June 2011 in London and Peterborough.[6] The second schedule started from 1 October 2011 in Filmistan Studio, Mumbai and the last schedule was shot in December in Thailand, with one of the locations being the Sheraton Krabi Beach Resort. Sajid Nadiadwala hired a Hollywood action-set for Akshay Kumar's character.
The full album released on 22 February 2012. The making of the song "Papa Toh Band Bajaye" was leaked to YouTube in early January 2012.[7] Singer Abhijeet Bhattacharya filed a lawsuit against the film's producers, saying that the melody for "Do U Know" had been copied from his 2005 song "Baje Jo Bansi". The lyrics were penned by Sameer, and the songs were composed by Sajid-Wajid.[8]
The film score was composed by Sandeep Shirodkar.
|Housefull 2
|Soundtrack album by Sajid-Wajid
|22 February 2012
|Film soundtrack
|Sajid-Wajid chronology
|"Papa Toh Band Bajaye"
|Neeraj Shridhar, Sachin Pandit, Pinto
|"Anarkali Disco Chali"
|Sukhwinder Singh, Mamta Sharma
|"Do U Know"
|Shaan, Shreya Ghoshal
|"Right Now"
|Wajid Khan, Sunidhi Chauhan, Suzanne D'Mello
|"Anarkali Disco Chali (Hyper Mix)"
|"Right Now (Remix)"
|Sunidhi Chauhan, Wajid, Suzzane
|"Anarkali Disco Chali (Remix)"
|Mamta Sharma, Sukhwinder Singh
|"Do U Know (Remix)"
|Shaan, Shreya Ghoshal
Release in India[edit]
Though the film was initially expected to release on 1 June 2012, it was announced on 30 September 2011 that the film would be releasing on 5 April 2012. The film had an earlier release in UK on 31 March 2012 due to the Easter holidays. Housefull 2 got a 2700-screen release, the fourth largest release in the history of Indian cinema, behind Ra.One, Bodyguard and Don 2 and India's biggest release of 2012.[9] Housefull 2 was screened in 1,027 UFO digital theatres on first day when it released.[10]
Critical reception[edit]
Though Housefull 2's response was more positive than its predecessor, it still received mixed reviews by critics. The Times of India gave the movie 3.5 out of 5 stars, praising the performance of Akshay Kumar and Asin.[11] Taran Adarsh from Bollywood Hungama gave 3.5 stars and said, "If you are a movie-goer who derives pleasure from loud comedies with over-the-top humor that defy logic at every opportunity, I am sure, you will relish this wacky slapstick. If your idea of watching a comedy is to have a good time at the movies, then Housefull 2 is especially designed for you."[12] Mrigank Dhaniwala from Koimoi gave the film 3 out of 5 stars.[13] Kanika Sikka of DNA rated 2 out of 5 stars and wrote, "Go in with a promise that you'll be entertained, but don't expect an exhilarating journey."[14] Sonia Chopra of Sify rated 2 out of 5 stars stating, "The physical slapstick comedy is straight out of a kids' movie, but it is charmingly daft. You cannot help let out a laugh or two. It's accidentally comic when you have a person with a bullet in his arm, but no one thinks of ringing for the ambulance. You see, long-winded, sappy moral science lectures are to be given at the very time."[15] Raja Sen of Rediff gave the film 1 out of 5 stars and commented, "Housefull 2 is shamefully bad. So bad that Ranjeet—the rapey villain of yore—who appears in one scene, is the most dignified thing about the film."[16] Rajeev Masand from CNN-IBN gave the film 1 out 5 stars and said, "Housefull 2 is for four-year-olds who don't know any better. For anyone with taste, or anyone seeking genuine laughs, there's nothing here."[17]
Pre-release revenue[edit]
The satellite rights of the film were sold in January 2011 for ₹270 million (US$4.0 million). The music rights fetched an additional ₹55 million (US$820,000).[2]
Box office[edit]
Housefull 2 had a good first day as it collected ₹133 million (US$2.0 million) nett.[18] The movie further collected ₹128 million (US$1.9 million) nett in its second day and ₹160 million (US$2.4 million) nett in its third day, taking its weekend collection to ₹420 million (US$6.2 million).[19] The movie collected ₹65.0 million (US$970,000) nett in its fourth day[20] and ₹55.0 million (US$820,000) nett in its fifth day.[21] The film collected ₹630 million (US$9.4 million) nett i its first week.[22] Housefull 2 lost around ₹40 million (US$590,000) nett over the weekend due to the IPL matches and regional films.[23] Housefull 2 had a big second weekend as it collected around ₹195 million (US$2.9 million) nett.[24] Housefull 2 did extremely well in its second week with business around ₹300 million (US$4.5 million). The two-week business of the film is around ₹925 million (US$14 million) nett.[25] It further collected ₹125 million (US$1.9 million) in its third week and crossed the ₹1 billion (US$15 million) mark.[26] It was labelled as a "super hit" by Boxofficeindia. The film's all-India distributor share was ₹580 million (US$8.6 million).[27]Housefull 2 grossed ₹1,139 million (US$17 million) in India.[28] It was the fourth most successful film of the year. Asin's third most successful film.[29]
Housefull 2 grossed ₹140 million (US$2.1 million) in 3 days in overseas and overall ₹180 million (US$2.7 million) in 8 days. It collected ₹55.0 million (US$820,000) overseas on Thursday and Friday. In UK, it collected £112,075 on Friday. In Australia, Housefull 2 collected A$73,143 on Friday. In New Zealand, the Friday collections were NZ$34,604. In the UAE, collections on Thursday were AED725,000. In North America, it was the second Hindi film to enter the top 10 after Kites, with $847,132, ranking at No. 9 behind The Hunger Games, American Reunion, Titanic 3D, Wrath of the Titans, Mirror Mirror, 21 Jump Street, The Lorax, and Salmon Fishing in the Yemen with a solid $7,001 average in 121 theatres.[30][31] Housefull 2 grossed around $5.75 million in 17 days, becoming Akshay Kumar's second biggest grosser overseas after Singh Is Kinng.[32] It became the highest grossing Hindi film in New Zealand, grossing NZ$260,000 in three weeks, thus surpassing 3 Idiots and My Name is Khan.[33]
- ^ "HOUSEFULL 2 (12A) - British Board of Film Classification". 2 April 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
- ^ a b Housefull 3 is on the cards: Sajid Nadiadwala. Hindustan Times (10 April 2012). Retrieved 21 June 2012.
- ^ a b "Top Ten Worldwide Grossers 2012". Box Office India. 17 January 2013. Archived from the original on 20 January 2013.
- ^ "Housefull 2 Cast and Crew". Bollywood Hungama. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
- ^ Parkar, Shaheen (5 April 2011). "Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy replaced by Sajid-Wajid". MiD DAY. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
- ^ "Housefull 2 kick starts today". TOI. 21 June 2011. Retrieved 21 June 2011.
- ^ "Housefull 2 song leaked". Bollywood Hungama. 19 January 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
- ^ Singh, Prashant (2 April 2012). "Housefull 2 embroiled in plagiarism row". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 16 April 2012.
- ^ Housefull 2 To Release On 2700 Screens. Box Office India.com (5 April 2012). Retrieved 21 June 2012.
- ^ Housefull 2 rakes in Rs 43.5 cr at Box Office in first weekend. oneindia.in (9 April 2012)
- ^ "Housefull 2: Times of India Review". The Times of India. 6 April 2012. Retrieved 10 April 2012.
- ^ Adarsh, Taran. "Housefull 2: Bollywood Hungama Review". Bollywood Hungama. Retrieved 10 April 2012.
- ^ Nahta, Komal. "Housefull 2: Koimoi Review". Koimoi. Retrieved 10 April 2012.
- ^ Sikka, Kanika. "Housefull 2: DNA India Review". DNA India. Retrieved 10 April 2012.
- ^ Chopra, Sonia. "Housefull 2: Sify Review". Sify. Retrieved 10 April 2012.
- ^ Sen, Raja. "Housefull 2: Rediff Review". Rediff. Retrieved 10 April 2012.
- ^ Masand, Rajveev. "Housefull 2: CNN IBN Review". IBNLive. Retrieved 10 April 2012.
- ^ "Housefull 2 Has Good First Day". Box Office India. 3 April 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
- ^ "43 Crore Weekend For Housefull 2". Box Office India. 9 April 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
- ^ "Housefull 2 Has Steady Monday". Box Office India. 10 April 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
- ^ "Housefull 2 Has Good Tuesday". Box Office India. 11 April 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
- ^ "Bittoo Boss Dull Opening Housefull 2 Going Strong". Box Office India. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
- ^ Housefull 2 Hit By Four Crore Due To IPL And Regional Films. Box Office India.com (9 April 2012). Retrieved 21 June 2012.
- ^ "Housefull 2 Collects Big in Second Weekend". Box Office India. Retrieved 16 April 2012.
- ^ "Housefull 2 Has 30 Crore Second Week". Box Office India. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ^ "Housefull 2 Week Three Territorial Breakdown". Box Office India. Retrieved 30 April 2011.
- ^ "All INDIA Distributor Shares 2012: Diwali Releases Combined Equal Ek Tha Tiger". Box Office India. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
- ^ Housefull 2 Crosses 400 Crore Nett In 17 days. Box Office India.com (23 April 2011). Retrieved 21 June 2012.
- ^ "Housefull 2 lifetime worldwide collections in 7 weeks". 29 May 2012.
- ^ Weekend Box Office for April 6–8, 2012. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 21 June 2012.
- ^ Housefull 2 is second best opener of 2012. Hindustan Times (9 April 2012)
- ^ Vicky Donor Decent Housefull 2 On ,.75 Million In 17 Days. Box Office India.com (25 April 2012). Retrieved 21 June 2012.
- ^ Housefull 2 Is ALL TIME BLOCKBUSTER In New Zealand. Box Office India. (30 April 2011). Retrieved 21 June 2012.


text:
The General Assembly approved bipartisan legislation today aimed at cracking down on cargo theft in New Jersey, where the crime has grown into a serious problem. The measure, named the Lt. Scott Jenkins Law in memory of a founding member of the State Police Cargo Theft Unit, is sponsored by Assemblywoman Caroline Casagrande, Assemblyman Dave Rible and 17 other Assembly Republicans.
"Cracking down on cargo theft will make our roads safer for truckers and help our economy because these crimes drive up the prices for just about every good sold in our state from televisions to tomatoes[i]," said Casagrande, R-Monmouth, a member of the Appropriations Committee. "New Jersey is a critical commerce and transportation hub, which has made it attractive to gangs that have made cargo theft a billion dollar problem. Giving law enforcement stronger laws and more resources will help them fight back against these sophisticated thieves."
The legislation, S-2092 / A-3003, is named after Lt. Scott Jenkins, who died of cancer in 2003. He was a founding member of the State Police Cargo Theft Unit and helped it grow into a national model of efficiency in the war on the lucrative cargo theft trade.
"Roughly $1 billion worth of goods is stolen from New Jersey roads before it hits the stores. This is a very serious crime that puts lives at risk and deals a devastating blow to the economy, increasing prices of clothing, food, pharmaceuticals and just about any product delivered by truck," said Rible, R-Monmouth and Ocean, the Assembly Republican Conference Leader and a retired police officer. "Lt. Jenkins was a pioneer in fighting cargo theft and we are proud to sponsor a law in his name that will give law enforcement the tools they need to deter cargo theft."
Cargo theft increased 147 percent in New Jersey from 2009 to 2010, making it a state to watch according to a survey by FreightWatch International, a Texas-based logistics security provider. Hudson and Middlesex counties rank among the top ten risk zones in the country for cargo theft[ii]. Law enforcement estimate thieves steal between $700 million and $1 billion worth of cargo every year in New Jersey, particularly in the North Jersey by Port Elizabeth and Port Newark[iii].
The bill would create specific criminal provisions for cargo theft including:
- Fines against leading or organizing a cargo theft networks – of $250,000 for a second-degree crime, $500,000 for a first-degree offense or five times the value of property seized – whichever is greater.
- New criminal offense for operating a facility to sell or store stolen cargo.
- Additional fines against those convicted of cargo theft to fund law enforcement against cargo theft activity.
[i] Price of Tomatoes Has a Lot to Do With These Thefts, The New York Times, April 14, 2011,
[ii] FreightWatch Special Report: US Cargo Theft: A Five‐Year Review, April 27, 2011
[iii] Preventing cargo from becoming car-gone, NJBIZ, April 14, 2011,


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Cheryl Dunn's work for a number of years now. This Friday night, March 23rd will see the opening of Dunn's latest exhibition 'Sometimes the Answer', the debut show of London's newest gallery, Ivory & Black Soho.
Dunn has had her work exhibited at various galleries and museums, including Deitch Projects in New York, The Tate Modern in London, and the "Art in the Streets" Exhibition at Geffen Contemporary MOCA as well as featuring in the landmark documentary, book and travelling museum exhibition, 'Beautiful Losers'. She is also currently working on completing her 'Everything Street' project, a full-length feature film documenting New York's preeminent street photographers, a Kickstarter project which we contributed to last year.
Friday's exhibition will feature a wide range of photographs from Dunn's 30 years of signature documentation and will be accompanied by the release of a limited edition artist's book of her work. Cheryl Dunn has already landed in London and hits the streets with artist Pedro Matos in this short film above directed by Joao Retorta for Ivory & Black Soho.
The show opens March 23 and runs until April 21, 2012
Opening Reception with the artist: Friday, March 23, 6 – 9 pm
Ivory & Black Soho — 94 Berwick Street — London — W1F0QB
Image ©Cheryl Dunn
Cheryl Dunn At Ivory & Black Soho
Labels: Art, Exhibition, Exhibitions, Hookedblog, London, New York, Photography, Soho London
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Home List of Titles Contrasts in reform: how the Cain and Burke years shaped public transport in Melbourne and Perth
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.3/213832
|Download PDF (Accepted manuscript) (Adobe Acrobat PDF, 74 KB)
- Title
- Contrasts in reform: how the Cain and Burke years shaped public transport in Melbourne and Perth
- Author(s)
- Stone, John
- Abstract
- Melbourne's public transport system, despite its extensive train and tram lines, is facing major challenges. From a point of near-extinction in the late 1970s, Perth's historically smaller public transport system is arguably now better placed to deal with growing environmental and economic pressures. The election of reformist governments in Victoria and WA in the early 1980s provided critical opportunities for public transport in both cities. This article documents the striking differences in the behaviour of the politicians, bureaucrats and civic action groups engaged in contention over transport policy in the two cities during this period. These differences had a significant influence on the performance of public transport in Melbourne and Perth today, and point to changes that will be required to improve transport policy outcomes in Melbourne
- Publication type
- Journal article
- Source
- Urban Policy and Research, Vol. 27, no. 4 (Dec 2009), pp. 419-434
- Publication year
- 2009
- FOR Code(s)
- 1205 Urban and Regional Planning; 1604 Human Geography; 1605 Policy and Administration
- Keyword(s)
- Australia; Cities; Civic action; Government; Institutions; Melbourne; Perth; Public transport; Public transport networks; Public transport planning; Politics
- Publisher
- Routledge
- 0811-1146
- Publisher URL
- Copyright
- Copyright © 2009 Editorial Board, Urban Policy and Research. Accepted manuscript reproduced here in accordance with the copyright policy of the publisher. This is an electronic version of an article published in Urban Policy and Research (2009) 27(4), 419-434. Urban Policy and Research is available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08111140903342411.
- Full text
- Peer reviewed


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Night monkey
|Night monkeys[1]
|A night monkey in Panama
|Scientific classification
Poche, 1908 (1865)
Illiger, 1811
|Type species
|Simia trivirgata
Humboldt, 1811
The night monkeys, also known as the owl monkeys or douroucoulis, are the members of the genus Aotus of New World monkeys (monotypic in family Aotidae). The only nocturnal monkeys, they are native to Panama and much of tropical South America. Night monkeys constitute one of the few monkey species that are affected by the often deadly human malaria protozoan Plasmodium falciparum, making them useful as non-human primate experimental models in malaria research.[2]
Until 1983, all night monkeys were placed into only one (A. lemurimus) or two species (A. lemurinus and A. azarae). Chromosome variability showed that there was more than one species in the genus and Hershkovitz (1983) used morphological and karyological evidence to propose nine species, one of which is now recognised as a junior synonym.[3] He split Aotus into two groups: a northern, gray-necked group (A. lemurinus, A. hershkovitzi, A. trivirgatus and A. vociferans) and a southern, red-necked group (A. miconax, A. nancymaae, A. nigriceps and A. azarae).[1] Arguably, the taxa otherwise considered subspecies of A. lemurinus – brumbacki, griseimembra and zonalis – should be considered separate species,[4][3] whereas A. hershkovitzi arguably is a junior synonym of A. lemurinus.[4] A new species from the gray-necked group was recently described as A. jorgehernandezi.[3] As is the case with some other splits in this genus,[5] an essential part of the argument for recognizing this new species was differences in the chromosomes.[3] Chromosome evidence has also been used as an argument for merging "species", as was the case for considering infulatus a subspecies of A. azarae rather than a separate species.[6] Fossil species have (correctly or incorrectly) been assigned to this genus, but only extant species are listed below.
Family Aotidae
- Aotus lemurinus (gray-necked) group:
- Gray-bellied night monkey, Aotus lemurinus
- Panamanian night monkey, Aotus zonalis
- Gray-handed night monkey, Aotus griseimembra
- Hernández-Camacho's night monkey, Aotus jorgehernandezi
- Brumback's night monkey, Aotus brumbacki
- Three-striped night monkey, Aotus trivirgatus
- Spix's night monkey, Aotus vociferans
- Aotus azarae (red-necked) group:
- Azara's night monkey, Aotus azarae
- Peruvian night monkey, Aotus miconax
- Nancy Ma's night monkey, Aotus nancymaae
- Black-headed night monkey, Aotus nigriceps
Physical characteristics[edit]
Night monkeys have large brown eyes; the size improves their nocturnal vision, thus increasing their ability to be active at night. Their ears are rather difficult to see; this is why their genus name, Aotus (meaning "earless") was chosen. There is little data on the weights of wild night monkeys. From the figures that have been collected, it appears that males and females are similar in weight; the heaviest species is Azara's night monkey at around 1,254 grams (2.765 lb), and the lightest is Brumback's night monkey, which weighs between 455 and 875 grams (1.003 and 1.929 lb). The male is slightly taller than the female, measuring 346 and 341 millimetres (13.6 and 13.4 in), respectively.[7]
Night monkeys can be found in Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina, Bolivia, and Venezuela. The species that live at higher elevations tend to have thicker fur than the monkeys at sea level. The night monkey can live in forests undisturbed by humans (primary forest) as well as forests that are recovering from human logging efforts (secondary forest).[7]
The name "night monkey" comes from the fact that all species are active at night and are, in fact, the only truly nocturnal monkeys (an exception is the subspecies Aotus azarae azarae, which is cathemeral).[7] Night monkeys make a notably wide variety of vocal sounds, with up to eight categories of distinct calls (gruff grunts, resonant grunts, sneeze grunts, screams, low trills, moans, gulps, and hoots), and a frequency range of 190-1,950 Hz.[8] Unusual among the New World monkeys, they are monochromats, that is, they have no colour vision, presumably because it is of no advantage given their nocturnal habits. They have a better spatial resolution at low light levels than other primates, which contributes to their ability to capture insects and move at night.[9] Night monkeys live in family groups consisting of a mated pair and their immature offspring. Family groups defend territories by vocal calls and scent marking.
The night monkey is socially monogamous, and all night monkeys form pair bonds. Only one infant is born each year. The male is the primary caregiver, and the mother only carries the infant for the first week or so of its life. This is believed to have developed because it increases the survival of the infant and reduces the metabolic costs on the female. Adults will occasionally be evicted from the group by same-sex individuals, either kin or outsiders.[10]
- ^ a b Groves, C.P. (2005). "Order Primates". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 139–141. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ Baer, J.F.; Weller, R.E.; Kakoma, I., eds. (1994). Aotus : The Owl Monkey. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-072405-7.
- ^ a b c d Defler, T. R.; Bueno, M. L. (2007). "Aotus diversity and the species problem" (PDF). Primate Conservation. 2007 (22): 55–70. doi:10.1896/052.022.0104.
- ^ a b Defler, T.R., Bueno, M. L., & Hernández-Camacho, J. I. (2001). "The taxonomic status of Aotus hershkovitzi: Its relationship to Aotus lemurinus lemurinus". Neotropical Primates. 9 (2): 37–52.
- ^ Torres, O. M., Enciso, S., Ruiz, F., Silva, E., & Yunis, I. (1998). "Chromosome diversity of the genus Aotus from Colombia". American Journal of Primatology. 44 (4): 255–275. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1998)44:4<255::AID-AJP2>3.0.CO;2-V. PMID 9559066.
- ^ Pieczarka, J. C., de Souza Barros, R. M., de Faria Jr, F. M., Nagamachi, C. Y. (1993). "Aotus from the southwestern Amazon region is geographically and chromosomally intermediate between A. azarae boliviensis and A. infulatus". Primates. 34 (2): 197–204. doi:10.1007/BF02381390.
- ^ a b c Cawthon Lang KA. 2005 July 18. Primate Factsheets: Owl monkey (Aotus) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology. Accessed 2012 July 25.
- ^ Moynihan, M. (1964). "Some behavior patterns of platyrrhine monkeys. I. The night monkey (Aotus trivirgatus)". Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 146 (5): 1–84.
- ^ Jacobs, G. H., Deegan, J. F., Neitz, J., Crognale, M. A. (1993). "Photopigments and colour vision in the nocturnal monkey, Aotus". Vision Research. 33 (13): 1773–1783. doi:10.1016/0042-6989(93)90168-V. PMID 8266633.
- ^ Fernandez-Duque, E. (2009). "Natal dispersal in monogamous owl monkeys (Aotus azarai) of the Argentinean Chaco" (PDF). Behaviour. 146 (4): 583. doi:10.1163/156853908X397925.
External links[edit]
|Wikispecies has information related to: Aotidae
|Wikispecies has information related to: Aotus


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A collection of short arrangements written for marching band and/or pep band (note synthesizer, electric bass and drum set parts) geared for any event at which short, rhythmic and dynamic arrangements are used. Easy and full-sounding mini-charts all arranged by Mike Story are printed in a convenient lyre-size book. Contents: Sweet Georgia Brown * Tequila * Wipe Out * Ghostbusters * I Get Around * Fun, Fun, Fun * The Lion Sleeps Tonight * Jeopardy Theme * Smoke on the Water * Proud Mary * Peter Gunn * Old Time Rock & Roll * Mighty Morphin Power Rangers * The Magnificent Seven * Batman Theme * Sing, Sing, Sing * Cheer Pax * The Star Spangled Banner.


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At Signature we have created the best accommodation to suit your party, our apartments have been designed to house large groups with the sole intent of making the most of Liverpool's amazing nightlife.
We are the only true Party apartments in our City, if you are looking to Party in Liverpool. When our guests enquire about staying at Signature living, we frequently get asked about the length of stay that their party would want. Our reply is always the same, one day really is not enough, but two is just enough, after all if you are coming to Liverpool on a Hen or Stag party, it is all about the memories of you and your friends enjoying what Liverpool has to offer to the full.
Whatever your requirements for your Hen party weekend, Signature Living are here to help.
Here are just a few ideas what of what we can arrange for you and your group while you stay @ Signature Living.
If you look at our Restaurants in Liverpool, you will see all of Liverpool's finest restaurants that we have gained a 20% off meal price, as long as you book the restaurant of your choice through our office. 0151 236 0166. Party Apartment's Liverpool
Hen Party Weekend for Girls and Lads in Liverpool
Pamper days
Dancing lesson
Cocktail master classes
Butler in the buff
Cocktail slave
Flair waiters (ie as in the film cocktail)
In house chef to cook in your apartment.
Personal night time club guide to take you around all of our various bars and clubs
Decorate your apartment with balloons and banners etc
We are the only purpose built Party apartments in Liverpool.
Please call our office if you would like to discuss any of our party options above on 0151 236 0166 and we would
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May 10, 2000
Release # 00-107a
View Recall # 00-107b
View Recall # 00-107c
PRODUCT: Wooden Stacking Toys - Jack Rabbit Creations Inc., of Atlanta, Ga., is recalling about 9,000 hand-painted, wooden stacking toys called Stacking King. These stacking toys have seven interlocking multi- colored, doughnut-shaped pieces mounted on pegs. The pieces are green with blue pok-a-dots, orange with yellow stripes, and purple with green swirls. The bases of these toys have black and white checked squares. The top of the toy has a round, hand-painted face with a wooden yellow crown. A label on the toys packaging reads in part, "Stacking King," "Jack Rabbit Creations" and "Made in China." Specialty and Gift shops have sold these products from February 1999 through April 2000 for about $25.
PROBLEM: The wooden peg in the black and white checked base can come off, presenting a choking hazard to young children. INCIDENTS/INJURIES: Jack Rabbit Creations has received four reports of the pegs coming loose. No injuries have been reported.WHAT TO DO: Consumers should take the toys away from young children immediately and contact the company for a free replacement base and a small toy. To order the base or for more information, call Jack Rabbit Creations toll free at (888) 376-5225.
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Air Pollution as a Climate Forcing: A Workshop
Day 2 Presentations
Indirect Aerosol Climate Forcing
Leon D. Rotstayn
CSTRO Atmospheric Research, Aspendale, Victoria, Australia
You may download a PDF version (8.1 MB) of this presentation.
The familiar "radiative forcing" bar chart from IPCC (2001) suggests that the indirect aerosol forcing is (a) highly uncertain, and (b) possibly substantial. A rview of evidence shows that the indirect aerosol forcing is probably substantial. This evidence includes in-situ observations, satellite retrievals that include nearly global coverage, and a hierarchy of model calculations. Two additional aspects are not even hinted at by the IPCC bar chart. These are (c) the composition specificity of the indirect aerosol forcing, and (d) the spatial variability of this forcing.
The present understanding of the composition specificity was discussed. Whereas most global model calculations have emphasized the effect of sulfate aerosol, there is mounting evidence that organic aerosols from the burning of fossil fuels and biomass are also important, though the details are very uncertain.
The spatial variability of the indirect aerosol forcing, and the response of the climate sys- tem to this forcing, has received little attention to date. Two recent studies using global climate models (GCMS) have suggested that the indirect effect of anthropogenic sulfate has the potential to provoke a broad southward shift of tropical circulation and rainfall, due to a stronger surface cooling in the Northern Hemisphere than the Southern Hemisphere (Rotstayn et al. 2000; Williams et al. 2001). The response of the climate system to this forcing was further investigated by Rotstayn and Lohmann (2002), using an atmospheric GCM coupled to a mixed-layer ocean model. They ran the model to equilibrium for both present-day (1985) and preindustrial sulfur emission scenarios, and then compared the modeled rainfall changes with observed rainfall trends. Direct aerosol effects were deliberately neglected, to isolate the response to the indirect effect. Both the model and observations show a broad southward shift in the tropics, although the shift is stronger in the model than the observations (Fig. 1).
Both in the modeled changes and the observed trends, a prominent feature was the drying of the Sahel in North Africa (not shown). Previous work has identified a near-global, quasi-hemispheric pattern of contrasting SST anomalies (cool in the Northern Hemisphere and warm in the Southern Hemisphere) associated with dry conditions in the Sahel. The results from Rotstayn and Lohmann (2002), combined with this earlier finding, suggest that the indirect effects of anthropogenic sulfate may have contributed to the Sahelian drying trend. An important question concerns the extent to which the pattern of forcing and response will be altered if the indirect effects of non-sulfate aerosols (such as organic aerosols from biomass burning) are properly accounted for.
A more general conclusion from the above is that spatially varying aerosol-related forcing can substantially alter low-latitude circulation and rainfall. In other words, the globally averaged view shown in the IPCC bar chart is an over-simplification with respect to the indirect aerosol forcing (and, by extension, also with respect to the other aerosol forcings).
- IPCC, 2001: Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis - Summary for Policymakers and Technical Summary of the Working Group I Report. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 20 pp.
- Rotstayn, L. D., and U. Lohmann, 2002: Tropical rainfall trends and the indirect aerosol effect. J. Climate. In press.
- Rotstayn, L. D., B. F. Ryan, and J. E. Penner, 2000: Precipitation changes in a GCM resulting from the indirect effects of anthropogenic aerosols. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 3045-3048.
- Williams, K. D., A. Jones, D. L. Roberts, C. A. Senior, and M. J. Woodage, 2001: The response of the climate system to the indirect effects of anthropogenic sulfate aerosol. Climate Dyn., 17, 845-856.
Workshop Homepage *
Summaries: Overview, Gases, Aerosols, Tech., Health, Agri./Eco.
Abstracts: Day 1, Day 2, Day 3, Day 4, Day 5 * Participants


text:
Broccoli Salad
- 1 head broccoli
- 6 to 8 slices cooked bacon, crumbled
- 1/2 cup chopped red onion
- 1/2 cup raisins, optional
- 8 ounces sharp Cheddar, cut into very small chunks
- 1 cup mayonnaise
- 2 tablespoons white vinegar
- 1/4 cup sugar
- 1/2 cup halved cherry tomatoes
- Salt and freshly ground black pepper
Trim off the large leaves from the broccoli stem. Remove the tough stalk at the end and wash broccoli head thoroughly. Cut the head into flowerets and the stem into bite-size pieces. Place in a large bowl. Add the crumbled bacon, onion, raisins if using, and cheese. In a small bowl, combine the remaining ingredients, stirring well. Add to broccoli mixture and toss gently.
Recipe courtesy of Paula Deen
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4.9 393
I'm not even a fan of broccoli salad, but this is about the best thing ever. Would change nothing. Great recipe. Thanks Paula Deen! Angela C. 2015-11-10T22:23:30Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
what i have to do with beoccoli? to eat alive!!! Anonymous 2015-09-07T09:02:18Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Have made this for years...always gets devoured...I double the amounts (except for the dressing, only need to increase by 1/2) and use dried cranberries instead of raisins...I make it the day/night before to let all the flavors come together..but I reserve the onions til ready to serve(I find they get to overpowering)... the past year or so, I have started using broccoli slaw instead of the chopped broccoli to cut the prep time and flavors are just as good...(and is great to layer on a barbeque sandwich)...Thanks Paula...<br /> Jan C. 2015-06-20T01:45:39Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
We made this today and it's so good. Amy L. 2014-12-30T09:43:58Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
Question: Should I use Hellman's or Miracle Whip for the Mayo called for in this recipe? I wish they would say as many people use theese interchangibly. Thanks! Wenger6 2014-11-25T13:27:34Z item not reviewed by moderator and published
In recipes, mayonnaise is always mayonnaise - a la Hellman's. Miracle Whip is sometimes called salad dressing. Hope that clears things up a little bit. tejanos 2014-12-17T21:08:51Z item not reviewed by moderator and published