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by Anton Shilov
In the first half of April the DRAM price rally increased its pace so that the contract price of the most popular DDR3 4GB memory modules increased by up to $2.5 in two weeks. Despite of awful PC sales in Q1 2012, PC makers have begun restocking amid shrinking production of dynamic random access memory, which bolstered contract prices.
In the first half April contract price of 4GB DDR3 memory module increased by 8% to $25.5 - $26 per unit (from $23 in the second half of March), according to DRAMeXchange. A 2GB DDR3 memory module cost $14.75 on an average contract basis, an increase of over 5% in two weeks. The contract price of 4Gb DRAM IC capable of running at 1333MHz/1600MHz was $2.88 in the first half of April, whereas the DDR3 2Gb chip cost $1.44.
At press time, one untested [eTT] 2Gb DDR3 chip cost $1.54 on average at Taiwan's spot market, 2Gb DDR3 1333MHz/1600MHz chip's price was approximately $1.726/$1.705, whereas 4Gb DDR3 1600MHz memory IC was priced at $3.335 on average on the spot market.
The current price increases mark the fifth consecutive month of DRAM price growth, and a historical high of $30 per 4GB DDR3 module is not far off.
In recent years, the constant state of oversupply in the global memory market has taken a toll on not just PC DRAM prices, but also those of the more profitable server and mobile DRAMs. Even with the annual growth in production volume, the DRAM industry's total revenue has experienced a yearly decline since 2010. During 2012, 2Gb DRAM prices dropped to as low as $0.6, whereas overall DRAM revenue shrunk to approximately $26.5 billion.
The long term losses suffered by the industry had been severe enough to prompt first-tier DRAM manufacturers to lower their capital expenditures, encourage firms like Elpida to merge with Micron, and force a large majority of Taiwan's manufacturers to pull out of the DRAM market.
Following the lowering of DRAM output and the various delays experienced in the technological migration processes, DRAM bit growth saw a negative revision last year and dropped to less than 30% (a far cry from the traditional 50% growth observed in previous years).
In an attempt to adapt to the changing demands within the end-market, more and more DRAM makers are shifting their attention from PC DRAM to mobile DRAM. While the resulting technological migrations have contributed to an overall increase in DRAM bit growth, new production capacity has yet to be spotted.
The DRAM price situation arguably took a turn for the better in 2013, when market supply and demand gradually returned to healthier levels. The reduced production of PC DRAM has spurred a series of upward price movements, which not only allowed mobile DRAM prices to remain steady, but also led to an increase in server DRAM prices.
Assuming that supply volumes undergo little change, TrendForce forecasts that the DRAM ASP (average selling price) will show a growth of at least 6% during 2013, and that the industry's overall revenue will rise to approximately $34.6 billion (a growth of 30% compared to the previous year). Due to the popularity of smartphones and tablet PCs, the growth in the output value for mobile DRAM is expected to increase by 31% from last year.
The overall price growths in DRAM products is likely to help many DRAM manufacturers recover from the losses incurred from previous years. As the Korean manufacturers have successfully transitioned to 2Xnm manufacturing processes, their profitability prospects are expected to be relatively better. On the whole, the financial prospects look bright for DRAM manufacturers as the adjustments experienced by the industry come to an end.


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More consumers paying off credit card balances each month
The Columbus Dispatch - December 17, 2013 11:00 AM
More of us are paying off our credit card balances in full every month.
An American Bankers Association report shows that 28.7 percent of us now pay off our cards every month. That's up from 19.6 percent in 2008. Meanwhile, the number of accounts in which the cardholder carries a balance dropped to 41.6 percent from 44 percent in 2008.
The remaining accounts are dormat.
The ABA says the change reflects that consumers are doing a better job of managing their credit-card debt.
The report also shows that the kind of debt that consumers hold has changed coming out of the recession. Credit card and mortgage debt have declined while student loan debt has increased and auto loans have remained steady.

subset: commoncrawl


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It's getting nice and sunny in Melbourne! In between the rainy days of course :) I love the crazy Melbourne weather! Wearing a dress one day and then full winter clothing the next!
It's getting nice and sunny in Melbourne! In between the rainy days of course :) I love the crazy Melbourne weather! Wearing a dress one day and then full winter clothing the next!
Mmmmmmm, spring is approaching in Australia and that means the weather will soon be no-pants weather!!!!!!
Hi there, darling friends! Thank you dearly for loving on my newest set, you guys are incredible. I'm a happy cat, enjoying the Aussie life. Wish you all lots of love and laughter and cuddles xoxoxo
You guys! Your love on my set with @sobelle has made me smile and blush profusely :) Thank you dearly. I'll be back home from Australia next week with lots of crazy pictures to share. Thanks for welcoming me back after quite a few years. Lots of love and hugs and happiness to you all xo
I get to stay until mid-April for a bit more work! Things have been going wonderfully. Seeing the outback was loads of fun but now I'm back in Melbourne, I love it here though. Enjoy a few photos =^.^=
I'm totally thrilled to be leaving for Australia in two days! The thought of escaping this chilly Illinois weather, seeing some sweet friends, working on shoots, and exploring the Melbourne atmosphere again has my spirits lifted ^.^ I'll be working with feck.com.au again, which is a body-positive site where you can fully express who you are. If anyone has any questions about...
Read More
Some self-portraiture from early this morning =^.^=
I'm a sleepy kitten at work. It's rainy outside and I'd like to curl up in my bed with my dog and go back to sleep =^.^= Here are some pictures from when I went to Garden of the Gods the other day. Follow me on Instagram if you'd like: velveteen_skin


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Tulsa Rocketry is dedicated to the promotion and safe pursuit of hobby rocketry in all its forms. We encourage all interested people to enjoy the sport and hobby of rocketry.
Tulsa Rocketry is the local prefecture of the Tripoli Rocketry Association. This gives us our other name of Tripoli Tulsa. At one time we were also a NAR Section. We are no longer, but that could change in the future.
We have monthly meetings where we discuss construction, materials, techniques and other interesting things related to rocketry. We also have a monthly rocket launches. Probably the best part of Tulsa Rocketry is sharing your experiences with other rocket enthusiasts that have the same interests as you. By learning from each other we all grow.
We conduct all our launches in accordance with the Rocketry Safety Code which has allowed millions of flights without any serious injuries.
Tulsa Rocketry also supports other youth activities through education. Tulsa Rocketry will present demonstration launches and/or static displays for youth groups, nonprofit organizations, holidays, special events, etc. Please use the following email to contact us: email@example.com
In the past we have assisted several schools in the AIA/NAR Team America Rocketry Challenge, which is a national competition for middle and high school students. We also have done many presentations and demo launches for area schools and youth organizations. We firmly believe in paying forward.
Membership and its Benefits
Membership is open to anyone ages 14 and up. Membership in Tripoli and/or NAR is encouraged but not required.
Annual Tulsa Rocketry membership dues are $15.00. Membership is due at the time of sign up and in January of each year thereafter.
Some of the benefits that Tulsa Rocketry members enjoy are:
- The use of our large, safe launch site free from obstructions and with proper waivers in place from the FAA and other entities.
- Use of the club's launch facilities and equipment.
- Members may also get involved in club sponsored projects that occur at various times.
- Promoting the hobby we all love, in a safe and organized manner, generating positive exposure.
- The satisfaction of working with the community and youth organizations, introducing model rocketry to kids, who may not have any other opportunity to build and fly rockets.
- As a Tulsa Rocketry and Tripoli member, you are eligible for Tripoli sanctioned events including experimental launches and possible record-setting events.
- As a Tulsa Rocketry and NAR member, you are eligible for NAR sanctioned competitions, and possible record-setting events.
- $5.00 launch fee rather than the normal $10.00 fee at our sport launches. Plus the opportunity to purchase an annual launch pass for $25.00.
See the membership page for further details on joining.


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Hot Product: Eco Flame ventless fireplace
March 7, 2011-- Casual Living,
Eco Flame offers almost two dozen indoor and outdoor ventless fireplaces, using an eco-friendly gel or liquid bio ethanol fuel. Models include table top, firebowl, freestanding and wall mounted versions. Affordable and profitable for retailers, Eco Flame travels in a "rolling showroom" to give patio dealers a year-round fire elements product line at price points the public is responding to.
Related Content By Author
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Casual Friday: Retro Fabulous at Para Tempotest


text: Fundamentals of Engineering: Preparation for FE Exam This course provides you the knowledge to pass the National Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) examination morning and general afternoon sessions. The content provides you with a complete and comprehensive review of the topics covered on the FE exam with emphasis on step-by-step problem solving and testing strategies. Materials and sample problems are based on guidelines from the National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying (NCEES). Topics Include: Units and Fundamental Constants Conversion Factors Mathematics Statics Dynamics Mechanics of Materials Fluid Mechanics Thermodynamics Heat Transfer Transport Phenomena Biology Chemistry Materials Science/Structure of Matter Electric Circuits Computers, Measurement, and Controls Ethics Text: FE Review Manual, 3rd Edition, Michael R. Lindeburg, 2010. Available Sessions Course not available for public enrollment at this time. To schedule for your organization, contact Customized Training


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The parents of Megan Renee Smith and Alex Matthew Vincent of Belleville announce their engagement.
The bride-to-be is the daughter of Lloyd and Judy Smith of Belleville. She is the granddaughter of Vernon and Irene Guinn of Stockport, Ohio, and Anna Lee Beerbower of Washington, W.Va., and the late Claude Smith of Belleville, W.Va. She is a 2006 graduate of Parkersburg South High School. She is employed by REM Community Options.
The prospective bridegroom is the son of Tim Vincent of Belleville and Carla and John Sartor of Parkersburg. He is the grandson of Carl and Carrie Wigal of Newport, Ohio, and the late Robert and Martha Vincent of Parkersburg and the great-grandson of Irene Cress of Parkersburg.
He is a 2008 graduate of Parkersburg South High School. He is employed at IEI West Virginia.
A wedding is planned at their home on Sept. 14.


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In May 2009, Defence Intelligence announced the discovery of a new botnet, dubbed "Mariposaâ€. This discovery was followed by months of investigation, aimed at bringing down the criminal network behind what was to become one of the largest botnets on record.
Initial steps involved the creation of the Mariposa Working Group (MWG), comprising Defence Intelligence, the Georgia Tech Information Security Center and Panda Security, along with other international security experts and law enforcement agencies. The aim was to set up a task force to eradicate the botnet and bring the perpetrators to justice.
Once all the information had been compiled, the primary aim was to wrest control of the network from the cyber-criminals and identify them. Having located the Command & Control (C&C) servers from which commands were sent to the network, we were able to see the types of activities the botnet was being used for. These mainly involved rental of parts of the botnet to other criminals, theft of confidential credentials from infected computers, changes on the results shown in search engines (such as Google, etc.), and displaying pop-up ads.
The aim, in all cases, was clearly to profit from the botnet. The criminal gang behind Mariposa called themselves the DDP Team (DÃas de Pesadilla Team – Nightmare Days Team in English), as we discovered later when one of the alleged leaders of the gang slipped up, allowing us to identify him.
Tracking down the criminals behind this operation had become extremely complex, as they always connected to the Mariposa control servers from anonymous VPN (Virtual Private Network) services, preventing us from identifying their real IP addresses.
On December 23 2009, in a joint international operation, the Mariposa Working Group was able to take control of Mariposa. The gang's leader, alias Netkairo, seemingly rattled, tried at all costs to regain control of the botnet. As I mentioned before, to connect to the Mariposa C&C servers the criminals used anonymous VPN services to cover their tracks, but on one occasion, when trying to gain control of the botnet, Netkairo made a fatal error: he connected directly from his home computer instead of using the VPN.
Netkairo finally regained control of Mariposa and launched a denial of service attack against Defence Intelligence using all the bots in his control. This attack seriously impacted an ISP, leaving numerous clients without an Internet connection for several hours, including several Canadian universities and government institutions.
Once again, the Mariposa Working Group managed to prevent the DDP Team from accessing Mariposa. We changed the DNS records, so the bots could not connect to the C&C servers and receive instructions, and at that moment we saw exactly how many bots were reporting. We were shocked to find that more than 12 million IP addresses were connecting and sending information to the C&C servers, making Mariposa one of the largest botnets in history.
On February 3, 2010, the Spanish Civil Guard arrested Netkairo. After the arrest of this 31-year-old Spaniard, police seized computer material that led to the capture of another two Spanish members of the gang: J.P.R., 30, a.k.a. "jonyloleanteâ€, and J.B.R., 25, a.k.a. "ostiatorâ€. Both of them were arrested on February 24, 2010.
Victims of Mariposa include home users, companies, government agencies and universities in more than 190 countries. Christopher Davis, CEO of Defence Intelligence, illustrates the significance of these infections: "It would be easier for me to provide a list of the Fortune 1000 companies that weren't compromised, rather than the long list of those who were.â€
Data stolen includes bank account details, credit card numbers, user names, passwords, etc. The digital material seized during the arrest of Netkairo, members of the DDP Team, included stolen data belonging to more than 800,000 users.
The investigation is still ongoing, but preliminary calculations of the losses through fraud, financial theft, data loss and cleanup costs are already estimated to be in the millions of dollars.
Analysis of Netkairo's hard disks by the police is revealing a complex network of suppliers offering a range of services including hacking of servers to be used as control servers, encryption services to make the bots undetectable to antiviruses, anonymous VPN connections to administer the botnet, etc.
There is also a similarly complex network of clients, prepared to rent part of the botnet, to buy stolen credit cards, or pay for the installation of toolbars. The gang also stole directly from bank accounts, using money mules in the United States and Canada, and laundered money through online poker games.
Among other activities, Panda has been contacting other IT security companies to provide access to samples of the bots so that we can all detect them. As such, if you want to know if you are infected with the bot, just scan your computer with a reliable and up-to-date antivirus solution.
During these days many people has been asking me in Twitter an easy way to check if their computers were infected. If you want you can use CloudAntivirus (free) or if you are already using an antivirus then you can just scan your system with our free online scanner ActiveScan. which can detect and disinfect the Mariposa samples as well as many other threats.


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CTS News October 2012
118 Days Left to Study for Your CTS Exams at ISE
For the third year in a row, InfoComm International® will be offering CTS®, CTS-D and CTS-I exams at Integrated Systems Europe (ISE) in Amsterdam, 29-31 January. Plan your study schedule and save your exam seat now!
Here's why your colleagues think you should sign up:
"Pyramid recognises the growing importance that training and certification in our industry has, and InfoComm clearly leads the way. I have wanted to consolidate my industry knowledge into one recognisable qualification for a long time, whilst encouraging my staff to do the same. Time is very important to me, so being able to combine my trip to ISE with my test made complete sense. It was cool to be able to do both at once!"
— Nic Black, CTS, Managing Director, Pyramid
"I had been looking into taking the CTS exam, so when I saw it was possible to take it at ISE, the decision was easy. With my new international credentials that strengthen my professional reputation — and my company's — I am looking forward to the benefits of being a CTS holder."
— Ian McKeown, CTS, Absolute Technologies
"As an annual ISE attendee, being able to take the CTS exam onsite made my overall return on investment in ISE even higher than previous years. I am proud to have earned this international credential to prove my knowledge in AV, undoubtedly benefitting Absolute Technologies and my career."
— Matthew Cordner, CTS, Absolute Technologies
Last year, the first-come, first-served exam seats sold out. Don't be left behind in 2013.
Act TODAY to Serve on the InfoComm Certification Committee
This year, there are four open positions for the InfoComm Certification Committee. Could one of those be right for you?
If you are passionate about your CTS credentials and want to give back to the industry, this opportunity could be just right. Submit your application before the Oct. 19 deadline.
Ready to Cross the AV/IT Cultural Divide?
InfoComm University™ has training that you won't find anywhere else — real-world solutions and guidance to help you get an in-depth understanding of networks and the way AV applications operate within them.
Networked AV Systems will deepen your understanding of AV and networking technologies and their design by guiding you to balance network policies with customer demands.
Don't know where you stand in the divide? Test your knowledge to find out:
- Telnet and Secure Shell (SSH) operate at which layer of the OSI Model?
- Data Link layer
- Network layer
- Presentation layer
- Application layer
Think you know the answer? Tackle more questions with the pretest [PDF] and see if you're ready to learn how to deliver a flawless AV experience on IT networks.
Enroll now for upcoming courses:
- Oct. 29-31 at the University of Central Florida in Orlando
- Feb. 5-7 in Fairfax, VA
Call 1.800.659.7469 for one-on-one guidance to explore if this course is right for you.
Clients Say CTS Professionals Save Time and Money
Mary Meeker
Spread the word to your clients: Using companies with CTS holders really makes a difference. Here's what one client has to say:
"CTS professionals understand drawing details, before they reach the site, leaving only unexpected site conditions to deal with upon arrival. Efficient installations save time and money for everyone."
— Mary Meeker, Owner, MMDI Inc.
Celebrate Standards Week by Learning How AV Standards Can Boost Your Business
Happy World Standards Week, Oct. 9-12! InfoComm International has four ANSI-approved standards – and they can help your business.
In today's complex global marketplace, your company needs every advantage it can get, and InfoComm International can help you. Read case studies about businesses that used standards to trim the bottom line, access a toolkit and explore how standards can improve your business's financial future.
Discover How Project Management Can Increase Your Profit Margin — And Earn 18 RUs
Staging and Events Management Virtual Classroom, Jan. 28-Feb. 22, is a convenient way to earn RUs right from your desk ... or your couch.
Here's what Bob Garofalo, CTS, Vice President of Giant Audio Visual, Inc., has to say about his experience with the course:
Bob Garofalo
"I would absolutely recommend the Staging and Events Management Virtual Classroom course to others. In a tight market with narrow margins, the difference between profit and loss often comes down to how effective the project was managed."
"This course hit on the fundamentals in a well thought out, easily understood format. Second, it was interactive just like attending a course in person, except without the travel costs and the time away from the office. Simply outstanding!"
Two Upcoming Events in Washington, D.C. in November
Where AV and Health Information Technology Meet
Healthcare is one of the fastest growing vertical markets in the AV industry. Stay ahead of the curve by learning about the future of AV and IT in healthcare settings. Attend the Technology Crossroads Conference in Washington, D.C., Nov. 27-28. InfoComm members receive $300 discount on registration, use promo code TECHXMEMBER.
The Growing Show for Government Audiovisual Communications Solutions
If you are facing challenges regarding security, reliability, and collaboration within your AV and IT systems — you need to be at GovComm 2012, Nov. 28-29 in Washington, D.C.
Explore the mix of networked AV systems topics, along with future trends, emergency notification, AV technology and project management. GovComm is the perfect place for technology managers, IT directors, and everyone who wants to learn more about audiovisual communications.
Browse the courses to learn about earning RUs. And use code GCCTSP to register for a free show floor pass.


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text:
Mavericks Outsider Report
Analysis and Commentary on the NBA's Dallas Mavericks
Episode 77 - 10/6/2013
October 06, 2013 09:33 PM PDT
New season, new intro, same old awesome dudes talking about basketball.
00:00 - Intro / Media Day
August 19, 2013 05:59 PM PDT
Intro - Final Judgement on Plan Powder
July 02, 2013 09:01 PM PDT
Judgement day is near. But first, a lot of talking and no signatures during the free-agency waiting period. CIrcumstances dictate that this is a make or break summer for the Mavs as it relates to "breaking up" the 2011 squad. We kick it off right with two of our favorite Mavs experts, Mark Followill and Jeff "Skin" Wade joining us.
Intro - Catching Up & Skynet
April 24, 2013 08:01 PM PDT
Big gulps, eh? Alright! Welp… see ya later! The end of the regular season passes without a Mavericks playoff game for the first time since 2000. Like the owner, we're glad to move on from this season and date other people. But first, we want to cover Rick Carlisle's entertaining post-game OJ Mayo commentary, and the thoughts shared by Mark Cuban following the team's mathematical elimination from the playoff picture. Then, we look forward by pulling out the oldest segment we have - Buy, Sell, Hold - to run through Mavs FAs and possible FA acquisitions. More holes to fill than money to spend. A quick run through the playoffs in NBA Nuggets, and we close with some talk about Lam Lam and VIP floor tickets. Catch us again shortly after the draft in June.
Intro - Banter / Rick on OJ
March 25, 2013 10:55 PM PDT
John Hollinger says there's a better than 15% chance the Mavs sneak into the playoffs; we're not so sure, but there's still hope to cling to. TV Voice of the Mavs and favorite guest Mark Followill joins us in the first hour-plus to cover the emergence of Mike James as a starter and Brandan Wright back into the rotation, in addition to some bigger picture topics. We cover some NBA Nuggets and take a detour for some Story Time with Rhylan - stepping through ceilings and witnessing bathroom brawls at the AAC. Enjoy.
Intro - Mike James & Brandan Wright Break Through (w/ Mark Followill)
February 19, 2013 07:58 PM PST
Back from too long a break just in time for the trade deadline. As usual, we stack the trade deadline show with goodness from a guest - this year, Mavs' TV play-by-play voice Mark Followill jumps on, as we hammer out the world's longest single podcast segment covering all manner of trade deadline discussions and State of the Mavs angles therein.
Intro - MJ Gives Dirk Love
January 22, 2013 09:03 PM PST
Watching Mavericks basketball has become a little more fun lately, and so has talking about them. There's a sliver of hope out there - if you're so inclined to reach for it. The usual suspects here in this episode, including the umpteenth point guard segment.
Intro - Catching Up / End-Game PG Situation
January 03, 2013 09:38 PM PST
You'd think there would be less to talk about when your team is 13-20 and looking at the draft lottery for the first time in 13 years, but this podcast says otherwise. Lots of games to look back at, some bad ones, consideration of moral victories, color from the coach, blowouts and overtimes, Boogie Cousins and a big ol' box of Nuggets. Yep.
Intro - What Arrived from Amazon.com?
December 27, 2012 10:04 AM PST
Dirk comes back, Derek Fisher bails, Cash Sirois of the Mavs and The Ticket joins us to talk Dirk Documentary, Rhylan rants about the Spurs (again), the White Boy Bracket comes to a close, and Keith Sweat makes a cameo appearance.
Intro - It's Cold, It's Christmas
December 17, 2012 09:39 PM PST
Back after skipping a week, the Mavs are in the middle of a very tough stretch of games. We cover the last four games, look at whether or not the Mavs will be close to .500 when Dirk gets back, and tweak our future expectations for Collison and Mayo for the umpteenth time.
Intro - Shenanigans and Game Recaps (SAC, @BOS, @TOR, @MIN)
Next Page
Podcast Summary
Love the Mavericks? If so, you've come to the right place! Mavericks Outsider Report will give you all the information you crave about the Dallas Mavericks and the NBA!
About Bryan Gutierrez
Bryan gutierrez's Friends
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text:
C. Scott Hemphill is a Professor of Law and a nationally recognized scholar on antitrust law and intellectual property. From 2011 to 2012, Professor Hemphill served as Chief of the Antitrust Bureau in the Office of the New York State Attorney General. His work examines the legal balance between innovation and competition. Hemphill's recent research includes key issues such as:
Can out-of-court settlements in pharmaceutical patent cases hurt the public interest? Hemphill has examined whether "pay-for-delay" cases, in which drug manufacturers who hold patents pay other companies to delay production of generic drugs, are bad for consumers. Read more about this work, and Hemphill's Congressional testimony on drug patents and competition.
Should there be stronger copyright protection for fashion designers? With his co-author, Harvard Law School professor Jeannie Suk, Hemphill has proposed the "squint test" to determine whether a fashion knockoff should be prohibited: "If you have to squint to see the difference between a copy and the original, something is wrong, and copyright protection should kick in." Read their articles on this problem in Slate and The Wall Street Journal.
He has also written about the competitive implications of regulating broadband Internet access and on appellate jurisdiction for intellectual property cases. In his work, Hemphill has collaborated with a number of scholars, such as Mark Lemley, the William H. Neukom Professor of Law at Stanford Law School; Bhaven Sampat, assistant professor at Columbia's Mailman School of Public Health; and Tim Wu, Professor of Law at Columbia Law School.
Before joining the Columbia Law School faculty in 2006, Hemphill served as a law clerk to Judge Richard Posner of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 7th Circuit, and to Justice Antonin Scalia of the U.S. Supreme Court. He holds both a Ph.D. in economics from Stanford University and a J.D. from Stanford Law School, where he graduated first in his class. He is a graduate of Harvard and the London School of Economics, where he studied as a Fulbright Scholar. His writing has appeared in the law reviews of Columbia, New York University, Stanford, and Yale, among other publications.
Find Professor Scott Hemphill's recent work using Social Science Research Network.
Download Professor Scott Hemphill's CV
Contact Professor Scott Hemphill
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For questions or comments, please contact the web administrators.
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text:
M. Gojda
Institute of Archaeology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
Keywords: landscape, space, site, monument, archaeology, geography, survey, mapping, fieldwalking, non-destructivity
1.The Concept of Landscape: Past and Present
2.Sites and Monuments in the Context of Landscape
3.The Main Fields Concerned with Understanding Landscape Archetypes
4.Non-Destructiveness and Future Developments in Landscape Archaeology
Related Chapters
Biographical Sketch
The gradually increasing awareness of the deep mutual relationships between the natural and social environments determines the ever more pronounced contemporary orientation of archaeology towards the protection and study of cultural landscapes and their historical development. The landscape is a phenomenon claimed by the advocates of both positivist (scientific) and postmodern approaches to archaeology. Each has found within it inspiration for the expansion of its paradigms. A summary is presented of the understanding to date of the landscape phenomenon and the expression of man's relation to it in the arts, philosophy, natural sciences, and particularly in archaeology and anthropology. The roots of the burgeoning interest in the discovery and documentation of monuments in the landscape, and of the tracing of their relationships both to natural landscape components and to each other, are examined. Interest centers on the development of archaeological topography in Early Modern England (J. Leland, J. Aubrey, W. Stukeley) and of "field archaeology" (W. Roy, H. Allcroft), from which in the twentieth century landscape archaeology was born. Spatial archaeology grew from different foundations, although sources of inspiration for both disciplines lay in the fields of the natural sciences, particularly geography. Special attention is paid to the person of O. G. S. Crawford. Developments in research into historical landscapes during the second half of the twentieth century are analyzed, and the basic tendencies that made decisive contributions are named. Topics include the beginning of dynamic processes of investigating the prehistoric environment, the swing towards research into settlement history at scales of territorial wholes or regions, the application of spatial models of the new geography, and intensive research into medieval rural settlement. Settlement and historical geography, and the application of GIS to the study of archaeological landscapes, are also considered. The conclusion emphasizes the non-destructive essence of the methods employed in landscape archaeology. It is these, indeed, that provide further perspectives for the development of this discipline and its timeliness.
1.The Concept of Landscape: Past and Present
The landscape as a theme in archaeological research has become a lasting center of attention for a significant part of the professional public since the huge potential of aerial archaeology was recognized. This occurred in the 1920s and 1930s, when the British geographer and archaeologist O. G. S. Crawford was able to use photographs taken by air force pilots over southern England to identify networks of prehistoric fields, trackways, and fortified enclosures. This was the beginning of the explosive development of aerial archaeology. The results have fundamentally broadened our knowledge of the formal shapes and variability of prehistoric settlement features (in particular demonstrating the existence of a vast range of ditch enclosures) and of entire buried landscapes with hitherto unknown settlements, cemeteries, cult centers, production areas, and communications. At the same time, the discovery of thousands of new settlement locations has increased the absolute number of archaeological sites (find spots), which among other things has made more effective site protection possible. In the interwar period another important method of data collection began to flourish—surface collection surveys (in which the search for material remains—artifacts, ecofacts—of ancient settlement activity is conducted on the surface of ploughed fields). The landscape is a phenomenon claimed both by the positivist or modern scientific archaeology and also by the "subjectively" oriented postmodern archaeology. Each has found in this concept inspiration for the expansion of its paradigms.
Landscape archaeology is an alternative to the tradition of settlement archaeology, particularly in three senses: First, it operates with data from a larger contiguous territory, making it possible to study settlement processes in the framework of larger spatial structures (e.g. settlement areas and regions). To create a model from such structures is one of the primary tasks of contemporary (theoretical) archaeology. Second, it is preoccupied with the internal cultural landscape (settlement spaces) and with those components that do not have preserved physical remains or are not recognizable by traditional means. Third, it applies non-destructive (or at least less destructive) methods of data collection, which bring results that would not be obtainable by use of more traditional approaches. Given the aims of landscape archaeology, the results include the identification of the diachronic development of settlement in the area of interest, the reconstruction of the forms of settlement structure and their location within the landscape, and the continuity of settlement areas. At the same time, non-destructive means of research are much more considerate of the archaeological part of cultural heritage, and significantly contribute to the protection of monuments.
Many peoples have developed an understanding of landscape as a source of foodstuffs and raw materials or as something that retreats before civilization—a refuge for man in a technocratic age. A few link the landscape to the lives of our forebears or with the history of settlement processes. It is to these that we can present models of the relationship between human communities and their natural environment that show how they shaped it in the gradual long term process of human actions upon the landscape.
1.1Perceptions of the Landscape and their Reflection in the Arts
The civilizations of classical antiquity viewed the landscape as a manifestation of ideas about the fulfillment of life's aspirations (the bucolic landscape, warm sun, springtime, lush vegetation, fertility). Landscape as a phenomenon became a lasting theme of Western culture from when the agricultural civilization of the European Middle Ages was drawing near to its end. At that time, rational thinking, industrialization, long distance trade, and mature market relationships were being pushed irreversibly to the foreground. The majority of the Medieval population were firmly linked to their roots in the natural environment, and lived on sources offered by this environment which humans could transform, adapt, and reproduce. Medieval peasants, the most numerous social group in the society of that day, were fully imbued with the landscape that surrounded their everyday horizons—and perhaps could be said to be consumed by it. They therefore felt no need to examine their environment from the outside and to consider it an autonomous or detachable part of reality. Medieval cosmology saw no difference between natural and anthropogenic landscape components. The further into the past one looks, the more the relationship between people and nature had this character. The fundamentally important question is how far the people of archaic times were able to judge the mutual associations and relationships between individual elements of their ecosystem. Was the gradual degradation of the natural environment (and its abrupt, catastrophic reversal) in prehistory and in the Middle Ages the result of landscape exploitation the consequences of which they were unable to assess in advance? Or were the people of the distant past aware of the dangers but compelled by social or demographic pressures to act against the most natural means of their existence within the landscape?
Around the middle of the first millennium AD, the ever-increasing number of town dwellers began to see nature as more distant from their immediate environment and experience, and the free landscape began to a greater extent to be understood as an artifact. Considered to be formed in some way by natural forces and man, the landscape was at the same time something with its own internal dynamics, secrets, and poetry, a space worthy of the attention of artists. In the period of European Romanticism, a reaction of people against rigorous Rationalism, estrangement from and disillusionment with modern civilization, this relationship with the landscape came to a head. Nature became a temple and forgotten paradise to which it was necessary to return and in which it was necessary to seek out the ancient roots of human nature. It was not only the "natural" landscape to which the Romantics sought a way back but also a landscape with a memory in which the relics of human works of the distant past played an important role. For Romantic poets and painters, the return to the womb of nature was thus not only a return to the original natural environment but also to the past, to human history. Merging into the landscape was for the Romantic spirit the most propitious means of coming closer to the thought processes and perceptions of the world of the ancestors, who had lived in this environment so long before.
European understanding of space (and thus landscapes) is marked by a typical dualism, differentiating between worldly (profane) and sacred (sacral) places. This approach is a typical expression of mythological thought, adopted into the Christian worldview and spreading from there into diverse secular ideologies; it is linked to the emotional experience of space. This dualistic model is, however, shaken by the discoveries of science, atheism, and the secularism of the modern age—it has come to the crossroads of one antithesis with another (the profanation of the sacred, or the secularization of the profane).
1.2Contemporary Views of the Landscape in Philosophy and the Natural Sciences
Since the landscape can be seen from many standpoints, the definition of this phenomenon will always be dependent on who is formulating it. Philosophers, natural scientists, sociologists and historians all have differing views on its essence, characteristics, and significance. Even within a single region, attitudes change over time. The Czech word for landscape, krajina, is of Old Germanic origin (in modern German the word Landschaft is used). Originally, in the Early Medieval period, this word designated the land tended by a single peasant; the landscape (krajina) was thus understood merely as that part of the world perceived by an individual working a specific piece of land. Anything that happened over the horizons of this space was in a different landscape. At the beginning of the second millennium, the term took on a new meaning for the first time, that of a domain, estate, or similar, thus gaining a political importance.
Philosophy, as the integrating discipline of human knowledge and thought, attempts to distinguish between the content of the meanings oscillating around the term "landscape" (nature, region, space, territory, homeland, home, etc.) and at the same time seek their mutual differences and relationships. According to contemporary philosophy, it is necessary first to consider the landscape as a territory. This is, of course, a term used in the natural sciences that is bound up primarily with the secondary biotic components in nature. The importance of the term "landscape" is better understood if confronted with the words "land" and "landman." These encompass the inward relationship of human individuals to the places in which they were born and brought up. The landscape is thus a human phenomenon, having the character of a horizon closer than the world and related to the skyline of the home. Thus, landscape is a limited space of our homeland; it is the visualization of ourselves in the horizon of a space excluded from the surrounding (outer) world, in relation to which the here and now is understood.
Traditional, mechanistic natural sciences have deemed (and still deem) the landscape to be a passive result of the actions of the biotic and abiotic elements represented within it. This reductive view means that the landscape does not have its own regularities, such as can be distinguished from the regularities of its elements. At the present time, however, that view is changing in connection with the input of several—particularly ecologically-oriented—natural sciences. The landscape is increasingly being seen, in the intentions of social or anthropoenvironmental research, as a phenomenon with internal dynamics, structure, and memory, rather like a living system. These concepts have been formulated in recent years by a number of landscape ecologists and botanists (including M. Gottlieb, M. Lapka, J. Sádlo, and V. Brůna in Bohemia). In their view, the landscape is a phenomenon that should be seen from the perspective of long intervals of time. Hitherto, approaches to landscape ecology have been based on a scheme typical of a technical civilization: attention has been focused only on the contemporary landscape, with occasional glimpses into a past in the order of decades, and never centuries, millennia, or further. In this way, the landscape is divested of a temporal dimension, which is nevertheless still present. In a heterogeneous landscape, for example, it is possible to see traces of geological, evolutionary (biological), historical, and existential time created by human individuals with social relationships, and also in natural structures. And it is precisely archaeology that can aid landscape ecology in connecting to its view of topicality, understanding the history of the landscape, and laying bare its memory. The landscape can be seen as a phenomenon that admits of a personality. This understanding corresponds to the well-known phrase genius loci (the aura or spirit of the place), and associated with it is the observation of the landscape as a whole. The subordinate elements (such as population types, societies, and artifacts) do not make up the landscape mechanically, but their positions in the landscape may be interpreted in their context. According to Sádlo, landscape memory is connected with the fact that the landscape has it own cybernetics, that is, concrete, specific means of self-organization. At the same time, there is a capability for regenerating its original state. The bearer of memory in the landscape is structure, and the memory again is a medium for generating structure: the landscape is thus a self-structuring system.
Contemporary American landscape ecology (Forman, Godron) defines the landscape as a heterogeneous part of the Earth's surface, comprising assemblages of mutually related and influencing ecosystems which on a given part of the surface are repeated in similar forms. The evolution of landscape is the result of specific long-term geomorphological processes, the forms of settlement of the landscape (Man is adjudged to have an important role in landscape ecology), and local short-term disturbances to individual ecosystems. At the same time, attention in landscape ecology is drawn to three characteristic traits. They are structure (i.e., distribution, energy, material, and types of organism in relation to size, form, number, type, and the spatial organization of ecosystems), function (interactions between spatial elements), and change (the reconstruction of structures and functions of the environmental mosaic over time).
1.3The Landscape Phenomenon in Contemporary Archaeology and Anthropology
As is also true in the case of landscape ecology, in contemporary archaeological and anthropological professional discussions it is common to meet with attempts to define the phenomenon of landscape and to adjoin various heterogeneous attributes. Thus, the "interactive landscape" is spoken of, into which both natural and anthropogenic elements are tied. Characteristics and limits that were imprinted on its development simultaneously in the preceding periods always determine the form of the landscape in specific periods. Terms such as buried, archaeological, prehistoric, and historic landscapes are also commonly used. It is, of course, necessary to note that the content of these concepts is rarely specified. Generally, it can only be said that while the first two concepts are oriented rather towards formal definitions, the latter two characterize a landscape in its chronological framework. Within such a division, a gnoseological difference is implicit. Its quality depends on knowledge of the shape of the landscape in a far-distant past, from which neither written nor iconographic sources have survived, or in a historical past, where resources of these kinds are available.
Perhaps the most commonly used terms are "cultural (artificial) landscape" and its opposite the "natural landscape." Discussions on the themes of this division have frequently appeared in archaeological literature, particularly in the last two decades. The majority of authors more or less categorically come down opposed to this division. They are of the opinion that the landscape is a complex phenomenon communicating important relationships between natural processes and human settlement practices; therefore in the study of landscapes it is senseless to separate natural and human components. This opinion is certainly well founded, but this depends on the angle from which landscape is approached. From the point of view of assessing the physical state of the contemporary landscape, virtually the whole of the surface of the earth has been affected to a greater or lesser degree by human activity, and the concept of virgin nature as a result loses its sense.
Alongside all this however, the social dimension of the landscape should not be forgotten, into which the human community has since time immemorial dissembled its environment. In this, the world of the living is differentiated from that of the dead, and the intensively exploited landscape is differentiated from that left in its original, wild state. The British historical ecologist Oliver Rackham in his well-known work on rural history places two extremes in opposition to one another in looking at the landscape. The last century saw in the landscape the clear antithesis of the urban environment, while today among social scientists the dominant opinion is that whole landscapes are actually some kind of artifact, expressing the ambitions of man. In this sense, there is no difference between Trafalgar Square in the middle of London and the broad landscapes of rural England. In reality, the natural environment in many places, even in the world of mature civilizations, develops independently of people. The extent of human impact on the landscape is extremely wide, and in many areas the boundary between cultural and natural landscapes is very sheer (e.g. in an area of annually cultivated fields, next to a natural upland heath or marsh).
Archaeology has many times in its history been oriented towards inquiry into people and their relationship to the natural environment—hence the coining of the term "environmental archaeology" in the postwar period. The word "landscape," however, has never permeated its vocabulary so often as in the last three decades or so. This development occurred particularly after archaeology began thematically to draw closer to problems that had previously lain in the domain of geography and in places historical research—those of space and its internal relationships in the past.
Great interest in the phenomenon of the landscape has been recorded in the last decade in the context of symbolic and post-processual archaeology. This is a reaction to the abstract geometry of the spatial models of the 1960s and 1970s, whose application was supported by the "New Archaeology." These new approaches seek symbolic, ideological, and social dimensions in the landscape, attempting with the aid of hermeneutics to determine how prehistoric people perceived and ordered, and how their social memory operated in the selection of, settlement sites. It is interesting to observe how at the turn of the millennium the main subject and theme of post-processual archaeology is the landscape itself. This is almost a repeat of the situation in the first part of the nineteenth century. This period saw a move away from rationalism towards freeing the sense of enjoyment in the environment of the historic landscape, in the memory of which the archetypes of the social relationships of our forebears are enciphered. Postmodernist authors often still move archaeology away from the analysis of sources, from the testing of models and syntheses of data processing, towards abstract philosophical concepts. With this abandonment of the physical forms and structural dimensions of the landscape, interest has shifted to its metaphysical and social aspects. It is emblematic that while the archaeology of the 1960s and 1970s gave priority to the concept of space, at the end of the second millennium it prioritizes the term landscape (space being a part thereof).
Barbara Bender, an anthropologist at University College London and one of the most identifiable personalities in current postmodern landscape archaeology, wrestles with the question as to why the landscape has become such an important theme today. She proposes a heterogeneous explanation, which has to do with the separation of culture and nature (this being essentially alien to the postmodern way of thinking). She believes that the landscape as a result connects people and the material world not only in terms of understanding, but also in everyday life and politics, and that this phenomenon represents practically every reality. The language itself is full of so many landscape metaphors that it can be said that people speak and live in a landscape for every moment of their existence. Whether the landscape is seen from the point of view of its practical use (agricultural or industrial landscape) or from the point of view of its aesthetic value (the picturesque or surrealist landscape), only the visible surface of the earth is evaluated. Thus, the landscape is perceived as something passive, standing outside us. In reality, the landscape as a general concept does not exist, and it is necessary to speak of landscapes plural. People as individuals, and as a society or nation state, form their identity
In the same spirit, Christopher Tilley has attempted to understand the social dimensions. His work A Phenomenology of Landscape in the mid-1990s criticized in detail the traditional and new archaeologies, which in his view concentrated almost exclusively on the natural environment. The siting of settlements within the space of a landscape is explained as a result of the processes of purely rational decision-making in which several of these factors were taken into account. The author is of the opinion that the statistical correlation and important functional relationships that this approach draws upon are part of the modern myth and Western logic of thought, which are applied unceremoniously to the past. To identify how any particular people understood their landscape environment is adjudged to be an end either unattainable or unnecessary. Tilley places emphasis on two fundamental points: first, on symbolism in the relationship of man and landscape; and second, on the role of social memory in the choice of settlement, burial, and sacred sites. Nevertheless, it is necessary to emphasize that this is not in opposition to economic rationality and the culturally symbolic aspect of human behavior, but shows their connectedness and mutual influence. In this way, Tilley approaches the analysis of the siting of specific Mesolithic settlements and Neolithic burials in the context of their surrounding landscapes (i.e., rivers, coastlines, spurs, the edges of precipices, rocky outcrops, etc.) These elements of the landscape were probably an important source of symbolism for the prehistoric population: neither for hunter-gatherers nor for agricultural communities was the natural landscape merely a backdrop. The environment was always bound up with diverse human associations, memories, and local names, which gave it a human dimension. The greater part of daily experience in pre-industrial societies was physical and biological experience of landscape components such as earth, water, wood, stone, wind, rain, high points, the sun, stars, etc. The landscape has an ontological meaning because human societies live within it and about it, because it is an intercessor of cultural meaning and symbols. It is not merely something on which—or around which—it is possible to see or act, nor merely a feature suitable only for contemplation, description, or preserving in a picture. All places and landscapes thus consist in a time of individual and social memories.
Such a briefly presented concept of approaches to the landscape goes hand in hand with the well-known work of Simon Schama, professor at Columbia University. His Landscape and Memory falls on the border between several literary genres and is a work devastating in its deep probing into the molding of the relationship between man and the natural landscape in the processes of ancient and modern history. Its conception is very close to the notions with which the archaeological postmodern has recourse to historic landscapes, while its literary form is very attractive and necessarily arouses admiration.
It is a fact that interest in the study of spatial relationships in prehistory, and in the reconstruction of buried landscapes, is traditionally the domain of Western Europeans. Central and Eastern Europe lived until the recent past in the grip of the typological paradigm, which survives to this day in Germany and its adjacent regions. In spite of this, even from here important impulses have arisen to change this conception. Germany has traditionally approached spatial relationships in prehistoric settlement through the medium of "settlement archaeology" (Siedlungsarchä ologie), as personified by the main representative of the Gö ttingen school, H. Jankuhn. Significant voices, however, have been raised in the recent past in support of landscape studies (see the following section for more details). A. Gramsch defines the landscape as a social phenomenon, the sense and culturally specific meaning of which are formed through the life style and practice of people, through their work and perceptions. It is formed of three basic elements: space, place, and boundary. According to the Spanish archaeologist Parcero Oubi, a landscape is the result of the conceptualization of space. The creation of its forms is always the result of the mutual relationships between the natural, economic, and socio-political points of view, and the symbolic dimension. The first three aspects are more or less imperceptible to archaeology, although possibly they can be approached by the subject through the aid of other historical sources. Assessment of the sense and importance of symbolism in the landscape, however, is difficult, mainly because of the confrontation with a way of thinking that has long been separated from rationality and that has been lost in the realms beyond recall. While symbolism was itself a journey, it was expressed individually and collectively in the conceptions of people who lived long ago; to penetrate these conceptions as they materialized in artifacts, and to order them within landscape spaces is difficult.
It is reassuring that interest in the study of historic landscapes has also arisen in the Czech lands. Here it is also necessary to bear in mind particular theoretical concepts and models of spatial relationships, the application of GIS to the analysis of the relationships between natural components and settlement units, aerial prospection, and surface survey or geophysical measurements. Alongside the traditional interests in the reconstruction of medieval landscapes, particularly rural settlements (villages, cultivated areas, the links between central places and their agricultural hinterlands), there has also been intensive development in recent years in systematic research into settlement-spatial relationships in prehistory. The results have made it necessary to change approaches to such terms as "archaeological site" and consider rather such categories as "settlement area" or "continuous settlement area."
It is appropriate at this point to present a more accurate picture of the basic problem areas that today interest archaeologists in cultural landscape studies, and of the questions to which answers may be sought. Above all, interest is directed towards ascertaining which forms of organization distinguish the landscape at given times. In other words, in what ways did our prehistoric and medieval forebears divide the environment from its lowest organizational level (inhabited space or village settlements) to its highest (cultivated zones, territorial boundaries, the symbolic demarcation of burial areas, etc.)? To what extent was such organization of the landscape dependent on basic environmental factors (the articulation of the terrain, and hydrogeological, soil, and climatic conditions)? How far were the needs of human communities dictated at the level of material and social (ideological) relationships? Thus, for example, what was the shape of the Early Iron Age landscape along the central Labe (Elbe) valley (a traditionally fertile area, part of the "old settlement land" in Bohemia, Czech Republic) or in the more extreme areas of the Czech-Moravian Uplands, colonized in the High Middle Ages? In this context, settlement structures and hierarchies, central places and their hinterlands, the forms and extents of fields, and the distribution of cemeteries, hunting grounds, etc. are very interesting. These questions aim at a synchronic (horizontal) reconstruction of buried cultural landscapes. Other questions follow diachronic (vertical) changes in the appearance of this phenomenon, such as whether changes in the organization of the landscape occurred in the same place in subsequent periods. Questions include whether these changes were formal or systemic. Over time, how did the genius loci and landscape memory form? How can the formal shape of the landscape reflect the social structure of prehistoric communities or medieval parishes, demesnes, or states?
|©Copyright 2004 Eolss Publishers. All rights reserved.


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'She's got it …. you know what I'm talkin' about, she's got it!
I've played with all the great players, and she's got it! '
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Police probe maple syrup theftMay 25,2013MONTPELIER Vermont State Police are investigating the theft of 400 gallons of maple syrup in Starksboro.
Police said David Allen reported Friday that the syrup was stored in bulk barrels, and was valued at about $1,200.
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Creative Director #AlessandroMichele, winner of the award for International Accessories Designer at last night's… https://t.co/uILLOugH7V/p>
Winner of International Accessories Designer at tonight's @BFC #FashionAwards, #AlessandroMichele, presented by… https://t.co/TSk4Y7QLAe/p>
Tonight at the @BFC #FashionAwards: #Gucci CEO #MarcoBizzarri won the International Business Leader prize. https://t.co/7CTMLDuJqo/p>
Inside @ellejapan, the #GucciCruise17 collection captured in @westminsterabbey. #GucciEditorials https://t.co/lMH4S0HS4q/p>
Tomorrow Gucci celebrates the launch of "Blind for Love", a limited-edition book featuring a collection of images by Nick Waplington that capture the moments before Alessandro Michele's Gucci Cruise 2017 collection. The photographer will be signing copies of the book at publisher Assouline's store from 3:30PM-5:30PM at 196A Piccadilly in London.
Hear #Gucci CEO #MarcoBizzarri live on the @BoF #BoFVoices "Taking Action" Panel at 5:30PM GMT: https://t.co/TcD8Hil1KC/p>
Walking in the #GucciGarden: a soft printed GG motif tote. #GucciGift https://t.co/PWof812xlO/p>
The House Web stripe and animals from the Gucci Garden feature on men's accessories from the Gucci Gift selection.
Snake and stripes in the #GucciGarden: the leather sneaker embellished with embroidered tigers. https://t.co/TEUhS14KiT/p>
The panther embroidered gown from #GucciFW16 collection shot in London's Kew Gardens for @voguejp's December issue. https://t.co/ZuZZpkOeC3/p>
Accessories in the #GucciGarden, the printed leather bag with a detachable Web stripe shoulder strap. #GucciGift https://t.co/XtbhWLe6kK/p>
Stripes and serpents in the Gucci Garden, on a line of accessories from the Gucci Gift selection.
Crafted from a new soft material, the GG motif tote with a snake print. #GucciGift #GucciGarden https://t.co/1rzWJVaELi/p>
Blooming in the Gucci Garden, accessories from the gifting collection: embellished with animals and phrases from the House.
Precious tokens from #GucciGift, an 18 karat gold necklace featuring "L'Aveugle Par Amour" and a tulle gown. https://t.co/a1UVnruOho/p>
On the trim of a blue felt hat; a feline head from the #GucciGarden. #GucciGift https://t.co/Egmoi108me/p>
Special pieces from Gucci Gift; colorful and textured accessories by Alessandro Michele.
Men's accessories from the Gucci Gift selection embroidered with colorful appliqués.
Online-exclusive gifts: the embroidered techpack. #GucciGift https://t.co/BKBim7AtmG/p>
In the Gucci Garden, the G-Timeless leather watch with an embroidered gold bee on the dial and rings featuring a feline head and studs, from Gucci Gift.
Then Get Our Can't Miss Style Reports, Retailer Offers
and Event News Before Everyone Else.
Plus you'll be entered to win a $1,000 Shopping Spree.
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28 Jan
great series of photos. I like the sharpness and the colours on this one in particular. Your website is also well designed, the green gradients look great. I am also exploring macro photography, and I find your photos very inspiring. Well done, thanks for sharing.
Thank You Denis,
your photos in your webpage are also beautiful and very interesting because from various places!


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Bringing Lena Dunham — writer/director/star of the heartfelt indie film "Tiny Furniture"— and Judd Apatow — writer/director/producer of numerous wonderfully brotastic flicks — together for HBO's new series "Girls" seems like a pairing of polar opposites. But don't forget that Apatow was the creator of earnest coming-of-age shows "Freaks and Geeks" and "Undeclared" before he made movies about getting laid and baby makin'.
Dunham, the show's star, seems to be the biggest creative force behind "Girls" (Apatow and "Undeclared" scribe Jenni Konner are executive producers), and despite the fact that this series is clearly designed for those of the female persuasion, this dude's dude is utterly infatuated with it.
Following four girls living in New York City, "Girls" will obviously draw comparisons to HBO's biggest (non-Tony Soprano) hit, "Sex in the City." The similarity is even referenced in the pilot, but there are no Manolo Blahniks and cosmos here. And it's much, much better and smarter.
Hannah (Dunham) is a struggling writer — internships suck! — whose parents decide to cut her off, thus forcing her to make it on her own. Hannah leans on her Type-A best friend/roommate Marnie (Allison Williams) for support and advice, while resorting to a destructive relationship with creepy F-buddy Adam (Adam Driver) for comfort.
Hannah's relationship with Adam occupies (at times tangentially) much of the plot of the first three episodes, and it provides some of the most uncomfortable sex scenes I've seen since, well, "Tiny Furniture."
Hannah's crappy relationship is interesting in a train-wreck sort of way, but the relationships among the four girls offer an impressive amount of heart and depth that truly carries the series.
Oh, and I forgot to mention how incredibly funny it is. The second episode, involving a trip to the women's health clinic, is utterly fantastic, hilarious and dark, signaling "Girls" is not to be missed.


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Tax Day freebies and discounts
Published On: Apr 15 2014 07:15:46 AM CDT
Find out which businesses and restaurants are offering free or discounted items on Tax Day.
The views expressed are not those of this company or its affiliated companies. By posting your comments you agree to our Terms of Use.


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Crimson Wave Athletics
Calumet College of St. Joseph
2400 New York Ave. Whiting, IN 46394
(219) 473-4276
What if I suspect an MRSA skin infection?
Cover the area with a bandage and contact your athletic trainer or primary care physician. It is especially important to contact your healthcare professional if signs and symptoms of a MRSA infection are accompanied by a fever.
How are MRSA skin infections treated?
Treatment for MRSA skin infections may include having a healthcare professional drain the infection and, in some cases prescribe an antibiotic. Do not attempt to drain the infection yourself- doing so could worsen or spread it to others. If you are given an antibiotic, be sure to take all of the doses (even if the infection is getting better),unless your healthcare professional tells you to stop taking it.
For more information please call 1-800-CDC-INFO or visit www.cdc.gov/MRSA


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Police action urged on ''mobbings'' in the workplace
- From: News Corp Australia Network
- November 26, 2012
GANGS of workplace bullies are teaming up against colleagues to drive them from their jobs in a phenomenon known as ''mobbing.''
And stress is following workers home as colleagues take their inappropriate conduct online, much like school bullies taunting their victims on Facebook.
The disturbing trends are revealed in a federal report which recommends increased police action against the tormentors.
A Parliamentary committee has concluded a special investigation into workplace bullying in which it heard more than 300 ''deeply moving'' stories, some of which had ended in ruined careers or suicide attempts after months of psychological warfare.
Its report, Workplace Bullying: We just want it to stop, found constitutional limitations meant federal laws could not be brought in to better protect beaten-down workers.
But it recommended state governments bolster their laws and bring criminal charges against serious workplace bullying more often as a deterrent to others.
It recommended Victoria's Brodie's law be the example.
That legislation was introduced after 19-year-old bullied waitress Brodie Panlock committed suicide and means bullies can face 10 years' jail.
The committee found while physical cases of bullying were taken to court, no cases of psychological bullying had ever been pursued by authorities, despite the damage it could cause.
The committee singled out ''psychologically abusive group behaviour'' in which workers banded together to try to drive a worker from their workplace as of particular concern.
The phenomenon, known as ''mobbing'', was most prolific in teaching and nursing, it said.
The report said numbers of bullied workers could be as high as one in three, and that many workers did not report it because they did not trust their companies to act.
The 23 recommendations made included a national phone hotline be set up to counsel victims on how to overcome bullying and advise those accused of it.
The report gives a national definition of workplace bullying as repeated, unreasonable behaviour toward a worker or workers that risks health and safety.


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Land Rover Experience Driving School
Navigate incredible off-road obstacles, regardless of your skill level, with the Land Rover® Experience Driving School. Your experienced instructor and the tremendously capable family of Land Rover® vehicles make this a day to remember. Advance reservations are required. Call us for details and reservations.
Whether this is your first time off-road or you have advanced experience, lesson courses expose you to elements and terrain to increase your off-road knowledge and ability. Lessons cover the basics of expedition-style driving and are customized to fit your skill and comfort level. Off-road obstacles such as steep ascents, descents, side tilts, log crossings, and rock crawls offer an exciting and memorable off-road adventure. Up to three participants may ride in each vehicle.
One-Hour Lesson Cost: $275 per vehicle
Two-Hour Lesson Cost: $425 per vehicle
Once you have completed a lesson, try your new skills on more difficult terrain. The estate boasts thousands of acres of beautiful hills full of wildlife, wooded trails, and other real-world obstacles to explore. Trails will increase your skill level and introduce more advanced driving techniques. Courses can be customized to cover specific techniques, such as winching, expedition planning, and navigation. Up to three participants may ride in each vehicle.
Two-Hour Trail Cost: $425 per vehicle
Full-Day Experience
A truly customizable experience. Whether it's your first time out or you're looking to hone your off-road skills, the Full-Day Experience provides the most flexible and individualized adventure. Begin with lessons on set terrain that cover ditch crossings, log crossings, side tilts, and vehicle controls while gradually moving into more advanced trails such as steep hill climbs, rocky descents, and rugged traverses. Each Full-Day Experience includes a picnic lunch and two Land Rover® Experience Driving School gifts, along with a framed certification of completion that proves your mettle to your friends. Call to reserve.
Six-Hour Trail Cost (Maximum Three Drivers): $1,200 per vehicle
Land Rover Kids Adventure Course
Experience the Land Rover Kids vehicle on a thrilling purpose-built course made just for kids! Located in Antler Hill Village next to the Farmyard.
All vehicles have limited speeds, are accompanied by a qualified instructor, and include instant remote cutoff switches. Speed is similar to a walking pace. Parents may view the fun from the course or a nearby waiting area. This 30 minute course is offered on Saturdays based on availability and weather conditions. Call to reserve.
Cost: $30 per child (ages 4-8)
Land Rover Adventure Course
Not ready to drive, but want to see what it's like? Let our expert driver take you over broken bridges, climb large boulders and rocks, and go on a sideways adventure tackling hills at new angles. Offered daily based on availability. Please book on the day of your visit. Call to reserve.
Cost: $25 per person
*Prices are in addition to estate admission and subject to change. Plus applicable tax.
Behind-the-Scenes Guided Tours
Includes Upstairs – Downstairs Tour, Rooftop Tour, Legacy of the Land, Guided House Tour, and Premium House Tour**
Specialty Wine Experiences
Includes Red Wine & Chocolate, Biltmore Bubbles, and Vine to Wine Tours***
Outdoor Activities
Includes Fly-Fishing School, Land Rover Experience Driving School, Land Rover Kids Course, Sporting Clays School, Biking, Carriage Rides, Guided Horseback Trail Rides, Segway Tours, Stand Up Paddle Boarding, and River Float Trips*
Call the Passholder Priority Line at 800-413-9787 for reservations and more details.
*Discounts apply to one Passholder and one accompanying guest. Advance reservations are required for guided tours, wine experiences, and outdoor activities as space is limited. Valid Annual Pass must be presented at the time of your tour. Biltmore reserves the right to cancel any tour or activity if certain requirements are not met or due to inclement weather. Discounts are not valid on Saturdays and Christmas Day through New Year's Day. Biltmore Annual Passes are nontransferable and nonrefundable.
**Audio Guide to Biltmore House not included in discount.
***Guests are required to be at least 21 years old to participate in wine experiences.


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Fortescue Metals shares crashed this afternoon after reports emerged the company is trying to reach a deal with its lenders to waive its debt covenants for a year.
Fortescue shares plunged as much as 15 per cent after the Australian Financial Review reported the company was seeking debt relief from its lenders, as a fall in iron ore prices crunched the company's profit margins.
Shares in the Andrew Forrest-chaired iron ore miner dropped as low as $2.95 this afternoon, in the company's sharpest one day plunge in almost four years.
Fortescue last week shed workers in order to slash $300 million a year in operating costs in response to a nearly 40 per cent decline in the iron price since July, which thinned the company's margins at its Pilbara mines to wafer thin levels.
Though the price of iron ore had since recovered, rumours of further job losses had persisted at the company.
FMG shares closed at $2.99, down 13.8 per cent, or 48 cents.


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Q) The question is for me to sketch the graph of x(t) for different initial conditions.
dx/dt = sqrt(3) - 2sin(x)
A) i cant see how this is separable variables or integrating factor method.
So do I do: x(t) = sqrt(3)t - 2tsin(x) + C
Saying x = x0 at t=0 just gives me c = x0
Does this look correct?
The question that this equation involves is:
Use a geometric approach and qualitatively analyse the following equations (in each case find fixed points, sketch the vector field and classify stability of each fixed point, sketch the graph of x(t) for different initial conditions).
Does this mean that I actually do have to integrate dx/dt.
On asking my lecturer he said that the hint is in the brackets.
Im so confused


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Members of the Boise City Council are (back, L-R) council members TJ Thomson, Ben Quintana, Lauren McLean, Scot Ludwig (front, L-R) Council Pro Tem Elaine Clegg, Mayor David H. Bieter and Council President Maryanne Jordan.
The Mayor works full-time, managing the day-to-day operations of the City and providing leadership and policy direction to the City Council. The Mayor chairs all meetings of the City Council, voting only in the case of a tie. The six members of the City Council work part-time, holding budget and policy-setting authority for the city. The Mayor and City Council members are elected at large by popular vote. City Council members are elected to a specific Council seat, but the seats are not determined geographically. City elections are held in odd number years (e.g. 2007, 2009, 2011).
Phone: (208) 384-4422
Email the Mayor
Email the City Council
150 N Capitol Blvd
Boise, ID 83702
William L. Bones
Chief of Police
Contact: BPD Media Relations Office
UPDATE - Boise, Oct. 29, 2008 - Boise Police Gang Detectives will ask Ada County Prosecutors to file what's called a "Gang Enhancement" on two men arrested Sunday and charged with a series of weekend burglaries.
Under Idaho Statute, the "Gang Enhancement" adds two years to any prison sentence of a suspect found guilty of a felony crime. The "Gang Enhancement" also applies to juveniles. Boise Police Gang detectives have identified both the adult and juvenile suspects as Boise members of a gang with membership throughout the Treasure Valley.
Please refer to previous news releases for arrest, suspect and crime details, and to Ada County Courts for additional court appearance dates.
Boise, Oct 26, 2008 - Boise Police have charged two men with several felonies, bringing an end to a weekend burglary spree. The arrests come after Boise Police Patrol Officers staked out local convenience stores looking for the suspects.
"Pretty quickly officers recognized a pattern to these crimes," said Lt. Alan Cavener, Boise Police Patrol Watch Commander."Good police work followed good witness descriptions and led to these arrests. This is another good example of how the community and their police department can work together to solve crimes."
Arrested: Raul Lopez, Jr., 27, BoiseCharged: 4 counts Burglary (F). Lopez also had two outstanding arrest warrants; a parole violation, and battery.
Also arrested is a 17 year old male. The teen is currently in the custody of juvenile detention authorities facing four counts of burglary, and one charge of carrying a concealed weapon - a knife.
A third suspect, another 17 year old male, was released from police custody. A report on his involvement in the burglaries is being routed to prosecutors for a review of possible charges.
What Happened:
Last night, Saturday, Oct. 25th, Boise area convenience stores began reporting a series of beer thefts. The crimes were all similar in suspect description, suspect vehicle, and method used. In each case, store clerks told officers two men walked into the store and left with beer without paying for it. The men were described as Hispanic, wearing white t-shirts and black pants. One suspect wore a black glove on his right hand. They were reportedly being driven by a third person in a maroon vehicle with Utah license plates.
Today, Boise Police patrol officers began giving extra patrol to convenience stores and, when the officers weren't on urgent calls, parked nearby the stores to keep an extra eye out.
Just before 4:00 p.m., Officer John Tucker spotted three men matching the suspects description walk out of a convenience store at Ustick and Five Mile. The men got into a vehicle that also matched the suspect vehicle description. The men were stopped in their vehicle and found with evidence that officers believe links them to the series of burglaries.
For approx. 10 minutes just before 4:00 pm Five Mile Rd. was closed while the men were being taken into custody.
Burglary History:(Felony Burglary is the charge because it's believed the suspects entered the store with the intent to steal)
The first reported beer theft occurred last night approx 7:36 p.m. at Vista and Nez Perce.
The second happened today at approx 12:30 p.m. at a convenience store on the 3200 blk of Vista.
The third incident occurred approx 12:40 p.m. today, again at Vista and Nez Perce. It's believed the suspects may have thought they were recognized by the store clerks and left without taking anything.
The fourth report came in approx. 3:30 p.m. from the convenience store at W. Overland and Hummel. Again, clerks reported a beer theft by the same suspects.
The fifth incident occurred shortly before 4:00 p.m. The suspects were witnessed by the officer leaving the store and were taken into custody at Ustick and Five Mile.


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from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
- n. The quality of being emphatic; emphasis.
from the GNU version of the Collaborative International Dictionary of English
- n. The quality of being emphatic; emphasis.
from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- n. The quality of being emphatic.
I hope, at least, that by the light of this spark he may apprehend the emphaticalness of all the expressions used in this place to be pointed towards the particular case under consideration, and not in the least to be expressive of the possibility he contends for.
The Doctrine of the Saints��� Perseverance Explained and Confirmed
He adds, therefore, p. 276, "To say that God putteth a case in such solemnity and emphaticalness of words and phrase as are remarkable all along in the carriage of the place in hand, of which there is no possibility that it should ever happen or be exemplified in reality of event, and this in vindication of himself and the equity of his dealings and proceedings with men, is to bring a scandal and reproach of weakness upon that infinite wisdom of his which magnifies itself in all his works; which also is so much the more unworthy and unpardonable when there is a sense commodious, every way worthy as well the infinite wisdom as the goodness of God, pertinent and proper to the occasion he hath in hand, which offers itself plainly and clearly."
The Doctrine of the Saints��� Perseverance Explained and Confirmed


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By Gianna Banner 1:18am, September 8, 2013
Video: Highlights and reaction from Sals vs. CR football gameSallies' coach Bill DiNardo huddled up with his team after Saturday night's battle and said, "Wow, wow, wow!" Not only did the Sals pull out their first win of the season, the boys came out on top in exciting fashion.
Caesar Rodney traveled up north to Baynard Stadium, where they fought until the very end. The two teams went back and forth, but the Sals did something the Riders couldn't do. They scored a touchdown on fourth down to get the 41-35 overtime victory.
The home team got on the board first, when Troy Reeder scored a 4-yard touchdown with 8:35 left in the first. Reeder would score two touchdowns for the night.
It didn't take long for CR to answer back as Cody Connell scored a touchdown to put the Riders within one.
With the clock running out in the first, Sallies' Brian O'Neill scored on a 42-yard reception. He also kicked the extra point to tie the game at 14 a piece.
The Riders took the lead going into halftime, when Deshawn Schuler caught a 23-yard pass from Alex Kemp. Timothy Steindl followed up with the kick to gain the 28-21 edge.
In the fourth, Evander Blue of Sallies scored a rushing touchdown with 7:54 left to knot the game up for the fourth time at 35.
The clock ran out to send the game in overtime. CR took control first. On fourth down, Kemp threw to Kendall Wicks in the end zone but the pass was broken up by Blue.
Sals' took possession and Matthew Sgro gave the ball to Daulton Gregory, who rushed into the end zone with the game-winning touchdown.
CR's Wicks and Naquan Watkins, and Kemp also added touchdowns for the Riders. Sals' Tyler Marroni also earned a touchdown.
Sallies will play William Penn next Saturday, while CR plays host to Middletown on Friday.
This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.


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The CBJ are faced with many questions as they open their 2007-08 campaign.
Camp opened Friday morning for the Columbus Blue Jackets, and they have three preseason games in the books – winning the most recent. With a trend for mediocrity throughout their existence, could this be the year they make a playoff push, and possibly more?
There is no mystery to what Head Coach Ken Hitchcock and General Manager Scott Houston bring to the table. Their experience prior to Columbus speaks volumes to their managing ability.
The new "brand" of the Blue Jackets is to be a "tough team." In years past, they have been slow, disorganized and underachieving. In the early going though, they are making some quality hits on the ice and appear to be more intense and in better shape.
But many questions arise when you get to "Your Columbus Bluuuuueeee Jackets!"
Rick Nash is one of the best goal scorers in the NHL, but he has lacked passion and intensity. Will Hitchcock get the MVP-caliber version, or is this just another case of a franchise player getting comfortable and content where he's at?
Jody Shelly may be out of a job if some of the young wingers come around, which is unfortunate, because he (not Nash) is the fan favorite and face of the club. What role will one of the best enforcers in the league find in Columbus (or possibly somewhere else)?
Sergei Fedorov stepped up as the vocal leader last season, publicly criticizing the team in an attempt to get the team to play with a chip on their shoulders. That was quickly ended – probably from higher ups – and he quietly took a step back. Adam Foote is a veteran defender, but are his days numbered as injuries begin to pile up? Can Fedorov and Foote serve as the veteran leaders on a team looking to build a young core?
Then there is Nikolai Zherdev. Houston has made every attempt to make him happy, including traveling out of the county to take him to dinner. Will this special treatment finally get some productive minutes out of probably the most anticipated player in franchise history?
There was a collective gasp in Nationwide Arena as David Vyborny was drilled awkwardly into the boards on Sunday night. The heart and sole of the Jackets is making up an interesting line with Nash and Federov. Could this become one the most productive lines in the NHL?
Who's the goaltender on this club? How does Michael Peca fit into the mix? Who will be on the ice with Dan Fritsche?
Not to be cliché, but only time will tell with this talented and no-longer-inexperienced team. The questions remain, but the answers will begin to be answered October 5.


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Thanks for visiting our brand spanking new website. This is a work in progress, an experiment without a version number. Things will change and evolve over time once we figure out what we want to do with this thing. One thing's for sure—calling this a beta would be just lazy. We don't wanna be like that, do we? "
Weeknote 181
RFID here and NFC there, switching to English.
We had another on-site workshop in the RFID/NFC project. It was fun and the crowd was engaged. This time we already had the information architecture and UI drawn out which once again was needed to make the end users visualize what's really going on. It seemed that they were already using the system in their […]
Weeknote 179+180
Life in a design consultancy, turn of the year blog posts and what's on desk.
Howdy ho! It's 2011 and the weeknotes are back. It's been a blasting January so far with limited time to write. But now it's time to see what's happened since last year and what we are working on in the beginning of 2011. Blog Posts In the final moments of 2010 two important blog posts […]
Year in review: What did we ship in 2010?
Seth Godin asked his readers what did they ship in 2010?. We though listing ours would be a great way to jump right in to the new year.
As always, a major part of the work we do is confidential. For the sake of being equal, this makes our list absent of any names— which might actually make this post reflect better the work we do. For more specific screenshots and details of project below, I'm afraid you'll have to refer to our […]


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No. 1 Stanford and No. 2 UConn will meet at sold-out Maples Pavilion Saturday. It will be the 14th meeting between the teams, with UConn leading the series 7-6.
This is shaping up as another memorable installment in a high-profile series that has seen the teams play once in the NCAA regional semifinals (2005), three times in the NCAA national semifinals (1995, 2008-09) and in the national championship game in 2010.
Stanford currently has an 82-game winning streak at home.
Leading up to the game next weekend, I will be providing a look back at the series …
The last time the teams played in Palo Alto, Calif. Stanford ended UConn's NCAA record 90-game winning streak with a 71-59 win before a sellout crowd of 7,329 Dec. 30, 2010. It was the 52nd straight win at home for the Cardinal and it was the first loss for the Huskies since falling to Stanford 82-73 in the national semifinals April 6, 2008.
"At some point reality had to set in, and today reality set in,'' UConn coach Geno Auriemma told reporters after the game. "I'm not destroyed about it. Winning that many games in a row, it's unheard of.''
Jeanette Pohlen made five 3-pointers and scored a career-high 31 points to lead Stanford. Maya Moore had 14 points (5-of-15 FG) for the Huskies.
UConn shot just 32.8 percent from the field.