text:
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Lost EchoesKnopf Doubleday Publishing Group 2007; US$ 13.95
Since a mysterious childhood illness, Harry Wilkes has experienced horrific visions. Gruesome scenes emerge to replay themselves before his eyes. Triggered by simple sounds, these visions occur anywhere a tragic event has happened. Now in college, Harry feels haunted and turns to alcohol to dull his visionary senses. One night, he sees a fellow drunk... more...
Sunset and SawdustKnopf Doubleday Publishing Group 2007; US$ 13.95
In the middle of a cyclone, beautiful, red-haired Sunset Jones shoots her husband Pete dead when he tries to beat and rape her. To Camp Rapture?s general consternation, Sunset?s mother-in-law arranges for her to take over from Pete as town constable. As if that weren?t hard enough to swallow in depression era east Texas, Sunset actually takes the... more...
Leather MaidenKnopf Doubleday Publishing Group 2008; US$ 14.95
Abrash amalgam of terrifying suspense, raw humor, and intriguing mystery that unfolds in the vividly rendered shadowy lowlands of East Texas. After a harrowing stint in the Iraq war, Cason Statler returns home to the small East Texas town of Camp Rapture, where he drinks too much, stalks his ex-wife, and takes a job at the local paper, only to uncover... more...
Vanilla RideKnopf Doubleday Publishing Group 2009; US$ 16.00
Hap and Leonard �is now a Sundance TV series. Hap Collins and Leonard Pine, the kings of East Texas mischief and mayhem, return in this full-throttle thriller to face off with the Dixie Mafia. � When Leonard is asked to rescue a teenage girl from a lowly drug dealer, he gladly agrees and invites Hap along for the ride.� Everything goes according... more...
The BottomsKnopf Doubleday Publishing Group 2010; US$ 15.95
A thriller with echoes of William Faulkner and Harper Lee, The Bottoms is classic American storytelling in its truest, darkest, and more affecting form. � Its 1933 in East Texas and the Depression lingers in the air like a slow moving storm. When a young Harry Collins and his little sister stumble across the body of a black woman who has been savagely... more...
Devil RedKnopf Doubleday Publishing Group 2011; US$ 14.95
Hap and Leonard �is now a Sundance TV series. Hap Collins and Leonard Pine return in a red-hot, mayhem-fueled thriller to face a vampire cult, the Dixie Mafia, and the deadliest assassin they?ve ever encountered?Devil Red. When their friend Marvin asks Hap and Leonard to look into a cold-case double homicide, they?re more than happy to play private... more...
Rumble TumbleKnopf Doubleday Publishing Group 2010; US$ 16.00
Hap and Leonard �is now a Sundance TV series. Hap Collins and Leonard Pine are in for an action-packed adventure when they cross paths with a towering Pentecostal preacher, a midget with a giant attitude, and a gang of bikers turned soldiers of fortune. Even though a midlife crisis just hit Hap Collins like a runaway pickup truck, he's still... more...
Captains OutrageousKnopf Doubleday Publishing Group 2010; US$ 15.00
Hap and Leonard �is now a Sundance TV series. Hap Collins and Leonard Pine find mucho trouble, this time in Mexico, when they come face to face with a nudist mobster, his seven-foot strong-arm, a octogenarian knife-touting fisherman, and, somehow, an armadillo. When Hap Collins saves the life of his employer's daughter, he is rewarded with a... more...
Savage SeasonKnopf Doubleday Publishing Group 2010; US$ 14.95
The basis for the new TV series Hap and Leonard A rip-roaring, high-octane, Texas-sized thriller, featuring two friends, one vixen, a crew of washed-up radicals, loads of money, and bloody mayhem. Hap Collins and Leonard Pine are best friends, yet they couldn't be more different. Hap is an east Texas white-boy with a weakness for Texas women.... more...
Mucho MojoKnopf Doubleday Publishing Group 2010; US$ 13.95
Hap and Leonard is now a Sundance TV series. Hap and Leonard return in this incredible, mad-dash thriller, loaded with crack addicts, a serial killer, and a body count. Leonard is still nursing the injuries he sustained in the duo's last wild undertaking when he learns that his Uncle Chester has passed. Hap is of course going to be there... more...


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Interest Level
Grades 3 - 6
Reading Level
Grade level Equivalent: 5.9
Lexile® Measure: 930L
DRA: Not Available
Guided Reading: Not Available
- Informational
- Civil Rights Movement
- Martin Luther King Day
- Black History Month
Reading Quiz Programs
About This Book
Get to the Heart of Dr. King's Momentous Message
This eye-opening book presents Dr. King's famous speech in modern, accessible language.
What did Martin Luther King, Jr., mean when he said, "seared in the flames of withering injustice" or "the tranquilizing drug of gradualism"? Now, kids can read Dr. King's important speech in words they truly understand. "And so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream" becomes "We face problems today. We will still face problems tomorrow. Still, I have a dream." In addition to the original and "translated" versions of the speech, a short history of the events surrounding the civil rights movement is included.
Items Added to Cart:
1 Paperback
2 Hardcover
1 Teacher's Edition
$48.99 Subtotal

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Susan Kane: Links
- Tribes Hill
Hudson Valley based collective of independent musicians. A non-profit, and member of Folk Alliance, Tribes Hill meets monthly for songs, food, and planning various projects. Check out the website!
- Sonic Bids
My EPK, electronic press kit.
- Pandora Internet Radio
- So Long on iTunes
- Highway Bouquet on iTunes
- Billy Masters on Facebook
Billy is the extraordinarily talented musician and producer who produced my two cds. He now resides in Austin, TX, but heads up north to the NY area fairly frequently.
- Steve Kirkman
- MySpace


text:
Thanks, Mike Webster
University of Nevada, Reno. The Department of Psychology invites
applications for a tenure-track position of Assistant Professor in
EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY. Preference will be given to research specialties
that are compatible with the existing research emphases of the program
(perception, cognition or animal behavior), or are in closely related
areas (e.g. cognitive neuroscience). Applicants should have a strong
record of research and potential for external funding, and demonstrated
ability to contribute to program teaching requirements at both graduate
and undergraduate levels. Strong quantitative skills and postdoctoral
experience are desirable. A Ph.D. is required by time of appointment.
Competitive salary and start-up funds are available. The University is set
in an attractive location, both for scholarship and recreation. In
addition to experimental, the Department has doctoral programs in clinical
psychology and behavior analysis, and participates in an interdisciplinary
social psychology doctoral program. Review of applications will begin on
March 1, 1998, for a start date in Fall, 1998. Applicants should send
vitae, representative publications, a statement of research and teaching
interests, and at least 3 letters of recommendation to: Michael Webster,
Chair, Experimental Search Committee, c/o Peggy Hart, Department of
Psychology / 296, University of Nevada, Reno NV 89557. Female and minority
candidates are encouraged to apply. The University of Nevada, Reno is an
For informal inquiries please contact
Mike Webster (702-784-6820) or (firstname.lastname@example.com)


text: I know that expensive is a relative term so relatively speaking, why is 7mm-08 ammo so expensive? Is it because less of it gets sold? I can get ammo for .308, 30-06, .270 etc. for $17-20 a box for remington core-lokt. That same ammo is $30 a box at the only LGS that carries it. I first wanted a 7mm-08 but with ammo prices and sketchy availability I am going to get a .308.


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Follow @DaytimeRoyalty
|Hello, soap fans -- and welcome to Daytime Royalty!
For those unfamiliar, we are an uncensored community for fans and lovers of the daytime genre. We have a no-holds-barred atmosphere in regards to the shows, writers, actors etc. but we do not allow member bashing in any form.
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|Y&R Yearly Recaps
|Tweet Topic Started: Jun 12 2013, 09:20 AM (2,397 Views)
|Jun 12 2013, 09:20 AM Post #1
Hi, all!
Does anyone maybe have Y&R yearly summaries/recaps? I know Sony had them on their Y&R site (from the beginning), but now they don't have it anymore. I used to have them saved on my laptop, but can't find them now, so I am wondering if maybe someone else has them? Or any other yearly recaps?
|Jun 12 2013, 07:50 PM Post #2
|Jun 12 2013, 11:49 PM Post #3
|Thank u so much!!
|Jun 13 2013, 04:40 PM Post #4
Good for a rainy day of reading..
Thanks so much..
|Jun 17 2013, 12:45 PM Post #5
|Never knew about those. Thanks for posting.
|1 user reading this topic (1 Guest and 0 Anonymous)
|« Previous Topic · Y&R & B&B: News, Spoilers & Discussion · Next Topic »


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He's not re-inventing the wheel, he says with a chuckle when discussing Back East (Nonesuch, 2007). But this exploring musician has gone back to an acoustic format. Specifically, a piano-less trio, the type of thing Sonny Rollins wowed critics with in the 1950s. Others have done it too. It's not even new to Redman, but it's a change after playing for the last couple of years in a larger band the SFJazz Collectiveand his more groove-based Elastic Band that features guitar, keyboards and other electronics.
Back East is at once an examination of the trio format, a dabbling into Eastern music elements that have intrigued Redman over the years, a tribute to some of his great influences of the pastRollins, Stan Getz, John Coltrane and Wayne Shorter and a re-acquaintance with some present day saxmen that have been an inspiration to him. It also, even if inadvertently, presents some poignant musical moments with his father, Dewey Redman, the saxophonist extraordinaire who died months after the recording. The Back East is the last time the pair played together. It was the last time Joshua saw his dad except for just prior to his death when the extent of the illness beckoned the son from his California home to New York.
Redman isn't new to this trio format. He played it a lot jamming around the Boston scene while going to school at Harvard University. After graduating summa cum laude, then deciding to turn down his acceptance to Yale Law School and move to New York to pursue music, he experienced the trio setting there as well. "But it's never been a format that I've chosen to tour extensively with or to record with. I think part of the reason is I never really felt ready. I'm not entirely sure that I'm ready now, he says with a disarming chuckle.
Redman, always one who likes a musical challenge, was looking for another project. He said his work in the last couple of years in aggregations that were thick with sound, by the sheer number of players and by context, led him to seek out something more stripped-down.
As simple as it may seem, the piano-less trio is not an area where players should tread lightly. Redman approaches it with respect. In his playing and writing there's introspection that leads to invention. There's experimentation that leads to discovery. There are thoughtfully written schemes over which to improvise. And there is a good fit with the three rhythm sections he chose to help carry out his ideas. This is done by the teams of Christian McBride on bass with Brian Blades on drums; Larry Grenadier on bass and Ali Jackson on drums; and the bass of Reuben Rogers with drummer Eric Harland. They are not musical strangers to Redman, and so there is a cohesiveness achieved. The guest artists, saxophonists Joe Lovano, Chris Cheek and Dewey Redman, are all people who Redman respects a great deal.
As Back East implies in the title, it's an album that has Eastern musical influences on many of the tunes, whether it's Coltrane's "India or Redman's own "Zarafah. But that's not the whole disk. He said he heard Rollins' classic Way Out West (Contemporary, 1957) for the first time in years and it inspired him to investigate some of that music ("I'm An Old Cowhand and "Wagon Wheels ). There are also nods to Trane, Shorter and Getz. But through it all, Redman remains himself. His facility on the horn, as always remarkable, enables him to spread his sound across the arrangements with power, when need be, but also with of and interesting phrasing befitting some of the music he heard growing up.
"I guess I craved the intimacy and the openness of trio, says Redman. "I felt like maybe I had gotten to a place, musically, where I felt ready to take on a project like this. That's kind of how it started.
The music makes a strong statement and further entrenches Redman as one of the most captivating artists on the scene, always worthy of one's attention. His reworking of songs done by Rollins is superb, because it is re-working, and Redman carries his own sound and attitude. His playful lines with Lovano show two saxophonists who love to see what is going on in the moment. And his work with his father shows a simpatico between the two, and yet shows two distinct artists in their own right. The support by all three rhythm sections is excellent.
Not many people are making albums like this. But Redman is one who puts his passion for the music first and not business considerations. He realizes that to be a successful artist, music has to be done for the love of it. He has always looked for ways to be creative, to step forward. He's succeeded here.
Just prior to going out on tour in support of the new music with a trioa journey that will take him to places like the Montreal Jazz Festival, as well as several dates in EuropeRedman spoke with All About Jazz about the music on his eleventh recording as a leader.
About Joshua Redman
CD/LP/Track Review
- Nearness by Doug Collette
- Trios Live by Mark F. Turner
Live Reviews
CD/LP/Track Review
- Walking Shadows by Nenad Georgievski
Live Reviews
- Joshua Redman Quartet with The Knights: New York, NY, June 4, 2013
- Joshua Redman Trio at Jazz at the Bistro, St Louis, October 7, 2010
- Joshua Redman and Brad Mehldau Stunning Duet Session in Saratoga Springs, NY
Joshua Redman Events
Joshua Redman: Still Dreaming
Wortham Theater Center
Houston, TX
|8:00 pm


text:
What is JamesEdition?
JamesEdition enables buyers to find items for sale and charter across the luxury lifestyle. Our listings come from selected professional dealers, chosen for their outstanding inventory and reputation. JamesEdition was formerly known as JamesList. While the website and concept is still the same, the name enjoyed an update to JamesEdition.com on 1st of February 2013.
The world's smartest luxury marketplace.
JamesEdition lets visitors search, browse and compare listings placed by car, yacht, watch, jet, helicopter and motorcycle dealers from around the world.
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JamesEdition focuses on only the high-end of each category to ensure that amazing listings are showcased in the way they deserve and that buyers find exactly what they are looking for. We screen each dealer and listing to ensure they are "James" enough.
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JamesEdition was founded specifically to take advantage of the lack of a truly global marketplace for high-end goods. Operating without ties to traditional print media or industry groups, we can focus on offering our dealers and visitors the best possible service. We have a worldwide perspective that sets us apart, with headquarters in Stockholm, Sweden and representation in London, Frankfurt, Singapore and Boston. JamesEdition was founded by an experienced group of entrepreneurs with a proven track record of successful ventures, we are privately owned with strong financial backing.
To learn more, read our Frequently Asked Questions or contact us.
JamesEdition AB
Birger Jarlsgatan 57A
113 56 Stockholm, Sweden
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
William Lester papers, 1930-1980
Lester, William, b. 1910 d. 1991
Painter, Educator
Active in Austin, Tex.
Collection size: 0.6 linear ft. (on 2 microfilm reels)
Collection Summary: Provenance records for Lester's paintings COLLEGE ON THE HILL and OLD FORT DAVIS-THE STOVE; a critique by Charles Z.Offin, 1953; a sketch ; 3 scrapbooks containing newspaper and magazine clippings; and exhibition catalogs and announcements; and newspaper and magazine clippings.
Biographical/Historical Note: Painter; Austin, Texas.
Material on reel 2908(fr. 139-305) donated 1981 by William Lester; material on reels 2907 and 2908(fr. 5-134) lent for microfilming 1981 by Lester. Microfilmed as part of the Archives of American Art's Texas project.
How to Use this Collection
- Microfilm reels 2907-2908 available for use only Museum of Fine Arts, Houston; and through interlibrary loan.
- Use of original papers requires an appointment and is limited to the Archives' Washington, D.C., Research Center. Microfilmed materials must be consulted on microfilm. Contact Reference Services for more information.
- For more information on using the Archives' resources, see the FAQ or Ask Us.


text:
Lost In Space
Release Date: April 3rd, 1998
PG-13|2 hr. 11 min.
Plot Summary
The space family Robinson is on a journey to Alpha Prime in the hopes of establishing a colony there and thereby saving humanity from extinction. Their plans are foiled by the evil Dr. Smith (Gary Oldman) and they find themselves curiously enough, lost in space.
Cast: William Hurt, Mimi Rogers, Heather Graham, Lacey Chabert, Jack Johnson, Gary Oldman, Matt LeBlanc, Jared Harris
Director: Stephen Hopkins
Genres: Science fiction
Distributor: New Line Cinema


text:
Enter your Email address:
Wolters Kluwer Health may email you for journal alerts and information, but is committed
to maintaining your privacy and will not share your personal information without
your express consent. For more information, please refer to our Privacy Policy.
Patruno, Cataldo PhD, MD; Ayala, Fabio MD; Zagaria, Orlando MD; Balato, Nicola MD
Background: Chronic hand eczema is defined as a persistent (>6 months' duration) noninfectious skin inflammation of the hands. It is twice as common in women as men. Although genetic factors have been considered, greater exposure of women to wet work, such as housework, is assumed to be the most likely explanation. It has been debated whether lifestyle factors may be associated with chronic hand eczema.
Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of cigarette smoking on housewives for the development of chronic hand eczema.
Methods: We analyzed 516 housewives 18 years or older. Two hundred fourteen were affected by chronic hand eczema, and 302 were control subjects. Both patients and control subjects were divided into 2 subgroups, smokers and nonsmokers. An anonymous questionnaire was submitted to each woman.
Conclusions: No significant differences emerged between "smokers" and "nonsmokers" concerning the incidence of chronic hand eczema. In addition, the smokers were mainly affected by a milder ("almost clear") form of the disease. On the other hand, "severe" forms of chronic hand eczema might be more frequent in nonsmokers when compared with smokers. This study suggests that smoking is not associated with onset of chronic hand eczema, but with less severe chronic hand eczema.
© 2014 American Contact Dermatitis Society
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Gulf Breeze Hospital in Pensacola, FL, has opened Legends Café in the adjacent Andrews Institute for Orthopaedics & Sports Medicine, reports the Pensacola News Journal. The café is modeled on Gulf Breeze's successful onsite Breeze Way Café. Both Breeze Way and Legends are operated by Sodexo. Legends serves both a sit down menu and grab and go options each weekday from 11 am to 2 pm. Choices on the modestly priced menu include Greek salad with chicken, turkey chipotle club sandwich, Mahi ...
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Yesterday I've had some freezing problem, so I re-connected ram, hdd etc. Now the problem is I can't turn it on .I am sure that I haven't made any loose connection. So what might the problem be?
Checking for Loose Connections
The most likely reason for the freezing problem with your computer is a loose connection. So, even though you have already looked into this, you should take a good look at each and every connection. It is possible that something has gotten loose without being readily visible. Check power cords, cables, peripherals, etc. While you are at it, make sure that the electrical outlet is working if you have the computer plugged into it. Take the RAM out and reseat it just to be sure. Another step you should take is to clean the computer and remove any dust, especially from the fan.
Booting up in Safe Mode when Pc Won't Start
Since the PC won't start on its own, you should see if you can get it to boot up in Safe Mode. This strategy should work if all of the connections are in place. Turn the power on for the PC, press the "F8" on the keyboard several times until the computer starts to boot up. Depending on the type of PC you have, you might need to use an alternate key on the keyboard such as "F2", "F12," or "F10" when booting up. Once you get to the options, select "Last Known Good Configuration."
RAM Compatibility
While you probably already did this, make sure that the RAM that you installed is the correct type. If it isn't, that would explain why you are having these issues.
Resolving Startup error by Booting up with the Installation Disk
If you have it available, try booting up using the installation disk that came with your computer. Insert the disk as soon as you turn the power on, press the "ESC" key on the keyboard. Once you see the words "Check System," press the "F1" key so that your computer boots up from the installation disk. Select the option to "repair your operating system."
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text:
* pot holder
Posted on November 2nd, 2016 by maitreya. Filed under Sewing/Fabric Crafts.
Wow, am I out of practice. I bookmarked this *3 years* ago: LBG Studio potholder in a neo-retro kitchen-ware pattern from Melody Miller. I tracked the fabric down on Etsy somewhere, also a long time ago, and even cut everything to size, where it then sat by the sewing machine until tonight. I have never been very good at quilting and binding, and boy does it show that it's been a while since I sewed anything:
I obviously should have used this tutorial for binding from Smashed Peas and Carrots. Oh well, at least I'm back on the horse. Maybe it'll look better after a run through the wash?
* Do more of what makes you happy
Posted on January 30th, 2016 by maitreya. Filed under Inspiration.
I've had this as my phone lock screen lately and I'm trying to take it to heart. Working on things I like and find important makes me happy. Gardening makes me happy. Cooking and exercising and not feeling like a slug make me happier than the alternative, even if they take a little activation energy. Crafting used to make me happy too, but I stopped doing it for some reason.
image by Christopher Delorenzo
By the way, Craftlog has moved to a new setup with upgraded WordPress and such. In the process Crafting Japanese and Marthadex both died, but their times have passed anyway. Apparently I'm not the only purveyor of dead links: most of the links in my sidebar and my artists and shops page were dead.
New header font is Sketch Match.
* Gocco bow cards
Posted on December 15th, 2014 by maitreya. Filed under Gocco/L Letterpress, Holiday.
I manage to make my holiday cards about every other year or so. This year, I used the Gocco to print shiny gold bows. The bow drawing is by Krusty. I love how they turned out!
* Wee Wonderfuls bunny
Posted on November 30th, 2014 by maitreya. Filed under Sewing/Fabric Crafts, Toys (cat and kid).
We're home for Thanksgiving weekend, so it seemed like an ideal time to get some crafting in. This is a present for my friend's new daughter. It came together pretty quickly (well, after I spent 3 hours cleaning my craft room to uncover a surface to work on!)
I've now made each of the animals in the Wee Wonderfuls booklet (see previous bear and kitty), yay! It's been a while, so it's a little painfully handmade looking, but that's the charm, right?
* machine-quilted felt coasters
Posted on October 28th, 2013 by maitreya. Filed under Sewing/Fabric Crafts.
Mark said the other day that we need more coasters. What a good crafting activity to get back into the swing of things.
I used my favorite vintage linen paired with my favorite Japanese thick felt.
I sewed the layers together just with a straight stitch, following the pattern on the fabric.
Which makes them reversible.
* pleasing crochet tricks
Posted on October 20th, 2013 by maitreya. Filed under Crafty Links, Crochet.
Oh hi. I'm going to start craftlogging again. Started to miss the place.
I'm working on a crochet project, and came across these two very pleasing crochet tricks to eliminate the ugly joins in crochet motifs.
1. Get rid of the chains that make the first double crochet of a round!
2. Join the rounds perfectly instead of with a slip stitch! (I use a crochet hook to pull through the relevant loops instead of bothering with a tapestry needle.)
* Food in Jars at the Book Larder
Posted on June 10th, 2012 by maitreya. Filed under Wants.
Fun event of the morning: at a canning demo by the Food in Jars author. The Book Larder is a really cute little shop.
* fall/winter garden planning
Posted on June 4th, 2012 by maitreya. Filed under Home and Garden.
I think I have everything planted now for my summer garden, though I'll probably do a little reseeding here and there depending on how well things germinate and how successfully I can fend off the slugs from the seedlings.
Now to start planning for the fall and winter!
I was happy to see that Binda Colebrook's Winter Gardening in the Maritime Northwest is in a new printing. I've gotten this out of the library repeatedly, so it's nice to fanally have my own copy. She used to garden literally across the street from my house. Can't get more local advice than that!
My main problem is thinking about which crops will be done when, and what needs to go in next. It's a big puzzle.
In place already: the kale, brussels sprouts, and chard are already coming up (in fact, the kale is getting ready for a first light harvest), and should all make it through the winter if last year is any indication.
Next up: I'm planning to try to keep the broccoli and cauliflower starts going in pots until the garlic bed clears out. The other early finishers are my fennel and radishes, which I will probably replant with root crops. The onions are getting eaten up pretty quick too, but I'm leaving that space for the strawberries to run. My spring peas are just now producing, so when they're done I can plant a second planting in the same bed. By August, some of my salad beds will probably be done, making way for onions and scallions. Garlic is no problem since all the tomatoes and squash will be ready to go by October. Salad greens I can probably just intersperse around and about.
What else: somewhere in there, though, I want to fit more root crops, greens, and probably more onions. This is the first year I've grown them, and they're really nice. I might just wait and get starts later on, though, instead of going from seed. Last year, I didn't get great germination of the seed anyway.
Anybody have any other good planning tips?
* tomatoes in
Posted on May 28th, 2012 by maitreya. Filed under Home and Garden.
I got my tomatoes planted this weekend. This year I'm not taking any chances and bought strong starts at the Seattle Tilth plant sale and from the farmers market. I repotted them into nice big pots and made sure to harden them off all last week before planting them out. They got planted in deep holes to bury part of the stem. I've been haphazard about staking in the past, so this year I also got tomato cages. So far so good.
I'm trying all new varieties this year: stupice (red early slicing), sungold (yellow cherry), purple calabash (big purple slicing), Amish paste (red paste), and Jaune Flamme (smallish orange slicing).
We'll see how they measure up to last year's cast:
yellow pear: little pear-shaped yellow cherry tomatoes. Pretty tasty, but thick skin and kind of mealy (though Mark disagreed on that count). Poor yield, but that was my own ineptitude at growing tomatoes from seed.
sugar lump: red cherry tomato. These were juicy and sweet and very prolific. Minor splitting problems.
siletz: early slicing tomato. These are not very sweet, but not in a bad way. I got a pretty good yield from them and they were the first of them all to mature. They also all split in the slightest rain.
striped Roman: red oblong paste tomato with greenish stripes. These were pretty and tasted ok, but their little pointy tails had a tendency to go soft and rot. Reasonable yield, even though I planted them late and in terrible soil.
momotaro: big pink slicing tomato. I had high hopes for this one, supposedly the favorite heirloom tomato in Japan. I thought they were watery and bland, though.
* potato sacks
Posted on April 8th, 2012 by maitreya. Filed under Home and Garden.
Lots going on in the garden. I planted my potatoes a couple of weeks ago. This year, in addition to a retry of the trash can, I'm also trying burlap sacks, as seen at the garden show. I found the coffee sacks at Second Use for a dollar each.
I planted three varieties of fingerlings: ozette, rose finn apple, and la ratte. They're in a mix of compost and chopped straw. The trick is going to be to keep them from drying out like I suspect happened last time.
The other container gardening experiment we're trying is hops on the deck (which we're now calling the "hopyard") for Mark's homebrewing operation. We've got nugget, centennial, and cascade going.
This weekend, Mark also built me a fifth raised bed. It's just a little 3×3 feet one (same as my herb bed) to fit between a street sign and a tree in the parking strip. Like all the others, it's made of untreated cedar fence slats and wooden stakes, and the grand total cost was $4. We're going to get a bulk order of a veggie blend to topdress the yard and beds, so I plan to fill it with that.
My planting plans have kind of gotten out of control this year. I've got a set of index cards with drawings of each bed and estimated dates to sub in new crops for harvested ones. I've been doing some trades with other gardeners on Folia, which has only added to all the stuff I want to grow (if you are interested in swapping seeds, here's my stash).
The winter garden was a qualified success. I only just finished harvesting all my overwintered kale. Seriously, we have had kale every day for like two weeks to finish it all before the flowers opened. Just ate the last turnip and its greens. The purple sprouting broccoli is making tons of side shoots after I cut off all the central heads (and ate them raw with veggie dip, yum yum). I will never plant spring broccoli again given last year's aphid disaster. The chard is still going strong too, with a tiny bit of winter damage. Once we recover from kale fatigue, it'll be next on the menu. Herbs also weathered the winter just fine: still have parsley, thyme, and some sparse chives, and the bed of catnip is even perhaps doing a little too well.
On the negative side, I planted the brussels sprouts too late, so they never made sprouts and recently bolted. Luckily, before pulling the plants and feeding them to the chickens, I checked if the leaves and raab are tasty. Indeed they are! For the carrots and beets, I think I should have planted earlier and thinned better, since I didn't get good roots from some of the plants. They're still growing and haven't gone to seed yet, though, so I'm harvesting a few here and there.
Another welcome spring thing is that the chickens have gotten back in the swing of things. We're back to getting eggs from both of them regularly. Interestingly, Sue, the buff orpington, was the lower volume layer last year as compared to Lester, the hybrid. This year, though, Sue started laying earlier and has been more reliable than Lester. I think it's a difference between the multi-use heritage breeds that would have been expected to produce for a few years, versus the hybrids that have been selected for amazing production in their first year or two before being culled. Lester has also started laying weird ginormous eggs.
The chickens have also been helping me condition the squash bed. This is a kind of blighted, clay-y bed that formerly housed some very unhappy bushes. Last year, we pulled them all out and I did manage to grow winter and summer squash there. The summer squash take was predictably awesome, but I only had a few winter squashes make it. After the squashes came out in the fall, I planted a cover crop to enrich the soil. I've been placing the chicken tractor over it and letting the girls stuff themselves on greens while scratching everything up. Momo was a little too interested.
The chicken tractor has now been redeployed as a pea trellis, and I don't want the cover crop to get any ideas about going to seed, so I turned it all under today. We'll add some of the vegetable bed mix as well, and hopefully this will improve my yield this year.
Sprouting: peas, broccoli raab, radishes, chard, beets, mesclun mix, arugula, scallions, fennel, horseradish
Sowing: carrots, more beets, kale, leeks, chives, dill, cilantro, parsley
Sowing indoors: basil, Thai basil, shiso
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text:
Display Photo
Historic Jail
British Broadcasting Company
This Jailhouse Rocks
History Alive
The McKean County Historical Society operates the Old Jail Museum
in the historic jail located on King Street behind the Courthouse.
The jail was constructed in 1872, and is Smethport's oldest
public building.
According to the British Broadcasting Company,
the jail is haunted by the angry spirit of a convicted murderer who
vowed to return to haunt the jail shortly before he was hanged for
his criminal misdeeds.
On the more realistic side, the museum captures "windows of
time" in displays of the history of McKean County, its towns,
life style, and genealogy of its people. The museum also provides
a wealth of information about the famous Civil War Buctail Regiment
that was mustered in front of the 2nd McKean County Courthouse, details
from the "Oil Boom Days", records of cemeteries in the
county, and microfilm copies of The McKean County Miner newspaper
that was printed in Smethport. Additional old photos, artifacts,
lectures, and demonstrations bring the area's history alive.
Museum Admission
General: $4.00
Members, Senior Citizens, Children 6-12: $2.00
Children 5 and under: Free
Group Tours Available
Museum Hours
April 1-May 31: Tuesday & Thursday 1-4 p.m.
June 1-August 31: Monday thru Friday 1-4 p.m.
Sept. 1-Oct 31: Tuesday & Thursday 1-4 p.m.
Weaving Demonstrations:
Every Thursday by Jim Baker
Railroad Talks:
Every Friday by Dick Robertson
Annual Membership Fee
$10.00 Individual
$25.00 Family
$100.00 Lifetime
Membership includes free use of the Library facility, a free subscription
to the Society's newsletter, Bucktail News, and a 50% discount
on museum admission.
Library Usage Fee for Non-Members is $5.00
The Museum is supported in part by a grant
From the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission


text:
JC Penney's (NYSE:JCP) bondholders might have the upper hand.
In the 8-k filed with the SEC, section 8.1 was of interest. It mentions a letter concerning a Notice of Default under a 1994 indenture.
Below is what I view as a key paragraph:
The attorney alleges that the Company, by entering into the Credit Agreement and granting a lien on its inventory, violated Section 5.08 of the Indenture, which restricts the Company's ability to issue, assume or guarantee any notes, bonds, debentures or other similar evidences of indebtedness for money borrowed that are secured by certain property identified in the Indenture without simultaneously granting an equal and ratable security interest to the holders of the Debentures. Under the Credit Agreement, the lenders have a security interest in certain inventory and related current assets of the Company; however, there are not now, nor have there ever been, any loans outstanding under the Credit Agreement, and therefore the Company has not issued indebtedness for money borrowed secured by inventory. Further, Section 5.08 of the Indenture is not a negative covenant as to liens on inventory. The negative covenant extends only to "Principal Property," a term which is defined in the Indenture as consisting of "real property and tangible personal property owned by the Company . . . constituting a part of any store, warehouse or distribution center." Inventory does not constitute a part of a store, warehouse, or distribution center.
If, as the company mentions, there have never been any loans outstanding, then why pay financial institutions for the Credit Agreement and why expand the agreement?
The section for Cash Flow Outlook in the 10-Q filed with the SEC mentions the following:
We may borrow under our credit facility for general corporate purposes including, but not limited to, seasonal working capital needs and to support ongoing letters of credit.
It further mentions that the credit facility may be used for the issuance of letters of credit. The credit facility contains covenants that may restrict the company's ability to incur indebtedness, prepay or modify certain indebtedness under certain conditions.
In the discussion of the Credit Facility is this passage:
No borrowing, other than the issuance of standby and import letters of credit totaling $214 million as of October 27, 2012 have been made under the 2012 Credit Facility.
I could be wrong but that appears to suggest that there are borrowings under the Credit Facility. This might be a key section for bondholders.
Now let's look at what the State of Texas considers "tangible personal property." According to the Texas Sales Tax FAQ:
2. What is tangible personal property?
The statutory definition for "tangible personal property" is "personal property that can be seen, weighed, measured, felt, or touched or that is perceptible to the senses." See Sec. 151.009.
The Harris County Appraisal District in Houston Texas website contains this information:
Tangible personal property includes such things as furniture, fixtures, inventories, equipment, motor vehicles, vessels, and aircraft. These items are typically referred to as business personal property.
According to the recent 8-k filing, JC Penney does not feel that inventories qualify as tangible personal property. However, the State of Texas might disagree with that understanding.
If the company has breached the indenture and it's not cured within 90 days, then approximately $2.9 billion worth of bonds may be declared immediately due and payable. Given JC Penney's low credit rating on its outstanding bonds, the cost of issuing new bonds to repay the outstanding bonds might be costly. Shareholders, management and or the board might wish they had the $900 million used during the nine months ending October 2011 to repurchase 24.4 million shares at $36.98. The stock closed Wednesday under $20.
It is unclear how the court will rule on the Notice of Default. However, the common stock may face pressure should the bondholders prevail. There might be a remote possibility that the bondholders becoming the new equity owners should stockholders not raise the cash to repay the bonds. Might cash be raised by selling equity or might the credit facility permit debt to be issued?
Given the risk-reward tradeoff between the common stock and the outstanding bonds, the bonds appear to offer the more attractive risk-reward payoff with investors being paid to wait for a turnaround.
Disclosure: I have no positions in any stocks mentioned, and no plans to initiate any positions within the next 72 hours. I wrote this article myself, and it expresses my own opinions. I am not receiving compensation for it (other than from Seeking Alpha). I have no business relationship with any company whose stock is mentioned in this article.


text:
*** Guest Blogger Annick Mohageg- Baudot, Product Marketing for Adobe***
When you install the new Photoshop CS6 beta you'll notice that you're asked to provide an Adobe ID. Using an Adobe ID to register software was optional in the past, so you may wonder why it's being required now.
Starting with Creative Suite 6, all Adobe product licenses will be associated with an Adobe ID. We've changed our installation process to make it easier for our customers to use a single Adobe ID to access all things Adobe, including Adobe Creative Cloud memberships, "perpetual" product and Suite serial numbers, subscriptions, Adobe Touch Apps, and protected areas of Adobe.com.
From now on, you'll need to complete a one-time login and online product activation, either at installation or within seven days of installing a beta or Creative Suite 6 perpetual product; otherwise, the product will stop working. For our customers who work in secure environments where some computers can't connect to the Internet, an offline activation process will be in place. Offline activation involves using an Internet-enabled device to log in to Adobe.com and activate the offline computer. (Note that there is no offline activation process for the Photoshop CS6 beta.) For our volume licensing customers, only the IT administrator will be required to do a one-time log in and activate a license during software packaging and deployment — end users will not be required to log in and activate individually.
Why only a seven-day window for login and online activation? We've found that seven days covers the needs of most customers who are experiencing temporary Internet issues (e.g., due to travel or connectivity problems). At the same time, a seven-day window helps protect customers from being duped into purchasing high-quality counterfeit software.
How? Up until now, high-quality counterfeit has been difficult to detect. Customers often only find out about it months after a purchase, usually when troubleshooting software or serial number issues. (Read Photoshop's Jeff Tranberry's blog about high-quality counterfeit http://blogs.adobe.com/photoshopdotcom/2011/07/protect-yourself-from-pirated-and-counterfeit-software.html). By then, any opportunity to get money back has been lost. Adobe's new seven-day login and activation requirement enables customers to find out at installation if they've purchased counterfeit software, giving them enough time to block payment on a credit card and/or apply for the money-back guarantee that some Marketplaces offer.
In the next few weeks, we'll provide more information about the new installation requirements. If you have any questions in the meantime, please feel free to post them below.


text:
Crime and Punishment (Part I)
I'm trying to think of a Regency with a subplot that heavily involved the criminal justice system. I've read plenty with Bow Street Runners. I can't think of many with criminal convictions and executions, though. But why not? Because it's a downer? Maybe, but it was high drama during the period. Executions were entertainment for people of every class.
And there were plenty of opportunities to watch hangings. During the Regency, many, many crimes could result in a death sentence. Most of them were trifling. The criminal justice system didn't allow defendants most of the substantive or procedural rights we take for granted today–so if charged, getting a conviction wasn't too difficult.
In law school, I wrote one of my big, mandatory papers on the Bloody Code, as it was called, and how popular opinion turned on it and how reforms were finally made. Although some parts of the Code were repealed in 1808, the most substantial reforms didn't occur until after the Regency. During the Regency, reformers were very active and debates about the Code were common. For example, from 1810-1820, the House of Lords voted six times against removing shoplifting from the list of capital crimes!
Because I thought you might find it interesting, and because it would be great to have more law and order subplots in Regencies out there, I'm sharing the paper. Because of its length, I'm dividing it into two parts. I've removed as much of the boring touchstones of legal writing as I can without making it nonsensical, and I've skipped the last section of the paper, which deals with modern capital punishment and the execution of minors and which is now very out of date. I apologize for any odd formatting you may encounter and the footnotes not linking properly, but you guys, I do not have it in me to hand-code 207 footnotes. (You can blame the pedantry on my youth or my OCD. Either works.)
This is Part I. Part II will follow in a separate post. If you're interested in learning more about this, I can't recommend enough The Hanging Tree: Execution and the English People 1770-1868 by V. A. C. Gatrell.
I. Introduction: "There is probably no other country in the world in which so many and so great a variety of human actions are punishable with loss of life as in England."[1]
During the Hanoverian era, England's severe punishment system for major and minor crimes alike was familiarly known as the "Bloody Code."[2] After conviction, a criminal could be sentenced to more minor physical punishments such as public whipping or time in the pillory, but the sentence that gave the Code its nom de guerre was hanging.[3] When the Code was at its strongest, there were over two hundred offenses, ranging from trifling petty theft to high treason, for which a guilty verdict could result in death.[4]
One contemporary observer divided the crimes meriting capital punishment into four categories.[5] The first class were crimes primarily against the state: high treason, slave-dealing, returning from transportation, smuggling, and stealing from the post office.[6] The second class of crimes related to the church: arson of churches, sacrilege, and pulling down of churches in a riot.[7] The third class consisted of crimes more recognizable to a modern person: rape, attempted murder, murder, shooting, stabbing and wounding, along with sodomy, bestiality, carnally knowing female children under ten years of age, and abortion.[8] The final class was made up of larceny-type crimes like robbery, forgery (of wills and powers of attorney), false signals (used to lure ships into danger), and plunder of wrecked ships, in addition to crimes such as arson, stealing from a dwelling house, extortion by threats or during riots, and burglary.[9]
Hanging was so ubiquitous that even domestic animals were hanged as a means of relieving suffering in old age or to eliminate a "mad" dog.[10] Still, the Code was not universally accepted, and reformers took aim at brutal corporal and capital punishments.[11] However, reforms were slow while the Tories remained in power; it would not be until the Whigs gained control of Parliament that true reforms could take place.[12] Still, bit by bit progress was made. In 1808, parts of the Code were repealed, largely due to the efforts of Sir Samuel Romilly.[13] Subsequent reforms in the 1830s and 1840s resulted in the repeal of huge numbers of capital crimes, until only murder and attempted murder merited death.[14]
This paper examines the rise and fall of England's Bloody Code and argues that ultimately it fell prey not to popular sentimentality, but instead changing English views of incarceration and the improvement of prison conditions. Section II details the rise of the Bloody Code during the reign of the Georgian kings, from the ubiquity of executions, the curious practice of private prosecution and how it worked, along with the long-standing English dislike of prisons and police. Together, these factors fed the need for a comprehensive capital code. This section also examines the Code's failings in practice, including judicial unpredictability, the historic defense of "benefit of clergy," and the methods juries saved the lives of criminals through jury nullification and pious perjury. Section III chronicles the fall of the Bloody Code primarily as a result of viable prisons, transportation, and legal reforms. Section IV looks at two twenty-first century parallels to the days of the Bloody Code: the execution of children, a practice that only just ended this spring in the United States, as well as arbitrary and draconian sentencing, now found not in executions, but in the form of three strikes laws.
II. The Rise of the Bloody Code: "You are not to be hanged, Sir…for stealing a horse, but you are to be hanged that horses may not be stolen."[15]
The rise of the Code can only be understood through its context. The first section surveys popular views of executions. The following sections highlight three aspects of the English criminal code that contributed to the power of the Code: the lack of policing, the system of private prosecutions, and the prison system. The final sections chart the rise of the Code through legislation and detail ways in which the Code failed.
Popular Views of Criminal Punishment: "I have been abetting an act of frightful wickedness and violence."[16]
In Georgian England, executions were high drama for the rich and poor alike, and despite criticism, public executions continued until 1868.[17] Today's news tableaux of pro and con protesters outside prisons where executions take place cannot begin to compare to the all-pervasive gallows culture of eighteenth and early nineteenth century England. The crowds were legion, drawing at least three to seven thousand, and sometimes far more.[18] Not only did thousands gather to watch executions at Tyburn, Newgate, and dozens of other locations, but these executions became defining events in people's lives, often cherished memories to be trotted out in recollection for decades after the fact.[19] The condemned lived on in catchy and popular songs, like the "Ballad of Sam Hall," based on the 1707 execution of Jack Hall.[20] (The song has proved so incredibly long lived that it appears on one of Johnny Cash's last CDs.[21])
Aside from popular ballads, the faces of condemned men and women lived on at Madame Tussaud's and in the Punch and Judy show.[22] Newgate calendars were popular sellers: they were several hundred pages per volume, and there were six volumes per edition, filled with engraved pictures of prisoners, executions, and trial scenes.[23]
After the development of the iron frame press in 1815, broadsides about executions created a booming cottage industry for many English printers.[24] They contained sensational details about the crime, trial, final speech, and execution of a condemned man or woman, and were produced and sold in the millions.[25] Even later, as the number of executions slowed to a trickle when only of convicted murderers and attempted murderers were executed, the broadsides continued to fill the public in on all the gory details.[26]
Charles Dickens explained fascination with the gallows as our "secret nature to have a dark and dreadful interest in the subject."[27] Perhaps surprisingly during the heyday of the cult of sensibility, remarkably few were as horrified by the gallows as modern interpreters of history believe they ought to be. Gatrell attributes this Hanoverian acceptance and curiosity about death on the scaffold as a combination of factors: curiosity, satisfaction at seeing the law in action, relief it is not oneself hanging, and a sense of crowd solidarity.[28]
Schadenfreude aside, not everyone looked on with approval, especially not at the execution of the very young. Poet Samuel Rogers recalled "a whole cartload of young girls in dresses of various colours on the way to be executed at Tyburn. They had all been condemned for having been concerned in (perhaps for having been spectators of) the burning of some houses … it was quite horrible."[29] Many critics of the Code found their voices after seeing children executed. Thomas Hague's outrage is palpable even now, nearly two hundred years after he wrote, "we shudder at the ceremonies of barbarians, and the inhuman rites of savages; while we 'Christian dogs' entrap helpless children, and reason them legally out of their lives."[30]
The Three Ps: Police, Prosecution, Prisons
When seen against the backdrop of the Hanoverian criminal justice system, the large numbers of executed felons appears less shocking, perhaps even conservative. Yet a modern observer, English or American, can only find the system bizarre.[31] There was nothing resembling a modern police force, nor were there public prosecutors.[32] Victims were responsible for bringing charges against their aggressors and, for much of the Hanoverian era, bore the brunt of investigatory costs as well.[33] Once apprehended, there were few options for handling prisoners, as incarceration was short term and extraordinarily unpleasant. [34] From a practical point of view, a heavily utilized death penalty almost appears reasonable.
The main reason the English avoided modern police, prosecutors, and prisons as long as they did was that it smacked of despotism.[35] After the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars, it became easy to deride reformation efforts as not only despotic, but French to boot.[36]
The Policing Problem
Until well into the nineteenth century, nowhere in England was there anything resembling a modern police force.[37] Instead, the country made do with a balkanized, inherited system of parish watches, magistrates, and constabulary.[38] Edward Gibbon Wakefield summed up the common view as simply: "The old watchmen and street-keepers were, I do believe, absolutely useless."[39]
Attempts had been made at reform, but with little progress. In London, Henry Fielding, followed by his brother John, served as magistrates for the Bow Street Runners in the mid-eighteenth century, but the Runners were more bounty hunters than proper police.[40] Runners were employed parttime and received portions of the reward money if the criminals they apprehended were convicted.[41]
Along with the Runners, London had a mish-mash of constables, watchmen, and charleys.[42] The City was split into twenty-four wards, and each ward had six watchmen, who answered to an alderman.[43] Outside of the City — and 90% of London's population lived in the surrounding parishes — there was no such organization, and each parish was responsible for policing itself.[44] As a result, most of the criminal rookeries were located just outside the reach of the City's watch, but conveniently close to the Bank of England and the Exchange.[45] Criminals plying their trade in the City had only to duck into the surrounding parishes to avoid capture.[46]
The 1780 Gordon Riots were an impetus for early discussion and proposal of changes to the police system, though results were limited.[47] The Riots were named for Lord George Gordon, a Scottish peer who sought the repeal of the 1778 Catholic Relief Act.[48] They began as anti-Catholic demonstrations, but quickly fanned into London-wide mob rule: churches and chapels were set ablaze, as was Newgate Prison; prisoners were released by rioters and magistrates homes were sacked.[49] Finally, after around 800 people were killed or injured, the army restored order to the streets.[50] In 1785, Sir Archibald MacDonald proposed a single, metropolitan police force in London, but it was quickly defeated.[51] As the population boomed, crime rates soared, and as a result the Fieldings' successor in Bow Street, Sir Sampson Wright, established a foot patrol in 1790.[52]
Sir Sampson's results were limited, and crimes continued to increase.[53] Despite MP fears of the Frenchness of it all, fear was a powerful enough motivator that in 1792 the Middlesex Justices' Bill passed Parliament.[54] Revolutionary for England, in that it provided for an organized and paid constabulary, it too met with resistance.[55] One of the new magistrates established by the Bill, Patrick Colquhoun, published a sweeping account on crime in London: the Treatise on the Police of the Metropolis catalogued thousands of criminals in London and argued for paid, public prosecutors and preventative police.[56] Yet most contemporaries felt he went too far in recommending a French system (and, though no fault of Calquhoun's, in having his work admired by the French, who were now at war with England).[57] Critics derided his reforms as attacks on traditional English liberties.[58] One pamphleteer called Calquhoun's system as an "engine of despotism and inquisition," and despite the government's interest in his reforms, only Calquhoun's milder suggestion of a better-policed Thames yielded results.[59]
Real police reform remained decades away. It was not until 1829 that Sir Robert Peel, the Home Secretary, successfully pushed for the Metropolitan Police Act.[60] The Act gave control of three thousand men to two commissioners, based out of a central station entered from Scotland Yard, Whitehall.[61]
Public Prosecution
In theory, any Englishman could prosecute any crime committed.[62] However, the victim of a crime was the usual prosecutor, and was responsible for any investigation, filing charges with the magistrate, presenting evidence to the grand jury, and later, providing evidence for the trial itself.[63] In essence, the victim of the crime would become the detective investigating it as well as the district attorney![64]
Prosecuting a crime was expensive and required significant amounts of legwork and expertise most victims did not possess. As a result, and not surprisingly, many crimes were never prosecuted.[65] England flirted with a reward system, where prosecutors would receive a reward for a successful prosecution, but this lead to abuses, and it was abandoned in the mid-eighteenth century.[66] A new system, where prosecution costs were reimbursed to needy prosecutors after a successful prosecution, helped some, although it was not until 1778 that unsuccessful prosecutors also received reimbursements.[67] Surprisingly, during the reign of the Bloody Code, most private prosecutors were not wealthy, but instead were the middle and lower class.[68] It would be fifty years – in 1826 – when the Criminal Law Act was passed by Parliament; this legislation reduced private prosecution costs and provided for regular expenses to be reimbursed to the private prosecutors.[69] Even more shocking, however, is that England did not have public prosecutors of any sort until 1879, and even then the public prosecutor had fewer powers than a corresponding American district attorney.[70]
Criminal trials were fast, cursory affairs: the average Old Bailey trial lasted a scant eight and a half minutes.[71] However, a trial on a capital charge might stretch on for hours.[72] A prisoner could seek defense counsel, but on capital charges, it was more difficult as a barrister stood to make significantly more money by taking a number of small trials compared to one capital trial.[73] Defense counsel were limited in the actions they could take on behalf of their clients, as well: they could only cross-examine the prosecution's witnesses, call defense witnesses, and relate any statements the defendants wanted presented to the court.[74] They could not address the jury in felony cases (but could for high treason, misdemeanors, and civil cases) and had no right to see the prosecution's evidence before the trial.[75] It was difficult, if not impossible, for the defense offer another theory of the crime, primarily because the defendant in England would not be permitted to take the stand in his own defense until 1898.[76]
Outside of London, serious cases such as those involving murder, arson, and robbery, were tried at the county assizes by royal judges.[77] These county assizes heard cases twice a year, as opposed to the quarter sessions where lesser offenses, such as petty larceny and fraud, were heard by the justices of the peace.[78]
England's Prisons
Another reason the Code proved useful was because the English disliked the idea of being in the business of imprisonment, and this distaste only grew after the French Revolution, and the long wars with the French steeled English resolve against anything French.[79] The prisons that did exist were temporary way stations, and never long term solutions.
In the Hanoverian era, England had four types of incarceration. First, debtors' prisons existed well into the nineteenth century.[80] A debtor could be confined in a debtors' prison, along with his family, until creditors were paid or Parliament determined that the debtor was truly insolvent.[81] Debtors were held in the Fleet, Ludgate, King's Bench, and Marshalsea.[82]
Second, bridewells, or houses of correction, were for short-term incarceration of prostitutes and vagrants.[83] Bridewells employed a crude type of corrective methodology: prisoners were "taught" proper behavior through hard labor; manufacturers contracted with justices of the peace for the prisoners' labor.[84]
Third, counties and boroughs had their own jails, used primarily as a way of holding prisoners until trial, sentencing, transportation, or execution.[85] Jails could be as simple as a single room or as elaborate as London's Newgate, which held hundreds of prisoners.[86]
Finally, an unpleasant type of imprisonment resulted from the interruption in transportation after the American Revolution: the prison hulks.[87] Supposedly a temporary means of housing prisoners awaiting transportation, the old, rotting hulks of decommissioned naval vessels were moored at docks and packed with prisoners below decks.[88] Transportation resumed (albeit to Australia) in 1787, but England continued to rely on the prison hulks until the 1850s.[89] Conditions in the hulks were deplorable. At night, the prisoners would simply be locked below decks and left to gamble in the darkness and fight among themselves.[90] By 1828, over four thousand men were housed in ten hulks.[91]
Imprisonment was viewed as distinctively French, and given the long wars with the old enemy, nothing to emulate. Through the eighteenth century and Napoleonic wars, the French utilized imprisonment (and prisoner labor) extensively, while having fewer capital crimes, whereas England was exactly the opposite.[92] Aside from prejudice, a part of England's reluctance to rely on prisons might have been cost, as prisons were expensive; at least one historian has estimated, based on French experiences, that the cost of each prisoner per year was four pounds sterling.[93]
Increase in Capital Offenses
Perhaps surprisingly, the Bloody Code was not inherited from England's wilder and bloodier past. Instead, as the modern era loomed, the number of capital crimes increased during the period of 1688 to 1820, from fifty capital crimes to more than two hundred.[94] Most capital crimes related to property.[95] The Black Act, passed in 1723, was a major source of these new capital crimes, as in one fell swoop the act added fifty new crimes related to poaching.[96] The Black Act also targeted criminals who blackened their faces while committing crimes, and judicial interpretation expanded the Act as requiring death simply for being caught with a blackened face.[97]
Rioting was a crime under the Riot Act of 1715.[98] Under its provisions, rioters in a group of twelve or more were guilty of a capital crime if they failed to disperse within an hour of an official reading the Riot Act.[99] It did not take long for the Riot Act to claim its first victims: the first rioters under the Act were executed in 1716, a mere year after its passage.[100]
Problems with the Bloody Code: "A fountain of knowledge shut up."[101]
The Bloody Code, for all its frightful promise, never did work very well, even at the outset. Despite the severity of the punishments available, many of those who committed capital crimes were not executed. Judges struggled with imposing capital sentences, and often commuted the sentence to something less than death. A jury might find the prisoner guilty of a less severe crime, despite all the evidence pointing to the more serious offense. A prisoner might be able to plead "clergy" and escape death. Transportation became a viable option, first to the American colonies, then to Australia. Finally, a movement toward corrective imprisonment resulted from a shift in popular attitudes toward law enforcement and treatment of prisoners.
Judicial Unpredictability: Sentencing and Pardons
The Bloody Code made difficult work for judges. In discharging their duties in a criminal trial, judges were often caught between the harsh reality of the law and a desire to do justice.[102] Consequently, different judges pronounced different sentences for the same crimes, leading to unsurprisingly uneven results. Romilly writes of a poultry theft in the early nineteenth century in Norfolk, where only one of the thieves was caught, and subsequently tried at the next assizes. Lord Loughborough thought the crime trivial and sentenced the thief to a few months in prison. This lenient sentence encouraged the other thief to come forward and confess, but unfortunately for him at the next assizes, his judge was Mr. Gould. Gould's experience was that poultry theft usually precipitated more severe crimes, and as a result, the second thief was sentenced to transportation.[103]
Until at least the 1820s, judicial discretion led to absurdities: in sentencing three men for burglary, one judge allowed himself to be swayed by character evidence to spare the lives of two of the perpetrators. As the third, he wrote, "one sacrifice [is] necessary to the due administration of criminal justice…upon this part of the subject my mind is at ease." [104]
Yet simply because a criminal was sentenced to death under the Bloody Code did not mean he would actually hang. Pardons were liberally used and added another level of judicial unpredictability; one historian estimates only forty percent of those sentenced to death between 1660 and 1800 were actually killed.[105] After the Transportation Act of 1718, many pardons were conditional on transportation of the convict, but some were unconditional.[106] Pardons were used to correct verdicts the judge disagreed with as well as conditioning a sentence after hearing character evidence.[107] Additionally, pardons could be based solely on the defendant's connections with court officials.[108]
Within the jurisdiction of the Old Bailey (London and Middlesex), pardons were doled out by the King and his council, who would have sessions of their own after each Old Bailey session, to determine if any of the convicts would be pardoned.[109] In the rest of the country, the king delegated his authority to judges.[110] The sovereign became even less involved after transportation became a cheap and painless way to commute a death sentence, and it became the secretary of state's job to approve or deny the petitions.[111] After 1823, the discretion was solely the judge's, as he had the power to record the sentence on the spot, and decide who would live or die.[112]
Pleading "Benefit of Clergy"
Even if a criminal was charged with a capital crime and the victim was willing to pay for the investigation and provide evidence, the defendant might never even go before a jury. A relic of history during the Hanoverian period was a defendant's ability to plead his clergy.
For a certain class of offenses, more serious than minor crimes like petty larceny, yet not so severe as murder, a defendant could plead clergy and get a what amounted to a free pass, but only once.[113] A defendant who pled his clergy would be branded on the thumb and released, even if the crime would ordinarily carry with it a death sentence.[114] The doctrine was left over from the time of ecclesiastical courts, when clergy accused of capital crimes could transfer their case to the ecclesiastical courts where there was no death sentence available.[115] The doctrine subsequently evolved to apply to anyone who was literate, and, after 1706, clergy could be pled by any defendant.[116]
However, not all serious offenses were subject to the clergy doctrine. Initially, clergyable offenses were those which would be punishable by death, but in time that, too, evolved; during the Hanoverian period, manslaughter was still clergyable.[117] Juries who were dismayed at the leniency of this sentence might find a defendant guilty of a crime which merited something less than death, such as whipping, in order to ensure the defendant did not completely escape justice.[118]
Once branded on the thumb, at least in theory a defendant could not plead clergy again.[119] This could mean bizarre results: two men could commit manslaughter, and one could be branded and released, and the other, if he had already pleaded clergy, would be executed.
Judges retained discretion over the defendant's ability to plead clergy, and this lead to an uneven application of the clergy doctrine.[120] A judge could strictly enforce the clergy requirement of literacy or point to a previously branded thumb and refuse to allow the defendant to plead his clergy.[121]
Jury Nullification and Pious Perjury
Sensitive juries could either find a clearly guilty defendant innocent, or they could engage in "pious perjury," leading to absurd results. Historically, as now, juries would acquit or find a defendant guilty of a lesser crime because they did not want to see the defendant sentenced to death. Hague writes of a man who put his watch underneath his pillow before he went to sleep, only to wake and find it missing. The thief was seen and later apprehended. At trial, the jury refused to find him guilty of stealing from a dwelling-house, which would have resulted in a death sentence; instead, they simply found him guilty of stealing (the victim, they determined, must have walked the watch to the window and delivered it to the defendant), in order to spare the life of the thief.[122]
Pious perjury was another method juries could use to prevent manifest injustice. It occurred when a jury construed the facts in such a way that a defendant could plead benefit of clergy for the crime. For example, stealing goods from a dwelling house valued more than forty shillings meant the death penalty – and no benefit of clergy.[123] In order to spare the defendant's life, and enable him to plead his clergy, a jury could downgrade the value of the goods stolen to thirty-nine shillings.[124] Sir Samuel Romilly relates the case of Elizabeth Hobbs in 1732: she was arrested and confessed to stealing "in a dwelling house one broad piece, two guineas, two half-guineas, and forty-four shillings."[125] However, while the jury found her guilty of the crime, they also specifically found that she had not stolen more than 39 shillings in order to spare her life.[126]
[1] Sir Samuel Romilly, Observations on the Criminal Law of England, as it relates to Capital Punishments, and on the mode in which it is administered (London, T. Cadell and W. Davies, 1811).
[2] V.A.C. Gatrell, The Hanging Tree, Execution on the English People, 1770-1868 (1994). Contemporaries often referred to the Code as the "sanguinary laws," as well.
[3] The pillory was no picnic, either: Gatrell writes of a woman who lost both eyes after being pelted with everything from cats (!) to rotten cabbages. Id. at 69-70.
[4] Gerald Newman, Britain in the Hanoverian Age, 1714-1837: An Encyclopedia (Gerald Newman, ed., Garland Publishing, 1997). In the House of Commons, MP Thomas Fowell Buxton poked fun at the growth of the Code by dryly commenting that "we are indebted to the industrious spirit of legislation which has prevailed in later times." Thomas Fowell Buxton, Severity of Punishment: Speech of Thomas Fowell Buxton, Esq. in the House of Commons 2 (1821).
[5] Humphry W. Woolrych, The History and Results of the Present Capital Punishments in England; to which are added full Tables of Convictions, Executions, &tc. 52-53.
[6] Id. at 52.
[7] Id.
[8] Id.
[9] Id at 53.
[10] Gatrell, supra note 2, at 283.
[11] Newman, supra note 3, at 576.
[12] Gatrell supra note 2, at 570.
[13] Newman, supra note 3, at 612.
[14] Gatrell, supra note 2, at 570.
[15] George Fisher, The Birth of the Prison Retold, 104 Yale L.J. 1235, 1272 (1995), quoting Martin Madan, Thoughts on Executive Justice 8-19, 137-40 (London, J. Dodsley, 2d ed. 1785). The quote beginning the section is that of a judge speaking to a convict.
[16] Gatrell, supra note 2, at 296, quoting William Makepeace Thackeray's description of an execution in Fraser's Magazine in August 1840.
[17] Id. at 589. The last public execution was that of Michael Barrett, a Fenian who blew up a wall of a prison, ostensibly to free other Fenians. Instead, he killed 15 people.
[18] Id. at 7.
[19] Id. at 113.
[20] Id. at 140.
[21] And the author likes to sing along to it, too.
[22] Gatrell, supra note 2, at 118-122.
[23] Id. at 114.
[24] Id. at 158.
[25] Id. at 159.
[26] Id.
[27] Id. at 239, quoting P. Collins, Dickens and Crime, 224 (1964).
[28] Id. at 242.
[29] Old Bailey Online, http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/schools/sources.html, (last visited May 13, 2005). This is fascinating website for legal historians. The brightly dressed girls, made famous by Roger's observation, were executed for their "participation" in the Gordon Riots, discussed below.
[30] Thomas Hague, An Exposition of the Uncertainty, Inequality and Cruelty of the Criminal Code of England, with abstracts of all Capital Offenses, Taken from the Statutes and also a Scale of the Punishments to be substituted in all cases for which Death is now inflicted (London, J. Boyd, 1812).
[31] Id. at 30-31. For example, Hague urges that "prisons should not be near the Town Halls, nor Trials heard after Dinner." To a modern reader, this is almost a complete non-sequitur, but to Hanoverians, capital trials and executions were simply part of the assizes, along with feasting, dancing, and revelry.
[32] Newman, supra note 3, at 399.
[33] Id.
[34] Id. at 568.
[35] Gatrell, supra note 2, at 8.
[36] Newman, supra note 3, at 383.
[37] Id. at 400.
[38] Id. at 399
[39] Edward Gibbon Wakefield, Esq., Facts Relating to the Punishment of Death in the Metropolis (London, James Ridgeway, 1831). Wakefield was in a unique position to write about Newgate, having been incarcerated there after absconding with an heiress.
[40] Newman, supra note 3, at 399.
[41] Newman, supra note 3 at 69. The Bow Street Runners acquired their familiar epitaph in the late eighteenth century.
[42] "Charley" was the popular name of night watchmen hired under a 1663 Act, during Charles II's reign.
[43] Donald A. Low, The Regency Underworld, 6 (rev. ed. 1999).
[44] Id. at 7.
[45] Id. at 8.
[46] Id.
[47] Newman, supra note 2 at 400.
[48] Id. at 296.
[49] Id.
[50] Id.
[51] Low, supra note 43 at 6. Sir Archibald proposed the "London and Westminster Police Bill" on behalf of Pitt.
[52] Id. at 10.
[53] Id.
[54] Id. at 10-11.
[55] Id.
[56] Id. at 18.
[57] Id. at 19.
[58] Id.
[59] Id. at 22.
[60] Newman, supra note 3 at 400. It is from Peel's name that the blue-clad "bobbies" get their name, although they were more frequently referred to as "blue devils" in the early days of the police force.
[61] Id. The rest, as they say, is history.
[62] David D. Friedman, Making Sense of English Law Enforcement in the Eighteenth Century, 2 U.Chi. L. Sch. Roundable 476, 476 (1995).
[63] Id.
[64] Newman, supra note 3, at 399.
[65] Friedman, supra note 62, at 476-7. A system of prosecution associations developed. A member would pay fees into a common fund and if he (or his organization) were the victim of the crime, the pool would be available to pay for the prosecution of that crime.
[66] Id. at 477.
[67] Id.
[68] Newman, supra note 3, at 382. It's possible that the upper classes were both publicity shy and better able to absorb economic losses than the lower and middle classes.
[69] Low, supra note 43, at 55.
[70] Friedman, supra note 62, at 476.
[71] Sarah Wise, The Italian Boy: A Tale of Murder and Body Snatching in 1830s London (Metropolitan Books, 2004).
[72] Id. at 193.
[73] Id. at 194.
[74] Id. at 195.
[75] Id.
[76] Id. The rationale was that a defendant shouldn't be forced to incriminate himself. However, without a statement to the jury by the defense or the defendant's own testimony, trials were invariably skewed toward the prosecution.
[77] Newman, supra note 3, at 382.
[78] Id.
[79] Sound familiar? The menu at the Orenco Station Grill still lists "freedom fries" as a side dish.
[80] Newman, supra note 3, at 568
[81] Id.
[82] Id.
[83] Id.
[84] Id.
[85] Id.
[86] Id.
[87] Id.
[88] Id.
[89] Id.
[90] Low, supra note 43 at 43.
[91] Id. at 44.
[92] Friedman, supra note 62 at 498.
[93]Id. at 495.
[94] Newman, supra note 3, at 58. The Black Act received its name from the types of crimes it was intended to fight: if a man committed one of the poaching crimes while armed or disguised with a black face, he could face the death penalty. As interpreted by judges, however, simply carrying arms or blackening a face could be a capital crime!
[95] Id. at 576.
[96] Id. at 58
[97] Id.
[98] Id. at 602.
[99] Id. And yes, that's where we get the expression "read him the riot act."
[100] Id.
[101] Hague, supra note 30, at 3. Hague was decrying the cryptic nature of England's penal code.
[102] Romilly, supra note 1, at 17.
[103] Id. at 18-19. Romilly suggested a system by which judges could proportion the punishment according to the crime and circumstances, rather than the system where the punishments were fixed by law, and it was left to the judges to relax the punishment as they saw fit. 22-23.
[104] Gatrell, supra note 2, at 511.
[105] Friedman, supra note 62, at 496.
[106] Id.
[107] Id.
[108] Id.
[109] Gatrell, supra note 2, at 201.
[110] Id.
[111] Id.
[112] Id.
[113] Friedman, supra note 62, at 479. At least in theory, it was a one-time pass. Friedman suggests this rule was not enforced very often.
[114] Id. at 478-9. The brand was to prevent him from claiming benefit of clergy a second time.
[115] Id. at 478.
[116] Id. at 479.
[117] Id. Manslaughter during this era included types of killings which would be clearly be murder in the twenty-first century.
[118] Id. at 480.
[119] Id. at 479.
[120] Id. at 481-2.
[121] Id.
[122] Hague, supra note 30, at 26.
[123] Friedman, supra note 62, at 480.
[124] Id. at 480-481.
[125] Romilly, supra note 1, at 84.
[126] Id.
2 Responses to "Crime and Punishment (Part I)"
Mothers in the Legal Profession Roundup No. 288 | The Attorney at Large
[…] I was revisiting a (very old) law school seminar paper for Regency Errata, my fellow MILPs […]
Sophia Rose
This was very interesting and so helpful. I was curious after I came across a reference to the Bloody Code in a fiction book I was reading. Thanks!


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subdivision of Permian Period
Murchison included the red beds and evaporite beds now referred to as the Kungurian Stage in the lower part of his Permian System, while incorporating the nonmarine beds of the Tatarian Stage (a regional stage roughly equivalent to the Capitanian Stage plus a portion of the Wordian Stage) in its upper part. The upper portion of these nonmarine beds was subsequently shown to be Early Triassic in...


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'Those who enjoy what they do never have to work any more'. An intriguing article by Sybrand Zijlstra Morf ) reports that 80 percent of students graduating from art academies pronounced themselves to be satisfied with their education. This is a surprise: endless reports, at least in Europe, describe art and design education as being in a mess. A bigger surprise, considering that the number of jobs available for artists is tiny: only two percent of those with a degree in art or design consider themselves to be unemployed. The conclusion is obvious: compulsory art education for all it woud solve the unemployment crisis at a stroke.
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