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Fundraisers report that money is the number one reason they leave their jobs [See Part I of this two-part series here]. While I do believe too many fundraisers are underpaid relative to their skill sets and performance, I've a hunch it's not the real chief culprit for fundraiser dissatisfaction. What is?
Fundraisers also report that lack of help from chief executives, boards, and other staff members is a big reason for their dissatisfaction (The Chronicle, January 17, 2013). Likewise, the fact that many nonprofit leaders don't understand what it takes to be an effective development leader (The Chronicle, March 18, 2012) creates significant frustration. Too often development directors are shoved in a corner and told: "go raise money." Sorry, this doesn't work.
Effective development is a team sport. Without real access to other team members — staff and leaders who are setting strategic direction for the organization — fundraisers are crippled in their ability to communicate effectively with prospective donors. This makes them feel marginalized at best; stupid at worst. Trust me, I've been there. I've had board members ask me about issues of which they assumed I was aware (of course they assumed; I worked full time at a senior level for the organization whereas they attended a monthly meeting). I just had to nod and pretend to understand. I don't enjoy pretending.
Effective development requires supportive infrastructure. Too often organizations create a single position without investing in support staff, systems and a culture of philanthropy required to sustain fundraising success. Without these pre-conditions no one individual can be effective. It's a waste of resources and becomes a vicious cycle [See Stop the Nonprofit Fundraising Treadmill: 3 Reasons I Want to Get Off].
Effective development requires relegating the one-person development shop to the dust bin. Unless EVERYONE participates in resource development it won't happen, at least not to the extent that you need it to. The more folks involved, the more friends you'll have. Your donor doesn't care which department the person they're talking to is in. They have one experience of your organization. And the best development director in the land cannot overcome shoddy customer service. Or lack of understanding that we're all in this together.
Effective development requires a culture of philanthropy. A customer service and donor-centered approach that must be embraced by the entire organization. Otherwise, short-term transactional fundraising is conducted. Long-term transformational relationship building does not happen. People give to people. People who are there.
Effective development requires a relationship-focused approach that puts friendraising before fundraising. What happens when you get too busy, overwhelmed and stressed? I'll bet you have little time for your friends. A development professional who has no time to make friends will do your organization little good.
Effective development requires an investment in people. Investing will increase your capacity to produce. Penny pinching will not. Nonprofits tend to be penny wise and pound foolish when it comes to spending money to make money. Plus, they too often have dysfunctional work environments that turn their employees into slaves.
Effective development requires operating more effectively so as not to leave money on the table. It's not about giving fundraisers the cushy life. It's about giving them the support, respect and satisfaction that will motivate them to work optimally.
Effective development requires letting staff play to their strengths. No one is good at everything. If you ask folks to multi-task ad nauseum (talk to donors, submit grant proposals, write press releases, run events, build your website, run mail merges, order supplies and take on "other tasks as assigned") you'll get a diluted mess. It's not practical, and years of strength-based leadership research show that it simply doesn't work over the long term.
If you relieve staff of tasks that they hate, you'll get enhanced productivity [See Big Changes Help Hospital Attract More Big Gifts Much Faster]. This is a similar approach to the one taken by Gallup Strengths Finder, which has been used in businesses worldwide for some time. The premise is that playing to people's strengths is infinitely more productive than playing to their weaknesses. It's too common for organizations to have annual evaluations that pick out the ONE thing someone does not do well; then spend the majority of the conversation developing a plan to help them improve. The reverse makes much more sense. Have folks do more of what they're naturally good at; less of what they're not good at.
Folks who don't work in nonprofits think nonprofit work is easy. It's not. Nonprofit employees work hard. The good ones have strong business skills (which they could easily apply to the for profit sector should they choose to do so). They also have families and expenses and deserve some time to enjoy the fruits of their labors.
I love the suggestion that having a more balanced life makes fundraisers better conversationalists and more interesting to donors. [see Penelope Burk's comment in the Chronicle of Philanthropy]. What an excellent point! All work and no play makes "Dollar Divas" and "Money Machers" dull girls and boys. [See 7 Practical Ways to Play at Work, Feel Better and Achieve More and Why You May Be Dull at Work: What You Can Do to Change].
Philanthropy is a passionate business. By beating down our fundraisers until they are too tired and frustrated to see clearly, we knock all the heart and soul out of them. This is not good for people, or business.
What do you think?
If you're the employer, how do you attract and keep good staff? If you're the employee, what motivates you to stay put?
Photo: Flickr Alex Proimos


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Blood drive comes to library
The Portales Public Library is hosting a blood drive from 2:30-5:30 p.m. Friday in front of the library at 218 S. Ave. B.
Donors should bring a list of their medications, a photo ID and travel information. T-shirts and refreshments will be provided to all donors. A door prize will be given away at the end of the day.
Walk-ins are accepted but appointments are encouraged. For information or to schedule an appointment, call Danielle Swopes at the library at 356-3940 or visit www.bloodhero.com.
Mountain States marks 70th
Mountain States Insurance Group, with agents in Portales, is celebrating its 70th year in business this fall.
The company, with agents in New Mexico, Colorado and Texas was started by Clinton P. Anderson, who later became a U.S. Senator from New Mexico.
"Hunton Insurance in Portales is proud to be associated with a 70-year-old company that has given so much to local businesses," said David Hunton of Hunton Insurance. "As an independent insurance agent we provide Mountain States Insurance Group's products and services to several companies in various industries."
Early voting starts in hospital election
Early in person and absentee voting for the Roosevelt General Hospital Board Districts 3 and 4 has begun. Early voting will end at 5 p.m. Nov. 6.
Election day voting will be from 7 a.m. to 7 p.m. Nov. 6. District 3 votes at Calvary Baptist Church and District 4 at the Memorial Building.
For information, or to have a ballot mailed, contact the Roosevelt County clerk's office at 356-8562.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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Today, I slipped as I was about to take a shower, knocking myself out cold. I woke up to someone banging on my door. It was a cop checking to see if I was okay. When I asked how he knew to come, he said he was notified by "a male neighbor who called anonymously." I guess I have a peeping Tom. FML
by ThatAintLogical / 12/18/2009 at 3:46pm / United States (Louisiana) / Health
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Iowa Park,TX. - Iowa Park residents said goodbye today too two men they say are very special.
Ed Hefti and Greg Miller have led the Iowa Park High School band for a combined total of 60 years.
Current and past students, Iowa Park school faculty members and community members came out to say their goodbyes, share, memories and wish Mr. Hefti and Mr. Miller good luck in their next adventures.
They celebrated with cake, snacks and gathered some yearbooks so everyone could take a walk down memory lane.
Carlee Creswell is going to be a senior next year she says she can't picture her final year without her teachers, because they both have helped her through difficult times in her life.
"Just the fact that they're really understanding, and if your going through something and you just need to take a break, you can explain it to them and they will completely understand, and a lot of other teachers, they're not like that," says Creswell.
Even though they are leaving both men have helped create a legacy for Iowa Park.
Getting the band 90 "one ratings" while competing in UIL concert and sight reading competitions.
Copyright 2016 Nexstar Broadcasting, Inc. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.


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MMA Body: Explosive Rotational Power
AB Board Med Ball Abdominal Twist
Begin in a seated position, holding the med ball extended in front of the chest with the legs locked into the ab board. While keeping the med ball extended from the chest, rotate the head and shoulders to one side. Return to the original position, twist to the other side, and then repeat.
Feet-Up Crunch and Punch
Begin seated with the feet in the air and the hands held at the chin. While keeping the feet up, throw a punch over to the opposite knee. Then alternate punches over the opposite knee until the exercise is completed.
Med Ball Throw Against Wall
Stand perpendicular to a wall or a partner, with your abs engaged, in an athletic stance and arms extended forward. Turn about a foot to the opposite side of wall as you powerfully turn towards the opposite direction releasing the ball by throwing it as hard as possible against the wall or to a partner, this is 1 repetition. As the ball comes back to you, immediately follow that sequence to perform another explosive rep.
Twisting Knee Ups
Begin hanging from the bar with a shoulder-width grip and palms facing out and elbows and knees straight. Bring both knees up to one side by twisting at the waist. Return to the original position, and repeat on the opposite side.
Cable Woodchop
Attach a rope handle to the pulley of a cable station, grab it, and stand a few feet away so that you feel tension on the cable. Turn your body perpendicular to the machine so that the handle is over your left shoulder. Now rotate your torso diagonally downward and to the right as if you were chopping into a tree, until the handle passes your right knee (allow your feet to pivot naturally). Reverse the motion to return to the starting position. That's one rep.
About the Trainer: John Annillo, C.S.C.S
John Annillo is the Director of Operations of Training for Warriors, which have over 21 locations around the United States, Canada, and Mexico. For more on John follow him on Twitter @StrengthJourney


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This post is from the Top 10 list printed in the spring 2016 issue of Beyond Blue. Read below to get 3 bonus tips & references to the studies behind the information! To read Beyond Blue, go here. Written by Sharyn… Read More
December 2014 Webinar – Nutrition & Bowel Obstructions
Nutrition is an important part of any cancer treatment plan, especially for those individuals who are undergoing colorectal cancer treatment and have had surgery to remove part of the colon. Another important consideration for patients who have had surgery to… Read More
November Webinar Follow-up: Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Dr. Lisa Corbin's presentation on integrative medicine offered real solutions to patients looking to explore complementary treatments as part of their cancer treatment plans. Dr. Corbin shared which treatments are safe and can offer help with managing side effects and… Read More
High Carb Diets Newly Linked With Higher Colorectal Cancer Recurrence
By Curt Pesman Low-carb (and lower sugar) diets may soon look a lot better to colorectal cancer survivors. In a recent data-rich study of more than 1000 stage III colon cancer survivors, researchers from Dana-Farber Cancer Institute found that those… Read More
Real World Advice on Fighting Colorectal Cancer Recurrence
In last night's monthly webinar, colorectal cancer patients were given access to a nutritionist who specializes in helping cancer patients. Kimberly Moore Petersen of the Minnie Pearl Cancer Foundation was the presenter for our March 2012 webinar, "Shape Your Plate to… Read More
Keep That Turkey Safe
Even when turkey is well-prepared, bacteria spores may remain that can cause food poisoning if warm turkey is left out too long. Normally, cooking turkey to 165 degrees Fahrenheit will kill bacteria like salmonella or e. coli, as well as… Read More


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|Número de publicación
|Tipo de publicación
|Número de solicitud
|Fecha de publicación
|24 Nov 1981
|Fecha de presentación
|8 Ago 1979
|Fecha de prioridad
|15 May 1978
|Número de publicación
|David A. Weitzler
|Cesionario original
|Weitzler David A
|Exportar cita
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citas de patentes (5), Citada por (60), Clasificaciones (10)
|Enlaces externos: USPTO, Cesión de USPTO, Espacenet
This is a continuation of my copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 906,248, filed May 15, 1978, now abandoned.
This invention relates generally to a device for signalling the occurrence of a specific time and, more particularly, to such a device for also providing an audio reminder associated with the specific time.
A strict reliance on one's memory often results in a failure to execute a previously schedule activity. For example, memory failures can cause one to miss business and social appointments; fail to acknowledge commerative days such as birthdays, anniversaries and holidays; neglect to administer medicines at prescribed times; etc. In attempts to obviate these problems, many people employ appointment books, calendar notations and other similar types of reminders. However, these techniques prove ineffective for those cases in which a user fails to consult the reminder in a timely manner.
The object of this invention, therefore, is to provide a device that will alert one to the occurrence of a specific time at which a specific action is to be taken.
The invention is a time-keeping device for issuing reminders at predetermined times and including a computer with a memory for receiving and storing information and a processor for processing the stored information. A clock provides timing signals to the processor and an audio system records and reproduces messages on distinguishable tracks of a recorder. Information identifying a plurality of specific future times each associated with one of the tracks is introduced into the computer memory by a programmer and a selector selects and prepares any of the tracks for operative coupling to the audio system. In response to the occurrence of a specific time preset into its memory, the computer energizes a signalling device to alert an individual that activation of the audio system will produce a message reminder previously recorded on a track associated with the occurred time and automatically selected by signals from the processor.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the reminder programmer includes a calendar programmer for introducing into the computer memory the dates of the specific future times, a time programmer for introducing into the memory the specific time of day of the future times and a periodicity programmer for introducing into the computer memory information identifying a predetermined periodicity for each of the specific future times. The calendar and time programmers facilitate the entry by both date and time of future commitments to be remembered and the periodicity programmer provides for the repeated signalling of repetitive reminders without a requirement for resetting of the device after each reminder has been given.
One feature of the invention is a recording mechanism including a recording tape having transversely spaced apart parallel recording tracks and a magnetic recording and reproducing head selectively movable along the tracks. The magnetic head is controlled by an X-Y transport mechanism including a track motor and worm screw assembly for aligning the head with a specific track in response to signals from the processor and a pace motor and worm screw assembly for moving the head over the selected track.
These and other objects and features of the invention will become more apparent upon a perusal of the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 is a pictorial plan view illustrating a signalling reminder device according to the invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic top view of a recording system included in the device shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a side view of the recording mechanism illustrated in FIG. 2; and
FIGS. 4 and 5 are schematic circuit diagrams of electrical circuitry employed in the device shown in FIG. 1.
Referring now to FIG. 1 there is shown a miniaturized, reminder device 11 according to the invention. Mounted in a face 12 of a housing 13 is a calendar time programmer 14 and a time-of-day programmer 15 both operatively connected to a micro-computer retained by the housing 13 as described hereinafter. Included in the calendar time programmer 14 are an array 17 of calendar time-setting button switches and a calendar display 16 comprising a plurality of liquid crystals LC1-LC5 that are controlled by the switch buttons of the array 17. The liquid crystal LC1 displays a day of the week, the liquid crystal LC2 displays a month of the year, the liquid crystals LC3 and LC4 display a day of a month and the liquid crystal LC5 displays a predetermined date periodicity as described hereinafter. Activation of either a button F1 or a button B1, respectively, causes the display on the liquid crystal LC1 to progress either forwardly or backwardly through the weekdays, MON, TUE, . . . SUN, ANY, the function for the latter of which will be described hereinafter. Similarly, in response to activation of button switches F2 or B2 the display on the liquid crystal LC2 can be made to progress either forwardly or backwardly through the months JAN, FEB, . . . DEC, ANY. Again, the function of the latter designation, ANY, will be described hereinafter. The tens digit of a month displayed by the liquid LC3 is made to progress either forwardly or backwardly through 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . by appropriate activation of either of the switch buttons F3 or B3 while the unit digit of a day displayed by the liquid crystal LC4 progresses forwardly or backwardly through 0, 1, 2, . . . 9 in response to activation of either of the switch buttons F4 or B4. Finally, activation of either of the switch buttons F5 or B5 causes the display on the liquid crystal LC5 to progress forwardly or backwardly through O, D, W, M, and Y. As explained hereinbelow, the display occurring on the liquid crystal LC5 establishes the periodicity of a reminder to be given at particular times established by the programmers 14 and 15.
The time-of-day programmer 15 includes a time-of-day display 21 and an array 22 of button switches for control thereof. Included in the time-of-day display 21 is a liquid crystal LC6 that can be made to progress either forwardly or backwardly through the hours 1, 2, . . . 12, in response to alternate activation of either a button switch F6 or a button switch B6. Activation of either a button switch F7 or a button switch B7 causes the minute display on a liquid crystal LC7 to progress either forwardly or backwardly in five-minute intervals through 00, 05, . . . 55. A liquid crystal LC8 displays the seconds of actual current time under the control of a clock mechanism retained by the housing 13 but is not controlled by button switches in the array 22. Activation of buttons F9 or B9 controls a meridian display in a liquid crystal LC9 which is caused to shift between AM and PM. A final display on the face 12 of the device 11 is provided by a liquid crystal LC10. In response to alternate activation of either a button F10 or a button B10, respectively, the display provided by the liquid crystal LC10 moves forwardly or backwardly through a series of designations 1, 2, 3, . . . X, each representing a reminder recorded on a distinct track in the device 11, with X representing the total number of message reminders that can be simultaneously retained. The function of the track display on the liquid crystal LC10 will be described in greater detail below.
Also mounted in the face 12 of the housing 13 is a speaker-microphone reproducer assembly 24 electrically coupled to a recording mechanism described below in connection with FIGS. 2 and 3. Operation of the recorder is controlled by a record button 25 and a play button 26 mounted in the face 12 of the housing 13. Also mounted in the face 12 is a clear button 27, the function of which is described below. Finally, a light emitting diode LED1 is energized, as described below, to signal the occurrence of a specific time previously fed into the device 11 with the programmers 14 and 15. Another light emitting diode LED2 is energized to signal that the full reminder message capacity of the device 11 has been reached and that no further additional message reminders can be accepted.
Referring now to FIGS. 2 and 3, there is shown a reminder message storage mechanism 31 retained within the housing 13. The recording mechanism comprises a strip 32 of magnetic film that forms a plurality of transversely spaced apart, parallel recording tracks 33. Each of the tracks 33 can record and reproduce a distinguishable, audio message reminder in response to movement thereover of a recording and reproducing magnetic head 34. Selective control of the specific track 33 traversed by the magnetic head 34 is provided by an X-Y transport mechanism 35 also retained within the housing 13. Included in the transport mechanism 35 is a pace motor 36 in driving engagement with a pace worm screw 37 that extends parallel to the tracks 33 on a magnetic film 32. A stepping track motor 38 is mounted for movement along the pace worm screw 37 in response to rotation thereof. Operatively engaged with the track motor 38 is a track worm screw 39 having an opposite end supported by a guide 41 extending between opposite ends of the housing 13. The track worm screw 39 supports and is operatively engaged with the magnetic head 34 so as to produce selective movement thereof along the magnetic film 32. Stability and guidance for the track motor 38 is provided by a rod 42 that is supported by the housing 13 and extends adjacent one edge of the magnetic film 32. A similar rod 43 extending between the track motor 38 and the guide 41 provides a rotational stability for the magnetic head 34.
During operation of the recording mechanism 31, the stepping track motor 38 is selectively energized to position the magnetic head 34 in alignment with any of the recording tracks 33. Once such alignment is established, energization of the pace motor 36 produces axial movement of the track motor 38 along the worm screw 37 between opposite ends of the housing 33. This movement in turn causes the magnetic head 34 to traverse the particular recording track 33 with which it has been aligned. Located at opposite ends of the housing 13 are contact switches 46 and 47 that provide signals indicating that the track motor 38 has completed a traversal of the magnetic film 32.
Reference is made now to FIGS. 4 and 5 which when combined form a schematic block diagram of an electronic control circuit 51 used in the message reminder device 11. To provide continuity, components of FIGS. 4 and 5 that are common to FIGS. 1-3 are identified by the same reference numerals. The basic component of the circuit 51 is a micro-computer including a micro-processor 52 and associated read only memory (ROM) 53 and a random access memory (RAM) 54. Information identifying the dates of specific future times is keyed into the switch button array 17 which transfers the information to the micro-processor 52 for storage in the RAM 54. Simultaneously with the entry of such information, the micro-processor 52 provides signals to the date display 16 that results in a visible display of the information being entered. Similarly, information identifying specific times of future dates is entered into the button array 22 and transferred to the micro-processor 52 for storage in the RAM 54. That information is simultaneously displayed on the time-of-day display 21 so as to provide a visible verification of the information being entered. The ROM 53 is preprogrammed to provide the micro-processor 52 with instructions for processing date and time information entered into a RAM 54. Timing pulses for tracking both current and future times are applied to the micro-processor 52 by an electronic clock 55.
The control circuit 51 also includes an audio system 56 comprising a recording, erasing and reproducing circuit 57 that is operatively coupled to the micro-processor 52. The recording, erasing and reproducing circuit 57 is connected for signal exchange with an erase head 58 and a recording and reproduction head 59 of the head assembly 34 shown in FIGS. 2 and 3. Also connected for signal exchange with the recording and reproducing circuit 57 are a microphone 61 and a speaker 62 of the microphone and speaker assembly 24 shown in FIG. 1.
The micro-processor 52 is connected also for signal exchange with the pace motor 36 and the track motor 38 shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 and receives information signals from the reversing switches 46 and 47 shown therein. Additional input signals are applied to the micro-processor 52 from the record button switch 25, the play button switch 26 and the clear button switch 27 all shown in FIG. 1. Finally, the micro-processor 52 provides signals that control energization of the LED1 and LED2 shown in FIG. 1 and for activating a buzzer alarm 65 retained within the housing 13 of the device 11.
To introduce a desired message reminder into the device 11, a master switch is activated making power available for the date programmer 14, the time-of-day programmer 15, the track display LC10 and control buttons F9 and B9 therefor, and the audio circuit 56. Initially the micro-processor 52 supplies signals that result in display of the current date on the liquid crystals LC1, LC2, LC3 and LC4 and the current time on the liquid crystals LC6, LC7, LC8 and LC9. A specific future time can then be introduced into the RAM 54 by appropriate manipulation of the date switch button array 17 and the time-of-day switch button array 22. For example, assuming that an appointment on July 23 at 9:00 p.m. is to be remembered, either of the switch buttons F2 or B2 are activated to cause appearance of JUL in the liquid crystal LC2 and either of the buttons B3 or F3 and B4 or F4 are activated to produce appearance of 23 in the liquid crystals LC3 and LC4. Next, assuming that a 20-minute advanced warning is desired, either of the buttons F6 or B6 are activated to introduce the hour 8 into the liquid crystal LC6, either of the buttons F7 or B7 is activated to introduce the digits 40 into the liquid crystal LC7 and the button B9' is activated to cause display of PM in the liquid crystal LC9. Finally, assuming that the appointment is a one-time event, either of the periodicity buttons F5 or B5 are activated to produce display of 0 in the liquid crystal LC5. After programming the desired future time into the displays 16 and 12, the record button 25 is activated causing the displayed information to be introduced into the queue of reminders waiting recall in the RAM 54. In addition, the micro-processor 52 responds by searching the RAM 54 for an unassigned track and, upon location thereof, commits to memory that the located track number is now assigned, and signals the track motor 38 to position the head assembly 34 over that particular track. The micro-processor 52 also causes the reproducing, erasing and reproduction circuit 57 to enter the erase, record mode, energizes the pace motor 36 to produce a traversal of the track by the head assembly 34 and initiates a countdown on the liquid crystal LC8 indicating the seconds remaining for recording on the track being traversed. During this period a desired message can be spoken into the microphone 61 resulting in a recording thereof on the specific track being traversed by the head assembly 34. Upon completing a traversal of the film 32, the track motor 38 engages the return switch button 47 causing the micro-processor 52 to reverse energization of the pace motor 36 and to de-activate the record, erase and reproduction circuit 57 and effect return of the recording head assembly 34 to the starting position on the recording track. Upon reaching the start, the track motor 38 actuates the start switch button 46 causing the micro-processor 52 to de-energize the pace motor 36 and discontinue movement of the head assembly 34. In the event that the search of the RAM 54 fails to locate an unassigned track, the micro-processor 52 energizes the light emitting diode LED2 to indicate that the total reminder message capacity of the device has been reached. After having entered the desired reminder message, the power switch is opened to remove power from the date and time-of-day programmers 14 and 15. However, power continues to remain available to the micro-processor 52 which constantly utilizes signals from the electronic clock 55 to update the current date and time which are thereby maintained accurate. These current dates and times are continuously compared with the queue of reminder dates and times retained in the RAM 54.
Subsequently, when the previously introduced specific time of 8:40 p.m. on July 23 actually occurs, the specific recording track assigned to that time is made the current track and put on display in the liquid crystal LC10. The micro-processor 52 then energizes the track motor 38 to produce movement of the head assembly 34 into alignment with the then current track and energizes the light emitting diode LED1 and the buzzer alarm 65 producing both visible and audible signals that the specific time for a message reminder has occurred. Actuation of the play button 26 causes the micro-processor 52 to switch the recording, erasing and reproducing circuit 57 into its reproducing mode and energizes the pace motor 36 to cause a traversal of the current recording track by the head assembly 34. Consequently, the previously recorded message on that track is audibly reproduced by the speaker 62. Upon completion of the track traversal by the head assembly 34, engagement of the return switch button 47 by the track motor 38 again causes return of the recording and reproduction head assembly 34 to the starting portion where engagement with the switch button 46 results in de-energization of the pace motor 36 and the recording and erasing and reproducing circuit 57. Also, since the periodicity programmer 16 has been set for 0, the processor 52 automatically makes that specific recording track again available in the RAM 54.
To further exemplify use of the periodicity programmer 16, assume that there exists a daily requirement for some specific action. For example, a prescribed medicine might require administration at a given time each day. In that event, the given time would be introduced into the RAM 54 by appropriate actuation of the time-of-day switch button array 22 while observing the time-of-day display 21. Also, switch buttons F1-F4 or B1-B4 would be activated to produce the appearance, respectively, of ANY, ANY, 0 and 0 in the liquid crystals LC1-LC4 indicating that the message is desired on any weekday and on any date of any month. Having established the appropriate time of day on the display 21, either of the switch buttons F5 or B5 is actuated to cause appearance on the liquid crystal LC5 of the letter D indicating a desired daily periodicity. Activation of the record button 25 then introduces the programmed specific time and periodicity information into the RAM 54 and prepares the device 11 to record a desired message as described above. Daily thereafter at the specified time, the light emitting diode 1 and the buzzer alarm 65 are energized to indicate that a recorded message reminder is due. An audio reproduction of that reminder message is obtained in the manner described above. However, in this case, rather than clearing the recorded track after reproduction of the reminder message, the micro-processor 52 responds to the programmed daily periodicity by retaining the recording track assignment and specified time of reminder in the memory of the RAM 54.
Assume now that there exists a given commitment at a given time on the same day of each week. One might have, for example, a tennis engagement at the same time on Monday of each week. The precise time of day would be entered by the time-of-day programmer 15 as described above and either of the buttons F1 or B1 activated to introduce MON representing Monday onto the liquid crystal LC1. Also, the buttons F2-F4 or B2-B4 are actuated to introduce ANY onto the liquid crystal LC2 and zeros on the liquid crystals LC3 and LC4 thereby indicating that the message is desired on any Monday. Next, either of the switch buttons F5 or B5 is activated to produce display in the liquid LC5 the letter W representing a weekly periodicity. Subsequent activation of the record button 25 results in introduction of the programmed information into the random access RAM 54 as described above. Subsequently, at the specified time on each Monday the light emitting diode LED1 and the alarm buzzer 65 are energized to signal the occurrence of a desired reminder message which after being received is retained for recall a week hence.
Assume next that a reminder is desired on a given date and time of each month. The specific date and time would be introduced, respectively, onto the date and time-of-day displays 16 and 21 and either of the buttons F1 or B1 actuated to produce an ANY in the liquid crystals LC1 indicating that the message is to be received on any weekday having the assigned date. Next, either of the periodicity buttons F5 or B5 are actuated to cause appearance in the liquid crystal LC5 of an M indicating the desired monthly periodicity. Thereafter, a signal will be given monthly by the device 11 upon the occurrence of the specified time and date.
Finally, to introduce a desired yearly reminder such as a birthdate or an anniversary date, the desired time of day is introduced onto the time-of-day display 21, the specified date is introduced onto the liquid crystals LC2, LC3 and LC4, ANY is introduced onto the liquid crystal LC1, and either of the buttons F5 or B5 are actuated to produce a Y on the liquid crystal LC5 indicating the desired yearly periodicity. The desired message reminder will then be repeated by the reminder device 11 yearly thereafter on the specified date and time. In the event that a message is having either a daily, weekly, monthly or yearly periodicity is no longer desired, the specific recording track number associated with that message is made to appear in the liquid crystal LC10 by either activation of either of the buttons F10 or B10 and the clear button 27 is actuated. This induces the micro-processor 52 to remove the information relating to that message from a memory of the RAM 54.
The simultaneous activation of switch buttons F8 and B8 causes the micro-processor 52 to introduce the time displayed on the time-of-day display 21 as current time. This procedure can be used, for example, to update the device after travel into different time zones.
Obviously, many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is to be understood, therefore, that the invention can be practiced otherwise than as specifically described.
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|Fecha de presentación
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|24 Ene 1978
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|1 May 1987
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|Alert device
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|15 Dic 2005
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|Interactive clock for children
|19 Abr 2006
|20 Nov 2008
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|5 Sep 2007
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|Clasificación de EE.UU.
|340/309.7, 340/309.4
|Clasificación internacional
|Clasificación cooperativa
|Clasificación europea


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Poterek Dr / Rose Mary Dr median real estate price is $205,432, which is more expensive than 79.5% of the neighborhoods in Michigan and 54.6% of the neighborhoods in the U.S.
The average rental price in Poterek Dr / Rose Mary Dr is currently $1,467, based on NeighborhoodScout's exclusive analysis. The average rental cost in this neighborhood is higher than 92.8% of the neighborhoods in Michigan.
Poterek Dr / Rose Mary Dr is an urban neighborhood (based on population density) located in Sterling Heights, Michigan.
Poterek Dr / Rose Mary Dr real estate is primarily made up of medium sized (three or four bedroom) to large (four, five or more bedroom) single-family homes and townhomes. Most of the residential real estate is owner occupied. Many of the residences in the Poterek Dr / Rose Mary Dr neighborhood are established but not old, having been built between 1970 and 1999. A number of residences were also built between 2000 and the present.
In Poterek Dr / Rose Mary Dr, the current vacancy rate is 2.8%, which is a lower rate of vacancies than 88.5% of all neighborhoods in the U.S. This means that the housing supply in Poterek Dr / Rose Mary Dr is very tight compared to the demand for property here.


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Meds, Mind, Body & Benefits > Mental Health & HIV
Social Anxiety Disorder
I suffer from a mild form of this, although I've never been officially diagnosed. Its gotten a bit worse since the advent of my skin problems. The link is to a great article which appeared in the paper here. Long, but worth the read:http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20080620.wmhanxiety21/BNStory/mentalhealth/
I thought it was a good article. Thank you for posting it.I thought the statement that ....if one breaks a leg.... that person is given lots of sympathy and medical attention. But if one breaks his SPIRIT, he gets none.
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Canon EOS 40D Review
|16 Previous
17 Software
|18 Next
The EOS 40D is provided with the 'Canon EOS Solutions Disk 15' which includes:
- Canon ZoomBrowser EX 5.8 - Easy to use image browsing and organization with a unique interface. Includes rudimentary image editting, printing and e-mail. Allows RAW conversion via the RAW Image Task plug-in (version 2.7 provided). - Windows only.
- Image Browser 5.8 - Mac OS X only. *
- Canon EOS Utility 2.1 - Automatic or Manual transfer of images via WIA, also allows for the adjustment of camera settings and remote 'tethered' shooting. *
- Canon EOS 40D PTP/WIA driver - Windows only.
- Canon PhotoStitch 3.1 - Panorama stitching utility.
- Canon Digital Photo Professional 3.1 - Advanced image workflow and editing, specialized in RAW conversion with a range of adjustment and output options. *
- Picture Style Editor 1.0 - Create custom Picture Styles. *
* Universal Binaries (Intel / PowerPC) for Mac OS X.
RAW conversion
As is normal in our digital SLR reviews I like to compare the supplied RAW conversion software, any optional manufacturer RAW conversion software and some third party RAW converter. In the case of the EOS 40D we had the supplied RAW Image Task and Digital Photo Professional as well as Adobe Camera RAW 4.3 beta.
- JPEG - Large/Fine, Default settings
- RIT - RAW Image Task 2.7
- DPP - Digital Photo Professional 3.1
- ACR - Adobe Camera RAW 4.3 beta
Color reproduction
Place your mouse over the label below the image to see the color from a GretagMacbeth ColorChecker chart produced using each RAW converter. As we would expect there is no difference between JPEG from the camera and RAW Image Task which appears to contain the exact same algorithms as the camera. This time around there's no discernable difference between JPEG, RAW Image Task and Digital Photo Professional. Adobe Camera RAW takes a slightly more conservative approach to color response and has a less contrasty tone curve.
|Canon EOS 40D
|Compare to:
|Adobe RGB
Sharpness and Detail
Again RAW Image Task produced the exact same output as out-of-the-camera JPEG, the sharpest and most detailed image was from Digital Photo Professional closely followed by Adobe Camera RAW.
These crops demonstrate that more detail is available from Digital Photo Professional and Adobe Camera RAW conversion of RAW files than can be obtained from JPEG or RAW Image Task. That said a lot of this detail could be described as 'false' (produced beyond Nyquist), although frankly the majority of the time this is useful as it improves the apperance of 'texture'.
|JPEG from camera
|RAW Image Task (RAW)
|Digital Photo Professional (RAW)
|Adobe Camera RAW 4.3 beta (RAW)
High ISO noise reduction
Both Digital Photo Professional and Adobe Camera RAW have selectable noise reduction options, a full comparison of these can be found in our ISO Sensitivity / Noise levels section of this review.
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Specifications
- 3 What's New
- 4 Body & Design
- 5 Body & Design
- 6 Body & Design
- 7 Operation & Controls
- 8 Operation & Controls
- 9 Displays
- 10 Displays
- 11 Menus
- 12 Menus
- 13 Timings & Sizes
- 14 Features
- 15 Features
- 16 Features
- 17 Software
- 18 Photographic tests
- 19 Photographic tests
- 20 Photographic tests
- 21 Photographic tests
- 22 Compared to...
- 23 Compared to...
- 24 Compared to...
- 25 Compared to...
- 26 Compared to...
- 27 Compared to...
- 28 Compared to...
- 29 Conclusion
- 30 Samples
Oct 24, 2007
Aug 20, 2007
Oct 20, 2010
Oct 20, 2010
I own it
I want it
I had it
Discuss in the forums
Up to 1600 asa, this camera still great nowadays
Very very sad because though the 40D isn't missing any feature in particular--though I could make a case for mechanical image stabilization--one feature I'd really like to see trickle down from the 1D series, and which I think makes a lot of sense in a camera of this class, is the ability to define acceptable ranges for aperture, shutter speed, and ISO sensitivity when shooting in one of the exposure-priority modes.
the new version looks better in the statistics but for my needs the EOS 30D is sufficient. Regards
Same here i have a 20d and 30d they do just fine.
|In the Big Girl Chair by BryanKing
from Baby Photography
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from High key portrait with RED
|Follow me home by eaa
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SearchAll Refuges
Mathews Brake NWR encompasses over 2,400 acres in west-central Mississippi. Mathews Brake is the largest brake in Leflore County and provides vital habitat for waterfowl.
T R Complex is pleased to share the 2016-2017 hunting and fishing regulations and maps.
Click here for additional information.
Mathews Brake NWR has a great diversity of wildlife species and habitats. Want to learn more? Follow the link below!
The Theodore Roosevelt National Wildlife Refuge Complex is the largest refuge complex in the state of Mississippi and includes over 100,000 acres on seven refuges.
Mathews Brake is managed as part of the Theodore Roosevelt Complex.
The National Wildlife Refuge System, within the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, manages a national network of lands and waters set aside to conserve America's fish, wildlife, and plants.
2016-17 Hunting and Fishing Regulations Brochures are now available! Follow the link below to access the brochure online.
Do you want to hunt or fish on Mathews Brake NWR? Follow the link below to purchase an Annual Public Use Permit online!
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The exhibition will be on view throughout the museum, inside and out, with a performance by one of Scrapdaddy's wilder creations, "Mr. Green" (also known as The Grinch) at the opening on Saturday, Jan. 26, noon-2 p.m.
Bradford, a sculptor who works primarily in metal, is best known for his giant, robotic, hydraulic creations which have been highlighted at Houston's Art Car Parade for the past 24 years. Regularly driving off with the "Judges' Choice" award, Bradford's first art car was an 18-foot bicycle-looking contraption with four-foot steer horns, dubbed the "Texas Mosquito." When asked how he got involved with this form of artistic expression, Bradford credits his great-grandfather, an inventor, stating "I always wanted to be like my great-grandfather and invent cool contraptions."
Mark David Bradford's work has been shown throughout North and South America and Europe, and has been featured on television shows, including "Battle Bots" and "Junkyard Wars." In addition, he has hosted a pair of programs on the History Channel and has appeared in Smithsonian magazine.
The Beeville Art Museum, created and operated by the Joe Barnhart Foundation, is first and foremost a teaching museum, providing cultural and educational opportunities for the citizens of Bee County and surrounding areas.
Cited by Texas Monthly magazine as one of the "great small towns for art," Beeville, with a population of approximately 13,000, is home to one of the most ambitious art and educational programs in Texas.
In addition to exhibiting works by some of Texas' most renowned artists, as well as selections from private collections and major museums across the state, the Beeville Art Museum provides docent-led tours and art classes for children and adults and workshops for Beeville educators at the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston.


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It's here. It's finally here.
After three excruciatingly long months, it's time to don that Miami Dolphins hat gents, 'cause it's GO time. Get your popcorn ready, sit back, and relax.
There will be duds. There will be fireworks.
And when the dust settles, hopefully this secretive roller-coaster ride of an offseason will come to an end.
Will the Dolphins brass select a Quarterback in the first round—the only time since 1983? How will they address the giant, beast-sized hole left by Brandon Marshall? Can they truly add a real contributor with that extra third round pick? Will they find a replacement for Will Allen, a well-respected captain and the team's leading tackler for several years? Or, perhaps most importantly, will they curse the Dolfans with another offensive lineman in the first round?
The first day of the draft is here. Are you brimming with excitement? I'm about to go bonkers.
I don't remember the last time I was this emotionally invested in a draft. Maybe it's because Dolfans have endured years of mediocrity. Maybe it's because we have a promising new head coach and offensive coordinator. Maybe, just maybe, they can start this new regime on the right foot.
Now, join me as I highlight a few options the Dolphins could consider.
With the No. 8 pick in the draft, the Dolphins select…


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Jan White, Nail Tech. In her other life: car lot manager.
As manager of Private Party Cars, Jan White has been bringing car buyers and sellers together for the past four years. "It's a park and sell lot, so I rent a space to the seller and hook them up with buyers. We have boats, RVs , motorcycles, ATVs, trucks, and cars," explains White, a nail tech at Posh Salon and Spa in Reno, Nev. "I help the seller price the car correctly and assist with the paperwork. We make the for-sale signs and advertise the cars online. We even wash every car twice a week."
The action starts after the cars are listed for sale on nine different websites. "I have witnessed three people trying to buy the same car and I've seen a car sell within minutes of bringing it in. Once, as the seller was trying to drive his RV onto the lot, a customer caught him and made a deal before he could get to our front office," she says.
"I hear funny stories all the time about why they are selling — and not so funny ones too. We deal with children selling their parents' cars after their death or when they're simply too old to drive safely.
"It's also rewarding to help the buyer. When someone shows interest in a car, I give them all the information I can, like how long it's been with us, how many people have looked at the car, why the seller is selling, and most importantly the price. "I love both my careers!" she says. "The whole world of buying and selling cars has always been an interest for me. I have purchased a couple of cars just to resell them."
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Open Platform
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We are turning closed systems into open platforms. Our spaces are receptive and adaptive to the changing needs of our communities. By sharing and collaborating both within our industry and beyond, we aim to inspire, as we are, by the world around us.
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We build long-term relationships with our communities by inviting them to actively participate in the future of the spaces we create. By understanding the context in which people's lives take place, we are able to cater to their needs and wants and bring communities together through shared meaningful experiences.
Igniting the intrinsic thirst for discovery & connection
We're in the business of place-making; we strive to think beyond retail and use our spaces to connect people and indulge their natural desire for discovery and connection.
Driven by the desire to enrich the communities we serve, we are transforming our retail assets into curated spaces of immersive and ever evolving experiences. Destinations that cultivate curiosity, and ignite the intrinsic thirst for discovery.
QIC GRE is on a path of perpetual evolution, ensuring that we remain innovative, relevant and receptive. Our confidence in navigating this unchartered territory comes from our wealth of experience and collaborative relationships we foster with both our business partners and the communities around us.
A new journey, with an open invitation, based on 3 principles - Open Platform, Community, Destination.
Since its foundation by the Queensland Government in 1991, QIC has delivered successful long-term investment solutions for over 90 high-calibre institutional investors from across the globe. Our AUD$73.8 billion1 strong portfolio spans infrastructure, real estate, liquid strategies, private equity, and multi-asset solutions.
We're a global business shaped on local opportunities, taking cues from the communities we work within.
As the third largest unlisted property investment manager in Australia, our Global Real Estate division manages 24 retail assets and 10 commercial office assets across Australia2, United States and United Kingdom.
We are a business committed to re-connecting people with places and are investing AUD$5.0billion into the redevelopment of our Australian retail portfolio in the next four years to deliver superior multi-use destinations by integrating food, fashion, design, culture, wellbeing and entertainment with public spaces and using technology to better enable connections and dialogue with the community
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Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Biomechanics and Biomaterials Research Center; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
Submitted for publication February 2001.
Accepted for publication May 2001.
ROBLING, A. G., F. M. HINANT, D. B. BURR, and C. H. TURNER. Shorter, more frequent mechanical loading sessions enhance bone mass. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 196–202, 2002.
Purpose: The beneficial effects of exercise on bone mass and strength can be attributed to the sensitivity of bone cells to mechanical stimuli. However, bone cells lose mechanosensitivity soon after they are stimulated. We investigated whether the osteogenic response to a simulated high-impact exercise program lasting 4 months could be enhanced by dividing the daily protocol into brief sessions of loading, separated by recovery periods.
Methods: The right forelimbs of adult rats were subjected to 360 load cycles·d−1, 3 d·wk−1, for 16 wk. On each loading day, one group received all 360 cycles in a single, uninterrupted bout (360 × 1); the other group received 4 bouts of 90 cycles/bout (90 × 4), with each bout separated by 3 h. After sacrifice, bone mineral content (BMC), and areal bone mineral density (aBMD) were measured in the loaded (right) and nonloaded control (left) ulnae using DXA. Volumetric BMD (vBMD) and cross-sectional area (CSA) were measured at midshaft and the olecranon by using pQCT. Maximum and minimum second moments of area (IMAX and IMIN) were measured from the midshaft tomographs.
Results: After 16 wk of loading, BMC, aBMD, vBMD, midshaft CSA, IMAX, and IMIN were significantly greater in right (loaded) ulnae compared with left (nonloaded) ulnae in the two loaded groups. When the daily loading regimen was broken into four sessions per day (90×4), BMC, aBMD, midshaft CSA, and IMIN improved significantly over the loading schedule that applied the daily stimulus in a single, uninterrupted session (360×1).
Conclusion: Human exercise programs aimed at maintaining or improving bone mass might achieve greater success if the daily exercise regime is broken down into smaller sessions separated by recovery periods.
The crucial role of physical activity in the acquisition and maintenance of bone mass is becoming widely accepted (11,14,27). The beneficial effects of exercise on bone mass and mechanical competence can be attributed to bone tissue's sensitivity to physical forces created in the skeleton during exercise. Bone cells respond to tissue deformation, or its consequences (e.g., fluid flow), by adapting the structure to more adequately withstand future deformations (6). This adaptive process entails adding bone (either with or without prior resorption) to appropriate skeletal surfaces (7,8). However, the type of exercise modulates the anabolic response; high-impact exercises (e.g., volleyball, gymnastics) are more effective than low-impact exercises (e.g., cycling, swimming) in promoting bone gain (2,23,24). Data from animal experiments and mathematical modeling suggest that the osteogenic effects of high-impact exercise in humans are probably related to the greater strain rates associated with those activities (15,16,26). Another important factor governing the anabolic response to exercise is skeletal age. Although exercise during the adult years can retard the natural bone loss associated with aging, a much greater improvement in bone mass (and fracture resistance later in life) is achieved if vigorous exercise is engaged in during the childhood and adolescent years, when peak bone mass can still be affected (10,12,13,17).
Although the effects of exercise on bone health are becoming clear, little is known about how exercise protocols can be optimized to further promote bone mass accumulation and maintenance. A major factor to consider in designing exercise programs aimed at maintaining or improving bone mass is the sensitivity of the resident bone cell populations to mechanical stimuli. Animal loading experiments have demonstrated that bone cells desensitize soon after a loading session is initiated. The osteogenic effects of exercise could therefore reach a saturation point (where the cells are essentially unresponsive to further stimulation), perhaps after 50–100 repetitions of loading (22,26,28). These data indicate that extended exercise sessions are no more beneficial to bone mass than shorter sessions because the maximal osteogenic response is probably achieved within the first few minutes.
In a previous communication, we showed that partitioning a daily mechanical stimulus (360 repetitions of load per day) into smaller loading bouts, separated by recovery periods, enhanced bone formation over that elicited from the same stimulus applied in a single, uninterrupted loading bout (20). Presumably, the bone cells in the single, longer bout had lost sensitivity early in the session, so that load repetitions occurring toward the end of the bout were ignored. By making the loading sessions shorter and providing recovery periods between sessions (during which mechanosensitivity could be restored), bone formation improved by as much as 90%. A follow-up experiment showed that approximately 8 h of load-free recovery restores full mechanosensitivity to previously stimulated bone cells (21). Mechanical loading sessions initiated before full recovery was achieved resulted in bone formation rates that were proportional to the recovery time, indicating that even modest recovery periods can restore some degree of sensitivity.
Although our previous studies have shed light on the dynamics of bone cell mechanosensitivity, they were limited in that the duration of the loading protocol lasted from 1 to 2 wk. In light of strain-feedback models of bone adaptation (6), it was unclear whether the improvement in bone formation using short, separated bouts would be maintained if the loading protocols were implemented over a longer time period. Using a noninvasive loading model that applies well-controlled forces to the rat ulna, we sought to determine whether 4 months of loading using short loading bouts, interspersed with recovery periods, is more beneficial than single, longer daily sessions. We hypothesized that after 16 wk of loading, bone mass and structural properties of ulnae loaded for 90 cycles, 4 times·d−1 would be greater than in ulnae loaded for 360 uninterrupted cycles·d−1.
Forty-four virgin female Sprague-Dawley (12 wk old) rats were purchased for the experiment from Harlan Sprague-Dawley (Indianapolis, IN). The rats were housed two per cage at Indiana University's Laboratory Animal Resource Center for 15 wk before the experiment began (acclimation period) and were provided standard rat chow and water ad libitum during the acclimation and experimental periods. Body mass measurements were collected periodically during the acclimation period and 3 times/wk during the experimental (loading) period. Under ether-induced anesthesia, the right ulna of rats in the loading groups was subjected to axially applied compressive loads, using a nonsurgical loading preparation that transmits mechanical force to the ulna through the olecranon and flexed carpus (Fig. 1A) (25). The natural curvature of the ulnar diaphysis translates the axial load into a bending moment in the middiaphysis that produces tension in the lateral cortex and compression in the medial cortex. Force was applied to the ulnae by an open loop, stepper motor-driven spring linkage with an in-line load cell. All procedures performed in this experiment were conducted in AAALAC-approved facilities and were in accordance with ACSM, NIH, and Indiana University Animal Care and Use Committee guidelines.
Ten days before the start of the loading period, the rats were divided randomly into two loaded groups (N = 13/group) and two control groups (N = 9/group). The right ulnae of animals in the two loaded groups were subjected to 360 load cycles·d−1, 3 d·wk−1 for 16 consecutive weeks. Load was applied as a haversine waveform at a frequency of 2 Hz and peak load magnitude of 17 N, which elicits a compressive strain of approximately 3600 με on the medial surface of the ulnar midshaft (9). The two loaded groups differed from each another only in the timed delivery of the 360 load cycles received throughout each load day. One group was administered all 360 cycles in a single, uninterrupted session (360×1), which lasted 3 min. The other loaded group was administered the 360 cycles in four discrete bouts of 90 cycles/bout (90×4), with 3 h of recovery inserted between each of the brief (45-s long) loading bouts. We have shown previously, using the rat tibia bending model, that the 90×4 schedule enhances bone formation markedly over that produced by the 360×1 schedule after 1 wk of loading (20). All rats were allowed normal cage activity between bouts. The two control groups comprised a baseline control (BLC) group, which was sacrificed on the first loading day, and an age-matched control (AMC) group, which was sacrificed on the same day that the loaded groups were sacrificed (16 wk after baseline sacrifice). Neither control group was subjected to loading or anesthesia. In the loaded groups, the left ulnae were not loaded and served as internal controls for the loaded limb. After sacrifice, the right and left ulnae were dissected free of the articulating bones, cleaned of soft tissues, fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for 48 h, then transferred to 70% ethanol for storage.
Each right-left ulna pair was scanned side-by-side on the bed of a Hologic QDR-1000 x-ray densitometer (Hologic Inc., Waltham, MA) equipped with Hologic version 6.20C software. The bones were positioned with the lateral surface of the diaphysis facing down and were scanned at 0.127-mm resolution. Upon completion of each scan, mutually exclusive region of interest (ROI) boxes were drawn around the right and left bone, from which bone area (BA; cm2), bone mineral content (BMC; mg), and areal bone mineral density (aBMD; g·cm−2) measurements were collected. Two bones from the study, chosen at random, were scanned 10 times to assess reproducibility. The bone was removed from the scanner bed and repositioned between each repeat scan. From the 10 repeated measures, the coefficient of variation (CV) was calculated. The CVs for BMC and aBMD were 1.5% and 1.0%, respectively.
Each ulna was placed in a plastic tube filled with 70% ethanol and centered in the gantry of a Norland Stratec XCT Research SA+ pQCT (Stratec Electronics, Pforzheim, Germany). Two cross-sectional levels were scanned on each ulna—one at the midshaft and one through the olecranon process, using 0.46 mm collimation (4×105 counts·s−1) and 0.08 mm voxel size (Fig. 1B). The slice through the olecranon was taken 3.5 mm distal to the proximal tip of the bone and included the cortical shell and secondary spongiosa of the proximal metaphysis. For each section, the x-ray source was rotated through 180° of projection (1 block). The scans were imported into BonAlyse version 1.3 software (BonAlyse Ltd., Jyväskyla, Finland) for post hoc pQCT analyses. From the midshaft slices, total cross sectional area (CSA—area within periosteum; mm2), cortical volumetric BMD (vBMD; mg·cm−3), and maximum and minimum second moments of area (IMAX and IMIN; mm4) were calculated in BonAlyse. The second moment of area (I) reflects a structure's resistance to bending by considering both cross-sectional area and material distribution (geometry). Beams (or long bone shafts) with the material distributed farther from the plane of bending will exhibit greater resistance to bending (I) than beams with material distributed closer to the plane of bending. This geometry-related increase in bending rigidity can occur even with reduced cross sectional area if the material is appropriately distributed. I is calculated by dividing the section into a series of small areas (pixels) and multiplying each area (dA) by its squared distance (y) from the neutral plane. This procedure is integrated over the entire cross section:MATH
This function is repeated about all possible neutral planes; the largest value is returned as IMAX, and the smallest value is returned as IMIN.
Analysis of bone envelopes at the midshaft slice was restricted to cortical bone, because trabecular bone is not normally present in the central diaphysis. From the olecranon slices, CSA and total vBMD were calculated in BonAlyse. Two additional measurements were conducted on the proximal slices to investigate trabecular bone adaptation in the proximal metaphysis. The peel mode in the Stratec software was used to separate cortical from trabecular bone, and vBMD was calculated for each bone envelope separately. Cortical bone was separated from trabecular bone using a density threshold of 900 mg·cm−3. Two bones from the study, chosen at random, were scanned 10 times to assess reproducibility. CVs for the pQCT measurements were as follows: CSA midshaft = 4.4%, cortical vBMD midshaft = 1.8%, IMAX midshaft = 2.0%, IMIN midshaft = 3.8%, CSA proximal = 4.0%, and total vBMD proximal = 1.9%.
Differences between right (loaded limb) versus left (control limb) values for all DXA and pQCT measurements were tested for significance using paired t-tests. Percent differences between right (R) and left (L) limbs were calculated as follows: (R − L)/L·100. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed on control limb and percent difference values to detect differences among the four experimental groups. Significant ANOVAs were followed by Fisher's PLSD post hoc tests to determine significant differences between individual experimental groups. For the t-tests, ANOVA, and post hoc tests, α = 0.05.
Two of the rats in the 360×1 group died toward the end of the experimental period, one from anesthesia-related complications and the other from unknown causes. One of the baseline control animals died during the acclimation period from unknown causes, and one animal from the age-matched control group was excluded from the DXA analysis and from the pQCT analysis of the olecranon because of tissue damage to the proximal ulna during processing. Over the 16-wk loading period, mean body mass increased slightly in each group (6–12%) but exhibited substantial fluctuation, even in the age-matched control group (Fig. 2). The age-matched control group gained significantly more weight than the 90×4 group (Fig. 2, inset), suggesting an effect of multiple ether exposures on body weight.
BMC in the left (control) ulnae was significantly different among groups (P = 0.016). Post hoc tests revealed significant differences between the baseline control group and the remaining three groups only; none of the 16-wk animals were significantly different from one another. Thus, there appears to be an aging effect but no systemic loading effect on BMC in the control limb. Paired t-tests revealed no significant differences between right and left limbs for BMC in either control group, but both loading groups exhibited significantly (P < 0.001) greater BMC in the loaded limb compared with the control limb (Table 1). Although both loaded groups showed significant loading effects, the percent difference between right and left ulnar BMC in the 90×4 group (11.7%) was 70% greater (P = 0.001) than the right versus left difference in the 360×1 group (6.9%;Fig. 3).
Areal BMD (aBMD) in the control ulna was not significantly different among groups (P = 0.68). Paired t-tests revealed no significant differences between right and left limbs for aBMD in either control group, but both loading groups exhibited significantly (P < 0.001) greater aBMD in the loaded limb when compared with the control limb (Table 1). The percent difference between right and left ulnar aBMD in the 90×4 group (8.6%) was approximately 60% greater (P = 0.012) than the right versus left difference in the 360×1 group (5.4%;Fig. 3).
Peripheral QCT measurements collected from the ulnar midshaft of control (left) limbs yielded significant differences among groups for vBMD and IMAX. Post hoc pairwise comparisons among groups performed on control limb vBMD and IMAX revealed significant differences (P < 0.05) between the baseline control group and each of the remaining three groups. The three groups sacrificed at 16 wk were not significantly different from one another. Paired t-tests showed significantly (P < 0.001) greater CSA, vBMD, IMAX, and IMIN in the loaded arm compared with the control arm in both loaded groups (Table 2). With the exception of IMIN in the baseline control group and IMAX in the age-matched control group, paired t-test P-values were not significant for any of the variables in the two control groups.
The percent difference between right and left midshaft ulna cross-sectional area was significantly greater in the loaded groups compared with the control groups (Fig. 4). Differences were also detected between loading groups—the 90×4 group exhibited 37% greater (P = 0.012) right versus left difference in CSA than the 360×1 group (Fig. 4). Percent difference (right vs left) for vBMD was significantly greater in the loaded groups compared with the control groups, but no significant differences between the two loaded groups were detected (Fig. 5). Percent difference in IMAX and IMIN was also significantly greater among the loaded groups compared with the control groups, with the exception of the 360×1 versus baseline control post hoc comparison for IMAX (Fig. 6). Between loaded groups, IMIN (but not IMAX) was significantly greater in the 90×4 group (46% greater;P < 0.001) compared with the 360×1 group (Fig. 6).
Measurements at the olecranon of the left ulnae yielded significant differences among groups in total vBMD and cortical vBMD; however, no differences in left limb CSA or trabecular bone vBMD were detected. Post hoc pairwise comparisons among groups were performed on total and cortical vBMD, and revealed significant differences (P < 0.05) between the baseline control group and each of the remaining three groups. The three groups sacrificed at 16 wk were not significantly different from one another. Paired t-tests detected no significant differences between right and left values for any of the olecranon measurements, with the exception of total vBMD in the 90×4 group (Table 2).
Our objective was to determine whether the beneficial osteogenic effects of a daily high-impact exercise protocol employing multiple short bouts would be preserved after 4 months of training. We found that ulnae from the 90×4 group had significantly greater BMC, aBMD, and minimum second moment of area at midshaft, compared with ulnae from the 360×1 group. These findings suggest that long-term (several months in duration) exercise protocols targeting bone health might result in greater returns in bone mass and structural properties if the daily exercise is partitioned into shorter, discrete bouts, rather than a single longer bout.
Both IMAX and IMIN were enhanced significantly by loading, but the load-induced increase in IMIN over controls was 5–6 times greater than the load-induced increase in IMAX over controls. The principal axes at the rat ulnar midshaft correspond roughly to the anatomical axes, with the major axis (plane along which IMAX exists) oriented in the cranial–caudal direction and the minor axis (plane along which IMIN exists) oriented in the medial–lateral direction. Previously characterized strain patterns at the midshaft during external loading (and during normal ambulation in vivo) show that bending occurs in the medial–lateral direction (25). Thus, the greatest change in strains during loading was produced on the medial and lateral surfaces of the midshaft, which is where the majority of the new bone formation occurred as a result of loading. The preferential localization of new bone to the medial and lateral surfaces explains why such large increases in IMIN were found in the loaded groups, particularly in the 90×4 group.
Cortical vBMD at midshaft was significantly increased in the two loaded groups, indicating that loading increased mineralization of the tissue. We did not, however, detect a scheduling difference in vBMD between the two loaded groups, which suggests that mineralization was not affected by the timed delivery of load cycles.
The group differences observed in final body mass corresponded to the number of ether exposures during the loading period, a result we have reported previously (20). Despite the lower final body mass in the 90×4 group, bone mass and structural properties of the right ulna were greatest in this group. The differences in final body mass only strengthen our conclusions regarding the osteogenic response to different loading schedules; if whole bone (BMC, aBMD) and midshaft bending moment (IMAX, IMIN) values are standardized by final body mass, the differences between the 90×4 and 360×1 groups become even greater (from 12 to 50% greater than in unstandardized comparisons). Thus, differences in body mass do not appear to confound the results of this experiment.
Loading failed to produce any significant increase in bone density or mass at the olecranon. The 90×4 group exhibited significantly lower total vBMD in the loaded ulna when compared with the contralateral control ulna, but inspection of Table 2 reveals that this result was produced by an abnormally high control limb value rather than a suppressed value in the loaded bone. The lack of a positive-loading effect at the olecranon might be attributable to the small strains produced at that location during loading. Using a mean cortical bone cross sectional area of 4.2 mm2 collected from the proximal pQCT scans (data not shown) and a previously calculated elastic modulus for rat cortical bone of 29.4 GPa (1), we estimate that strains at the olecranon during peak (17 N) loads reached only 140 με. Considering the much larger strains occurring at the midshaft during peak loads (∼3600 με) (9), it appears possible that strain values at the olecranon were not great enough to exceed the threshold necessary to elicit an osteogenic response.
The Centers for Disease Control and the American College of Sports Medicine have made recommendations for all adults to "accumulate 30 minutes or more of moderate-intensity physical activity on most, preferably all, days of the week"(18). These guidelines were developed to promote exercise among the sedentary population, with the goal of improving general health and lowering risks for many diseases, including heart disease, osteoporosis, cancer, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus (among others). The temporal manner in which the 30 min·d−1 of exercise should be "accumulated" is not yet clear, but it may depend on the physiologic system being targeted for improvement. DeBusk et al. (4) showed that maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) increased significantly more in men who were put on a daily exercise program involving a single, 30-min session each day, when compared with men who were put on a program of similar intensity involving three 10-min sessions each day. Conversely, Ebisu (5) found that high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels increased significantly in men who ran three times per day, compared with men who ran the same total distance each day but did so in a single bout. Our data suggest that short periods of physical activity, conducted several times each day, might improve bone mass over that achieved from a single, sustained period of daily physical activity.
These data should be considered in light of several limitations of the experiment. We only tested one multiple-bout exercise schedule (90×4). Although we have shown previously in short-term experiments (1 wk of loading) that the osteogenic response to loading varies according to the number of bouts per day (20), it is unclear whether a different multi-bout schedule (e.g., 180×2 or 60×6) would be more or less beneficial than the 90×4 schedule after 4 months. Second, the loads used in this experiment elicited strains that were in excess of those measured in humans during vigorous exercises (3). It is unclear whether proportional benefits would occur at lower strains. Finally, we did find significant right versus left differences in IMAX in the age-matched control group and in IMIN for the baseline control group. In both of these comparisons, right ulna values were significantly lower than left ulna values despite the fact that these animals were not loaded or handled beyond measuring body mass. These two results are difficult to explain. However, in light of the fact that the remaining midshaft and whole-bone measurements showed no significant side-to-side differences in the control groups, it is unlikely that these two observations suggest lateral dominance (left-handedness) in the rats used.
In conclusion, when 360 load repetitions are administered to the rat ulna 3 times·wk−1 for 16 wk, the anabolic response is much greater if the repetitions are divided into four smaller bouts of 90 repetitions/bout, separated by 3-h recovery periods, than if they are applied in a single, uninterrupted bout. These findings support other experimental evidence showing that bone cell mechanosensitivity declines quickly after initiation of a loading bout and suggest that by scheduling bone loading (exercise) sessions during times when the cells are more sensitive to mechanical stimuli, the osteogenic response can be improved. These concepts, applied to human exercise programs, hold potential for improving peak bone mass in the growing skeleton and/or preventing excessive bone loss in the aging skeleton.
We thank J. Ratliff and F. Peacock for technical assistance. This work was supported by NIH grants AR43730 and T32, AR07581.
Address for correspondence: Alexander G. Robling, Ph.D., Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Dr., MS 5045, Indianapolis, IN 46202; E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com.
This article has been cited 2 time(s).
© 2002 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.
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Pascua Yaqui Youth Get Involved
Also on Arizona Spotlight: Native American portrayals in film; profile of Tucson author Ethel Lee Miller; and young love at a long distance.
Also on Arizona Spotlight: Native American portrayals in film; profile of Tucson author Ethel Lee Miller; and young love at a long distance.
Peace Corps volunteers say life abroad opens new horizons, and is unforgettable.
A conversation with filmmaker Frances Causey about a new documentary that examines America's financial woes and the dwindling size of the middle class.
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Culture wars rekindledFebruary 16,2012
The vehemence surrounding the culture wars that Rick Santorum has made central to his presidential campaign signals a kind of desperation on the right about what is seen as the moral decay of the country.
Another way to see it is that those supporting Santorum sense they are losing ground and so have rallied around the most extreme moral crusader in the campaign.
Evidence can be seen in Washington state, where Gov. Chris Gregoire signed a bill this week allowing marriage equality for gay and lesbian couples. That makes Washington the seventh state, plus the District of Columbia, legalizing gay marriage. The others are Vermont, New Hampshire, New York, Massachusetts, Connecticut and Iowa. In addition, a federal appeals court has found Californias referendum banning same-sex marriage to be unconstitutional, and Maryland is moving closer to a law allowing gay marriage.
No wonder there is a backlash and that opponents feel more desperate to turn back the tide. Conservatives rallying around Santorum believe that another term for President Obama would spell the doom of the United States. Others view the same events and see them as a sign of progress, of broadening tolerance and the end of bigotry.
Santorum is famous for a statement several years ago likening homosexual behavior to bestiality. He tends to frame his views in the most extreme and divisive language. Recently, he declared that Obamas policies would foster conditions like those that produced the French Revolution and the guillotine.
There was a time in American history when the French Revolution was a big issue. Thomas Jefferson tended to view the revolution favorably, while Federalists such as John Adams viewed it with horror. Attitudes toward Britain on the one hand and France on the other divided the Founding Fathers.
But its been a long time since Americans were asked to worry about the guillotine. Santorum, however, is appealing to a strain of paranoia that has persuaded some people that we are veering toward dangerous, alien ideas and that Obama is a socialist or worse. What some people view as a sign of greater tolerance Washingtons new gay marriage law, for example others view as a nail in the coffin of America.
Obama has in his favor a new political reality: There is reason to believe the great mass of middle-of-the-road independents populating the vast suburban regions that constitute so much of our nation have little stomach for the moral denunciations and preaching that characterize Santorums politics. Vermont saw in the battles over civil unions and gay marriage that the issue tends to ignite fierce objections from a dedicated band of conservatives but that over time people grow more accepting and understanding. Pietistic language wears thin quickly, and eventually people grow tired of it. It is striking that advances on the gay marriage front are taking place even as the opposition has grown more vociferous and one of its champions has risen to prominence in the GOP primary.
Washington voters may overturn the new marriage equality law in a referendum, as voters in California did. But the issue is no longer as volatile as it was in the past politicians can abandon their 10-foot poles which, in itself, is a sign of progress.
Some advocates of gay marriage reject the idea of backlash. There are forces favoring gay marriage and forces opposed; to label the opposition as a backlash is to suggest that the uproar is the fault of people who pushed too hard and brought the backlash on themselves. Instead, they view the battle in which they are engaged as a prolonged campaign requiring years of effort against people who will fight them every step of the way, even after victories that appear to have secured true equality.
There will always be a Rick Santorum with his ardent followers. As their numbers dwindle, their rhetoric can be expected to grow more fierce, and that is what appears to be happening now.MORE IN EditorialsIdeologues and partisans work from the outcome backward. Full StorySeventy-five years ago on Dec. 7, Japan launched its surprise attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. Full StoryA Vermont environmental group has retreated rather than confront the corporate bullying of Omya,... Full Story
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Weather Matters
Tag: Palm Beach weather
Sultry summer-like weather returns by week's end, forecasters say
- 9:43 am Monday, May 19th, 2014 by John Nelander
Rip currents remain a danger at South Florida beaches, the National Weather Service in Miami said. (Credit: NOAA/ NWS-Miami)
It's been a pleasant break, but seasonably hot temperatures are slated to bake the Florida peninsula by the end of the week, forecasters at the National Weather Service said.
Highs may climb back into the upper 80s, even in Palm Beach and other coastal areas, as brisk winds off the relatively cool ocean water begin to subside.
Cool and breezy high temperatures around 80 are expected to hang around through Thursday, jumping to 86 on Friday in Palm Beach as winds [More]
Heavy rain possible through Saturday, National Weather Service says
- 9:17 am Thursday, May 31st, 2012 by John Nelander
Signs point to more wet weather in June, forecasters say
- 9:02 am Tuesday, May 29th, 2012 by John Nelander
Beryl smacks North Florida; 66 mph wind gust reported at Palm Beach airport
- 8:54 am Monday, May 28th, 2012 by John Nelander
North Florida under tropical storm warning; 55 mph gusts possible
- 11:40 am Saturday, May 26th, 2012 by John Nelander
NOAA predicts average hurricane season; Tropical Storm Beryl likely to develop
- 9:27 am Friday, May 25th, 2012 by John Nelander
Hurricane Center boosts chances for new tropical storm
- 11:47 am Thursday, May 24th, 2012 by John Nelander
Tropical Storm Alberto, near Jacksonville, expected to turn out to sea
- 9:44 am Monday, May 21st, 2012 by John Nelander
Soggy holiday weekend may be on the horizon
- 8:52 am Saturday, May 19th, 2012 by John Nelander
Florida moving toward record for consecutive hurricane-free years
- 9:40 am Thursday, May 17th, 2012 by John Nelander


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Must-have electronics this holiday season
Published On: Nov 15 2012 10:25:17 AM PST Updated On: Dec 11 2012 11:00:13 PM PST
When shopping this season for those who love electronics, check out these popular items.
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