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Mar 27 2010
Suburban Bird Drama
We get a lot of birds around our house in the 'burbs. I'm not an ornithologist by any stretch, but the longer I live here and the more birds I see, the more I learn about them.
My interest was piqued last weekend as I was getting ready to make huevos rancheros for Sunday brunch. I was banging a few pots together when I heard a thunk and "eek!" from upstairs. I ran up to see what was going on and found Martine in the bedroom all bug-eyed, saying that a bird had crashed into the patio door and then another bird had come along and carried it off. We looked around, and sure enough, there was a bird perched on a TV antenna about 60 metres away with what appeared to be a dead bird dangling from its talons (the fact that our neighbourhood is full of TV antennas is a whole separate discussion).
I grabbed my binoculars and saw that it was a small bird of prey–later identified as a merlin–and he had what appeared to be a dead mourning dove. Speculation from a birding friend is that that the merlin deliberately chased the dove into the patio door.
I ran downstairs and got my camera. It doesn't have a long lens but I figured maybe I could crop the picture and get something faintly interesting. I came back upstairs and as I was getting the camera ready Martine said "It's gone!"
I looked over and sure enough, the the TV antenna was empty. A second later I see the merlin flying straight at us at top speed, still clutching the mourning dove. It was being chased by two other birds (unidentified). A second later, just before the merlin crashed into the patio door, it pulled up "top gun" style and whizzed over the house, passing over our heads by just a few feet. It still had the dead dove in its grip.
Not a chance of getting a photo. Everything happened too fast. So I went back to my huevos rancheros knowing Martine and I were not the only ones eating well in the neighbourhood that day.
The mourning dove left quite an impression.
7 Comments on "Suburban Bird Drama"
Thank goodness you were both safe inside, it's dangerous outside the city! :) Growing up, we had a huge dining room window that birds always flew headlong into. As a result, we often had pet birds with wings on the mend in the house.
# Harryon 28 Mar 2010 at 3:56 pm
Pressed Dove anyone?
# The Sales Guyon 29 Mar 2010 at 5:19 pm
This is what it is going to cost me this spring, to replace the two thermal windows broken by birds under the same circumstances. It happened within one month difference early last fall, but I was too lazy, busy, cheap, whatever, to fix it then. So we spent the winter with tapes on the windows, tape specially made for this purpose, but tape anyway.
We are partly to blame, because we feed the birds; when birds of prey come, the prey scattered all over and some of them try to fly through the windows. The little ones like the chickadees, nuthatches, yellow finches, etc. are not much of a problems, they just go pock! It's the bigger ones, like the mourning doves, the woodpecker, jays that go crack!
There are a few solutions, the easiest is to place the feeders, less than 2.5 feet from the window, so there is not enough momentum to cause any damage. It has the advantage of letting you see the bird very close, but it is quite messy.
Ah, but I like the photo you did take. It tells quite the story!
Zura, really? I always figured once a bird broke it's wing it was toast.
Sales Guy; geez, what kind of birds were they? Albatrosses?
Thanks Natalie! If you like that one, check out this "ghost bird" photo I took in 1998.
# Frabjouson 04 Apr 2010 at 1:46 pm
In certain light, windows act like mirrors and if there's an equally large window on the other side of the house, it looks like a tunnel. You can hang something like cutouts, decals, blinds or curtains on the inside to give them the perspective they need. But if a hawk attacks, especially if the feeder is close to the house, …
You can find a more detailed description in: Window Hazards.
Many years ago in my parents house, we had problems with sparrows hitting the big windows that we had tinted. The sparrows could see reflections of themselves on the glass and probably thought that they were being held captive and were trying to rescue their "friends. We would hear thuds for many days on end until one day it just stopped on it's own.


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Check in from 12h / Check out prior to 11h
Bel Sit: Find photos, reviews, information, amenities and compare prices for 2 stars hotels in Milan, Italy.
Bel Sit offers a comfortable setting while in Milan. It also provides a coffee bar, an express check-in and check-out feature and a 24-hour reception.
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Shoppers are at the tipping point of forcing British labels to take more responsibility for conditions in Third World factories that make their clothes, according to campaigners.
In the wake of the Rana Plaza disaster, fashion brands have agreed an action plan for Bangladesh through an ethical trading initiative. However, a binding agreement setting out their responsibilities has not yet been signed.
Jo Wood, the model and environmental campaigner, said: "This has brought something to everyone's attention. People will think more carefully about where they spend their money, and the statement they are making. It's up to us as consumers


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Sparks in Cosmic Dust
Published By: Carina Press
Published: Sep 26, 2011
Available in: Epub (non-DRM)
Categories: Fiction Science Fiction Romance>Sci-Fi
Sparks in Cosmic Dust by Robert Appleton - Science Fiction eBook
The final frontier is shrinking. Interstellar Planetary Administration sanctions are forcing the border colonies of deep space into extinction. Kappa Max is one of the last major cutthroat outposts, home to the lawless and the lonely...
Varinia Wilcox, the star attraction of a lucrative bordello gambling house.
Solomon Bodine, spurned by his lover and looking for distraction.
Clayton Barry, AWOL and a few drinks away from having to live in the gutter.
Lyssa Foaloak, a double-crossing criminal who'll kill anyone for a few credits.
Four strangers, each with secrets that could cost them their freedom, are desperate to get off-planet. They meet Grace Peters, a cynical ex-doctor with an intriguing offer: a six-month trip to a faraway moon where she claims a stunning fortune awaits.
But this adventure is no easy escape. Danger, passion, secrets and madness await. Can they survive the mission, and each other, to make it out alive?
87,000 words
Whoa, not so fast...
Varinia scrambled to catch her bra before it slipped. The violet sand under her stool shivered as yet another exodus shuttle blasted off the asteroid. The umpteenth that week. She'd wanted to keep the striptease sensual, inviting, but her bra straps were already off-shoulder and the vibration threatened to give her lecherous customer a free eyeful of her breasts.
Not on her life.
He would have to pay for that privilege. More than that, he would have to achieve something no man had ever done on Kappa Max--he would have to beat her at her specialty card game, Cydonia Face.
She glanced up through the transparent convex roof. The shuttle's ringlet of blue flame faded as a shrinking iris into the awesome dilation of deepest space. These days the asteroid spun so fast on all three axes, owing to the gravitational tug from the nearby gas giant having shifted its orbit, that the constellations appeared every bit as rootless and aimless as Varinia felt every hour of every day. How long had she been here now? In Earth time? Something like a year plus change. Tempting sleaze-heavers and lonely-hearts haulers with glimpses of her sublime curves for over a year. Unbeaten. Unspoiled. The most sought-after prize on Kappa Max. At least that's what the advertisements claimed.
But in that time she'd made a fortune.
Cydonia Face, the game she couldn't lose, the game she couldn't escape from.
"I'm afraid I'll have to twist." She pouted at her tin-man opponent through the reinforced glass separating them, then tapped the flesh-colored button on the left of her console, summoning another card. He licked his lips and clinked his tongue ring on the metal half of his mouth. The man's cybernetic reconstruction wasn't the worst she'd seen, but it gave him a creepy, unfinished appearance. The organic two-thirds of his face looked around forty-five and Creole--high cheekbones, quite handsome--and boasted a black-gray beard amusingly curtailed by the shiny titanium.
"I'll keep what I've got," he replied, ogling her cleavage. His imitation right eye flicked up to covet the silver key hanging by a red ribbon on her side of the glass. When he'd won the last item of clothing from her, the window would open, the key would be his, and he could unlock the door and have his way with her anywhere, any way he wanted. The company's only stipulation was that their girls suffer no physical injury; that would affect their marketability. Oh, the chivalry. Other than that, in the Delfin, the customer was always right.
And always fleeced.
Varinia spied her new card and heaved a sigh of relief. A red jack. That, together with her red king, gave her one half of a Cydonia Face--all four red male face cards. The odds against her opponent having the other red jack and king were pretty high with so few cards in play, but he'd stuck with a fresh hand of five--either he was bluffing or he had face cards galore. Given his gutless playing thus far, Varinia reckoned he was about to rout her with a royal flush.
All right, Tin Man, let's see if you really do need that heart.
She relaxed her shoulders and cupped her cards upright against the edge of the console, as though she were scrutinizing them. A huge, almost-to-bursting inhale lifted her bosom, distracted him. Her resulting lightheadedness rose and slivered loose like a small bubble escaping from a bigger one, fueling a sublimation to her secret self no one on Kappa Max was aware of.
They could never find out. Her reputation and her contract and her life depended on it.


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Like many Black American innovations born of the hood graffiti art has taken on a life of its own worldwide. You can find it anywhere and everywhere from big cities to rural suburbs.
Some graffiti artists, like Banksy, have even become household names with the works they've produced.
But sometimes someone steps forward to take art to the next level. And this video, combining filming techniques and graffitti, graffity artist Sofles does just that with "Limitless."


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Two long forgotten (and apparently cancelled) PlayStation 3 exclusives may yet see the light of day. In an interview with GameSpot, Sony London Producer Nicolas Doucet suggested that while Eight Days and The Getaway 3 had been "put to one side", they were "not dead yet". The two games were approximately halfway through their development cycles when the call was made to refocus the studio's resources on the family friendly Eye-Pet project. I'll just let that sink in for a moment or two.
Though little is known of Eight Days, the trailer released in 2006 implied third person gunplay, vehicular combat and a grindhouse aesthetic. The trailer concluded with a car speeding away from an exploding service station, a scene that (I think we can all agree) has never been attempted before in any medium.
The Getaway 3, an open world crime sim, represented perhaps the more surprising of the two 'cancellations'. Though its predecessors had received a muted response from critics, the series had garnered a substantial following. So while Doucet offered no assurances that either game would be completed, Doucet's words will be warmly received by Getaway fans.


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Welcome to the Utah Public Notice Website: Your central source for all public notice information in Utah
Department of Commerce:
Professional Engineers and Professional Land Surveyors Licensing Board
Entity: Department of Commerce
Body: Professional Engineers and Professional Land Surveyors Licensing Board
Subject: Occupational Licensing
Notice Title: Professional Engineers and Professional Land Surveyors Licensing Board meeting
Notice Type: Meeting
Event Start Date & Time: May 21, 2014 9:00 AM
PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERS AND PROFESSIONAL LAND SURVEYORS LICENSING BOARD May 21, 2014 9:00 a.m. Room 475 – 4th Floor Heber M. Wells Building 160 E. 300 S. Salt Lake City, Utah This agenda is subject to change up to 24 hours prior to the meeting. ADMINISTRATIVE BUSINESS: 9:00 A.M – 9:15 A.M. 1. Call Meeting to Order 2. Sign Per Diem 3. Review and approve minutes dated March 19, 2013 4. Elect New Board Chairperson DISCUSSION ITEMS: 9:15 A.M. – 10:30 A.M. 1. Investigation Report 2. Samuel Chung, Professional Engineer Reinstatement Application 3. Professional Engineer and Professional Land Surveyor Licensing Act 58-22-602, Seal Requirements pertaining to "As-Built" plans. 4. R156-22-302c pertaining to Land Surveyor experience, UCLS 5. NCEES 2014 Annual Meeting NEXT SCHEDULED MEETING: July 16, 2014 Room 475
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In compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act, individuals needing special accommodations (including auxiliary communicative aids and services) during this meeting should notify the Division ADA Coordinator at least three working days prior to the meeting. Division of Occupational & Professional Licensing, 160 East 300 South, Salt Lake City, Utah 84115, (801) 530-6628 or toll-free in Utah only (866) 275-3675.
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Royals Attend Charity Gala for Uzbekistan
The Duchess of Württemberg yesterday attended a gala dinner for the launch of the charity fund 'Uzbekistan 2020' dedicated to developing cultural, intellectual and human exchanges between Western Europe and Uzbekistan, at the Museum of Modern Art in Paris. Other royal guests were princess Léa of Belgium, prince Emanuele Filiberto of Savoy, prince of Venice and Piedmont, and Princess Helene of Yugoslavia.
Other guests were Bernadette Chirac, wife of the former French president Jacques Chirac, actor Alain Delon, former football player Christian Karembeu, actress Claudia Cardinale, Nancy Chopard and actress Monica Belluci. The gala was organised by Uzbekistan's representative to UNESCO Lola Karimova-Tillyaeva.
Click here to see a picture of princess Léa of Belgium and click here to see a picture of prince Emanuele Filiberto of Savoy with princess Helene of Yugoslavia.Filed under Belgian Royals, German Royals, Italian Royals, Serbian Royals
Tagged Prince Emanuele Filiberto, Princess Helene, Princess Léa, Savoy, The Duchess of Württemberg, Uzbekistan, Württemberg.
One Response to Royals Attend Charity Gala for Uzbekistan
Who is Princess Susana von Radic? This is her myspace page, but I have never heard of her before.
Do you know if this is legitimate?


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Gervais' beaked whale Mesoplodon europaeus is a toothed whale and can be recognised as such by the single blowhole and the presence of teeth (rather than baleen). It is a member of the beaked whale family with the characteristic V-shaped crease on the throat and the short dorsal fin set relatively far back. Gervais' beaked whale is a small beaked whale that can reach up to 5.5 m in length. The lower jaw has a single pair of teeth (exposed only in adult males). The forehead rises at a shallow angle. It has a distinct beak and the mouthline is curved down at rear. Gervais' beaked whale has a charcoal grey dorsal and lateral colouration with a lighter belly. Adults may have clear scratches and scars on the body.Gervais' beaked whale may be confused with True's beaked whale Mesoplodon mirus but it has conspicuously smaller flippers. Gervais' beaked whales are usually found either alone or in small groups. Very little is known about their behaviour and dive duration due to the relative lack of sightings (Kinze, 2002).
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Product DescriptionWedgwood Wish collection silver frame. Wish has been created to celebrate those key occassions when only a beautiful and enduring statement of live will do. Inspired by the elegant grandeur of old English architectural design, with its abundance of wonderful classical detail, the collection brings a modern twist to the dreamy romance of times gone by. Wish combines romance, elegance, and beauty in a classic gifting range that will be cherished for years to come by recipients of any age.
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Levine, Alexandra M.; Groshen, Susan*; Allen, Jon; Munson, Katharine M.; Carlo, Dennis J.†; Daigle, Anne E.†; Ferre, Francois†; Jensen, Fred C.†; Richieri, Steven P.†; Trauger, Richard J.†; Parker, John W.; Salk, Peter L.§; Salk, Jonas‡
Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, and *Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles; †Immune Response Corp., Carlsbad; ‡Salk Institute for Biological Studies, and §Jonas Salk Foundation, La Jolla, California, U.S.A.
Address correspondence and reprint requests to Alexandra M. Levine, M.D., Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Kenneth Norris Jr. Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033-0804, U.S.A.
Manuscript received June 8, 1995; accepted October 30, 1995.
Summary: In 1987, exploratory clinical studies were initiated to determine whether the development of AIDS in HIV-infected individuals might be delayed or prevented by immunization with an inactivated HIV preparation. Preclinical studies had shown the preparation to be safe and immunogenic. Twenty-three patients with biopsy-confirmed persistent generalized lymphadenopathy (CDC III) and two with asymptomatic HIV infection and CD4 lymphocyte counts between 135 and 769/mm3 were studied, of whom eight (32%) had additional HIV-related symptoms. Over a 3-year period, they received a median of eight open-label inoculations of 100 μg of inactivated gp 120-depleted HIV-1 Immunogen in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA). Clinical, general laboratory, immunologic, and virologic parameters were followed for up to 6 years. No serious treatment-related adverse experiences were reported, nor was accelerated HIV disease progression seen. Twelve patients developed a delayed-type hypersensitivity response (HIV-DTH) to the immunogen and nine showed fourfold or greater increases in anti-p24 antibody titers. In the follow-up period, 10 of the 25 patients developed AIDS and one with Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) at baseline progressed. Of the 12 patients who became HIV-DTH-responsive, one developed an opportunistic infection (OI), occurring approximately 5 years from study onset, and subsequently died. One additional HIV-DTH responder developed KS. Of the 13 patients who remained HIV-DTH-nonresponsive, nine (69%) progressed to AIDS and seven of these have died. Differences were also observed in terms of HIV-DNA copy number, CD4 percentages, and anti-p24 antibody patterns between the HIV-DTH-responsive and -nonresponsive groups, suggesting a more favorable clinical course in the former. HIV-1 Immunogen in IFA appears to be safe and immunogenic. Further studies are indicated to determine clinical efficacy of the HIV Immunogen as well as the significance of the apparent correlation between HIV-DTH responsivity and a more favorable clinical course.
Following the establishment of HIV infection, a relatively long, asymptomatic period characteristically ensues during which there is a variable but progressive decline in both overall immune competence and the ability to contain the virus immunologically. In 1987 it was hypothesized that the development of AIDS in chronically infected patients might be delayed or prevented by active immunization with an appropriate immunogen (1). Following evidence of safety and immunogenicity in rabbits, guinea pigs, and chimpanzees (2), a number of clinical studies were undertaken beginning in 1987 for the purpose of testing this hypothesis. The immunogen employed for these studies was a gp 120-depleted, inactivated preparation of HIV-1 emulsified in mineral oil (incomplete Freund's adjuvant, IFA), referred to as HIV-1 Immunogen in IFA. Since then, others have employed alternative HIV antigen preparations with the same objective (3).
We report here on USC Study 1A/1B (4,5), initially a 2-year investigation of safety, immunogenicity, and clinical progression which has now accrued clinical and laboratory observations in 25 patients over a period of up to 6 years.
Twenty-five patients were enrolled in studies 1A/1B from November 1987 to September 1988. Two of these patients had asymptomatic HIV infection (CDC II), while 23 had biopsyproven persistant generalized lymphadenopathy (PGL). All subjects were HIV-seropositive homosexual men, with a median age of 38 years (range 25-59). Aside from PGL in 23, additional HIV-related symptoms were present in eight (32%) at study entry, consisting of oral candidiasis in two, oral hairy leukoplakia in four, and both conditions in two. The median time between diagnosis of PGL or other AIDS-related conditions (ARC) and study entry was 3.2 years. In addition, review of all lymph node biopsies was performed as part of routine data review for this study. The retrospective review of lymph node biopsy on one patient (SC015), obtained 4 years prior to study entry, revealed foci of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) in tissue which had previously been diagnosed as PGL alone. This patient did not develop an opportunistic infection (OI) during the follow-up period. He was included in calculations of clinical progression when new KS lesions appeared and the disease became clinically apparent.
At study entry, no patient had an acute intercurrent infection other than genital herpes, and none had taken corticosteroids or investigational agents during the preceding 30 days. No patient had taken zidovudine (AZT) or other known, effective antiretroviral therapies at any time prior to study entry. A consent form approved by the Human Research Committee of the University of Southern California School of Medicine was signed by all patients. The study was conducted under the auspices of the Food and Drug Branch of the State of California.
At its inception in November of 1987, the objectives of this open-label, single center study were to assess the safety of HIV-1 Immunogen, to determine if an immunologic response to HIV could be induced, and to determine any effect upon HIV viral burden. The original design provided for doses at 0, 3, and 6 months, with follow-up to 2 years. Patients were evaluated at baseline, weekly for 4 weeks, biweekly for the next month, then monthly until month 12. Thereafter, patients were evaluated every 3-6 months. Subsequent amendments provided for repeated immunizations at 3-6-month intervals to the end of year 3 of the study, with continued clinical observation and laboratory assessment of immune status and viral burden as described below.
This report details laboratory observations recorded from the time of study entry until study termination as defined by: (a) voluntary withdrawal or discontinuation; (b) development of an AIDS-defining condition; or (c) enrollment into USC study 1G (occurring between January 27, 1992, and May 6, 1992), a continuation study in which inoculations of HIV-1 Immunogen have been resumed.
Clinical observations are reported for all patients through February 1, 1994, regardless of their study termination date. All clinical observations are included in calculations of clinical progression rates.
The immunogen studied is obtained by concentration and purification from the supernatant fluid of HZ321-infected Hut-78 cells (6). This HIV viral strain was initially isolated at the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) from the serum of a 26-year-old woman from northern Zaire, who died of an illness strongly suggestive of AIDS in 1978. Confirmation of HZ321 as an HIV-1 isolate was demonstrated by immunologic assay, virus dot-blot, Southern hybridization, and molecular characterization (6,7). In preparing the immunogen for use, envelope gp120 is depleted during freezing and thawing and the sucrose gradient purification process. Viral inactivation is accomplished through sequential application of beta-propiolactone (7) and 60Co irradiation (8). Immunogen was prepared for administration in two ways: for intramuscular inoculations, as 100 μg total protein emulsified with IFA in a final volume of 1.0 ml and, for intradermal inoculations, as 100 μg total protein in 0.5 ml of saline.
The first group of nine patients who enrolled in November 1987 received their initial 100 μg inoculation intramuscularly in IFA, followed by a 100 μg intradermal dose in saline and 100 μg intramuscular doses in IFA thereafter. A second group of 10 patients entered the study in January 1988 and received their first 100 μg dose intradermally in saline followed by 100 μg intramuscular doses in IFA thereafter. Six additional patients enrolled in September 1988 and received all 100 μg inoculations by the intramuscular route in IFA. Since no differences in response or toxicity were observed among the various routes of administration, all subsequent doses of HIV-1 Immunogen were administered by intramuscular injection for the remainder of the study in all patients. Among the total group of 25 patients, a median of eight doses (range two to 10) were administered over the first 4 years of this study. The majority of patients received three or four inoculations per year during years 1 and 2, and zero or one inoculation during year 3. Only five patients received a dose after year 3 as part of this protocol. Intradermal delayed-type hypersensitivity (HIV-DTH) skin testing was initiated in January 1988. The small doses of immunogen administered during the skin testing were given in addition to the 100 μg immunizations as outlined above.
Three immunogen concentrations were prepared for intradermal HIV-DTH skin testing: 0.1 μg, 1 μg, and 10 μg total protein per 0.1 ml of saline. These small doses of intradermal immunogen were not considered as immunization but rather as skin tests. All three concentrations were administered simultaneously, with saline alone used as a control. The mean induration of HIV-DTH response (average of the largest diameter and its perpendicular diameter) was measured at approximately 48 h.
The Merieux CMI Multitest (Institut Merieux, Lyon, France) was utilized to assess cellular immune competence at baseline and periodically throughout the study (9). This simultaneously applied panel contains the following seven antigens: tetanus, diphtheria, streptococcus, tuberculin, candida, trichophyton, and proteus. A vehicle (glycerin) control is included. As noted within the published guidelines for the CMI Multitest, induration measuring 2 mm or greater in average diameter 48 h after application was considered indicative of response to a particular antigen. All DTH skin testing procedures, including application, measurement, and recording were performed consistently throughout the study by two designated study personnel (K.M., J.A.).
At each physician evaluation, patients were asked to report all signs and symptoms noted since the last visit. They were questioned regarding pain, redness, or swelling at the injection site following the most recent inoculation and were specifically questioned regarding common signs and symptoms of drug hypersensitivity reactions such as fever and rash. A complete blood count, routine chemistries, urinalysis, and physical examination were performed at each visit.
HIV-1 Western blots were performed at irregular intervals as a qualitative measure of overall humoral responses to HIV. Levels of anti-p24 antibody were determined by endpoint titration in an enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Initially, antibody titers were determined based upon serial 10-fold dilutions of fresh patient sera, which revealed no significant changes. In 1990, an EIA was developed employing serial twofold dilutions of sera, with an assay variance of ±1 dilution (2). This EIA was utilized to retest cryopreserved sera from prior to 1990 and fresh serum thereafter. Briefly, 96-well microtiter plates were coated overnight with 500 ng per well of recombinant HIV p24 (Pharmacia Genetic Engineering, La Jolla, CA, U.S.A.), then blocked with 5% bovine serum albumin. An HIV-1-positive control serum (No.X-1015) was obtained from the New York Blood Center and utilized throughout as a positive control. Patient sera were coarsely screened at baseline using serial 10-fold dilutions beginning at 1 × 10-2. Serial twofold dilutions were then tested beginning at the last positive 10-fold dilution. Plates containing serum dilutions were incubated at 68°-74°F for 1 h. Three washings were performed using phosphate-buffered saline/0.5% Tween-80. Horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat-anti-human IgG (Kirkegaard and Perry Laboratories, Gaithersburg, MD, U.S.A.) was utilized for detection of bound antibody. Following a 30-min incubation with substrate (2,2'-azino-di[3-ethylbenzthiazolinesulfonate]), the colorimetric reaction was stopped by the addition of 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate and absorbance determined at 405 nm using a Nippon 2000 Immunoreader (Intermed). The endpoint is taken as the last dilution to register an optical density (OD) of 0.050-0.200. A consistent change of fourfold or greater from baseline was shown to be greater than assay variability.
HIV p24 antigen was measured using both a standard assay (Coulter, Hialeah, FL, U.S.A.) and, retrospectively on cryopreserved specimens, the standard assay modified by acid (glycine-HCl) pretreatment to dissociate immune complexes (Coulter ICA kit) (10,11). All assays were run in triplicate; 10 pg was the threshold for positivity, as determined by a standard curve. Additional internal standards of 20, 100, and 200 μg of P24 antigen were also included in each assay.
Flow cytometric phenotyping of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was performed by the USC Flow Cytometry Laboratory, using whole-blood lysis cell preparations and direct two-color staining (RD1/FITC) with fluorochrome-conjugated monoclonal antibodies (Coulter): CD14(MO2)/CD45 (KC56), IgG1/IgG2a, CD4(T4)/CD3(T3), CD8(T8)/CD3(T3) (12).
Initially and during the first 18 months of study, the ability to isolate HIV from PBMCs was evaluated by cocultivating Ficoll-Hypaque-purified PBMC from 20 ml of patient blood with phytohemagglutinin antigen (PHA)-stimulated PBMC from a seronegative donor. In April 1989, an improved coculture assay was instituted (13). Briefly, 5 × 106 PHA-stimulated PBMCs from an uninfected donor were cocultivated with 1 × 107 patient PBMCs in RPMI-1640 medium (Cellgro, Herndon, VA, U.S.A.), supplemented with 20% fetal bovine serum and 5% v/v interleukin-2 (Cellular Products, Buffalo, NY, U.S.A.). Cocultures were incubated in 75-ml flasks at 37°C in a 5% CO2, 95% air atmosphere with sampling of supernatant fluid and refeeding every 7 days, with the addition of 3 × 106 cryopreserved PBMCs from the same seronegative donor as the original cocultivation, to a maximum of 35 days. Positivity was assessed by measurement of HIV p24 antigen in supernatant fluid using a standard assay (Coulter).
In 1991 a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed for detection and quantitation of HIV-DNA. Quantitation was based on coamplification with HIV-1 (30 cycles) and globin (15 cycles) primers (14). Both amplicons were 32P-end-labeled, and quantitation was obtained by comparison to HIV-1 (10-1,000 copies) and globin (2 × 105 to 3.2 × 106 cells) standard curves. After gel electrophoresis, cpm from both amplicons were quantitated using the AMBIS Radioanalytic Imaging System (San Diego, CA, U.S.A.). Globin controls were used to normalize the HIV-1 copy numbers per 4 × 105 PBMCs. The precision of the assay (reproducibility of replicates) has been previously reported (14). The 95% tolerance intervals were calculated and the limits of these intervals (percent change) established such that a 60% increase or a 38% decrease in the amount of HIV-1 DNA copies represent significant changes, greater than assay variability. These limits were employed in the analysis of copy number over time, using cryopreserved PBMCs from study subjects, with all specimens on each subject run simultaneously. DNA copy numbers were estimated per 4 × 105 CD4 cells. The DNA-PCR copy number was considered to have increased if PCR values were 60% or more above baseline on two consecutive measurements. The DNA-PCR copy number was considered to have decreased if PCR values were 38% or more below baseline on two consecutive determinations. Data from 19 patients are available for analysis. The median number of PCR determinations was four (range two to six).
To analyze measures of HIV infection and various indicators of disease progression listed in Tables 1 and 2, baseline values and changes from baseline levels were summarized. For purposes of analysis, the logarithm of the CD4+ count and the logarithm of the number of DNA copies (PCR) were used. The average percent change per year in CD4+ count (last column in Table 2) was based on the slope of the simple linear regression for logarithm of CD4+ count taken as a function of time from first inoculation. For purposes of summarizing, p24 antibody titers were classified as (a) four times the baseline value on at least two occasions (increase), (b) half the baseline value on at least two occasions (decrease), or (c) in between (stable). Trends for changes in the number of PCR copies (adjusted to the CD4+ count) were defined as follows: if the number of PCR copies was 60% or greater than the baseline value on at least two consecutive occasions, the trend was labeled as "increase"; if the number decreased by 38% or more from baseline, the trend was labeled as "decrease"; otherwise, the trend was labeled "stable." For the HIV skin test, a DTH response was considered positive if the induration was 9 mm or greater in the average of the largest diameter and its perpendicular. This value was chosen since a very clear separation between the groups was apparent at this level of response (Fig. 1). All laboratory values obtained during the course of treatment and follow-up on the 1A/1B study are included in this summary of results. For patients who began AZT on-study (Table 3), all values are included in the summaries and no adjustments have been made.
The Kaplan-Meier product-limit method (15) was used to estimate the probability of disease progression as a function of time from first inoculation, and the progression rates were estimated as the number of events (i.e., progressions) divided by the total time at risk (i.e., on treatment and follow-up) for progression.
To compare patients with an HIV-DTH response of ≥9 mm with those with a lesser or no response and to compare patients who experienced progression to AIDS to those who did not, Fisher's exact test, the two-sample t test, or the Wilcoxon test were used (16,17). All reported p values are two-sided; all intervals constructed (exact or based on large sample results) are 95% confidence intervals.
Twenty-five patients were enrolled in studies 1A/1B from November 1987 to September 1988. The median follow-up interval for general laboratory analysis from the time of study entry was 3.8 years (range 0.4-4.5 years) and that for clinical follow-up was 5.8 years (range 2.8-6.2 years). Reasons for study withdrawal were as follows: voluntary withdrawal (SC006 and SC007), disease progression (SC009 and SC015), noncompliance (SC083 and SC082), and development of either KS (SC031, SC001, SC014) or OI (SC024, SC005). Patients who were withdrawn from the study for any reason were followed for clinical progression and survival, as detailed below. The remaining patients requested further treatment and were enrolled in the USC-1G follow-up study between January 27, 1992, and May 6, 1992.
Symptoms attributed to inoculations of HIV-1 Immunogen in IFA were generally mild and transient and were reported by 20 of 25 patients (80%). Symptoms included local pain (44%), generalized muscle aches (44%), local soreness (24%), "feeling warm" (20%), "flu-like symptoms" (20%), fatigue (8%), and headache (8%). Signs of adverse reactions included erythema (32%) and/or induration (16%) at the injection site and faint generalized maculopapular rash (20%). Adverse reactions typically resolved within 24-48 h without treatment, though one subject experienced pain and bruise at the injection site, which lasted for 14 days, and a second developed a mass at the injection site, which lasted 18 days. There were no adverse laboratory or serious adverse clinical experiences attributed to the test material.
The immunogen skin test (HIV-DTH) first became available in January 1988 and was applied at baseline to 15 patients. Twelve demonstrated no response, while three showed some degree of reactivity, with induration measuring 3, 3, and 6 mm, respectively, at 48 h. Eleven of 15 (including patients 015 and 018) were responsive to various antigens in the Merieux panel applied the same day, indicating that the lack of HIV-DTH responsiveness was not due to global anergy. Patients 014, 017, 023, and 070 were anergic to the Merieux panel at baseline. Two of these (017, 023) were subsequent responders to the HIV/DTH skin test, while the other two were nonresponders over time.
Over the course of the observation period, 12 patients displayed a maximum of 10-30 mm of induration (mean 14 mm) at one or more time points, as demonstrated in Fig. 1. These responses were more likely to occur at the 10 μg concentration of HIV skin test antigen (eight of 12 responders), while four of 12 responded to the 1.0 μg dose of DTH-HIV antigen. The first positive test was noted after an average of four inoculations (range one to seven). In a random sampling of six patients, induration was confirmed to represent DTH by histochemical and immunofluorescent staining of punch biopsy specimens, which revealed characteristic vasocentric lymphocytic infiltrates of predominantly CD4-positive T-cell phenotype (18; Fig. 2).
The HIV-DTH-responsive group generally had less advanced HIV disease at baseline compared with the HIV-DTH-nonresponsive group, as judged by mean CD4 counts, p24 antigenemia, HIV-DNA copy number by PCR, and anti-p24 antibody levels (Table 1). The HIV-DTH-responsive group was also skin tested more often than the HIV-DTH-nonresponsive group, in part due to earlier termination in the latter group. More inoculations with HIV-1 Immunogen were administered to the HIV-DTH responders (median nine, range five to 10) than to the HIV-DTH nonresponders (median six, range two to 10), though this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.12, Wilcoxon).
T-lymphocyte function was further assessed in vivo using a panel of standard antigens, the Merieux CMI Multitest. This panel was applied at baseline to all 25 patients, with 24 being evaluable, since one patient did not return for 48-h follow-up. Among the 16 patients showing ≥2 mm of induration to one or more antigens at baseline, five lost all responses by the last measurement, six showed increased numbers of responses and size of induration, and responses in five were intermittent and generally unchanged. Eight patients were found to have ≤1 mm of induration to each of the seven test antigens at baseline. Over the period of follow-up, two of these eight showed consistently increased numbers of responses and size of induration, and six patients became intermittently responsive to various antigens. Of interest, only two of the eight patients who were anergic to the Merieux panel at baseline were HIV-DTH nonresponders over time (SC007 and 014), while the other six (SC001, 003, 008, 017, 023, 070) all responded to DTH-HIV testing after immunization.
Among the 12 patients with an HIV-DTH response ≥9 mm, five had increased DTH responses to the Merieux panel over time, five had stable (unchanged) responses, one experienced a loss of response, and data were not available on one. Among the remaining 13 patients without an HIV-DTH response, three experienced improved DTH responses to the Merieux panel, six remained stable, and four lost responsiveness.
Humoral antibody data are available for 23 patients. Assay of cryopreserved sera was performed using serial twofold dilutions. Over the course of the study, fourfold increases in antibody titers were detected in nine patients (39%), while 13 patients maintained titers at least equal to or greater than baseline and one patient had a decrease in titers. At the time of last p24 antibody analysis, fourfold increases were maintained in six of these nine patients (Table 1).
Changes in the serologic profile of patients were assessed by qualitative Western blot at a 1:100 serum dilution. While the majority of patients exhibited similar profiles pre- and postimmunization, qualitative increases in reactivities were seen in eight patients, restricted to gag gene products. Five patients, p24 antigenemic at baseline, showed a decrease in reactivity to p24 and p17.
As demonstrated in Table 2, CD4 cell counts were stable during the first 2 years of study. Thus, the geometric mean CD4 cell count prior to treatment was 375/dl (95% CI: 305-461), at 1 year 381/dl (95% CI: 306-474), and at 2 years 311/dl (95% CI: 240-402). By the end of the study period, the geometric mean CD4 count had dropped to 212/dl (95% CI: 146-306), representing a significant decrease from baseline (p = 0.001). When the slopes of the trend of CD4 cell counts over time were calculated for each patient, the median slope translated to an overall decrease of 10.7% (95% CI: -29.1% to -9.5%) per year in CD4 count. The differences in the patterns of distribution and change of CD4% levels in high and low HIV-DTH responders are shown in Fig. 3.
Viral culture data are available for 19 patients, using methods which were available at the outset in 1987. Except for sporadic negative cultures which occurred in five patients (all HIV-DTH responders), all patients remained culture-positive during the period tested. Employing the revised coculture technique (13) beginning in April 1989, 22 subjects were serially studied to determine the time to first p24 antigen positivity in culture. As shown in Fig. 4, HIV-DTH responders took longer than nonresponders to become HIV culture-positive. Thus, of 106 HIV viral cultures performed in the 12 HIV/DTH responders, 47 (44%) required greater than 7 days to demonstrate culture positivity, while only three of 68 cultures (4%) in the HIV/DTH-nonresponsive group required longer than 7 days to become positive.
Measurement of p24 antigen by glycine-HCl dissociation was also performed on samples at baseline and during the course of treatment in 19 patients. During the course of study, seven of the 19 had increasing antigenemia, eight remained antigen-negative, one remained stable, and three had decreasing antigenemia (Table 1).
Assessment of the number of virally infected PBMCs by PCR-DNA revealed geometric mean copy numbers of 212 (95% CI: 126-356) at baseline and 420 (95% CI: 202-874) at last follow-up. Interestingly, the 10 patients who developed an initial AIDS-defining illness, in addition to patient SC015, who progressed from initial AIDS, demonstrated a median increase of 323% in HIV-1 DNA copy number over baseline, compared to a 24% median increase in those who did not develop AIDS. The distribution of HIV-1 DNA copy number in relation to HIV-DTH responsivity is shown in Fig. 5.
A total of 18 AIDS-defining events have occurred in 10 of the 25 (40%) patients over the course of 5.8 years of follow-up. An eleventh patient with KS at baseline experienced clinical progression of KS. Details of the clinical courses are presented below and in Table 3.
Clinical progression to AIDS was limited to the development of KS in three patients (SC014, SC031, SC078). One patient (SC001) developed KS, followed by Mycobacterium avium intracellulare (MAI) infection at 4.7 years, cytomegalovirus (CMV) at 5.1 years, and death at 6.1 years. OIs alone occurred in three patients, all of whom died (SC005, SC024, SC007); one patient (SC021) developed both OI and HIV dementia; one (SC006) developed both OI and central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma; and one (SC009) developed KS, dementia, and OI; all of these subsequently died. The patient with KS at study entry (SC015) progressed with KS at 1.3 years but did not develop OI. Minor evidence of clinical progression was noted in eight other patients, consisting of oral hairy leukoplakia in two, oral candidiasis in five, and both conditions in one. Four patients without a clinical AIDS-defining diagnosis experienced a persistent drop in CD4 count to under 200, or <14%.
For the entire group of 25 patients, the probability of remaining alive and free of AIDS-defining clinical conditions or progression was 96% (±4%) at 1 year, 88% (±7%) at 2 years, 84% (±7%) at 3 years, 68% (±9%) at 4 years, and 60% (±10%) at 5 years.
During the course of this study (March 1990), AZT was approved for use in HIV-infected patients with less than 500 CD4 cells/mm3. At that time, patients were given the opportunity to take this antiretroviral compound. Sixteen patients (64%) eventually chose to start AZT at a median of 2 years from study onset (range 1-4 years) and remained on AZT therapy for a median of 1.3 years. All maximum HIV-DTH responses were observed prior to initiation of AZT therapy, except in one patient (SC001) who was DTH-nonresponsive prior to AZT therapy and became responsive thereafter. Of interest, seven of 10 patients who developed AIDS had been on AZT prior to onset of the AIDS-defining illness. Serum p24 antigen levels were noted to diminish following initiation of AZT in five subjects.
Although the 11 patients who progressed or died presented with slightly more unfavorable laboratory measurements at the start of treatment, compared to the 14 patients who are alive and still free of AIDS, the majority of these differences were not statistically significant: the (geometric) mean baseline CD4 count was 320 for those who progressed or died vs. 425 for those who did not (t test, p = 0.17); the (geometric) mean baseline PCR-DNA copy number was 264 for those who had an unfavorable outcome vs. 162 for those who had a favorable outcome (t test, p = 0.34); median p24 antibody titer was 400 for those who failed and 4,000 for those who did not (Wilcoxon signed rank test, p = 0.03); and in terms of the serum p24 antigen levels, seven of 10 of the progressors were antigenemic while two of nine patients currently doing well were antigenemic at baseline (Fisher's exact test, p = 0.07).
By the end of the study period, those patients who had progressed had lower CD4 counts than nonprogressors (129 vs. 314, t test, p = 0.001), higher PCR-DNA copy numbers (907 vs. 179, t test, p = 0.15), and lower p24 antibody titers (800 vs. 5,200, Wilcoxon signed rank test, p = 0.08) and were more likely to be antigenemic (8/11 vs. 4/10, Fisher's exact test, p = 0.20).
Of interest, nine of the 11 clinical progressors were among the low HIV-DTH responders, while 10 of the 14 patients who are alive and free of AIDS progression were among the higher HIV-DTH responders (Fisher's exact test, p = 0.015; Table 4). In general, patients with higher HIV-DTH responses presented with more favorable laboratory measurements, though these differences were not statistically significant, except for p24 antibody titer. At the end of the study period, the 12 patients with higher HIV-DTH responses demonstrated more favorable laboratory values compared to those who remained HIV-DTH-unresponsive (Figs. 2, 3). Rates of HIV progression per year per 100 patients were 3.1 (95% confidence interval: 0.8-12.4) for the higher DTH responder patients vs. 17.6 (95% confidence interval: 9.2-33.9) for the low/non-HIV-DTH responders. No relationship was seen between DTH reactivity to the Merieux panel and subsequent clinical course in either the HIV-DTH-responsive or -nonresponsive group. Thus, additional DTH-Merieux reactivity was seen in five of 11 progressors, while four lost specific antigen reactivity and two remained unchanged. Of the 14 nonprogressors, two remained unchanged in terms of DTH-Merieux reactivity, while seven gained reactivity to various antigens and five lost reactivity.
The purpose of this communication is to report on the safety and immunogenicity of HIV-1 Immunogen and on the virologic, CD4 cytologic, and clinical patterns observed in 25 patients with PGL, asymptomatic HIV infection, and other ARCs. These subjects received multiple doses of the immunogen and were observed over a period of up to 6 years (median 5.8 years).
No significant adverse side effects of immunization with HIV-1 Immunogen in IFA were observed. The majority of patients developed mild acute symptoms following injection of the immunogen, including pain, soreness, swelling, and/or redness at the injection site. However, there was no evidence suggesting long-term HIV viral activation following immunization, as reflected in either p24 antigen levels or HIV PCR-DNA copy numbers. Further, as indicated by serial laboratory analyses or clinical rates of progression, there was no suggestion that immunization was associated with acceleration of progression toward AIDS.
HIV-1 Immunogen, which was shown to be immunogenic in preclinical studies, also appears to have been associated with the development of specific cell-mediated (HIV-DTH) responses. Thus, HIV-DTH responses were observed in 12 of the 25 patients (48%) following immunization. Additionally, fourfold or greater increases in p24 antibody levels were observed in nine of 23 patients (39%), though without a control group this can only be assumed to be secondary to immunization. Three subjects (SC008, SC016, SC031) developed both HIV-DTH and p24 antibody responses.
An association was observed between clinical progression of HIV infection and the degree of HIV-DTH responsiveness observed postimmunization; HIV-DTH responders generally had less advanced HIV disease at baseline than nonresponders, as judged by CD4 cell count, p24 antibody levels, and prevalence of HIV-related symptoms and signs. Six cases of OI and seven deaths occurred in the group of low HIV-DTH responders, while only one individual in the higher HIV-DTH responder group developed an OI, at approximately 5 years after study entry, and subsequently died. The high vs. low HIV-DTH responders did not differ in the incidence of KS (two of 12 vs. four of 13, respectively). Of note, we observed no correlation between DTH response to the Merieux panels and to HIV-1 Immunogen when used as a skin test antigen. Nonspecific DTH reactions have previously been noted to correlate with HIV disease progression (19); the lack of such correlation in the current study could result from the fact that Merieux Multitest evaluations in HIV-infected patients have not always provided consistent results (20).
In addition, virologic and CD4 cellular observations were more favorable in the HIV-DTH-responsive patients. Negative cultures for HIV were observed on one or more occasions in only five patients, all of whom were in the HIV-DTH-responsive group, while this group also demonstrated a higher proportion of cultures requiring more than 7 days to become positive. A sevenfold mean increase in HIV-1 DNA copy number was observed in the group of patients who progressed to an AIDS-defining illness or died as compared to a 1.7-fold mean increase in those who did not progress. These data suggest that a longitudinal increase in viral burden as assayed by quantitative PCR HIV-1 DNA is correlated with clinical progression, as demonstrated by others (21-25). In regard to CD4 cells over time, greater stability of counts was apparent among the high HIV-DTH responders, with final values approximately 68% of baseline in this group, vs. 47% of baseline in the HIV-DTH low responders.
After a median of eight inoculations given to this small group of patients with asymptomatic HIV infection or PGL, in 32% of whom other evidence of symptomatic HIV disease was present, the probability of progression to AIDS (either KS or OI) was 4% at 1 year, 12% at 2 years, 16% at 3 years, and 40% at 5 years. Since this study was designed and executed as a phase I safety and immunogenicity study, without a control population, no conclusions can be made regarding clinical efficacy, which will require long-term, placebo-controlled clinical studies.
The relationship observed in this study between HIV-DTH responsiveness and virologic, CD4 cellular, and clinical courses suggests that HIV immunotherapy may be expected to be most effective in patients who are capable of developing HIV-DTH responsiveness following immunization. Since the development of HIV-DTH reactivity following immunization cannot be used for stratification purposes in future studies which include unimmunized controls, it would be useful to determine whether there are other immunologic factors which correlate with the capacity to develop such responsiveness. Studies by Clerici and colleagues (26,27) suggest that differences in T-helper (TH) cell subset predominance might provide such a correlate. Thus, TH1 helper cells, which promote primarily cell-mediated immune responses, predominate early in the course of HIV infection, whereas TH2 cells, which promote humoral responses, become predominant as individuals progress towards AIDS, in parallel with a loss of in vitro responsiveness to recall antigens (26,27). If a correlation exists between TH1 predominance and the ability to develop HIV-DTH reactivity following immunization, then TH cell subset status might serve as a basis for prognosis and stratification in future trials. Furthermore, such a correlation would suggest the desirability of exploring measures designed to enhance or maintain a TH1-predominant state (27,28).
In summary, HIV-1 immunogen has been administered to 25 patients, who were followed over 6 years without evidence of significant harmful effects. Twelve of the 25 became HIV-DTH-responsive, and a fourfold or greater increase in p24 antibody level occurred in nine. Six cases of OI and seven deaths occurred in the 13 low HIV-DTH responders, while only one of 12 in the higher responder group developed an OI and subsequently died. Further studies are indicated to determine clinical efficacy of the HIV Immunogen as well as the significance of the apparent correlation between HIV-DTH responsivity and a more favorable clinical course.
Acknowledgment: The authors sadly acknowledge the death of Dr. Jonas Salk on June 23, 1995; Dr. Salk was thoroughly involved in the preparation of this manuscript, and was entirely responsible for the concept of this therapeutic approach. The authors express their sincere gratitude to Michael Ascher, M.D., H. W. Sheppard, Ph.D., Carl Hansen Ph.D., and Donna Traclindo, M.S. of the California Department of Health; Steven Brostoff, Ph.D., Karen G. Burnett, Ph.D., Chris Duffy, Wieslawa Giermakowska; Sharon L. Liu, M.P.H., Ana Marchese, Robert E. Peters, Ph.D., and Jay R. Savary of the Immune Response Corporation; Herbert B. Slade, M.D. of Rhone-Poulenc Rorer; Merril Gersten, M.D. of the Jonas Salk Foundation; and Joan Abrahamson of the Jefferson Institute for their support and assistance in initiating and conducting this clinical trial, the conduct of assays on trial samples, and the collection and analysis of data.
Hypersensitivity, delayed; HIV-1; AIDS-related complex; Immunotherapy, active
© Lippincott-Raven Publishers.
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It doesn't have to rain for harmful acid rain to occur. Mist, fog, snow and even small dry particles can be acid rain -- precipitation with high sulfuric and nitric acid levels. Humans and nature create those acids by performing activities that cause water vapor to react with nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide. Volcanoes make it when eruptions release sulfur dioxide into the air. People compound the problem when they operate factories and drive vehicles that release harmful gases into the atmosphere. You can create projects that simulate acid rain using several methods.
If you are handling acids, use extreme care. Wear goggles and gloves to protect your eyes and hands. Take your time when adding drops of acid to other solutions.
Use Fire to Simulate Acid Rain
One way to simulate acid rain is to create it the way humans do -- pump sulfur into the air. After adding 5 ml of distilled water to a test tube, put a few drops of bromothymol blue solution into the water. Bromothymol blue is an indicator that turns yellow in an acidic solution. Put a few matches that have a high sulfur content into a glass jar, light them and close the jar. As the matches burn, they release sulfur gases and carbon dioxide. Remove the jar's lid when the matches go out and pour some bromothymol solution into the jar. Shake it briskly and note how the solution turns yellow indicating that the solution is acidic -- just like acid rain.
Set Up a Lake Experiment
Using a few chemicals and lab supplies, you can demonstrate the effect that vehicle use, factory gas emissions and other human activities have on lakes. Unlike the previous project, this one uses acids to recreate the pollution that creates acid rain. It requires bromothymol blue, pH paper with a range of 0 through 14, a 2 M solution of sulfuric acid, petri dishes, a 0.5 M solution of sodium nitrite and a 0.5 M solution of sodium sulfite.
Create Virtual Lakes
Add a few drops of bromothymol blue near the edge of a petri dish away from its center to create a puddle; this puddle represents a lake. Repeat the process to add a few more "lake" puddles in other parts of the dish. Put one drop of sodium sulfite in a location where no lakes exist. The sodium sulfite represents the gas that a power plant might emit.
Make the Acid Rain
You can now simulate acid rain by putting one drop of sulfuric acid in the sodium sulfite puddle and placing the petri dish's lid on it. Adding the sulfuric acid triggers the production of sulfur dioxide. Note how the "lakes" containing bromothymol blue turn yellow because bromothymol blue becomes yellow in acidic solutions. Place a piece of pH paper in one of the lakes to measure its pH. Measure the pH of other puddles that reside at various distances from the sodium sulfite source. Repeat the experiment using another petri dish containing lake puddles made of bromothymol blue. This time, use one drop of sodium nitrite as the gas source instead of one drop of sodium sulfite. Sodium nitrite simulates the gas vehicles might emit.
Precautions and Tips
Ask someone else to complete this project if you are allergic to sodium sulfite.
When analyzing your results, remember that a pH of 7 is neutral. Values less than 7 mean that your solutions are acidic, and values greater than 7 are basic.
- Photo Credit CoreyFord/iStock/Getty Images
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- More Creative Sewing Techniques by Machine — Review by Kathie R Kerler
- This is a good reference for anyone who has purchased a new machine and isn't sure where to start. But the variety of projects focusing on quilts and pillows also makes it a great motivator for those who have owned their machines for some time and are looking to try something new. The Twisted Ribbon pattern is especially attractive and includes several interesting techniques. (Posted on 3/5/12)
- More Creative Sewing Techniques by Machine — Review by Patty Martin
- It's easy to forget that most sewing machines have a lot of fancy stitches and fancy feet that could be used to make some really creative items for the home. This book starts out by showing some techniques, such as couching, fringing, pintucks, reverse bobbin work, that you can easily use with those fancy stitches and fancy feet that are lying around. Then it shows several beautiful projects such as pillows, wall hangings, and table runners using these techniques. (Posted on 2/26/12)
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Amphimedon queenslandica
Amphimedon queenslandica is a marine demosponge from the Great Barrier Reef. It was first discovered in 1998 and was formally described in 2006. It is a hermaphroditic species whose eggs are fertilised internally by sperm spawned into the ocean. Amphimedon queenslandica has a larval and a benthic stage. This sponge was the first member of phylum Porifera to have its genome sequenced. Analysis of this genome has contributed to our understanding of the evolution of animal complexity.


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Four wheels move the body. Two wheels move the soul.
~Author Unknown
There are many Harley Davidson (NYSE:HOG) enthusiasts throughout the world today. Many of them are enthusiasts for the sake of owning and riding the company's American made motorcycles. Savvy investors have discovered how this $11.22 billion large-cap company can be a profitable addition to their portfolios. The thrill of investing can be just as exhilarating as the thrill of riding.
Harley now has 57% market share in the United States. Exciting new motorcycles such as the Seventy-Two and the Softail Slim offer riders more options. The Seventy-Two appeals to chopper enthusiasts, while the Softail Slim offers a personalized fit through a variety of accessories. Harley's Superlow model has found a niche among female riders. The Forty-Eight is another popular model that many riders have embraced.
Currently, Harley Davidson is fairly valued on the low end with a forward PE ratio of 13.69, a PEG ratio of 1.21, and a price to book ratio of 4.4. The stock has pulled back from its 52 week high of $54 and is now trading at about $49.
Harley's financial statistics are as nice looking as its bikes. Harley has a double digit profit margin of 11.82% and an operating margin of 17.56%. The company has operating cash flow of $916 million and earnings per share of $2.78. It also has 1.75 times more current assets than current liabilities, so it can handle its short-term debt like an experienced rider handles his Hog.
Harley has exceeded earnings estimates in its last four quarters. The company is expected to grow earnings annually at 14.4% for the next five years. This is higher than the expected earnings of the average S&P 500 company of about 10.5%.
The company pays a modest dividend of 1.3%. If dividends are reinvested, a total CAGR of 15.7% can be achieved. The company's growth plus dividends should allow a $1000 investment to more than double to be worth about $2070 in five years.
Harley Davidson's growth is being experienced domestically and internationally. Here are some Q1 2012 highlights:
- U.S. sales increased 25.5%
- European sales increased 1.4% in a challenging economic environment
- Latin American sales increased 85% with strong performance in Brazil
- Asia-Pacific sales increased 25.4%
- Canada sales increased 1.5%
The company envisions international expansion as a core area of future growth. Harley set a goal of opening 100 - 150 new international dealerships between 2009 and 2014. Since 2009, Harley has opened 67 new international dealerships with about two-thirds in emerging markets. This continued growth should allow Harley to meet or exceed its earnings estimates and continue to reward shareholders.
Disclosure: I have no positions in any stocks mentioned, and no plans to initiate any positions within the next 72 hours.


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A Recent Favorite:
Uh Oh, Nothing Here Yet
Why don't you go browse some Comics or Editorials and pick a few to favorite?
Recent Comments
When your effort fails, we never had this talk.
"If you get a haircut." Or isn't True #11?
These guys should all have labels.
Why would anybody know it's someone's first class at the new school, and ask about it?
And Tru is a junior. No language requirement where he went before? They should have checked this out.
What if he has to take some math, science, and English?
The coach must be Gil because whoever took Tru's call was at the country club. Buy the guy in the picture is not Gil.
Must be a substitute/apprentice artist in for the day.
Very strange that a coach would describe his players this way to a 16 year old stranger.
Panel 3.
I just can't get over this sort of coarse language in a family strip.
Things were different in my day.
No WATER at the practice field?
"Keep hearing …." from Art and Tru and Art and Tru and ?
I didn't get a nostalgia feeling. The proportions are all wrong. Not enough stools, and the ones they have are way too close to the booths.


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Sweet sounds
The Honey Dewdrops bring traditional music to Altadena
By John Sollenberger 03/23/2012
The folk duo The Honey Dewdrops hails from the home of traditional American music, the Blue Ridge Mountains of Charlottesville, Va. Friday night, they bring their sweet sounds to Coffee Gallery Backstage.
The pair, consisting of Laura Wortman and Kagey Parrish, is known for putting on an energetic show with an enthusiasm that's contagious. They're masters at folk and old, country music, not surprising given where they come from. Parrish and Wortman have been touring the country for more than four years now, winning audiences with their high lonesome, harmonious duet vocal style and virtuoso musicianship.
The Honey Dewdrops get the message out by accompanying themselves on traditional instruments, including acoustic guitar, banjo and mandolin, and they're successful enough with it to have earned spots on Garrison Keillor's radio show, "A Prairie Home Companion." Along the way, they've shared stages with notables of the genre, including Carolina Chocolate Drops, Mary Gauthier and the Matt Flinner Trio. They've released two albums so far, and are scheduled to release their third, "Silver Lining," this spring. Check them out at thehoneydewdrops.com.
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I had dinner last night with two very good friends, both from the U.K., who have lived extensively throughout Europe and the U.S. They've literally been from Paris to Alabama, from Boston to Scotland. They have a unique view of the world.
We were sitting down to dinner at one of my favorite Thai restaurants where we were served big bowls of pho soup. They smiled, looked at each other, and said, "Right, American portions." I sighed. We Americans are so good at undermining our own good intentions.
The main reason why Europe doesn't have as much of a weight problem as America is because portion sizes overseas are normal. If you're in the U.S., normal is NOT a relevant word. We don't get normal. We get a big plate of food and we just shovel it in. The fact that your stomach is about the size of your fist is lost on the vast majority of people.
Over dinner, we started talking about a variety of issues and my friends had some interesting things to say. Keep in mind, this is only two Brits, but it does reflect the sentiment of what's going on outside of the country.
Jamie Oliver's success in Britain is starting to erode. He's a hero over there; he really did effectively overhaul the school lunch program. But this recession has been so grinding and even though his adjustments are only pennies per meal to increase nutrition some schools can no longer afford this and are cutting back, returning to the old ways.
Dukan diet. I asked them if they'd heard of the Dukan diet, the French diet that's becoming quite popular over here. It's essentially a Zone or Atkins diet (protein-based). The husband looked at me and shrugged; he'd never heard of it. The wife said yes, it went through a phase of people trying it, but there was a report discrediting the diet and it's fallen out of favor now.
Farm subsidies. A lot of our health problems can be traced back to farm subsidies. Monies that used to go to struggling small farms now seem to mostly go to Big Agra in this country. They said it wasn't like that in Europe but it's starting to go in that direction. The husband said, "Farm subsidies were originally designed to keep food stuffs local so people wouldn't war against each other for food if it became scarce." We seem to have lost that perspective.
Perspective. Good word, isn't it? We get so caught up in our view of the world that we forget how others see us, or how skewed some of our viewpoints really are. Sometimes it seems like the way we deal with obesity in the U.S. is nothing more than throwing hundreds of band-aids over a scratch when what the patient really needs is surgery. It's so frustrating. We need to get real, take a hard look at the true problem, and act on it.
There will be more on this later … I've got some additional thinking to do. What do you think about how others view the U.S.? Do you think it's fair? How would you change our lifestyle habits for the better?


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History of Society
The Society began in 1973 through the efforts of many people in the town of Charleroi with the first President being Margaret Conner (1973-75), George West (1975-1977), then with our esteemed present Board of Directors member Lois Hawe (1977-1982), followed by Elaine Paluso (1982-1996), then Edward Palumbo (1997-1999) after which Darlene Pennline, with Jean Roberts serving 2 terms, then with Darlene Pennline again, now Elizabeth Perret serving as the Society Program Presidents.
The Society reorganized via a vote of the majority in 2000-01-02 and with the concerted assistance of the Society officers (Pennline, Williams, Sheppick and other supporting CAHS members) and Society attorney (Melvin Bassi) they began the process of becoming an official 501(c)3 non-profit business that it obtained in 2002 under the leadership of a newly formed Board of Directors. Chairman of the Board: Jean Roberts (2002-3), Albert Protin (2003-4), Milt Kubik (2004-mid-2009) and Nikki A. C. Sheppick (present).
Since 2002, the Charleroi Area Historical Society, Inc. has been moving aggressively ahead in making sure others realize the importance of Charleroi Area history, especially as it is affiliated with the 2nd largest industry in Pennsylvania: Heritage Tourism in a very important Heritage Corridor region.


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As the author of APICS magazine's "Ask APICS" department, I receive numerous reader inquiries--many more than can be answered in the pages of the magazine. So I chose to make use of this edition of APICS Extra to respond to a recent question about procurement processes. Reader T.M. wrote, "Off-contract spending by suppliers and the potential for reputational damage has caused the managers at my company to task me with improving our procurement. What do you recommend?"
T.M. should begin by defining or updating the criteria of an ideal supplier, and then measure suppliers against these standards. To do this, it's necessary to gather input on how to measure a supplier from the following resources:
The supplier criteria should establish a standard measuring process that includes marketplace reputation, pricing, responsiveness, quality, and commitment to areas of value, such as business leadership, cost containment, or philosophy of continuous improvement. The standards must be able to be scored in order to create a comprehensive, measurable, and trackable reflection of the suppliers.
The suppliers first are scored using the company's predetermined criteria. Then, the suppliers should score themselves. The key here is to identify gaps in the results.
The next step is to examine the scores in real word application. A physical examination of supplier facilities, processes, and working conditions is invaluable. This is the time to answer the following questions: Does an on-site visit support the supplier's scores? Does this visit enable accurate understanding of daily operations? In what ways might a competitor of the supplier be different? Does the supplier expose its clients' businesses? How important are these risks? Are the supplier's criteria complete? Would the supplier's scores be adjusted after going on-site?
The next step is to consider customer and stakeholder perspectives. How would they react to the supplier's site? Remember: What the client perceives about its supplier's site may be exactly what customers and stakeholders perceive about the client.
Off-contract spending
Problematic off-contract spending should trigger an investigation. It's crucial to identify the cause and expectations for resolution. Off-contract spending may be a symptom of a larger problem in communications or compliance or lack of effective supplier relationship management.
Determine if it's possible to trace supplier off-contract spending to demands from the production and inventory sides of the organization. For example, does a surprisingly large number of jobs labeled "high priority" lead to accelerated delivery? Is intermittent vendor quality forcing rework and increasing production expenses? Procurement, like any area of operations, can fall victim to competing short- and long-term priorities in communication and decision making.
Another cause can be in-house staff people not specifying the best supplier. A study on AllBusiness.com revealed that the "categories worst affected include travel and maintenance, repairs, and operations." Only 26 percent of purchasing heads thought employees placed orders directly with external suppliers; but managers and administrators from the same companies told a different story: 74 percent said they did. About two-thirds of employees who knew their company had a preferred supplier list could not name suppliers for routine items.
Considering PSPs
In some cases, it may be wise to employ the services of a procurement service provider (PSP). The APICS Dictionary defines a PSP as "a company that has product, sourcing, and supply management knowledge and acts as an outsourced process by other companies providing procurement help. They most often are used by companies where procurement is a significant part of business, but the company lacks the expertise to effectively manage the process."
A NelsonHall survey revealed the top three reasons global companies choose to outsource indirect procurement. They include
The report's authors say the first issue to be addressed at the majority of organizations is improved supplier management. Typically, organizations aim to reduce the cost of goods, services, and procurement in order to accelerate sourcing cycle times and improve vendor management. Many achieve this through better spend visibility and the ability to manage supplier performance through a single interface.
I wish T.M. all the best in improving procurement processes.
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STATE of Tennessee, Petitioner,v.
Harry THORNTON, Respondent
[4] April 2, 1973
1973.TN.80 <http://www.versuslaw.com>
[5] APPELLATE judges:
[6] JOHN W. WILSON, Special Judge wrote the opinion.
[7] DYER, C.J., and CHATTIN, HUMPHREYS and McCANLESS, JJ., concur.
[9] This matter is before the Court upon a writ of certiorari and supersedeas issued on December 15, 1972, by Mr. Justice Chattin, after a hearing before him upon proper notice to counsel for respondent. The order granting the writ vacated an order of Judge Charles Galbreath of the Court of Criminal Appeals and set the same for hearing before this Court on January 11, 1973, at Knoxville. The petition for certiorari and supersedeas filed in this Court challenged the validity of the order of Judge Galbreath of the Court of Criminal Appeals upon several grounds.
The challenged order of Judge Galbreath is quoted as follows:
"Application having been made to me in Chambers by Writ of Certiorari and Supersedeas and there appearing there is a justiciable issue, the Clerk is hereby ORDERED to docket this cause for hearing on the 2nd Monday of January, 1973, in Nashville, Tennessee. Pending the Disposition of this cause, petitioner shall be admitted to bail on his own recognizance.
ENTER, this the 5th day of December, 1972."
The factual background is that the respondent, Harry Thornton, was subpoenaed to testify before the Hamilton County Grand Jury, and appeared before that body on November 28, 1972; at which time a taped interview of the program which had been earlier carried out by the respondent on a Chattanooga, Tennessee television station was played to that Grand Jury and, when asked the name of the person making the call involved, he (respondent) refused to name the caller. The subject of this call was an alleged whitewash or poor investigation of a matter involving a local Judge.
On November 28, 1972, the respondent was brought before Judge Tillman Grant of the Criminal Court of Hamilton County, Tennessee, and ordered to reveal the name of the caller to the Grand Jury, and he again refused, basing his refusal upon his constitutional rights under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, and the Tennessee Constitution. Upon this refusal, the trial court ordered the respondent to appear on December 5, 1972, to show cause why he should not be held in contempt of court.
On December 5, 1972, the respondent appeared with counsel and again refused to reveal the name of the caller and the trial court found respondent in contempt and sentenced him to jail until he complied.
Thereafter, on the same date and within a very short period of time thereafter, the respondent, without giving notice to the District Attorney General of Hamilton County, Tennessee, who represented the State at the hearing before Judge Grant, filed a petition for writs of certiorari and supersedeas ex parte before Judge Charles Galbreath of the Tennessee Court of Criminal Appeals at his chambers in Nashville, Tennessee, and Judge Galbreath issued an order which only docketed the case for hearing before that Court on January 2, 1973, and, without granting either writ, ordered the respondent admitted to bail on his own recognizance.
The order issued by Judge Galbreath was immediately transferred back to the trial court by counsel for defendant and respondent was released from confinement in the Hamilton County Jail. There was no adversary hearing or notice thereof given of the hearing before Judge Galbreath, which is admitted by the attorney for defendant in reply brief filed to the petition for certiorari and supersedeas in this Court. The reasons for not giving notice, as stated in the reply, are absolutely without merit.
The State of Tennessee in the petition for certiorari and supersedeas filed in this Court states in the assignment of error as follows:
"The one assignment of error on behalf of the petitioner is that the Judge of the Court of Criminal Appeals herein involved exceeded his jurisdiction by entering the order herein involved in that (1) said order, although not granting the writs of certiorari and supersedeas prayed for, ordered the case placed on the docket of that Court at its next session in Nashville, Tennessee, and admitted the respondent to bail on his own recognizance; (2) that said Judge exceeded his authority herein in admitting the respondent to bail since, under T.C.A.Sec. 40-1204, only the Court of Criminal Appeals could admit him to bail, and (3) that said Judge would, in any event, have had no jurisdiction to grant the writs of certiorari and supersedeas to review the order herein involved, the same being a final order."
In oral argument before this Court on January 11, 1973, the parties, through counsel, took the position that the conduct of respondent was criminal contempt. Subsequent to the hearing on January 11, 1973, the Attorney General filed a supplemental brief calling our attention to Shillitani v. United States, 86 S.C. 1531, 384 U.S. 364, 16 L.Ed.2d 622 (1966), in which case the facts were very similar to the instant case, and ruled to be civil contempt. It is also noted in the case of Higgins v. Lewis, et ux., 23 Tenn. App. 648, 137 S.W.2d 308 (1939), the Court points out the distinction between criminal and civil contempt observed in our Code. See, also, Sullivan v. Sullivan, 23 Tenn. App. 644, 137 S.W.2d 306 (1939), wherein, distinguishing between criminal and civil contempt, the Court in the course of its opinion used the language that one imprisoned carries the keys to the prison in his own pocket, which was, in substance, the same language used by the Court in Shillitani, supra.
The contention made by the Attorney General in the supplemental brief isn't without merit, but in view of the opinion we have of the matter it will not be necessary to rule on the question of whether the respondent was guilty of civil or criminal contempt.
On January 8, 1973, the respondent filed a motion to dismiss the writ of certiorari and supersedeas granted as to the order of Judge Galbreath on the ground the matter had become moot. The written motion recited that on December 13, 1972, the respondent filed a motion to set bond in the trial court, while the matter was pending hearing on the application for writ of certiorari before Mr. Justice Chattin on December 15, 1972; and that upon being advised by the Clerk of the Supreme Court of Mr. Justice Chattin granting the writ of certiorari and supersedeas as to Judge Galbreath's order, the respondent had posted an appearance bond in the sum of $1,000.00 pending respondent's appeal to the Court of Criminal Appeals, and that the record and bill of exceptions had been filed.
When the matter came up to be heard on argument before the Court on January 11, 1973, the respondent, through counsel, orally made a motion to dismiss on account of the matters in the controversy having become moot for the reasons stated in the written motion filed.
This motion was denied.
In the case of McCanless, Com'r. v. Klein, 182 Tenn. 631, at page 637, 188 S.W.2d 745, at page 747 (1945), the Court stated this:
So, 1 C.J.S., Actions, § 17, pp. 1017, 1018, states the rule to be that a case may become moot where by a court decision, acts of parties, or other causes occurring after the commencement of the action the case has lost its controversial character, 'unless it is one of great public importance, as where it involves a determination of public rights or interests under conditions which may be repeated at any time.' Matter of Cuddeback, 3 App.Div. 103, 39 N.Y.S. 388, 389, is cited as another case illustrating the exception, where the question was of such importance that the court felt it proper to decide it, 'though it has ceased to be of practical interest to the parties.'"
The ruling of the trial court, on December 5, 1972, was a final order. The respondent could have, as he finally did, prayed an appeal to the proper appellate court and, upon execution of an appearance bond, been released pending the appeal. Judge Galbreath had no jurisdiction whatever to order the release of the respondent, whether on bail or his own recognizance.
When the petition for certiorari and supersedeas was presented to Judge Galbreath on December 5, 1972, he did not grant the certiorari and supersedeas (and if he had, he would have been without authority. As stated above, the judgment of the trial court was final and the remedy of the respondent was by appeal) but his actions in the premises, in effect, removed the case to the Court of Criminal Appeals, released the defendant from custody, and set the cause for hearing on January 8, 1973, upon his finding of a justiciable issue, and, in so doing, he was acting without jurisdiction and illegally.
We hold that the order of Judge Galbreath, made on December 5, 1972, is void.
The costs will be paid by the respondent.
DYER, C.J., and CHATTIN, HUMPHREYS and McCANLESS, JJ., concur.
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With the Deedy trial wrapping up there are still a lot of questions about the case. Attorney David Hayakawa, who has done several high profile criminal defense cases, joins KITV4 Morning News with a deeper look at the Deedy murder trial.
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How to Donate to CVIP
You have three ways to donate to CVIP to promote its mission and goals:
- You may make a monetary donation to CVIP:
- Contribute money to the CVIP Scholarship Fund (tax-deductible) through the Michigan State University Development Fund (http://www.givingto.msu.edu/). Please make out your check to "MSU" and note 'CVIP Scholarship Fund' on the memo line. Your donation will go to support tuition scholarships for spouses of international students.
- Make a donation to CVIP's general fund to help defray program expenses. Please make your check out to "CVIP" (not "MSU"). If you wish, you may specify which program you wish to support by writing its name on the memo line.
- Note: One-hundred percent of all contributions go directly to the designated program support as CVIP is totally administered by volunteer efforts.
- You may donate international items to be sold at the World Gift Shop associated with the Global Festival in November. Funds raised at this event go into the CVIP Scholarship Fund to support tuition scholarships for spouses of international students.
- You may donate your time and talents to one of the many programs sponsored by CVIP. Please refer to the program link that most appeals to you, use the Volunteer Application Page, or contact CVIP at email@example.com or (517) 353-1735 for additional information.


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Kids & Teens
Our Youth Centers and Teen Lounges ensure our youngest cruisers stay happy all day long
Youth Centers, Ages 3-12
Our Youth Centers are staffed by entertaining and experienced counselors, dedicated and trained to make sure kids are having the best vacation ever. Some activities include: kids-only dance parties, movies and cartoons, ice cream and pizza parties, t-shirt coloring, pajama parties, theme nights, family fun fairs, art projects, and more.
Teen Lounges, Ages 13-17
Our Lounges are packed with PS2/PS3 and Wii games, the latest movies, music, and foosball tables. Some events include: teens-only dance parties, late night-movies, sports tournaments, talent shows, formal dinners, mocktail competitions, DJ workshops, teen makeovers, and hip hop dance classes.
Late Night Group Kidsitting
For your convenience, group kidsitting for children ages 3 to 12 years is offered in the Youth Centers from 10:00 pm to 1:00 am for a charge of $5.00 per hour per child, except on Pacific Princess. Kids can relax and watch movies or play games with their friends while mom and dad have a relaxing night out.
EdutainmentAt Princess, we believe learning is fun. Through our Discovery at SeaTM program, an exclusive partnership with Discovery CommunicationsTM, as well as the California Science Center, we deliver exciting interactive activities for kids ages 3-12, led by our experienced Youth Staff. Whale watching, roller coaster building, chemistry experiments, and squid dissection are just some of the activities that may be offered.
Kids-Only Dinners
Kids-only dinners are offered on select evenings during your voyage. Kids get the chance to eat with their new friends and Youth Staff, while parents enjoy dinner on their own.
We offer a teens only dinner on a formal night, with a section of the dining room reserved just for teens. It's a chance for them to eat a formal dinner with their new friends.
We also offer fun ice cream and pizza parties throughout the voyage.
Please be sure to alert Youth Staff if your child has any food allergies.
Please note: During voyages with a high number of families onboard, we will make all efforts to accommodate interested parties. However, participation in our program cannot be guaranteed. Hours of operation may change to better serve our guests.
Hours of Operation: Sea days 9:00am to 12:00 pm | 1:00pm - 5:00pm | 6:00pm - 10:00pm. Port Days 8:00am - 5:00pm | 6:00pm - 10:00pm. Depending on the itinerary, port hours may be expanded. Check the schedule once onboard. The Program is complimentary during port days and advanced bookings are not required.
For lunch during port days, Youth Staff will take your children to one of the ships' many eateries (with parental consent).
Children are welcome on all Princess cruise ships, but facilities vary. Pacific Princess does not have dedicated Youth Centers or Teen Lounges. Programs are available on this vessel only when 20 or more children ages 3 to 17 are sailing.


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NIH Study Links High Cholesterol Levels to Lower Fertility »
"High cholesterol levels may impair fertility in couples trying to achieve a pregnancy, according to a study by researchers at the National Institutes of Health, the University at Buffalo (New York), and Emory University in Atlanta.
Read the NIH Study Links High Cholesterol Levels to Lower Fertility article »
An agent for use in evaluating hypothalamic-pituitary gonadotropic function. Factrel (gonadorelin hydrochloride) injectable is available as a sterile lyophilized powder for reconstitution and administration by subcutaneous or intravenous routes.
Chemical Name: 5-oxo-L-prolyl-L-histidyl-L-tryptophyl-L-seryl -L- tyrosyl-glycyl -L- leucyl-L-arginyl-L-prolyl glycinamide hydrochloride
Factrel (gonadorelin) is C 55 H 75 N 17 O 13 HCl, as the mono- or dihydrochloride, or their mixture. The gonadorelin base has a molecular weight of 1182.33. It is a white powder, soluble in alcohol and water, hygroscopic and moisture-sensitive, and stable at room temperature. The synthetic decapeptide, Factrel (gonadorelin) , has a chemical composition and structure identical to the natural hormone, identified from porcine or ovine hypothalami.
Each Secule® vial of Factrel contains 100 or 500 mcg gonadorelin as the hydrochloride, with 100 mg lactose, USP. Each ampul of sterile diluent contains 2% benzyl alcohol in sterile water.
Last reviewed on RxList: 12/8/2004
This monograph has been modified to include the generic and brand name in many instances.
Factrel FDA Prescribing Information
Additional Factrel Information
Report Problems to the Food and Drug Administration
You are encouraged to report negative side effects of prescription drugs to the FDA. Visit the FDA MedWatch website or call 1-800-FDA-1088.
Trying to Conceive
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