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Mitt Romney today paid his respects to America's prisoners of war and missing in action. Following is his statement on National POW/MIA Recognition Day:
"As we mark National POW/MIA Recognition Day, I am mindful that when America goes to war, we run the risk of losing our servicemen and women to enemy capture. I'm proud to call John McCain, who endured captivity in Vietnam, a friend. He exemplifies those Americans who deserve all honor and respect for enduring hardship and for making sacrifices that we cannot readily imagine. My heart goes out to the families of those who remain missing, often for decades. They deserve to be remembered. And the best way to show our remembrance is by never ceasing in our quest to find them."
Read about Senator McCain's horrific ordeal as a Vietnam POW here and here.
More than 83,000 Americans are still missing from past conflicts. National POW/MIA observances will be held across the country today on military installations, ships at sea, state capitols, and veterans' facilities.
Mitt Romney Central joins Governor Romney in remembering and honoring these heroes and their families.
In the days after the Republican National Convention, we've heard liberal politicians and Obama's media doing their best to portray Mitt Romney as somehow unpatriotic or anti-military because he didn't specifically mention the military in his convention speech. What they sneakily fail to mention is that Governor Romney took the time out of his convention preparations – the day before he was to deliver his acceptance speech for the GOP nomination – to fly to Indianapolis, Indiana to meet and speak to over 10,000 Legionnaires about the challenges facing veterans. He spoke at their 94th American Legion National Convention.
If you missed his excellent speech, here's the video (delivered on August 29, 2012 / hat tip to our friend, Jenn, at NY for Mitt):
We are now just months away from an arbitrary, across-the-board budget reduction that would weaken the military with a trillion dollars in cuts, severely shrink our force structure, and impair our ability to meet and deter threats. President Obama's own Secretary of Defense has warned that these reductions would be "devastating." And he is right.
The Obama administration is set to cut defense spending by nearly a trillion dollars. My administration will not.
The problems with the VA are serious, and must be fixed. We are in danger of another generation of veterans losing their faith in the VA system. On my watch, that will not be allowed to happen.
The Obama administration has also requested $12 billion in TRICARE fee increases. I will not ask our wartime military to shoulder more sacrifices while the rest of government grows. I will not ask our service members – active or retired – to pay more for their health care to free up room for Obamacare.
I will modify the Post 9/11 GI Bill so that any veteran wishing to continue his or her education is eligible for in-state tuition, regardless of residency.
To make it easier for veterans to find employment in skilled trades, I will work with the states to create a common credentialing and licensing standard, and encourage credentialing organizations to recognize and grant credit for military training.
Governor Romney's full remarks to the American Legion may be read here.
Over and over again, Romney has shown much he cares about our military, our allies, our veterans, our POWS and MIAs. So, when you hear liberals and the Obamamedia squawking otherwise, chalk it up to another day, another desperate lie.
Romney will be an outstanding Commander-in-Chief.
Follow Jayde Wyatt on Twitter @YayforSummer


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Text: Ravi Sharma & Neeraj Saxena, TOI Tech There is some competition at last for the two hottest-selling phones in the Indian smartphone market -- Apple iPhone 5 and Samsung Galaxy note II. What's more interesting is that this challenge will be posed not by a single new entrant, but from the four flagship models launched by established companies. Even as Samsung prepares to bring S IV in the market in coming weeks, these four smartphones -- Nokia Lumia 920, Sony Xperia Z, HTC Butterfly and BlackBerry Z10 -- will be vying for buyers' attention. We compared the four -- Nokia Lumia 920, Sony Xperia Z, HTC Butterfly and BlackBerry Z10 -- to see how they fare on different parameters. Here's the shootout.
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Title: Phosphorus Source/Sink Dynamics in a Flood-Irrigated Agricultural System in Central Idaho
Focus Categories: AG, HYDGEO, HYDROL, IG, NU, NPP, ST and WQL
Keywords: Agriculture, Contaminant Transport, Irrigation Management, Land Use, Phosphorus, Pollutants, Runoff, Unsaturated Flow, Soil Chemistry, Soil Erosion,Suspended Sediments, Water Quality Management, Water Quality Monitoring
Duration: March 1, 1999 - February 28, 2002
FY 2000 Federal Funds: $14,962
FY 2000 Non-Federal Funds: $29,925
Principal Investigators:
Dr. J. Boll, Agricultural Engineering, Dr. S. L. McGeehan, Analytical Services Laboratory, and Mr. E. S. Brooks, Agricultural Engineering, University of Idaho.
Mr. D. Davidson, Idaho Soil Conservation Commission
Congressional District: First
Statement of Critical Regional or State Water Problems
Water quality protection through restoration and management of watersheds is receiving tremendous attention in the United States at all levels of government and in local communities. Since contributions of most point sources (e.g., sewage treatment plants and industrial sites) have been reduced to acceptable levels, the main emphasis presently is on the control of non-point sources originating from urban, forest, agricultural, and recreational lands. Non-point sources are covered by sections 208, 303(d) and 319 of the Clean Water Act. Approximately 1000 water bodies are currently classified as impaired or use-limited in each state in the western U.S. Many water bodies are classified as P-limited due to their high nitrogen:phosphorus ratios (N:P >> 10) (Sharpley et al., 1994; Chapra, 1997). Consequently, water pollution abatement strategies frequently focus on reductions in P loading. State and local agencies throughout the U.S. are in the process of setting permissible load allocations, expressed as Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL), and developing water quality management plans for all use-limited water bodies. The greatest challenge in developing these management plans is meaningful and realistic allocation of load reductions for all land uses within a watershed. Unfortunately, because these agencies operate with very limited financial resources and have an extremely challenging time line (e.g., eight years in Idaho), load reduction goals are based on minimally comprehensive, and potentially misleading, water quality monitoring data and on a limited understanding of fate and transport of pollutants. Some perceive the process as subjective and empirical in nature. The development of the water quality management plan for the Cascade Reservoir in Idaho exemplifies the problems described above. Water quality data have been collected at different levels of comprehensiveness for forest, urban and agricultural land uses. Partitioning the total P load into the various land uses is difficult given the lack of comprehensive data. In particular, P loading from agriculture, mainly irrigated pasture and hay land, has not been accurately determined due to extremely limited monitoring data and the lack of representative model parameters. The agricultural P load is currently estimated to be ~15,800 kg P/yr or 44% of the annual P load to the reservoir (D. Davidson, Idaho Soil Conservation Commission, personal communication). This value is determined from the area-weighted difference between the estimated total nonpoint load (~35,700 kg P/yr) and estimates for natural (~11,000 kg P/yr), forest (~5,900 kg P /yr) and urban sources (~3,000 kg P/yr). Indirect assessment of agricultural P loading is subject to over-estimation and, therefore, is potentially unfair to agricultural land owners. During Phase II of TMDL development, agriculture as a whole would need to reduce its P loading by 30%. Major problems could arise if landowners commit to expensive Best Management Practices (BMPs) only to find out years later that their efforts did not achieve specific water quality goals. Furthermore, several studies show that loading from non-point P sources is seasonally dependent, a fact not addressed in the current Cascade Reservoir load allocations. Given the inherent uncertainties associated with estimating non-point P sources, it seems critical to pursue an improved assessment of the agricultural contribution.
The research literature contains insufficient information for estimation of P loading from irrigated agriculture. It is clear, therefore, that a comprehensive study is needed to document relationships between P loading and watershed parameters that would 1) provide a more accurate value for agricultural P loading in the Cascade Watershed and 2) provide information that would be readily transferable to other agricultural regions in the western United States. Such relationships should be developed from direct measurement of flow volumes and soil-water P concentrations monitored throughout the year to accurately determine seasonal P dynamics.
Statement of Results or Benefits
The proposed study will provide an in-depth analysis of the seasonal P contribution from irrigated pasture and hay land to the Cascade Reservoir. We hypothesize that P cycling is seasonally dependent. Hence, we will determine P loading by evaluating source/sink relationships during i) spring snowmelt and rain-on-snow events, and ii) the growing season which is characterized by subsurface irrigation. Phosphorus will be determined as total (TP), dissolved (DP) and particulate (PP). These P fractions are important in selection of BMPs to reduce P loading (e.g., total runoff reduction when DP loading is high versus erosion control when PP loading is high).
Results will include (1) a continuous, three-year record of DP and PP loading from two 18 ha, irrigated pasture/hay fields, (2) semi-empirical quantification of surface and sub-surface contributions to P transport using enrichment ratios and P desorption, (3) an improved understanding of in-situ P sorption-desorption as a function of seasonal soil saturation and temperature, and (4) the dynamics of P transport beyond pasture fields in irrigation ditches. Findings from Year 1 are given in Section 17. In Year 2, we will continue data collection as planned and further develop the source/sink relationships. After Year 2, we will have more robust export coefficients and more events to evaluate the relationships shown below. The combined results of fields and ditches will also be extrapolated to estimate P sinks and sources at the watershed scale. The immediate study area in Idaho affects Cascade Reservoir which is designated on the 1994 303(d) list as a high priority water body. Results of this study are directly applicable to the 20,000 ha of sub-irrigated pasture and alfalfa hay lands, affecting almost all water bodies within the Cascade Reservoir watershed. Collectively these water bodies are limited for cold water biota, contact recreation, domestic and agricultural water supply and salmonid spawning. Currently, the Agricultural Source Plan refers to this study to clarify questions related to TMDL implementation in Cascade Reservoir Watersheds. Results will also be relevant to improved watershed management of thousands of hectares of irrigated pasture and alfalfa hay in the Intermountain Region of the western United States.
Nature, Scope, and Objectives of the Research
Estimates of phosphorus (P) loading from agricultural land use in western states are needed for remediation of water quality problems as well as for long-term sustainable watershed management. Although P loading has received considerable attention in the research literature in the past two to three decades, annual estimates of P loading from subsurface/flood or sprinkler irrigated pasture land have not been reported. Many reports available on non-irrigated pastures are mostly applicable to soils in the eastern and midwestern portions of the United States (e.g., Edwards et al. 1996; Austin et al. 1996; Beaulac and Reckhow, 1982; Loehr, 1974; Harms et al., 1974). Miller et al. (1984) reported net loss of P from flood irrigated grass and alfalfa hay land in Nevada, but measurements only covered the irrigation season, ignoring P loading during spring snowmelt.
The principal investigators have one completed and one ongoing research project in the study watershed. McGeehan (1996) conducted a study on P sorption and desorption in seasonally saturated soils from the Cascade area documenting the potential for changes in P sorption and desorption that occur in response to changing soil redox conditions. Both PI's are involved in a mass balance study of two fully instrumented field sites in the watershed in collaboration with the Valley County Soil and Water Conservation District (VSWCD). This project received funding from the Idaho Department of Water Resources to evaluate P export from agriculture in irrigated pasture/hay fields for water quality improvement with emphasis on sprinkler irrigation as a BMP and includes mass balance measurements, cost-benefit analyses and other socio-economic aspects.
Since an isolated field experiment falls short of documenting the temporal and spatial variable P loading at the watershed scale, we will expand the ongoing project to include P transport from the pasture fields to irrigation ditches connecting the fields to Willow Creek. Important questions we attempt to answer are: "What are the relative magnitudes of P sources from agriculture in the Cascade Reservoir watershed ?", "What time of year do these sources release the greatest P loading?" and finally, "When is the impact of an individual source noticeable in downstream aquatic ecosystems?"
The overall objective of this proposal, therefore, is to develop seasonal P source/sink relationships for irrigated pastures. We hypothesize that P cycling is dynamic and seasonally dependent, and requires evaluation at a scale larger than the field scale. Hence, we will compare P source/sink relationships during i) spring snowmelt and rain-on-snow events, and ii) the growing season that is characterized by subsurface irrigation. Source/sink relationships will be determined by measuring enrichment ratios and P desorption in soil/sediment samples and dissolved (DP), particulate (PP), and total (TP) for water samples. Detailed field data will be collected for three years from two fields and associated ditches in a subwatershed of the Cascade Reservoir watershed in central Idaho. After Year 2, we expect to have a relatively complete data set for preliminary extrapolation to the watershed scale.
Specific research objectives are:
Objective 1. To determine surface and sub-surface P inputs and outputs on a seasonal basis for two subsurface irrigated pasture/hay fields.
Objective 2. To develop seasonal P transport relationships for dissolved and particulate P and predict annual P loading.
Objective 3. To determine the dynamics of P transport beyond pasture fields in irrigation ditches.
Note: Objective 2 in the previous version of this proposal was eliminated because Dr. McGeehan no longer holds a research position in the Soils Department. Laboratory P sorption experiments performed by McGeehan (1996) and P desorption experiments performed during Year 1 will replace the soil chemical characteristics to be linked with transport relationships.
Methods, Procedures, and Facilities
The mass balance: predictive equations and parameter selection
We will determine source/sink relationships of P loading for two forms: PP and DP (see Table 1). Predictive equations have been reported in the literature and briefly will be reviewed here to show which parameters need to be estimated and which water quality constituents will be measured in our study. These equations serve as a starting point for the proposed study.
PP in runoff sediments: As soil erosion is a selective process with respect to particle size, selectivity has been observed for P loss in runoff sediments, with the result that eroded soil is usually richer in P than the surface soil from which the eroded soil comes (Sharpley, 1980). Particulate P transport, therefore, is predicted from an equation of the form (Edwards et al., 1996):
PP = TSSy x Soil TP x ER (1)
where PP is the (event) particulate P transport (kg/ha), TSSy is the event total suspended sediment yield (kg/ha), Soil TP is the TP content of the surface soil (kg/kg), and ER is the enrichment ratio (= PSED/Soil TP where PSED is the TP content of eroded soil). We assume that the use of TSSy for total sediment yield is reasonable for pasture land (Edwards et al., 1996). Sharpley (1980) developed a relationship between ln(ER) and ln(TSSy) as:
ln(ER) = a0 + a1 x ln(TSSy) (2)
where coefficients a0 and a1 appear to vary with soil and land use with approximate values of 2.2 for a0 and -0.24 for a1 representing a variety of soil and cover conditions.
DP in runoff water: A general, predictive equation for DP in runoff water is as follows (Edwards et al., 1996):
DP = 0.01 x D x Soil TP x XC (3)
where DP is (event) soluble P transport (kg/ha), D is event runoff (mm), Soil TP is in mg/kg, and XC is an extraction coefficient considered to represent the mixing of soil and runoff as well as the P desorption properties of the soil. The factor 0.01 assures consistent units. High runoff interaction and easily desorbed soil P would be reflected in an increase in XC.
To be able to develop and test above relationships for subsurface irrigated pastures, we need to determine all parameters in Eqns. 1- 3 either by direct measurement or derived from measured parameters. Exceptions are a0, a1, and XC, which will be determined by regression analysis. In addition, because Eqns. 1 - 3 were derived for rainfall-runoff events on soils in eastern and midwestern states, we will also focus on P desorption kinetics, subsurface P contributions, and manure input and plant uptake for development of different relationships for irrigated agriculture in western states. For example, the relationship between the average DP concentration in runoff for an individual event and the kinetics of soil P desorption tested by Sharpley and Smith (1989) may be of interest for irrigated pastures as a replacement for Eqn. 3. Application of event-based relationships to subsurface irrigation also will be addressed during data analysis.
Table 1 summarizes the parameters measured and derived, and includes abbreviations used throughout this section of the proposal. For spring snowmelt runoff waters, we expect to determine all constituents from monitoring stations at the outlet points of each field. For subsurface irrigation, we need to determine net losses as the difference between incoming irrigation water and return flows. Measurements in the ditches will not likely conform to Eqns. 1 3.
Table 1. Measured and calculated parameters in the proposed study and abbreviations used.
Runoff depth
measured discharge (Q)
Total P
runoff water
Dissolved P1
runoff&subsurface water
Particulate P
runoff water: TP - DP
Total suspended solids
TSSy or l
runoff water
Total P in soil
Soil TP
surface soil in field
Total P in sediment
surface soil in gullies
Enrichment ratio
runoff water & soil: TPeroded soil/soil TP
a0 & a1
Eqn. 2 (regression)
Extraction coefficient
Eqn. 3 (regression)
1 dissolved P is assumed to consist mostly of ortho-phosphate (Sharpley et al., 1994).
Description of fields in Idaho
Our research area is located within Boulder/Willow Creek watershed (Fig. 3) a subwatershed of Cascade Reservoir, which itself is located in the western portion of the central mountains of Idaho, situated within Long Valley, and surrounding the towns of Cascade, Donnelly, and McCall. The total watershed area to Cascade Reservoir embodies seven primary subwatersheds with an approximate area of 124,600 ha. The majority of these subwatersheds are forested (66.6%) with irrigated pasture being the second primary land use (14.4%). Elevations range from approximately 2700 m. at mountain peaks to 1463 m. at the reservoir level. Precipitation occurs primarily as snow or rain on snow. Snow generally begins accumulating in early November, reaches maximum depth of up to one meter in February, and starts to melt by mid-April. Approximately 150 mm of precipitation is received during the growing season in the valleys. Soils are mostly loam but vary from clay loam to sandy loam textures.
The privately owned pasture lands are located at lower elevations with a slope of 1 to 4% and range in size from 18 to 27 ha. Cattle grazing occurs from late spring to early fall. Pasture lands are primarily irrigated by sub-irrigation which consists of a set of contoured ditches crossing the land to carry water continuously during snow-melt (April through June) and irrigation (June through October) seasons. Seepage from contoured ditches maintains the water table at high levels so that adequate moisture is available in the root zone at all times. Sub-irrigation sometimes is complemented by flood irrigation during high evapotranspiration periods to ensure adequate root zone moisture.
Description of ongoing study in research watershed
Our ongoing study objective is to determine seasonal P export coefficients through a water and P mass balance on two fields. These field sites were selected in the Boulder/Willow Creek watershed. Each field measures approximately 18 ha. Currently, both fields are used as cattle pastures and are irrigated using subsurface irrigation practices with one main inlet ditch and one main outlet ditch (see Fig. 1). Average temperature at this site is 5°C, average precipitation is 584 mm, with an average of 72 frost free days.
Figure 1. Schematic of subsurface irrigated fields in ongoing study.
Two soil types cover the total field area: the Roseberry coarse sandy loam and the Donnel sandy loam. The Roseberry soil is a deep, poorly drained, level to gently sloping soil formed in alluvium and glacial outwash from granitic sources. Permeability in the upper layers is moderately rapid. Runoff is slow. The Donnel soil is a deep, well drained soil on 2 to 4% slope. Permeability is moderately rapid in the surface layers and rapid below. Roots in both soils extend to more than 150 cm.
Each inlet and outlet ditch in both fields is instrumented with flumes, automatic water samplers, and dataloggers. Flow and water sampling are event-based throughout the year. Each field also is equipped with nine groundwater wells from which groundwater levels are measured and water samples are taken monthly. Soil sampling is done before and after the irrigation season. Mr. Davidson from the Soil Conservation Commission has assisted the PI's in instrument installation, field sampling, and maintenance. He will continue his assistance throughout the duration of this project. The landowners have agreed to the use of their land for the duration of the study (see support letters in Collaborative Agreements). Preliminary findings and specific results from FY1999 are provided in Section 17.
Research procedures
We first list analytical methods common to all objectives and provide detail on Quality Assurance protocols. Then we will explain how each objective will be achieved.
Analytical methods. Water samples and soil extract solutions from P desorption procedures will be divided into two bottles. Phosphorus fractionation will be accomplished using methods from Sharpley (1993). TP will be determined on unfiltered samples following four-acid digestion (EPA Method 3050). All other aqueous samples will be filtered (0.45 mm) prior to chemical analysis. DP will be determined on filtered samples by the ascorbic acid method of Watanabe and Olsen (1965). PP will be calculated as the difference between TP and DP. Each P fraction will be determined by colorimetrically using a spectrophotometer. Soil and ditch sediment samples will be air dried and ground to pass a 2 mm-sieve. Large pieces of organic debris (>~0.3 cm) will be removed prior to grinding. Phosphorus analysis will be performed on the dried, ground sediment samples. Analysis of water and soil samples will be performed in the laboratory of Dr. Boll with the help of graduate and undergraduate students trained through this project. Four-point sorption isotherms will be determined using standard batch sorption methodology (Nair et al. 1984) and initial P concentrations ranging from 0 to 100 mg P L-1. P desorption profiles will be determined using a 10-cycle sequential technique described by Oloya and Logan (1980). Cumulative desorbed P will be calculated from the total P released from each sample through 10 desorption cycles. Soil TP and plant analyses will be conducted by the University of Idaho Analytical Sciences Laboratory.
Quality Assurance. Standard Quality Assurance procedures will be followed as outlined in the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water (American Public Health Association, 1995) and Standard Methods of Soil Analysis (Klestra and Bartz, 1996). All stages of the project will be supervised by experienced UI and Idaho Soil Conservation Commission investigators to ensure reliability of results. All sampling and analytical procedures will follow written Standard Operating Procedures. Glassware and plastic bottles used for this study will be acid washed before (re-)use. Adequate samples will be collected utilizing appropriate equipment to ensure reliable P loading estimates. Water samples, except those for TP analysis, will be filtered on site prior to transport. To address field soil variability, a series of subsamples will be collected and thoroughly mixed to form a composite sample. Water, soil and plant samples will be stored on wet ice (at 4 °C) following collection and immediately transported to the laboratories for analyses. Shipment procedures are to place the cooler with samples on the bus from Cascade to Moscow, ID, collect them at the bus stop and analyze them the same or next day. On occasion, personnel traveling from the site in Idaho will carry samples directly to the laboratory. Determination of DP in water samples and soil extract solutions will take place within 48 hours of collection and filtration in the field. TP and dissolved metal samples will be preserved at pH<2 using H2SO4 and analyzed within 7 days. Our quality assurance procedures have worked extremely well during FY 1999. Several contaminated samples were detected using these procedures.
Chemical analysis of the samples will follow Good Laboratory Practices regarding sample storage, timeliness of analysis, analytical precision and accuracy, data collection and record keeping. All chemical analyses will be performed using certified standards. Standard curves used for quantification will be subjected to statistical evaluation in order to determine an estimate of precision. Standard EPA methodology will be used whenever possible. Methods that are not EPA protocols are fully described in the experimental section of this proposal. Approximately 5% additional samples will be analyzed for Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC). These samples will include duplicates collected from the field and internal references (including blanks) developed in the laboratory.
All water, plant, and soil data will be replicated and subjected to statistical analyses. Means will be compared using conventional mean separation procedures at a significance level of 5%.
Objective 1. To determine seasonal surface and sub-surface P inputs and outputs on a seasonal basis for two subsurface irrigated pasture/hay fields.
To achieve this objective, activities include measurement of input and output in surface waters, measurement of subsurface contributions, determination of soil TP, PSED, manure inputs to the fields, and plant uptake. The graduate student and Dr. Boll will cooperate closely with Mr. Davidson of the Idaho Soil Conservation Commission in execution of this objective. Mr. Davidson will be responsible for timely sample collection, filtration, preservation and shipment of samples. Mr. Brooks, and graduate and undergraduate students will assist Mr. Davidson during periods of more frequent sampling and when soil sampling is scheduled.
Installation of measurement equipment in this objective was completed prior to September 1, 1998, as part of the Irrigation Practices Evaluation Project (Fig. 1). A description was provided above.
Activity A: Measurement of input and output in runoff water
During the non-irrigation season, little flow enters the fields through inlet ditches since they are closed. Water quality sampling at the outlet ditches will be event-based, collecting samples at higher frequencies during peak flow than during low flows. Automatic samplers will be programmed to extract water samples once every 96 hours, 24 hours, and four hours for low flow, moderate flow and high flow, respectively. We do not expect many snowmelt events, for, generally, the majority of snowmelt occurs in the months of May and June. After the first snow fall, snow depth and density will be measured weekly by Mr. Davidson of the Idaho Soil Conservation Commission until fully melted.
During the irrigation seasons, water quality samples will be taken at regular time intervals of one sample every other day or three samples per week. Water quality samples will be analyzed for TSS, TP, and DP. Under subsurface/flood irrigation, stations at both inflow and outlet ditches will monitor the parameters as listed for the non-irrigation season.
Activity B: Measurement of subsurface flow contributions.
Piezometers in combination with in-situ saturated hydraulic conductivity measurements (Johnson et al., 1952) serve to quantify lateral flow. Tensiometer readings will determine vertical water movement. Both groundwater levels and tensiometer readings will be taken bi-weekly during the irrigation season, monthly during the non-irrigation season and weekly during main snowmelt periods. If vertical water movement is apparent from tensiometer readings, we will take ground water samples to quantify vertical P transport. This activity will be initiated in Year 2.
Activity C: Soil/eroded sediment P determination, manure loading, and plant uptake.
Total P in soil and eroded sediment in each field will be determined before and after each irrigation season. One soil sample per two acres will be removed from the 0 to 5 cm depth. Eroded sediment samples will be taken in the channels leaving each field.
Inputs of fertilizer and manure from grazing animals will be estimated through consultation with the land owner. Literature values will be used to convert numbers of animals to manure output and subsequent P contribution. P uptake by vegetation will be determined from clippings taken across the fields before and after the irrigation season.
Note: during Year 1, we experienced unusual weather conditions which made data collection during part of the Spring snowmelt period difficult. In order to assure meaningful results in this project, we have initiated a laboratory flume study to simulate special flow conditions observed in the field. Three flumes are 1 m long, 0.3 m wide, and 0.2 m deep. Soils from field 1 and 2 were taken and will be packed in the flumes to the same bulk density as in the field sites. Subsurface flow, surface flow and rainfall will be simulated followed by event-based sample collection. This study will overcome the potential pitfalls experienced in Year 1 for this and subsequent objectives.
Objective 2. To develop seasonal P transport relationships for dissolved and particulate P and predict annual P loading.
Each set of data pertaining to the non-irrigation season and subsurface irrigation seasons will be analyzed separately. For the irrigation season, net loss of TSS, TP, DP, and PP will be calculated for this objective. Data will be evaluated on a year by year basis. The graduate student and Dr. Boll will be responsible for this task with Dr. McGeehan in an advisory role.
Activity A: Determination of a water balance.
A water balance calculation will be performed from measured discharges, precipitation (rain and snowmelt), subsurface water flux, and estimated evaporation from the weather station at McCalls golf course, and one in Cascade. The water balance data will provide the relative importance of different hydrologic processes in the transport of P. In addition, this balance will serve as a check on measurement accuracy and describe any site-specific characteristics of our study fields.
Activity B: Determination of relationship for PP in runoff sediments (Eqns. 1 and 2).
PP will be determined as the difference between TP and DP. ER will be calculated as the ratio of PP in eroded soil to TP in soil samples. The parameters a0 and a1 in Eqn. 2 then will be determined applying simple linear regression to TSS and ER. Values of ER, a0 and a1 will be compared to literature values. Similarly, regression will determine how well Eqn. 1 holds for conditions in this study.
Activity C: Determination of relationship for DP in runoff water (Eqn. 3).
Values for XC in Eqn. 3 will be determined from measured data of D, Soil TP and DP in runoff water and will be correlated to P desorption estimates from Objective 2. Agreement between these values and literature values will be evaluated, and new relationships will be developed accordingly.
Activity D: Determination of P loading as a function of P desorption and subsurface water.
Regression analysis will be applied to parameters measured and derived for runoff and subsurface waters including P desorption estimates (as a function of temperature, mineral dissolution, and saturation) from Objective 2. This activity will develop new relationships specific to subsurface/flood and sprinkler irrigation, and will be very unique when P relationships in Eqns. 1 - 3 do not describe P transport very well.
Activity E: Determination of annual P source/sink relationships from data from the two fields.
Annual TP loading (mg P ha-1 yr-1) will be estimated using measured TP in runoff water and using relationships developed in Activities B - D by summation of DP and PP estimates for each season. In addition, estimates of annual DP and PP will be compared to annual TP loading estimates. These values will be compared to indirect methods employed currently by state and local agencies in Cascade Reservoir watershed. A negative or positive loading value will indicate whether the field acted as a source or sink, respectively.
Objective 3. To determine the dynamics of P transport beyond pasture fields in irrigation ditches.
Activity A: Data collection in irrigation ditches leaving the fields.
Four locations have been selected for ditch sampling. These are before and after discharge of field 1 and 2 into the irrigation ditch. This ditch connects to Willow Creek approximately 1000 m. after leaving field 2.Measurements are associated with determination of flow rate and P concentrations for nine flow events at these four sampling locations. The nine events will be partitioned into three events during the irrigation season, three during the fall rain/snow, and three during spring snow melt and rain-on-snow events. Concentration measurements are divided in ditch runoff water, ditch sediments, and ditch vegetation. We discuss methods of field measurement of flow and concentrations. Both PI's and graduate and undergraduate students will be involved in this objective. Dr. Boll, Mr. Brooks and the graduate student and undergraduate students will be responsible for the physical aspects such flow measurements and sampling, and for soil/water chemistry related tasks. Mr. Davidson also will assist in field activities, and Dr. McGeehan will fill an advisory role in these activities.
Flow rate determination
Flow rates in irrigation ditches leaving the pasture fields will be determined as the product of cross-sectional area (m2) and velocity (m/s). We will determine cross-sectional area (A) and wetted perimeter (P) as a function of ditch depth once at each sampling location prior to a flow event. Also prior to each flow event, we will measure the water depth and flow velocity (v) with Marsh McBirney portable current meters using the Velocity-Area method. From the first velocity measurement we then solve for Manning's n for each sampling location from the following equation:
where R = hydraulic radius (m) (= A/P), and S = channel bottom slope (m/m). Channel bottom slope (S) will be measured once during the study. Subsequent velocity measurements during a flow event will use above equation with just one measurement of ditch depth.
P concentration determination
Ditch Water: Samples for P determination in ditches during flow events will be collected using depth-integrated sampling procedures outlined in Edwards and Glysson (1988). For waters of sufficient depth, we will use the US-DH48 depth integrated sampler. For shallow waters, grab samples will be taken at different locations in the cross-section. In either case, one composite sample will be generated at each sampling location representative of the average concentration at a particular time during the flow event. During each flow event, five to ten 500-mL composite samples will be collected. Time intervals between samples depend on the flow event. They will be chosen so that our samples represent some baseflow, and the rising limb and falling limb of the hydrograph. Our experience is that most flow events, especially those during the irrigation season and following snowmelt, are on the order of more than 10 hours to several days.
Ditch Sediments: Sediment samples will be collected following the methodology of Sallade and Sims (1997). Samples will be collected from the center of the ditch using Wildco handheld sediment samplers. Prior to sampling, any undercomposed organic debris on the surface of sediments (leaves or plant residue) will be removed. Sallade and Sims, (1997) showed that the greatest concentration of available P is found in the surface sediments. For this reason, sediment cores (5 cm diam.) will be taken from 0 to 5 cm depth at each sample point.
Vegetation: Vegetation samples will be collected at the edge of the forest, in the pasture fields, and in and along streams and ditches twice during the growing season. A representative selection of plant matter will be collected and composited into one sample for each location.
Activity B: Data analysis and interpretation.
Phosphorus concentrations will be multiplied by flow rates to obtain loading estimates of DP and TP in surface waters leaving fields 1 and 2. For purposes of this study we assume that subsurface contributions to the ditches are negligible during flow events. Two comparisons will be made using these data. First, we will examine the data from the four locations to find source/sink relationships within the ditches by season. Second, we will correlate these seasonal source/sink relationships to those developed for P transport in field 1 and 2. The combined effect of field and ditch source/sink relationships will provide basic trends in P transport in Cascade Reservoirs subwatersheds. These relationships will direct the development of Best Management Practices for P transport reduction.
Equipment and facilities
A study site has been confirmed with a landowner in the Willow Creek watershed in Idaho. Automated water samplers, streamflow gauging equipment, data loggers, flumes and piezometers have been purchased through the grant from the Idaho Department of Water Resources (see Budget). Installation of this equipment was completed prior to the start of this study with help from local and state agencies (Idaho Department of Agriculture, Natural Resource Conservation Service, Valley Soil and Water Conservation District). Dr. Bolls laboratory also has available one Marsh McBirney Model 201 flow meter, two US DH-48 depth integrated samplers, and a WildCo Handsampler for ditch sediment sampling. Computer facilities at the Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering at the University of Idaho include a Pentium-166 Gateway 2000 PC, 64 MB RAM, a Pentium-233 128 MB RAM and a Pentium-60 16 MB RAM. These computers have sufficient capability and disk space to store the data and perform regression analyses and other data analyses.
The majority of water quality samples will be analyzed in Dr. Bolls laboratory and soil samples prepared for analysis in the Analytical Sciences Laboratory where Dr. McGeehan now is Chief Chemist. Dr. Bolls laboratory consists of two locations: a water quality laboratory in Buchanan Engineering Laboratory and a newly renovated Environmental Engineering Laboratory in the Gauss-Johnson Laboratory. Equipment specific for the analysis tasks include: a spectrophotometer for colorimetric analysis, hotplates for digestion, several filtration apparati, a drying oven, a fume hood, automatic pipettes, and the necessary glasswares.
Related Research
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Parker, C.A. et al. 1946. Fertilizer and lime in the United States. USDA Misc. Pub. No. 586. See McElroy, 1976.
Patrick, W.H., Jr., and R.A. Khalid. 1974. Phosphate release and sorption by soils and sediments: effect of aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Science 186:53-55.
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Ponnamperuma, F.N. 1972. The chemistry of submerged soils. Adv. Agron. 24:29-96.
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Ryden, J.C., and P.F. Pratt. 1980. Phosphorus removal from wastewater applied to land. Hilgardia 48:1-36..W., and J.H. Smith. 1977. Phosphorus movement in calcareous soils irrigated with waste water from potato processing plants. J. Environ. Qual. 6:222-225.
Sah, R.N., and D.S. Mikkelsen. 1989a. Phosphorus behavior in flooded-drained soils. I. Effects on phosphorus sorption. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 53:1718-1722.
Sah, R.N., and D.S. Mikkelsen. 1989b. Phosphorus behavior in flooded-drained soils. II. Iron transformation and phosphorus sorption. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 53:1723-1729.
Sallade, Y.E. and J.T. Sims. 1997. Phosphorus transformations in the sediments of Delaware's agricultural drainageways: I.Phosphorus forms and sorption. J. Environ. Qual. 26:1571-1579.
Sawhney, B.L., and D.E. Hill. 1975. Phosphate sorption characteristics of soils treated with domestic wastewater. J. Environ. Qual. 4:342-346.
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Phosphorus terminology
Phosphorus (P) occurs naturally in soil from weathering of primary P-bearing minerals in the parent materials (e.g., apatite). Additions of plant residues, fertilizers, and animal wastes enhances the P content of the surface soil layer (McElroy et al., 1976). Phosphorus is an important nutrient to aquatic ecosystems where, in excess, it can cause accelerated eutrophication.
Phosphorus in soils occurs either as organic or inorganic P. The relative proportion of these two categories varies widely. Organic P generally is high in surface soils where organic matter tends to accumulate. Sorption of inorganic P is controlled by soil pH and the contents of silicate clays, and metal hydrous oxides (Enfield and Bledsoe, 1975; Ryden and Pratt, 1979; Berkheiser et al., 1980). Although P sorption occurs over a wide range in pH, maximum sorption is observed below pH 6 with sorption decreasing substantially above pH 7 (Berkheiser et al., 1980). Oxides and hydroxides of Al, Fe, and Mn control P sorption in acidic soils while Ca and Mg minerals predominate in alkaline and calcareous soils. Concentrations of solid-phase P in eroded soil (sediment) are determined largely by the nutrient content of the in situ soil. A dynamic equilibrium exists between dissolved and sorbed P in soil-water and in surface runoff, which is well described by the adsorption Langmuir isotherm (Novotny and Olem, 1994).
Once P is lost to a stream, the nature of P existing in sediments or in solution becomes significant in the nutrition of aquatic microorganisms. Bioavailable P is more meaningful than total P because the first is in a form readily available for uptake by these aquatic organisms (Sharpley and Smith, 1993; Sharpley et al., 1992). It has been estimated that 67 - 87% of DP can be considered bioavailable P (Sharpley and Smith, 1993). Brown et al. (1983) found that on average 80% of the DP and 25% of the PP became bioavailable in the Cannonsville Reservoir in the Catskills Region of New York State. Sharpley (1993) developed an approach using iron-oxide impregnated paper to determine BAP
Phosphorus transport from a given site to a stream can occur either by association with sediment, dissolved in surface runoff waters, by interflow or in leaching waters. Concentrations of dissolved and particulate P may change with season and type of precipitation/snowmelt/irrigation-runoff event. In runoff from no till or pasture, the sediment load is generally so low that dissolved P can exceed that of runoff from fields with higher erosion (Sharpley et al., 1994). The soil solution generally contains low P concentrations (< 0.1 mg P/L) resulting in low P loads in leaching waters. However, many soils in the United States exhibit high P soil tests. For example, Parker et al. (1946) showed the highest levels of P content in soils in the Pacific Northwest. More recent data show that 60% of soil samples taken in Idaho and Utah contain high P levels (Sharpley et al., 1994), ranking these states as the highest in the United States. These studies show that evaluation of soil TP and DP on a site-specific basis is necessary to accurately predict P transport.
Quantitative relationships describing P cycling in ditches or small streams are not readily available in the literature. In particular, the seasonal exchange between P in sediments and P in the overlying flowing or standing water has only been speculated upon (Sallade and Sims, 1997a). The dynamics of P cycling in ditches and streams integrates three processes which determine the concentration of different phosphorus components at any given time. These processes include mass flow by surface water, mass flow by subsurface water, and a diffusion process involving sorption-desorption. A fourth process often considered is precipitation- dissolution, but sorption-desorption reactions usually give a better description of the uptake and release of P by soils (Frossard et al., 1995). Flow of particulate matter occurs only in surface flows. Flow of dissolved portions can occur both in surface and subsurface flows. Most aquatic ecosystems will be affected by both types of flow and thus, any study trying to understand P cycling through different ecosystems needs to include them.
For irrigated pastures, the levels of particulate P usually greatly exceed the annual inputs from animal manure or fertilizer. Effects of cattle grazing on nutrient losses in the Pacific Northwest were studied by Jawson et al. (1982). They concluded that although grazing appeared to cause an increase in TN, TP, total organic carbon, chemical oxygen demand, and chloride losses in runoff, the quantities would not seem to be a significant threat to downstream water. Klahr (1988), who sampled irrigated pasture fields in the Cascade Reservoir watershed did not show any correlation between concentration of nutrients in irrigation return flows and the presence or absence of grazing animals. Hence, it is reasonable to assume that particulate P concentrations are functions only of soil type. Soil sampling is the best way to determine these concentrations (Haith and Tubbs, 1981).
Previous water quality studies on irrigated and non-irrigated pastures
Phosphorus export from cropland or dry land pastures has been studies more extensively than irrigated pastures. McElroy (1976) states that P losses from well managed pastures and forested soils are usually low (e.g., 0.03 kg/ha from unfertilized pasture during 6 months, and 0.04 kg/ha after addition of 45 kg of P/ha). Other sources confirm the findings by McElroy (Loehr, 1974; Beaulac and Reckhow, 1982).
Klahr (1988), who collected the only agriculturally specific water quality in Cascade Reservoir watershed, showed increased concentrations of P due to irrigated pasture land use. During the irrigation season, however, concentrations in surface return flows are higher than inflows, but these are offset by very low return flow volumes. Hence, although not specifically emphasized by Klahr (1988), her data clearly show that the non-irrigation season contributed higher loading of sediment and P than the irrigated season by one order of magnitude.
Miller et al. (1984) measured flood irrigation and surface return flow volumes at four sites in Nevada during three irrigation seasons. They reported the surface loading per individual irrigation event and cumulative loading throughout the irrigation season. Total P and dissolved P were found to have a net P loss (in kg/ha) from the fields via surface return flow every season from one site and only one season from another site. Losses of dissolved P were associated with fertilizer applications to alfalfa. Interestingly, levels of constituent contributions to surface runoff appeared to be more related to site characteristics, water management practice and hydrologic variation than to the presence or absence of grazing animals.
Austin et al. (1996) studied the relationship between four rates of superphosphate applications (250 - 1000 kg/ha) and runoff P concentration for flood irrigated perennial pastures in Australia. They reported that the primary loss mechanism for P following single fertilizer application was through dissolution rather than sediment transport. Edwards et al. (1996) measured runoff, sediment yield, soluble P transport, and particulate P transport data from four manure laden pasture fields in northwestern Arkansas. An inverse linear relationship between the natural logarithms of enrichment ratio and sediment yield (Eqn. 2) was found for all fields, but the slopes were lower than values reported earlier for general use.
Modeling approaches
A variety of modeling approaches are available. Two of the three modeling approaches to assess P loading to surface waters will be discussed in more detail here. Details on the third approach, the semi-empirical approach of runoff P transport, are provided in the Methods, Procedures, and Facilities section.
Theoretically based P transport models: Some of the more comprehensive, theoretical P transport models have been developed and reported by Novotny et al. (1978) and Storm et al. (1988). Simplified versions of these approaches have been incorporated into larger simulation models such as ANSWERS, EPIC, HSPF, and MIKE (Donigian et al., 1995; Havno et al., 1995; Williams, 1995). Each of these models partition P transport into a solution and sediment phase similar to the approach taken in the proposed study. Processes included for calculating the concentration of dissolved P are: release of inorganic P, adsorption of dissolved P, and P uptake by vegetation. For the concentration of inorganic particulate P, processes include deposition, resuspension and release and adsorption of dissolved P. The latter usually is modeled using either first-order kinetics or a Freundlich isotherm. In addition, P mineralization, P immobilization and mineral P cycling are accounted for in great detail.
Empirical correlations: A practical, yet empirical, modeling approach is termed export coefficient modeling. This method calculates total nutrient load delivered to a water body as the sum of the individual loads exported from each nutrient source in its catchment. Terms for biological fixation of P in the soils of the watershed, or in streams are not included. Development of export coefficients initially requires a detailed plot or field scale study. The export coefficient modeling approach permits scaling up from plot or field-scale experiments to the catchment scale, allowing application of findings from field experimental studies at a suitable scale for catchment scale management (Johnes, 1996; Mattikalli and Richards, 1996). In general, seasonal hydrological variations cannot be reliably accounted for using the traditional export coefficient modeling approach (Haith and Tubbs, 1981; Delwiche and Haith, 1983) allowing, at best, for annual averaging. As a result, a range of values is reported in the literature (McElroy, 1976) and the selection process essentially becomes arbitrary (Haith and Tubbs, 1981).
In addition to above approaches there are the budget models (Chapra, 1997) which focus on a mass balance approach to simulate steady-state and long-term temporal trends of lakes.
Sorption/desorption dynamics
The mobility and bioavailability of P is significantly influenced by changes in soil redox status, which, in turn, is influenced by duration of saturation (McGeehan, 1996). It also is apparent that soil temperature and organic matter play an important role in P sorption. Although P is not redox active and, therefore, is not directly affected by soil flooding, a decrease in redox potential indirectly influences P availability through its affect on Fe hydrous oxide solubility.
Previous work by principle investigator: There are conflicting reports regarding the effect of variable soil redox potential on Fe transformations and P retention. Resolving these conflicting bodies of evidence necessitates a study of the P dynamics under conditions existing in field soils. A previous laboratory study conducted by McGeehan (1996) on P sorption and desorption in seasonally saturated soils from the Cascade area clearly documented the potential for changes in P sorption and desorption that occur in response to changing soil redox conditions. The P sorption capacity increased in all flooded-dried soils, relative to the control (0 days flooding) (Fig. 2). The increased sorption capacity observed in the flooded-dried soils did not lead to increased P desorption (Fig. 3). To fully understand the implications of seasonally changes in climate and soil properties on P desorption and the potential for transport, field data must be collected throughout the year on a site specific basis.
Figure 2. P sorption in a soil subjected Figure 3. P desorption in a soil subjected
to flooding periods of 0, 10, 20, and 30 d., to flooding periods of 0, 10, 20, and 30 d.
followed by a 20 d. drying period. followed by a 20 d. drying period.
General background: The biogeochemical processes responsible for P immobilization in soils are well understood for aerobic systems relative to anaerobic systems. Soil saturation, due to irrigation practice or seasonally high water tables, can convert a soil from an aerobic system to one that is dominated primarily by anaerobic (low redox) processes. Anaerobiosis activates a host of biological and chemical processes which can change the physical and chemical soil properties responsible for P retention. The aqueous-phase chemistry of flooded soils has been studied extensively and changes in pH, redox potential, and dissolved metal concentrations are well characterized (Ponnamperuma, 1972; Gambrell and Patrick, 1978; Lindsay, 1979). Several studies show phosphates adsorbed or coprecipitated with Fe(III) hydrous oxides are released as a result of soil anaerobiosis (Mortimer, 1971; Patrick and Khalid, 1974; Gambrell and Patrick, 1978; Ponnamperuma, 1972). Hill and Sawhney (1981) report that the conversion of a soil from an aerobic to an anaerobic state decreases P sorption and may facilitate desorption of stored P. In contrast, some studies suggest an increase in P sorption may occur as a result of soil flooding (Patrick and Khalid, 1974; Khalid et al., 1977). Increased P sorption is attributed to the reduction of semi-crystalline ferric hydroxide to amorphous ferrous hydroxides, which have greater surface areas and more sorption sites.
Soil flooding followed by drainage increased P sorption in 5 of 10 soils studied by Sah and Mikkelson (1989a) and in each of the ten soils studied by McGeehan (1996) . The increase in P sorption was attributed in part to conversion of Fe oxides to amorphous forms (Sah and Mikkelson (1989b; McGeehan, 1996). The importance of soil flooding-drainage cycles in P sorption has long been recognized by engineers designing systems for land treatment municipal wastewater. Most system design protocols apply wastewater continuously until the sorption capacity is reached, then application is discontinued allowing the soil to rest for several months, after which the soil is capable of further P sorption (Overcash and Pal, 1979; USEPA, 1981). Although the exact mechanisms are not stated, Sawhney and Hill (1978) conclude that soil wetting and drying brings Al, Fe, or Ca and fresh mineral surfaces in equilibrium with the soil solution, creating new sites for P sorption.
Soil temperature is another important variable controlling P sorption-desorption. The majority of research on wetland and riparian systems has been conducted in the southern and eastern U.S. where soil temperatures in excess of 35 °C are common in late summer. The impact of soil flooding and drainage on P retention at soil temperatures representative of the Cascade Watershed is unknown.


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Rachael Hall Photography| Austin Wedding Photographer | 2208 Old Sterling Rd. Cedar Park, TX 78613 | 830-708-8877|ProPhoto Photography Blogsite by NetRivet


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SQL Server Management Studio 2008 running slowPosted by: admin in .NET
When running SQL Server Management Studio 2008 on a Win7 64bit machine you might stumble upon poor, very poor performance. Clicking on a table results in waiting for 10-20 seconds before being able to do anything, doing a select would again take an eternity. The reason is unknown to me (sorry, I don't feel like reading tons of articles and kb notes).
Still I got it fixed. Just two steps:
– set the management studio to run in XP SP3 compatibility mode
– if you have the UAC turned off, turn it on on the first level (raise the level from the bottom one notch)
Now it's working like a charm.


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patchvest69's Contributions
08/17/13 Community Articles
How Lengthy Does Phen375 Take To Operate
The substances in TestoRipped are set jointly to increase the testosterone quantities and much better lean muscle mass. Alternatively, you can feed on fish like salmon, tuna, herring or dry fruits like walnut or hazelnut, and so forth.
About patchvest69
patchvest69 joined the JazzTimes community on Aug 16, 2013


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Brooks Range Sharktooth Shovel
Recent Comments
Blog Listing
- The Gear Shed (59)
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- In Defense Of... (6)
Brooks Range Sharktooth Shovel
Sure, it sucks carrying a big, heavy shovel in your pack all day on a long tour. I complained while trying to stuff this 10-by-10.5-inch blade and 36-inch (when compressed) shaft into my backpack. And then I complained some more while lugging its 32.6 ounces up and down the mountain. But when I went to test the actual digging performance of the shovel, I stopped complaining immediately. It has this super sharp serrated edge (which comes with a plastic protective sheath so you don't slice yourself) that chomps through icy crud like an excavator. And it's massive blade and 45-inch (when extended) aluminum shaft gives you good leverage for digging in deep. If you're looking for a shovel that's built for using (not necessarily carrying) this is a good one. [$50; brooks-range.com] —Megan Michelson


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- Game Details
- News (153)
- Review
- Previews (18)
- Videos (103)
- Images (117)
- Cheats & Walkthroughs
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3 is still months away, and we don't know that much about what Infinity Ward and Sledgehammer Games plan to do with the multiplayer in the game. But we do know that Spec Ops is making a comeback, having first appeared in Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2, and at E3, we were able to get our hands on it and see what they've improved this time around. While we were only shown the new "Survival" Spec Ops mode, featuring endless waves of (non-zombie) enemies, it's clear that they want to make some dramatic changes to that co-op experience.
The biggest change for Spec Ops is character progression. It's separate from your progression in multiplayer, but it adds a very simple RPG-style element to the game, and you'll need it to survive. You'll start with only a pistol and your melee knife, and with each mounting kill, you'll gain more experience that gets converted into cash. As you progress, you'll unlock different armories and weapon stashes, and those will show up on your HUD. Head there, and you'll be able to open up a chest and choose a new weapon to purchase or refill your ammo.
Different armories contain different items, and when you see a grenade icon appear on your HUD, it means you've unlocked the Equipment Armory. That's where you pick up grenades, flashbangs, and other types of defensive equipment. We holed up on a map called Dome, which takes place around an abandoned radar installation of some sort in the desert. All of the Spec Ops maps are based on maps that appear in the multiplayer. My partner from the development team and myself took cover near a parked forklift in one of the outside areas, but this map has a lot of verticality to it, with a subterranean bunker you can enter, and stairways you can climb to fire on enemies from above.
Finding a good corner to defend is one of the keys to surviving in Survival mode, but when the dogs and Juggernauts start rolling in, you'll need to go mobile. Luckily, there's an Air Support armory you can unlock, which offers tactical items like an Attack Helicopter, or even a Delta Squad drop-in, where four AI soldiers join and fight alongside you. They can (and will) die, but they're fairly intelligent, will follow you, and are very handy in a firefight. Especially once the suicide bombers start coming in. If they get near you, they'll explode, and if you down them, they'll blink red and then ... explode. But if you think that's bad, just wait until the dogs strapped with C-4 start coming after you. Someone in the Call of Duty world sure hates dogs.
Between the endless waves, you'll see a Progression Screen that charts your kills and progress, and doing well in certain categories will lead to more cash. Additionally, there are Challenges in some waves, giving you the chance to earn extra cash. Those will appear in the lower left-hand area of your screen and will tell you to get five headshots in this wave. Do it, and you'll pocket an extra $500. You'll need that money, not just for weapons and ammo, but to buy things like Last Stand that will allow you to keep fighting. You can revive a downed ally, but Last Stand allows you to get fighting when you've gone down, and if you get a kill, you'll pop right back up. But those aren't unlimited, and you'll need to buy more.
You'll quickly learn that teamwork is key here, even though you can play entirely solo. In later waves, when you have two or three Juggernauts wandering around, if you don't work together, you'll die quickly. Automatic Turrets and Delta Squads (there's even a Riot Shield Squad) are your best bets, and do what you can to protect those AI squads. There is friendly fire in the game, and no one wants a teammate to shoot them in the back. There's even an Automatic Grenade Launcher Turret which really dishes out destruction. But we were told that you really don't want to use it in close-quarters with friendly fire turned on.
We aren't sure what other surprises Spec Ops has in store this time around, but the endless waves of enemies in Survival are a good place to blow off a lot of steam, while still gaining access to a lot of the Killstreaks and extras that you would encounter in Multiplayer. We still haven't seen what they're going to be revealing as far as the normal Multiplayer experience goes, but answerers of the Call of Duty will be very happy with what's here so far.
Comments are Closed
I just love fps period. My favorite part is actually the guns. I actually bought a M4 from here http://www.airsplat.com/airsof t-video-games.htm its so cool and they have a bunch of different guns from the game.Posted: October 10, 2011 11:33 AM
Battlefield may have pretty graphics but I don't think it has suicidal dogs. And don't feel sorry for the dogs, they'll get there 72 virgins!Posted: July 20, 2011 6:32 PM
Looks awsome!!!Posted: July 14, 2011 4:41 PM
It looks sweet. Can't wait.Posted: July 5, 2011 5:07 AM
so basically its plants vs zombiesPosted: June 20, 2011 8:51 AM
this game looks absolutely amazing and i would pick this game over crappy battlefield anyday!!! i have both battlefield 2 and black ops. but i never touch my battlefield 2 copy anymore because it sucks (the single player is boring and the multiplayer is gay). i look at battlefield 3 and think to myself that game has horrible graphics that does not even compare to call of duty's astounding graphics and overall experience. and if this comment get voted down then that means that the battlefield loser fanboys dont like the truth about their crappy shooter. and if this comment gets rated up then that means you guys know that i am speaking the truth!!!Posted: June 20, 2011 8:44 AM
Still looks great to me.Posted: June 19, 2011 12:29 PM
Exploding Dogs? SOLD.
BtW, the idea of dogs strapped with explosives isn't one based on fantasy. It's been used before in real life. I love the world we live in!Posted: June 19, 2011 9:56 AM
message the gamertag D3lta 5quad
seeing as he's named in the article he must be able to get us the beta!Posted: June 19, 2011 9:25 AM
Putting crap on top of garbage doesn't change the fact that the game is still garbage.Posted: June 19, 2011 6:42 AM
Surprise? That would require actual changes to the game. I doubt their doing anything to change this cash cow but we'll see....
Yeah right...Posted: June 19, 2011 4:09 AM
stop talking about how bf3 is going to be so much better than mw3! just pick an uckin game and play it! just because u think its better doesnt mean i care or am not gonna get this game!Posted: June 19, 2011 3:39 AM
I would hate to sound mean god forbid, but those two disgrace the name of CODPosted: June 18, 2011 11:22 PM
i love call of duty games and battlefield 2 i just hate players who uses modded controllers cause i cant keep up with them that's y a lot of gamer's hate COD cause a lot of em use modded controllers just sayin..Posted: June 18, 2011 6:00 PM
One reason I love COD is the simply fact that you can be lone wolf or do the whole team based thing. Don't get me wrong I love BF but, honestly it feels good to be able to just blow people away without having to worry about having people to back me up.Posted: June 15, 2011 3:20 PM
love how all the people complaining is gonna buy it anyway...I agree...battlefield looks 10x better than call of duty but no need to be a dick about itPosted: June 15, 2011 10:45 AM
I own both Call of Duty and BF. I have own CoD 2 all the way to Blops and they have gone down hill over the last 2-3 titles. They have just gotten so bland with everything especially the single player. If you just simply watch the MW3 Trailer shown at E3 you will recognize almost all of the cinematic experiences are the same as the past like 3 games. It is really getting ridiculous since we are all paying 60 dollars they could give us some fresh single player instead of the same story every single game. As for multi-player their really is nothing to say they have their multi-player and they have perfected it. The fast paced lone wolf style of game play is what CoD is good at not being realistic at all. As for BF both bad company 1 and 2 are good games. BC 1 had an amazing story but then when they came out with BF 2 the story went entirely off track and went bizarre, but they tried something new and failed,. but they had an amazing multi-player experience to make up for it. Everyone has their own opinion this is just mine. If you are a fan of CoD leave the BF guys alone cause they can bash your game, and the same goes for the BF guys the Cod guys are going to bash your game. I'm in the middle cause I see the down falls and the ups of both games, and so I play both of them.Posted: June 15, 2011 9:39 AM
Cant wait too get this game, Jimmy is funny doe! and mw3 is not goin anywhere! It has too many loyal fans! xPPosted: June 15, 2011 9:15 AM
Are we so jaded that we cannot accept both MW3 and BF3? Put this generation of console and either one of these games just 5 years ago and the collective minds of every gamer, whether whiny 13 year old or "Hardcore" gamer, would have been blown to pieces. Call of Duty revolutionized the shooter way long ago with the release of CoD 2. Yet if you look at all the CoD's, its obvious that Infinity Ward has paved the way for Treyarch's copying, WaW was an astoundingly mediocre game especially compared to the game that came the year before. Black Ops was a severe disappointment, and i still question why X-Play gave it a 5 out of 5. However the MW series has always been either revolutionary in graphical power or game engine design. MW brought CoD onto the next gen for real (because CoD 2 and 3 were distinctly last gen), demonstrating some of the best graphics to be seen on the new gen consoles, looking as good as Halo 3. WaW saw a reincarnation of the same old Treyarch game that was set in WW2, copying movies like Enemy at the Gate (the Russian fountain scene). MW2 came around and instantly the updated graphics, spectacular continuing of the MW story, and the refreshing multiplayer produced a winning combination and the formula that CoD Black Ops hoped to copy. Which is where we come to now. We see that MW3 is coming out and seeing the last one it seems like a bleak same old same old. But you dont change anything drastically in the third part of a series (so says adam sessler) and i agree with that statement. MW3 will be cinematic because the last two MW's pioneered that cinematic shooter experience. Get over it. That's how it is. No opinions can be made until we actually get our hands on it. And the whiny kids? shut up about it and mute them, its built into the waiting room to mute them, are you that lazy?
And onto BF3. It looks amazing. There's no refuting that. It was cool to see Bad Company blow up the outside of buildings. Then BC2 let you blow up the whole building, and innovated a type of game play that was distinctly different than the monolithic CoD series, a more tactical and squad based game. Yes it looks extremely good graphically. Yet all of you flocking to BF all of the sudden and claiming that CoD sucks is absurd. Maybe you are bad at CoD. Or maybe you just prefer blowing up buildings rather than using commando pro to knife someone across the map. Its like comparing need for speed with its more arcade style game play to gran turismo which prides itself on being realistic. Two separate games that take two different approaches. One game puts out something very often the other spends more time trying to be realistic. Both deserve attention, because both are amazingly good at their style of game play.
Now the finale. I own all of the CoD games, from the first one on the PS2 to Black Ops (with exception of WaW). I own Bad Company and Bad Company 2. I can say without a doubt that Battlefield is getting better and better, while Call of Duty is indeed getting a little too formulaic. But I will buy both games. MW3 for the single player and Survival Mode. Battlefield 3 for the multiplayer. With either game you cannot lose. Now stop bitching about either game.Posted: June 15, 2011 8:20 AM
I hate the BF3 fanboys that comment on MW3 1. Two different games 2. BF is only team based 3. CoD is team based and u can play as a lone wolf. Go somewhere with that BS u BF hop onsPosted: June 15, 2011 5:18 AM
Two New MP Modes For MW3
Check Out COD: MW 3's Chaos Video
MW3's Final DLC Revealed
Modern Warfare 3 July DLC Details
Call of Duty DLC 50% Off
Terminal Map Headed To MW3
MW3's Latest Elite DLC Arrives
MW3 Elite Content Set For Next Week
CoD: MW3 Face-Off Mode Gameplay
Modern Warfare 3 Face Off Mode Reveal


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Advanced Search
Business administration and psychology top the list of most in-demand degree programs for online education, according to a survey by eLearners.com. Online business administration degrees, whether undergraduate or graduate, were the most popular programs searched for or inquired about on eLearners.com, followed by psychology and nursing degrees.
The site, which is part of EducationDynamics, provides a searchable database of colleges and universities that offer online classes.
The company said the search for online degrees hit dramatic highs in 2008. In November 2008 eLearners.com witnessed a 138 percent increase in unique visitors searching for online degree programs compared to the same period in 2007. eLearners.com created its 2008 list of the most popular online degree programs by looking at the top searches and inquiries made by prospective students on its site.
The top online degree programs for 2008, according to the survey, are:
"As people retool to make themselves more competitive, they are turning to online education in record numbers for the flexibility, and seeking business degrees for the fundamentals, and psychology and nursing degrees to fill or advance in industries with great demand," said Terrence Thomas, an executive with the company.
About the Author
Dian Schaffhauser is a writer who covers technology and business for a number of publications. Contact her at firstname.lastname@example.com.
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A childhood classic veers into new territory with the Fifth Wall Theater Project's "Wonderland: The Alice Story."
The adaptation, written by Robert Jerome Pagan, will be performed March 2 in Dos Palos.
"This is a fantastic opportunity for Dos Palos," said Tatiana Bunthoff in an email.
The world of Wonderland has changed since the last time Alice has visited; it has become a darker place, according to a news release.
"This new take on Alice uses modern movement and new theatrical techniques to capture the audience in the world that is Wonderland," according to the release.
Fifth Wall Theater Project is dedicated to providing an experience to the audience, according to the release.
"The audience is submerged within the world with the characters interacting with them, and bringing them to be a part of the world of Wonderland itself," according to the release.
The performance is planned at Bernard Marks Elementary School, 1717 Valeria St. in Dos Palos. Doors open at 6 p.m., and the show begins at 6:30.
Tickets can be purchased in advance by calling (831) 204-0193 or by email at boxoffice@fifthwalltheater project.com.
Tickets are $10 for general admission, $5 for seniors and students.
More information about Fifth Wall Theater Project is available at www.fifthwalltheater
project.com or on Facebook.


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A government official from Nassau in Germany complained in 1846 that the emigrants were infected by "delusions of freedom and fantastic ideas about the institutions of government" and that the emigration fever made the "lower classes" rebellious. A group of 160 tenant farmers in an area of intense emigration petitioned the Duke of Braunschweig in 1848, the year of the revolution, to grant them the following:
Further statements by these dependent tenant farmers who worked tiny plots and relied on jobs such as linen weaving and migratory labor in Holland to supplement their income, clarify their aims:
"...We are obliged to pay taxes and render military service, and formerly road work, too, but are not represented in the Landtag."
Regarding military service: "Those with means can purchase a substitute, but we, the proletariat, must...bleed for the so called Fatherland."
"We are responsible for school, church, and other taxes, but are neither represented nor consulted in the village council about measures that affect our interests."
Kamphoefner in his book, The Westfalians. From Germany to Missouri, expalins what these "interests" were: "Foremost among these was the division of common lands, whereby the Heuerling (tenant farmer) lost grazing and pasture land, wood for fuel, and peat for mulching crops--rights previousy enjoyed for generations by custom but without legal base"
- Kamphoefner, p. 62-63. The author quotes from Osnabrucker Tageblatt, 16.4. [April 16] 1848


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Elections, Politics, Videos
"It wasn't supposed to be this way"
Posted: August 12, 2012 at 5:00 pm / by Christopher Cook
Another in a series of ads running in battleground states . . .
Obama's relentless assault on Romney in swing states has managed to move the polls . . . a little. At the same time, a barrage of outside-group ads have put Obama underwater on the economy and job approval in those same states, keeping the race essentially even.
Romney hasn't even gotten started yet, as there are still three weeks until he begins spending his general election funds. Romney has a lot of room to grow . . . but where does Obama go from here? The economy isn't going to improve enough, so what does he have but more hate and fear? Will that work? Or do the American people want something better than that?
"Tell Obama: for real growth, cut the debt"


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Department of Public Affairs
3400 Spruce St.
Philadelphia, PA 19104-6021
Media Contact:
(for this release
(215) 349-5653
PA) Exposure to family and friends who smoke and elevated
levels of depression significantly affect the likelihood
of alternate tobacco product use among adolescents,
a study by researchers from the University of Pennsylvania
School of Medicine and Georgetown University indicates.
The study, titled "Psychosocial Correlates of Alternate
Tobacco Product Use during Early Adolescence,"
appears in the August issue of Preventive Medicine.
Recent research shows that alternate tobacco products,
including smokeless tobacco (chewing tobacco and moist
snuff), cigars, cigarillos, pipes, bidis (sweet flavored
cigarettes from Southeast Asia), and kreteks (clove-flavored
cigarettes), are gaining in popularity among youth.
"This trend is dangerous because alternate tobacco
products can lead to cancers of the oral cavity and
a host of other negative health consequences,"
said senior author Janet Audrain, PhD, member
of the Abramson Cancer Center of the University of
Pennsylvania, and assistant professor in the Department
of Psychiatry at Penn's School of Medicine.
While previous research has shown that both exposure
to other smokers and depression increase the likelihood
of cigarette use among adolescents, this is one of the
first studies to examine the influence that these social
and psychological factors have on alternate tobacco
product use.
Audrain led a research team that interviewed 1,107 ninth
grade students as part of a four-year investigation
of the social, psychological and genetic predictors
of adolescent smoking adoption. These students completed
a survey that assessed current smoking practices, exposure
to other smokers, levels of depression, and alternate
tobacco product use. Demographic data including age,
gender, and race were also collected.
Over eight percent of the teens reported using an alternate
tobacco product (smokeless tobacco, cigars, pipes, bidis
and/or kreteks) in the last thirty days. Among the eleven
percent of freshman who reported being current cigarette
smokers (smoked in the last month), 45 percent were
also current users of an alternate tobacco product.
The researchers found that current alternate tobacco
product users were significantly more likely to be male,
white and current cigarette smokers. In addition, teens
with higher levels of exposure to other smokers and
those with greater depressive symptoms were found to
be two to three times more likely to be current users
of alternate tobacco products, regardless of demographic
factors and current cigarette smoking.
"It is important that future studies determine
adolescents' beliefs and motivations surrounding the
benefits of using alternate tobacco products,"
said study co-investigator and author Kenneth P. Tercyak,
PhD, assistant professor of oncology at Georgetown University
Medical Center. "Since it is possible that adolescents
might have misconceptions about the safety of these
products, anti-tobacco messages targeted to youth should
include warnings about the risks of using these products."
This research was funded by the National Cancer Institute
and the National Institute on Drug Abuse and was conducted
by the University of Pennsylvania/Georgetown University
Transdisciplinary Tobacco Use Research Center.
# # #
& Calendars


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THE BRONX - After a gorgeous, warm Saturday, it appears the Bronx has hit a bit of a cool-down with the potential for more snow this week.
News 12 The Bronx took to the streets to ask residents how they feel about receiving even more snow after a brutal winter.
Residents almost unanimously agree that they're sick of the chilly weather and are ready to embrace warmer temperatures on a more frequent basis.
MORE: Word on the Street
Others are simply going with the flow and are making sure to dress appropriately as the days go on.