text: O'Reilly Network Articles and Weblogs: Tim O'Reilly The O'Reilly Network Articles and Weblogs Copyright O'Reilly Media, Inc. http://www.oreillynet.com/ 2012-11-08T08:28:44-08:00 O'Reilly Media, Inc. no O'Reilly Media, Inc. email@example.com Square Wallet, the Apple Store, and Uber: Software Above the Level of a Single Device http://radar.oreilly.com/2012/11/square-wallet-the-apple-store-and-uber-software-above-the-level-of-a-single-device.html Back in 2003, Dave Stutz, in his parting letter to Microsoft, wrote a prescient line about the future of technology: "Useful software written above the level of the single device will command high margins for a long time to come.Stop … Tim O'Reilly 2012-11-08T08:28:44-08:10 Open health data in practice: Increase your access to lab results http://radar.oreilly.com/2012/10/open-health-data-in-practice-increase-your-access-to-lab-results.html I'm convinced that there's a wave of innovation coming in healthcare, driven by new kinds of data, new ways of extracting meaning from that data, and new business models that data can enable.That's one of the reasons why we launched … Tim O'Reilly 2012-10-16T20:32:52-08:11 Some sideways thinking about cyberwarfare http://radar.oreilly.com/2012/07/some-sideways-thinking-about-cyberwarfare.html Foreign policy, including the possibility of cyberwarfare, is no longer just between nations, but between nations and individuals, between nations and big companies, and between companies and industries. Tim O'Reilly 2012-07-16T08:29:19-08:12 The Web as Legacy Technology http://radar.oreilly.com/2012/07/the-web-as-legacy-technology.html This tweet from @jamesrbuk (James Ball) caught my eye: "Average age of @guardian Facebook audience is 29. Website is 37, print paper 44. Amazing channel effect, really. #newsrw" I've been thinking for some time how the web is "legacy" software, … Tim O'Reilly 2012-07-15T08:29:56-08:13 True in spirit: Why I liked "Captain America," but didn't like "John Carter" http://radar.oreilly.com/2012/04/brand-essence-captain-america-john-carter.html Why is the "Captain America" film a better adaptation than "John Carter"? Because "Captain America" understands the essence of what matters about the main character. The same notion applies to the authenticity of business brands. Tim O'Reilly 2012-04-18T06:29:35-08:14 Help drive the data revolution in health care http://radar.oreilly.com/2012/03/hhs-health-datapalooza.html The Health Data Initiative's annual "Health Datapalooza" is behing held June 5-6 in Washington, D.C. The deadline for applications is just a few weeks away (March 30). Tim O'Reilly 2012-03-19T08:29:14-08:15 OK, I Admit It. I have a mancrush on the new Federal CTO, Todd Park http://radar.oreilly.com/2012/03/mancrush-federal-cto-todd-park.html Todd Park is a guy who could do literally anything he put his mind to, and he's taking up the challenge of making our government smarter about technology. Tim O'Reilly 2012-03-09T15:30:48-08:16 Measuring the economic impact of the Sharing Economy http://radar.oreilly.com/2012/03/the-sharing-economy.html Tim O'Reilly: "It's quite clear to me that there is a new economy of content that is quite possibly larger than the old one, but just not as well measured, because we measure value captured, not value created for users." Tim O'Reilly 2012-03-07T08:29:05-08:17 The stories behind a few O'Reilly "classics" http://radar.oreilly.com/2012/02/oreilly-book-stories-history.html Tim O'Reilly: "It's amazing to me how books I first published more than 20 years ago are still creating value for readers." Tim O'Reilly 2012-02-17T11:43:28-08:18 Why O'Reilly went dark http://radar.oreilly.com/2012/01/why-oreilly-went-dark.html On January 18, 2012, oreilly.com went dark to protest the Stop Online Piracy Act and PROTECT IP Act. We believe going dark was the principled action to take. Tim O'Reilly 2012-01-19T14:12:19-08:19 SOPA and PIPA are bad industrial policy http://radar.oreilly.com/2012/01/sopa-pipa-piracy.html SOPA and PIPA not only harm the internet, they support existing content companies in their attempt to hold back innovative business models that will actually grow the market and deliver new value to consumers. Tim O'Reilly 2012-01-16T14:12:19-08:20 Thoughts on ebooks triggered by the appointment of Andrew Savikas as CEO of Safari Books Online http://radar.oreilly.com/2011/11/thoughts-on-ebooks-safari-andrew-savikas.html Subscription is the right model for heavy users, pay-per-view works for occasional users, ad-supported appears to be the best way to fund fast-changing current content, and of course, some content is better rendered as an app than a book. Tim O'Reilly 2011-11-08T13:58:52-08:21 Dennis Ritchie Day http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/oreilly/radar/atom/~3/k9ixc0pc3vc/dennis-ritchie-day.html I don't have the convening power of a governor, but for those of us around the world who care, I hereby declare this Sunday, October 30 to be Dennis Ritchie Day. Tim O'Reilly 2011-10-26T10:00:41-08:22 Ada Lovelace Day: Revisiting Limor Fried http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/oreilly/radar/atom/~3/eufh9emndxc/ada-lovelace-day-revisiting-limor-fried.html Last year, for Ada Lovelace Day, I wrote a post about why I admire Limor Fried, the founder and CEO of Adafruit Industries. This year, I thought I'd talk about Limor again, both because she is such a great example of the engineer/entrepreneur, and because she's working in an emerging area that still isn't being taken as seriously as it... Tim O'Reilly 2011-10-07T12:01:46-08:23 Missing Maps and the Fragility of Digital Information http://radar.oreilly.com/2011/08/missing-maps-fragility-digital.html A couple of months ago, I had a remarkable demonstration of the fragility of the "always on" connected mindset. I was on my way to the wonderful Hunewill Ranch for Francisco Dao's 50 Kings Cattle Drive (a remarkable event that deserves a post all its own.) Hunewill Ranch is on the far side of the Sierra Nevada, near Mono Lake,... Tim O'Reilly 2011-08-01T14:54:44-08:24


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A warm welcome, from me too. Every new person is much needed in this forum, and with so few of us your posts will be very relevant.
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1 lb ground hamburger
1 cup chopped onion
1 cup diced potatoes
1 cup sliced carrots
1 cup shredded cabbage
1 cup sliced celery
1 can whole tomatoes
1/4 cup instant rice
3-5 cups water
4 tsp salt
1/4 tsp basil
1/4 tsp thyme
1 bay leaf
green pepper
Brown ground beef and onion together in Dutch oven. Put in all other ingredients and bring to a boil, uncovered. Cover and let simmer 1 hour over low heat.


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If you've ever made your way down the cereal aisle of your local grocery store, you've been faced with unending options of cereals, from all-natural, healthy cereals full of nutrients to sugar-filled, nutritionally devoid junk that kids desperately beg their parents for. Believe it or not, there are over 400 different cereal options on the shelves—even more if you count all the variations of certain cereals.
Once considered strictly a "kid food," cereal used to serve primarily as a nutrition-less bowl of sugar for kids to munch on in the mornings, but healthy cereals packed with protein, fiber, and actual nutrients are becoming more popular, allowing health-focused consumers to begin purchasing them again without being stricken with guilt. The Environmental Working Group determined that if a person eats one bowl of an average cereal (aka not one of the worst and not one of the best) every single day, he or she will consume ten pounds of sugar in one year. TEN POUNDS! <
Here at Greatist, we want you to rediscover cereal in the best way possible. Or if you're already an avid cereal eater, we want to help you expand your horizons and try new ways of purchasing, preparing, and eating cereal. From information on research studies done about cereal, new types of cereal recipes to make it even better (think cereal bar recipe…yum!), and nutritional information regarding your favorite cereals, Greatist is the best resource on the web for healthy eating, healthy living, and all things cereal.
We firmly believe that making small changes to become healthier are of huge importance in your life, and they will help you become more of the person that you want to be. We believe that you can be a greatist, and we want to help you learn how to choose a healthy cereal, explore new cereal recipes, and maybe even experiment with homemade cereal! We want you to know as much as you can about cereal and help you make better choices moving forward in your quest to become a greatist.
"Children's Cereals: Sugar by the Pound" (EWG)
"List of Breakfast Cereals" (Wikipedia)Read more


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17 CFR 240.13q-1 - Disclosure of payments made by resource extraction issuers.
(a) A resource extraction issuer, as defined by paragraph (b) of this section, shall file a report on Form SD (17 CFR 249b.400) within the period specified in that Form disclosing the information required by the applicable items of Form SD as specified in that Form.
(b) Definitions. For the purpose of this section:
(1) Resource extraction issuer means an issuer that:
(i) Is required to file an annual report with the Commission; and
(ii) Engages in the commercial development of oil, natural gas, or minerals.
(2) Commercial development of oil, natural gas, or minerals includes exploration, extraction, processing, and export of oil, natural gas, or minerals, or the acquisition of a license for any such activity.
Title 17 published on 2015-04-01
The following are ALL rules, proposed rules, and notices (chronologically) published in the Federal Register relating to 17 CFR Part 240 after this date.


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...1) How many radians does the minute hand of a clock rotate during your birthday?
how many revolutions does the minute hand make in 24 hours?
how many radians in one revolution?
2) A circular sector has an area of 122 cm^2 and a radius of 2 cm. what is the arc length of the sector?
3) If the radius of a circular sector is 5 m and the arc length is 10 cm, find the central angle of the sector.
see the second equation in (2)
4) A ferris wheel has a radius of 35.5 ft. if the ferris wheel completes one revolution in 30 sec, find the velocity of the outer edge in m.p.h. Use V=W*R
one rev in 30 sec is 2 rev/min
1. convert rev/min to rad/hr
2. convert 35.5 ft to miles
5) find to four sig digits in radians, for 0 ≤ theta < 2pi, if sec(theta)= -0.3422 and csc (theta) > 0.
if sec(t) < 0 and csc(t) > 0 , then what quadrant is (t) in ?
remember sec(t) = 1/cos(t)


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Melamine 3 Piece Serving Tray Set - Various Colors
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Our 100% melamine serve tray set is great for indoor and outdoor use. The pieces are heavy weight with the look and feel of ceramic. Your choice of sets in red or blue. Each set contains 1 large tray with handles, 1 medium platter and 1 small platter.
Our 100% melamine serveware set is great for indoor and outdoor use. The melamine is heavy weight and textured to give it the feel of ceramic. The large and small trays have the appearance of a hand-painted medallion print. The medium trays have the appearance of a rustic crackle finish. Your choice of sets in red or blue. Designed to coordinate with our 12 piece dinnerware sets and 4 piece serveware sets.
- Made from 100% melamine
- BPA Free
- Great for indoor or outdoor use
- Heavy weight with the look and feel of ceramic
- Dishwasher safe, top rack only
- Large tray is 21.5 inches long x 15.1 inches wide
- Medium tray is 18.5 inches long x 13.1 inches wide
- Small tray is 15.5 inches long x 11 inches wide
Assembled Country


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Does weight loss affect hypoglycemia?
Asked by anonymous on Nov 14, 2008
in Health Conditions
I used to have my hypoglycemia under control with diet, but since losing 30 pounds and starting to run, I'm shaky all the time. I crash nearly every day. What's going on?
Your hypoglycemia most likely recurred because you do not eat enough calories and carbohydrates, especially since you run. Sensitivity to insulin increases in hypoglycemia and with exercise; insulin clears glucose from the bloodstream and that is when the symptoms occur. The diet for hypoglycemia promotes a steady release of glucose. It has six small meals spread throughout the day, each each containing complex carbohydrate, protein and some fat. You, personally, need about 1900 calories a day, with a mini-meal of 40 grams of carbohydrate and 15 grams of protein every 2-3 hours . Experiment with eating before and after you run to see which feels best. If you need more help, visit a registered dietitian.


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Preliminary National Weather Service reports show Borger tying a daily low temperature record Wednesday while Amarillo and Dalhart neared record lows, meteorologist Sarah Johnson said.
Borger's Wednesday morning low of 21 degrees tied a record set in 1952, she said. Amarillo hit 21 degrees and Dalhart's low was 19 degrees, nearing daily records of 20 and 17 that were also set in 1952, she said.
Meteorologists will have to wait a few hours until temperatures rise for final readings to become available, Johnson said.
Moisture was scant in the Texas Panhandle last night, with reports of light hail reported in communities including Canadian, Higgins, Perryton and Lefors, Johnson said. Wheeler County received enough pea-sized hail to report slick roadways about 7:30 p.m. Tuesday, she said.


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Art Business Tips, Fine Art Tips, General, Guest Articles, Social Media Tips & Tricks
How to Create a Great Online Community
Do you know how to be a good person? Bravo! Then you also know how to create a great online community. Just like...2 Comments |


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Healthy Holiday Tips
Keep these ideas in mind to stay healthy this season.
Here are a few things you can do to stay healthy this season. Keep these ideas in mind as you prepare for this busy time of year, and you'll thank yourself come spring:
- Drink plenty of water and make low-calorie beverages a mainstay. Don't allow a hectic schedule to stop you from getting at least eight glasses of water a day. At social gatherings, choose a glass of sparkling water or a low-calorie drink to toast the season.
- When making a reduced-fat meat loaf or casserole, why not fix two and freeze one? Keeping the freezer stocked with prepared meals saves time, helping you eat light when you're racing against the clock.
- Don't forget about working out! If you can't find the time for your normal fitness routine, go to the mall and join the mall walkers before your day of Christmas shopping begins. Park your car in the back of the mall's lot and use the stairs instead of the mall's elevators or escalators. Not only will the extra exercise feel great, but it can help you keep the pounds off this holiday season.
© 2016 RDA Enthusiast Brands, LLC


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Jaidee, S. and Stevens, S. and Ward, T. (2011) 'Mertens' theorem for toral automorphisms.', Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society., 139 (05). pp. 1819-1824.
A dynamical Mertens' theorem for ergodic toral automorphisms with error term O(N^{-1}) is found, and the influence of resonances among the eigenvalues of unit modulus is examined. Examples are found with many more, and with many fewer, periodic orbits than expected.
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|First published in Transactions of the American Mathematical Society in 2011, volume 139 published by the American Mathematical Society. © Copyright 2011 American Mathematical Society.
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|14 Dec 2012 14:02
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Our Authors
Dana Abu-Dayyeh
I am a Palestinian-American.I was born and raised in Jerusalem and received my undergraduate degree in Middle Eastern Studies at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. I now intend on applying to NYU's Master's in Food Studies Program.
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2006 United States Sport Jujitsu Team Tryouts
January 27 & 28, 2006
Jacksonville, Florida
The International Sport Jujitsu Association (ISJA) was the first to promote a mixed martial arts event internationally using strikes, throws and submissions, on an organized level. Today there are 27 countries following the ISJA rulebook and it continues to grow. The United States Sport Jujitsu Association represents the ISJA as the National Governing Body for sport jujitsu here in the United States. The ISJA holds the World Championships every two years with this year's event being held in Mar del Plata, Argentina. The coaching staff is looking for the best of the best to represent the USA in this prestigious event. These tryouts are open to any athlete (men & women) regardless of martial arts style or association. To qualify you must be at least 17 years old with a good attitude and open mind. If you would like a chance to represent your country and travel to Argentina as a Team USA member then don't miss these tryouts.
Thank you and I look forward to seeing you there!
Ernie Boggs
Head Coach Team USA
For more information contact
Daniel Gimenez, Team USA Coach
904-537- 8571
Or Email:
Betty Dean, USSJA Vice President
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member institutions
resolutions (in Hung.)
by-laws (in Hung.)
Doctoral program
doctoral schools
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by number
ceased working
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by name
by research topic
thesis topic proposals
by doctoral school
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supervision of PhD students
search students
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by institution
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Documents (all in Hung.)
public documents
legal backgrounds
contact details
Data of the public discussion
University of Szeged Doctoral Committee
and the
Doctoral School of Physics
doctoral school
has organized the public discussion of
Veres Anikó Hegedis
"A fotoakusztikus spektroszkópia széleskörű alkalmazhatóságának alátámasztása az iparban, a biológiában és a környezetvédelemben"
in research field physics
Date of the public discussion of the thesis: 2010-XI-16 11:00
place: SZTE TTIK Dékáni Hivatal Tanácsterem
Main findings in the thesis (in Hungarian)
Main findings in the thesis (in English)
The thesis
publication list of the doctoral candidate in MTMT is not accessible
Gábor Szabó
head of the school
Gábor Szabó
Zoltán Bozóki
Thesis supervisor
Date of diploma: 2010. XII. 16.
All rights reserved © 2007, Hungarian Doctoral Council. Doctoral Council registration number at commissioner for data protection: 02003/0001. Program version: 1.2318 ( 2016. XI. 26. )


text:
Recipient NAPP Photoshop Guru Award
Content Copyright © Photobart Digital Imaging 2012 | All Rights Reserved | Site Design by Photobart Digital Imaging
In today's world of get it done tomorrow on ever tightening budgets you need a partner that has a track record of doing exactly that. Photobart Digital Imaging understands that it is imperative to get projects done quickly, on budget and still maintain the highest level of quality. We have over 20 years of experience of working with Creative teams on projects to produce beautiful images for print and web.
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An Hour & Five Minutes
17 comments
cool post!ReplyDelete
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happy day!
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LinkedIn Drops on $1 Billion Stock Offering
NEW YORK (TheStreet) - LinkedIn
Mountain View, Calif.-based LinkedIn said the funds would be used to increase its expand the scope of products and services as its seeks to engage users beyond landing a new job. Additionally, LinkedIn said proceeds from the offering would be earmarked for international expansion as the company aims to secure users in countries categorized by investors as emerging economies.
Underwriters for the offering which include JP Morgan Securities and Morgan Stanley. Goldman Sachs and Bank of America Merrill Lynch will have an option to buy an additional $150 million of LinkedIn's Class A common stock, the company said in a statement.
LinkedIn was falling 2.3% to $240.95 in after-hours trading. The shares have gained 447% since going public in May 2011.
>Contact by Email.


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Israel's Population Nears 9 MillionSunday, September 21st, 2014
Israel's population grew by nearly 200,000 in the past 12 months and is 8,904,373 three days before the Rosh HaShanah New Year, which begins Wednesday night.
The figures include 24,801 new immigrants whom Israel welcomed the past 12 months.
More than 176,000 new babies were born in the current Hebrew year, according to the Ministry of Population and immigration, and baby boys outnumbered girls by more than 5,000.
The most popular Hebrew names were traditional, with Yosef, Daniel and Ori leading the pack for boys. The most frequent names for girls were Tamar, Noa and Shira.
The divorce rate was approximately 25 percent, far below the rate of Western countries.Tzvi Ben-Gedalyahu


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Sleigh Toddler Bed - Oak
by babymod | Item #: 627659 | Model #: W2990O |
- $ 88 78 88.78
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The Sleigh Toddler Bed by Babymod is the perfect bed for your little one who has outgrown the crib, but is not ready for a full bed. The guard rails provide safety against falls. This bed is the perfect transition towards sleeping in a full bed. Proper and first transition from the crib before moving to a twin or full size bed.
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Package Weight: 28.5 lbs.
Product Dimensions: 29.5"W x 28.125"H x 57.875"L
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Home > Research and Archives > Oral Histories > Smith, Bromley
Oral Histories -- Bromley Smith
Bromley Smith (1911-1987)
Executive Secretary, National Security Council, 1961-69.
Bromley Smith Interview I
Guide to Citing Online Oral History Transcripts
The Oral Histories have been placed on the LBJ Web Server and are available for downloading in Adobe Acrobat format. In order to read these files you should download a free copy of Acrobat Reader for your computer.
Return to Oral History Home Page
Last Updated October 1, 2008


text:
For (1) I get 16 since
(4) IT's n(n-1)=12 producing so n=4
I have a few questions i don't understand T_T
1. A committe of 4 people is to be chosen form a group of 8 people- 4 women and 4 men. How many ways can the committee be chosen so as to include exactly 3 women.
The answer is 70 but i keep getting 96. I don't understand how they got 70 =3=
2. From a deck of 52 cards, the 12 face cards and 4 aces are removed. From the 16 cards, 4 are chosen. How many different ways are there to choose the numbers?
3. In the Lotto 535 lottery, you must choose 4 numbers from 1 to 35 and one number from 1 to 25. How many different ways are there to choose the numbers?
4. Solve for n
nP2= 12
The answer is 4 but i get 5 =3=
n!/ n-2! = 12
then i expanded and canceled out that n! leaving me (n-2)(n-1) = 12
i expanded it then i get n^2- 3n+2 = 12
i got n= 5 and -2
i don't know what i did wrong.
help anyone? (:
you want to pick 3 women from a group of 4.
you can write out ABCD women, and see there are 4 ways.
BUT the easier way is to cast off one and see there are 4 cast offs, leaving you with 3 women
ABC sending D home alone
ABD sending off C
ACD sending off B
BCD sending off A
same with 1 man from 4, there are 4 men to choose from.
2. It looks like their just asking for the number of ways to choose 4 cards out of the remaining 16, although I'm not too sure what is meant by "numbers."
3. It's the number of ways to choose 4 numbers out of 35 multiplied by the number of ways to choose 1 number out of 25


text:
December 4, 2016 Disclaimer: Please read.
Statements and opinions expressed in articles are those of the authors, not Truthdig. Truthdig takes no responsibility for such statements or opinions.
The Question No U.S. Official Dare Ask
Posted on Jan 7, 2010
It is time to ask a question that virtually no one in an official or political position in the United States is willing to contemplate asking. For a person in a responsible public position to pose this question would be to risk exclusion from the realm of "serious" policy discussion. It could be, as they say in the bureaucracies, "a career destroyer."
It would be like declaring that after long analysis you had come to the conclusion that the world is indeed flat, and not round. A round earth is merely an illusion, which everyone has accepted, and adapted to—and fears challenging.
My question is the following. Has it been a terrible, and by now all but irreversible, error for the United States to have built a system of more than 700 military bases and stations girdling the world? Does it provoke war rather than provide security?
Each of six world regions now has a separate U.S. commander with his staff and intelligence, planning and potential operational capabilities. Central Command, based in Florida, currently is responsible for America's Middle Eastern and Central Asian wars.
The other five commands—Atlantic, Pacific, Southern (for Latin America), Africa and Europe—oversee in detail what goes on in their assigned portions of the world, generating analyses, appreciations, and scenarios of possible reactions to a myriad of perceived or possible threats to the United States.
Square, Site wide
Each commander also makes contact with regional government military forces, so far as possible, cultivating good relations, professional exchanges and training. Each promotes training missions to the U.S. and military aid, and supports equipment purchases.
Each regional commander controls "main operating bases" abroad, which in turn support fully manned "forward operating sites," usually including permanently stationed American forces and an air base.
Beyond them, "cooperative security locations" are established, shared with the forces of allies or clients.
The hegemonic implications and intention of all this, which provides the military structure from which to conduct global interventions (or indeed a third world war), are readily acknowledged in Washington, and motivated by what Washington considers internationally valid and constructive reasons.
The unthinkable question with which I began this article was whether all of this has been a ghastly mistake. Many Americans question or oppose this system, but ordinarily with anti-militarist motives, or because they see it as imperialist, or part of an interventionist or aggressive foreign policy outlook that they oppose.
My reason for questioning it is that it generates apprehension, hostility and fear of the United States; frequently promotes insecurity; and has already provoked wars—unnecessary wars.
It is an obstacle to peaceful long-term relations between the United States and other countries, and with the international community as a whole.
Today the United States is involved in two and a half—or even more—wars provoked by this system of global American military engagement. I say "more" than two wars because in addition to the Afghanistan war there still are more than 100,000 American troops in Iraq, in circumstances in which an outbreak of further fighting involving them is perfectly possible. The United States is also taking part in the fight against the Taliban inside Pakistan, and at the same time experiences serious tensions with the Pakistan government and public. Then there is Yemen.
The 9/11 attacks on the United States in 2001, according to Osama bin Laden himself, were provoked by the presence of U.S. military bases in what Muslims consider the sacred territories of Saudi Arabia. U.S. forces went there at the time of the Gulf War and were kept in place afterward by the U.S. against the objections of the Saudi Arabian government. (It is noteworthy that immediately following the invasion of Iraq the U.S. announced closure of the Saudi bases.)
In the current discussion of a negotiated U.S. disengagement from the war in Afghanistan, one of America's best experts on the region, Selig S. Harrison, writes that this would be possible only on a regional basis supported by Russia, Iran, China, Pakistan and certain other states.
He writes: "All these neighboring countries are disturbed in varying degree by the expansion of U.S bases near their borders; they recognize that no Taliban faction is likely to negotiate peace until the United States and NATO set a timetable that covers both withdrawal of their forces and closure of U.S. bases.
"Secretary of State Hillary Clinton's March 2009 proposal for a regional conference, revived recently by Henry Kissinger, has been ignored by potential participants because it assumes the indefinite continuance of a U.S. military presence."
American bases in Japan, an ally for a half-century, are today the subject of tension between Washington and the new Japanese government. What set the scene for Georgia's attack on South Ossetia and Russian troops in August 2008 was U.S. pressure to bring Georgia into NATO. In Yemen there already are protests over the possibility of U.S. operations there.
This evidence is that the U.S. global base system is a system of insecurity for the U.S., and for others as well. But what president would dare dismantle it?
Visit William Pfaff's Web site at www.williampfaff.com.
© 2010 Tribune Media Services Inc.
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By bogi666, February 13, 2010 at 11:03 am Link to this comment
Eventually these world wide outposts which serve as look outs for the GREAT ELECTRONIC WALL OF SPACE as it will bnakrupt the USA. Just as the Great Wall of China 4500 miles long taking 25 years to build bankrupt the then Chinese government and the collapse of Chinese society and China was conquered by the invading Mongols which the Wall ws supposed to keep out. The same will befall the USG GREAT ELECTRONIC WALL of SPACE. Their's a proverb; "if something cannot continue, it won't". The funding of the Pentagon for its purpose of providing protection for Corporate investments SOLAR SYSTEM wide. Anyone who believes the purpose of the Pentagon is to protect the human citizens to preserve their liberties and democracy is an idiot.
By DHFabian, January 14, 2010 at 10:51 am Link to this comment
Ron Paul's job is Ron Paul. The disproportionate attention he has received to date is based in the fact that he is a character, an odd personality that leaves people mildly puzzled. As a character, he's neither good nor bad. His strategy has been based on saying just enough, and remaining obscure enough, to let people read into his words whatever they wish.
I haven't seen any reason to date to give Ron Paul more than a minute or two of attention.
By dhfabian, January 12, 2010 at 9:29 pm Link to this comment
I've seen little to date to indicate that today's generation is capable of organizing.
If you want a movement, you need good spokespeople, and you need people who will actively get involved to rally other people. Yep, leaders. You need people who can organize. What passes for most protest today is embarrassing because it is so politely compliant. Permits are obtained, everyone stays nicely within the (out-of-the-way) "designated protest zone", quietly observing all the rules so that they don't (gasp!) disturb anyone. No microphones allowed, no banners, no signs, no shouting or singing, behave like good boys and girls. What's the point?
You need a strong, clear, consistent message, and you need to get that message out to the public. That is precisely the point of protests. Relearn the meaning of "civil disobedience."
Nothing is going to change if We the Ordinary don't change it. But again, no movement can move without leaders.
By DHFabian, January 10, 2010 at 10:57 am Link to this comment
Gmarks, Gee, I thought it was the Arabs. Or was it the Mexicans? Oh, no, wait—it's the Chinese!
Grow up, learn a little, give reality a try. You sound like the one book you've read is Protocols of the Elders. Granted, the Jews own the largest country on Earth, filled with vast mineral resources and the largest military. And I have wondered about recent US presidents, like Reagansky, Bushovitz, Clintonstein, Obamavitch… The Jews own all the oil wells, and their space program dominates the field. Right…
By Unamerican, January 10, 2010 at 2:36 am Link to this comment
Americans are their own worst enemy. Stay home. Mind your own business, and leave the world in peace. Israel… you too.
By yours truly, January 9, 2010 at 8:39 pm Link to this comment
From the start of the Cold War a central theme of the anti-war movement has been 1) give peace a chance & 2) stop squandering resources on weapons & devote these instead to the good and welfare of us all. People in government don't speak out for the reason several commenters have stated, namely, fear of getting canned if they do so. What's more this situation isn't going to change since right now it's the whistleblower, not the corporate crook who's being indicted. So what's the answer? First of all, about what isn't the answer and that's restricting ourselves to proving to the umpty-umpth decimal point that our government is a totally owned subsidiary of Corporate America, because the one thing that comes through from reading posts on this & other progressive sites, is that almost every contributor has her or his unique take on just why and how this came to be. And if this is so, isn't it best we accept it as a given that corporate America owns our government and move on to answering the question what are we going to do about it? Aside from taking the easy way out, that is, which is to say nothing can be done, it's hopeless, so why not just take care of number one, thus allowing ourselves to be defeated by our failure to act, the consequences of which very well could be someone among us (or her or his child or grandchild) ending up being the person who has to answer the call "Will the last one out please turn off the lights." Should such take place it's not difficult to imagine what this person will be thinking. Something like "Thanks a lot folks, when there was still a chance, for having done absolutely nothing to prevent this from happening."
By the observer, January 9, 2010 at 2:39 pm Link to this comment
Now ask the companion question:
What is the lost oportunnity?
How much better off would the average (and all bottom 99%) be if this money was spent hear in the states on building our economy?
How much better off would we be 2x?, 5x?, 10x?
By lisa lebowski, January 9, 2010 at 11:29 am Link to this comment
When the goal-set, grand strategy, and the supporting strategies of an Nth State are transparent, then a policy of violence is the only effective policy. It is also a sure indicator of zero viable other options. Lack of options is the classical invitation to defeat.
By Maureen, January 9, 2010 at 8:31 am Link to this comment
"De-garrisoning the world" will happen soon in a messy way when the US runs out of credit. What would be wonderful karma for the US, is to do it voluntarily ASAP. Of course, you will never get that out of the Illuminati-controlled thieves in Washington. It is possible with the rapid rise of a third party, but that would require the ethical right (Ron Paulies) and the ethical left (you guys) to work (quickly) together to "throw the bums" out.
By lensman, January 8, 2010 at 10:35 pm Link to this comment
Anarcissi gave us the big hint, and I think s/he's on the right track. But all is not sweetness and light just yet.
Look at a map, for Pete's sake: The present configuration of American bases is mainly - but not entirely - encircling Iran, and also lined up and pointing at the Aral Sea area, the last major oil reserves on the planet. The rest of the bases are ringed around other strategic energy reserves. Did you notice the creation of the new Africa Command? Nigeria is the 6th largest of our oil partners (~20% of our oil comes from Nigeria.)
As Brezinski has pointed out in his The Grand Chessboard, Russia must be contained and China denied access to the oil which we badly need.
Did you know that the huge Iraq oil reserves are buttoned down, squirreled away, as it were, for an energy-deficient future, guarded by 100,000 American troops? Also, the US military consumes a major fraction of all the oil we import.
Total Spectrum Dominance…b00yah !
By DHFabian, January 8, 2010 at 8:36 pm Link to this comment
gerard, You warn that ending war would result in even worse unemployment. What if we turned much of the military into a new WPA? As I understand it, America's infrastructure is nearly in shambles, and repairs/new infrastructure would create jobs from coast to coast. We need far more people in certain professions, yet few can pay for the college education needed to do those jobs. Use a chunk of military spending for education and training, instead. The US out-spends every other country on its military, and we are less safe than ever, precisely because our government has acted so belligerently toward the rest of the world for decades. Stop provoking war, and save billions of dollars per year.
On the bases specifically, these don't "ensure peace." On the contrary, they instill a deep and growing resentment among the world's nations.
By Philip J Dennany, January 8, 2010 at 6:13 pm Link to this comment
The report you read, supposedly was bin Ladin is one that is thought by very many to be a fake. I read a statement from him where he totally rejected any part in 9-11. He claims, and I agree, that it was at least largely a US covert operation. There is still no conclusive evidence that the al-Qaeda(or is it al-CIAda)had any part of the destruction. There is very much that evidence that is being pointedly avoided to prevent the truth be puplicly known, but the truth is still spreading. Perhaps you should move a bit away from the corporate new providers that decide what news should be made public.
By Maureen, January 8, 2010 at 1:25 pm Link to this comment
Well, actually, there is a US Congressman who has been asking this question for many years—Ron Paul. At last count there were more than 737 overseas bases plus hundreds within the US. What you have to understand is that the $USD is hanging by a thread. Someday soon it will collapse to its real value—zero. If the US were to close these foreign bases the $USD would immediately collapse. Of course it will anyway in a few months. Economist, Catherine Austin Fitts explains all this plus the fact that elements of the CIA have been running drugs and funneling the profits into the immense black budget. That's why the whole system cannot be changed from the inside. China will pull the plug soon enough. The families of US servicemen need to be thinking now of how they are going to get their kids home from those 737 overseas bases.
By Jackie Feazell, January 8, 2010 at 1:03 pm Link to this comment
Economics is essential to this question at both ends - the powerful will never
By hark, January 8, 2010 at 9:21 am Link to this comment
For gerard, 11:41 p.m.
The United States shifted from a peacetime economy to a wartime economy and then back again from late 1941 to 1946, on a massive scale. I think we can handle closing the bases and investing all the savings into development of a 21st century infrastructure and alternative energy and transportation systems without too much trouble.
By Nory Fussell, January 8, 2010 at 9:08 am Link to this comment
The world, the US govt. is a very different beast now than it has ever been.
This isn't the same country I was born in, the same government that I was
"Less stuff, more fun!" Look what Gandhi accomplished with just a rice bowl, a
Empower the person, get war out of the heart.
By bozhidar balkas, vancouver, January 8, 2010 at 9:02 am Link to this comment
To W Pf, with respect,
But most arab lands, afpak r ruled by warlords and feudal lords. And it seems to me US military presence is quite welcome in s.arabia and elsewhere by people who matter.
US bases, aggressions {US is not at war anywhere right now}, occupations are part of US/nato terror.
And that's why no one in officialdom dares criticise bases, aggresions, occupations, killings/maimings of innocent people.
By Hotch, January 8, 2010 at 8:18 am Link to this comment
No President will dismantle these bases as long as the US is a warmaking/military/corporate run Empire. Perhaps, one day, some country, or group of contries, will say, "We can't stand it any more!", and take the matter into their own hands.


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text:
Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII
|Mir Osman Ali khan, Asaf Jah VII
میر عثمان علی خان، آصف جاہ ہفتم మీర్ ఉస్మాన్ ఆలీ ఖాన్
|The Nizam of Hyderabad
|Nizam: 29 August 1911– 17 September 1948
Titular Nizam: 17 September 1948– 24 February 1967
|18 September 1911
|Mahbub Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VI
|Monarchy abolished
(Pretender:Mukarram Jah)
6 April 1886
Purani Haveli, Hyderabad, Hyderabad State, British India
(now in Telangana, India)
|24 February 1967 (age 80)
King Kothi Palace, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
(now in Telangana, India)
|Judi Mosque, King Kothi Palace, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
(now in Telangana, India)
|Dulhan Pasha Begum, among many others
|Azam, Moazzam, and at least 18 other sons and 19 daughters
|میر عثمان علی خان
|Asaf Jahi Dynasty
|Mahbub Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VI
|Amat-uz-Zahrunnisa Begum
|Sunni Islam
His Highness Nizam Sir Mir Osman Ali Khan Siddiqi Bayafandi Asaf Jah VII GCSI GBE (Urdu: آصف جاہ), born Mir Osman Ali Khan Bahadur (Urdu: عثمان علی خان صدیقی بہادر; 6 April 1886 – 24 February 1967), was the last Nizam (or ruler) of the Princely State of Hyderabad and of Berar. He ruled Hyderabad between 1911 and 1948, until it was annexed by India. He was styled His Exalted Highness The Nizam of Hyderabad.[1] Later he was made the Rajpramukh of Hyderabad State on 26 January 1950 and continued until 31 October 1956, after which the state was partitioned on linguistic basis and became part of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Maharashtra.[2]
He built the Hyderabad House in Delhi, now used for diplomatic meetings by the Government of India.
The Nizam's vast inheritance was accumulated as mining royalties rather than land revenue. Hyderabad State in British India was the only supplier of diamonds for the global market in the 18th century.
Mir Osman Ali Khan Bahadur acceded as Nizam of Hyderabad upon the death of his father in 1911. The state of Hyderabad was the largest of the princely states in pre-independence India. With an area of 86,000 square miles (223,000 km²), it was roughly the size of the present-day United Kingdom. Its ruler was the highest-ranking prince in India, was one of only five princes entitled to a 21-gun salute, held the unique title of "Nizam", and was created "His Exalted Highness" and "Faithful Ally of the British Crown" after World War One due to his financial contribution to the British Empire's war effort. (For example, No. 110 Squadron RAF's original complement of Airco DH.9A aircraft were Osman Ali's gift. Each aircraft bore an inscription to that effect, and the unit became known as the "Hyderabad Squadron".[3])
Mir Osman Ali Khan Bahadur was the absolute ruler of this principality. In some accounts, he is held to have been a benevolent ruler who patronised education, science and development. During his 37-year rule electricity was introduced, railways, roads and airways were developed, the Nizamsagar lake in Hyderabad state was excavated and some irrigation projects on the Tungabhadra river were undertaken.
In 1941, Mir Osman Ali Khan Bahadur started his own bank, the Hyderabad State Bank (now State Bank of Hyderabad) as the state's central bank, which managed the Osmania sikka, the currency of the Hyderabad state. It was the only state which had its own currency, the Hyderabadi rupee, which was different from the rest of India. Hyderabad was the only state in British India where the ruler was allowed to issue currency notes. A 100 rupee note was introduced in 1918.
In 1947, the Nizam made a gift of diamond jewels, including a tiara and necklace, to Princess Elizabeth on the occasion of her marriage. The brooches and necklace from this gift are still worn by the Queen and is known as Nizam of Hyderabad necklace.[4]
Nearly all the major public buildings in Hyderabad city, such as the Osmania General Hospital, Hyderabad High Court, Asafiya Library now known as State Central Library, Town Hall now known as Assembly Hall, Jubilee Hall, Hyderabad Museum, now known as State Museum, Nizamia Observatory and many other monuments were built during his reign. Up to 11% of the Nizam's budget was spent on education. Osmania University was founded, and schools, colleges and a "Department for Translation" were set up. Primary education was made compulsory and provided free for the poor. The Nizam (as well as his predecessors) have been criticised for largely ignoring the native languages in favour of Urdu.
Mir Osman Ali Khan Bahadur donated to many institutions in India and abroad. Recipients included educational institutions such as the Jamia Nizamia, the Darul Uloom Deoband, Banaras Hindu University and Aligarh Muslim University.[citation needed]
He also paid for a Royal Australian Navy vessel, the N-class destroyer, HMAS Nizam commissioned in 1940.
Mir Osman Ali Khan Bahadur lived at King Kothi Palace—bought from a nobleman—for all his life from age 13. He never moved to Chowmahalla Palace, even after his accession to the throne.
Operation Polo and abdication[edit]
After Indian independence in 1947, the country was partitioned on religious lines and Pakistan was established as a Muslim nation. The princely states were left free to make whatever arrangement they wished with either India or Pakistan. The Nizam ruled over more than 16 million people and 82,698 square miles (214,190 km2) of territory when the British withdrew from the sub-continent in 1947. The Nizam refused to join either India or Pakistan, preferring to form a separate kingdom within the British Commonwealth of Nations.
The proposal for independence was rejected by the British government, but the Nizam continued to explore this possibility. Towards this end, he kept up open negotiations with the Government of India regarding the modalities of a future relationship while opening covert negotiations with Pakistan in a similar vein. He also concurrently encouraged the activities of the Razakars. The Nizam cited the Razakars as evidence that the people of the state were opposed to any agreement with India.[citation needed]
Ultimately the new Indian government decided to invade and capture Hyderabad in 1948, in an operation codenamed Operation Polo. Under the supervision of Major General Choudhry, one division of the Indian Army and a tank brigade invaded Hyderabad. The battle was quick and the Nizam's troops and the Razakars gave up easily.
During his days as Nizam, he was reputed to be the richest man in the world, having a fortune estimated at US$2 billion in the early 1940s ($33.8 billion today)[5] or 2 per cent of the US economy then. At that time the treasury of the newly independent Union government of India reported annual revenue of US$1 billion only. He was portrayed on the cover of TIME magazine on 22 February 1937, described as the world's richest man.[6] The Nizam is widely believed to have remained as the richest man in South Asia until his death in 1967, though his fortunes fell to US$1 billion by then and became a subject of multiple legal disputes between bitterly fighting rival descendants.
Marriages and children[edit]
On 14 April 1920, Mir Osman Ali Khan Bahadur married Sahebzadi Azmathunnisa Begum (Dulhan Pasha Begum) (1889–1955),[7] daughter of Nawab Jahangir Jung Bahadur, at Eden Bagh now known as Eden Garden at King Kothi, Hyderabad at the age 21. She was the first of his seven wives and 42 concubines, and the mother of his three children son Azam Jah and Moazzam Jah and daughter Shehzadi Pasha. Nawab Mir Khudrath Nawaz Jung Bahadur was the first brother-in-law of Mir Osman Ali Khan Bahadur. Maternal Uncle of Azam Jah Moazzam Jah and Shehzadi Pasha.
Azam Jah married Durru Shehvar, daughter of Abdul Mejid II (the last Ottoman Caliph and cousin and heir to the last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire) while Moazzam Jah married Princess Niloufer, a princess of the Ottoman empire.
Nawab Mir Osman Ali Khan Bahadur had at least 34 children and 104 grandchildren,[8] including:
- Sahebzadi Yawar un-nisa Begum Sahiba (d. in childhood)
- Sahebzadi Hidayat un-nisa Begum Sahiba (1901–1925)
- Nizam uddin bahadur (1903–1987)
- Azam Jah Sahebzada Mir Himayath ali khan (1907–1970)
- Muazzam Jah Sahebzada Mir Shujayath Ali Khan (1907–1987)
- Sahebzada Mir Osman 'Ali Khan Bahadur (29 February-30 June 1908)
- Sahebzada Mir Kazim Ali Khan, Kazim Jah (1912–1952)
- Sahebzada Mir Abid Ali Khan, Abid Jah (1913–1983)
- Sahebzada Mir Hashmat Ali Khan, Hashmat Jah (1913–1988)
- Sahebzada Mir Hashim Ali Khan, Hashim Jah (1913–1991)
- Sahebzada Mir Taqi Ali KHan, Taqi Jah (1913–1985)
- Sahebzadi Hurmat un-nisa Begum Sahiba (1913–)
- Sahebzadi Karim Osman Murat un-nisa Begum (1913–)
- Sahebzadi Jamal un-nisa Begum Sahiba (1913–1973)
- Sahebzadi Behbood un-nisa Begum Sahiba (1914–)
- Sahebzadi Mahmood un-nisa Begum Sahiba (1914–1984)
- Sahebzada Mir Basharat Ali Kha, Basharat Jah (1915–1991)
- Sahebzadi Mehar un-nisa Begum Sahiba (1915–1964)
- Sahebzadi Ghaffoor un-nisa Begum Sahiba (1915–)
- Sahebzadi Aleem un-nisa Begum Sahiba (1915–)
- Sahebzadi Nazeer un-nisa Begum Sahiba (1916–1975)
- Sahebzada Mir Rajjab Ali Khan, Rajjab Jah (1917–1968)
- Sahebzada Mir Saadat Ali Khan, Sa'adat Jah (1917–1988)
- Sahebzadi Faruq un-nisa Begum Sahiba (1918–)
- Sahebzadi Kabir un-nisa Begum Sahiba (1920–2003)
- Sahebzadi Masud un-nisa Begum Sahiba (1923–1980)
- Sahebzadi Asmat un-nisa Begum Sahiba (1924–1979)
- Sahebzaid Bashir un-nisa Begum Sahiba (1927–)
- Sahebzadi Ramzani Begum Sahiba (1931–1974)
- Sahebzada Mir Jawad Ali Khan, Jawad Jah (d. 1936)
- stillborn son (1938)
- Sahebzadi Mashadi Begum Sahiba (1939–)
- Sahebzada Mir Zulfiqar Ali Khan, Zulfiqar Jah (1943–1997)
- Sahebzada Mir Imdad Ali Khan, Imdad Jah (1944 – 4 March 2013)
- Sahebzada Mir Nawazish Ali Khan, Nawazish Jah (1944–2010)
- Sahebzada Mir Fazal Ali Khan, Fazal Jah (1946–)
- Sahebzada Mir Bhojat Ali Khan, Bhojat Jah (1947–1982)
- Sahebzada Farooq Nizami, Mazoor Ahmed jah (1965- present)
- Sahebzada Feroz Nizami, Farooq Jah (1994- present)
- Sahebzadi Zahra Ali khan, Farooq Jah (1995- present)
- Sahebzadi Zoha Farooq, Farooq Jah (2003- present)
- Sahebzada Muhammad Bin Farooq, Farooq jah (2004- present)
- Sahebzada Mir Shabbir Ali Khan, Shabbir Jah (1948–1985)
- Sahebzadi Sayida Begum Sahiba Malta (1949–)
- Sahebzada Wahid Ali Khan (1951–1999)
- Sahebzada Ghulam Hassan Ali Khan Siddiqi
- Sahebzada Mohammed Ali Khan
- Sahebzada Sardar ali Khan
- Sahebzada Wajid ali Khan
Later life[edit]
Mir Osman Ali Khan Bahadur died on Friday, 24 February 1967. It was the end of a princely era. His funeral procession was one of the largest in Indian history.[citation needed] He had willed that he be buried in the Mosque that faced King Kothi Palace.
Official name and titles[edit]
His Exalted Highness Rustam-i-Dauran, Arustu-i-Zaman, Wal Mamalik, Asaf Jah VII, Muzaffar-ul-Mulk-Wal-Mamalik, Nizam ul-Mulk, Nizam ud-Daula Nawab Mir Sir Osman Ali Khan Siddiqi Bayafandi Bahadur, Sipah Saula, Fateh Jung, Nizam of Hyderabad and of Berar, Knight Grand Commander of the Most Exalted Order of the Star of India, Knight Grand Cross of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire, Royal Victorian Chain, Honorable General in the Army, Faithful Ally of the British Government.
The Nizam was the honorary Colonel of the 20 Deccan Horse. In 1918, Nawab Mir Osman Ali Khan Siddqi Bahadur was elevated by King George V from His Highness to His Exalted Highness. In a letter dated 24 January 1918, the title Faithful Ally of the British Government was conferred on him.[9]
His titles were:
- 1886–1911: Nawab Bahadur Mir Osman Ali Khan Siddqi
- 1911–1912: His Highness Rustam-i-Dauran, Arustu-i-Zaman, Wal Mamaluk, Asaf Jah VII, Muzaffar ul-Mamaluk, Nizam ul-Mulk, Nizam ud-Daula, Nawab Mir Sir Osman 'Ali Khan Siddqi Bahadur, Sipah Salar, Fath Jang, Nizam of Hyderabad, GCSI
- 1912–1917: Colonel His Highness Rustam-i-Dauran, Arustu-i-Zaman, Wal Mamaluk, Asaf Jah VII, Muzaffar ul-Mamaluk, Nizam ul-Mulk, Nizam ud-Daula, Nawab Mir Sir Osman 'Ali Khan Siddqi Bahadur, Sipah Salar, Fath Jang, Nizam of Hyderabad, GCSI
- 1917–1918: Colonel His Highness Rustam-i-Dauran, Arustu-i-Zaman, Wal Mamaluk, Asaf Jah VII, Muzaffar ul-Mamaluk, Nizam ul-Mulk, Nizam ud-Daula, Nawab Mir Sir Osman 'Ali Khan Siddqi Bahadur, Sipah Salar, Fath Jang, Nizam of Hyderabad, GCSI, GBE
- 1918–1936: Lieutenant-General His Exalted Highness Rustam-i-Dauran, Arustu-i-Zaman, Wal Mamaluk, Asaf Jah VII, Muzaffar ul-Mamaluk, Nizam ul-Mulk, Nizam ud-Daula, Nawab Mir Sir Osman 'Ali Khan Siddqi Bahadur, Sipah Salar, Fath Jang, Faithful Ally of the British Government, Nizam of Hyderabad, GCSI, GBE
- 1936–1941: Lieutenant-General His Exalted Highness Rustam-i-Dauran, Arustu-i-Zaman, Wal Mamaluk, Asaf Jah VII, Muzaffar ul-Mamaluk, Nizam ul-Mulk, Nizam ud-Daula, Nawab Mir Sir Osman 'Ali Khan Siddqi Bahadur, Sipah Salar, Fath Jang, Faithful Ally of the British Government, Nizam of Hyderabad and Berar, GCSI, GBE
- 1941–1967: General His Exalted Highness Rustam-i-Dauran, Arustu-i-Zaman, Wal Mamaluk, Asaf Jah VII, Muzaffar ul-Mamaluk, Nizam ul-Mulk, Nizam ud-Daula, Nawab Mir Sir Osman 'Ali Khan Siddqi Bahadur, Sipah Salar, Fath Jang, Faithful Ally of the British Government, Nizam of Hyderabad and Berar, GCSI, GBE
Honours and legacy[edit]
British Empire
- Delhi Durbar Gold Medal, 1911
- GCSI: Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India, 1911
- GCStJ: Bailiff Grand Cross of the Order of St John, 1911
- GBE: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire, 1917
- King George V Silver Jubilee Medal, 1935
- King George VI Coronation Medal, 1937
- Royal Victorian Chain, 1946
- Osmania University is named after him.
Educational reforms[edit]
During his reign, Osman Ali Khan introduced some educational reforms. He was the founder of Osmania university in Hyderabad.[10]
The foundation of agricultural research in Marathwada region of erstwhile Hyderabad state was laid by Nizam with commencement of the Main Experimental Farm in 1918 in Parbhani. Though during Nizam's rule agricultural education was available only at Hyderabad, crop research centres for sorghum, cotton, and fruits existed in Parbhani. After Independence, this facility was developed further by Indian government which turned into Marathwada Agriculture University on 18 May 1972.[11]
- ^ "HYDERABAD: Silver Jubilee Durbar". Time. 22 February 1937.
- ^ [url://http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2000/fmay2000/f230520001.html]
- ^ Squadron history for no. 110 sqn on RAF Website
- ^ "The Nizam of Hyderabad Rose Brooches and Necklace". From Her Majesty's Jewel Vault.
- ^ His Fortune on TIME
- ^ The Nizam on the cover of Time Magazine
- ^ "Deccani tehzeeb is history". The Times of India. 16 December 2011. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
- ^ Mohla, Anika. "From richest to rags in seven generations". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 2015-08-18.
- ^ University of Queensland
- ^ "Welcome to Osmania University". Osmania.ac.in. 1917-04-26. Retrieved 2015-08-18.
- ^ "MAU". mkv. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
Further reading[edit]
- The Splendour of Hyderabad: The Last Phase of an Oriental Culture (1591–1948 A.D.) By M.A. Nayeem ISBN 81-85492-20-4
- The Nocturnal Court: The Life of a Prince of Hyderabad By Sidq Jaisi
- Developments in Administration Under H.E.H. the Nizam VII By Shamim Aleem, M. A. Aleem [1]
- Jewels of the Nizams (Hardcover) by Usha R. Krishnan (Author) ISBN 81-85832-15-3
- Fabulous Mogul: Nizam VII of Hyderabad By Dosoo Framjee Karaka Published 1955 D. Verschoyle, Original from the University of Michigan [2]
- The Seventh Nizam: The Fallen Empire By Zubaida Yazdani, Mary Chrystal ISBN 0-9510819-0-X
- The Last Nizam: The Life and Times of Mir Osman Ali Khan By V.K. Bawa, Basant K. Bawa ISBN 0-670-83997-3
- The Seventh Nizam of Hyderabad: An Archival Appraisal By Sayyid Dā'ūd Ashraf [3]
- Misrule of the Nizam By Raghavendra Rao [4]
- Photographs of Lord Willingdon's visit to Hyderabad in the early 1930s By Raja Deen Dayal & Sons [5]
External links[edit]
- http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130305/news-current-affairs/article/imdad-jah-nizam%E2%80%99s-son-dies-cancer
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Asaf Jah VII.
- Photos of Mir Osman Ali Khan (Asaf Jah Ruler – Nizam VII)
- TIME Cover Story 1937
- Nizam's fabled jewels dazzle Delhi
- Jacob Diamond – The Jacob Diamond of the Nizam
- Nizam's cabinet – a real whodunit
- The enigma that was Mir Osman Ali Khan
- 1911 Encyclopedia
- The lost world Article by historian William Dalrymple, of The Guardian – Dec' 2007
- Brown, Frank Herbert (1922). "Hyderabad, Sir Mir Osman Ali Khan, 7th Nizam of". Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed.).
Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VIIBorn: 8 April 1886 Died: 24 February 1967
|Regnal titles
|Preceded by
Mahbub Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VI
|Nizam of Hyderabad
|Annexed by
Union of India
|Titles in pretence
|New title
Nizam of Hyderabad
|Succeeded by
Barkat Ali Khan Mukarram Jah
|Government offices
|Preceded by
Mir Yousuf Ali Khan, Salar Jung III
|Prime Minister of Hyderabad
|Succeeded by
Sir Sayyid Ali Imam
- Nawabs of India
- Indian Muslims
- Indian Sunni Muslims
- Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India
- Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire
- Bailiffs Grand Cross of the Order of St John
- Nizams of Hyderabad
- Recipients of the Royal Victorian Chain
- 2nd Lok Sabha members
- 3rd Lok Sabha members
- 1886 births
- 1967 deaths
- Lok Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh
- Founders of Indian schools and colleges
- Indian philanthropists
- Rajpramukhs
- People from Marathwada
- 20th-century Indian royalty
- 20th-century Indian educational theorists


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Inheritance in Contemporary America: The Social Dimensions of Giving across Generations
The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008
Angel, Jacqueline L.
With the baby boom generation on the cusp of retirement, life expectancies on the rise, and the nation's cultural makeup in flux, the United States is faced with social and policy quandaries that demand attention. In Inheritance in Contemporary America, Jacqueline L. Angel tackles the complex legal, policy, and emotional issues that surround bequests and inheritances in an era of increasing longevity, broadening ethnicity, and unraveling social safety nets.
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Dear Dr. Gott: My mother is 81 years old. She has a problem with producing too much iron in her blood. The only treatment that we are aware of is to have blood drawn off when the count gets too high. What causes this? Is it hereditary? What can we do to keep the count low? Please let me know whether there is a relationship to the environment or food. Also, when the count starts to get high, her head starts to itch and she feels totally worn out. Can you help us?
My mother is on warfarin for blood clots in her legs (twice), calcium plus D, Actonel once a month, methotrexate for arthritis, folic acid and PreserVision for degeneration of her eyes.
Dear reader: Your mother is likely suffering from a condition known as hemochromatosis. It is the most common form of iron-overload disease. There are several forms, including primary/hereditary, secondary, juvenile and neonatal.
Primary or hereditary hemochromatosis is generally caused by a defect of the gene HFE, which regulates the amount of iron absorbed from food. There are two mutations, C282Y and H63D. Those with one copy of the defect C282Y become carriers who don't develop hemochromatosis but may have higher-than-normal iron levels throughout life. Those with two copies can develop the condition.
Secondary is caused by anemia, alcoholism and other disorders. Juvenile and neonatal hemochromatosis are caused by a mutation of the gene hemojuvelin.
Treatment, as you know, is phlebotomy (blood drawing). If started before the condition progresses, it may prevent symptoms; otherwise, it typically improves but doesn't eliminate symptoms. Arthritis caused by iron overload will not benefit from treatment. There is no other treatment available.
Dear Dr. Gott: When I can't move my bowels, I put my thumb into my vagina and push back against my colon. This helps to push the feces out and breaks it up. Is this harmful? I don't like to use laxatives or stool softeners, but the medications I take do cause constipation. I can't bring this up to my doctor or anyone else as it's just too embarrassing.
Dear reader: If you are suffering from occasional constipation, I don't believe this method will harm you. However, you should inform your doctor. Perhaps your constipation is caused by something other than your medication, such as improper diet or a rectocele. Increase your fluid and fiber consumption to add bulk and moisture to your stool. This alone may resolve your problem. If you continue to have difficulties, a change in medication may be in order.
Write to Dr. Gott, c/o NEA-United Media, 200 Madison Ave., Fourth Floor, New York, N.Y. 10016.


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That's the last time Amir Khan listens to anything Floyd Mayweather says.
The 27-year-old Brit is fuming after he was apparently passed up when it came to being the unbeaten champion's next opponent. Khan took to Twitter to vent his frustrations:
No response from Mayweather or his team. Fights not happening. I should of taken the title fight last December against Alexander...— Amir Khan (@AmirKingKhan) February 21, 2014
Very disrespected by his team. Wasted my time— Amir Khan (@AmirKingKhan) February 21, 2014
Good luck to Maidana, against mayweather.— Amir Khan (@AmirKingKhan) February 21, 2014
Can I apologies to the thousands of people who are let down. You me and everyone wanted the Mayweather fight. He's running scared.— Amir Khan (@AmirKingKhan) February 21, 2014
This likely stems from Mayweather's decision to let fans on social media determine whether his next opponent would be Marcos Maidana or Khan:
I'm going to let the fans vote. Tell me who I should fight next. Khan or Maidana? http://t.co/342WnS26Vz— Floyd Mayweather (@FloydMayweather) February 3, 2014
David Anderson of the Daily Mirror reported that the latter won, with 60 percent of the vote.
Despite that, Lem Satterfield of The Ring Magazine reported that Mayweather's and Maidana's respective camps were preparing for talks about a prospective fight.
Khan's tweets would seem to confirm that it is in fact the Argentine star who's next in line.
There always seemed to be something fishy about the idea of Mayweather letting an outside entity decide whom he would fight next. Although he's not lacking in confidence, "Money May" is much too smart to let something so important be taken completely out of his hands.
Which opponent would you want to see Floyd Mayweather fight next?
Should Maidana be the final decision, the fight may be a while in the offing. Adrien Broner exercised his rematch clause against Maidana following his loss against the 30-year-old back in December. Any fight with Mayweather would have to be after that.
All things considered, it's hard to argue that Mayweather made the wrong decision from a fan's perspective, if he did handpick Maidana. The Argentine is a better fighter than Khan and offers a much stiffer challenge to Mayweather.
It would be a great fight, no matter how long fans have to wait.
For Khan, this is a bitter pill to swallow. It's unlikely, though, that if Mayweather came calling at a later date, Khan would pass up what would be a substantial purse.


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FN100 Number Ones: Bill Winters
Bill Winters was the name on the lips of everybody in European financial markets circles in 2009 for a variety of reasons, and certainly few senior bankers can lay claim to having experienced such a changeable year.
Back in 2009, Winters was London-based co-chief executive of investment banking at JP Morgan and was a key figure in the bank's highly-successful corporate broking joint venture with Cazenove. He was also credited with helping the bank steer clear of many of the problems that had beset rivals during the credit crisis.
Winters was the risk management brains behind the Wall Street bank's surge to the top of the investment banking tree, prompting his elevation to the top spot in the FN100 list in July 2009.
That year's list was published just two months after Financial News mused that JP Morgan could lay claim to being "probably the best investment bank in the world" on the back of its progress in gaining market share in sales and trading and its strong generation of revenues, profits and returns.
Less than three months later, however, Winters, who led the investment bank in Europe alongside his co-chief executive Steve Black in the US and had been tipped as a potential successor to group chief executive Jamie Dimon, left the bank after 26 years amid a shock reshuffle by Dimon.
He was given a standing ovation by staff after leaving his office on the London fixed-income trading floor the day after his departure was announced.
Emilio Saracho, who became co-head of the investment bank in Emea after Winters' departure, in May 2011 described replacing Winters as "not hard: it's impossible".
One of Winters' last acts at JP Morgan was to blame "greedy" bankers, investors and borrowers for the collapse of the wholesale banking market, during a debate hosted by the Investment Management Association.
Winters was linked to almost every big job going in investment banking in the months after he left JP Morgan, but he instead re-emerged as a key cast member in the post-crisis UK banking reform drama. In summer 2010, he was named on Sir John Vickers' Independent Commission on Banking, which the following year proposed that banks' retail operations should be ring-fenced from their investment banking operations. Almost all of the commission's recommendations have passed or are set to pass into legislation.
Since 2011, Winters has been running Renshaw Bay, a commercial real estate and structured finance asset manager launched in partnership with Lord Rothschild's RIT Capital Partners and South African financier Johann Rupert's Reinet Investments.
Renshaw Bay was named property lender of the year at children's charity Variety's annual Props Awards in May this year, prompting Winters to say: "It is terrific that Renshaw Bay has received such recognition, especially at this early stage in our development.


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Serving: Commercial, Residential & Municipal clients
Scope of projects include: Small, Medium & Large
Areas of operation: Ajax, Aurora, Georgina, Greater Toronto, Markham, Mississauga, Newmarket, North York, Oakville, Oshawa, Pickering, Richmond Hill, Scarborough, Uxbridge & Whitby
Areas of service: Decks & Fences - All Products, Interlocking Paving, Landscape Contractors, Landscape Designer & Water Features
Company summary:
Running Waters Landscapes Inc. www.runningwaterslandscapes.ca is a landscape and waterscape construction company. We design, create and maintain natural looking landscapes and waterscapes including ponds, waterfalls, streams, brooks, natural stone, rockery, interlock, retaining walls, grading, sodding, decks, fencing, arbours, pavilions and pergolas. We service Residential, Commercial and Industrial clients. We are fully insured. Our workmanship is guaranteed. We provide free estimates. We have a combined 40 + years of experience. We are members of Landscape Ontario and the Better Business Bureau. We service Greater Toronto and surrounding areas. Let us help you put Running Waters into your Landscapes.


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Some of the greatest duos the game of basketball has ever seen have donned purple and gold jerseys.
Whether it was Jerry West and Elgin Baylor, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar and Magic Johnson or Kobe Bryant and Shaquille O'Neal, the Los Angeles Lakers are not unfamiliar with lethal one-two punches.
While it may be like deciding which one of your children you love the most, I have ranked the five best duos in team history.
Which duo is No. 1?
Let's take a look.


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ATLANTA Arby's Restaurant Group said it has awarded development rights for 41 units in the New York City area to a new franchisee formed by Charles Chera, a local real estate developer and broker. The deal calls for the restaurants to be opened over the next 10 years, Arby's said. According to Chera, freestanding units will average 3,000 square feet and feature a drive-thru, while in-line stores in malls and onsite locations will measure about 2,500 square feet.The units will be ...
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Drafting Justin Blackmon with the third pick in the 2012 NFL draft would be the best move for the Minnesota Vikings.
The Vikings are in prime position to draft one of their three needs—wide receiver, left tackle and cornerback. The names that most Vikings fans should be familiar with—because of the fact that the Vikings season was virtually over in November—are Morris Claiborne, Matt Kalil and Justin Blackmon.
Based on WalterFootball.com's mock draft database, there is a huge split between Claiborne and Blackmon if Kalil is selected by the Rams with the second pick—the Vikings should not look past Blackmon, even if Kalil is available.
Whether the Vikings keep the pick or trade out, the Vikings should make sure to secure Blackmon.
Here are the five reasons why Justin Blackmon should be the surefire selection for the Minnesota Vikings in the 2012 NFL draft.


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Services We Offer
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At Belgrave we pride ourselves on offering a one-stop solution for all your maintenance needs.
Less hassle, less waiting and less cost. These include:
We arrive when we say we will, identify and communicate the options to you, agree a solution, fix the problem and leave the premises clean and tidy.
For more information please call us on:
020 7630 1920
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Copyright © 2007 Belgrave Services Ltd.


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Other Exciting News...
We also offer Copic (alcohol marker) refills and are now a Copic refill station. For just $1.00 or $1.50 you can come in and get your ciao or sketch markers filled. Call ahead if you have uncommon colors to make sure we have your colors on hand. We also sell the refills for only $8.49 or partial refill as well. We stock every color of the ciao markers at only $4.79 per marker. We sell sets and can customize a set for your needs. We can special order sketch markers. We now carry 2 new Copic instructional DVD's, they are great!
We have all 4 copic instruction books 1 - 4 for only $14.95 ea..We offer private & small copic classes that you may schedule at your convenience.
OTHER NEW RELEASES INCLUDE THE BEST SELECTION OF RUBBER STAMPS For special occasion, holidays and everyday to make all KINDS OF cards Some of our recent deliveries include stamps
many new companies. Here are just a few.
PAPERTRIX - Where you will always..."Find What You Love, Love What You Find!"
We specialize in rubber art stamps, scrapbooking & paper art supplies.
We know you will enjoy shopping our large selection of stamps, papers and accessories. As a former apparel buyer, who worked in stamp stores in the Florida area, my goal was to bring lots of beautiful stamps and papers to this area for our stampers and paper artists to select from. We personally attend trade shows, (attending 18 CHA's (Int'l Craft & Hobby Shows) plus 44 other wholesale markets to keep on trend & hand select all of our products to bring you the very best also at the best prices in the industry.


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Warning: The Watercooler is the best thing you will see on the Internet today, mainly because it is the best thing I saw on the Internet yesterday. Be advised that The Watercooler is not necessarily videogame related (it usually won't be), and is often silly, controversial, and/or not safe for work (NSFW). If this type of content frequently offends you, please be aware that I just warned you — if you still click through and get offended, it will be your own stupid fault. Otherwise, please continue…
Apologies for the Watercooler hiatus this week. I died and then was born again (I'm back to the same age I was now though). Today's video was sent in by a wonderful Ripten reader and his cute son Jack.
Remember, if you have something that could be Watercooler material send it to me via email: email@example.com or on Twitter: @greeneggsnam.
If your submission gets featured, you will win a prize package full of pride and accomplishment.


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MARIAN WRIGHT EDELMAN: The Invisible Leaders of Social Change
Marian Wright Edelman | 3/26/2014, 3 p.m.
She and her two students worked for three more hours mapping out distribution routes, and as soon as she finished teaching her 8 o'clock class that morning Jo Ann Robinson began calling other members of the WPC and driving around the city to meet them at strategic drop-off locations with bundles of leaflets.
She said: "By 2 o'clock, thousands of the mimeographed handbills had changed hands many times. Practically every black man, woman, and child in Montgomery knew the plan and was passing the word along. No one knew where the notices had come from or who had arranged for their circulation, and no one cared. Those who passed them on did so efficiently, quietly, and without comment. But deep within the heart of every black person was a joy he or she dared not reveal."
Jo Ann Robinson continued to work quietly behind the scenes, but was known well enough to become a target of violence like Dr. King and many others: one police officer threw a rock through her home's window and another poured acid on her car. That did not stop her. As Dr. King put it, "Apparently indefatigable, she, perhaps more than any other person, was active on every level of the protest."
Marian Wright Edelman is president of the Children's Defense Fund whose Leave No Child Behind mission is to ensure every child a Healthy Start, a Head Start, a Fair Start, a Safe Start and a Moral Start in life and successful passage to adulthood with the help of caring families and communities. For more information, go to www.childrensdefense.org.


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Protect yourself from attack with Mace 10% Pepper Spray - our maximum strength pepper spray formulation! This attractive leather-like pouch personal defense pepper spray product fits easily in a pocket or purse and is ideal for women self defense. The glow-in-the-dark locking safety cap make it easier to find and use in the dark. This formula also contains UV dye to invisibly mark an assailant which may aid in identification. Mace Spray is designed it cause an attacker's eyes to slam shut upon direct contact. Also causes an intense burning sensation to the skin, eyes, and throat. Includes key ring.
Technical Information
Technical Information
- Formula: 10% OC Pepper Spray
- Spray Pattern: Stream
- Range: Up to 10'
- Can Volume: 11 Grams
- Number of Short Bursts: 5 to 15
- Marking Dye: Yes
- Carry Method: Leather Holder with Key Ring
- Safety: Glowing Twist Lock
- Shelf Life: Three Years


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T.G.I. Friday's® Restaurants Announce 'Friday's® Awesome BBQ Sweepstakes' Grand Prize Winner
Carrollton, TX | October 30, 2008
T.G.I. Friday's restaurants recently announced Karen Koranda, of Romeoville, Illinois as the Grand Prize winner of the "Friday's® Awesome BBQ Sweepstakes," which included a trip for two to the 20th anniversary of the Jack Daniel's World Championship Invitational Barbecue in Lynchburg, Tenn.
"You can't comprehend the treatment and experience that T.G.I. Friday's made possible for us," said Koranda, who was accompanied by her husband Chad. "We were treated like rock stars all weekend long and we will never forget the memory."
The Grand Prize winner's weekend capped off the sweepstakes in which Koranda, in addition to the trip for two, was treated to a personal tour of the Jack Daniel's® Distillery and received an expert Jack Daniel's® BBQ kit. In addition, Karen received a $200 T.G.I. Friday's restaurants Gift Card and a year's worth of T.G.I. Friday's Frozen Snacks and Meals.
"At first, it was disbelief, then shock, then excitement," continued Koranda, when asked about her reaction to being named the Grand Prize winner. "I entered the sweepstakes when I realized I could win a free appetizer for an upcoming visit to Friday's. I couldn't have imagined that it would end up like this."
Koranda was also treated to exclusive time with renowned Friday's® personality, Celebrity Chef and Food Dude Guy Fieri.
"Meeting Guy was a big highlight from the trip. He was so nice and down to earth and is just as charismatic in person as he is on TV."
And her favorite thing about the sweepstakes sponsor: "The Jack Championship BBQ sauce, particularly the ribs! Everything smothered in that Friday's sauce is great."
T.G.I. Friday's restaurants are currently featuring Jack Championship BBQ sauce (http://www.prnewswire.com/mnr/fridays/34197/) on seven menu items at its more than 600 U.S. restaurants. It is the actual sauce developed by Chad Hayden, the previous Grand Champion of the prestigious annual competition.
"We loved the Grand Champion's sauce from last year's competition so much we are featuring it on the T.G.I. Friday's menu," said Andrew Jordan, senior vice president of marketing for T.G.I. Friday's USA. "While all of our guests can still experience the sauce from the world's greatest barbecue competition, we are especially pleased that Karen and Chad had a weekend they'll never forget."
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LOTTSBURGHSeventy people aboard two James River buses recently visited Lottsburg to learn about the Virginia oyster and its habitat, cultivation and harvest.
As the visitors on one bus pulled into the Coan River Marina to go out on two Chesapeake Bay deadrises, the other group went to Cowart Seafood Corporation to tour the oyster hatchery; the groups switched activities for the afternoon, reported Northern Neck Tourism Commission tourism coordinator Lisa Hull.
Third-generation watermen Capt. Danny Crabbe, aboard KIT II, and Capt. David Rowe, on Bay Quest, spoke about the oyster's role in the health of the Chesapeake Bay, past years' decline, and now resurgence, in the oyster population, and the traditions of the watermen who have worked the waters around the Northern Neck for generations.
When they demonstrated oyster tonging, several visitors were inspired to give the tongs a try, and came away from the experience with new-found appreciation for the strength and perseverance necessary to harvest and then cull oysters in preparation for market, said Hull. Visitors were interested in the concept of oyster leases and learned about the Baylor Survey of 1894, which mapped oyster beds reserved for public use.
Both Capt. Rowe and Capt. Crabbe participated in the Chesapeake Heritage Program in February, which provided training for watermen to give visitors an on-water experience that includes history, the bay's health and the watermen's heritage specific to the bay and its tributaries, she said.
The Chesapeake Heritage Program was funded by the Northern Neck Chesapeake Bay Region Partnership and Rappahannock Community College Workforce Development.
Friday's events for the group were arranged by Northern Neck Heritage Tours in Heathsville, and included lunch at Luna Restaurant in Callao, and an introduction to colonial culture of the Northern Neck at Rice's Hotel/Hughlett's Tavern, a circa 1795 historical landmark, where historian Carolyn H. Jett provided insights into the area's tobacco heritage, and several artisan guilds demonstrated blacksmithing, woodworking, spinning, and weaving.
The group spent the weekend at Tides Inn, where they experienced the river's culinary delights with a broader recognition of the watermen's work that makes the harvest possible.


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Documentation > Greenhouse effect > Physical aspects > What is the greenhouse effect?
What is a greenhouse? Everybody knows that it is a small construction made of glass walls, which leaves solar energy easily go inside - what increases the inner temperature - but prevents the heat formed within the glass walls to dissipate too quickly outwards. Two effects contribute to retain the heat trapped inside:
a purely mechanical effect: because of the walls, that create a solid barrier, the hot air just can't go anywhere else !
a "greenhouse effect" (additionnal to the previous one): receiving energy (in the form of light) from the outside, the inside of the greenhouse will heat and then emit infrared radiations. It happens that glass is a material pretty opaque to these infrared radiation emitted by the interior of the greenhouse. That prevents the energy to dissipate easily outside and leads to a temperature increase that would not happen if infrared could freely escape from the greenhouse.
There are, in our atmosphere, some gases (the "greenhouse gases"), present in (very) small quantities, that act exactly the same way for our planet than windows do for a greenhouse. They do not prevent sunrays from reaching the ground, but, being opaque to the infrared radiation emitted by earth's surface, they prevent the soil to cool too quickly and lead to an additionnal temperature increase that would not exist if they were not there. But the analogy with the greenhouse does not apply to the "mechanical effect", as the greenhouse gases do not confine "mechanically" the hot air near the ground.
Fundamentally, a greenhouse gas is a gas which is partially opaque to the infrared radiation emitted by earth's surface. Most of them are also transparent to incoming solar radiation, but not all of them: ozone, in particular, is opaque to the incoming ultraviolets. More details are available on the second part of the page that describe greenhouse gases in detail.
The greenhouse effect is therefore nothing more than a difference in transparency of the atmosphere depending on the radiation that tries to pass through.
The two main greenhouse gases (but there are many others) are perfectly natural and have been present in our atmosphere for a very long time:
water vapour, which reprents roughly 0,3% of the atmosphère, is as old in our atmosphere as water on earth (4 billion years),
carbon dioxide, or CO2, represents today 0,037% of the atmosphere, but this proportion has greatly varied in the past.
"Trapping" energy close to the ground (or actually preventing it to leave easily the ground) leads to a temperature increase of the surface. It is generally considered that the heating deriving from the greenhouse effect leads to an increase of the average surface temperature of 30 °C (in rough figures), which is enormous. In other words, should our atmosphere be totally transparent to the infrared radiation emitted by the ground, the average temperature on earth would be around -18°C rather than +15 °C, rending our planet all the most inhospitable for the bipeds we are. In the first place, the greenhouse effect is therefore a beneficial effect.
The problem that is sometimes referred to by the term "greenhouse effect" is therefore not the effect in itself, essential to life as we know it, but the fact that we are quickly modifying it, what might generate serious problems. So the proper term for the process we have put in motion should rather be "climate change", or "global warming", though, as we will see later, the climate change to come can't be reduced to just a temperature change, and by far.
Our star, the sun, sends us every day a considerable amount of energy: the whole humanity's energy consumption for one year represents only 3% of what the Sun delivers to the surface of our planet every day.
This energy coming from the Sun is delivered under the form of electromagnetic radiation.
are radiations that are all of the same nature: they constitute the vast family of electromagnetic radiations. They "only" differ by their wavelength and their energy.
Any object that has a temperature above the absolute zero (that is minus 273,15 degrees Celsius) emits some electromagnetic radiations in order to dissipate part of its thermal energy:
Our sun, which is reasonnably hot (surface temperature of 6.000 °C), sends us a mixture of various rays which is composed for (percentages represent the proportion of the total energy):
Earth, which is not very hot (average temperature: 15 ° C), emits only infrareds (which are not the same than that of the sun).
It happens that a substance can very well be transparent to one type of radiation but opaque to another. Our soft tissues, for example, are pretty transparent for X-rays (which explains why they are used in medical applications) but totally opaque to visible light (otherwise we would never say: move away, so that I can see !).
When the incoming solar radiation arrives at the top of the atmosphere, 30% is directely reflected towards space, by clouds (20%), the various layers of the atmosphere (6%), and the surface of the earth (4%), which includes some places - for example the ice caps - that are particularly highly reflexive.
The remainder of this incoming energy is absorbed by the various components of our planet (continents, oceans, atmosphere), then re-emitted in the form of infrared energy. In effect, just as our skin heats up when we sunbathe, the surface of the earth and the atmosphere heat up when they absorb the incoming solar radiation, and then disipate this energy by emitting infrared radiation, as explained above.
The greenhouse gases, that had let light pass through without being disturbed (almost), have the ability to absorb infrareds. By doing so, they also pick up the associated energy, and therefore also heat up. Just as earth's surface, they will dissipate this energy by emitting infrareds, part of which goes back to the ground, heating it up a second time after the sun did the first part.
This whole process leads the greenhouse gases, then the lower atmosphere, then the surface, to be hotter than if these infrared could freely pass through the atmosphere.
Of course, the system always reachs an equilibrium, but with a higher surface temperature than if the greenhouse gases where not present.
This little diagram comprises two curves, that represent the energy carried by each wavelength for the sun (6000 K, because the surface temperature of the sun is 6000 Kelvin) and for earth (255 K).
Maybe it should be recalled that kelvins equal Celsius degrees plus plus 273,15 (therefore the absolute zero is either 0 kelvin or -273,15 ° Celsius). Going from one unit to another is just a simple shift.
This two curves are normalized, that is to say that their maximum has been put at the same level (otherwise the curve for the sun would be a million times bigger than that for earth !).
The colour below the curves represents, for each wavelength, the proportion of the radiation (of that wavelength) that is absorbed by a greenhouse gas (one colour per gas). There are actually some overlappings (that is radiations that can indifferently be absorbed by several greenhouse gases), but they are not represented on the diagram in order to simplify the presentation (this simplification is not scandalous for a first look at the process).
When looking at this diagram, it is easy to note that:


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Richmond's Round Church gets special postmarkThe Associated Press | July 29,2013RICHMOND - A special postmark will be offered to mark the bicentennial of the Round Church in the Vermont town of Richmond.
On Saturday, Aug. 10, the Richmond Post Office will stamp letters and postcards with a pictorial postmark.
Customers can also get the postmark by mail free-of-charge for 30 days after the event by sending a self-addressed, stamped envelope containing an envelope or letter. The Post office will cancel and return by mail those letters with the postmark.
Customers also can stop in the post office to get the postmark.
The Round Church built between 1811 and 1813 and is a National Historic Landmark and is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.MORE IN This Just In
MONTPELIER - Friday's performance of Handel's... Full Story
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Author Comments
Rated 3.5 / 5 stars
I haven't watched the series before...I dunno I was just expecting more...still pretty awesome though.
Rated 4.5 / 5 stars
I have waited so long for the next one, and I was gladly NOT Dissapointed. Very nice work!
Glad you liked it. :-)
Rated 4 / 5 stars
This is for Jetjordan
Look Jetjordan I think that this animation was made just to lighten the heavy loads of pressure set by the events of Katrina off of peoples shoulders, duh!!!!!!!!!!!!
Anyways Sirkowski you just keep up the good work and I hope to see more from you and your series.
Thank you for getting my point.
Rated 1 / 5 stars
look, I'm not about to beat up on you about the content. I've never understood anyone who gets offended on this site. I was just let down becuase this submission was not anywhere near as funny as anything else you have done. I appreciate your involvment with fan submissions and such, but stick to your guns and your own stuff. Thats what has made this a great series in the past.
Rated 3 / 5 stars
Not too bad
I did not find this submission that much offensive as some reviewers do.
It's that redneck guy who is offensive, not this toon. :P
Anyway, it was nice, same humor as ever.. ( altough I have not seen all episodes.)
I'll give it a decent score.
I'm glad some people actually get it. Thanks!