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- How Vitamin D Helps You Build Muscle
- Will B Vitamins Do Anything for You?
- Foods to Feed Your Brain
- Lose Weight on the Mediterranean Diet
- The Flexitarian Diet for Weight Loss and Health
- Healthy Uses for Lemons that Will Blow Your Mind
- 10 Fruits and Veggies You'd Do Well to Eat
- Best Places to Buy Vitamin Supplements
- How to Keep Fit During the Holidays
- Benefits and Functions of Vitamin K
- Vitamin E Benefits
- The Benefits of Vitamin B12
- Vitamin B9 Folic Acid
- Vitamin B7 Benefits & Deficiency Risks
- Vitamin B6 - Pyridoxal Phosphate
- See More Articles
Foods Rich in Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamine, is an important vitamin that your body simply cannot do without. There are so many things that Vitamin B12 does for your body, and the list below will give you an idea of just how important it is:
Promotes Healthy Metabolism
Vitamin B12 is needed for the metabolism of both fats and carbohydrates. Without Vitamin B12, your body cannot turn carbs and fats into energy. Without being able to produce energy, your body's functions will decline, and there will be a drastic increase in your fatigue and lethargy. When it comes to weight loss, lethargy is your worst enemy!
Boost Nervous System Health
Did you know that Vitamin B12 plays a central role in the health of your central nervous system? The vitamin helps to regulate the nervous system, reducing your depression and stress and controlling anxiety. Vitamin B12 helps your body to produce more serotonin, the "feel-good" chemical that prevents depression and boosts your mood.
Improve Brain Function
Vitamin B12 is an important vitamin for the health of your brain, as it can prevent brain shrinkage and boost the function of your brain. Vitamin B12 deficiencies are common among the elderly and those suffering from Alzheimer's, so they need to make an extra effort to consume more Vitamin B12-rich foods (see the list below). Studies have found that taking Vitamin B12 during the early onset of the symptoms of mental disease, the symptoms can actually disappear or improve.
Enhance Sleep
Melatonin is the chemical that regulates your body clock, telling you when it's time to sleep and when it's time to wake up. Vitamin B12 is needed for the healthy production of melatonin, and you'll find that getting more of this vitamin is the key to increasing your body's natural level of this hormone. The better you sleep, the less fatigued you will be when it comes time to hit the gym!
Fight Asthma
Asthma can pose a serious threat to EVERYONE, not just those trying to get in shape. Asthma attacks can be very debilitating, and they can stop you from doing anything for days at a time. Thankfully, Vitamin B12 has been proven to combat asthma attacks, particularly among children. Regular supplementation of Vitamin B12--or just eating a lot more Vitamin B12 foods--can help to reduce shortness of breath and fight off asthma.
Prevent HIV Replication
Did you know that most AIDS patients tend to have very low levels of Vitamin B12? Studies have discovered that taking Vitamin B12 is one of the best ways to prevent the HIV virus from replicating, meaning the vitamin could stop it from spreading throughout the body and decimating the immune system.
Improve Overall Health
Vitamin B12 can do so much more, including:
- Maintain a healthy digestive system
- Fight cholesterol, thereby reducing your risk of heart disease
- Protect against hypertension and strokes
- Boost the health of your skin, hair, and nails
- Aid in cellular reproduction
- Speed up cell turnover rate
- Protect against a wide array of cancers, including prostate, colon, lung, and breast cancer
Wow! Who knew that Vitamin B12 was such a vital nutrient?
Here are some of the foods that are rich in Vitamin B12:
Vitamin B12 Rich Food List Micrograms Portion (grams)
Liver 30 100
Sardines 28 100
Kidneys 15 100
Rabbit 12 100
Liver Sausage 8 100
Liver Pate 7.2 100
High-Fat Fish 5 100
Eggs 5 100
Mussels 4.5 100
Corned Beef 2 100
Fortified Breakfast Cereal 1.7 100
Lamb and Turkey 1.5 100
Burgers 1 100
Hard cheese 1 100
Note: Pregnant women should take care to consume more of these Vitamin B12-rich foods, as it is necessary to pass the vitamins on to the child through their milk. Vegans and vegetarians also tend to lack in Vitamin B12 thanks to their avoidance of animal products. Supplementing their diet with Vitamin B12 is the best way to ensure that vegetarians and vegans can get enough of this important nutrient.
8 Responses to Foods Rich in Vitamin B12
What do you really mean by the word between fatty fish and eggs in the above chart??
I think maybe it is mistranslated...
Hi Rob, no Faggots are a traditional UK dish, it is a kind of meatball made from pork and offal.
Don't forget that if you've vegan or vegetarian, then you should probably take a B12 supplements. Also, many elderly people are able to properly absorb Vitamin B12 from food, so they should also consider supplementing. But in their case they would need B12 injections or sublingual B12, because they probably won't be able to absorb B12 from tablet form.
would you please be kind enough to mention some fruits, vegetables and some nuts or what you feel is easy to intake.
Raza - Vitamin B12 is hard to find in any fruits or vegetables. There maybe a small amount of B12 on the surface of fruits due the bacteria (good) in the soil. As for vegetables, certain types of seaweed have B12 but vegetables for the most part do not contain B12.
The best sources for Vitamin B12 are clams, mussels, milk, eggs, cheese, soy beans (tofu), and many animal derived products.
Be aware that if you have a vitamin B deficiency, then you will also end up with a calcium deficiency too. Nutrients are best from very fresh or just picked foods or any foods that have had the absolute minimum amount of precessing.
Every time you eat something, think about how long ago it was actually harvested, the longer the time, the less the nutrients.
I believe in teaching people how to have control over thier own health in the simplest and easiest and most cost free ways possible and to cure the cause of illness and disease, not just hide or cover up the symptoms.
I can't get a straight answer from my doctor about my vitamin deficiencies. Two years ago I was severely deficient from vitamin b 12, folic acid, vitamin a and vitamin d. I required b 12 shots for 5 months and heavy oral doses of the others for a year. Severe leg and arm cramps over the past few months took me back to my doctor last week. My tests came back again in the basement levels with b 12, folic acid...but this time with vitamin d. I'm not a vegan, or vegetarian. I probably don't eat as much meat as I should (the most I eat is one serving a day of poultry, or beef). I drink milk several times a week along with snacking on sharp cheddar. I stopped eating more than 1 egg a week and cut out butter as my cholesterol was getting high. Especially my triglyceride level@195. I drink V8, Ocean Spray or Orange juice daily (at least 12 oz.). I prefer fresh salads w/meat over fresh fruits. I admit to being inconsistent with breakfast cereals and the use of bread on a daily basis. I avoid all pasta. I don't take a daily multi-vitamin (I will now). I only drink soda, or alcohol once every couple of months when I go out to dine. I avoid sweets. I'm about to turn 48. I do have an "idiopathic" liver condition that specialists haven't been able to diagnose for 12 years now. My liver functions will spontaneously reach as high as 400 to 1800 and stay there for a few days to a few weeks. Biopsy and other tests resulted in nothing other than ruling out. Could my liver be the culprit?
Ginger, 100% Maple Syrup is the best Natural Food Remedy for the Liver. I am 76 years old and I started taking it 6 months ago. For the first time 3 months ago the doctor said the liver was healthy.


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The door always has been open for Sam Hornish Jr. to return to the Indianapolis 500, Team Penske principals say. Will the 100th anniversary of the race and his potential idleness be enough of an inducement?
The three-time IZOD IndyCar Series champion and 2006 Indy 500 winner, who moved to the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series with Penske Racing following the 2007 IZOD IndyCar Series season, doesn't have a funded program for 2011. His primary sponsor, Mobil 1, moved to another team after Penske Racing signed a multi-dimensional deal with Shell/Pennzoil, and the team will have Kurt Busch and Brad Keselowski in full-time, funded cars.
Team owner Roger Penske intimated Dec. 2 at the unveiling of the Shell/Pennzoil cars to be driven by Helio Castroneves in the Indy 500 on May 29 and Busch that Hornish's future beyond the Daytona 500 in February is up in the air.
"…he'll run in the January test to get ready for the 500, and, hopefully, by that time we can extend it," Penske told The Sporting News. "The other good news is that he could be available to run the (Indy) 500."
Penske Racing president Tim Cindric said during a teleconference Dec. 3 that it will be Hornish's decision whether to compete on the 2.5-mile oval in an IndyCar again. He won the 2006 race by 0.635 of a second (second-closest in race history) over Marco Andretti, passing the series rookie in the final 400 yards. Hornish, 31, of Ohio, made his Indy 500 debut in 200 in a Hornish Brothers Trucking-sponsored car (starting 14th and finishing 24th).
"We always told him if he wants to run Indy again, he needs to raise his hand and we'll figure it out," Cindric said. "I don't think that's any different than years past. I think the speculation is coming from the fact that he's one of those in the stock car land, and he we haven't been able to put a program together for him next year. I know that's what he wants to continue to accomplish.
"That said, I know that the Indy 500 is near and dear to his heart. If he wants to run the Indy 500, we'll figure out a way to run the Indy 500 with Sam Hornish. He's that good. But we're certainly not ever going to force him into doing that or do something that would change his career from the path that he wants it to take."
|Gift of Lights
|Loudon Classic
|New Hampshire 301
|New England 300

subset: commoncrawl


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skincarcinomas's Contributions
12/09/12 Community Articles
Early warning signs of cancer of the skin
Skin carcinoma generally advances on sun-exposed areas of the skin, but it may possibly in addition appear on zones not usually exposed to sunlight.
12/06/12 Community Articles
Report on skin carcinoma: signals and symptoms, causative factors and more
This document talks about the manifestations of skin carcinoma, the factors, diagnosis and the best way to do a skin self-exam, the treatment procedures as well as some avoidance tips.
About skincarcinomas
skincarcinomas joined the JazzTimes community on Dec 05, 2012


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Washington, D.C. —Congressman Faleomavaega, who serves as Ranking Member of the Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific and the third most senior Democratic Member of the Foreign Affairs Committee, announced that on April 5, 2012 Amal Al Yusuf of the International Affairs Department of the Al Wefaq Society in Bahrain thanked him for his support during his recent visit to Bahrain on April 2-3, 2012.
A special guest artist, Hyun Duck Oh is seen here at the Dancing Fingers Spring Concert Thursday evening, April 27 at Calvary Temple AOG in Lepuapua.
Oh was playing a traditional Korean instrument, the gayageum or kayagum.
Pictured at Lepua Mart, Lepua Mart employee JP, with Mrs. Fia who is the 3rd ASNOC Bingo Winner.
She is unemployed, and says she will use the cash towards her children's education. Standing on the right is ASNOC Secretary General Ed Imo.
The second cruise ship of the week to visit the territory, the M/S Sea Princess called to port with its 1,950 passengers and 900 crew members yesterday morning after visiting Suva, Fiji.
Some of the sports and leisure that the ship offers are a large fitness area, a swimming pool with a relaxation area, a jogging track, a spa and a virtual golf course. It made its departure yesterday evening.
The American National Rugby League has appointed Keiki Misipeka as its new development officer in the territory. "I am very pleased with the selection. This is a great opportunity for me to scout the talents we have here and to develop the game of rugby league in American Samoa," Misipeka told this correspondent.
ACE American Industries recognized four employees for their years of dedicated service to the company, yesterday. Pictured are the four employees with Vanessa Scratch-Mackenzie, Chief Technological Officer, and Ngaire Ho Ching, President and CEO of ACE American Industries.
For 20 Years of Service: Teni Maae, Floor Manager
For 15 Years of Service:
Vinemoni Grecia
Opetaia Baba
Sione Tuakiapimahu
E lua moliaga mamafa, ua tuuaia ai e le malo ia Crystal Teo, lea sa avea ma Pule o se kamupani o lo o latou aumaia ni oloa i le atunuu, le DGX (Dependable Global Express. O nei moliaga e mafai ona faasala ai se tasi i le toese mo le umi e le silia i le 7 tausaga, pe faasala foi i se faasalaga tupe e le silia i le $5,000 mo le moliaga e tasi.
O le aso 6 o Aperila 2012 na fa'amalolo ai Te'o mai i lana galuega.
O le alii mai Pago Pago lea na tuuaia e le malo i lona sasaina lea o le ulu o si ona faletua i se fasi laupapa, ua molia nei e le malo i le moliaga mamafa o le faaoolima i le tulaga lua, faapea ai ma moliaga mama e lua ia na ulua'i tuuaia ai o ia e le malo, o le faatupu vevesi i nofoaga faitele, atoa ai ma lona save'uina lea o le filemu i totonu o le lotoifale o lona aiga.
E vevesi fa'afiafiaga o le fu'a na mae'a atu nei, a'o tau fa'asaosao talanoaga i le va o le alii kovana ma ta'ita'i o nisi o atu motu o le Pasefika na malaga mai e tali i le valaaulia a Amerika Samoa, i ni auala e si'itia ai auala o Fefa'atauaiga ma Femalagaaiga i le va o atomotu uma o le Pasefika.
Ona o le tulaga fa'aletonu i le fale gaosi okesene, ua fa'apea ai ona sulufa'i le malo o Samoa i lona uso tuaoi o Amerika Samoa, aua se okesene mo le falema'i autu a le malo i Moto'otua.
E 100 ni tane okesene ua fa'apea ona aumai e le va'a a leoleo Samoa, o le Nafanua, ina ia mafai ona fa'atumu atu i se okesene i se kamupani okesene i Tafuna i Amerika Samoa.
No. 5 Kanana Fou Stallions upset No. 4 Faga'itua Vikings 4-2 in...
Alo O Samoa Outrigger sent an open women's team to Apia over the...
A shortage in the supply of eggs has become a real concern to grocery...


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Western Digital, a leading maker of hard disk drives (HDDs) on Wednesday unveiled a version of its WD VelociRaptor hard drive designed for enterprise and business customers. The novelty should bring performance increases to those customers, who have been using original WD Raptor drives.
WD VelociRaptor features 300GB capacity, 10 000rpm rotational speed, 16MB cache, 4.2ms read seek time, 4.7ms write seek time and average latency of 3ms, an improvement over the model aimed at enthusiasts, which has average latency time of 5.5ms. The VelociRaptor hard drive is designed for Serial ATA-300 interface and supports such enhancements as NCQ technology.
Business-oriented WD VelociRaptor model WD3000BLFS comes without IcePack heatsink that is featured on enthusiast oriented WD VelociRaptor model WD3000GLFS, thus, it suits well for integration into 1U or 2U servers.
"In the server market, demand for high performance drives continues to shift from the 3.5" form factor to the enterprise 2.5" form factor. The new 2.5" WD VelociRaptor drive is the only drive available that can offer server customers the flexibility of integrating SATA technology while benefiting from server-class performance and reliability," said Tom McDorman, vice president and general manager of WD's enterprise storage solutions business unit.
WD VelociRaptor 2.5-inch hard drives (model WD3000BLFS) are under evaluation with OEM customers and will be available through select commercial distributors by the end of the month.
"WD is bringing to enterprise customers what PC enthusiasts already appreciate about the WD VelociRaptor: a combination of high performance and high capacity for hard drive storage. WD's new WD VelociRaptor, designed specifically for the enterprise in an energy efficient 2.5" form factor, gives system OEMs and end users a new storage option to consider to meet growing storage requirements," said John Rydning, IDC's research director for hard disk drives.


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It may now be hard for older readers to recall – or for younger readers to fathom – but in the 1970s singer-songwriter Paul Williams was everywhere. As a tunesmith he penned lyrics about lovers and the dreamers for the beloved Muppets tune "Rainbow Connection" and shared an Oscar win with Barbra Streisand for the A Star Is Born track "Evergreen." As an actor, he starred in Brian de Palma's 1974 cult movie Phantom of the Paradise and guested on a slew of prime time TV mainstays including the original Hawaii Five-O and The Mary Tyler Moore Show. And as a crooner with a louche wit, he made the set of Johnny Carson's Tonight Show his home away from home. "In the '70s, it was very hard to turn on the TV for more than a week or so without seeing Paul Williams somewhere," says Stephen Kessler, the director of a new documentary called Paul Williams Still Alive, which premiered in New York on June 8 and is currently platforming out across the country. "It was crazy how much exposure that guy had."
In 1973, Williams' various career strands unforgettably coalesced when he entertained Carson by performing the old standard "Here's That Rainy Day" in full orangutan makeup to promote his role in the movie Battle for the Planet of the Apes. "This" Williams deadpanned to the Tonight Show host about his simian countenance "is seven months of nothing but banana daiquiris!"
As with many of Williams' onscreen quips, there was more than a grain of truth in the comment. The songwriter did in fact have a problem with alcohol. "I thought everybody had a glass of vodka in the shower in the morning: 'Isn't that how everyone starts their day?'" says Williams, 71, dressed nattily in a suit and tie at a Manhattan hotel. His fondness for both booze and drugs, including cocaine, eventually capsized Williams' career and, after writing the songs for infamous 1987 box office bomb Ishtar, he almost completely disappeared from the face of the pop culture planet.
A child of the '70s, Kessler had idolized the star but, by 2005, he hadn't heard anything about Williams in so long he assumed the songwriter had passed away. "I would say Paul Williams was well off my radar for at least 20 years," recalls the filmmaker, who previously directed the Chevy Chase vehicle Vegas Vacation. "I just assumed he was dead, yeah." Then, one day, he decided to buy a CD by his childhood hero. "Amazon linked me to a Paul Williams website," says Kessler. "I just expected to see old pictures but there was [a photo of] Paul Williams alive and in his mid-60s. He looked pretty good. But he was signing autographs on a folding table at an Indian casino. I thought to myself, this isn't right! This guy was the Cole Porter of the '70s!"
When Kessler approached Williams about being the subject of a documentary, the fallen star might have been excused for grasping the opportunity to get back in front of the camera with Kardashian-like fervor. Instead, Williams greeted the offer with a more Salinger-esque lack of enthusiasm. "I don't think there's anything more pathetic than some little old man going, 'Please sir, may I have a little more fame?'" says the songwriter. "It felt like it would be rude to just say, 'Go away.' But [with] my actions, clearly that was the message. Steve just ignored it. He plowed ahead like a stalker."
The result of Kessler's persistence is a documentary which details both the songwriter's extraordinary life and the blossoming friendship between subject and filmmaker. Williams himself laughingly describes the documentary as "a buddy picture run amok. It's sort of Smokey and the Bandit meets Celebrity Rehab."
Williams knows of what he speaks. He is not only a UCLA-certified drug and alcohol counselor but actually appeared in 1977's Smokey and the Bandit. And 1980's Smokey and the Bandit II. And 1983's Smokey and the…Well, you get the picture. Back in the day, Paul Williams really was everywhere.
Next: "Ishtar was not a disaster. The dealer not being home? That was a disaster."


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Physical Monitoring
Stream Channel Surveying
A stream channel geomorphic survey measures the shape, slope, and bed composition of a stream channel, usually over time to track changes.
The surveys conducted by Montgomery County consist of the following:
A survey of the stream bed elevation along the thalweg, or deepest point in the stream.
A survey at a specific cross-section along the stream channel.
Provide information on particle size distribution of the stream bed.
Some streams flow straight, while others make numerous winding curves. The sinuosity ratio is the distance between two points on the stream measured along the channel divided by the straight line distance between the two points. Also known as the changing curve of a stream.
Why is Stream Channel Surveying Important?
Geomorphology surveying allows us to depict how the stream channel changes (or remains stable) in response to natural and human-caused influences. Repeated measurements at a specific study area allow for direct comparison of the features of the stream channel over an extended period of time.
A longitudinal profile depicts the down slope gradient of the stream. Measurements of the longitudinal profile taken over time can document trends in aggradation (sediment build-up) or degradation (erosion). Looking at these trends, we can see how disturbances such as floods or increased sediment inputs from land-use modify the channel bed.
The longitudinal profile also shows features such as riffles, runs, and pools. Typically, biological diversity is greatest when a variety of feature types are present (i.e., a combination of riffles, runs, and pools).
Longitudinal profiles, in combination with cross-sectional profiles, are useful in determining the vertical dimension of channel features. Over time, repeated surveys show how the stream channel adjusts (horizontally and vertically) to accommodate the various flows it handles.
Channel sinuosity is important because it reflects the stream's adjustment of its slope to the valley slope. The more sinuous (curvey) a stream is, the more gentle the valley slope.
Pebble counts can show shifts in stream bed material composition over time. For example, a stream may go from having mostly large, cobble size particles, to having mostly sand and gravel size particles as the stream aggrades (fills in).
Stream Channel Surveying Activities
The Montgomery County Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) conducts annual geomorphic surveys at 17 separate areas to assess stream channel characteristics. The surveys are performed as part of the requirements for the state NPDES permit. They provide an effective tool for tracking changes to the stream channel that result from natural occurrences and changes in land use; both of which can have profound effects on the stream.
Most of the study efforts to date have focused on the Clarksburg Special Protection Area since it offers the County a unique opportunity to observe changes in the morphology of the stream channel in response to surrounding land use changes. What we learn from indepth study in the Clarksburg SPA will be applied elsewhere in the County as we set the standard for future development requirements to mitigate environmental impacts.
Data and Data Requests
DEP stream channel survey data is entered into data forms, which log information on the following worksheets:
If you are interested in obtaining data or protocols, please contact DEP at email@example.com. In your request, please provide the following information:
Looking for more DEP data? Visit our Biological Monitoring data page to view all the biological monitoring data sets available to the public.
Additional Resources
Spreadsheet Tools for River Evaluation, Assessment and Monitoring from Ohio Department of Natural Resource Modules
Stream Flow Monitoring
Monitoring of stream flow is a critical component in the assessment of stream structure and stream quality. Stream flow data can be used to:
Stream Flow Monitoring Activities
The Montgomery County Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) are working cooperatively to monitor stream flow continuously at numerous stations in Montgomery County, Maryland. These stations include:
The following tasks are typically handled during service visits to stream flow-gage stations by USGS hydrologic technicians and/or Montgomery County water quality specialists:
Stream flow data is collected through the stream gages as well as through use of a hand-held velocimeter. The stream gage records the stage, or the height of the water surface above a known elevation, such as sea-level or the gage station. Measurements of the area and velocity of the stream are used to calculate volume passing a particular point in a certain amount of time, or discharge (usually measured in cfs, or cubic feet per second).
After enough measurements of the stage and the discharge are collected, a correlation between the two begins to emerge. This is known as the stage-discharge relationship, and when plotted on a graph it is called a rating curve. It provides a useful tool for land-use planners, engineers, and other interested parties to evaluate stream flow conditions. Since the stage-discharge relationship can change over time, an ongoing record of gage height and discharge data (with mean daily flows and yearly flow statistics) is kept by USGS, along with a record of datum corrections and rating shifts that are required to maintain an accurate stage-discharge relationship. The daily values are published in the USGS Annual Water-Data Report.
The stream flow gages collect a continuous record of gage heights (in 5 minute to 15 minute intervals) by use of a non-submersible pressure transducer system that is interfaced with a Data Collection Platform (DCP). The data is transmitted using a satellite or phone modem in near real-time to the USGS Maryland-Delaware-DC Water Science Center.
Looking for more DEP data? Visit our Biological Monitoring data page to view all the biological monitoring data sets available to the public.
Map of Stream Gage Locations
Additional Resources
Temperature Monitoring
All aquatic organisms have an optimal range of temperature under which they can successfully maintain populations. Some species may be able to tolerate higher than optimal temperatures and survive, but they will not thrive. For example, brown trout can tolerate temperatures above 68 °F (20 °C) indefinitely, but they would not be successful reproducing.
Maryland classifies its waterbodies into Use Classes. Each Use Class has an associated range of species and species function (e.g., adult brown trout survival, or brown trout reproduction). Acceptable temperature ranges are defined so that these species can survive in their particular Use Class.
Use Class IV waters are waters that brown trout can survive in but not reproduce in, hence Use Class IV waters are meant to designate waters that can support a fishery where the brown trout populations are maintained by periodic stocking. An example of Use Class IV waters are portions of Northwest Branch and Upper Rock Creek. Maryland sets a maximum threshold water temperature of 75 °F (24 °C) for Use Class IV waters.
Class III waters includes waterbodies where brown trout can reproduce. An example of a Class III water in Montgomery County is Paint Branch. The maximum water temperatures does not usually exceed 68 °F (20 °C). Brown trout are able to reproduce here and stocking is usually not necessary to maintain populations with proper regulations in place (e.g., catch and release fishery).
Use Class I waters include all other freshwaters of the state where a maximum temperature of 90 °F (32 °C) should not be exceeded.
What about Class II? Class II is reserved for brackish water and does not apply to Montgomery County streams.
In nearly all cases, the concern regarding water temperature is when it gets too high or exceeds the maximum value set for a particular use class. (Not how low water temperature gets.) Temperature spikes are often associated with discharges of rainwater runoff from areas with high imperviousness (surfaces where water cannot soak into the ground, such as roads and parking lots). Furthermore, discharges from improperly designed stormwater management ponds can cause high temperature spikes. The cumulative effects of these temperature spikes can harm the overall health of aquatic communities.
Learn more about Use Classes in Montgomery County (PDF, 2.5Mb)
Temperature Monitoring Activities
Given that the concern with temperature monitoring are high temperatures rather than low ones, stream temperatures are monitored from May 31 to September 30, when temperatures are highest. Temperature loggers are placed in specific stream sites during May, and are recovered in October. Loggers are set to record the maximum temperature within a 24 minute period continuously during the time period specified.
DEP monitors temperatures at targeted stream sites where land uses are expected to raise water temperatures (such as in areas that are under construction). Special Protection Areas (SPA) are also subjected to concentrated temperature monitoring. Temperature meters are deployed at specific sites to assess the ability of stormwater or sediment and erosion control devices and systems (otherwise known as Best Management Practices or BMPs) to minimize thermal impacts.
Typically, a temperature logger is placed in the stream, both upstream and downstream of the discharge channel from the BMP. Generally, the temperature of the stream and the water discharging from the BMP is monitored by a consultant hired by the developer.
Data and Data Requests
Montgomery County has collected instream temperature data from 1995 to the present. However, the sites selected for temperature monitoring would not be available for every year since 1995. Tables and maps are available showing the locations where temperature was monitored during specific years. Maps can be made to order depending on the request.
Data Constraints
For proper interpretation, water temperature data should be compared with air temperature and precipitation data from the same time period.
Submitting a Data Request
If you are interested in obtaining data or protocols, please contact DEP at firstname.lastname@example.com. In your request, please provide the following information:
Looking for more DEP data? Visit our Biological Monitoring data page to view all the biological monitoring data sets available to the public.
Precipitation Monitoring
Many stream flow and hydrologic relationships are based on precipitation levels. DEP measures precipitation to properly characterize rain events and relate them to the stream flow response.
DEP maintains two rain gages— both of which are located within the Clarksburg SPA (one in Black Hills Regional Park and one in Little Bennett Regional Park). DEP is investigating re-installing gages in the Paint Branch and Piney Branch SPAs.
Data and Data Requests
Available Data
DEP has precipitation data for Little Bennett rain gage from 2003 - present, and Black Hills from 2004 - present.
Precipitation data are usually downloaded quarterly, converted to standard time as needed, and compiled by year into Excel spreadsheets for both Little Bennett and Black Hills. Each spreadsheet has worksheets for each quarter of the year, with a Date/Time column and a Rain (in inches) column.
Submitting a Data Request
If you are interested in obtaining data or protocols, please contact DEP at email@example.com. In your request, please provide the following information:


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Hey bobbyb.
What do you mean by 10% arriving? This is an ambiguous statement since you already have a PDF. You will need to look at P(X = 10).
Here is the question:
Arrivals at starbucks in the concourse can be modelled by a poisson distribution with a mean rate of 5 per minute starting 10 minutes before class starts. What is the probability that 10% students arrive in the last minute?


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It's another nubile blond from the Czech Republic, but this one isn't just cute. She's horny as hell and pretty nasty to boot! Just because she's a fresh-faced babe doesn't mean she's inexperienced. Whether it's taking on black cock or snacking on slit, this gal can do it all. In the end, there isn't a lot of content or updates, but it's at least HD quality.Full review
- Trial: $1.00/1 day
This gorgeous girl has a mixed heritage with African American, Irish and Native American roots. She often likes to take charge in her Femdom cam shows, but she can also switch and play the role of a sub too. There are also times when she hooks up with chicks or gives blowjobs to guys. You can't download any of the footage, but most of it streams in Full HD.Full review
- $18.00/30 days
British glamour model Stacey Robyn has her own site with some truly titillating content that includes videos in Full HD. The footage is dubbed over with music, which can be annoying. Still, it does somewhat fit with what you're seeing, because they all simply give you photo shoots captured on video. You get loads of bonus sites with other UK glamour girls.Full review
- $24.99/30 days
- Save 14%
Faith Marie is a hot bisexual who's not only a horny housewife, but also the sexy star of this amateur site. You'll find out a lot about her thanks to her biography, blog and willingness to answer her members' emails. In her many high-def videos, you'll see Faith masturbating, fooling around with other girls and having lots of sex, including group action.Full review
- $21.95/30 days
Her braces and tiny tits give her a fresh-faced look, but Michelle proves that despite her innocent exterior, inside she's the epitome of dirty fun in tons of vids. With masturbation, blowjobs, lesbian play and Femdom sessions, she loves sexual exploration. Unfortunately, her movies aren't all that high in quality and no new ones are being posted these days.Full review
- $34.99/30 days
Megan Loxx is a busty brunette who goes to college full time. Joining her site shows you what she does outside of the classroom, which includes lots of sex! Her modeling career brought her to the Chick Pass porn producers who helped her set up these solo and hardcore Full HD vids and they are hot! However, there aren't enough just yet to keep you happy.Full review
Gianna Love is a petite babe from Pennsylvania who likes comics and sci-fi, but what she really loves is giving blowjobs and rough sex. You can see her getting naked, getting herself off with sex toys, sucking dick and getting fucked by an older guy. Gianna is one naughty amateur, but she doesn't appear in a lot of scenes. Also, she stopped updating.Full review
Whether you think she's nerdy or not, I am sure you will agree that this slender beauty with a trimmed bush is hot. She's an amateur, but that doesn't mean she's shy, because she does a lot more than simply masturbate on camera. She has sexy lesbian hook-ups and wild hardcore sex as well. It's really hot, but there's not much content and updates stopped.Full review
Stacey is a British beauty who likes to model sexy outfits, strip, show off her hot body, kiss and caress other amazing hotties, suck some thick dick and even pretend to have some sex. You can watch her get naughty in the HD videos and high-res photos found on her website. There's nothing being added to it these days, but the site is still worth visiting.Full review
Chloe is a cutie who dresses up in hot outfits, strips and masturbates. You can watch her get naked and then get off in HD videos and high-res photos. She isn't adding any material to her website these days, but she gives her members access to numerous other sites. Chloe's collection is worth a look, but it isn't large enough to keep you around for very long.Full review
This website is devoted to a beauty with braces. She likes to suck on sex toys and slide them into her pussy. She also likes to pose and strip for you. You can watch her get naked and naughty in HD videos and sets of high-res photos. She isn't giving us new material these days and her site isn't huge to begin with, so you might only enjoy it for a short time.Full review
Catie is a cutie and you can watch her make her pussy purr with the help of her fingers and some toys. She uses a bottle, dildos and a Hitachi magic wand to get off and she really likes it when you watch. She's also fond of cosplay, so if you like geeky goddesses, you should definitely visit her website. There are some great HD videos waiting for you on it.Full review
- $29.69/30 days
Melissa is a horny French Canadian who loves hardcore sex. She also enjoys masturbating for the camera, using dildos, her fingers and even a Sybian. Her scenes also show her giving messy blowjobs, taking part in steamy threesomes and swapping hot cum. This sexy babe can really put on a hot show, but there's not a lot of content here and she stopped updating.Full review
- $19.95/30 days
- Save 33%
Kelly Summer is a French Canadian beauty who loves to get naked and naughty on her official site. Sometimes she simply poses in sexy outfits and gives you a peek at her great tits, but other times she gets really wild. You might see her taking part in a lesbo threesomes and taking dick deep in her pussy. You might even catch her getting off while pregnant.Full review
- $24.95/30 days
In one scene, she might be teasing us with a softcore nude show, while in the next performance, she will be licking pussy or getting her pink love tunnel plundered by a big hard erection. Sexy Bella does it all and she does it with a horny smile on her face that tells us just how much she loves doing it. We, in turn, all love watching her get her freak on!Full review
- $12.95/30 days
Her hot body, long blonde hair and smooth skin will have anyone who sees her desire to see more of her. And Kendra wants you to watch, so it is a win-win situation. She might start off clothed, but by the end of her scene she will be stripped down to her panties and her pussy will be the only thing that she keeps hidden throughout the HD videos. Check it out.Full review
- $24.95/30 days
Gigi is one very sexy babe. She started shooting porn back in the spring of 2010 and now she's got her own website. If you give it a look, you can see Gigi strip naked, get herself off, suck cock, have sex with hung guys and smoke weed. She isn't updating these days, but she's left us with just enough HD videos to make you want to give her site a quick peek.Full review
They say no two snowflakes are alike and the same can be said for teens with their own personal websites. Emery is a true find with her sexy bod and adorable face that sparkles, like fresh-fallen snow. However, although the solo dildo action and sexy fingering play will have you shivering with delight for sweet Emery, this site is just too small to recommend.Full review
- Limited Trial: $1.00/1 day
Cassidy is a real cutie and she loves to tease her admirers. She gets fully nude on her personal site, but she keeps the action pretty soft. You can check her out in videos that are made available in Full HD and sets of high-res photos. Before you get too excited, though, you should know that Cassidy doesn't have much content to share with us at the moment.Full review
- $29.69/30 days
Lizzie's a slim brunette who likes to pose naked, masturbate and have some naughty fun with other babes. You can see her doing these things in the videos found on her website. They come in an HD format, but there aren't all that many of them to enjoy. No new ones are on the way at this point, so you might want to check out what's available and then move on.Full review
- $24.95/30 days
This sexy petite babe is Abigail. She's a feisty brunette teenager who is only 18 years old and weighs a mere 90 pounds. Checking out her site means you get the opportunity to look over every single inch of her slender frame, because she loves showing off her boobs and butt for the camera. She poses by herself most of the time, other times with friends.Full review
- $29.95/30 days
A tight, dirty blonde with an even dirtier mind, this sexy, mischievous little sprite opens up her thoughts and her legs to your eyes. She's a naughty babe, but she doesn't do anything too explicit. Instead, she teases her fans by showing off her hot body and occasionally kissing and caressing her sexy friends. What she doesn't do anymore though is update.Full review
- $29.95/30 days
Autumn is a sun-kissed Californian cutie. She shows off her tight body and pert tits in sexy solo and lesbian shoots. She doesn't keep her shaved pussy hidden either, she shows you, and gives other gorgeous girls a taste of, it in sensuous lesbian fun that you'll never want to end. This small site isn't updating though, so any enjoyment here is short lived.Full review
- $24.99/30 days
Dawn is a stunning beauty and if she's your type of girl, you'll want to do yourself a favor and join her personal website. There's quite a bit of content to be found on it and much of what you get is pretty high in quality. A lot of the material is softcore, but you can sometimes see Dawn masturbating, going down on her boyfriend and having her pussy fucked.Full review
- $34.89/30 days
This site is home to blonde webcam model Emma, who has dedicated her site to all the hot webcam shows she's performs in along with her husband and girlfriends. She can be seen masturbating, sucking and fucking her husband's cock and licking up pussy with her lady friends. There are daily live shows that also get archived but the update schedule is not clear.Full review
- $29.99/30 days
Shynie is a sexy babe from Wichita who has won awards for her amazing ass, big boobs, tight pussy and pretty face. She puts all of these features on display on her personal site and she also gives her fans the chance to see her masturbating and hooking up with a black dude with a big cock. Her content varies in quality, but she does have some Full HD vids.Full review
- Limited Trial: $10.00/2 days
Taylor Wynn is a hot babe with an amazing body and you can appreciate what she's got on her personal site, where she appears in softcore content. She poses, strips and gets fully nude (though she keeps her naughty parts hidden). She's got Full HD videos to share and some high-res pics, too, but there isn't all that much to see and updates aren't frequent.Full review
- $26.95/30 days
Bella is a real beauty and she looks great from top to bottom. And her personal site is where she shares her awesome body with her fans. She teases, poses in sexy outfits, strips and even bares her tits. She doesn't have a lot of content right now, but she is updating and everything looks fantastic. It's exclusive soft porn that you won't find elsewhere.Full review
- $28.95/30 days
This babe has a huge appetite for cocks and pussies and toys and she satisfies her horny cravings in every scene on her site. Watch her slide her fingers in her pussy, stick benoit balls up her ass and deep-throat a cock until her mouth is filled with cum. The site has hot and high-quality videos (no pics), but there hasn't been an update in almost a year.Full review
Is everything bigger and better in Texas? The last part of that certainly holds true for the sexy star of this amateur site. You see, Angel knows what her fans crave and she delivers it with charm and personality. You'll see her masturbate, have lesbian encounters, give blowjobs, have sex and also have a lot of lighthearted fun in footage that's often in HD.Full review
- $21.95/30 days
A cute face, hot boobs and curves to spare make Savanna Knight one tasty treat. She adores sex and wants to have it with both women and men. Her enthusiasm is palpable as she licks her GF's pussy, fucks a babe with a strapon or has some straight sex. There's very little content and it's been many months since the last update, but you get loads of bonuses.Full review
Paige Turnah is a stunning babe, so it makes sense that she has a site to call her own. Check it out if you want to see her posing, stripping, spanking other cuties, smoking, sitting on faces, masturbating with sex toys, fooling around with other women, giving blowjobs and having lots of great sex. The quality is high and she continues to update each week.Full review
- $29.95/30 days
There's nothing wrong with Shannyn. Her hot body, big tits and beautiful face are an instant draw. And the way she teases in her semi-nude scenes will drive some people crazy (in a good way). However, it might also drive them crazy (but in a not-so-good way) that her website is very small, with no bonuses and the promised live cam shows have yet to happen.Full review
- $26.95/30 days
Ashley is a sexy blonde who enjoyed her first modeling experience so much that she decided to start her very own website. She hasn't had time to add much to her little corner of the Web just yet, but she has posted some high-quality softcore content that shows her posing and stripping. There isn't enough of it to make getting a membership worthwhile, though.Full review
- $24.95/30 days
Masturbating, pussy licking, giving blowjobs and riding cock is what this amateur chick claims she was born to do. You'll also find this pale-skinned swinger in a few group-sex scenes with both guys and gals. The site has stopped updating, though, so you'll have to rely on the bonus network if you burn through this hottie's raunchy collection too quickly.Full review


text:
Biomass to Liquid Fuels and Electric Power Research
CX(s) Applied: A9, B3.6
Date: 02/16/2011
Location(s): Alabama
Office(s): Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Golden Field Office
Auburn University proposes to use federal funding to research and analyze bio-refining systems for improvements within the process to increase productivity and economic value of electric power, liquid fuels, and other bio-based products. This project will involve five tasks. The first task will be to investigate productivity and economic constraints associated with production, harvest, and transportation of forest biomass. The second task will be to develop and refine techniques for fractionation of forest and agricultural biomass into pure cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin components. The third task of this project entails refining fraction methods for conversion of raw biomass to intermediate forms which are more suitable for the global economy. The fourth task of this project will develop and refine process simulation models for biomass gasification and gas conditioning processes for optimization. The fifth task of this project will validate models of Fischer-Tropsch processes for downstream biomass gasification systems.


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text:
Choose the period
Today, I realized my favorite pen advertises a vaginal cream. I've been letting people borrow it for months. FML
by MrConcise / 05/01/2013 at 12:28pm / United States / Miscellaneous
Today, I learned that binding my stomach with duct tape isn't worth it to look thin. I also learned the even worse part when I shrieked more loudly than I should've when I tried to discreetly rip it off in history class. FML
by QueenOrangeSoda / 05/01/2013 at 5:33pm / United States (Nevada) / Health
Today, I had a formal complaint filed against me for being outrageously rude to a customer. All I did was tell a customer that she couldn't use food stamps at the movie theater. FML
by Anonymous / 04/25/2013 at 3:37pm / United States (Georgia) / Work
Today, it's my 17th birthday. The only person who remembered was the creepy guy in my English class who keeps trying to smell my hair. FML
by Anonymous / 04/27/2013 at 11:34am / United States / Miscellaneous
Today, I got so drunk I called my ex-boyfriend and confessed my love to him. All in front of my current boyfriend. FML
by Out from Hell / 04/22/2013 at 6:31pm / United States (Virginia) / Love
Today, my parents finally got married. At the after-party, my mother got drunk and informed me that even though she and my father were now married, it doesn't change the fact that I'm still a bastard. FML
by SierraCheyenne / 04/29/2013 at 9:57pm / United States (Missouri) / Kids
Today, from the balcony of my apartment, I watched helplessly as a teen came along and peed through my car's open window. FML
by Sean / 05/01/2013 at 12:44am / Canada (Quebec) / Kids
Today, I was driving when I noticed that the guy in front was on the phone. I pulled up next to him, pulled out my phone and I made a gesture that he needed to put his phone away. It was a cop. I got a ticket for driving while on my cell phone. FML
by really_now / 04/25/2013 at 8:56pm / United States (Nevada) / Transportation
Today, my crazy neighbor came up to me in the street and slapped me across the face, accusing me of leering through her restroom window while she showered. I'm gay. FML
by inyobeddd / 05/02/2013 at 4:27am / United States (California) / Miscellaneous
Today, I was tutoring a band member. Whenever I ask him to play a D or any D scale, he stops just to snicker and say, "Ha ha. D." He still sucks. I hate his guts. FML
by justgivemethed / 04/25/2013 at 3:55am / United States (California) / Work
Today, I spent hours playing my guitar and singing in the street, hoping to make some extra cash. About 3 hours in, I realized some punk had been walking around with a hat taking money as if he was with me. FML
by honeynuggetviolin / 04/30/2013 at 8:31pm / Money
Today, my future father-in-law showed everyone a picture of his poop because it was "shaped like a banana." My fiancé's whole family thought it was funny and "looked more like a banana than last time." FML
by Anonymous / 05/02/2013 at 11:04am / United States (Texas) / Health
Today, my 15-year-old brother got busted for selling pills at school. The officer said they were reddish pink, so we searched the house for that kind of pill. Turns out it was my dog's medicine from over 4 years ago. FML
by kkt / 04/25/2013 at 12:54am / United States (Texas) / Kids
- 1Today, I took a test. I got up to turn it in, and accidentally bumped into another student. We both… 2Today, I tried to fire the worst worker I've ever had over the phone because he never shows up for… 3Today, a week after dropping my car off for the third time in a month at the dealership because of…


text:
As though Jeggings weren't bad enough, our collective sense of decency is now being raped by PajamaJeans. Though perhaps more flattering than Jeggings, they're certainly more terrifying, too. Jeggings aren't being infomercial-marketed to every Midwestern mom in the country. PajamaJeans, however, are being touted as the second coming, here to redeem flabby asses everywhere. For only $39.95! Check out the promo video and learn all about how these magical Denim/Spandex combinations will solve literally every problem you've ever had.
Thursday, January 6, 2011
Wednesday, January 5, 2011
Nike Activewear is Getting Increasingly Badass
For years I kind of ignored Nike, associating it with the ever-embarrassing capri leggings that my mother wore for a scarring chunk of my childhood. Aside from the occasional pair of perhaps too-ironic high top dunks, the brand felt as lamely utilitarian as New Balance without the same athletic cred. Whatever they're doing lately, though, is working. Their colors are cool -- think magenta with grey to neutralize the too-girliness -- and their shapes have altogether lost their boxiness.
Check the stuff out; it's almost as cute as Lululemon lately. Because what matters more than cuteness when you're running through 12 miles of mud, right?
Monday, January 3, 2011
I Lied.
When I said that I'd moved forever to True/Slant. As it turns out, you can't blog for a blog that doesn't exist, which is currently the case with Clothes Whore on True/Slant and, in fact, True/Slant in its entirety. The site is still up, but it was acquired by Forbes and subsequently left to rot. So now I'm back, just a girl asking strangers on the internet to love her. But without the typical naked pics.
So keep checking in. (Or read my other blog, Stuff That's Neat, all the time. I promise I'm going to actually post on that one, too.)
Lipstick Queen "Red Sinner" Makes My Face Happy
There's this thing that happens when you wear lipstick all day and I don't know what to call it, but it more or less amounts to a drying of the lips that makes a lady look not terribly unlike the Crypt Keeper in the mouth region. The crumbliness isn't particularly obvious from a distance, but it gets distracting up close, forcing people to wonder if you're only wearing the lipstick to distract from your truly deplorable personal hygiene skills. (For the record, I actually wear it to detract from the vampire-like paleness that renders me almost transparent in the winter.)
Fear not, though, a solution has founds its way to my mouth. Check out Lipstick Queen's uber-opaque Red Sinner for a look that's not new, but is awesome. Aside from being more or less the perfect red, it's heavy on the glycerine, eliminating the crumbly mouth situation.
Buy it here.
Fear not, though, a solution has founds its way to my mouth. Check out Lipstick Queen's uber-opaque Red Sinner for a look that's not new, but is awesome. Aside from being more or less the perfect red, it's heavy on the glycerine, eliminating the crumbly mouth situation.
Buy it here.
As an aside, why do all red lipsticks have slutty names?
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Zhang, Jun MD, PhD*; Dong, Yuanlin MD, MS*; Xu, Zhipeng MD, PhD*; Zhang, Yiying MD, MS*; Pan, Chuxiong MD, MS*; McAuliffe, Sayre BA*; Ichinose, Fumito MD†; Yue, Yun MD, MS‡; Liang, Weimin MD, PhD§; Xie, Zhongcong MD, PhD*
From the *Geriatric Anesthesia Research Unit, †Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts; ‡Department of Anesthesia, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing; and §Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
Supported by K08NS048140, R21AG029856, and R01 GM088801 (National Institutes of Health), Jahnigen Career Development Award (American Geriatrics Society), Investigator Initiated Research Grant (Alzheimer's Association) (to ZX), R01GM079360 (National Institutes of Health) (to FI), and China National Science Foundation Overseas Young Scholar Collaboration Research Award NSF30928026 (to YY and ZX).
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
The experiments were performed at Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School.
Jun Zhang, MD, PhD, is currently affiliated with the Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China; and Chuxiong Pan, MD, MS, is currently affiliated with the Department of Anesthesia, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China.
Reprints will not be available from the authors.
Address correspondence to Zhongcong Xie, MD, PhD, Geriatric Anesthesia Research Unit, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th St., Room 4310, Charlestown, MA 02129-2060. Address e-mail to firstname.lastname@example.com.
Accepted July 13, 2011
Published ahead of print September 29, 2011
BACKGROUND: β-Amyloid protein (Aβ) accumulation and caspase activation have been shown to contribute to Alzheimer disease neuropathogenesis. Aβ is produced from amyloid precursor protein through proteolytic processing by aspartyl protease β-site amyloid precursor protein–cleaving enzyme (BACE). The inhaled anesthetic isoflurane has been shown to induce caspase activation and increase levels of BACE and Aβ. However, the underlying mechanisms and interventions of the isoflurane-induced neurotoxicity remain largely to be determined. The glucose analog 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) has neuroprotective effects. Therefore, we sought to determine whether 2-DG can reduce caspase-3 activation and the increase in the levels of BACE and reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by isoflurane.
METHODS: H4 human neuroglioma cells were treated with saline or 2-DG (5 mM) for 1 hour followed by a control condition or 2% isoflurane for 6 hours. The levels of caspase-3 cleavage (activation), BACE, cytosolic calcium, and ROS were determined. Two-way analysis of variance was used to assess the interactions of 2-DG and isoflurane on caspase-3 activation, and levels of BACE and ROS.
RESULTS: In H4 human neuroglioma cells, 2-DG reduced the caspase-3 activation (477% vs 186%, F = 8.68; P = 0.019) and the increase in BACE levels (345% vs 123%, F = 42.24; P = 0.0002) induced by isoflurane. 2-DG decreased the levels of cytosolic calcium and ROS (100% vs 66%, F = 1.94; P = 0.014).
CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that 2-DG may decrease oxidative stress and increase cytosolic calcium levels, thus attenuating isoflurane-induced neurotoxicity.
Accumulation of β-amyloid protein (Aβ) has a fundamental role in the neuropathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD).1,2 Aβ is produced from amyloid precursor protein (APP) through proteolytic processing by the aspartyl protease β-site APP-cleaving enzyme (BACE) and γ-secretase.3 Increasing evidence suggests a role for caspase activation and apoptosis in AD neuropathogenesis.4–6
Several studies have suggested that isoflurane, a frequently used inhaled anesthetic, can induce caspase activation and apoptosis, affect APP processing (e.g., increases in BACE levels), and enhance levels and aggregation of Aβ.7–14 In addition, mechanistic studies have shown that isoflurane may induce caspase activation and apoptosis via increasing cytosolic calcium levels12,15,16 and cause mitochondrial dysfunction (e.g., increases in reactive oxygen species [ROS] levels).17 We have found that isoflurane increases ROS levels, which causes mitochondrial damage, leading to caspase-3 activation and apoptosis.17 The caspase activation and apoptosis then induce an increase in BACE levels.10 Finally, isoflurane may induce caspase-3 activation and apoptosis by increasing cytosolic calcium levels.12 However, the targeted prevention and treatment of the isoflurane-induced neurotoxicity have not been investigated.
2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG), an analog of glucose, has been shown to have neuroprotective effects via decreasing levels of cellular oxidative stress and enhancing calcium homeostasis.18,19 Specifically, 2-DG attenuates glutamate- or Fe2+-induced ROS generation and the glutamate-induced increase of intracellular calcium levels.18 We sought to determine whether 2-DG can reduce caspase-3 activation and attenuate the increase in BACE, ROS, and cytosolic calcium levels induced by isoflurane. We used H4 human neuroglioma cells (H4 naïve cells) in the studies because these cells are more physiologically relevant without the artificial overexpression of human APP.
We used H4 human neuroglioma cells (H4 naïve cells) in the current experiments. The cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (high glucose) containing 9% heat-inactivated fetal calf serum, 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 μg/mL streptomycin, and 2 mM L-glutamine.
The cell treatments were similar to those in our previous studies.9,10,20 Twenty-one percent O2, 5% CO2, and 2% isoflurane (air component: 2% isoflurane, 5% CO2, 21% O2, and balanced nitrogen) were delivered from an anesthesia machine to a sealed plastic box in a 37°C incubator containing 6-well plates seeded with 1 million cells in 1.5 mL cell culture media as described in our previous studies.9,10,20 The control condition included 5% CO2 plus 21% O2 (air component: 5% CO2, 21% O2, and balanced nitrogen), which did not affect caspase-3 activation or BACE levels.9 A Datex infrared gas analyzer (Puritan-Bennett, Tewksbury, MA) was used to continuously monitor the delivered CO2, O2, and isoflurane concentration. We treated the cells with 2% isoflurane for 6 hours, during which time the cells were incubated in serum-free media. In the interaction studies, the cells were treated with 2-DG (5 mM)18 1 hour before the treatment of 2% isoflurane and throughout the time of the isoflurane treatment, i.e., a total of 7 hours of treatment with 2-DG. The pretreatment time of 2-DG was consistent with that of L-685,458, Congo red, Z-VAD, Aβ, iAβ5, clioquinol, 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate, and memantine in our previous studies.10,12,21–24 The treatment of 2-DG was not a preconditioning stimulus. In the studies to determine the effects of serum-free cell culture media on caspase-3 activation, and levels of BACE and ROS, the H4 naïve cells were treated with either cell culture media containing serum or serum-free cell culture media for 6 hours.
Cell pellets were detergent-extracted on ice using immunoprecipitation buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 2 mM EDTA, 0.5% Nonidet P-40) plus protease inhibitors (1 μg/mL aprotinin, 1 μg/mL leupeptin, and 1 μg/mL pepstatin A). The lysates were collected, centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 10 minutes, and quantified for total proteins using a bicinchoninic acid protein assay kit (Pierce Technology Corporation, Iselin, NJ).
The cells were harvested at the end of the experiments and were subjected to Western blot analyses as described by Xie et al.10 A caspase-3 antibody (1:1000 dilution; Cell Signaling Technology, Inc., Beverly, MA) was used to recognize the caspase-3 fragment (17–20 kDa), which results from cleavage at the aspartate position 175, and full-length (FL) caspase-3 (35–40 kDa). BACE antibody (1:1000 dilution; Abcam, Cambridge, MA) was used to recognize BACE (65 kDa). Antibody to the nontargeted protein β-actin (42 kDa, 1:5000; Sigma, St. Louis, MO) was used to control for loading differences in total protein amounts. Each band in the Western blot represents an independent experiment. We have averaged the results from 3 to 6 independent experiments. The intensity of signals in each Western blot was analyzed using the National Institutes of Health image program (National Institutes of Health Image 1.62, Bethesda, MD). We quantified the Western blots using 2 steps. First, we used levels of β-actin to normalize (e.g., determine the ratio of the amount of FL caspase-3 to the amount of β-actin) the levels of BACE and caspase-3 to control for any loading differences in total protein amounts. Second, we presented changes in the levels of BACE and caspase-3 in the treated cells as percentages of those in cells from the control condition.
Cytosolic calcium levels were determined as described by Zhang et al.24 Specifically, H4 naïve cells were loaded with fura-2 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), perfused with tyrode buffer, and [Ca2+]i transients were recorded as changes in fura-2 ratio (340/380 nm) using a spectrofluoroscope system (IonOptix, Milton, MA). The cells were exposed to isoflurane (0.57 mM or 2%) or inomycin (10 μM) with or without 2-DG (5 mM) pretreatment.
ROS levels were measured as described by Zhang et al.17 An OxiSelect ™ ROS assay kit (Cell Biolabs, Inc., San Diego, CA) was used in the experiments. The experiment was performed according to the protocol provided by the company. Briefly, cultured H4 naïve cells were placed in a clear 96-well cell culture plate (5 × 104 cells per well) overnight in the incubator. We then added the 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate/media solution to the cells for 30 minutes, then washed the cells twice with Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline. The H4 naïve cells loaded with 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate were then exposed to 2% isoflurane for 6 hours. The treated cells were lysed by adding 100 μL cell lysis buffer and were mixed thoroughly and incubated for 5 minutes at room temperature. We then transferred 150 μL of the mixture to each well of a 96-well plate that was suitable for fluorescence measurement. Finally, the fluorescence was read with a fluorometric plate reader at 480/530 nm.
Given the presence of background caspase-3 activation, BACE, and ROS levels in the cells cultured in serum-free media, we did not use absolute values to describe changes in caspase-3 activation, BACE, and ROS levels. Instead, these changes were presented as a percentage of those of the control group. One hundred percent of caspase-3 activation, BACE, or ROS refers to control levels for the purpose of comparison to experimental conditions. Data were expressed as mean ± SD. The number of samples varied from 3 to 6, and the samples were normally distributed (tested by normality test, data not shown). We used 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc (Tukey) test to determine the difference among groups and the interaction of 2-DG and isoflurane on caspase-3 activation, and levels of BACE and ROS. This was a type III sum of squares. We used a 2-tailed t test (assuming equal variances) to determine the effects of serum-free cell culture media on ROS levels in the H4 naïve cells. * or ** indicated the difference between the control group and treatment group(s); # or ## indicated the interaction of 2-DG and isoflurane.
Caspase-3 immunoblotting revealed that isoflurane treatment induced caspase-3 activation (Fig. 1A) as evidenced by increased ratios of cleaved (activated) caspase-3 fragment (17 kDa) to FL (35–40 kDa) caspase-3. Treatment with 2-DG for 6 hours alone did not induce caspase-3 activation, but the 2-DG treatment attenuated the isoflurane-induced caspase-3 activation (Fig. 1A). Quantification of the Western blots, based on the ratio of caspase-3 fragment to FL caspase-3, revealed that the isoflurane treatment led to caspase-3 activation as compared with the control condition: 100% vs 477%, F = 3.94; P = 0.0090. Two-way ANOVA showed that there was an interaction of 2-DG and isoflurane on caspase-3 activation and that 2-DG attenuated the isoflurane-induced caspase-3 activation: 477% vs 186%, F = 8.68; #P = 0.019. These findings suggest that 2-DG mitigates isoflurane-induced caspase-3 activation.
As can be seen in Figure 2A, BACE immunoblotting illustrated that isoflurane increased BACE levels as compared with the control. 2-DG alone did not change BACE levels as compared with controls. However, 2-DG attenuated the isoflurane-induced increases in the BACE levels (Fig. 2A). Western blot quantification showed that isoflurane increased BACE levels as compared with controls: 100% vs 345%, F = 1.013; P = 0.001. Two-way ANOVA showed that there was an interaction of 2-DG and isoflurane on BACE, and that 2-DG attenuated the isoflurane-induced increase in BACE levels: 345% vs 123%, F = 42.24; ##P = 0.0002. These findings suggest that 2-DG mitigates isoflurane-induced increases in BACE.
Two percent isoflurane increased cytosolic calcium (Fig. 3B, upper panel) in the H4 naïve cells. 2-DG treatment inhibited the isoflurane-induced increase in cytosolic calcium (Fig. 3B, lower panel). 2-DG attenuated the increase in cytosolic calcium induced by inomycin, which can increase intracellular calcium25 (Fig. 3A). Thus, H4 naïve cells released calcium, and 2-DG inhibited both the inomycin and isoflurane-induced increase in cytosolic calcium. Finally, 2-DG alone did not increase cytosolic calcium (data not shown). Taken together, these findings suggest that 2-DG may attenuate an isoflurane-induced increase in cytosolic calcium.
Isoflurane increased the levels of ROS (gray bar, F = 1.78; P = 0.006) and 2-DG treatment attenuated ROS levels (black bar, F = 1.94; P = 0.014) (Fig. 4). Two-way ANOVA showed that there was no interaction of isoflurane and 2-DG on ROS (F = 0.69; P = 0.400, not significant). These results suggest that 2-DG may not specifically attenuate an isoflurane-induced increase in ROS, but 2-DG decreased ROS, mitigating the isoflurane-induced increase in ROS.
Treatment with serum-free cell culture media for 6 hours induced a slight caspase-3 activation (Fig. 5A), slight increases in BACE (Fig. 5B), and significant increases in ROS (Fig. 5C) as compared with the cell culture media containing serum in the H4 naïve cells. These results suggest that the serum deprivation could induce caspase-3 activation and increase BACE and ROS, and that these effects can be attenuated by 2-DG (Figs. 1, 2, and 4, black bars).
AD is one of the most common forms of dementia, currently affects 5.4 million Americans, and costs $183 billion a year in the United States.a An estimated 200 million patients worldwide undergo anesthesia and surgery each year. Even though anesthesia and surgery may not increase the incidence of AD,26 it has been reported that age of onset of AD is inversely related to cumulative exposure to anesthesia and surgery before age 50 years.27 Several studies have suggested an association between anesthesia exposure and AD risk.28,29 However, other studies have suggested that there is little or no relationship between anesthesia and AD.30–32 More population studies, defining the role of anesthesia and surgery in AD, are necessary.14,33 Because we cannot clinically prove or disprove the relationship of anesthesia and AD and performing such studies may take many years, it is equally important to perform animal studies and in vitro studies, which will establish mechanistic hypotheses, vulnerable windows, less provocative anesthetics, and potential interventions. The results from these in vitro and animal studies would help to design more targeted and focused clinical research.14
We found that 2-DG attenuated isoflurane-induced caspase-3 activation in H4 naïve cells. Our previous studies have shown that isoflurane-induced caspase-3 activation can increase the levels of BACE, which will promote APP processing to generate Aβ.10 Thus, we determined the effects of 2-DG on the BACE levels and have found that 2-DG can also attenuate the isoflurane-induced increase in BACE levels. Given that many studies have shown that isoflurane can promote AD neuropathogenesis,13,14,17 the results from the current studies may suggest that 2-DG could mitigate isoflurane-induced promotion of AD neuropathogenesis.
We chose to use H4 naïve cells because these cells are more physiologically relevant without the artificial overexpression of human APP. However, it is technically difficult to detect APP processing and Aβ levels in these human cells without APP overexpressions, as described in our previous studies.10 Therefore, one limitation in the current studies is that we were unable to directly assess the effects of 2-DG on isoflurane-induced APP processing and Aβ generation. However, increases in BACE levels strongly suggest the promotion of APP processing and Aβ generation.10,34 Our previous studies have shown that isoflurane can promote APP processing and increase Aβ generation by enhancing BACE levels.10 Thus, the measurement of BACE could serve as an indirect assay for Aβ in the current studies. Taken together, our findings that 2-DG mitigates the effects of isoflurane on increasing BACE levels highly suggest that 2-DG is able to mitigate the effects of isoflurane on promoting APP processing and Aβ generation. Our future experiments will include the in vivo relevance studies in primary (cortex/hippocampus) cultured neurons, wild-type mice, and AD transgenic mice (which have higher Aβ levels for a relatively easy measurement of Aβ) to further assess the potential protective effects of 2-DG on isoflurane or other anesthetic (e.g., sevoflurane) induced neurotoxicity.
The current studies are also limited by the use of serum-free cell culture media, which suggest that the changes in caspase-3 activation and levels of BACE and ROS could result from the combination of isoflurane treatment and serum deprivation. We used serum-free cell culture media to more easily demonstrate the effects of isoflurane on caspase-3 activation, and increases in BACE and ROS levels, because serum could protect the cells from injuries, which may cover the potential cytotoxic effects of isoflurane. The findings that the anesthetics isoflurane and sevoflurane induce caspase activation, apoptosis, cell death, increase in BACE and Aβ levels in the brain tissues of mice11,12,21,22 and in the cells incubated in the cell culture media containing serum7,8,15,35 suggest that the isoflurane-induced cytotoxic effects may not be dependent on serum deprivation. Moreover, we have found that serum deprivation increases the levels of ROS but not caspase-3 activation and levels of BACE in the H4 naïve cells (Fig. 5). Nevertheless, given the fact that serum-free cell culture media were used in the current experiments, it is conceivable that 2-DG may attenuate caspase-3 activation and increases in the levels of BACE and ROS induced by the combination of isoflurane and serum deprivation. As such, conclusions about the effects of 2-DG on isoflurane-induced cytotoxicity must be made cautiously and will require independent confirmation both in vitro and in vivo.
Several studies have shown that 2-DG has cytoprotective effects through decreasing ROS generation and cytosolic calcium increase.18,19 Isoflurane has been shown to induce caspase-3 activation by increasing cytosolic calcium levels24 and increasing ROS generation.17 We therefore investigated the underlying mechanism by which 2-DG inhibits the isoflurane-induced caspase-3 activation by assessing the effects of 2-DG on the isoflurane-induced increase of cytosolic calcium levels and ROS accumulation in H4 naïve cells. The findings that 2-DG can attenuate the inomycin-induced increase of cytosolic calcium (Fig. 3A) have validated the calcium study system in the H4 naïve cells used in our experiments. We then found that the effects of 2-DG on attenuating the levels of cytosolic calcium and ROS mitigate the effects of isoflurane on increasing the levels of cytosolic calcium and ROS. Collectively, these studies have further demonstrated that isoflurane may induce neurotoxicity via the mitochondria pathway of apoptosis17 and have suggested that 2-DG may ameliorate isoflurane-induced neurotoxicity by inhibiting the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. Specifically, we have postulated that 2-DG inhibits the isoflurane-induced increase of cytosolic calcium levels, leading to attenuation of the isoflurane-induced increase of ROS. The reduced ROS levels will prohibit isoflurane-induced caspase activation and apoptosis as suggested by Zhang et al.17 Finally, the inhibition of caspase activation and apoptosis will lead to attenuation of isoflurane-induced increases in BACE levels.10 Alternatively, 2-DG may attenuate the isoflurane-induced increase of BACE levels via affecting oxidative stress and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF1)-α because BACE levels can be enhanced by oxidative stress and HIF1-α.36 Finally, p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) can regulate BACE levels and this regulation can be prevented by caloric restriction (e.g., 2-DG treatments).37 Thus, 2-DG may mitigate isoflurane-induced increases in BACE levels through affecting p75NTR. Future studies should include an assessment of the interaction of 2-DG and isoflurane on the levels of HIF1-α and p75NTR to further understand the underlying mechanisms by which 2-DG attenuates isoflurane-induced cytotoxicity.
It is interesting that 2-DG can reduce an increase of cytosolic calcium levels induced by both isoflurane and inomycin. Given that isoflurane and inomycin may increase the levels of cytosolic calcium via different mechanisms, it is likely that the mitigation effects of 2-DG on the isoflurane-induced increase of cytosolic calcium are not specific to isoflurane. Moreover, these findings may suggest that the effects of isoflurane and 2-DG on cytosolic calcium levels, ROS generation, caspase-3 activation, and BACE could be through independent mechanistic pathways.
2-DG, a glucose analog, is a competitive inhibitor of hexokinase, which can decrease glucose availability and energy of cells. 2-DG has been shown to significantly reduce seizure-induced spatial memory deficits and hippocampus neuron loss in rats.18 High concentrations of 2-DG (e.g., 10 or 20 mM) may induce ROS release from the mitochondria, leading to cytotoxic effects.18 However, low concentrations of 2-DG (e.g., 5 mM) can protect oxidative injury in primary neurons, neural progenitor cells, or synaptic terminals.38,39 We therefore used a low concentration of 2-DG (5 mM) in our current experiments to determine whether 2-DG can mitigate the isoflurane-induced cytotoxicity. It is unclear why 2-DG decreased the ROS levels as presented in Figure 4. We used serum-free cell culture media in the studies and serum deprivation can increase ROS levels (Fig. 5). It is therefore conceivable that 2-DG may also mitigate the serum deprivation–induced increases in ROS levels (Fig. 4, black bar). It is also possible that 2-DG may affect the autophagic state of cells; however, the results from such studies would only provide additional evidence to demonstrate that 2-DG may mitigate isoflurane-induced cytotoxicity, which will only serve to further support the current conclusion. We therefore will systematically assess the interactive effects of 2-DG with isoflurane and other anesthetics (e.g., sevoflurane) on the autophagic state of cells in our future studies. Impaired glucose use and reduced energy in the brain are associated with AD neuropathogenesis,40,41 and the anesthetic isoflurane has been shown to promote AD neuropathogenesis.13,14 Furthermore, our current findings suggest that 2-DG can attenuate isoflurane-induced neurotoxicity through mitochondria-related mechanisms. Taken together, it is conceivable that isoflurane may induce mitochondrial dysfunction and impair generation of cell energy, leading to caspase activation, apoptosis, and Aβ accumulation. Our future studies should include systematically assessing the effects of isoflurane and other anesthetics on mitochondrial function and cellular energy levels.
In conclusion, we found that 2-DG might protect against isoflurane-induced cytotoxicity in cultured cells. Specifically, 2-DG decreased ROS and cytosolic calcium, mitigating caspase-3 activation and increase in BACE induced by isoflurane. These findings should lead to more studies investigating the neurotoxicity of anesthesia and AD neuropathogenesis, especially the underlying mechanisms and possible interventions.
Name: Jun Zhang, MD, PhD.
Contribution: Data collection and data analysis.
Attestation: Jun Zhang approved the final manuscript.
Name: Yuanlin Dong, MD, MS.
Attestation: Yuanlin Dong approved the final manuscript.
Name: Zhipeng Xu, MD, PhD.
Attestation: Zhipeng Xu approved the final manuscript.
Name: Yiying Zhang, MD, MS.
Attestation: Yiying Zhang approved the final manuscript.
Name: Chuxiong Pan, MD, MS.
Attestation: Chuxiong Pan approved the final manuscript.
Name: Sayre McAuliffe, BA.
Contribution: Data collection, data analysis, and manuscript preparation.
Attestation: Sayre McAuliffe approved the final manuscript.
Name: Fumito Ichinose, MD.
Attestation: Fumito Ichinose approved the final manuscript.
Name: Yun Yue, MD, MS.
Contribution: Manuscript preparation.
Attestation: Yun Yue approved the final manuscript.
Name: Weimin Liang, MD, PhD.
Attestation: Weimin Liang approved the final manuscript.
Name: Zhongcong Xie, MD, PhD.
Contribution: Study design and manuscript preparation.
Attestation: Zhongcong Xie approved the final manuscript.
This manuscript was handled by: Steven L. Shafer, MD.
The authors thank Dr. Hui Zheng, Assistant Professor in Medicine and statistician in Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, for the advice regarding statistical analysis of the data in the studies.
a Alzheimer's Association. 2011 Alzheimer's Facts and Figures. Available at: http://www.alz.org/downloads/Facts_Figures_2011.pdf. Accessed July 15, 2011. Cited Here...
© 2011 International Anesthesia Research Society
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At least 10 people died Tuesday and 30 were wounded in an explosion in the Al Wurud neighborhood on the outskirts of Damascus, Syrian official news agency Sana said.
The report blamed "terrorists" for the attack and said that the area had been jammed with people at the time of the blast, which comes a day after another explosion killed 11 people in the capital.
The explosion occurred at a bus stop and, according to photos released by the news agency, caused significant damage to nearby buildings.
The attack was confirmed by the opposition Syrian Human Rights Observatory, which said in a communique that at least 10 people were killed and more than 40 were wounded, several of them seriously.
According to this group, three bombs also exploded in Al Wurud's Al Zahara square, where members of Syria's Republican Guard - the elite force of President Bashar al-Assad's regime - live,
In recent hours, there have been several attacks in Damascus and its surroundings. According to opposition groups, a carbomb exploded Tuesday near the mosque in Uis without injuring anyone.
Around 32,000 people have died in Syria since the conflict began more than 18 months ago, according to U.N. estimates. EFE


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Quick tip today.
I stumbled upon this app last week. It's called Streak, and it describes itself as "CRM in your inbox."
Yeah, yeah, yeah.
Here's the hook: if you're a Gmail user, you can quickly install the free browser plugin … and after a few setup steps you'll be able to know the second your sent emails are read.
Not only that … you'll learn where they were read and what device they were read on.
Go get it here: Streak.com.
I'm sure the app does a whole bunch more cool stuff too; I haven't taken the time to look. Knowing that someone has read an email, and how many times they've looked at it, is enough of a benefit for me to give it a try.
If you decide to install it, let me know what you think. So far it's worked exactly as described for me.


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Arlington starts work on the region's first BRT line
Alexandria is putting the finishing touches on their part of the region's first Bus Rapid Transit line, the Crystal City/Potomac Yard Transitway, and Arlington has begun work on their section. The transitway's first phase will open this summer, and it will be completely open in 2015.
This project will speed up bus service along the Route 1 corridor between Arlington and Alexandria by creating transit-only lanes. Buses will come every 6 minutes and will operate earlier in the morning and later at night. Stations will have real-time arrival screens and ticket kiosks to allow people to pay before boarding the bus, speeding up service.
Arlington has already created a limited-stop bus service, the Metrobus 9S, as a precursor to what's coming. In addition, a new Metrobus 9X route branded "Metro Way" will travel the entire busway between Braddock Road and Crystal City and continue to Pentagon City. Other buses will use the transitway as well, including the Fairfax Connector and private shuttles.
The transitway is a joint effort between Arlington, Alexandria, WMATA, and the federal government. It will serve Crystal City and Potomac Yard, which are both growing rapidly. Alexandria is planning a new Metro station at Potomac Yard as well. But many of these areas are too far to walk to that station or the existing Crystal City and Braddock Road Metro stations, so officials are hope the transitway will make them easier to reach.
Eventually, Arlington will run streetcars in the transitway that connect with the future Columbia Pike streetcar at the Pentagon City Metro station.
Meanwhile, Alexandria no longer has any streetcar plans and will use the transitway for BRT indefinitely. Alexandria may also eventually add streetcars to their portion, but Alexandria's planning is on hold while they focus on their infill Metro station.
I asked county officials why Arlington didn't put in streetcar infrastructure in the first place. The federal government provided a grant for busway construction, and although Arlington is free to upgrade to streetcar later, the original construction has to follow that busway agreement. But Arlington's Capital Improvement Plan, to be released this spring, will include an updated streetcar construction schedule.
This project has largely flown under the radar, and without the controversy that has followed other transit projects in Arlington like the Columbia Pike streetcar or the "million dollar bus stop." I asked why this was, and was told that the Crystal City/Potomac Yard Transitway enjoyed a lot of community support from residents and businesses who want better transit service.
It seems that people generally agreed that the transitway could help make Crystal City easier to get around. And since the line passes mainly through office buildings and what are currently empty fields, there weren't the same concerns about gentrification on Columbia Pike. The county should definitely look at the specific differences for why these projects were received so differently, and how to apply those lessons in the future.
Bus ridership in the DC area is growing, and in some congested corridors, buses carry half of all traffic. Regardless of mode, dedicated transitways are a great way to provide dramatic improvements to transit riders. This will be a great BRT line, and eventually a great rail line as well. Metro Way and the Crystal City/Potomac Yard Transitway are a big, but not final, step in the right direction.
My understanding is that Arlington and Alexandria are each spending about 20-21 million for their part of the 4.5 mile route. According to Arlington, 75% of the project is funded by the Feds and VA. From that I surmise the total cost, including the cost to Feds and VA, is about $160-170 million. Can anyone confirm that?
I think this is in line for average cost of a BRT ($30-35 million/mile). Similarly MoCo was recently mentioned on this site as looking at an 11 mile route for $350 million.
The 9X is what the 9S should have been who even designed the 9S route to not serve a shopping center that is beyond stupid for it to terminate about 4 blocks north. It could have went further south and looped around the damn parking lot, as many Metrobuses do at Shopping Centers and Malls in the area see 2B, 1C, A12, J1,2,3, R3, K6, P12, J7,J9 etc.
That seems silly and counter-productive.
CaBi is scheduled to come to Del Ray and I am confident it will be successful there. I'm sure Potomac Yard will be added in due time.
@Steve O
You're getting way ahead of yourself. We don't actually know if the Metro station will get built yet. We're years from resolving the migration to a streetcar.
Commercial space is still being built. The Bell Del Ray at the intersection of East Monroe and Main Line Bvld will be open soon and will have a few retail spaces. There is a large, multi-use development being built at the intersection of E. Glebe and Route 1 that will have a Giant grocery store and other retail spaces as well.
Changing from streetcars to buses on the same dedicated lane is *crazy*. That is Arlington's plan!
Arlington needs to fire all of its transit staff, hire Jarrett Walker and start over with a serious, transit-first plan.
by South Arlingtonian on Mar 5, 2014 4:11 pm • link • report
As for Alexandria, the have made it clear that the reason they don't want a street car on CCPY any time soon is their commitment to the Pot Yd metro station, and that they may eventually reconsider.
Arlington can re-purpose lanes easily on Crystal Drive because there's no conflicts with VDOT and the corridor is explictly slated for streetcar as well.
I wouldn't chalk this as a victory for those not wanting to see a streetcar run on Columbia Pike.
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Wonky Patchwork: Crosses
In the last ten years, 'wonky patchwork' has become a prominent genre in the modern quilt world. From wonky stars, wonky log cabins, wonky houses, wonky monkey wrenches, wonky flying geese, and wonky squares, this out of the box approach to block design is redefining tradition. But what is wonky?
Urban Dictionary defines wonky as "weird, whacked out, messed up, askew, non-intuitive, poorly designed, not right, odd". And yet, cutting or trimming a traditional block at a new angle creates an eye-catching dramatic pattern and fun effect. So to embrace the freedom of improvised piecing, I am going to abandon my traditional restrictive roots and feature a monthly wonky block tutorial from the quilt blog world. The end result … a wonderful Wonky Sampler Quilt.
To get things started, here are my Wonky Cross Blocks from Elizabeth Hartman of Oh, Fransson! via the blog of Sew, Mama, Sew! I was introduced to this wonky pattern at the Pittsburgh Modern Quilt Guild meeting earlier this month and was astounded by its simplicity and versatility. Try it out!
Stephanie Akorli #
I like it. Stephanie Akorli
Sent from my iPadOctober 28, 2012


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The University of North Texas is converting its Mean Greens cafeteria into an exclusively vegan dining outlet. Offerings will include vegan pizza, made-to-order paninis, protein salads (using beans, nuts and seeds), vegan desserts and a variety of gluten-free options. It will be part of the campus meal plan as an all-you-care-to-eat facility. Mean Greens originally opened as a newly renovated facility in 2006 with an all-healthy, all-the-time menu with portion-controlled entrees and an ...
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