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How do you motivate reviewers? In a voluntary market, journal editors provide non-financial rewards to incentivize researchers. Many shower their best reviewers with accolades at national conferences, print their name in journals, and consider their best and brightest reviewers for prestigious positions on their editorial boards. Most academics will gladly work for free if treated well and lauded with the respect of their peers.
The trusted relationship between editor and reviewer takes time and, like many trusted relationships, cannot be taken for granted. In return for loyalty, an editor must carefully select which manuscripts — and how many — are sent to each reviewer. As many editors understand deeply, it is easy to upset reviewers by sending them inappropriate manuscripts (out of scope, poorly written, or poor quality), or by burning out the best with far too many requests to review. Like any organization that runs on voluntary labor, there is no obligation for a reviewer to stick around. Reviewing is perceived as a favor, not a job.
In last Friday's post, I explored the notion of paying reviewers for their time. While Rubriq is proposing paying reviewers $100 to incentivize timely reviews, serious discussion of paying reviewers goes back over 20 years to an article published in 1992 in (not surprisingly) an economics journal. Publication speed in economics is believed to be the slowest in the industry, with authors waiting 2-3 years between submission and publication for some journals. With this lag, it is not surprising why working papers are part of the publication pathway for economists. In addition to paying reviewers, economists proposed blacklisting slow reviewers. One even wished for the untimely death an ineffectual editor.
Today, reviewers for journals published by the American Economic Association are payed $100 for "timely reports." It is not clear from the journal website what is meant by "timely."
Rather than speculate whether an independent review company with no connection to a learned society or academic association (e.g. Rubriq) would succeed on paying reviewers $100 for their services, I set up a straw poll last Friday to gather results from our readers. I'm among the first to recognize the many potential biases in these surveys (sampling bias, response bias, leading questions, priming, among others); however, the results yielded some interesting results:
- Editors are hesitant about outside peer-review. Of the 125 votes, just 5 (4%) would "always" accept a paper based on a Rubriq report. Over half (54%) would consider the report and 42% would always insist on putting the manuscript through their own journal's peer review process. Based on these general findings, it appears that Rubriq may function to supplement, but not replace, journal-centric editorial and peer review.
- Reviewers have multiple motivations. Of the 172 votes, those who would be willing to review for an external company based their participation on 1) being paid sufficiently for their time and expertise, 2) being guaranteed to receive high-quality, relevant manuscripts, and 3) receiving reputational (non-financial) rewards for their work. Less important was that the company was a non-profit organization.
- Reviewers have two price points. When asked how much money reviewers expected in exchange for providing a review, the results were bimodal. While one-third (33%) of respondents stated that they would not accept financial compensation for reviewing a paper, 73% of those respondents requiring compensation would only review when the rate was at least $100/manuscript, and 41% would only review for at least $200/manuscript.
- Authors want objective, high-quality reviews from experts. Of the 280 votes cast, authors ranked expertise, objectivity, and speed as the most desirable qualities from the review process. Not surprisingly, authors also considered that the service should be affordable (or paid by someone else). While 30 votes were cast for improving the chances of having a manuscript accepted for publication, no votes were cast that Rubriq would guarantee a favorable review. As editors frequently request authors to provide a list of suggested reviewers upon manuscript submission (and often a list of unfavorable ones as well), I find it odd that respondents would not select this choice. Did this question evoke authors' social-desirability bias?
This straw poll suggests that many editors are hesitant with the notion of outsourcing the peer review process. The results are based on perceptions, however, and perceptions can change when a company can prove itself to deliver results. Remember that editors were also skeptical of outsourcing line editing, layout, and production services when first presented with the option.
Second, the results may suggest two separate review markets — one, a volunteer model based on developing and maintaining trust relationships between editor and reviewer that rewards reviewers with prestige; the other, a commercial model that is based on delivering a valuable service for the right price. Both can coexist in the same market (think the United States Army and private contractors), and each has its benefits and weaknesses. A prestigious society publisher may have no problem soliciting experts in the field for high-quality timely reviews. A commercial archival journal may have a much harder time finding a competent reviewer for its manuscripts. For these publications, a commercial solution may work, especially if the author (or supporting institution) is willing to pay for the services. The journal publishing market is large enough — and diverse enough — to support both models.
If you know of other ways to reward and incentivize the review process, let us know in the comments. And thank you for your participation in the survey.


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Janice Graham
The Tailor's Daughter
The titular character is Veda Grenfell, daughter of a famed Victorian Savile Row tailor. Veda has inherited her father's passion…
About our Reviews
Over the last 15 years The Historical Novels Review (the society's print magazine for our members) has published reviews of some 12,000 historical fiction books. We plan to upload them all and make them searchable here.

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About Dobhrionn : Here for a bit of fun. Enjoy reading the posts and comments that follow, although I don't comment that often myself.
I'm avid photographer (Flickr: D.O'Bhrionn), and reading (mainly on the commute to college) on any spare time I have.
Feel free to message me
About Dobhrionn : Here for a bit of fun. Enjoy reading the posts and comments that follow, although I don't comment that often myself.
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Today, due to a hammer-related incident, instead of receiving glass ornaments as gifts from my trip to Venice, my friends will be receiving novelty postcards of Michelangelo's David's penis. FML
by Stop_HammerTime / 08/04/2014 at 9:51am / United Kingdom (Cheshire) / Holidays
Today, everything that was beautiful and pure in my life turned into a terrible, warped version of what it once was. Today, I lost all hope and no longer believe that life, although sometimes shitty, is sweet and worth living. Today, I met my mother-in-law. FML
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A Fond Farewell to Storme DeLarverie
Drag king and activist, long-remembered for her role in the 1969 Stonewall riots, dies at 93
A living legend is no longer with us. Stormé DeLarverie, a lesbian activist who participated in the Stonewall riots in Greenwich Village, died Saturday in Brooklyn. She was 93.
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GY-HM700 with Studio Monitor
I'm looking at the JVC GY-HM700U with the HD-SDI Studio Monitor (VF-HP790). The thing is, the monitor is SDI only, and the 700U only has one SDI out. My switcher input for it is also SDI. Do I have to run a return all the way back from my switcher then, or is there some way I can get it connected locally to the camera, but still allow me to run the camera via SDI to my switcher. I've seen splitters and stuff (ie. BlackMagic Mini-Converters), but I'm unsure if it's the best option.
The VF-HP790 is a return video monitor, which is intended to be run exactly the way you describe.
IMO, if you're looking for a large Electronic View Finder (EVF), I would suggest a SmallHD DP1x, using the component HD out of the HM700U, freeing your SDI for the run to your switcher. It would be less than 1/3rd of the price of the VF-JP790, but give you a full 720p HD display (the VF-JP790 display is only 1024 x 768 ).
It's what we use on our three JVC HD cameras and our ops absolutely LOVE them!
Mark Petereit - iOS Development Team Leader
Family Worship Center, Florence, South Carolina
Hmm, the DP1x looks good. Their sites says it's discontinued though, so would I have to get one used without a warranty?
Also, what do you use to mount it? The DP1x has thread points, and so does the 700U (I would assume both standard size), but is there a good little mounting head I should look at. I don't see any need for a long articulating arm, maybe just something small with tilt adjustment?
Wow! Discontinued? That's a big, huge, hairy bummer. Look for used. Seriously. Set up an alert on eBay and scour the classified listings on dvinfo.net and Creative Cow. I'm serious. It's that good.
(Now that I think about it, DON'T do that. I may want to snatch one up for a spare. )
It has standard 4/20 threads on (I believe) all four sides so you can mount it to just about anything. We have ours mounted on rather long goosenecks so our more "vertically challenged" ops can just pull it down to eye level.
Mark Petereit - iOS Development Team Leader
Family Worship Center, Florence, South Carolina
Well, we'd be looking to purchase 3 of them when we purchase the rest of our package, so unfortunately, I don't think DP1x's will work for us. Do you have any other suggestions? The other reason I liked the JVC monitor is that it had camera menu control, but I'm assuming JVC has that locked down to just their products?
I also came across a Manhattan LCD monitor, which seems to have some nice features and is pretty affordable. (http://bit.ly/j4d5ZP) I've never heard of them, any thoughts?
LOL!! The Manhattan LCD HD089C was the monitor I originally spec'ed. Our worship leader came across the SmallHD the day I was preparing my order.
So yeah, the ManhattanLCD would be my next pick. Camera menu control is a non-issue. Once you get your camera configured the way you like it, you really don't mess with the menus that much. Besides, you still have full access to the fly-out LCD on the camera if you need to tweak anything.
I use both monitors when I'm shooting. I keep my eyes glued to my SmallHD to maintain framing and to keep focus sharp. I glance down at the fly-out LCD occasionally just to see what time it is, check my iris, or to make sure I'm recording (we record on-camera for a fail-safe backup.)
If I think about it, I'll snap a picture of one of our rigs tonight and post it here so you can see how we have our cameras, arms and monitors set up.
Mark Petereit - iOS Development Team Leader
Family Worship Center, Florence, South Carolina
Woohoo!! SmallHD DP1x for sale! Snatch it up quickly!!
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Bone marrow registration
|At the blood donation drive held recently on the South Campus, Meghan McDonald, a fourth-year medical student from Dallas, performs a swab test that is the first step in becoming a bone-marrow donor. Ms. McDonald's test results will be entered in the national bone marrow donor registry for possible matching with someone who needs the procedure. Assisting her are Dolly Christensen, a volunteer with the organization – and retired education coordinator in the Department of Radiology – whose daughter's life was saved two years ago by a bone marrow transplant; and Eva Trevino (right), director of Carter BloodCare's Be the Match program. The next blood drive on campus will be held early in 2010.


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Index of content:
Volume 58, Issue 7, 01 April 1973
Sound velocity in colloidal SiO2 suspensions58(1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1679566View Description Hide Description
The velocity of sound in three colloidalsuspensions of silica was measured in the temperature range between 10 and 75°C. The measurements show that the temperature dependence of the velocity is affected by the presence of the silica, but agreement between the observed values and classical theory, which considers the colloidalsuspension made up of elastic particles, is poor. This suggests that the temperature and concentration dependence of the total hydrated SiO2 particles is important.
Deactivation of laser excited CH3F in mixtures58(1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1679567View Description Hide Description
The vibrational relaxation of CH3F in mixtures of rare gases, O2, N2, H2, and D2 has been studied by means of laser induced fluorescence. The data can be interpreted qualitatively in terms of a combination of energy transfer processes from both the ν3 and states of CH3F. processes seem to be dominant for heavy collision partners while processes appear to dominate for light collision partners. The quantitative agreement between theory and experiment is also considered.
Laser fluorescence study of vibrational energy transfer in CH3Cl58(1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1679568View Description Hide Description
A laser induced infrared fluorescence technique has been used to measure both vibration to vibration and vibration to translation/rotation energy transfer rates in CH3Cl. The rates were measured using H2, D2, CH4, and rare gases as collision partners. Qualitative comparison of these data with and theories indicates that the mechanism dominates for collisions with small reduced masses while the mechanism dominates for collisions with large reduced masses. The V–V rate equilibrating the ν6 and ν3 modes was measured as a function of CH3Cl pressure and was found to be . A lower limit was also obtained for the rate of V–Venergy transfer from states near 1000 cm−1 to high lying states near 3000 cm−1.
Fluorescence quenching by the stable free radical di‐t‐butylnitroxide58(1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1679569View Description Hide Description
Bimolecular rate constants (kQ ) were measured for the fluorescence quenching of a series of aromatic hydrocarbons by di‐t‐butylnitroxide (DTBN). In methylcyclohexane, measured values of kQ were close to the diffusion limit with only a 6.5‐fold variation through the hydrocarbon series. A study of the viscosity dependence of the quenching reaction, in the Smoluchowski manner, suggests an interaction distance of 4–6 Å. A comparison is made of the efficiency of the DTBN and O2fluorescence quenching reactions. Possible mechanisms are discussed.
Depolarized light scattering from monatomic fluids58(1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1679570View Description Hide Description
Computer experiments on dense argon are used to evaluate the depolarized spectrum of scattered light. Certain features of the spectrum can be associated with the dynamics of atomic motions in the fluid. The calculations show that the uncorrelated binary collision picture is inadquate since the major time dependence in the variation of the polarizability of the system comes from the correlated reorientation of pairs.
Equations‐of‐motion method: Potential energy curves for N2, CO, and C2H458(1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1679571View Description Hide Description
We have applied the equations‐of‐motion method to various states of N2, CO, and ethylene at nuclear configurations slightly distorted from the ground equilibrium geometry. This approach attempts to calculate energy differences instead of absolute energies and is thus relatively insensitive to the accuracy of the assumed ground statewavefunction. By using the experimental behavior of the ground state on distortion, we can generate accurate potential energy curves for the excited states in the region of spectroscopic interest. These curves confirm the spectroscopic behavior of the states of N2 and the 1Σ+ states of CO where valence and Rydberg states of the same symmetry interact. The results for the T and V states of ethylene agree with experiment and show that the V state is predominantly a highly correlated valence state. Oscillator strengths across an absorption band are also accurately determined in this method. We report the dependence of the transition moment on bond length for the transition in CO, which is in excellent agreement with experiment.
14N nuclear quadrupole resonance in compounds containing N–N bonds. IV. Nitrosamines58(1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1679572View Description Hide Description
The complete nitrogen‐14 nuclear quadrupole resonance spectra of six nitrosamines at 77°K have been determined with cw and pulsed techniques. Absorption lines belonging to the amino nitrogen atom lie at rather low frequencies and are virtually undetectable with cw techniques. The low frequencies of the amino lines indicates a considerable loss of π charge to the oxygen atom. As a result of this charge transfer, the polarity of the N=O bond is smaller than the polarity of a N–OH bond. The N–N bond was found to be slightly polarized toward the amino nitrogen atom, the charge unbalance of this bond amounts to about 0.08 electrons.
Stress tensor for arbitrary flows of dilute solutions of rodlike macromolecules58(1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1679573View Description Hide Description
An equation for the stress tensor in terms of the rate of strain tensor is obtained for a dilute suspension of rigid macromolecules with Brownian motion. The result is given as a series of memory integrals up through terms of third order; the kernel functions contain two constants: the number density and time constant for the macromolecules. In obtaining this series, the distribution function for arbitrary unsteady homogeneous flows is developed up through terms of second order. It is shown that one need consider only irrotational flow in determining the kernel functions for the memory integral expansion. Relations between the kernel functions and the coefficients in the retarded motion expansion are also given. In addition it is shown how the Eulerian components of the rate‐of‐deformation tensor are related to the fixed components by using the theory of matrizants.
Variational formalism and intermolecular forces in OCS lattice dynamics58(1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1679574View Description Hide Description
A variational formalism for lattice dynamics in molecular crystals (consisting of ionic or neutral molecular units) is developed. We take account of the fact that in the presence of large‐amplitude motions, the librational and translational degrees of freedom in the crystal are in general not separable, even at the zone center in crystals with centrosymmetric sites. This formalism has been brought to practical realization and applied to the OCS crystal as a test case using an intermolecular potential function for determined from gas‐phase and crystal‐phase experimental data. The determination of the potential function yields information on the intermolecular forces in the crystal, and a discussion of these forces is given. Theoretical results for the zero‐point energy of the crystal and for the spectroscopic frequency of the ``librational'' transition at zero wave vector are compared with available experimental data. The comparison indicates the essential validity of the intermolecular potential function and the variational formalism employed. It is found that, as expected, a strong coupling exists between the librational and translational degrees of freedom in the crystal. The results obtained show that the methods used are powerful tools for circumventing the harmonic approximation in the lattice dynamics of molecular crystals.
Lattice sum transformations and potential function expansions in lattice dynamics58(1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1679575View Description Hide Description
Mathematical techniques are presented for the treatment of both harmonic and anharmonic lattice dynamics in molecular crystals. We first give Ewald‐type transformation formulas for the accurate and rapid evaluation of the slowly convergent lattice sums associated with long‐range isotropic and anisotropicintermolecular force laws. The nature of these lattice sums is discussed in light of the properties of the transformed sums. We then give a systematic procedure for obtaining the Taylor series expansion of the intermolecular potential functions, in terms of the translational displacements of molecular centers of mass from their equilibrium positions. This expansion is valid for arbitrarily large orientational displacements. The need for such an expansion arises since the intermolecular potential functions are naturally expressed in molecular‐pair coordinates but for many applications these potential functions must then be written in terms of lattice‐fixed or space‐fixed coordinates. Although the procedure involved is discussed from the viewpoint of lattice dynamics, further applications in the investigation of intermolecular dynamics of weakly bound molecular complexes and adsorption of molecules on solid surfaces are anticipated.
Theory of chemically induced dynamic electron polarization. I58(1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1679576View Description Hide Description
A general and detailed analysis is given of the phenomenon of chemically‐induced dynamic electron polarization (CIDEP) by means of the stochastic‐Liouville method in accordance with the earlier preliminary report. The finite‐difference technique employed permits rapid and convergent solutions without requiring any untoward assumptions on the nature of the models. The dependence of the polarization on the exchange interactionJ(r), the Larmor frequency differences between the interacting pair of radicals, diffusion rates, and rates of spin‐selective chemical reactions are given in detail. It is shown that models in which J(r) is taken to decay exponentially with r, the radical‐separation distance of the radical pair, yield results which are distinctly different from those for a contact exchange model, when J 0 [the value of J(r) when r is at the distance of closest approach] is appreciable. The former, more realistic model yields substantial polarizations asymptotically independent of J 0, but larger the slower the decrease of J(r) with r; the contact exchange model, however, rapidly goes to zero with increasing J 0. These asymptotic values of polarization are predicted to be as high as 10–40 times the equilibrium polarizations (P eq) for sensible values of the relevant parameters, while for values of J 0 yielding maximum polarizations (generated at the formative reaction), they can be greater than 100 P eq. These results are of the correct order for agreement with recent experiments. The polarizations have been related to the CIDEP intensities that one may observe for typical schemes of radical production, reaction, and relaxation in order to allow a comparison of the theoretical predictions with experiment.
van der Waals‐Lifshitz forces between anisotropic ellipsoidal particles58(1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1679577View Description Hide Description
van der Walls‐Lifshitz forces between an ellipsoidal particle and a dielectric wall as well as between two ellipsoidal particles suspended in a liquid are calculated on the basis of the theory of McLachlan. The materials constituting the ellipsoids may be anisotropic. It is assumed, however, that in each ellipsoid the principal axes of the tensor of dielectric permeability coincide with those of the ellipsoid. The obtained formulas include those for spheroids by Kihara and Honda as well as those for spheres by Dzyaloshinskii, Lifshitz and Pitaevskii as particular cases. The variations of the free energies of interaction with respect to the mutual orientations of the interacting bodies are discussed. The three‐body forces among three ellipsoids as well as among two ellipsoids and a wall are also calculated.
Temperature effects on radiative and radiationless transitions of Gd3+ in solution58(1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1679578View Description Hide Description
Temperature effects on the fluorescence of Gd3+ in H2O solution are presented and discussed. The quantum yield does not approach unity near the freezing point. In the case of Gd3+, high energy vibrations of single solvent molecules do not quench the fluorescence. The results are interpreted by use of the ``junction'' mechanism involving the ion and solvation shell [Y. Haas and G. Stein, J. Phys. Chem. 76, 1093 (1972)] and by clarifying the role of the levels giving rise to a broad band in both absorption and emission in solution.
Partial vibration energy transfer map for methyl fluoride: A laser fluorescence study58(1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1679579View Description Hide Description
Infrared fluorescence has been observed from the 2ν3 overtone, the combination band and the ν1, ν2, ν4, ν5, and ν6 fundamentals of CH3F after pumping of the ν3, transition by the P (20), 9.6 μ line of a Q‐switched CO2 laser. All observed states exhibit a single exponential decay curve with a rate of . The fluorescence risetimes of the ν6, ν2 and ν5, ν1 and ν4, and 2ν3 states were also observed. The rate of rise of the ν1 and ν4fluorescence and the 2ν3fluorescence is faster than 7 μsec at 1 torr. The ν6fluorescence risetime is pressure dependent with a rate constant of . The pressure dependent rate of rise of the ν2 and ν5fluorescence is . Measurements of the steady state dependence of the ν2 and ν5fluorescence intensity versus laser intensity were made. The temperature dependence of the Q‐switch excited fluorescence intensity from the 2ν3 and ν1 and ν4 states was also studied. No evidence of excited state absorption was observed and both sets of measurements indicate collisional processes rather than excited state absorption play the major role in establishing an equilibrium among the excited vibrational states of CH3F. The ramifications of these results for energy transfer mechanisms, laser action, and laser induced chemical reactions in polyatomic molecules are discussed.
Thermodynamic properties of oxalyl fluoride from 13°K to its boiling point58(1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1679580View Description Hide Description
The saturated molar heat capacity has been measured from 13°K to its normal boiling point, 270.13°K, for a sample of 99.94 mole% purity. The molar heat of fusion was found to be 3204 cal/mole at the triple‐point temperature of 260.73°K. The molar heat of vaporization at the normal boiling point was found to be 6753 cal/mole. The vapor pressure of the solid in the range from 234°K to the triple point of 260.73°K is represented by the equation lnP(torr)=115.38986 − 8720.5964/T − 13.623524 lnT. The vapor pressure of the liquid from the triple point to the boiling point of 270.13°K is represented by the equation lnP(torr)=185.93601 − 10 317.218/T − 25.202996 lnT. The standard entropy of oxalyl fluoride gas at the normal boiling point was found to be . Neither of the two fundamental frequency assignments reported in the literature when used in the statistical entropy calculation gives satisfactory agreement with the calorimetric entropy. It is believed that the discrepancy results from the uncertainty in the assignment of one or more of the low frequency Raman‐active modes of the molecule.
Reaction : Investigation into the effects of pressure, stoichiometry, and the nature of the third body species58(1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1679581View Description Hide Description
The detection of H atom concentrations by Lyman α photometry has been employed in a time resolved experiment to obtain the pressure dependence of the apparent bimolecular rate constant for the reaction of H atoms with C2H4 at room temperature. A computer simulation analysis has been applied to adjust the observed rate constants for H atom depletion in reactions subsequent to the initial reaction. The pressure falloff behavior at low pressures of various heat bath species He, H2, N2, Ar, Ne, Kr, and SF6 were also obtained. Experiments at high pressures of He have permitted an extrapolation to the high pressure limit of the rate constant of .
Application of RRKM theory to the chemical and thermal activation of ethyl radicals58(1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1679582View Description Hide Description
The quantum statistical RRKM theory of unimolecular reactions has been applied to the decomposition of excited ethyl radicals. These radicals can be formed either by collisional activation in a thermal system or chemically by the addition of hydrogen atoms to ethylene molecules. The assessment of pertinent parameters has been based on an appraisal of theory and experiment. The pressure dependence of the rate constant for the chemical activation reaction was used to assist in the assignment of activated complex parameters. These parameters were varied until good agreement was obtained between the calculated pressure falloff and data from this laboratory for the reaction. The final parametric assignments were then used in calculations at higher temperatures for comparison with the thermal decomposition data for ethyl radicals from other laboratories.
Eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of the Thomas‐Fermi density matrix. The simple harmonic oscillator58(1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1679583View Description Hide Description
The eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of a Hermitian Thomas‐Fermi density matrix for the one‐dimensional harmonic oscillator are examined in detail. The major defect of Thomas‐Fermi theory is shown to be the departure of the density matrix from N representability. The imposition of indempotency leads to greatly improved particle densities, including very well developed density oscillations.
Resolution of the visible‐infrared absorption spectrum of I2 into three contributing transitions58(1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1679584View Description Hide Description
New extinction coefficient measurements are reported for I2 in the region 4200–8000 Å. An argon discharge source is used to estimate the underlying continuum absorption in the banded region. Together with other work these results locate the maximum in the absorption at 4985 Å with a peak extinction of . From the shape of the spectrum the 1u (1Π) potential curve behaves as r −9 in the region of strong absorption. The absorption is found to be a factor of 2 stronger than previous estimates with a peak extinction of at 6730 Å. Earlier indications of a linear dependence of the dipole strength on r centroid for the system are supported in this study. Spectroscopic data for the transition are reviewed and new spectroscopic constants recommended for the B state.
Mechanism of shear induced structural changes in liquid crystals‐cholesteric‐nematic mixtures58(1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1679585View Description Hide Description
The reflection spectrum of a mixed nematic‐cholesteric liquid crystal has been obtained as a function of mechanical shear. Data are explained in terms of a layered structure consisting of tilted and untilted helical Grandjean texture and a dynamic focal‐conic texture for shear rates less than 103 sec−1. The correlated helical structure is shown to tilt under applied shear with slight distortion. At shear rates greater than 103 sec−1, homeotropic texture is generated. The results of this study are consistent with a theoretical model prepared earlier and suggest that the molecular forces maintaining the integrity of the helical structure in cholesteric systems in the Grandjean texture are significantly weakened by incorporation of nematic liquid crystalline materials.


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ContribSurvey is a flexible, self-hosted library with ability to create backend web apps for managing simple web-based surveys & feedback forms.
Its a free library where you can just download and install ContribSurvey on your own web server running CodeIgniter and from then on you then have complete control over your data and your application. You (or your web team) can integrate ContribSurvey into your own website or intranet seamlessly to ensure your surveys give a polished, professional impression to your site viewers.
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The College of Education Graduate Research Showcase is an annual event held on campus the last Saturday in April. This event provides an opportunity for current WSU graduate candidates to showcase their work from each of the four program areas: Curriculum and Instruction; Counseling, Leadership, Educational and School Psychology; Human Performance Studies; and Sport Management. Graduate candidates present their work with oral presentations of action research projects, doctoral dissertations and field studies, master's theses, poster projects, and electronic portfolios to guests and faculty.
Individuals considering a graduate program are encouraged to attend this event, as it is an excellent way to gain insight into the programs offered in the College of Education. The event is open to the public.
Invitation - 2017 Graduate Showcase
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Registration --2017 Registration is to be completed by candidates on or before March 25.
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The NBA season may have just started, but it doesn't mean that teams aren't looking to upgrade their rosters or trying to unload some dead weight.
Already, rumors are swirling around about a number of players. Most of these trades will probably not happen. But these rumors are still exciting to chew on and think about.
It is possible that a trade for some of the bigger names on the market could mean the difference between a long playoff run and an early exit.
We'll break down the latest buzz on players such as Steve Nash, Omer Asik and more.
Steve Nash
According to Alex Kennedy of HoopsWorld, Steve Nash could be traded, and he could be headed back home:
Steve Nash is another vet who may be traded this year. I've heard Toronto as a possible landing spot for Nash from multiple league sources.— Alex Kennedy (@AlexKennedyNBA) November 4, 2013
The Los Angeles Lakers have gotten off to a decent start without Kobe Bryant, with a 3-3 record. Nash is averaging 7.6 points and 5.2 assists per game.
He's obviously not the player he once was. Unless Kobe comes back and dominates, it would be surprising to see the Lakers contend. If Nash is going to get traded, it would make sense to get traded to a contender.
The Toronto Raptors are not a contender. Yes, Nash is Canadian, and that would certainly bring a lot of attention to the Raptors. The Raptors are 2-3, and while there is some talent on the roster, this is a team that is going to be in contention for the Wiggins Watch.
It does make sense for Nash to get traded. But I think Toronto would be the wrong team. A team like Golden State or Indiana would be better fits.
Omer Asik
Omer Asik, a bad fit in Houston now that Dwight Howard is in town, could be on the move.
Alex Kennedy of HoopsWorld tweeted that Asik, along with a number of veterans, could be on the block:
Some vets who may be traded: Omer Asik, Jameer Nelson, Arron Afflalo, Glen Davis, Evan Turner, Rajon Rondo, Brandon Bass and Gerald Wallace.— Alex Kennedy (@AlexKennedyNBA) November 4, 2013
After a huge season last year, Asik has gotten off to a slow star so far, averaging 5.7 points and 9.3 rebounds. Last year, though, Asik 10.1 points and 11.7 rebounds.
Obviously, Howard is going to take a lot of minutes from Asik, and while they could play together, that would slow down what has been a fast-paced offense.
Asik could help a lot of contenders. He can rebound and is a big body down low. On a contender, he could be a very valuable starter or sixth man.
A team like Oklahoma City would really benefit from Asik's services.
Gerald Wallace seems unhappy in Boston, and he could end up getting shipped out.
After an early November loss to Milwaukee, Wallace chewed out his teammates, telling Ben Rohrbach of WEEI.com:
We got selfish. We got selfish as a team. Instead of worrying about winning the ballgame, we were more worried about our stats, getting points. It showed. We went from a team that was together and moving and playing together in the first half to a team that was five individuals out on the court, everybody playing for themselves, and it showed on the defensive end.
I don't have a clue. You've got to ask everybody individually. I don't know. I don't even really understand it. I'm trying to figure out what's more important, winning or padding your stats, because this was a game that we were supposed to win easy without even the starters playing in the fourth quarter. Instead, we got selfish as a team. We didn't move the ball, we let the ball stick, we stopped pushing the ball, and their second unit came in and manhandled us and did whatever they wanted to do.
Which Player is Most Intriguing to a Contender?
Ouch. Wallace is a grizzled veteran on a young and rebuilding team. He's not the most natural fit. And while he's only averaging 6.2 points and 4.4 rebounds, I think there are a lot of contending teams that would value his toughness.
Wallace was once one of the best and most versatile defenders. You could see a team like Chicago being very interested.
And while it might make sense to trade Wallace, it's not likely, as Chris Mannix of SI.com reports:
Don't expect any trade involving Gerald Wallace. To dump that contract, multiple rival execs say, will require at least one of Nets picks— Chris Mannix (@ChrisMannixSI) November 6, 2013
That contract is burdensome, and I highly doubt the Celtics would give up one of their valuable picks from the Nets.
But if a team is in need, perhaps the asking price could be lowered. Wallace still has value as a defender and could be a very valuable pickup.


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The Style Gallery is a great new way for you to view, love, and share outfit photos. It's meant to showcase
all the expressive, creative, and inspirational personalities of our community!
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That upcoming research paper may mean countless hours in the library are in your future, but you'll be studying in scholastic style with this plaid skirt! The classic pattern of red, navy, black, yellow, and white on this back-zipped bottom is enhanced by minimal side pleating as you sit among the stacks. Teach your classmates a lesson in eye-catching ensembles when you pair this all-cotton skirt with a tucked-in top, black cardigan, and patent flats before hitting the books!
Final Sale: This item cannot be returned or exchanged.
All measurements in inches.
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Djembe Instructors & Facilitators
Good instructors are the turning point of life. This map showcases djembe and percussion instructors that the staff at X8 Drums recommend.
Help build the drum circle facilitator directory. If you know of a great drum circle facilitator or hand drum instructor that is not already posted here, let us know! We're building a searchable database of facilitators and instructors around the world to connect passionate players, hand drum enthusiasts and teachers.
View X8 Drums Djembe Instructors in a larger map
Kenya Masala
Location: Austin, Texas (USA)
Expertise: Community Drumming, Music in Classrooms, Corporate Team Building
Nina Rodriguez
Location: San Antonio, Texas (USA)
Expertise: Drum Circle Facilitator, Toca Percussion Endorsed Percussionist
Frank Lazzaro Location: San Diego, CA (USA)
Expertise: Hand Drumming Instructor, Drum Circle Facilitator, Performer, specialize in African and Middle-Eastern Drumming.
Jim Greiner
Location: Montery Bay, California (USA)
Expertise: Corporate and Community Drumming, Hand Drumming Instruction, Latin Percussion Endorsed percussionist, Head Artist of LP's Community Drumming Program
Judy Piazza
Location: Dearborn, Michigan (USA)
Expertise: Workshop Facilitator
Steve Turner
Location: Clearwater, Florida (USA)
Expertise: Drum teacher, Drum Maker, Community Facilitator, Performer
Dion Rivers
Location: Jersey City, NJ (USA)
Expertise: Drum Instructor, Drum Circle Facilitator, Performer
Jason Isla
Location: Orlando, Florida (USA)
Expertise: Facilitated Drum Circles
Peter Marino
Location: Avondale Estates, Georgia (USA)
Expertise: Drum Instructor, Drum Circle Facilitator
Jana Broder
Location: Orlando, Florida (USA)
Expertise: Corporate Drum Circles
Gregg Hansen
Location: Boulder, Colorado (USA), Colorado Springs, Colorado (USA)
Expertise: Drum Instructor, Drum Circle Facilitator, Professional Musician
Scott Cincotta
Location: Union Grove, WI (U.S.A.)
Drum Instructor, Drum Circle Facilitator, Hand Percussion Instructor, Professional Musician, Drum Music Publisher
Women's Drum Center
Location: St. Paul, MN (U.S.A.)
Provides opportunities for women and girls to learn, teach, and play percussion together, and to energize the community through our music.


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I think I probably just need to talk to someone in person but don't know any LLL leaders here in Az.
So my question is regarding returning to work. I am hopefully starting a job in January and I've been breastfeeding my ds and he's now 15 mos old. He hardly eats solids and doesn't really drink cow's milk. He's used to being with me day in and day out and hasn't been away from me for longer than 3 hours at one time.
I guess I'm just feeling anxiety but I dont know what to do. Do I need to wean him? At first my work schedule may be a little longer while I'm in training. He's going to be with his dad all day but he's never been with his dad all day so thats new.
There's so many questions and What ifs but I don't know how to put it all here. Maybe I just need someone to comfort me and tell me its ok to leave him so I can work.
So should I start trying to get him to eat more and drink cow's milk? and how do i do that? Will my milk supply diminish since I won't be able to feed him all day? etc etc.
I see so many questions about new moms returning to work but nothing about mom's that have an established nursing relationship.
Thanks for your help!


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Soneva Kiri
Koh Kood, Thailand
Set on the lush tropical island of Koh Kood, Soneva Kiri offers the ultimate in relaxed barefoot luxury with unparalleled levels of service and cutting-edge eco-concepts, making it the most exclusive resort in Asia.
The East coast of Thailand has always offered plenty for those wanting that iconic beach stay. Delving into the Gulf of Thailand, Hua Hin sits along a long, curving bay. This charming fishing village boasts excellent golf courses and quiet beaches, perfect for families.
Another option close to Cambodia lies Koh Kood, an undiscovered gem of untouched jungle and deserted beaches. Here the family-friendly eco-resort Soneva Kiri brings a new meaning to barefoot luxury.
One name amongst many of the Thai islands which is synonymous with white sands and clear waters is Koh Samui, the archetypal tropical island. Though developed, it hasn't lost its charm and its prime location means you avoid the monsoon rains here. Koh Samui is a fantastic option for families, first timers, spa lovers all wishing to choose from the very best accommodation. From here take a boat across to Koh Phangan for plenty more stunning, secluded bays with which Thailand has become so associated with.
Set on the lush tropical island of Koh Kood, Soneva Kiri offers the ultimate in relaxed barefoot luxury with unparalleled levels of service and cutting-edge eco-concepts, making it the most exclusive resort in Asia.
A stunning, rustic retreat with a true sense of Thai-infused luxury, Six Senses Samui offers stunning private pool villas with breathtaking views of the surrounding Gulf of Siam and its outlying islands, making it the perfect romantic hideaway.
One of the most exclusive resorts in Koh Samui, the Four Seasons comprises beautiful pool villas and an array of facilities for couples and families alike, offering a peaceful and luxurious hillside retreat on Thailand's Gulf of Siam.
The Sala Samui is a modern, stylish private pool villa hotel, located on a beautiful quiet beach in a secluded northwest corner of Koh Samui. It is ideal for those seeking sleek serene luxury just minutes from the island's bustle and renowned nightlife.
Set in a stunning location, Anantara Rasananda is the first truly luxury boutique property to open on the island of Koh Phangan and is an oasis of tranquillity in the north of this little island, hidden away on a stunning beach.
Located on the hillside overlooking Lamai Bay, Banyan Tree Samui has some fabulous views on the beautiful island of Koh Samui. The sophisticated villas, all with their own pool, provide an ideal place to enjoy a relaxing vacation.
Belmond Napasai is a boutique collection of cottages and larger private residences in a hidden away location with magnificent ocean views, making it a perfect luxury vacation retreat on the idyllic island of Koh Samui off the east coast of Thailand.
Located on Koh Samui's northern coast, Celadon blends cutting edge design with outstanding views over the Ang Thong Marine Park. This catered villa, which sleeps up to eight, provides a hassle-free option for guests wanting a touch of modern simplicity.
Chiva-Som International Health Resort is a luxury destination spa and health retreat on the shores of Hua Hin, offering a variety of complex health and wellness programs. Known to be the world's best destination spa, it is the perfect relaxing getaway.
A wellness sanctuary and holistic spa set on a lovely beach on the south coast of Koh Samui. You would come here for a journey of pampering, relaxation and well-being as that is the sole focus here.
Located on a private beach on the tropical island of Koh Phangan, Panviman Resort Koh Phangan looks out over a steep hillside onto Thong Nai Pan Beach. Rustic and simple but with plenty of charm, this resort boasts some of the best views on the island.
Samujana on Koh Samui is the perfect haven for those looking to get away from it all and enjoy peace and tranquillity from the privacy of your own stunning villa. This is a villa resort experience with a difference...
Surrounded by 18-acres of tropical forest, Santhiya Koh Phangan Resort epitomizes eco-chic. This luxury hideaway, on the picturesque island of Koh Phangan, provides uninterrupted relaxation framed by swaying palm trees and turquoise waters.
The Santiburi Beach Resort & Spa is located on Koh Samui set amidst lush gardens bordering the beautiful white sands of Mae Nam Beach, combining a great array of fantastic facilities within a relaxed resort atmosphere, perfect for families of all ages.
Vana Belle, Koh Samui is located on arguably the best beach on the island with white sands and crystal clear waters. This well thought out resort makes for an easy stay for someone who wants the wonders of the beach but also to be near the town center.


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Parmigiani Fleurier at The Montreux Jazz Café, Harrods, London
By Angus Davies for Parmigiani.
London recently came to the attention of the world with the Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee celebrations and, of course, the Olympics. But, the capital city offers many delights to engage tourists and residents alike.
Shopping opportunities are incredible within London, with a profusion of high-end boutiques to cause salivation in the materially hungry. However, shopping is an endurance sport with numerous purchasing opportunities encouraging weary feet.
The avid watch collector is well-served within the über-luxurious Harrods department store in Knightsbridge. A broad choice of famous names from the world of haute horology feature on the ground floor. However, away from the madding crowds is a wonderful oasis of Swiss savoir-faire on the third floor of the iconic store.
The Montreux Jazz Café provides a relaxed atmosphere to partake of food and refreshments and recharge the batteries for a further round of conspicuous consumption. Fine wine, premium writing instruments and memorabilia linked with the famous festival will provide further inducement to part with promissory notes. However, the goods for sale that cause most interest in any self-respecting watch fanatic are the limited edition Parmigiani Fleurier timepieces.
Unusual timepieces in store at the time of writing.
A black dial Parmigiani Kalpa XL MJF 2012 is one of only 15 produced worldwide to celebrate the brand's partnership with the festival. It features a stainless steel case and a black dial. However, this is no ordinary dial, close examination reveals a silhouette of a toned adonis. The statuesque figure featured on this year's Poster Montreux Jazz Festival, photographed by renowned photographer Greg Gorman and differentiates it from standard models. The black strap features a stainless steel deployant.
A limited edition Parmigiani Kalpa Grande MJF 2012 ladies' model was also available for sale. Again it features the male motif but is presented in a smaller case size to suit a demure feminine wrist. Moreover, the dial is ivory reinforcing the ladylike persona of the timepiece. Once more, numbers are very restricted with only 15 examples produced. Anglophiles are well-served with an unusual piece, the Parmigiani Tonda Tourbillon Woodrock. The complicated platinum cased timepiece has a 7-day power reserve. It features a wooden marquetry dial. The "Cool Britannia" character is underscored by a rockstar studded leather belt in blue with Union Jack motif.
If your affection for England is London-centric, then a limited edition Parmigiani Kalpa with an artistic representation of the famous "Tube" is probably the watch for you. As your index finger follows the blue line on the dial, you are reminded of the Piccadilly line and the desirable destination of Knightsbridge, where horological dreams come true.
For those who lament failing to secure a special edition watch of yesteryear, there may be cause for optimism. There are a few limited edition models from former years for those who wish to fill any missing gaps in their collection.
Harrods is a superb shopping experience, but for a taste of the Montreux Jazz Festival in Angleterre, don't overlook the piece of Switzerland on the third floor, with its unique timepieces and delicious cuisine.


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About Dr John Mikler
Research interests include: the role of transnational economic actors, particularly multinational corporations, and the interaction between them and states, international organisations and civil society.
Dr John Mikler is interested in comparing rationalist and institutionalist approaches to understand the way in which economic actors are regulated, or exercise private authority, especially in respect of the social and environmental impacts of their instrumentally-motivated actions. His recent research is on the international car industry, applying the Varieties of Capitalism Approach to understand the actions it is/is not taking in respect of the environmental impacts of its products.


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For our very first Military Monday Post, I had to share these cute Military Valentine's Day Cards! These are on sale for 99 cents and if you order by 02/06/13 you get FREE shipping! I am sending one … [Read more...]
Free Kindle Books
Since many of you will probably getting a Kindle, iPad or another device that allows for you to read Kindle books, I thought I would share with you some free Kindle books to help grow your library. I … [Read more...]
Free Printables for Scrapbooking
With so many awesome resources out there to help inspire one for scrapbooking, how great is it that there are FREE printables out there too? I love traditional scrapbooking - you know, good old paper … [Read more...]
Free New Year's Printables
I just love free printables! Especially when there are so many great free ones out there. These New Year's Printables are perfect for your New Year's Party or craft projects. If we have missed one t … [Read more...]


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Twist Front Bikini Bottom
Momentum J3286
Momentum J3286
Welcome the warmer season in this asymmetrical bikini bottom for a poolside look that pops! The vibrant colour palette of these fashionable contrast stripes will ensure your look remains stylish!
- Regular coverage pant
- Asymmetrical contrast twist-front detail
- Fabric: Nylon Polyester Microfibre Lycra ®
Select colour


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Harry Potter — Finally, it's over.
Posted on : 07-23-2007 | By : Andy | In : pop culture, religion
So last night at about 1 AM, I finished reading the 7th book of the Harry Potter Series. It was good, it was long, and I'm glad it's over. Why?
JK Rowling is not CS Lewis.
The 7 books were certainly fun to read, and mostly well-written, and had good continuity. They were also quite creative. But at the end of the day, when all is said and done, there's nothing there. No deeper meaning, no eternal hope, nothing. In contrast, I thought of the end of Narnian time in "The Last Battle": what a picture of heaven, with perfect sweetness that only gets better as eternity increases. What a hope to be drawn into the fullness of communion with God Almighty!
In contrast: [click here only if you want to have the ending of Harry Potter to be spoiled]
It's funny, because Voldemort keeps saying "what's your big secret? love?", and I end up asking the same as well. Because true love is from God alone, and that very love leads us to repentance, and that this response to God's love results in eternal life. Harry might have the first part of that somewhat down, but leaves out the equally important last two.
When the sun sets on this story, the ends justify the means, everyone can go back to their own lives, and it's funny and acceptable to break the rules, as long as you don't break them too badly. (no repentance, no need for forgiveness if you're not caught)
Harry Potter is the hero because he's bad but not too bad, and good when it counts. This might be an attractive philosophy to buy into, but it's definitely not a Christian one.
By far, I prefer the example of the woman from Perelandra, who lives out the temptation of the garden of Eden and gets it right, upholding purity, complete obedience to God, and heavenly love as the highest and noblest of desires.


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Jacobson, Bert H.1; Conchola, Eric G.1; Glass, Rob G.2; Thompson, Brennan J.1
1Health and Human Performance
2Athletic Department, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
Address correspondence to Bert J. Jacobson, firstname.lastname@example.com.
Abstract: Jacobson, BH, Conchola, EC, Glass, RG, and Thompson BJ. Longitudinal morphological and performance profiles for American, NCAA division I football players. J Strength Cond Res 27(9): 2347–2354, 2013—The aim of this study was to determine the changes in anthropomorphism and performance over a 4-year eligibility career of American football players. A total of 92 offensive and defensive linemen and 64 skill (wide receivers and defensive backs) player observations were included in the analysis. Data from preseason testing over a 7-year period were compiled, sorted, and analyzed by players' year in school. Assessments of strength included 1 repetition maximum bench press, squat, power clean, and a 225-lb maximum repetition muscle endurance test. Power and speed measures included vertical jump (VJ) and 40-yd (36.6-m) sprint. All strength measures improved significantly (p < 0.05) over the years of training. Skill players demonstrated a significant increase in power between years 1 and 2 but at no other time. Linemen did not demonstrate significant changes in VJ. Speed did not change significantly for either group over the 4 years of training. These data provide a theoretically predictable 4-year rate of change in anthropometric, strength, and power variables for Division I football players. By having a longitudinal assessment of expected physical improvement, it may be possible for strength training personnel to determine those who may need additional attention in an area to more closely improve as expected. Additionally, it is suggested that elite athletes may possess genetically superior attributes and therefore, when selecting athletes, particular attention should be paid to the selection of those who have previously demonstrated superior speed and power.
American football players enter large National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I (Div1) programs and are met with sophisticated physical training protocols designed by professionals in the field of strength and conditioning. This emphasis on strength, power, agility, flexibility, speed, and endurance has resulted in the construction of multimillion-dollar training facilities and the hiring of expert personnel. In addition to an emphasis on the physical aspects, many universities employ nutritionists and psychologists to develop individuals to their potential. Because success in the sport is dependent primarily on physical variables, much of the training outside the sport-specific practices include protocols designed to enhance those physical attributes deemed important in the sport. In part, resulting from sophisticated training, present athletes are stronger, faster, and more powerful than those of the past. For example, in a comparison of physical performance characteristics by Div I offensive and defensive linemen (OL/DL) for the years of 1987 and 2000, Secora et al. (30) concluded that the 2000 OL were significantly (p ≤ 0.01) more powerful (vertical jump [VJ]) but not stronger (bench press, squat, power clean) than those from the 1987 teams. Furthermore, the authors concluded that the 2000 defensive line players were significantly more powerful and stronger than the 1987 players. Garstecki et al. (8) compared Div I and II football players and found that Div I OL were significantly (p ≤ 0.01) stronger (bench press, squat, power clean), faster (40 yd), and more powerful (VJ) than Div II players. Defensive linemen at Div I schools were similarly physically superior with the exception of the 40-yd sprint in which the authors found no significant difference. Although genetic predisposition cannot be discounted nor accurately measured, the addition of state-of-the-art training protocols, certified training professionals, biomechanically precise training equipment, and monitored nutrition presumably play important roles in the reason why current football players are physically superior to those of the past.
Assessment of the efficacy of the training and the consequential physical development are measured regularly throughout the year as part of the strength and conditioning program, via various strength, speed, and agility assessments (13). Research supports that such training result in the improvement of the aforementioned variables, thereby contributing to greater physical performance (23,29). Typically, measures of strength and power include but are not limited to bench press, squat, power clean, and VJ, and measures of speed include the 40-yd sprint, which may be simultaneously timed at 10 or 20 yd. Testing of these variables to track improvement usually occurs at predetermined times over the course of a year. Over the period of a year, 4 training phases are common, each with specific training objectives and include in-season (August to December), off-season (January to March), spring training (March to April), and summer session (May to August). The 2 off-season phases (spring and summer) are typically designed to increase strength, agility, and flexibility while the in-season and spring training phases attempt to maintain what has been achieved during the off-season.
With respect to strength, power, and speed changes within the phases, Moore and Fry (25) found that some of the improvements generated at one stage of training diminished in other stages. For instance, over a 15-week period inclusive of (a) 4 weeks of concentrated strength training, (b) 5 weeks of strength training and intense conditioning, and (c) 30 days of spring training measures of squat, power clean, agility, and VJ increased after the initial 4 weeks of weight training, but sprint speed did not. However, all performance variables digressed to baseline after the end of spring training. Hoffman and Kang (14) tested Div III football players on the first day of summer camp (pre) and the last week of regular season (post) and found improvements in squat but no change in bench press between pre- and posttests.
Most studies that have attempted to ascertain physical improvements in football players have either been cross-sectional studies or limited to only one year (1,13,14,16). Only a few studies have provided longitudinal data on the physical development of college football players over the 4–5 years of eligible participation. In one study, Stodden and Galitski (31) examined the longitudinal effect of a college strength/conditioning program incorporating speed, strength, and agility drills over a 4-year period and concluded that the greatest number of significant improvements occurred during the first year of training with inconsistent improvements among the various tests between years 2 and 4. They found bench press to improve significantly over all 4 years in all groups. Miller et al. (24) collected data including body mass, body fat, power clean, bench press, squat, VJ, and sprint times on Div I football players at different phases from 1993 to 1998 and found that body mass was positively associated with increases in bench press and squat and that body fat was negatively related to performance in the 20- and 40-yd sprint. Additionally, the authors suggested that the greatest adaptation period for strength gains is in the early stages of players' college career.
To date, little information exists that provides professionals a means by comparing expected anthropometric and physical gains with actual gains. It is axiomatic that as the players mature and train they will ultimately improve in many areas. It would benefit the area of player development to have information specific to average expected improvement from year 1 to year 4 in a player's career to better determine the appropriate types of individual intervention needed to eliminate below average progress. By obtaining accurate longitudinal data on progress, professionals in the field will be able to compare assessment data for each individual with such standards. Although it is well known that physical properties will improve with training and maturity, the normal extent of improvement over time has yet to be fully determined. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of a strength and conditioning program on the anthropometric characteristics and physical performance changes in NCAA Div I football players over their collegiate careers. Therefore, data on incoming freshmen players were longitudinally tracked to assess changes in performance variables over a 4-year period.
Currently, little data exist that can be used as a measuring device for comparing expected physical progress with actual progress. To obtain average anthropometric and physical changes over a 4-year playing career, we examined players from their first (freshman) assessments to the fourth (senior) preseason (August) testing session over a 7-year period. Theoretically, August is the time when the athletes reach their competitive preseason peak both in strength and speed. Other testing sessions were available, but because of inherent changes in the times the athletes were tested (i.e., post off-season, post spring training, and post season), it was decided that the most consistent data would be found after the summer training sessions. Summer conditioning included 4 days of 1-hour weight training per week with an additional 45 minutes devoted to speed, agility, and conditioning. The full summer training period extended approximately 9 weeks. Freshmen were tested on arrival on campus without the benefit of organized summer training. Weight training consisted primarily of free weights (i.e., barbells and dumbbells) with ancillary lifts consisting of pulley apparatus' and lever-like machines. As has been done in previous studies (24), we divided players into groups by positions because players in selected positions are distinctly different in anthropometrics and selected performance variables. The positions were OL and DL and skill players—wide receivers and defensive backs (WR/DB).
Approval was granted by the University's Institutional Review Board for use of human subjects in Research and the Athletic Department to access and statistically analyze preexisting data collected by the strength and conditioning staff over a 7-year period (2005–2011). For those players who entered in 2010, only 3 years of data were available. Subjects' age ranged from 18 to 24. A total of 92 linemen and 64 skill player observations were included in the analysis. For both linemen and skill players, the number of participants was 48 freshmen, 45 sophomores, 35 juniors, and 28 seniors. Junior college transfers were eliminated from the study because they were not true freshmen entering into the program. Similar to Stodden and Galitski (31), players with documented injuries resulting in restrictive training and rehabilitations for over 30 days within the last year were not included.
Data were used from the August testing session each season spanning 7 years of player participation. As each freshman class was tested, their data were added to all previous freshman results and each year of participation was combined for each. The August phase of testing was used for this study because, theoretically, this reflects the time that each athlete reports in optimal playing condition. Additionally, because it has been suggested that some conditioning variables increase while some decrease depending on the time of testing (25), we believed that greater accuracy would be had by eliminating the time-sensitive confounding variables. To eliminate athletes from the study who had sustained injures that interfered with training, the investigators conducted extensive interviews with the strength and conditioning staff and the athletic trainers to determine what injuries the players had sustained and when they had occurred so that data representing rehabilitation values could be scrubbed. Redshirt players were grouped by academic status rather than by eligibility status, thus providing accurate time frames equal to those not redshirted. Data were grouped by year (freshman, sophomore, junior, senior) of participation and included height, weight, percent body fat, 1 repetition maximum (RM) bench press, National Football League (NFL) 225-lb (102.1-kg) bench press maximum repetition (Max Rep), 1 RM power clean, 1RM squat, VJ, and 40-yd sprint.
Strength training periodization was designed as a 6-week cycle beginning at the end of the football season lasting to spring training (winter) and in an 8-week cycle from the end of the regular academic year up to preseason practice in August (summer). Frequency of training was 4 d·wk−1: Mondays, Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Fridays. Initial strength training consisted of high repetitions, low resistance for the first 2 weeks; mid-range repetitions, mid-range resistance for the following 2 to 3 weeks; and low repetitions, high resistance for the remaining time. Speed and agility remained training varied in activity but changed minimally in frequency and duration during the cycle. Initial aerobic training was not highly emphasized but increased as the cycle progressed.
In-season weight training consisted of 3 days per week: Sunday, Tuesday, and Thursday. Sundays were primarily a "flush" day with emphasis on high repetitions and low volume. Tuesdays included Olympic lifts and heavier weight, and Thursdays included lighter weights with higher repetition for core and upper body only.
Assessment included anthropometric measures of body mass, height, and percent body fat. Strength assessment included bench press, squat, and power clean; muscle endurance involved the number of 225-lb bench press repetitions; power included the VJ; and speed assessment used a 40-yd sprint. Strength measures were assessed on separate days from power and speed measures, so as to not compromise on data. For strength, bench press and power clean were tested before squat, and the 225 lb repetition test was conducted on power and speed testing day.
Body fat was measured using a BOD POD (Cosmed USA, Inc, Chicago, IL, USA). As recommended by the manufacturer, players wore only tight fitting shorts and a swim cap on entering the BOD POD, and the operation of the BOD POD followed manufacturer's recommendations (3).
For all strength assessments, players first warmed up with 2 sets of 40–66% of the estimated maximum and, subsequently, were given 3–4 attempts to establish a 1RM. Rest between sets was approximately 5 minutes. Weight consisted of Olympic-style bars and weights in British equivalents. Technique was strictly monitored as described by Hoffman et al. (12,15). The NFL 225-lb Max Rep test consisted of completing as many full bench press repetitions as possible. No partial repetitions were recorded for any of the strength measures.
Vertical jump was measured using a Vertec (Sports Imports, Columbus, OH, USA). Distance was calculated by subtracting the standing reach height from the jump height, and jumps were performed with counter movement. Players were given 3 attempts with 3-minute rest intervals, and the highest jump was used for analysis. To determine power, VJ was converted to Watts using the formula suggested by Harman et al. (11). Speed was measured using the standard 40-yd (26.6-m) sprint and was assessed with electronic timers. Timing was initiated by the player's first move from a 3-point stance and terminated with contact with a photoelectric beam.
Repeated measures analyses of variance were used to compare anthropometric and performance variables over time. All significant F ratios were subsequently analyzed using a Newman-Keuls post hoc test. Additionally, associations between variables were analyzed using bivariate correlations. A criterion alpha level of p < 0.05 was used to determine statistical significance.
Results of this study provide a clearer picture of Div I football physical progress over a player's career. In general, strength increased significantly over time for both linemen and skill positions, however, measures of maximum power and speed did not. Percent body fat decreased significantly in linemen but not in skill positions, primarily because first-year linemen tended to report overfat, whereas skill players reported in a very lean condition.
Linemen body mass averaged 128.7 kg the first year and increased progressively each year with the fourth year players being significantly (p = <0.039) heavier (132.4 kg) than those in years 1–3. No significant weight differences were noted among years 1–3 (Table 1). No significant changes in height were noted when comparing first (191.05 cm) through the fourth years (192.55 cm). While weight increased slightly each year, the linemen became significantly leaner (p = 0.03) from year 1 to year 2. First year linemen averaged 22.5% fat, and fourth year linemen averaged 20.6% representing a 8.4% decrease (Table 1).
Concerning the 1 RM bench press, first year means were significantly (p = 0.002–0.0002) less than years 2 through 4, and the mean for year 2 was significantly less than for years 3 and 4. The largest gain occurred between year 1 and year 2 (11.9 kg, 7.5%). The improvement from year 1 (159.3 kg) to year 4 (187.7 kg) represented a 28.4 kg (17.8%) gain. Significant improvements were also recorded for the NFL 225-lb Max Rep test between year 1 and years 3 (p = 0.04) and 4 (p = 0.01) and between year 2 and year 4 (p = 0.04) (Table 1). Positive correlations between body mass and 1RM bench press (r = 0.72) and body mass and the NFL 225 lb (r = 0.73) assessments were noted.
There was significant improvement in 1RM squat (p = 0.0013–0.0003) between year 1 (210.0 kg) and all the following years (second: 242.8 kg, third: 258.6 kg, and fourth: 267.6 kg), and the squat mean for year 2 was significantly less than for year 4. The largest gain in squat occurred between year 1 and 2 (32.8 kg, 15.6%). The total improvement from the first to fourth years was 57.6 kg or 27.4%, which represented a significant (p = 0.0003) increase. There was significant increase in 1RM power clean between year 1 and the subsequent 3 years (p < 0.013 to p = 0.0002) with the largest gain occurring between year 1 and year 2 (8.2 kg, 6.5%). Additionally, year 2 was significantly different from year 4 (p = 0.0002). Linemen averaged 127.2 kg the first year and 147.6 kg the fourth year, representing a 16.0% gain.
With respect to maximum power output, VJ distances increased slightly but not significantly (p = 0.26) from year 1 (65.6 cm) to year 4 (67.1 cm), representing a 1.6-cm or 2.3% gain. Similarly, VJ power (Watts) increased at minimal levels over the 4-year period (2.2%) (p = 0.26–0.91). For the 40-yd sprint, times improved minimally each year, however, no significant (p = 0.40) improvement was noted. Averages for year 1 and 4 were 5.36 and 5.17 seconds, respectively. There was a negative correlation between body mass and the VJ (r = −0.62) and the 40-yd sprint (r = −0.59).
Wide receivers' and defensive backs' body mass averaged 79.7 kg the first year and increased significantly from year 1 to years 2–4 (p = 0.002–0.0002) with no significant differences among years 2–4. No significant changes in height were noted when comparing first (183.06 cm) and fourth (187.8 cm) years. Body mass changed little from years 2 through 4, and body composition reflected similar nonsignificant changes (p = 0.39–0.98) (Table 2).
For the 1RM bench press, the WRs/DBs increased significantly (p = 0.0002) from year 1 to year 2 and from year 2 to year 3 (p = 0.008), but not from year 3 to year 4 (p = 0.10). Bench press averaged 105.5 kg in year 1 to 141.5 kg in year 4, representing a 36.0-kg or 34.4% gain. For the NFL 225-lb Max Rep test, significant (p < 0.01) improvements were seen between year 1 and year 3 and year 3 and 4 (4.1 reps vs. 8.9 and 11.5 reps) and between year 2 and 4 (Table 2). In the 1RM squat, WR/DBs improved significantly (p = 0.019) from year 1 to year 2 and from year 1 to years 3 (p = 0.01) and 4 (p = 0.01). Also, significant gains were recorded between year 2 and year 4 (14.2%). Significant improvement for the power clean (p < 0.001) was noted from year 1 to year 2, but no additional significant changes occurred (p = 0.039). Continued improvement was noted from year 1 to year 4 with a total gain of 27.2 kg or 26.5% (Table 2).
Over the course of 4 years, VJ height increased from 83.1 to 89.1 cm (Table 2), but the only significant difference was between year 1 and the following years (p = 0.015–0.001), indicating a minimal lack of improvement for years 2 through 4. Vertical jump power (Watts) reflected a significant increase between years 1 and 2 but failed to change significantly thereafter. The 40-yd times improved slightly but not significantly from year 1 (4.58 seconds) to year 4 (4.50 seconds) (Table 2). A negative correlation existed between body mass (r = −0.12) and VJ and speed (r = −0.52).
Recruiting the best football player is not always a guarantee that he will excel similarly in the college arena. It is axiomatic that young athletes just entering college are still maturing physically. No clear rubric can predict the age at which an individual reaches his/her maximum physical potential because of the undeniable factors that genetics plays in individual maturity potential in addition to the individual's personal commitment and drive. These results provide an updated rubric of average improvement in the physical realm over a typical eligibility span of elite NCAA Div I football players.
In the present study, minimal changes occurred for linemen in body mass and height over the 4 years of training, however, they became significantly leaner after the first year. Wide receiver/defensive backs reported lean (<9%) and remained lean, but gained significant body mass, particularly between year 1 and year 2. For several decades, body mass for linemen has increased significantly and systematically, whereas WR/DB have largely remained the same (17). Lineman in 1960 and 1990 averaged about 91 and 123 kg, respectively (2). Comparable heights and weights were considerably greater for linemen in the present study than heights and weights recorded in past studies. For instance, mean height and weight for the USC OL and DL in 1993 was 189.7 and 109.5 kg, respectively (22). We found that freshmen reported to camp with an average body mass of128.7 kg, not significantly different from second or third year players; however, they carried significantly more fat than second year players. With respect to body composition, these results support an earlier contention that college linemen are likely to be too fat, whereas "skill" players are appropriately lean (2). In the present study, linemen tended to fall in the "overweight" category for male players between the ages of 20 and 40 (19–25%) years, and WR/DB fell in the "healthy" range (8–19%). Similarly, Mathews and Wagner (21), in a 2005 study involving Div I football players found that OL and DL averaged 27.6 and 22.1% fat, respectively, concluding that OL were obese based on body fat more than 25%. Kaiser et al. (19), in a study of freshman Div I football players found that OL reported at an average of 22.3% fat in comparison to WR and DBs who averaged 10.7 and 10.5%, respectively. Another study by Noel et al. (26) found that Div I linemen averaged more than 25% for body fat and that the fat was largely centered in the abdominal region, noting that abdominal fat carries strong relationship to ischemic heart disease and stroke. Two studies (4,5) found that Div I football players diagnosed with metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) were all obese making them more at risk for insulin resistance than leaner players. Players in speed-related positions and linemen have been found to have a 14 and 46% higher MetSyn, respectively, than average college males (4,5). The excessive proportion of body mass and fat of linemen increases the susceptibility of heat-related injuries (10) because of higher core temperatures in comparison to leaner players (6). Also, sweat rates are higher in linemen (10) than in backs making dehydration a possible issue.
In concert with the conclusions drawn by Hunter et al. (16) and Stodden and Galitski (31), the largest gains in strength occurred between a player's first and second years. For linemen, the gains from year 1 to year 2 were squat: 15.6%, bench press: 7.7%, 225 Max Rep, and power clean: 6.5% with the one exception for linemen occurring in the NFL Max Rep test, where the increase from years 1 to 2 was 20.3%, and the increase from years 2 to 3 was 23.8%. For WR/DBs, the largest gains from years 1 to 2 were 225 NFL Max Rep test: 192.7%, bench press: 19.2%, power clean: 16.3%, and squat: 15.8%. A large range between individuals was noted in the WR/DBs. This was because some players were unable to complete one full repetition of 225 lbs the first year, and therefore, averages of "0" were recorded, and the players were tested with less weight.
For both linemen and WR/DB, the greatest gains over the 4-year period occurred in the NFL 225 lb Max Rep test. Linemen increased 67%, while WR/DBs increased 192.7%. Additionally, large gains were found in squat, bench press, and power clean for both groups. Offensive linemen outperformed DL in areas of strength (i.e., bench press, squat, and NFL 225 Max Reps), whereas the DL group outperformed the OL group in areas requiring speed and power (i.e., power clean, VJ, and 40-yd sprint). These data support the suggestion that OL have greater absolute strength and are slower than DL, and DL are quicker and have greater power than OL (20). The requirements of the 2 positions (offense vs. defense) largely determine the physique of the players. For instance, offensive line play requires large bodies to shield the passer or to wall-off the defender in a predetermined manner, seldom requiring the players to move further than a few yards. In contrast, DL largely react on the ball and must be quicker and more agile, typically moving several yards each play. WR/DBs registered larger increases in the strength assessments after 4 years than linemen. It is likely that WR/DB were less intensely involved in strength training before entering college because these players depend, in a large part, on speed.
The variables reflecting power changed little in either of the 2 groups with the exception of the improvement generated by the WR/DBs between years 1 and 2 in the VJ (+3.8 cm, 4.6%). The linemen increased power by only 1.7%, whereas the WR/DBs increased more than 6%. Based on the Peak Power (Watts) formula generated by Harman et al. (11), WR/DBs demonstrated a significant surge in power between years 1 and 2 but not thereafter and linemen did not significantly increase in power over the 4 years of training. In 1991, Fry and Kraemer (7) reported NCAA Div I average performance characteristics. The sample included all positions except quarterback and kicker and found the following averages: 1 RM bench press = 319 ± 58 lb (144 kg); 1 RM squat = 425 ± 85 lb (192 kg); 1 RM power clean = 271 ± 39 lb (122 kg); VJ = 28.6 ± 3.6 in (72 cm); 40-yd sprint = 4.88 ± 3.6 seconds. In comparing results to the combined linemen and WR/CBs averages in the present study, the averages exceeded the results found by Fry and Kraemer, except for the 40-yd sprint.
Research suggests that with the exception of reducing fat weight, significant increases in speed are difficult to achieve. One recent study (27) concluded that a 6-week program, including 3 times per week sessions of training, was ineffective in increasing speed. Studies that suggest significant improvement in speed following training have shown minimal changes. For example, one study found significant improvement in the 5-m and 10-m sprints of 0.04 (2.8%) and 0.08 seconds (3.9%) after selected training (18). While these values constituted significant improvement, the meaningfulness of these small actual gains in comparison to the large strength gains may be negligible in a practical sense. It is generally agreed on that athletes who excel in either endurance or speed possess higher proportions of the type of muscle fibers that lend themselves to the activity. Little evidence exists to support a significant morphing of type I muscle fibers as a consequence of training, thereby resulting in significantly faster sprint times. These data suggest that speed cannot be significantly improved in elite athletes over 4 years of training. In the present study, speed improvement in linemen was only 2.7% and in WR/DBs was 1.7%. The larger change in linemen was positively correlated with a reduction in fat.
To predict success in college football, coaches need to be able to assume what potential increases in physiological variables can be expected. Although speed and power are largely a contribution of genetics, it is felt that strength is the variable that can be improved significantly. With respect to genetic predisposition, recent discovery of performing enhancing polymorphism within the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in the DNA sequence seems to be a natural genetic variation in elite athletes (28). The ACE contains 2 alleles associated with human performance with one allele specific to endurance and the other associated with muscular gains and power (9). Indeed, more than 200 genes have documented genetic variants, which affect physical and physiological performance such as muscle blood flow, muscle structure, O2 transport, lactate turnover, and energy production (28).
These results reflect the average changes that may be expected from year to year in each variable over the players' 4-year career. However, these averages can only be theoretically anticipated if the incoming players are within a reasonable distance from the first year means noted in this study. Additionally, based on the first year variance found for many of the variables, a large range of strength exists among freshmen, which potentially could increase or reduce the expected increases in individual athletes. Using these results, strength and conditioning personnel may compare the progress of their players and to adjust training based on such comparisons. While these data may serve as a general estimate of what may be expected in terms of physical potential increases, the variability of training programs, genetic makeup, and personal motivation are additional factors that can compromise on outcomes.
Training, diet, and psychological factors contribute to athletic success, but genetics may also play a significant role in separating elite athletes from the also-rans. In conclusion, these data provide a means with which to gauge what strength increases can be generally expected from Div I recruited linemen and "speed" players. While, maximal voluntary strength output and upper-body muscle endurance can be significantly increased over years of appropriate training, the variables constituting maximum power output and speed do not exhibit similar changes in 4 years of high-level training. It is noteworthy to mention that recruited players should already possess superior power and speed because these variables are particularly difficult to positively alter in 4 years of training at the college level.
strength; speed; power; sport
Copyright © 2013 by the National Strength & Conditioning Association.
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Here are the Northern New Mexico Senior Men's Golf Association results from its stroke-play tournament at Dalton Ranch July 24, and its 2-man scramble and stroke-play tournaments at Pagosa Springs July 25-26:
Dalton Ranch
July 24
Championship flight
1st low gross: Chuck Padilla, Las Vegas, 84
2nd low gross: John Hudson, Pagosa Springs, Colo., 75
First flight
1st low gross: Jeff Brown, Los Alamos, 82
2nd low gross: Bob Quick, Los Alamos, 84
1st low net: Joe Cheavens, Durango, Colo., 69
Second flight
1st low gross: Don Rickelman, Durango, Colo., 87
2nd low gross: Phil Allen, Gallup, 87
The GOALS soccer camp, which concludes Friday, is hosting more than 50 participants at Sullivan Field. The camp is for girls of all ages and is being run by players and coaches from the collegiate ranks.
It will be a full month since the last time the White Rock-Los Alamos All-Star junior softball team took the field when it starts the Southwest Regional championship tournament.
The Little League regional tournament starts Friday in Santa Fe. The WR-LA team will take on the Vidalia, La., All-Stars, the Louisiana state champion, in the opening round Friday at noon.
All of the tournament games will be played at Bicentennial Park in Santa Fe. WR-LA, which won the District 1 tournament, got an automatic bid into the regional since District 1 is the host district this year.
McInroy scores an ace at LAGC
She wasn't playing in the Los Alamos City Championship this weekend, but Rhonda McInroy might consider it next year.
McInroy scored a hole-in-one at Los Alamos Golf Course Saturday. She picked up her ace on the No. 8 hole.
The hole-in-one came from the red tees, 115 yards out. McInroy hit the shot with a 6-iron.
Witnesses included McInroy's husband, Bob, Mike Ryan and Darlene Rich.
Volleyball, racquetball registration is open at YMCA
Monday, the first official practice of the Los Alamos Hilltopper football program will get going in preparation for its first game at the end of the month.
Los Alamos High School's fall sports programs officially get in full swing this month, although non-mandatory pre-preseason workout sessions have been going for most of the summer in preparation for the fall.
While the Hilltopper football team is the first to get its preseason officially underway, it will be the next-to-last sport to have its first contest of the fall season. Los Alamos' varsity will host Pojoaque Aug. 31.
David Lee had a big showing at this year's Los Alamos Tennis Club championship tournament.
Lee picked up the men's A singles flight crown and he and doubles partner Bob Tonelli advanced to the finals of the men's A doubles before falling.
The LATC held its annual tournament Saturday and Sunday at Urban Park.
Lee took on Bill Vigil in the championship match Sunday.
To get to the final, Vigil beat 2011 runner-up Kevin Mitchell in straight sets, 6-2, 6-2. But Vigil suffered a muscle injury in the first set of the final against Lee and was forced to retire — Lee was up 4-2 in the set when Vigil was forced to exit.
On his way to the title, Lee knocked out Ryan Maupin in the semifinal, topping 6-2, 6-1.
Tami Martinson reacts as she watches her ball bounce over a bunker near the third green during Saturday's Los Alamos City Championship. Martinson claimed her fourth straight women's City title in impressive fashion this weekend
Men's championship flight
Kurt Anast 69-76—145
Curt Norman 74-72—146
Tim Johnson 76-72—148
Steve Sanderson 75-71—146
Jason Norman 70-80—150
Ted Ball 79-78—157
Kenny Walker 75-84—159
Warren Finch 80-79—159
Mike Lippiatt 80-81—161
Colin McFarland 80-83—163
Kevin Brake 83-80—163
Men's first flight
Paul Cook 78-81—159
It was another huge showing at the Los Alamos City Championship for Tami Martinson.
Martinson grabbed her fourth consecutive City title this weekend at Los Alamos Golf Course. Martinson carded the two low rounds of the women's title flight, shooting an 81 Sunday to win the title.
The City Championship was played Saturday and Sunday. More than 50 players took part in this year's competition.
Martinson, who has been dominant in City competition since she began her impressive title run, won by six shots over Ellen Stallings. Stallings, who played Martinson's group Sunday, nearly kept pace with Martinson, shooting an 82. Stallings finished as this year's runner-up.
LA All-Stars finish in third place
The Los Alamos Little League 9/10 All-Stars bowed out of the state baseball tournament with a 10-7 loss Thursday night.
The loss to Carlsbad ended a solid run by Los Alamos in the tournament, which was played in Portales. Los Alamos picked up two straight wins to advance to the semifinals, but was topped by Albuquerque Eastdale in the semifinal round and Carlsbad in Thursday's elimination game.
Los Alamos finished the tournament in third place.
"The Eastdale team is really good," Los Alamos manager Lance Eaton said. "Against Carlsbad, we just made too many mistakes. We actually out-hit them, but just had some mistakes. That's Little League baseball."
Copyright © 2016
The Los Alamos Monitor is your source for local news, sports, events, and information in Los Alamos County and Los Alamos, NM, and the surrounding area.


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A Spear of Summer Grass by Deanna Raybourn - Historical Fiction
Paris, 1923
The daughter of a scandalous mother, Delilah Drummond is already notorious, even among Paris society. But her latest scandal is big enough to make even her oft-married mother blanch. Delilah is exiled to Kenya and her favorite stepfather's savanna manor house until gossip subsides.
Fairlight is the crumbling, sun-bleached skeleton of a faded African dream, a world where dissolute expats are bolstered by gin and jazz records, cigarettes and safaris. As mistress of this wasted estate, Delilah falls into the decadent pleasures of society.
Against the frivolity of her peers, Ryder White stands in sharp contrast. As foreign to Delilah as Africa, Ryder becomes her guide to the complex beauty of this unknown world. Giraffes, buffalo, lions and elephants roam the shores of Lake Wanyama amid swirls of red dust. Here, life is lush and teeming--yet fleeting and often cheap.
Amidst the wonders--and dangers--of Africa, Delilah awakes to a land out of all proportion: extremes of heat, darkness, beauty and joy that cut to her very heart. Only when this sacred place is profaned by bloodshed does Delilah discover what is truly worth fighting for--and what she can no longer live without.
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A Spear of Summer GrassBy: Deanna Raybourn