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December 22ND is my Birthday. I am 56 years old this year and I am starting a whole new life these Days. My husband Lyle and me are survivors of the Stock Market crunch...so, we decided to come out of an early retirement and put our business skills to use. We are now working full time in the Real Estate and Business, Investment fields. I am not really complaining about going back to work. Retirement was kind of boring! We are people lovers, enjoy making our clients happy and making their dreams come true.
Cindy Dunham
Real Estate Sales Representative / Red Lodge, MT
REMAX of Billings - RE/MAX International Inc.
Office (406) 425-0182
- Email: Cindy Dunham
- My Blog: Cindy Dunham's (decor808) Blog
- Website: http://www.remax-billings.com
201 S South Broadway
P.O. BOX 1345 Red Lodge, MT 59068
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It's happened again. You've barely got back to College after the Michaelmas holidays and are happily getting back into the rhythm of things when suddenly it happens: May Ball Ticket Season. Suddenly everybody is planning, some in extraordinarily minute detail, what it is that they will be doing for a week that is 5 months away. And for the next 5 months there will be just one thing to motivate you to get a move on and finish that lab report. The thought of, sometime in the middle of June, having absolutely no work to do and enjoying May Week.
I feel this need a bit of context. Cambridge is hard work, the workload differs from subject to subject and year to year, but the one thing that everybody agrees on is that you do need to work hard.
So, sometime in the middle of the nineteenth century, a group of students got together in one of the many pubs available for such a purpose and thought about this for a bit. They'd evidently been having a bit of a rough week, maybe missed an essay deadline, or struggled with a question sheet, or blown up their supervisor's coffee, or something, but whatever it was it had made them a bit disillusioned with the whole thing. What they really needed was some motivation to go back and finish that essay, tackle that horrendous question 18, or apologise to their supervisor and dig pieces of coffee cup out of his hair. So they thought about this long and hard – how were they going to motivate themselves? What could they do?
Then, one guy had a fantastic idea. An absolutely amazing idea. An idea the like of which had never been thought of before. Once all the exams were over, when the only thing awaiting them was a ridiculously long 13 week (13 weeks!!) summer holiday, they were going to throw a party. And not just any party. They were going to throw a party the likes of which Cambridge had never seen before. There were going to be multiple live stages, acrobats, orchestras, hog roasts, dodgems, pizza, whisky, crocodile canapés, music, comedy, burlesque, poetry, singing, vodka, wine, jewellery, hot dogs, dancing, ostrich burgers, water features, ice luges, punts filled with beers, fireworks, hypnotists, magicians, steaks, champagne, silent disco, dresses, tuxedos, fireworks again, and Bastille. There was going to be all that and more for just one night, when students could forget about the real world and immerse themselves in a party like no other.
His friends (for they were his friends) liked this idea. They liked it a lot. But then one of them (the sensible one who is always telling you that going out when you have a meeting at 8am the next day isn't a good idea) pointed out that such a party would be rather pricey and, having just finished their exams, students might want to save up their money for their summer holidays. This was a valid concern, and one that had the friends stumped for a few minutes, until some bright spark suggested that the tickets could be sold months and months in advance in the cold, rainy month of January. Not only would students then buy these tickets in their thousands but it would give them a ray of hope through the bleakness of winter and at the same time motivate them to work, dreaming about whole summer nights spent drinking and eating and dancing in a world of their own.
And so it happened. And it was amazing. They told all their other friends, who promptly became their enemies when they copied the original group's plan and held their own balls. Soon every College was holding a ball at the end of the year and so, for one glorious week in June (All praise May Week! Nobody knows why it is called May Week when it is actually in June) Cambridge was transformed by night into the party capital of the world. This now happens every year and it is absolutely extraordinary.

subset: commoncrawl


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iHerb Customer Reviews
Savings of: £1.98 (21% off)
very good product
Posted by Reviewer3009699 on Mar 08, 2010
It works beatifully on old and new scars.I have a healed scar tissue after skin graft which took place in SEP of 2009.I have started to use it as soon as as it arrived and I see change of color in my scar.It is lighter and softer to touchr.It is only 2 weeks and I see results.Years ago I had some other surgery and I used similar product from Poland on my big scar tissue it worked wonders.Based on that previous experience I bought this one which does the trick.The product from Poland is called Cepan.The cost is probably the same but has triple volume.
Posted by Reviewer2049460 on Sep 20, 2008
This has reduced a large and nasty scar to barely visible. I started using it right away after surgery and after 6 months the scar has almost disappeared. Great for wrinkles, too!
Super cream!
Posted by Reviewer2348898 on Dec 25, 2010
I use this ointment for over a year on some old scares and is amazing how well is working. And now I want to have this ointment in my home pharmacy for every little scar that my kids might get. Acne scars, play scars, new or old is working.
Outstanding product
Posted by Reviewer1221476 on Mar 16, 2009
I got this for my boyfriend after surgery from a badly broken leg. He has been very impressed with the results and noticed reductions in his scars in a week.
It works
Posted by Reviewer1390685 on Oct 17, 2012
Works very good! The best I have found on the market.
Good for Acne Scars & Preventing Scars
Posted by Reviewer1037014 on Aug 30, 2010
My skin scars very easily from any scrap or acne blemish. I've been using this product for almost 2 weeks. Works pretty quickly on lightening my acne scars on back and chest. If I apply the ointment on my newer blemishes, I have noticed that my skin will not scar once the blemish dies - when before nearly every blemish would scar. Any new scratch or scrape I get I apply the ointment and I do not scar. I have an old scratch on my arm that is a dark brown scar and the ointment hasn't seemed to work too well with that one, no noticable lightening - but maybe with more time. Thumbs up for my other scars though and for scar prevention.
seems good
Posted by Sabine on Mar 02, 2011
We haven't used this product more than a week, so I don't now if it is working. Smells good. Easy to apply. I use it on scars on my daughters face.
Posted by missyhuii on May 22, 2010
Have been using irregularly for about 4months. Visible difference especially to newer/more superficial scars. :)
Posted by Reviewer2998836 on Jan 11, 2010
love this. I have mastectomy scars that turned into keloid, because my disolveable stitches have not yet disolved after more than 6 months...however, that being said, I believe this stuff is making a differenece.
Excellent Results
Posted by Reviewer2555530 on Sep 20, 2012
I bought this cream just to try it - I wasn't expecting a lot. When I saw the size of the tube I was bit skeptical that it will be enough to make any difference but....the cream is greasy and I have been using it as directed 5-6 times a day for a month now and I still have some left. I have 3 scars from a knee surgery... they are very red and started looking like a keloid scar which I wasn't too keen on. I have been using this cream and I can see improvement in the color - the scar is looking a bit paler that it was, it is becoming softer too. You really have to massage it and keep using the cream often. Even my surgeon said that the scars look better (and he never makes comments like that - I guess that is not his main concern). I am really happy with this product and will continue to use it.


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The New Albany Women's Network donated $20,200 from its Nov. 9 charity fashion show to Rachel's House, a program that reintegrates women into society after they have been incarcerated.
Rachel's House is operated by Lower Light Ministries of Columbus.
Women who have been in prison must choose to come to Rachel's House, according to Jan Ruark, executive director of Lower Lights Ministries.
Rachel's House works with 10 to 12 women a year and has served more than 100 women since it was founded in 2002.
The New Albany Women's Network is a nonprofit organization formed in 1998 that provides "a network for all women who live or work in New Albany to enrich and foster a united community through various social, educational, outreach, and charitable programs," according to the organization's website.
-- Lori Wince


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Roll Neck Jumper
89,95 €
Product Number 0055636-7041
Color: light stone
- An essential basic for your wardrobe
- Wider ribbed trim on the neck, waist and cuffs
- Long sleeves
- Longer cut
- Dividing details on the back
- Length 64 cm
- 100% cotton
- Semi-fitted pullover
Model is 181cm / 5'11" and is wearing an UK size 10
- 30 dgr. mild process
- Do not bleach
- Iron at max.temperature 110°
- P- dry cleaning mild process
- Do not tumble dry
Shipping costs
Within Germany we will take care of the costs for careful packaging and reliable delivery of goods.
See details about shipping costs abroad
Delivery period
In general, you will receive your order within 1-3 business days.
You may return the goods without giving reasons within 2 weeks by returning the goods.View returns details


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Harmonize Your Finances
Our team of professionals works on all areas of your financial picture, under one roof. By harmonizing your finances, we are able to uncover opportunities that others simply cannot.
Advised households are wealthier than their non-advised neighbours. Our advisors increase your net worth by working on your full financial picture.1
Brokers access the best products and rates from Canada's largest banks. We get their best offerings the first time, so you can stop negotiating.
Insurance is assurance. Our insurance brokers have access to Canada's top insurers–giving you the choice and price you deserve.
Tax Preparation
Tired of assembly line tax offices? Get comfy and enjoy a coffee before meeting 1-on-1 with a tax professional. Time for better tax prep.


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So, I've been exclusively pumping for my daughter basically since she was born (she's a month old today), due to latching on issues.
I use a Medela Pump In Style, double breast pump.
As of late, I'm getting more milk from one breast than the other- I get about 5 oz from one side and 2-3 from the other. Is that normal? Should I be pumping on that one side for a few minutes longer to ensure that I'm emptying the breast?
And I don't know what my issue is today, but the lower part of my breasts feel hard and I'm pretty uncomfortable. Maybe I just need to pump some more?
I hope eventually I'll have this whole pumping thing figured out.


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PropertyForum.com (formerly PropertyCommunity.com) is the popular property forum and overseas property network. While originally the site was created to offer overseas real estate investors, developers and agents a platform to network with each other it has grown into a wider ranging property platform.
Our team of writers leverage the social commentary and real time news created by the community on the site's forums to create and break unique news stories from the global property sector.
As of July 2013, PropertyForum.com (formerly PropertyCommunity.com) has over 60,000 + members registered with the site. On a monthly basis the site currently receives over 31,000 visits which create over 58,000 page impressions although we have a number of plans in the pipeline to significantly increase traffic, posting and membership numbers – watch this space!
Contact Details
c/o Online Asset Management Limited
71-75 Shelton Street,
Covent Garden,
E-mail: info [at] propertyforum [dot] com


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Fresh Artist
Ryn Weaver
Zara Larsson
Hoodie Allen
Ella Henderson
Jacquie Lee
Kalin and Myles
Betty Who
Shawn Mendes
Colette Carr
Katy Tiz
Nico & Vinz
5 Seconds of Summer
The Vamps
Jake Miller
Tori Kelly
New Politics
Megan Nicole
Megan and Liz
Wonder Broz
Midnight Red
Bonnie McKee
Fifth Harmony
The Summer Set
The Vamps
Season 3 Fresh Artist
British sensation The Vamps are taking over the charts with their hit lead single "Wild Heart." Not only did their video reach nearly 5 million views on YouTube, but The Vamps' YouTube channel holds more than 35 million views and half a million subscribers. This four-piece band of heartthrobs may have already conquered their native UK, but something tells us they're about to go global!
Check out our exclusive interview with The Vamps here!


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The European Commission on Wednesday required Spain to recover some tax breaks that buyers of Spanish-made ships had enjoyed, although only tax benefits offered between May 2007 and 2011 need to be repaid.
The EC, the European Union's executive arm, said state subsidies provided to so-called economic interest groupings, or EIGs, and their investors between the start of the scheme in 2002 and April 30, 2007, when the Commission "publicly declared a similar French scheme incompatible," did not need to be paid back.
That is because until that time there was legal uncertainty as to whether the Spanish scheme was compatible with the rules of the 28-member bloc, EU Competition Commissioner Joaquin Almunia said.
The decision was more favorable for Spain's shipbuilding industry than initially feared because Almunia had earlier hinted that tax breaks received between 2005 and 2011 would need to be repaid.
It is up to the Spanish government to determine which companies must pay back tax benefits, how to proceed to recover the funds and the amount to be reimbursed, Almunia said.
In describing the complex scheme, the EC said "the economic interest grouping acts on behalf of the maritime transport company purchasing the ship, acquires it on a financial leasing basis and pays it off in the three to five years after work starts on its construction."
The EIG "then benefits from taxation exclusively on the basis of tonnage, which is a special scheme applicable under the European rules to maritime transport companies," and eventually sells the ship to the transport company without paying capital gains tax.
The scheme enables the maritime transport company to acquire the ship "with a reduction ranging from 20 percent to 30 percent on the purchase price charged by the shipyard," the press release said.
According to the EC, the parties that benefited from the scheme - the EIGs and their investors - may not "pass on the repayment obligations to third parties (such as shipyards), even under existing contracts."
The EC launched its two-year investigation in response to complaints from shipbuilders in other EU member states.
Regarding the future of the shipbuilding sector in Spain, a country with an unemployment rate of 27 percent, Almunia issued a call for calm.
"As regards the future, there is a non-selective tax scheme which was approved by the Commission in November 2012 and which can be used, among other things, to finance the shipbuilding industry," he said.
This scheme is "fully compatible with the European rules and therefore provides investors with all the legal certainty they require." EFE


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Sleepypod Dry Fur - Small
The Dry Fur disposable pad dries instantly, ensuring a soft, cushioned and dry bed no matter how long the journey. Fits the Sleepypod Air.
Product Notes
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By choosing one of the above, you are able to shop for both yourself and a registrant at the same time. Once you are ready to checkout your items will be waiting for you in both your personal and registry shopping carts.
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Please contact us at 1-866-SHOP-WAG (1-866-746-7924)


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Fed Keeps Rates Unchanged
While saying that "economic activity has continued to strengthen and that the labor market is stabilizing" but expressing concern about high unemployment and sluggish housing starts and diminishing bank lending, the Federal Reserve today announced it was keeping interest rates unchanged.
The Fed's Open Market Committee voted 9-1 to keep the target federal funds rate, the one banks use when lending to each other, at 0% to 0.25%.
According to a statement, the committee said "the pace of the recovery is likely to be moderate for a time," and inflation is "likely to be subdued for some time."
The panel said it expects to keep rates low for some time.
As was the case last time the committee met, Thomas Hoenig, president of the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, was the sole no vote and he said the economy was improving and keeping rates low for an extended period could cause a lead up to future imbalances and risks long-term financial stability, according to a news release from the Fed.


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The National Science Foundation (NSF), The American Institute for Research (AIR) and the Institute for Higher Education Policy (IHEP) are working together to examine how to better leverage NSF resources to broaden participation in STEM. To disseminate research findings and to make people more aware of the importance of broadening minority participation in STEM education, they are launching Broadening STEM.org. The site will feature data, interactive tools, research and commentary on STEM talent development in the United States. You are invited to share your experiences and express your passion for STEM. To be considered for participation, you are asked to provide some basic information at http://www.surveymonkey.com/s/stemus In addition to responding to the survey, you are invited to send photographs, publications and your resume or curriculum vita via email to email@example.com
Biology, Chemistry, Physics:
Math, Engineering, Technology:


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Magic and dreamy winter landscape looping background with elegant particles and shiny blue light. Light and colour changes throughout the animation. Natural spectrum light bokeh background image used and can be purchased here.
Music not included but can be purchased here.
View author portfolio
Use in a single end product, free or commercial. The total price includes the item price and a buyer fee.
License details
Why buy with Envato
Use in an unlimited number of end products, free or commercial. May be used with different clients, but not for on-demand customization products or services. The total price includes the item price and a buyer fee.
Item Rating:


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Discussion in 'Reviews' started by Darksaber, May 2, 2009.
To read this review go to: http://www.techpowerup.com/reviews/CoolerMaster/Storm_Scout/
Looks very nice. Now, the 140mm fan on top, is that included or do you supply that? I can see myself grabbing that beast or the sniper to use in a build for a family member.
All fans in a review are included No point in installing additional ones ^^.
I have the CM Storm Sniper. Amazing cases
I want to thank DS for your review. It was one of the reasons I bought it. Only you seemed to realise against EVERY other review, how you can daisy chain up more fans to the controller
Dark this case is $110 MSRP not $70. Alex I told you to daisy chain but I wasn't sure because I did not know how much wattage the Storm Sniper Rheobus could take.
thanks for the review!
it look like CM has done it again. Great case, packed with tested solutions for air circulation and cable management! Nice looks, too!
Dont think so
My point was just that you said you were the one who told me to daisy chain, when in fact I told you thats what you could do
Which I found out from DS's review, and the manual
check the thread again.. you mentioned nothing about daisy chaining until I brought it up Dark didn't mention anything in that quote about it either. maybe you got it confused. Daisy Chaining in this case would be to run 2+ fans on 1 molex to the rheobus.
Well my point was just that you could use the "daisy chain" (that comes with the case) to connect more fans
I just mentioned that the case is 70 dollars cheaper than the Sniper I did mention the 109.99 price tag.
Looks like another good case with a cheapo plastic front on to me.Why do they keep doing this.
Nice review though.
oh i'm sorry, I misread.
Thanks DS. Whats the major differences between this one and the sniper that causes it to be 70 bucks cheaper?
On board fan controller
2 x 200mm fans
Proper metal handles
Better drive bays
Made better IMO.
More clearance above mobo
Thats just what I can tell between owning a Sniper and comparing to DS's review of the Scout
The Scout is so much smaller than the Sniper as the Scout is a mid tower and the Sniper is a really large mid tower. I think the Sniper is around 2" shorter than the HAF 932. Having seen both in person, it is like a Scout could fit inside the Sniper shell easily. While Sniper is a much larger chassis, I have to give Cooler Master credit for having such a sweet black interior.
One question to the OP: Is the paint in the interior hard and heavy duty?
I cannot believe Cooler Master did not include rubber or silicone feet they used plastic? I can't even remember the last time they used plastic feet on a case and no dust filters on the side panel seriously the one in the front panel cost about $40 cents they couldn't include 2? I do like the hard drive rack it supports 1.8", 2.5" and 3.5" hard drives and the usb ports are spaced out.
by the way Cooler Master is releasing the Gladiator 600 soon which is a light version of the Storm Scout it should retail between $70-100
Lack of headroom rears it's ugly head.
Thanks for the great review. I liked it so much I went and bought a Storm Scout. I have a Haf 932 already for another computer so I wasn't surprised by how well the case was put together and finished. Unfortunately, as DarkSaber predicted the lack of headroom above the mobo proved a problem. Not enough room (none) for my Zalman CNPS9900 cooler and their fan. Guess I trundle down to Fry's tomorrow and exchange it for another case. What a shame because this is a beautiful case.
I have a question - does the bottom fan of side panel window fit when the PSU is installed?
I didn't add fans to the side panel but didn't see any reason I couldn't. It was designed with this in mind and the PSU should fit nicely under the fans.
Separate names with a comma.


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DNSNameToDomain DNS
From Paterva Wiki
This transform extracts the DomainEntity from a DNSNameEntity. The domain in a DNS Name like 'mx.google.co.uk' would be 'google.co.uk' and 'co.uk' (and 'uk' if you really want to be precise). Because these TLDs and subTLDs are really not that useful it is not returned.
Typical uses
Assume that you obtain a list of nameservers for a domain using the DomainToDNSName_NS transform. You want to investigate the resulting DNSName a little further. The more interesting organisation data would be located on the domain. The DNS name is converted to a domain for further investigation using this transform.


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We meet every Saturday at 12pm in the Eviction Free Zone. Anyone is welcome to attend. Right now we're meeting at Jaymie's house - to learn more about Jaymie, see active campaigns.
We have different campaigns and issues to discuss each week, so meetings are always new, fast-paced and interesting. They typically last 2 hours and include report-backs, breakout sessions and time for political education.
The 3rd Saturday of the month is a member meeting where we vote on proposals. Join today! We ask that members:
- Attend at least one meeting and one event every three months.
- Pay dues. Standard membership is $10/month (please let us know if you need this requirement waived).
May 24, 2014 at 12pm - 2pm
Jaymie's house
3753 11th Ave S
Minneapolis, MN 55407
United States
Google map and directions
3753 11th Ave S
Minneapolis, MN 55407
United States
Google map and directions


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News Release
Coleraine Red Hand Graduate Returns with Sam
Ryan Mellon with Kevin McGuigan (UU Gaelic Team) and Stephen Kernan
Tyrone All Ireland winner Ryan Mellon made history in September when he became the first graduate of the University of Ulsters Coleraine campus to play on an All Ireland winning team. Today Ryan returned to the Coleraine campus with the Sam Maguire trophy to receive the congratulations of staff, students, local Councillors and met pupils from the local primary schools.
Also on campus was his former UUC team mate and current Armagh panellist Stephen Kernan, who brought the National League and Anglo-Celt trophies back to the campus. It was a speedy return for Stephen following his graduation from the Coleraine campus earlier this year.
Professor Peter Roebuck, Provost said: We are delighted with the achievements of Ryan and Stephen and we are very proud that they have put the Coleraine campus on the map through their achievements on the pitch. As Provost I am very pleased to recognise the achievements of these fine sportsmen. They have brought great credit to the University.
University Director of Sport Dr Nigel Dobson said: The University has an excellent record in gaelic games and we are committed to developing our stuctures in partnership with the Ulster Council of the GAA. The Jordanstown club has traditionally made a strong contribution to Ulster counties All Ireland success but we are delighted to welcome back to Coleraine two graduates who have achieved success at the highest level. Ryans performance in the All Ireland Final was a source of great pride to us and Stephen has had a remarkable year with his club Crossmaglen and the Armagh U-21 and Senior teams. We hope that their achievements will be an inspiration to our sportsmen and sportswomen on campus.
Kevin McGuigan, from Coleraine Gaelic Club said: On behalf of everyone at the UUCGFC we would like to congratulate the two boys on their recent achievements. What they have achieved in each individual case is fantastic and everyone in the club would like to acknowledge that. Ryan has won his second All-Ireland medal in three years and Stevie won three Ulster titles in the one year - Ulster Senior Championship, Ulster U21 Championship both with Armagh and Ulster Club Championship with Crossmaglen.


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The cause of decreased pan evaporation over the last 50 Years
RODERICK & FARQUHAR / Science v.298, 1nov02Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Accounting, Research School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Advanced Studies, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia.
*To whom correspondence should be sent. E-mail: email@example.com
It is now well established that the surface of Earth has, on average, warmed ~0.15°C decade-1 over the past 50 years (1). One expected consequence of this warming is that the air near the surface should be drier, which should result in an increase in the rate of evaporation from terrestrial open water bodies. However, despite the observed increases in average temperature, observations from the Northern Hemisphere show that the rate of evaporation from open pans of water has been steadily decreasing over the past 50 years (2). This trend is general (3, 4) but not universal (5). The contrast between expectation and observation is called the pan evaporation paradox. It is important to understand why pan evaporation has decreased despite the increases in average temperature in order to make more robust predictions about future changes in the hydrological cycle.
Two proposals for the decline in pan evaporation have been advanced: the first invokes changes in the humidity regime over the pans (6), whereas the second invokes reductions in solar irradiance resulting from more clouds and/or aerosols (5, 7) and is generally consistent with the independent suggestion that increased pollution would weaken the hydrological cycle (8). The first proposal is that pan evaporation has decreased because evaporation from the environment surrounding the pan has increased (6). The explanation is that in water-limited environments, when the evaporation from the adjacent environment is high, the air over the pan tends to be cooler and more humid, there-by reducing evaporation from the pan. A subsequent analysis of rainfall and stream-flow data from water-limited environments in both the former Soviet Union and the United States does apparently show an increase in evaporation from the environment (9, 10). However, this explanation for decreasing pan evaporation is unsatisfactory for two reasons. First, it only predicts changes in pan evaporation in water-limited environments. The problem is that some areas are not water-limited, and in wet environments the evaporation from pans and the surrounding environment have both declined (9). Further, if the proposed mechanism was the important one, then the vapor pressure deficit should have decreased. However, data from the United States show that its average has remained virtually constant over the past 50 years (10). This implies that the second proposal, based on the decrease in solar irradiance, should be further investigated.
Any explanation of the decrease in pan evaporation must accommodate the following: (i) the widespread decrease in pan evaporation has occurred in both dry and wet environments, and (ii) the average vapor pressure deficit (D, measured in Pa) has remained more or less constant despite increases in the average temperature. Decreases in solar irradiance would be consistent with (i), and here we specifically address the second item.
The key question is: How could D remain nearly constant despite increases in average temperature? We note that D is defined by
D = es(T) - es(Td), (1)
where es (measured in Pa) denotes the saturation vapor pressure at the temperature (T) and dew point (Td) of the air. To first order, the change in D is given by
dD = SdT - sddTd, (2)
where s and sd are the slopes of the saturation vapor pressure–temperature relationship at T and Td, respectively. T is larger than Td, and s is larger than sd. dD would be zero if dTd/dT were equal to s/sd. Averaged over a day, s/sd depends on both the average T and the diurnal temperature range (DTR). This ratio is typically a little greater than 2 for a sunny day with a large DTR but a little less than 2 on cloudy days with a lower DTR (Table 1). Taking a typical value of s/sd as 2 (Table 1), it follows that SD would be zero provided that dTd is double dT. That is important, because globally averaged measurements over the past 50 years show that while the average T has been increasing (~0.15°C decade-1), the average minimum T generally has been increasing twice as fast (~0.2°C decade-1) as the average maximum T (~0.1°C decade-1) (1). When above the freezing point, the dew point will in general set a lower limit on the minimum T. Thus, the observed increase in minimum T implies that the dew point must also be increasing faster than the average T.
Table 1. Variation in the ratio s/sd as a function of T assuming three different Td (Td = 5°, 15°, 25°C).
T (°C) s/sd Td = 5°C sd = 61 Pa K-1 10 1.36 15 1.80 20 2.38 25 3.10 Td = 15°C sd = 110 Pa K-1 20 1.32 25 1.72 30 2.22 35 2.84 Td = 25°C sd = 189 Pa K-1 30 1.29 35 1.65 40 2.08 45 2.61
That conclusion is consistent with data from the United States that show that the average dew point has generally increased much faster (~0.3°C decade-1 or a little greater in some parts of the United States) than the average T (11, 12). Consequently, over the United States at least, dD should be very close to zero be-cause dTd/dT is about the same as s/sd. This would explain why the average D has remained virtually constant in the United States over the past 50 years. More generally, the widespread observed decline in the DTR (13, 14), when combined with the above analysis, suggests that the changes in D should be very small in many places.
Pan evaporation is generally much more sensitive to variations in net irradiance and D than to variations in wind speed (15–17). Thus, with dD being small, a change in pan evaporation must result from a change in net irradiance. To estimate the magnitude of this change resulting from a change in solar irradiance, we use
where the right-hand side of Eq. 3 is the well-known Priestley-Taylor expression for evaporation from a wet surface (18), and we have used the usual coefficient (0.7) to ac-count for evaporation pans having a greater surface area for energy transfer than for mass transfer (17). In Eq. 3, l (~2.4 MJ kg-1) is the latent heat of vaporization of water; Epan (kg m-2 s-1), the pan evaporation; Rn (J m-2 s-1), the net irradiance; and g (~67 Pa K-1), the psychrometric constant. The ratio s/(s + y) is calculated at the mean T and varies from 0.48 at 5°C to 0.82 at 35°C. Ignoring the change in that ratio resulting from the very small observed change in mean temperature, the change in pan evaporation resulting from a change in net irradiance can be approximated as:
For an evaporation pan, Rn is nearly linearly related to the global solar irradiance (Rs, J m-2 s-1), so that in differential form we have
where c is ~0.8 (16, 17). Thus, the change in pan evaporation resulting from a change in global solar irradiance can be approximated as:
In general, measurements of global solar irradiance are not as readily available as measurements of pan evaporation. However, much of the original work reporting the de-crease in pan evaporation was from the north-west of the former Soviet Union (49° to 67°N) (2, 9), fortunately one of the few regions of the world where such regional measurements are available for the same period (19). Here we use those data, along with Eq. 6, to calculate the expected change in annual pan evaporation over a 30-year period (1960 to 1990), which is then compared with the observed change. In the region of interest, Rs decreased by 2 to 4% per decade from 1960 to 1990, and a typical annual total Rs in that region is in the range of 3000 to 4000 MJ m-2 per year (a-1) (19). Assuming that Rs is 3500 MJ m-2 a-1 and is declining at a rate of 3% per decade over the 30-year period of interest, then dRs would be –315 MJ m-2 a-1. With s/(s + y) in the range of 0.48 to 0.82, the reduction in latent heat loss would be in the range (~1.44 X 0.48 X 315 to 1.44 X 0.82 X 315) of ~217 to 372 MJ m-2 a-1, which is equivalent to a decrease in annual pan evaporation of ~90 to 155 mm a-1. The observed pan evaporation at seven sites in the region show a rate of decrease ranging from 1.5 mm a-2 to 6.7 mm a-2, and the average rate of decrease is 3.7 mm a-2 (9). Over the 30-year period of interest, this equates to a decrease in annual pan evaporation of 110 mm a-1, consistent with our estimate of ~ 90-155 mm a-1.
We have encountered considerable scepticism about the large reported declines in global solar irradiance. The issue is that most climate models as yet do not include the 10 to 20% reductions observed in many places over the past 50 years (7, 20). However, we have a further independent check. A substantial decline in global solar irradiance as a consequence of increased cloud coverage and/or aerosol concentration should result in a decrease in the DTR, because increases in clouds and/or aerosols dampen the diurnal cycle by reducing the incident sunlight and also by reducing the net loss of long-wave irradiance from the surface at night (8, 21). This was recently highlighted by the marked increase in DTR over parts of the United States from 11 September to 14 September 2001 when aircraft were grounded (22). Thus, the widespread longer-term decreases in DTR (1, 13, 14) are qualitatively consistent with the widespread observed decreases in global solar irradiance (7, 20). Quantifying that, we estimated the expected decrease in DTR with the use of an approximate relation between the transmission of solar irradiance through the atmosphere and the DTR (23). Over the same part of the former Soviet Union, the change in DTR computed from the observed change in solar irradiance is ~ –0.2°C decade-1 (see SOM Text) and is consistent with the observed changes of ~ –0.1° to –0.3°C decade-1 in the DTR (1, 14).
We conclude that the observed decrease in pan evaporation is not a paradox after all. In-stead, the decrease is to be expected given the decreases in solar irradiance and the associated changes in DTR and vapor pressure deficit that have been observed. Further, the observed de-crease in the DTR is itself qualitatively and quantitatively consistent with the observed de-crease in global solar irradiance. These results highlight the fundamental importance of evaluating the direction and magnitude of changes in the surface energy balance resulting from greenhouse forcing as opposed to the direction and magnitude of changes resulting from aerosol loading (8). Such an evaluation is also important when estimating the biological and ecological impacts of changes in climate, because clouds and aerosols scatter light and thereby reduce the shade within vegetation canopies, markedly affecting the structure and productivity of terrestrial vegetation (24, 25). The inter-actions between global solar irradiance, diurnal temperature range, and pan evaporation, which have been highlighted here, are all related to variations in the transmission of solar irradiance through the atmosphere and appear to be very general features of the climate and the climate-vegetation systems.
References and Notes
- C. K. Folland et al., in Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, J. T. Houghton et al., Eds. (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 2001), pp. 99–181.
- T. C. Peterson, V. S. Golubev, P. Y. Groisman, Nature 377, 687 (1995).
- N. Chattopadhyay, M. Hulme, Agric. For. Meteorol. 87, 55 (1997).
- A. Thomas, Int. J. Clim. 20, 381 (2000).
- S. Cohen, A. Ianetz, G. Stanhill, Agric. For. Meteorol. 111, 83 (2002).
- W. Brutsaert, M. B. Parlange, Nature 396, 30 (1998).
- G. Stanhill, S. Cohen, Agric. For. Meteorol. 107, 255 (2001).
- V. Ramanathan, P. J. Crutzen, J. T. Kiehl, D. Rosenfeld, Science 294, 2119 (2001).
- V. S. Golubev et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 28, 2665 (2001).
- J. Szilagyi, G. G. Katul, M. B. Parlange, J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage. 127, 354 (2001).
- D. J. Gaffen, R. J. Ross, J. Clim. 12, 811 (1999).
- P. J. Robinson, Int. J. Clim. 20, 985 (2000).
- T. R. Karl et al., Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 74, 1007
- D. R. Easterling et al., Science 277, 364 (1997).
- H. L. Penman, Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A 193, 120 (1948).
- E. T. Linacre, Agric. For. Meteorol. 64, 237 (1993).
- _____________ , Water Int. 19, 5 (1993).
- C. H. B. Priestley, R. J. Taylor, Mon. Weather Rev. 100, 81 (1972).
- G. M. Abakumova, E. M. Feigelson, V. Russak, V. V. Stadnik, J. Clim. 9, 1319 (1996).
- H. Gilgen, M. Wild, A. Ohmura, J. Clim. 11, 2042 (1998).
- A. Dai, K. E. Trenberth, T. R. Karl, J. Clim. 12, 2451 (1999).
- D. J. Travis, A. M. Carleton, R. G. Lauritsen, Nature 418, 601 (2002).
- K. L. Bristow, G. S. Campbell, Agric. For. Meteorol. 31, 159 (1984).
- M. L. Roderick, G. D. Farquhar, S. L. Berry, I. R. Noble, Oecologia 129, 21 (2001).
- L. Gu et al., J. Geophys. Res. 107, ACL 2-1 (2002).
- We thank M. Canny, I. Cowan, F. Dunin, E. Linacre, and S. Roxburgh for helpful discussions.
Supporting Online Material
A quantitative estimate of the change in diurnal temperature range over the former Soviet Union using the observed change in solar irradiance
A decline in diurnal temperature range (DTR) can occur because either the maximum decreased, the minimum increased, or both. The presence of clouds or other atmospheric particles reduces the solar irradiance during the day and this usually reduces the temperature during the day. Further, there is also often an increase in temperature during the night because the net long wave loss from the surface is also often reduced. Hence, the DTR often declines when the global solar irradiance is reduced. This relation has long been used this as a tool for estimating the global solar irradiance using measurements of the DTR (S1). This relation is used here in reverse, by estimating the expected change in DTR using the observed change in global solar irradiance over the same part of the former Soviet Union used in the pan evaporation analysis (see main text). We then compare that estimate with the observed changes in DTR.
The change in fractional transmission of solar irradiance through the atmosphere, denoted d ( RS/Ro ) where Ro (J m-2 s-1) is the top of atmosphere solar irradiance, and the change in DTR, are approximately related by (S1),
where f (°C) is an empirically determined constant. Data from two sites in the USA (48-49°N) show that f is ~ 22°C during summer and ~ 10°C during winter (S1). Note that a lower value during winter would be expected because at a given atmospheric transmission, there will be less global solar irradiance in winter compared to summer (S1). Data for summer periods from two sites in Sweden show that f is ~ 17°C at 62°N, and ~ 14°C at 67°N (S2). Note that these estimates of f are from sites that span the same latitude range as the study area in the former Soviet Union (49°N-67°N). With f twice as large in summer as in winter, the annual average f for the study area would be ~ 13°C. In the study area, Ro ranges from 6610 MJ m-2 a-1 at 67°N to 9140 MJ m-2 a-1 at 49°N, and an average Ro for the region is ~ 7880 MJ m-2 a-1. Using the previous estimates (see main text), i.e., annual total Rs is 3500 MJ m-2 a-1 and is decreasing at 3% decade-1, we estimate that the decrease in global solar irradiance should result in a change in the DTR of (~ 13 ´ ((0.97 ´ 3500/7880) – (3500 / 7880))) ~ -0.17°C decade-1. This estimate of ~ -0.2°C decade-1 is consistent with general summaries showing changes of -0.1 to -0.3°C decade-1 in the DTR in the study area (S3, S4). As a further check, we also estimate the change in the DTR expected during winter because long term measurements are available during that period for the study area (S5). For the winter period, f would be ~ 7°C, and the estimated change in DTR would be ~ -0.09°C decade-1. The winter observations show decreases of 0.15°C decade-1 in the northern part of the study region and 0.07°C decade-1 in the south (S5), and are generally consistent with the calculated estimate (~ -0.1°C decade-1).
Supporting References
S1 K. L. Bristow, G. S. Campbell, Agric. For. Meteorol. 31, 159 (1984).
S2 P. Nojd, P. Hari, Agric. For. Meteorol. 109, 47 (2001).
S3 D. R. Easterling et al., Science 277, 364 (1997).
S4 C. K. Folland et al., in Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis J. T. Houghton et al., Eds. (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, USA, 2001) pp. 99-181.
S5 V. N. Razuvaev, E. G. Apasova, R. A. Bulygina, R. A. Martuganov, Atmos. Environ. 37, 45 (1995).
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Indonesia's first president Achmed Sukarno had earned power the hard way. He had fought the brutal regime of the Japanese during WWII and then defeated the returning Dutch who were attempting to re-impose their colonial rule. By the early 1960s he was free to pursue his ultimate goal: 'Malphilindo', an economic and political bloc comprising Indonesia, Malaya, Singapore, British-protected Borneo (Sarawak and Sabah) and the oil-rich sultanate Brunei, and the Philippines. Indonesia and, by extension of this, Sukarno, would dominate the lot.
However, there was a glaringly-obvious snag: apart from British-protected Borneo, the nations targeted by Sukarno were sovereign and independent in their own right. For example, Malaya had just emerged victorious from the struggle of a violent communist insurgency – labelled the Emergency – that had lasted from 1948 to 1960. Its journey to democratic independence was hard won and would not be given up lightly.
Meanwhile, the British, who had done much to safeguard Malaya's post-colonial independence, were unlikely to sit idly by and watch a belligerent Indonesia gobble up an ally. The UK, Malaya and other Commonwealth allies in the region, agreed to the formation of a new federal state, Malaysia, which would be large enough and powerful enough to fend off Indonesia's escalating militarism. The new nation would comprise Malaya, Singapore, British-protected Borneo, and Brunei. It would formally come into existence on September 16, 1963. In the event, both Singapore and Brunei would back out of the new country.
Reach for the gun
Sukarno and his ministers were quick to plot Indonesia's response to the creation of Malaysia. They decided to either stall its formation indefinitely through the use of military action or, if this proved impossible, slowly weaken it to breaking point once federalisation had occurred. Indonesia would then step in and dominate.
Sukarno fired the opening shot of his campaign by backing a communist uprising in Brunei on December 8, 1962. The British were swift to reply and army units were rushed to the sultanate and quickly restored control. Not to be dissuaded by this failure, Sukarno switched his focus into backing guerrilla incursions (supported by the regular army) from the Indonesian part of Borneo, Kalimantan, into British-protected territory.
A low-level war, the Confrontation, was declared on January 20, 1963. Several months later, when more men and material were in place, and additional local guerrillas had been recruited, the Indonesians started making larger-scale raids. On August 16 that year the British Army engaged what a spokesman labelled 'a group of about fifty Indonesian-backed terrorists'. The British wanted to avoid heightening the Confrontation and initially their response was defensive, attempting to destroy the enemy only when they infiltrated friendly territory. Despite these self-imposed operational constraints, Britain held a key advantage: with Burma and the Malay Emergency under its belt, its forces had built up years of jungle know-how and among their best troops were the Gurkhas, the martial men recruited from the mountain lands of Nepal.
The British were lucky in leadership too; heading their response was General Walter Walker, an ex-Chindit and the founder of the British and Commonwealth jungle warfare school. But despite his talents, Walker still faced a daunting challenge: a porous 900-mile border, covered with some of most impenetrable jungle in the world, had to be defended against an experienced and much larger enemy.
At the start of the Confrontation there were roughly 20,000 Indonesians based along the border. In December 1962 Walker could only call on a single brigade of infantry composed of three battalions with 15 helicopters in support. He was given more material and reinforced with extra troops as the Confrontation grew in scale and gravity. When Walker passed on his command in March 1965, British and Commonwealth forces stood at roughly 18,000. Although it should be noted that Indonesia also increased its presence in the theatre as the Confrontation escalated.
Opening shots
At first the local population British Borneo remained wary of both sides; it was a case of waiting to see which nation would become dominant. If anything, there was a slight leaning towards Indonesia, which had the benefit of ethnic and cultural ties. Unfortunately for Indonesia, her armed forces frequently intimidated the indigenous people and, in some cases, acts of a more extreme nature were recorded. An early example, and one that perhaps sums up the modus operandi of many Indonesian units, occurred in September 1963 at the village of Long Jawai.
Located around 30 miles from the border in Sarawak's third division, Long Jawai contained a post manned by four Gurkhas (two NCOs and two Riflemen of the 1st/2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles) and two men from the local Police Field Force (PFF). Supporting them were 21 border scouts, militiamen recruited by the British from the local population. The post's HQ and signal centre was built inside a school hut – not an ideal place, but the local people had been unwilling to help the Gurkhas set up a defensive position on a hill to the east of the village.
On September 25 Captain John Burlinson arrived at Long Jawai with Corporal Tejbahadur Gurung, who was charged with taking over from one of the NCOs at the post, and two riflemen with a light machine gun (LMG) to bolster the post's defence. Burlinson convinced the locals it was in their interests to help build defences up on the hill and to assist the Gurkhas relocate the HQ and signal centre there. Unfortunately, there were problems with the radio antennae and so the sets remained in the village with three men assigned to signals until new and more effective masts arrived. The rest of the force was stationed on the hill. Burlinson and the replaced NCO left on September 27.
Unknown to the Gurkhas, they were not the only visitors to Long Jawai. An Indonesian reconnaissance force had been hiding in one of the village longhouses and was now reinforced by a full-scale raiding party. On the early morning of September 28 a border scout left for the village to visit his sick wife and, on the way, spotted some of the enemy. Unseen, he raced back to the hill and informed Tejbahadur. Unaware of the size of the threat, Tejbahadur rushed to the three signallers and told them to call in for support from headquarters, located 70 miles away at Belanga. The Corporal then grabbed a case of grenades and returned to the hill.
The moment he reached the top, Tejbahadur and his men came under automatic and 60mm mortar fire. Down in the village the signallers were desperately trying, but failing, to make contact with headquarters – the region was notoriously difficult for effective communications. Aware of the operators' position, the Indonesians raked the school hut with gunfire, killing one Gurkha and one PFF operator instantly. The surviving PFF trooper managed to escape and stagger away despite being wounded.
Overwhelming odds
Up on the hill, the Gurkhas were returning fire and putting up a spirited defence. But the border scouts with them began to lose heart and started to slip away down the reverse slope and over to a nearby stream. Here they were captured by a group of Indonesians and frog-marched away. Lagging slightly behind, one scout saw his comrades taken prisoner and decided to return to the Gurkhas.
With just four men to call on, Tejbahadur was facing overwhelming odds. One Gurkha Rifleman had already been killed by mortar fire, while another was wounded in the leg by a bullet. Having fought for several hours, and with the Gurkhas' ammunition running low, the enemy started getting bolder by the minute. Tejbahadur prudently had his men retreat into the jungle.
After covering as much distance as possible, they left the wounded man in hiding with what medical supplies they had. They then struck out to reach the nearest scout post at Long Linau. On meagre rations and over difficult terrain they arrived a few days later to find that a border scout who had evaded the Indonesians had made it there before them and already raised the alarm. Although tired and weary, Tejbahadur and his men continued on to headquarters at Belaga where they gave a full report of the attack. For his determination and level-headed leadership, Tejbahadur was awarded the Military Medal.
In the meantime, the Indonesians had plundered Long Jawai before continuing on with their mission. On setting up camp they took their captive border scouts to one side and murdered ten of them. Retribution for this crime was not far off: Gurkha units had been dropped in by helicopter and had already begun to hunt the raiders down. One Gurkha unit arrived in Long Jawai to find it ransacked and deserted. They also found the wounded soldier left by Tejbahadur and sent him back to receive medical attention.
By 1 October, two more Gurkha platoons arrived in the area to reinforce operations and results were starting to be obtained, including the successful ambush of a 26-man unit from the Indonesian raiding party. It was around this time that a border scout, Bit Epa, also came forward and directed the Gurkhas to the campsite where his comrades had been murdered. Five Indonesian graves were also discovered: Tejbahadur and his men had paid the enemy back with interest.
The Gurkhas carried on searching for the raiders, ambushing stragglers and small units detached from the main incursion party, which still eluded them. With great regret it was eventually admitted that the bulk of the enemy had reached and crossed back over the border into the safety of Kalimantan. This early incursion had proven extremely costly for Indonesia. They had suffered casualties and, more importantly, they had lost the trust of the local population, particularly with the brutal slaughter of the border scouts. Conversely, the Gurkha's swift reaction had impressed the villagers. From then on, the British received invaluable intelligence passed on willingly by locals regarding any Indonesian movements along or over the border.
Uncorking Claret
Incursions by the Indonesians continued apace elsewhere in Borneo, although their raids were not producing the results Sukarno wished for. By 1964, he had decided to raise the stakes and gave clearance for regular Indonesian units to be used in a more overt fashion. Politically, Sukarno was now leaning on the Indonesian Communist Party to support in his vision of Malphilindo. Through their influence (or perhaps coming to his own conclusions), Sukarno came to believe that an Indonesian attack on the Malay Penisula would revive the defeated communist movement there. A new Emergency would, he believed, force his enemies to concede at the negotiating table.
Unfortunately for Sukarno, the area was brimming with Commonwealth and Malaysian forces, while the communist units meant to instigate the uprising existed only on paper. Indonesian incursions, which could only be small due to the total lack of air and naval superiority, were easily crushed. Britain, Malaysia, Australia and New Zealand were now more resolved than ever to thwart Sukarno, with the latter two nations now sending men and material to help in the fight. General Walker was also given permission to push forward with his plans for counter incursions – covert missions that would strike targets 5,000 yards within enemy territory. The umbrella title under which these missions went by was 'Operation Claret', and only units well-versed in jungle warfare were to be used. Given their experience, a greater share of the initial burden fell upon Gurkhas. But as they have proved time and again in their history, the men from Nepal not only met the challenge, but then exceeded the expectations of higher command.
Claret operations primarily targeted zones in and around Indonesian bases and their supply routes. By 1965 the Gurkhas and other British units were striking deeper into enemy territory by up to 20,000 yards. One sizeable Claret mission of this time was 'Operation Kingdom Come'. In early August 1965, Colonel 'Nick' Neill, commander of 2nd Battalion of the 2nd KEO Gurkhas, had formulated his unit's part to be played in the operation and outlined his plan to a small audience at Battalion HQ, which included 24-year-old commander of C Company, Captain Christopher Bullock.
Across the border, the Indonesians were using the River Sentimo to ferry men and material to a fairly sizeable base at the village of Babang Baba. Neill was determined the flow of supplies and command of the waterways to Babang Baba should be interrupted. Three 2nd Gurkha companies – including C Company – and one SAS squadron were ordered to infiltrate enemy territory and make a series of river ambushes along a ten-mile front within five to seven miles of enemy territory.
Having been moved in close to the border by helicopters, C Company crossed into Indonesian territory on 14 August. Also moved into location by helicopter and in support of C Company was a 105mm howitzer, a radio re-broadcast station and a number of mortars.
One of the greatest difficulties faced by Bullock was the lack of detailed maps, which contained large uncharted segments. Rations were fairly spartan: rum, sardines, dry biscuits, rice and a form of dried sprat, known as 'Ikan Bilis'. Sleeping equipment was fairly rudimentary, including a waterproof sheet, light sleeping bag, and a mosquito net, which was vital if one wanted to avoid waking up the next day resembling a pin cushion. Average load, despite trying to keep the weight down, was about 80lb.
The first part of their journey was through secondary jungle. The weather was hot and the men quickly became drenched in sweat. When they reached primary jungle it became cooler, the vast canopy shading them. It had also started to rain. For every hour spent moving through the jungle, the Gurkhas stopped for ten minutes in order to maintain strength. However, the men were constantly on guard for fear of ambush. Encampment was made at roughly four o'clock – any earlier would waste valuable marching time, while any later and it would start to become dark and near impossible for the soldiers to cook up their rations (using smokeless stoves). The firebase was contacted at this stage and given co-ordinates for fire support should it be needed. The men would rise early and get back on the move by 04:45.
C Company eventually entered a vast swamp, which Bullock vividly remembered wading in to. 'The feeling of going up to the thighs in a slush of brown water and decaying vegetation was always abysmal,' he recalled. Eventually, the Gurkhas reached firmer ground on an island. Telling the bulk of the men to rest up, the captain and a team of troops headed forward to make a reconnaissance.
They moved through more swamp towards some low hills that were, if the map was correct, just east of the target. Although it was getting dark, Bullock wanted to gain a fuller picture and so continued, eventually reaching a river. Following it, they soon came across a cleared jungle path. At this point the Gurkhas suddenly heard the sound of voices coming closer and so dived into the undergrowth. A group of Ibans – local tribesmen – came down the path followed by their dog, which soon picked up the scent of the Gurkhas and decided to make further investigation. Fortunately one of the Ibans issued a sharp command and the dog scampered off after its master.
When it was safe to do so, the captain had one of his most agile men climb a tree to try and gain a fuller picture of their location. The young soldier reported that they were about 100 yards south of Babang Baba. In poor light, it took Bullock and his men three hours to return to the main encampment.
Death on the river
By 11:00 on the next morning, C Company had moved out of the swamp into the low hills. Bullock then took an advance party out for further reconnaissance, leaving the others – especially those who had contracted dengue fever – to rest and for the Forward Observation Officer (FOO) attached to them, John Masters, to determine his fire plan.
The reconnaissance party reached the River Sentimo and found it flooded; Bullock and his men returned to C Company and organised two patrols to scout for favourable ambush sites along the riverbank. Accompanying one of the patrols, Bullock headed southwards and found an old path next to the river where the floodwater was shallower. He decided the site was a fair one and would do for the purposes of an ambush.
On the next day, Bullock took one platoon to lay in ambush, while ordering another platoon to head up a hill over-looking the area to offer support. John Masters went with them to direct covering artillery fire should it be required. The remainder of C Company was stayed at the main encampment as a reserve. At the ambush site a general-purpose machine gun (GPMG) was placed on the far right, while an LMG was set up on the left.
The hours ticked slowly by and, apart from two local Ibans paddling by, there had been no river traffic. On the next day, the only living thing to pass the Gurkhas was a monstrous python. It decided to swim on, much to everyone's relief.
After four days of laying ambush, the enemy finally decided to show. At midday a small motor boat hove into view, carrying four regular Indonesian army men. The signal to fire was given and the GPMG burst into life, instantly followed by the guns of the rest of the ambush party. 'The occupants were killed instantly and the boat overturned, a khaki cap drifted mournfully past me, separated forever from its owner,' Bullock wrote.
Indonesian forces in the area were not slow to react. A second longboat, carrying a platoon's-worth of soldiers landed on the riverbank and its occupants immediately sprung into action, trying flank the ambush party. Incoming fire was also taken from Babang Baba. It was abundantly clear to Bullock that now was the time to retreat. Also at this point, the first 'crump' of a British 105mm shell could be heard landing in or near Babang Baba, as Masters called in for artillery support.
Getting back to the hill, Bullock rapidly checked all were present and correct and, along with the reserves and the FOO, struck out to reach C Company's main encampment site. As a leaving 'gift' for the following Indonesians, Masters had radioed the hill's co-ordinates for the 105mm howitzer to shell after they had left.
This done, Bullock, the ambush party and the reserves met up with the rest of C Company and within minutes all were heading back to the border as fast as possible.
Once back at main headquarters, Bullock and his men were congratulated on their success. They were also informed another Claret mission was in the offing within a matter of days and that C Company had been earmarked to take part; not exactly the sort of news dog-tired men wanted to hear. Despite this, it was time to celebrate – Gurkha style. Bullock remembers drinking a number of 'Rusty Nails' (shots of whiskey and liberal lashings of Drambuie) followed by traditional Nepalese songs. 'A succession of young soldiers stood up and sang and danced their tribal lays from the high Himalayan villages of Nepal,' the captain recalled.
The Battle of Bau
For the Gurkhas the greatest moment of their campaign was came in November 1965. The 2nd/10th PMO Gurkhas had become aware of an Indonesian effort to construct a base in the Bau area and, on 21 November, its C Company – backed up by 2nd/10th's Reconnaissance and Assault Pioneer platoons – was sent out to neutralise this enemy presence.
Commanded by Captain Kit Maunsell, the Gurkhas found themselves moving through some particularly tough jungle terrain and the Indonesian position, when located, proved defensively sound. Built on the top of a hill, it was approachable only by three ridgelines. Enemy strength was estimated to be one platoon at the top of the hill and a company roughly 500 yards to the west of the summit. Maunsell had his men make a reconnaissance of the area before moving in for the attack.
On the southern ridgeline – and 800 yards away from the Indonesian base – Maunsell set up a support area manned by the Assault Pioneers and the FOO. The main force cut, as quietly as possible, onwards and upwards. They eventually reached a point 60 yards from the enemy post where they encountered a barrier of trees on the path the Gurkhas were taking. The captain ordered his men to dismantle the barrier as silently as possible. At this point an Indonesian soldier suddenly appeared and, having seen the Gurkhas, prepared to fire. Unfortunately for him, the Gurkhas' response was swifter and he was promptly shot down.
With rounds fired, the Gurkhas lost the element of surprise and alerted the enemy to their presence. Time was now of the essence and Gurkha platoons raced to the left and to the right. Lieutenant (Queen's Gurkha Officer) Ranjit Rai headed one of the attacks. Having suppressed an enemy machine gun, his platoon came across a hut, which they promptly cleared of opposition. Enemy fire was now thickening and so Maunsell ordered 8 Platoon to neutralise the threat. Although one Gurkha was killed and another wounded, the attack worked, with the enemy pushed back.
On the far left, 9 Platoon was held up by an enemy machine gun. Opposition was liquidated when Lance Corporal Rambahadur Limbu, supported by his two-man LMG team, charged forward and despatched the enemy with a well-placed grenade. Moving on, the three Gurkhas jumped over a trench, one of the men throwing in a grenade as they passed. An Indonesian soldier manning the position fired his weapon and managed to wound the two passing LMG team mates before being killed by the grenade's explosion.
Seeing his comrades fall, Rambahadur returned to help. He carried the first wounded man to the shelter of the cleared hut and then went back for the second man, also taking him to the hut. All the while he was being blasted at by the Indonesians.
Despite the grave danger, Rambahadur then risked his life for a third time by racing out and returning with the discarded LMG. The Gurkhas eventually destroyed the Indonesian units on the hilltop, although pressure from nearby enemy units was increasing. By the time Maunsell had his men retire, the fighting on the hilltop had lasted an hour and a half. The two wounded men rescued by Rambahadur Limbu sadly died, taking Gurkha casualties to three men dead and one man seriously wounded. The Indonesians lost 24 men. Ranjit Rai and Maunsell both received the MC, while Rambahadur Limbu was awarded Britain's highest award for bravery in the face of the enemy, the Victoria Cross.
All change
By the time Rambahadur Limbu was awarded his VC in 1966, the situation in Borneo had utterly changed. Despite the pressures of British Claret Operations and the quagmire that the Confrontation had become for the Indonesian army, the end for Sukarno's Borneo campaign and his dream for Malphilindo resulted from a domestic crisis.
Indonesia's communists had gained greater political influence as the nation's economy stuttered and the expense of fighting the Confrontation grew. In order to maintain his haemorrhaging popularity, Sukarno increasingly attempted to gain their backing and political support. He was also becoming fearful of the growing discontent of his conservative generals.
On 1 October 1965, an Indonesian-style 'Night of Long Knives' was instigated by a communist group, with several top Indonesian generals captured and murdered, although one – General Nasution – slipped away and quickly organised a counter strike. Against the wrath of army, the communists had little chance of success and their operation was soon quashed. Sukarno vigorously protested his innocence and attempted to disassociate himself from events. He managed to cling on to power, but not for long. In March 1966, with the economy depressed and with the Confrontation adding to Indonesia's misery, riots started to erupt. Indonesia's High Command responded by organising a putsch, ousting Sukarno from effective power and replacing him with General Suharto.
For the sake of domestic security, it became imperative for the army to halt the Confrontation, which was using up valuable resources and manpower. Suharto and the generals swallowed their pride and came to terms with the British and Malaysians, signing a formal peace on August 11, 1966.
The joy of victory for the Gurkhas was tempered with the pain of losing 43 men killed and 87 wounded during the Confrontation. Another blow came with cuts in the defence budget, reducing Gurkha levels; Britain's own economic woes were beginning to bite during this era. But the men from Nepal had proven themselves to be adept, flexible, tough and tenacious. They had added the Confrontation to their long list of battle honours and lived up to their motto: 'It is better to die than live a coward.'
Last updated: September 17, 2013
Lance Corporal Rambahadur Limbu who won his VC for bravery in the face of withering enemy fire during the Battle of Bau.
Gurkhas arrive at a forward airbase in Borneo. These men were tough, well trained and quick to adapt to jungle conditions. Their heritage as some of the world's best fighters remains to this day.
The massacre of the border scouts by the Indonesian raiders was a critical mistake. Locals were aghast and soon sided with the British where before they were more inclined to support the Indonesians. Here a British patrol is noting information from a villager in Borneo.
A brief clip of Sukarno being interviewed in 1964; with the economy under pressure and his reliance on the communist party growing, Sukarno's enemies were already starting to circle him.
Britain's dominance of the air allowed her to insert troops at various flashpoints using helicopter, a machine that was to prove its worth time and time again during the Borneo campaign. In this photo an Australian SAS team is disembarking from a Westland Whirlwind helicopter in 1966.
This Gurkha is part of a signals section. Unsurprisingly, British radio equipment struggled with the extreme terrain in Borneo and often messages had to be relayed back by foot. Meanwhile, information gleaned from villagers was called the 'Jungle Telegraph'.
Firebase support could prove vital during Claret missions. Bullock had to call in rounds from a 105mm to cover his withdrawal. These men are using a L10A1 L5 pack howitzer, no doubt to equally good effect. (Thanks to Matt R).
Young Indonesian communists have been rounded up and await an uncertain future. The attempt by the communists to liquidate Indonesia's generals was a botched affair and the army was swift to take its revenge.


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11 new courses emerge from Kellogg's cross-disciplinary strategic initiatives and academic departments
This fall, Kellogg is delighted to welcome 15 new tenure-line faculty members from a wide range of backgrounds and expertise to its team.
Results produce cross-disciplinary perspectives on the nature and understanding of trust
Professor honored for research focusing on how unethical behavior can develop in a corporate culture
Kellogg faculty discuss bias in hiring practices
How you say it is just as important as what you say
What French pumpkins can teach you about understanding your BATNA
Long-distance–communications challenges can be overcome. Here's how.
How can women overcome the pay gap? Do your homework and know what to ask for.
Leigh Thompson helps you ensure that your whole team pulls its own weight
Kellogg professor honored with lifetime achievement award
Learn the essentials for achieving win-win outcomes in your negotiations
Build a foundation for better collaboration with Prof. Thompson's four-video series
The case for self-made negotiators
Video: strategies for negotiating employment packages
It's not always just one black sheep who needs fixing
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When negotiating, big sacrifices aimed at maintaining a relationship aren't worth it
In a new Big Think training course, Adam Waytz mines ethical gray areas to improve corporate decision-making
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Video: Leigh Thompson on language, embracing failure and leadership frameworks
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Why you should make the first offer when negotiating
Projects for Ecuador and growth strategies are among Kellogg's new spring courses
Experts at the Kellogg-Aspen conference share how to go from activist target to change agent
Fast ways you and your team can start coming up with better ideas together
Kellogg's Nicholas Pearce discusses the leader's legacy after a visit to Africa
More Kellogg News


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Lamb and Chickpea Stew
Total Time
Prep 15 mins
Cook 1 hr 30 mins
Ingredients Nutrition
- 2 tablespoons olive oil
- 1 onion, chopped
- 2 cloves garlic, crushed
- 1 teaspoon ground cumin
- 1 teaspoon turmeric
- 1⁄2 teaspoon ground coriander
- 500 g diced lamb
- 1 (425 g) can crushed tomatoes
- 1 1⁄2 cups chicken stock
- 1 (300 g) can chickpeas, drained and rinsed
- 1 lemon, juice of
- 1 tablespoon chopped mint
- 1 tablespoon chopped coriander
- fresh ground black pepper
- Heat the oil in a heavy based saucepan, and cook the onion and garlic over medium heat until the onion is tender.
- Stir in the spices and cook for 1 minute or until aroma is released.
- Add the lamb and brown well, stirring constantly.
- Stir in the tomatoes, stock and juice.
- Bring to the boil, stirring, then reduce the heat and cook for 1 hour or until the lamb is tender.
- Add the chickpeas and cook for a further 15 minutes.
- Sprinkle with the herbs and pepper and serve.
Most Helpful
This was a great recipe to start from, I changed it a bit and it came out great. I used baby dark chickpeas, veggie broth, added about two teaspoons garam masala, omitted the mint and chopped coriander, added two celery stalks and one red bell pepper both finely chopped, and I swapped the onion for about a cup of Shallots. Salted to taste and it was AWESOME, Thanks a million!
Delicious, not spicy but very warming. Would be good with a big hunk of crusty bread or garlic bread. I'll make this again.
I was looking for something different to do with the lamb I had, and this filled the bill admirably. The different flavors combine to make a wonderful meal. Other than scaling the recipe back for 2 servings, I didn't change anything. Thank you very much for this recipe.


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Barnstorming Tours
Exploring Science Through Flight
This one-of-a-kind program takes aviation concepts to 6th grade classes across Oahu. Students learn the essentials of flight and then "fly" our large-model P-40 simulator. A portable wind tunnel demonstrates the movement of wind over an airfoil, and some tabletop experiments help students understand Newton's 3rd Law of Motion and the Bernoulli Principle. All of this is provided at no cost to the schools.
- Offered year-round
- Aligned with Hawaii Content and Performance Standards
- Conducted by a specially trained team of Barnstormers
- Presented right in your classroom, library or multi-purpose room
- Targeted toward ages 11-13 and grade 6 students
- Designed for 25 students per session with up to 3 sessions per day
- A minimum of 75 minutes per session
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Reserve your Barnstorming Tour today:
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Please email firstname.lastname@example.com for details.


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John Bradley Chick
John Bradley Chick was a senior at Titusville High School in 1918, when this photograph was taken.
John was the Business Manager for the Optimist, the Junior Play, the Leaders Club was involved in several other organizations while high school. He planned to attend the University of Pittsburgh and enter the oil business.
Photo from the 1918 Optimist, Commencement Number, published by Titusville High School.
Click on the City or Town name right under the name of the photograph, to view more photographs from that city or town. If there's a county listed, you can view more photographs from that county. If you see a surname listed under the title of the photograph, you can click on that surname or surnames to view more photos that are associated with that surname. Same thing works with any of the other "tags" listed right under the title of the photograph. You may be able to make the photo larger, if the original photograph was larger than the photo shown here. Click on the word "original" above and a window will open with a the photo in a larger size. Want to add some information or comment on this photo? Click on "Add new comment" above.


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Title II created a Commission on Marijuana and Drug
Abuse to report to Congress, within one year, on
marijuana, and, within two years, on
the causes of drug abuse.
The National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse was created by Public Law 91-513
to study marijuana abuse in the United States. While the Controlled Substances Act
was being drafted in a House committee in 1970, Assistant Secretary of Health Roger
O. Egeberg had recommended that marijuana temporarily be placed in Schedule I, the
most restictive category of drugs, pending the Commission's report. On March 22,
1972, the Commission's chairman, Raymond P. Shafer, presented a report to Congress
and the public entitled "Marihuana, A Signal of Misunderstanding," which favored
ending marijuana prohibition and adopting other methods to discourage use.
The Commission recommended decriminalization of simple possession, finding:
[T]he criminal law is too harsh a tool to apply to personal possession even in the
effort to discourage use. It implies an overwhelming indictment of the behavior
which we believe is not appropriate. The actual and potential harm of use of the
drug is not great enough to justify intrusion by the criminal law into private behavior,
a step which our society takes only 'with the greatest reluctance.
The Commission found that the constitutionality of marijuana prohibition was suspect,
and that the executive and legislative branches had a responsibility to obey the
Constitution, even in the absence of a court ruling to do so:
While the judiciary is the governmental institution most directly concerned with
the protection of individual liberties, all policy-makers have a responsibility
to consider our constitutional heritage when framing public policy. Regardless of
whether or not the courts would overturn a prohibition of possession of marihuana
for personal use in the home, we are necessarily influenced by the high place traditionally
occupied by the value of privacy in our constitutional scheme.
"Marijuana, in its natural form, is one of the safest therapeutically active substances
known to man."
Capitol Police will be informed that two participants, George McMahon and Barbara
Douglass are authorized to use marijuana by the federal government as well as the
Iowa Board of Pharmacy Examiners.
Capitol Police has been informed that two participants, George McMahon and Barbara
Douglass, have legal prescriptions for marijuana and are approved to use marijuana
by the federal government as well as the Iowa Board of Pharmacy Examiners.
What all of this means is that, if the board of pharmacy examiners really concludes
marijuana to have no medicinal value, as alleged by the assistant county attorney,
the board has an unqualified duty to recommend that the general assembly delete
it from Schedule II and revise Schedule I so that it is not excluded even when utilized
for medicinal purposes. See Sections 124.203, 124.205, (The Code 1997).
If the legislature wanted to preclude the common-law necessity defense by a clear
and deliberate choice regarding the values surrounding the medical use of marijuana,
it would have repealed the sections of the Code recognizing that marijuana has legitimate
medical uses.
The failure of the board of pharmacy examiners to act is not an excuse for this
court to refuse to recognize the defense when the legislature clearly recognizes
there are legitimate medical uses for marijuana. We do not have to wait for the
legislature or the board to negotiate the political minefield regarding the medical
use of marijuana. As long as the legislature has not precluded the defense by a
clear and deliberate choice, this court has an obligation to allow a defendant to
use a necessity defense if the facts support such a defense.


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I started this blog nearly two years ago. There were a few things I expected might happen with time. I figured publishers might start sending me books. I figured people might start reading me if I made any sense. And I even figured I might gain some measure of internet celebrity (I can't be right all the time, can I?). Even still, it's been a pretty successful endeavor.
Last night, I received a copy of Francis Knight's forthcoming debut, Fade to Black. It really solidified how fun this can be. Wrapped in black glossy bubble wrap and then inscribed tissue paper, Orbit Books announced Knight's novel with panache. It screams, 'this is going to be a huge book in 2013, don't miss it.'
I retain the right to tell Orbit they're full of shit if it isn't any good, but I'll be damned if I'm not eagerly anticipating cracking it open after I finish the short stack next to my bed (for the curious, The Red Knight by Miles Cameron, Tomorrow the Killing by Daniel Polansky, The Bones of the Old Ones by Howard Andrew Jones). Every time a book shows up it's a mini-Christmas, reminding me what a privilege and blast it is to write this blog.
None of it works if people don't continue reading me. In spite of several black marks, including a massive restructuring of the site and a woeful rate of posting since August of this year, my readership has never been better. 500 readers? Are you kidding me? I never imagined I'd get there. Let's cut to the chase though, when will I get to 1,000? Help me out here. I can't let Aidan Moher's cover posts trump the kind of quality content I produce!
Staffer's Book Review remains a work in progress and I can't thank everyone enough for their patience. 2012 was an election year and my day job is politics. Do the math. Thankfully, things are settling, although I probably won't be 'back to normal' until after the New Year.
While having people read me has been rewarding, the most unexpected pleasure came when I got an e-mail from an author I'd reviewed asking me to read a work in progress. When it rains and it pours, and over the last six months I've been asked to read no fewer than six manuscripts from six different authors, a few of which I've read multiple times through different drafts. Who knew I had any idea what I was talking about? (This is not, by the way, an admission of any competence on my part.)
Recognizing my involvement in the process precludes me from reviewing these books, it's been a great experience. I've gleaned some of the different creative processes that authors use. I've seen how fiction evolves. I'm sure that if I ever buckle down and write something of my own it'll all be wonderfully valuable. In the meantime, it's just fun.
I write this not to pat my own back — although come on, it is pretty cool — and more as an appreciation for this blog, and the community that surrounds it. It's a few days after Thanksgiving, and I wish I'd had the time to write this before the holiday. I'm thankful for this blog. Even more, I'm thankful that people have taken the time to read what I'm writing. Staffer's Book Review has become a significant part of my life. It's an outlet for a lot of things, but not the least of which is having a discussion with like minded people about the things I love.
So, thanks. Again.


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Above: The African Children's Choir, which this year features 17 children from Uganda, sings at the Palace Theatre in Stamford Saturday, May 26, 2012. Photo: Contributed photo
This weekend, Stamford is the stop for a special group of singers, who will be bringing their high-energy spirit to the Palace Theatre. The African Children's Choir, which has been providing a positive outlet for hundreds of children affected by war, poverty and disease, will perform on Saturday, May 26. Launched by the Music for Life Institute, the group features 17 singers age 8 to 10 who live in Uganda when not on the road.
It is one of many musical acts scheduled to appear at venues throughout our area.
The Wailers will be in Ridgefield on Thursday and ZZ Top will be at MGM Grand at Foxwoods on Sunday. Paul Anka will be in the state, too, as will the Errante/Cho Trio. And, you can enjoy some '50s rock and roll in New Haven.
This also would be the weekend to welcome a white alligator to the area. "Bones" will be making his home at the Maritime Aquarium at Norwalk from the Memorial Day weekend through Labor Day. Over at the Beardsley Zoo, it will be celebrating its 90th birthday with special activities. These include an exhibit featuring an Aldabra giant tortoise and a Galapagos giant tortoise. At Mystic Seaport, lobsters of the cooked variety will be featured during its annual Lobster Days celebrated throughout the weekend. In Newtown, one can find a whole lot of plastic ducks.
Art will abound, as well, from the Art About Town event in Westport to the remaining days of Art to the Avenue in Greenwich. You can also see art from around the world aboard the SeaFair, a megayacht that will remain docked in Greenwich near the Delamar. Many local galleries and artists also are involved in the event, too.
Dancers from the Ballet School of Stamford plan to bring the tale of "Hansel and Gretel" to life on Friday, along with chamber musicians and a number of opera singers.
Meanwhile, the Ridgefield Playhouse is planning a screening of "God is the Bigger Elvis," about the story of Mother Dolores Hart, who also will be on hand for a question-and-answer session. (You can see the trailer of the documentary below.)
And, thanks to the Memorial Day holiday, the weekend lasts right into Monday for most people. Many towns and cities throughout Fairfield County will be marking the holiday with special events, such as parades and festivals. You can look for the list in the May 24 "Go" section, in the "Goings On" listings under "holiday events."
Whatever you do, I hope you enjoy it.
Until next time …


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The launch of new publication Vitry ville street artat East London's Stolen Space Gallery saw an invasion of artists on the city of London. The group of artists many of them French all featured in the new book which documents their work created in and around Vitry, a southeastern suburb of Paris.
On of the artists in attendance for the launch party was Parisian artist Gregos, whose 3D self portraits can be seen all across Paris and beyond. We spoke to the artist about his work and learned that to date six different expressions of his face have been cast for him to use on the streets. We asked him about the process of reducing the 3D cast of his face for the miniature pieces which also appear outdoors. The smaller peces are the result of a long process which involves scanning the full size cast with a 3D scanner...this then allows for a 3D wire frame to be created. Once the artist has this he is able to adjust the size of the wire frame on a computer to the size he wants, which he then prints with the help of a 3D printer. With the miniature piece printed, this can then be used to make a mould for casting multiple plaster street pieces before they are then painted and ready to be installed in the streets.
With nearly 500 faces already installed around Paris, Gregos made the most of his time during his short visit to London and somehow managed to install 50 3D pieces over two days. Below are a selection of the pieces we have discovered so far, still quite a few to find. If you've seen any around your neighbourhood let us know.
And should you find yourself in Paris in April, Gregos will be having a solo exhibition at the Joel Knafo Gallery. Details of his upcoming show can be found here. (In French only)
Monday, March 03, 2014
Face 2 Face with Gregos in London
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Labels: Art, Awesome Street Art, East London, London, Mark Rigney, Photography, Street Art, Streetart, Urban
4 comments:
Interesting that the launch is in London and not Paris.
What's that about?
- 12:02 am
I believe there was a French launch already with another in Rome planed for later this month. The authors of the book have set up a Facebook page here:
- 7:10 pm
Where is the "Good Morning London" one located? I'd like a photo if it has not been stolen already. There's a mini one on Redchurch Street on a dark green window (kind of hidden). And there's one mini brown one near the Pure Evil gallery.
- 9:53 pm
Oh, and I saw some of them have been stolen immediately from what I saw on the artist's official website.
- 9:54 pm
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New Age Debuts New Emerging Technology Channel
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This is awesome! Can't wait to see..


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From: Chef George Formaro, Zombie Burger and Drink Lab, Des Moines, IA. Yield: 6-8 servings. Edamame-Corn Relish: 1 16-oz. bag frozen sweet corn 1 16-oz. bag frozen shelled edamame 1⁄4 red onion, diced 2 Roma tomatoes, diced 1 medium cucumber, peeled and diced 2 tsp. garlic, minced 1⁄2 cup red wine vinegar 1⁄2 cup vegetable oil 1 Tbsp. salt 2 tsp. black pepper Red Wine Vinaigrette: 3 cloves garlic, minced 1 tsp. dried oregano 1 shallot 1 tsp. dried ...
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