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Legge, Gordon E.*
Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
Gordon E. Legge 75 E River Rd Minneapolis, MN 55455e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
ABSTRACT: Low vision may be defined as any chronic form of vision impairment, not correctable by glasses or contact lenses, that adversely affects everyday function. Visual accessibility refers to factors that make an environment, device, or display usable by vision. In this article, I discuss the concept of visual accessibility with special reference to low vision. What role can vision science play in enhancing visual accessibility for people with low vision? I propose that greater efforts to embed low-vision research in real-world contexts and collaboration with other disciplines will accelerate progress. I describe examples from my current research projects on architectural accessibility and reading accessibility.
The topic of this article is visual accessibility and low-vision research. Because I am a person with low vision, I have both a personal and professional interest in this topic.
Low vision conveys the idea that vision has more than just the two states: sighted and blind. The term low vision was coined in the 1950s by Eleanor Faye and Gerald Fonda. They and other mid-20th century pioneers concerned with vision impairment—including William Feinbloom and George Hellinger in the U.S., and Norman Bier in the U.K.—emphasized the importance of residual vision and the need to address functional limitations associated with low vision.
Low vision is often defined as a letter acuity less than 20/60 (6/18) or a visual field of less than 20 degrees in the better eye. Sometimes, we define low vision in more practical terms as the inability to read the newspaper at a distance of 40 cm with best refractive correction. This definition is used because most people with low vision have problems with reading. (This definition is becoming obsolete as hard-copy newspapers recede into history.) A third, more general definition of low vision is any chronic form of vision impairment not correctable by glasses or contact lenses that adversely affects everyday function.
According to the National Eye Institute, there are between 3.5 and 5 million Americans with low vision,1 and the number is rising as our population ages. In 2013, the World Health Organization estimated that there are 285 million people worldwide with vision impairment, 39 million blind and 246 million with low vision.2 These worldwide figures include many people in less developed countries whose impaired vision is due to uncorrected refractive errors or untreated cataracts.
Low-vision research focuses primarily on the role of vision in everyday activities, with less emphasis on clinical descriptions of the eye or vision. The two major research questions are: What basic principles explain the functional limitations of people with low vision? What strategies can be adopted to ameliorate these limitations? Low-vision research has played an important role in bringing topics such as reading and driving under scrutiny in vision science.
My theme in this article is to propose that we embed low-vision research more explicitly in the real world where our findings can have a direct impact on the lives of people with low vision. I suggest that we extend our laboratory-based vision science in two ways: first, by addressing the complicated interactions among variables that affect real-world visual function, and second, by working in partnership with other disciplines to reduce the barriers to visual accessibility. Where we succeed, we will contribute to vision science by showing how vision functions in the real world, and we will find better ways to reduce barriers facing people with visual impairment. I will give examples from my current research projects on architectural accessibility and reading accessibility.
I begin by reviewing some general concepts that may help to shape the discussion of low vision and accessibility.
Accessibility means removing barriers to participation in all domains of society including mobility, reading, social interaction, education, employment, and recreation. Rehabilitation emphasizes a person's functional limitations and provides remedies and strategies for overcoming these limitations. To illustrate this distinction, a rehabilitation program might train people with low vision in mobility strategies for detecting low-contrast steps or obstacles, whereas accessible architecture would emphasize environmental designs to enhance the visibility of such hazards.
Rehabilitation seeks to empower people with disabilities to function effectively in the world as it is. In contrast, accessibility strives to modify the world to remove barriers and accommodate people with disabilities. Rehabilitation is often associated with a "medical model" that seeks to cure or ameliorate disability. Accessibility is associated with a "social justice" model or "civil rights" model that promotes accommodation of people with disabilities by human cultural institutions, systems, and products. Advocacy for accessibility has sometimes given rise to disability rights movements. For a historical review, see the work by Switzer.3
Andrew Solomon,4 in his influential book Far from the Tree, cogently points out that the disability rights movement stresses the richness of individual "identity" and experience, whereas the medical rehabilitation model stresses defect or illness (sometimes using gentler terms like syndrome or condition). The medical model wants to correct or cure or eradicate, whereas the disability rights movement wants society to accommodate, diversify, and include. Sometimes, the effort to cure or eradicate runs counter to the goal of expanding accessibility through accommodation. Advocates for accessibility may see medical research and rehabilitation as paternalistic and misdirected.
Arditi5 has reviewed the historical roots of the field of vision rehabilitation. Initially, it emerged in the form of social services for the blind, such as special residential schools and sheltered workshops. The distinction between blindness and low vision was rarely explicit, and there was little attention to the special problems facing people with residual vision. Further contributing to the lack of focused attention were the heterogeneity of low-vision conditions and the sight-saving philosophy. This philosophy advocated protecting the eyes by minimizing the use of impaired vision.
In the mid 20th century, a few insightful optometrists and ophthalmologists began to emphasize the importance of residual vision and the need to address functional limitations associated with low vision. In the last quarter of the 20th century, low vision emerged as a topic in vision science. Collectively, those of us with interests in low vision, in both laboratory and clinical research, have made substantial progress in understanding the functional limitations of people with visual impairment.
Although the topic of vision rehabilitation has emerged as an active discipline, accessibility issues pertaining to low vision have received less attention. Arditi6 attributes this to the lack of a coherent voice from the community of people with low vision and the corresponding lack of consciousness raising and lobbying on their behalf. Most people with low vision have acquired their vision impairment later in life from disorders such as macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma. They tend not to identify themselves with low vision per se but consider vision loss as a consequence of aging. They are often dealing with other physical or cognitive disabilities as well. Unlike advocacy groups for the blind or deaf, there is little in the way of leadership in this group demanding accessibility.
Those of us engaged in low-vision research or related policy making face a dilemma. Where should we expend our research dollars and research effort—in finding remedies, or in enhancing accessibility? Most of us would agree that we need to do both, but the balance in dollars and effort is a topic for deliberation. The message of this article is to suggest that more research should be done to support the accessibility of people with low vision.
The concepts of "universal design" and "inclusive design" have emerged from the accessibility perspective. Universal design is the aspirational goal of designing a system—architectural, electronic, mechanical—whose primary functions are within the capabilities of the entire population. Achieving this goal is of primary necessity for dealing with key aspects of culture such as architectural designs of public spaces.
Inclusive design is more pragmatic. Here, the goal is to extend the usability of mainstream products to the maximum fraction of the population without sacrificing functionality or commercial viability. A small fraction of the population may not be able to use the design, and their needs should be addressed with an alternative solution. For inherently visual designs, alternative nonvisual solutions may be necessary, such as VoiceOver software on the iPhone or tactile features on currency bills. Modern digital devices for reading have the potential for inclusive design because of the opportunity for personalized display options. I return to digital reading below.
Inclusive designs, broadly defined, should take into account distinct domains of capability and their interactions, such as vision, hearing, manual dexterity, and cognitive status.7 Design considerations for these domains may not be separable or even compatible. Keep in mind that many people with low vision have other coexisting health problems. For instance, it has been reported that people with age-related macular degeneration have high rates of depressive disorder8 and cognitive deficits.9 In the Salisbury Eye Evaluation project—a population-based study of 2520 individuals aged 65 to 84 years—about 7% were visually impaired.10. Data on self-reported comorbidities were gathered from a standard list of 13 items such as arthritis, heart disease, and cancer. On average, both the visually impaired and visually normal participants reported more than two comorbidities (Gary S. Rubin, personal communication).
A traditional approach to visual accessibility has been to retrofit an existing system to accommodate people with low vision, for example, adding high-contrast strips at the top of stairs or designing third-party screen-magnifying or screen-reading software for computer access. These solutions have been extremely valuable, but, where possible, inclusive design is preferable to special-purpose solutions. This is because such solutions are often costly, typically lag behind the evolution of mainstream developments, and sometimes stigmatize people with disabilities.
How can vision researchers contribute to enhancing visual accessibility? In the following two sections, I describe how my colleagues and I have begun addressing visual accessibility in architecture and reading.
In the context of architecture, we define visual accessibility as the use of vision to travel efficiently and safely through an environment, to perceive the spatial layout of key features in the environment, and to keep track of one's location and orientation in the environment.11 Major factors affecting visual accessibility include the vision status of the pedestrian (characterized by acuity, contrast sensitivity, and field); geometrical properties of the architectural design, including landmarks, objects, and obstacles; nature and arrangement of lighting (natural and artificial); surface properties (including color, texture, and gloss); and contextual cues. Visual accessibility refers not only to the visibility of important features of the space but also to accurate perception of large-scale characteristics such as the size and shape of the space, and the distance and direction to key features within the space.
Two examples from my personal experience may serve to introduce the concept of visual accessibility.
Fig. 1 shows photographs of an outdoor bench near my building on campus, one taken on a bright, sunny day and the other on an overcast day. The second and third columns show the effects of mild and severe blur, simulating information loss due to mild and severe acuity reduction.
In the sunny image (top row), the high-contrast cast shadow at the front of the bench and the dark background provided by the building shadow provide good cues for the presence of the bench. These cues are resistant to blur, but rely on the presence of directional lighting. In more uniform lighting, as in the overcast photograph (bottom row), the visibility of the bench is seriously reduced, particularly when blurred. (I can testify personally to how painful it can be to miss seeing this cement bench.)
This example also illustrates that texture cues may disappear in low vision. Fine texture details of surfaces can support depth and orientation judgments, but when spatial resolution is low (such as the severe blur here), the texture disappears; the brickwork, cement, and grass become uniform regions of color.
Fig. 2 illustrates the impact of lighting direction. The figure shows an indoor scene at four times during the morning of July 21, all easy to interpret with normal vision. We are looking down a hallway in my campus building. There are glass doors to the outside on the left and an open downward staircase to the right. At 7:30 am, there is no direct sunlight near the stairs. By 8:50 am, there are bright patches of sunlight on the carpet and near the step down. There are strong shadow edges, potentially producing false cues to steps or obstacles. At 9:32 am, the pattern has changed again, with the step down now in deep shadow. Finally, by 10:25 am, the dark carpet is bounded by sun, producing a dark rectangular profile that nearly matches the stairwell aperture in shape and lightness. These are enormous lighting and pattern variations, potentially confusing for low vision, which might hide the presence of the stairs.
Fig. 3 shows the same series of scenes, blurred severely to represent the information available to someone with very low acuity. The three-dimensional (3D) cues are mostly gone. The carpet and the stairwell look like similar objects. The sunlight at 8:50 and 9:32 creates a kind of abstract painting of light and dark features. Someone with severe low vision, arriving for the first time, would have no idea that there is a stairwell lurking. The 3D visual world becomes a two-dimensional space of blobs.
I am working with colleagues at the University of Minnesota, University of Utah, and Indiana University on an interdisciplinary project entitled Designing Visually Accessible Spaces (http://www.cs.utah.edu/research/areas/percept/DEVA/). We are studying the problem of visual accessibility with three interdisciplinary approaches: psychophysical, computational, and engineering.
In our psychophysical studies, we have asked how environmental factors interact with an observer's vision status to determine hazard visibility.
Fig. 4A shows our apparatus for studying the visibility of steps and ramps.11 We built a 24-ft-long walkway from sections of wooden staging in a windowless classroom. Lighting is from the overhead fluorescents or artificial windows built from light boxes positioned to study directional lighting. Fig. 4B shows the five targets: Step Up, Step Down, Ramp Up, Ramp Down, and a Flat continuation of the walkway. In the experiments, subjects are located on the walkway, with free viewing in the direction of the target. In a trial, they make a forced-choice decision about which of the five targets is present. Between trials, the subject looks away while one of the five targets is put in position for the next trial. Visibility is measured as percent correct recognition across a block of trials.
In a series of experiments, we have examined the visibility of steps and ramps as a function of a variety of stimulus variables including viewing distance, contrast, lighting arrangement, surface texture, and subject motion. We have tested subjects with normal vision wearing blur goggles to simulate low acuity11,12 as well as subjects with actual low vision.13 In most cases, the effects of stimulus variables were similar for our low-vision subjects and our normally sighted subjects with blur goggles. We have also analyzed the contrast and shape features that distinguish ramps from steps using a probabilistic cue analysis.11
To mention one salient empirical finding: Under most viewing conditions, a step up is more visible than a step down. This is an unfortunate asymmetry given that failing to see a step down is usually more dangerous than failing to see a step up. Another finding of practical importance is that subjects recognize the targets better following locomotion; that is, they do better in recognizing the steps and ramps after walking along the walkway to the viewing location compared with stationary observation from the same location.12
Our computational work has the goal of predicting whether architectural features will be visible to people with low vision. To do this, there are two key requirements: First, modeling must deliver photometrically and geometrically accurate renderings of 3D spaces so that the size and contrast of image features can be represented quantitatively for visual analysis. Most 3D modeling and simulation systems do not faithfully retain photometrically accurate representations of spaces. For this purpose, we have used the open-source Radiance Synthetic Imaging software package (http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/refer/ray.html). This software uses ray tracing to accurately represent light intensities in a 3D rendering of a space, taking into account geometrical and reflectance properties of objects and surfaces, and detailed models of the spectral distribution of light sources.
Second, modeling must also represent the impact of a low-vision observer's reduced acuity and contrast sensitivity. Following Peli's development of a filter representing the effects of the human contrast sensitivity function (CSF),14 we have developed a blurring filter, calibrated to simulate different levels of acuity loss. To represent the effects of acuity reduction in low vision, we shifted the CSF for normal vision leftward along the spatial-frequency axis by an amount equal to the ratio of low-vision to normal clinical acuity. We used standard Fourier transform methods to produce filtered images representing the effective resolution loss for a low-vision observer.
Fig. 5 illustrates this filtering. The top two images show our Step Up and Step Down from a 10-ft viewing distance with no filtering. The lower rows show the steps with simulated 20/200 filtering (the boundary for legal blindness), 20/400, and finally 20/800 (moderately severe low vision). It is evident that the Step Up is consistently more visible because of the luminance contrast between the riser and the adjoining flat surfaces.
Finally, our engineering goal is to create software tools to assist architects in evaluating the visual accessibility of their designs.
Fig. 6 shows the processing pipeline we have in mind for visualizations. The left panel is the scene, based on a 3D Radiance model of our step with down lighting to enhance contrast. This image is processed in two ways. The upper panel shows the acuity-filtered image. The lower panel shows depth edges in orange that could pose hazards, as identified by the computer algorithm. The visualization in the right panel uses both analyses; the green lines are labels for hazard features predicted to be visible for someone with the modeled acuity, and the red lines are labels for features predicted to be below visibility threshold. Both the blurry visualization and the red-and-green labeling could help guide an architect in selecting lighting arrangement, surface colors, or geometry to enhance visibility in the scene.
Several insights have emerged from this ongoing project. Addressing visual accessibility is a hard problem because vision science has not adequately investigated the critical features defining object visibility in the real world. The introspection of normally sighted people is not a reliable guide for predicting the problems of accessibility encountered with low vision. We need practical models of low vision capable of predicting real-world object visibility. Progress will benefit from interdisciplinary collaboration between people with expertise in vision science, low-vision rehabilitation, computer vision/graphics, and architectural design. Those of us with low vision can expedite the process by helping to identify the accessibility problems to be solved.
Reading is a marvelous cultural invention that relies on several highly tuned aspects of visual function including good acuity in central vision, the oculomotor system for guiding reading saccades, and perhaps specific cortical mechanisms such as the visual word-form area. The shapes of written symbols for reading may have been tailored to match the pattern-recognition specialization of human vision.15,16
Reading poses problems for almost everyone with low vision. Traditional hard-copy reading is not inclusive of people who are blind or have low vision. Cattaneo and Vecchi17 pointed out that Marshal McLuhan,18 in his famous essay The Gutenberg Galaxy, referred to the invention of movable type as bringing about the "tyranny of the visual." This "tyranny" has persisted for centuries and has excluded many people with impaired vision from the literate mainstream. Because not much could be done to make print accessible, low-vision reading received little attention. Some analog solutions proved helpful, such as the development of optical magnifiers and large-print books.
The modern electronic era has softened this "tyranny," first by moving text from hard copy onto video screens where it can be manipulated visually, and then into digital representations that can be customized visually or converted to auditory or tactile formats.
We define reading accessibility as rapid and effortless access to the wide variety of text formats commonly found in contemporary society.
The ongoing migration to E-reading should make possible customizable reading displays for low vision. But what role is there for vision science?
Historically, the development of metrics for acuity has gone hand in hand with an interest in visual capability for reading. Letters are dominant as optotypes on acuity charts because they are convenient for testing and because they are directly relevant to reading. The Snellen big-E chart (Fig. 7A) has now given way to modern logMAR acuity charts,19,20 which yield more reliable measures of acuity. We have also learned that letter acuity tells only part of the story for reading vision. This has prompted the development of several reading-acuity charts in recent years, reviewed by Rubin,21 including the MNREAD chart developed in my laboratory.22,23 There is now interest in implementing these tests on electronic displays (Fig. 7B), in part because of the growing prominence of E-readers for both normal and low vision. This gives a whole new meaning to the Big E when it comes to reading and vision.
According to a recent publication on best practices for large print by the Council of Citizens with Low Vision International,24 the text variables of primary importance to consumers with low vision are spacing, print size, contrast, and font style (in this order). All of these are modifiable by digital devices. Over the past 30 years, my colleagues and I, and others, have measured the impact of these and many other text variables on reading performance by people with normal and low vision. Much of this work is summarized in Legge.25
In addition to measuring the parametric dependence of reading speed on text properties such as print size and contrast, we and others have analyzed how reading performance depends on deficits in acuity, contrast sensitivity, and field status.26–30
What is missing? We have not yet translated our extensive knowledge about reading and visual deficits to the customization of text for people with low vision. This gap was emphasized in a recent symposium dealing with online print accessibility conducted by the World Wide Web Consortium.31 The symposium participants decried the lack of information on the accessibility needs of people with low vision "… there are few resources that provide clear guidance on text customization. Additionally, most of this customization has not been well integrated in mainstream user agents (web browsers, etc.), nor is it sufficiently included in some accessibility standards and support material …" In a cogent critique of the gap between psychophysical studies of reading and their application to low-vision e-reading, Wayne Dick, a computer scientist with low vision, wrote in a symposium paper32 "Clinical research has not discovered a clear map to sound policy or assistive technology for reading with low vision."
In short, innovations in reading technology have outstripped our knowledge about low-vision reading. Rarely do eye-care specialists or visually impaired consumers have clear procedures for choosing reading technology. Some savvy individuals undoubtedly discover good solutions on their own, but vision science should provide guidelines for "prescribing" appropriate reading technology for those who have neither the time nor ability to sort through the options.
How might vision researchers contribute to enhancing digital reading accessibility? I will briefly describe two examples of possible approaches.
Most Web designers and others who prepare text used by people with low vision have a poor understanding of the interacting effects of acuity, physical print size, and viewing distance. Current Web accessibility checkers focus primarily on whether digital documents are formatted properly for speech-based screen-reading software, and not for low-vision access.
Similar to my earlier example of visualizing 3D architectural layouts, we can use a CSF-based filter to provide an approximation to the reduced visibility of text from restricted acuity and contrast sensitivity in low vision.
Fig. 8 shows samples of text in three fonts—Courier, Times New Roman, and Verdana. The filtering simulates viewing 18-point print, at 40 cm (16″) with three steps of acuity, ranging from 20/20 (unfiltered) to 20/200. Such acuity-calibrated visualizations could be used by Web designers in evaluating text accessibility for different fonts and formats. This type of software could also be used by clinicians and family members to visualize the reading challenges faced by people with low vision. Of course, such visualizations provide only an approximation to the limitations due to acuity and need empirical validation. They do not capture other impediments to reading such as field restriction.
My next example illustrates why isolating the effects of single text properties on reading, such as print size, font, or line length, is insufficient to address reading accessibility. Instead, we need to address the interacting effects of these display variables.
Many eye-care clinicians report that their low-vision patients are now using iPads, Kindles, and other e-readers. It would be valuable to understand the eye status, reading tasks, and display configurations for which these devices are most useful.
The viability of a particular display for continuous reading may depend on the number of words that can be displayed at one time. This screen capacity in turn depends on the person's reading requirements for character size, number of characters per line, and line separation.
Suppose someone with low vision wants to use an iPhone or iPad for reading. The MNREAD test shows that she needs a print size of at least 2 degrees, and other tests indicate that she also needs at least 12 characters per line and 10 words per screen for fluent reading. Fig. 9 simulates 2-degree text displayed on an iPad3 and an iPhone5 for two fonts (Courier and Times) at viewing distances of 16 in. (top row) and 8 in. (bottom row). Only the iPad at 8 in. viewing distance meets the requirement of at least 12 characters per line and 10 words per screen for both fonts.
This example illustrates the interacting effects of display geometry, acuity, viewing distance, print size, and font. Currently, we only have trial and error to assist this reader in selecting and configuring a mobile device for reading.
These examples demonstrate that vision science can play a role in rational decision making in the choice of accessible e-reading devices. The process of enhancing reading accessibility will ultimately benefit from collaboration between vision scientists, eye-care clinicians, and software/display designers.
I close by posing three challenges for vision researchers with an interest in low vision. We can contribute to visual accessibility (1) by studying the interacting effects of variables in the real world that determine object visibility, (2) by developing more quantitative models of low-vision function, and (3) by collaborating with low-vision specialists, software and hardware developers, and experts in the design professions to solve problems of visual accessibility.
I am deeply grateful to the American Academy of Optometry for honoring me with the 2013 Prentice medal. I am particularly grateful and humbled to be included on the list of eminent Prentice award winners. I also congratulate the other 2013 American Academy of Optometry award recipients.
The two photographs in Fig. 10 represent important aspects of my life trajectory. The photograph on the left shows me with my postdoctoral mentor Fergus Campbell from Cambridge University. We are standing outside Isaac Newton's cottage at Woolsthorpe, near Cambridge. If you look carefully, you may see the apples on our heads. I was an undergraduate physics major, and Newton was a hero of mine; my work in vision science has benefited greatly from my undergraduate studies. Fergus was trained as an ophthalmologist and encouraged me to care deeply about the applications of vision research including low vision. The photograph on the right was taken at Louis Braille's birthplace in Coupvray, France. I am inspecting the table used by Louis's father for harness making. There is a sharp tool on the table, called a serpette, like the tool that caused Louis's eye injury and resulted in his blindness. Braille's brilliant invention of a tactile code for writing made reading accessible for blind people. I use Braille as well as highly magnified print and computer speech for reading.
As of 2013, I have supervised 19 students through the completion of their PhD degrees. They are a source of tremendous pride for me. Much of what I have been able to accomplish in research has been in partnership with these excellent students. In chronological order of their degree dates, they are Dan Kersten (1983), Gary Rubin (1983), Yuanchao Gu (1990), Lisa Isenberg (1992), Vic Riley (1994), Hiro Akutsu (1995), John Hilton (1995), Bosco Tjan (1996), Wendy Braje (1997), Paul Beckmann (1998), Tim Klitz (2000), Alberto Ortiz (2002), Nick Giudice (2004), Sing-Hang Cheung (2005), Deyue (Dion) Yu (2009), Amy Kalia (2009), MiYoung Kwon (2010), Chris Kallie (2012), and Tiana Bochsler (2013).
I have also had wonderful postdocs who have worked with me and who have played critical roles in my research. They include Denis Pelli, Gary Rubin, David Parish, Sonia Ahn, Steve Mansfield, Susana Chung, Beth O'Brien, Brian Stankiewicz, Paul Beckmann, Mark Brady, Allen Cheong, Hye-Won Lee, Fang Fang, Joseph Miller, Amy Kalia, Tingting Liu, and Aurelie Calabrese.
Most of all, I am grateful to my wife Wendy Willson Legge and my son Alex Legge. Wendy was my earliest and most dedicated subject and shares credit for whatever I have achieved. Alex is currently en route to a career in medicine and shares many interests with me including baseball and the neuroscience of vision.
Gordon E. Legge
75 E River Rd
Minneapolis, MN 55455
e-mail: email@example.com
I would like to thank several people for help with figure and manuscript preparation—Tiana Bochsler, Aurelie Calabrese, Rachel Gage, Yingchen He, Chris Kallie, Dan Kersten, Wendy Legge, Rob Shakespeare, and Bill Thompson. Thank you to Aries Arditi, Ian Bailey, and Greg Goodrich for instructive discussion concerning the history of the term "low vision". I also want to thank Aries Arditi, Susana Chung, John Foley, and Gary Rubin for comments on a draft of this article.
I gratefully acknowledge the National Institutes of Health (NIH) for supporting my research on low vision over many years. My research on architectural accessibility has been supported by NIH grant EY017835 and my research on vision and reading by NIH grant EY002934.
I particularly appreciate the advice and encouragement of NIH program officers Connie Atwell, Michael Oberdorfer and Cheri Wiggs.
Received March 10, 2014; accepted May 8, 2014.
low vision; visual impairment; visual accessibility; vision rehabilitation; reading; mobility
© 2014 American Academy of Optometry
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champion karate kidsBy Michael on 21/01/2014 2:48:52 PM
Trifu Dojo is creating little champions on and off the mat. The teachings from the Dojo are applied in their everyday life and that's what martial arts should be about. Also, Trifu dojo has the best little fighters around, they clean up at the national titles. I have two kids enrolled at Trifu Dojo. They will be there for a long time.


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Excedrin Recall
AP. BASEL, Switzerland - Novartis is recallingsome bottles of Excedrin, NoDoz, Bufferin and Gas-X...
< One Year WA Tuition Freeze The Offspring of Higher Budget Ed. Funding
Jul 22, 2013 06:42
Category: General News
Category: General News
College Student Survives
WOODBURY, N.J. (AP) — A college student from southern New Jersey may be lucky to be alive today after being stranded at sea for 16 hours before managing to swim to shore off Honduras. Heather Barnes went to collect coral samples for a college project and got pushed out to sea when she began to cramp. Barnes is back in Florida recovering.


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Printed by John Baskerville Publisher - 4 works / 2 ebooks
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With an aesthetic described by the designer himself as 'optimistic, dynamic and relaxed', British-born, Australian-raised Richard Nicoll is regarded as one of the brightest young fashion designers currently making waves in London. With experience as a freelance consultant for Louis Vuitton alongside Marc Jacobs, and a debut collection bought in its entirety by Dolce & Gabbana, Nicoll has gone on to receive numerous accolades including Best Young Designer at the Elle Style Awards 2008 and the coveted ANDAM fellowship award.
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Anyone can suffer the disappointment of not getting married in time. But for women, because their time is often said to be shorter as their beauty begin to fade as they grow into their 30s, they need to take the right step that will help them find their own mates.
Here are 12 things that they should avoid:
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Written by Ag Fox on 26.03.2010 at 14:45
You should have worked harder to get this review out before the awards
Written by Edmund Fogg on 26.03.2010 at 18:32
Wow...This album takes you in completely.It slowly gets in your head and make it impôssible for you to do anything else but listen.So much power in the vocals and the beat.And this is only a dbut album.They Rock
Written by Marcel Hubregtse on 26.03.2010 at 18:44
Written by Edmund Fogg on 26.03.2010 at 18:32
Wow...This album takes you in completely.It slowly gets in your head and make it impôssible for you to do anything else but listen.So much power in the vocals and the beat.And this is only a dbut album.They Rock
Will be seeing them for the second time live tonight (now opening for Esoteric). But live they have Pim Blankenstein of Officium Tirste doing the grunt, plus of course Ed himself doing the clean vocals, and guitars, and Bram Bijlhout also of Officium Triste hadnling guitar, as well as Petra Gruijt on guitar, Dirk Bruinen of Adagio, Patrick Rondat, Elegy handling the drums and Daniël Huijben of Cirrha Niva on bass.
Written by Clintagräm on 30.03.2010 at 02:16
Listening to "One Last Smoke" I can't help but notice Ed's vocals sound a little low in the mix; like they are behind the guitar's wall of sound. Perhaps it is just my speakers, but does anyone else notice this? Otherwise, it sounds pretty good so far; different for Ed, but good.
Written by corrupt on 30.03.2010 at 14:45
For someone not in general into doom who enjoys his occasional Candlemass, this album doesn't deliver quite as advertised. I've been listening to it for two weeks now and I'm continuously put off by the profanity of it's lyrics. Just like black metal I like doom to be somewhat mystical and subtle in lyrics. The atmosphere created by the music can either be amplified by well-written lyrics or dampened by blunt worldly ones. The more I listen to this album the more it becomes apparent that the latter is taking place here.
Written by Marcel Hubregtse on 30.03.2010 at 19:35
I don't really see any profanity in the lyrics (where is all the swearing?) However, the lyrics are direct and hit home hard. But imo that is a good thing considering the subject matter which I think doesn't call for something mystical and subtle. But, of course that is just my opinion here.
Written by corrupt on 30.03.2010 at 19:59
Profanity doesn't only mean being vulgar. It also describes worldlyness as opposed to using metaphors and actually painting a picture you can reflect upon instead of hitting you in the face with the exact words you want to convey with no room for the listeners fantasy to work on the material.


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lol im refreshing the wakfu mag page like a motherfogger XD
cant wait
Play a Foggernaut with the WAKFU Mag #2 Info - 2012-09-12 12:18Back to list
That's easy; you just need to visit our WAKFU Mag interface! Once you purchased yours, your account will automatically receive access to the class.
How to be part of the first ones to play a Foggernaut?
- Go on the WAKFU Mag page from September 14th
- Make sure you're logged in with the account you want to play your Foggernaut on
- Purchase your copy
- Log into the game with the same account
- Create your Foggernaut!
Comments (47) Comment on the forum...
Ugly Gobball
wimbie2 14 September 2012 05:37
Ugly Gobball
KidWicked 14 September 2012 07:38
Lazy Bow Meow
cyclewar 14 September 2012 09:03
My F5 button is broken now...
Lead Community Manager
[Troyle] 14 September 2012 09:16
You can give a little rest to your F5 button, the WAKFU Mag shouldn't come out before this afternoon.
krutaismagisters 14 September 2012 13:27
How much loooonger?!
Senior Moderator
[MOD]O-Respeitador 14 September 2012 13:33
Don't worry guys when the mag is available the Cookie Monster (Troyle) will announce it
O Respeitador
Don't worry guys when the mag is available the Cookie Monster (Troyle) will announce it
O Respeitador
Sargent-Wiggest 14 September 2012 14:33
They should release the Magazine when the clock hits 3 or 4 pm in France
Hudski 14 September 2012 15:23
This is Some BS.....why anounce that one can get mag 14:th like 3weeks ahead and when the day comes...look what happens
You do understand that a day is a 24 hour period, right? Currently only 15 hours have passed, Ankama still have 9 hours to release the Mag with.
Stop getting impatient, all of you.
Nanaksanamoon 14 September 2012 15:38
well yes i do know that there is 24h in a day,,,,,but we expected it to come at the start of this day...not at the end of it, but yea we can wait thats what we mostly do here anywayz so lets all waiiiiiit^^


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Courtesy photo More than 100 people gathered at Ute Lake this summer for the Ute Lake Camp Meeting. Organizers say they are excited to see the Mesa Redondo Cowboy Camp reborn at the lake and are already planning next year's camp meeting.
Sharna Johnson
Organizers of the Ute Lake Camp Meeting are excited to see a near 30-year tradition resurrected and reborn at the same time.
Formerly known as the Mesa Redondo Cowboy Camp Meeting, this year saw a return of the summer worship gathering for the first time in three years.
Attendees had the option to camp overnight during the three-day gathering and shared meals, song and worship.
Started in Clovis in 1978, the camp meeting was eventually moved to Mesa Redondo until the early 2000s, when it was moved to Ned Houk Park north of Clovis.
The gathering began to fizzle and, by 2007, died out, according to Camp Manager Dan Pearce.
But there were those who hated to see it go, particularly Pearce and Wilma Fulgham.
And each credits the other with being instrumental in bringing the camp meeting back to life.
Fulgham, who was involved in organizing the first camp meeting in 1978, said she was excited when Pearce showed an interest in trying to bring it back and even more excited to see it actually happen.
"Of course I'm thrilled. I'm very thankful," she said.
Held in late June, the camp meeting drew more than 100 worshipers daily, about 40 of which stayed and camped, said Pearce.
And the non-denominational camp meeting had a new feel this time around, he said, expanding beyond its cowboy foundation to attract a diverse group of outdoor lovers from throughout the state who wanted to share in fellowship.
The camp meeting drew people from all walks of life and religions ranging from Baptist to Catholic and more.
Fulgham said holding the gathering at Ute Lake and broadening the appeal beyond the cowboy culture gives it a more secure future and one she believes can reach more people.
"It opens up a lot of opportunities with the lake there. We just want to provide a ministry in the lake setting," she said.
"We just want to reach people for Christ. By taking the cowboy out of the name, we can appeal to people who might say, 'Well, I'm not a cowboy so I don't have any business going'."
But it still has a distinctly western feel to it, she said.
Pearce said the concept of camp meetings is drawn from the late 1800s, when people would travel from miles away in the fall to gather for "Brush Arbors" or camp meetings.
"We just kind of tried to recapture that experience of getting back to camping and getting back to real worship," he said.
Because of the success the camp experienced this year, Pearce said organizers have already begun planning next year's, which will also be held in June.


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Viall Brings Style to JLA
November 7, 2005-- Home Textiles Today,
Greensboro, N.C. — Martha Viall has joined JLA Fabrics as senior stylist.
Viall most recently was with Tietex and earlier had worked with Burlington House and Culp in styling positions.
She reports to Tayo Onadein, vice president, design.
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Today, I'm being admitted to the hospital for severe exhaustion. Why am I exhausted? For spending 12 hours at the hospital while my sister gave birth. The same hospital I'm being admitted to. FML
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Star Wars: The Clone Wars series
Posted 14 May 2014 - 11:22 PM
Posted 15 May 2014 - 12:17 AM
Keith is right. Watch the Tartakovsky series until episode 21, then watch all of TCW then continue at episode 22. Apparently you can even go down to the minute mark on where you'rs supposed to stop. /nerrrrrds
I do feel very strongly that watching TCW in chronological order is important. A lot of people say it's not big deal but it messes with the overall feel of the story if you just power through it on netflix. Especially in S2-early 3 and the first episode of 5 if watched too early.
My thoughts after finishing it are that with knowing how E3 played out, the S6 Yoda arc didn't fit at all. It makes Yoda look senile and stupid. Everything he saw and experienced through the force, then along comes E3 and he's just as stumped as everyone else about what the hell is going on. It doesn't go well together in that aspect.
Adding to what's been said:
Anakin: Still fully believable that he falls easily. Why? He's selfish, proud, egotistical and quick to anger. Palpatine plays off all of those things and he sees his one reason for living die in a vision. Nothing else matters. I could go into EU explanations that make his fall in E3 much more believable but none of that matters anymore.
Ashoka: I think her ending might have been a "tv getting too far ahead of itself" kind fo thing to be honest. I'd have to look into it, but I bet they had grand plans for something later in the series and that "later" never came. S6 is a clear indicator of that.
Rex: Left hanging. Wookieepedia basically just has him not part of the 501st anymore. GG WP KTHXBAI. I don't know why, though I haven't really looked into it either.
The clones turning on the Jedi is explained as clear as day. While I don't necessarily like it, it makes a hell of a lot more sense than "they were just following orders." More like "you will do this because you literally have no other choice in the matter since before you were born."
Episode order guide spoiler'd for size:
Edited by Chewie, 15 May 2014 - 12:19 AM.
Posted 15 May 2014 - 03:03 AM
The problem with Annakin turning is the same one that existed in Return of the Jedi, Lucas is NOT that good of a writer. What the Emperer/Palpatine was saying was just not believable enough to turn anyone. An example of this story (turning to evil) done right is "The Godfather", a little chip here and a little chip there...
Posted 15 May 2014 - 04:54 AM
Im not sure it was so much Anakin having the ability to kill younglings as it was anakin accepting the dark side, for what he though was a necessity, which then allowed him to kill younglings. If you know what Im saying.
I mean the only reason he didn't allow mace to kill Palpatine was for his own selfish reasons and wanting to learn how he can save padme.
Edited by ErikElvis, 15 May 2014 - 04:57 AM.
Posted 15 May 2014 - 07:16 AM
The Clones and Order 66 was explained, but what I was wondering was what happens to them after? When Fives lost his $hit and wanted to kill Jedi, he also lost his personality momentarily. If the chip in their head works properly, do they stay in that trance-like state for the rest of their lives, or do they revert and get their individual personalities back? If they stay automatons, then there's no worry, no questions, but if they revert, there's going to be a big WTF from the clones, just like Fives experienced after killing squid-head. Yeah, they're supposed to obey orders without question, but we've seen evidence of that not always being true.
The series built up a huge fan base for the Clones themselves, the writers went to the trouble to build them up, give them individual characters, likeable ones too, so to have them all instantly turn into mindless zombies after Order 66 kind of blows.
Watching the Jedi Order was like watching a victim in a horror movie going into a dark basement alone where Freddy Kruger is waiting to cut them up. You know it's going to happen, you scream at the television for them not to go there, but they do anyways and get *ucked, haha!
I can't believe they wasted two whole episodes on Jar Jar in that last season.
Edited by peter, 15 May 2014 - 07:17 AM.
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What is your plan? Will you be paying the loans periodically? You can't have NO idea.
Initial Budget:
$95,000 loan from family
$28,250 small business loan from bank
All loans to be repaid in 10 years
I will use 30% of my budget ($123,250) to rent business space and pay for utilities. An investor has increased my budget by $18,250, and does not need to be repaid. Rather, he becomes part owner of my business.
Will the investor contribute enough money to meet the cost of rent and utilities? I need help with an equation or inequality that illustrates an answer. Thanks!
If my budget is alotted for rent is $36,975 (30% of my original budget of $123,250) and an investor increases my budget by $18,250 does the investor contribute enough to cover rent? I think the question itself confuses me. Should the 30% be figured after the investor contribution increases my original budget?
I would appreciate any ideas anyone has on turning this into an equation or inequality... Thanks much!!
You cannot just compare 36975 with 18250. You must first see what you are already able to pay and see if 18250 manages to make up the difference.
In order for you to see what you already are paying, there must be terms on the loans. To keep it relatively simple, let's ignore interest and repay annually.
Family Loan: 95,000 ==> Repay annually 9500 = 95000 / 10
Bank Loan: 28,250 ==> Repay annually 2825 = 28250 / 10
Budget Allotment: 36975 = 123250 * 0.30
Shortfall: 36975 - 9500 - 2825 = 24650
Investor Conribution: 18250 < 24650 -- You'll need another investor!
Note: These interest free loans are great! Where can I get one?


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November 15, 2012
The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission's Fiscal Year 2012 Financial Statement Audit
KPMG, LLP concluded that the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (Commission) as of September 30, 2012, and its net costs, changes in net position, budgetary resources, and custodial activity for the years then ended, in conformity with United States generally accepted accounting principles.
The auditors' review of the Commission's internal control structure and compliance with certain laws and regulations disclosed no material weaknesses or instances of noncompliance required to be reported under generally accepted Government auditing standards or applicable Office of Management and Budget guidance.
Topic: Management & Administration


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Iodine is an essential micronutrient required by the body that is found in a limited number of foods, which means that many individuals require additional sources of iodine to meet their daily requirement. Without these additional sources, a range of disorders referred to as Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDDs) may present themselves. IDDs are the leading cause of preventable mental impairment, with more than two billion people worldwide at risk due to insufficient iodine nutrition. IDD is especially damaging during the early stages of pregnancy and in early childhood. In their most severe form, IDDs include cretinism, stillbirth, miscarriage, and increased infant mortality.
Since 1994, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) have recommended universal salt iodization (USI) as a safe, cost-effective, and sustainable strategy to ensure sufficient intake of iodine by all individuals. However, USI has, in practice, tended to focus only on table salt and not all salt destined for human consumption. Recent trends, particularly in industrialized countries, show that individuals are consuming the majority of their salt through processed foods, in which iodized salt is generally not used, rather than through iodized table salt. Additionally, recent initiatives to encourage reduced sodium consumption have prompted many consumers to reduce their intake of iodized table salt. While these trends in sodium consumption are more frequently observed in industrialized countries, they are expanding into many developing countries where iodine deficiency is also a concern. Thus, countries that focus on iodization of table salt alone may not achieve optimal iodine nutrition of their population.
Iodized Salt Project Parameters The Institute of Food Technologists, under contract to the Micronutrient Initiative (MI), assessed the use of iodized salt in processed foods in 39 countries of interest to MI's USI program (Table 1). MI is a nonprofit organization dedicated to ensuring that the world's most vulnerable individuals, especially women and children in developing countries, get the vitamins and minerals they need to survive and thrive. The project aimed to determine if iodized salt was used in processed foods, whether or not there are policies in place to influence dietary salt reduction and how these efforts are implemented, as well as iodine nutrition knowledge among food processors in the countries of interest.
In Phase 1 of the work, IFT conducted a desk review to determine the types and level of processed food consumption in the 39 countries of interest to MI, as well as to identify suppliers of the major processed foods consumed and the use of salt as an ingredient in those products. Sixteen countries were then further evaluated in Phase 2 (Table 2). IFT reached out to food company representatives to determine their use of iodized salt in processed food products, their sources of salt, their awareness of iodine nutrition and salt as a fortification vehicle, and their interest in learning more about salt iodization.
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Tony Paul Estate Agents have been selling property in Northolt and the surrounding Areas since 1997 from their office in Northolt Village. They take pride in the fact that as a result of sheer determination and confidence in what they do, they are probably the No.1 Estate Agents within the area.
"The local market is vibrant" ...says Tony, "we have a good range of properties on our books, our sales which have been agreed are progressing smoothly, and we are getting very positive feedback from our vendors, so all the hard work we have put into establishing Tony Paul Estate Agents is already paying dividends".
Both Tony and Paul previously worked as branch managers for a corporate estate agency, achieving individual success in these roles before they decided to go it alone and set up an independent agency. Paul brings local knowledge to the business which helps to make accurate property valuations. Tony, meanwhile, specialises in the office administration, overseeing each stage of the sale to completion. They also have a panel of surveyors and solicitors whom they work closely with, matching the professionals, young or old, male or female, to suit the needs of the client.
The company offers Sales, Lettings and Financial Services. Image Finance Limited are independent Financial Advisers and they are on hand to give advice on mortgages and other financial products.
Tony and Paul know that, like any company, Tony Paul Estate Agents will only succeed on the strength of it's reputation. Tony puts it like this......
"Our customers know that when they call us, they will be dealing with one of the two partners and that we are personally motivated to see each sale or let through to conclusion. We know equally that if any difficulties arise, we will sort them out as promptly as possible. We are paid to worry about people's problems, and that's what we do".
If you require any further details with regards to Property Sales, Lettings or Financial Services then please call (020) 8845 5253.
211 Ealing Road, Northolt, UB5 5HS


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Vault10190 wrote on Greggy-IGN's wall
"thank you greggy for a great job. and everyone at IGN. just one little bug and that was the quality of the live feed, but the presenting was great and kept me entertained and wanting more live feeds across the future."
Spazo it was a bit laggy because of how many people were viewing at the same time4 years ago
Vault10190 im surpised they made it through the whole thing and i do congratulate them on that i just hope the problem can be solved for next time. it will be great to watch a live feed in 720 or even 1080.4 years ago
Spazo whatever it is right?! Some reason I dont think it will be called any of that... it will be fresh and new4 years ago
Spazo btw thanks for the comment for http://www.ign.com/blogs/spazo/2013/02/20/what-is-your-favorite-playstation-game-of-all-time however it is not showing up on my blog page lol4 years ago
Vault10190 its showing up now, and no worries man ive just got into this ign subscription so its good to look around and see what others have to say. cheers for the chats but i have to be of got to be up in 2 hours :)4 years ago
Spazo yeah im close to only in 2 hours too have a good one4 years ago


text: Please send your request at least two weeks prior to the date you want your broadcast sent. Also, please understand that any requests submitted with a target date less than 2 weeks away may not be processed by the date requested and therefore they may not reach your intended audience in a timely manner. Requests that adhere to the policy will take precedent over those submitted late.


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Michelle Obama Wears Naeem Khan for National Prayer Service
An ivory coat and dress.
For today's prayer service at the Washington National Cathedral, the First Lady chose a custom-made wool coat and dress by Naeem Khan and beige kitten heels. Khan, like Jason Wu and Reed Krakoff, is another one of Michelle's go-to designers. She wore gowns by him to both the state dinners for Germany and India and to last year's White House Correspondents' Dinner.
Zoom in for a closer look at the coat and dress's appliqué and embellished trim.


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Located on the northern shore of the Lake Woerthersee, a plethora of sports activities is available. A particular asset is the proximity to many golf clubs in the region.
Elegant Designer Villa with Gorgeous View, Villach, Carinthia 9220 Austria is a 別荘 / タウンハウス for 売買 with .
© 1999 – 2015 Christie's International Real Estate all rights reserved.


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Amazon city is the World Cup winnerTHE ASSOCIATED PRESS | December 07,2013COSTA DO SAUIPE, Brazil The Amazon jungle city of Manaus was the big winner at the World Cup draw.
Branded the place ideally to avoid by England coach Roy Hodgson this week, the humid, steamy city far distant from the soccer hotspots of Brazil became the tournaments must-see venue on Friday.
Manaus got lucky beyond its dreams despite being awarded just four group-stage matches at the 44,000-capacity Arena Amazonia.
England vs. Italy tops a four-match World Cup bill on the opening Saturday, and Cristiano Ronaldos Portugal comes to play the United States on the second Sunday.
Two more European visitors must also trek northward: Croatia vs. Cameroon and Switzerland vs. Honduras.
Miguel Capobiango, World Cup coordinator for the Amazon state governors office, told The Associated Press: We won the World Cup today.
Some team coaches did not share his enthusiasm.
Switzerland coach Ottmar Hitzfeld is now rethinking his teams plans of training more than 1,680 miles away near Sao Paulo. His fellow German Volker Finke, the Cameroon coach, described the prospect of playing in Manaus as a little bit of a problem.
Hodgson steered clear of making strong statements Friday after previously igniting the Manaus mayors anger.
I have never been to the Amazon. It will be a very interesting experience, not just for me but for the team, Hodgson said after the draw.
We would also prefer that England doesnt come, Manaus mayor Arthur Virgilio had said on the eve of the draw. We hope to get a better team and a coach who is more sensible and polite.
Naturally, the draw fulfilled Englands long-shot odds of opening the show for Manaus on June 14.
Hes one of the few people in the world who is not curious about the Amazon, who doesnt want to know Manaus, Mayor Virgilio said of Hodgson.
As a keen reader, Hodgson probably already knows that English influence runs deep in the history of Manaus. British businesses came to the Amazon for its rubber, invested in architecture copying the style from back home, and workers left behind the soccer clubs they created more than 100 years ago.
We have plans that you can come and fish for piranhas, Capobiango said of the city nestled near where the Amazon and Negro rivers join at the meeting of the waters.
The Manaus area is also known for alligators, snakes, famously big spiders and potentially a few mildly hostile locals.
Brazil favored to
win World Cup;
Brazil was made a 3-1 favorite to win the 2014 World Cup it will be hosting.
The Brazilians remained at the same odds after Fridays draw as they held going into it.
Argentina was next at 9-2, barely up from 5-1 odds, according to the professional oddsmakers Keith Glantz and Russell Culver. Germany was 5-1, followed by defending champion Spain at 7-1.
The United States, placed in a difficult group with Germany, Portugal (30-1) and Ghana (175-1) for the first round, dropped from 60-1 to 150-1.
Were excited, U.S. goalkeeper Tim Howard said. Were looking forward to the challenge and we think were a good team. We think were a good team that can get better in a lot of areas. Thats going to be the challenge for us and the motivation for us in the next six months.
France, at 20-1, sneaked ahead of top seeds Uruguay (25-1) and Switzerland (100-1) in the odds.
Other highly touted teams were Belgium (14-1) and Colombia (20-1).
The longest odds are 1,500-1 for Costa Rica, Honduras and Iran.MORE IN Wire SportsOXON HILL, Md. Full StoryOXON HILL, Md. No surprise that Chris Sale got traded. Full StoryHeisman Trophy winner Rashaan Salaam was found dead Monday night in a Boulder park less than two... Full Story
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April 20, 2007
Who is next?
Funkypundit is starting to warm to Fred Thompson. This is a big deal because he had previously been in the "Rudy, and Rudy only" camp.
UPDATE: YAY! Allah is next! He links to Fred's piece in NRO and writes "Im not saying Im not voting for Rudy. But Im not saying Im not not voting for Rudy, either."Posted by Karol at April 20, 2007 12:59 PM | TrackBack
Technorati Tags: Fred+Thompson
Doesn't Fred have cancer? That's a major red flag for Presidential Candidate, usually.Posted by: Pokerwolf at April 20, 2007 02:25 PM
I'd vote for Fred or Rudy.
I'll vote twice if Hillary is the Dem's nominee.Posted by: Chilly at April 20, 2007 02:34 PM
That NRO column (and some previous ones) has me swaying away from Rudy, too.
Fred's cancer is in remission just like Rudy's.Posted by: SistaInfidel at April 20, 2007 03:27 PM
The latest polls show Fred Thompson taking support away from Rudy. Introducing Thompson into the polls has coincided with a steep drop for Rudy.Posted by: Patrick at April 23, 2007 04:24 PM


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Undergraduate Frequently Asked Questions
- Those applying for the Traditional or ACE Program should submit the application online.
- Transfers are those who enrolled and took courses in a nursing program. You may submit application online under the section as a transfer. Transfer applicants must select Traditional or ACE track upon applying.
- Those applying to the RN to BS program may submit a paper application to:
Office of Academic Assistance
Byrdine F. Lewis School of Nursing and Health Professions
Georgia State University
PO Box 3995
Atlanta, GA 30302-3995
Please allow recommender ample time to submit your recommendation before application deadline. Students are responsible to ensure recommendation letters are submitted only by recommenders.
- Provide recommenders your Georgia State Panther ID Number,
- Program applying; Traditional, ACE or both.
- Term you are applying
- Your email address.
- Each letter of recommendation submitted must be on an official letterhead providing complete address of company or affiliated organization.
- One letter must be academic (preferable college level); the other may be academic or professional.
- Letters must include full name, title/position, telephone number and organization affiliated.
- Each letter should be signed with an authentic recommender's handwritten signature or electronic digital signature, dated and in the appropriate letter format. No computer signatures will be accepted unless using software to allow a digital signature.
- All academic references must be placed on letterhead to avoid reduction in application points.
Georgia State University
Byrdine F. Lewis School of Nursing and Health Professions
School of Nursing
Attn: Admissions Coordinator
P.O. Box 4019
Atlanta, GA 30302-4019
Byrdine F. Lewis School of Nursing and Health Professions
Georgia State University
PO Box 3995
Atlanta, GA 30302-3995


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Meridian, Idaho
Local Online Shopping Mall
You can locate Meridian retail shops, annual community events, entertainment activities, and Treasure Valley service providers via your computer or mobile device here on Meridian Online Mall.
Shop Locally With Meridian Businesses
Meridian Online Mall is not like most traditional shopping malls since it is open 24/7, 365 days a year. This online shopping mall provides shopping opportunities with Meridian, Idaho companies, retail merchants, Treasure Valley service providers and Idaho business professionals.
Shopping locally is growing in popularity each day and consumers can now save time by locating Meridian businesses online.
Help support your local economy by shopping with Meridian businesses. Instead of driving around save your gas and visit our merchants websites through the mall portal. Find local merchants online and then visit the brick and mortar location when the time is right for you.
Meridian, Idaho and the Treasure Valley
Retail Merchants - Service Providers - Idaho Professionals
Shop Meridian, Idaho the third largest city in Idaho from your home, office, or mobile device. Stay informed of holiday events, upcoming local concerts, and find great discount coupons, deals, including gift cards from local businesses.
Upcoming Concerts and Fun Family Events in and around Meridian, Idaho
Visit the Community Corner section of our newsletter to see all the great activities happening this month in Meridian!
A Night Out in Meridian Giveaway
Meridian Online Mall's weekly giveaway, A Night Out in Meridian, sends a lucky winner each week out to dinner at a local restaurant and a movie at Majestic Cinemas. Click below for your chance to win!


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Campus dining is a tough business. Space is usually tight. Class schedules and weekly routines make staffing difficult and create a tremendous amount of operational pressure. For students, on-campus options can be limited and long lines and wait times are often unavoidable. At peak times, it's a pretty stressful experience for everyone. Luckily, help is here. And it has come from an unexpected place: the students' mobile phone. Across the country, many campuses ...
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Valentine's Day can never get sweeter and musical (and easier.) If your heart is singing, the time is now to croon, hum, swing and dance. And Serenade is the way to fix up your date; hold it, rather there are 640 of your own ways, to tune up; and make the romantic date with a capital R.
Heineken has bent the tech-world to bring out the loveliest of all the Facebook Apps. See the following fun video
and let the bubbling mood flow; create a serenade, a song full of feelings; and what you two can be together. That's how easy it is. And you can say all this in as many as 20 languages. Heineken's Serenade proves again that Valentines have only one language and that's love.
Four Clicks Away:
Just four clicks do the trick. Add this Apps and click "Who" is that special person you want as your date on this Valentine's Day; and then click "Why" and say all you can and want to celebrate only with that partner. Make it interesting and compelling, select "What" and plan what you want to do. Want to go bowling, want to Karaoke or a pleasant dinner and a dance – decide what you think is best.
It's all about you:
That leaves only the final step, press "Why Me," yes, go ahead, and do a bit of convincing her or him to step out with you. If you feel that, this is the most difficult part of all, that's where Heineken's Serenade comes to your help. No nail biting or sweating it out to buy that classic and legacy heart-shaped greeting card: forget it – this is all about you and your date now. Use any of the 640 tunes and sing yourself straight into the heart.
Tweeters can find this new Valentine's Day (technology?) at @Heineken, #Serenade, #SerenadeLive and #Serenade Your Date
Be sure and jive with millions of Valentines the world over, may be you can break global barriers.
The "Serenade Live" Event (Live Streaming): 9th February
London: 6pm – 3am, New York: 1pm – 10pm and Sydney: 5am – 2pm are the timings when the event of lyrics and magic will be on.
Heineken's YouTube channel features the incredible event, the "Serenade Live" for eight melodious and wonderful hours on 9 February.


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Nobody sitting ringside was more disappointed in the gruesome leg injury suffered by Anderson Silva Saturday night in Las Vegas than Roy Jones Jr. Jones has been longing to face Silva in the ring in a fight using boxing rules, but with Silva certain to be out of action for an extended period, it was reported on FOX Sports 1 that Jones has turned his attention to Nick Diaz.
Boxing News -- 24 hours/day - Reload often! | UPDATED TODAY
email@example.com updated all day, every day!
email@example.com updated all day, every day!
Boxing News
With Anderson Silva out, Roy Jones Jr. wants to fight Nick Diaz now
December 29th, 2013
For all the latest boxing news, click here.


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John Daniel Judy
John Daniel Judy, born 28 Jul 1874, was the first child of Mathias and Amanda Slater Judy.
He was killed in a fall trying to board a Pennsylvania Engine at Sharpsville. He was thrown under the wheels, according to the Sharon Herald from Wed 15 Sept 1909, the day he died. He lived in Sharpsville.
Click on the City or Town name right under the name of the photograph, to view more photographs from that city or town. If there's a county listed, you can view more photographs from that county. If you see a surname listed under the title of the photograph, you can click on that surname or surnames to view more photos that are associated with that surname. Same thing works with any of the other "tags" listed right under the title of the photograph. You may be able to make the photo larger, if the original photograph was larger than the photo shown here. Click on the word "original" above and a window will open with a the photo in a larger size. Want to add some information or comment on this photo? Click on "Add new comment" above.


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Sunday, March 3, 2013
Le Pitturnelle
If I've ever posted this before, I don't recall, and I've looked through past posts not finding it. This is Le Pitturnelle, a pair of single family houses that Gil and I built not far from Villa Massei, in Massa Macinaia, where we make our home, eight kilometers from the ancient walled city of Lucca.
The house in the distance was sold a year ago but the one in the foreground is still available. It's a sunny Tuscan lifestyle, an independent three bedroom house that can easily be closed up for the season and yet it has a sizable garden with more than enough space for a swimming pool.
The houses are immersed in the green of a small village where olive groves and vineyards alternate with vegetable gardens and sunny terraces.
We've paid great attention to detail in executing our own design of these country houses that look as though they've been there since the 18th century, but we've held ourselves back on the garden which is ready, rather, to take whatever form the new owner might choose.
The view to the east-southeast is of rolling green hillsides and the gardens of Villa Massei in the distance.
And the interior is up to date, large open spaces for an easy, modern lifestyle.
Write to me for details at firstname.lastname@example.com.
2 comments:
- Jane and Lance Hattatt said...
Hello Paul:
Knowing, as we do, the exact location of this house, we cannot pass over this post without saying, as we truly believe, that the situation alone is as near to perfection as it is possible to be. The house itself has so obviously been finished to the highest possible standard that it, and its garden, which could be as much or as little as might be desired, is as near to an idyll as one is likely to find.
Oh for a strong Forint against a weakening Euro!!
- March 3, 2013 at 3:09 PM
- Laurent said...
Oh, no, I don't think you should part with it. This was a very pretty litter and I think you should feel entitled to keep a pup for yourselves. Moreover, as you'll remember, even Philip Johnson had a television house, and this could be your chance to indulge that racy medium at a discreet but convenient remove from the Villa.
- March 4, 2013 at 1:12 AM


text: Ebrahim Hosain is a Pakistan law firm with offices in Karachi and Lahore. We are a full service law firm with leading practitioners in the field of corporate advisory and dispute resolution services. Thus, whether you are a foreign investor contemplating a transaction in Pakistan or a local business requiring legal advice, our team of experienced lawyers will provide all the local legal guidance and advice which you may require in a professional and efficient manner .... Read More


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United States >
Manufacturing >
Industrial Adhesives & Tapes >
Support >
What is GHS?
GHS is the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals developed to promote a universal standard for hazard communication around the world. However, the standard is not required and participating countries are allowed to adopt only portions of it. Therefore, while GHS is a significant step toward the development of a single global standard, GHS will not lead to true global harmonization of hazard classification and hazard communication.
Is GHS relevant to North America?
Yes. In May 2012, the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) aligned its existing Hazard Communication Standard with the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS). The result is the new Hazard Communication Standard 2012 (HazCom 2012). As a result of this change, OSHA will now require one standardized format for safety data sheets (SDSs) and prescribed wording and hazard symbols on labels. As with the old standard, HazCom 2012 does not apply to consumer products.
Canada is expected to align its existing hazard communication standard with GHS by early 2014, but as of yet final regulation and implementation dates have not been published. Canada does not have a specific date for the release of their new regulation as the change requires parliamentary approval. Differences between US and Canadian adoption of GHS are expected.
What is the impact on 3M Company?
As a chemical product manufacturer/importer, 3M Company will be required to evaluate the hazards of every industrial and commercial product according to HazCom 2012 and where appropriate prepare labels and safety data sheets in the new format to convey the hazard information to downstream users. 3M Company is committed to complying with the requirements of HazCom 2012 and will ensure compliance by OSHA's deadline of June 1, 2015.
As a customer, what changes can I expect to see?
This will require significant changes to all 3M Company (US) safety data sheets (previously MSDS's) and industrial product labels. 3M Company will phase in HazCom 2012 compliant safety data sheets and labels over a period of time. During this period you can expect to see both old and new format SDSs and labels. As with the old standard, HazCom 2012 does not apply to consumer products. Therefore, consumer labels will remain unchanged.
Where can I get more information about 3M Company's GHS implementation?
This page will provide GHS related information to our customers. We will update the page as new information regarding the GHS implementation process becomes available. At the top of the page you will find important GHS related documents available to download.
If you have further questions, please contact your local sales representative, customer service at 1-800-362-3550, or submit your inquiry online via the "contact us" button.
ASC Provides Members with GHS Customer Guidance ►
ASC GHS Guidance Document ►
GHS Letter to distribution ►
Contact us if you need product, technical or application advice or want to collaborate with a 3M Technical Specialist.
Ask a 3M Design Specialist
© 3M 2016. All Rights Reserved.


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Garland "Bunk" Horton Sr., 93, of Amarillo died Friday, Feb. 16, 2007.
Graveside services will be at 2 p.m. Monday in Llano Cemetery with Bradley Speer, pastor of Southwest Baptist Church, officiating. Arrangements are by Rector Funeral Home Osage Chapel, 2800 S. Osage St.
Mr. Horton's favorite hobbies included hiking at Palo Duro Canyon and fishing at Lake Tangelwood. He also enjoyed woodworking with his son. He retired from ASARCO after having worked there 25 years. He had been a deacon at Southwest Baptist Church.
He was preceded in death by his wife, Vada, on April 12, 2004; and a son, Allen Dean Horton, in October 2004.
Survivors include a son, Garland M. Horton Jr. and wife Christi of Amarillo; two granddaughters, Janice Arcabiscio and husband Tony of Canyon and Kim Horton of Dallas; two grandsons, John Horton and Joe Horton, both of Dallas; a great-granddaughter, Alyssa Arcabiscio of Canyon; and a great-grandson, Ian Horton of Dallas; a sister, Jane Brown of Dumas; and numerous cousins, nieces and nephews.
Sign the online guest book at www.RectorFuneralHome.com.
Amarillo Globe-News, Feb. 18, 2007
© 2016. All Rights Reserved. | Contact Us


text:
Investigators interested in perceptual development are encouraged to
apply for the following position:
DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGIST The Department of Psychology at Michigan State University seeks applications for an academic year tenure-track position at the rank of Assistant Professor effective August 16, 2002. We seek a developmental psychologist with interests in cognitive development to complement our strengths in cognitive science. We are interested in candidates who have demonstrated the potential to be productive researchers and effective teachers at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. Investigators with postdoctoral experience are especially encouraged to apply, as are women and members of minority groups. Review of applications will begin November 1, 2001 and continue until the position is filled. Applicants should send a vitae, representative reprints/preprints, and three letters of recommendation to Hiram Fitzgerald, Ph. D., Developmental Search Committee, Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1117. MSU is an AA/EO Institution.
--------- About this list: http://www.visionscience.com/vsList.html
This archive was generated by hypermail 2b29 : Tue Sep 25 2001 - 13:24:58 PDT


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This photo was taken by the brilliant Kensa Photography at a very fun wedding in Taunton, Somerset that I was at a couple of weekends ago. I'm using it because I am doing my best "stock photo" face which I feel conveys the elatedness of being able to see perfectly without contact lenses or glasses.
I was meant to blog after my two month check-up but it's actually been four months now since I had my epi-LASEK laser eye surgery in February. I am pleased to report that at my two month check-up, my vision was tested to be better than 20:20 at 20:15 (which means I can see at 20 feet away what normal people can see at only 15 feet).
For those of you who checked in with me about my left eye which I said was a little less sharp than my right eye, it still isn't quite as sharp as my right eye. This isn't to say that the vision in my left eye is bad – it's just that my right eye is extra, extra sharp now. I would never know that my left eye wasn't as good as my right eye if I didn't keep covering up each eye in turn to see the difference. The difference is only at very far, far away distances and is only noticeable for things like text.
Apart from the vision, I'm also happy to say that I'm not getting any glare/halos, dryness or any other common issues. I was worried I might end up with these problems but it turns out I had nothing to worry about.
I can't describe how great it feels to go from being -4.75 and -5.00 to seeing perfectly. I went to a ballet performance recently and sat quite far back so the dancers were just tiny figures in the distance. But I could see them with a crispness that I've never had before even with contacts. It's like switching from normal TV to HD.
I love being able to see when I wake up, having naps without contact lenses suctioning onto my eyeballs and not having to remove and clean lenses every night. But so far, the best it's been is travelling and not having to quadruple check that I've got all my contact lens supplies and just being on flights and not having to wear my milk bottle glasses. There was also that one time after a long, hard week and one too many gin and tonics that I passed out fully clothed on my bed and woke in the morning thinking "WOOHOO I haven't done that since I was 16!! God bless laser eye surgery!"
So as you can probably tell, I'm ecstatic with the results of my laser eye surgery. It couldn't have gone any better, so I feel really lucky.
As I said in my last post about my laser eye surgery, the only thing I would change is to have had the surgery in a less dry season. The humidity in New York was 10% for weeks after I had my surgery (optimal humidity is around 50%), so even humidifiers couldn't help that much (especially not when I was out and about). My first few weeks would have been a lot more comfortable if I'd had the surgery during Spring! I would also have taken more days off work because my eyesight was unworkably blurry for two weeks, although my recovery was probably hindered by the dry air.
Anyway, a few of you wanted to see the video that was recorded during the surgery, so I finally got round to uploading it. The video is just of my right eye because the treatment of my left eye is exactly the same. But I'm warning you – don't watch the video if you are squeamish or if you are considering having laser eye surgery and don't want to see the gritty details of what actually happens in case you chicken out. Just a reminder – I had epi-LASEK, which is the procedure which doesn't involve cutting a flap in the cornea.
Thanks everyone for all the tips, moral support and general curiosity over the last four months!
[Update: For those of you who asked whether it was uncomfortable or painful during the surgery, I literally couldn't feel a thing! I was completely dosed up on Valium and I'd had a bucketload of numbing drops put into my eyes (which stop the blink reflex as well as numbing any feeling).]


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Unlike the "Dream Team" era from 2011 through 2012, the Philadelphia Eagles under Chip Kelly have so far made strategic, calculated moves. They shied away from every big name, with the exception of Matt Barkley mostly because he was a steal in the fourth round, and seemingly selected players who fit their strategic approach in 2013.
Of course, the stars of the team will be required to step up, and this team will only go as far as DeSean Jackson, LeSean McCoy and Michael Vick/Nick Foles will take it. But don't be surprised if the Eagles get some help from some lesser-known players who may be able to step up under Kelly's new scheme.
Here are five players who have the potential to be impact-heavy pieces in 2013.