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Luther W. and Sarah Ann Casteel Family
- Tennessee |
- Knoxville TN |
- Knox Co TN |
- Unknown Groups |
- Hickey |
- Harvey |
- Casteel
Sarah Ann Casteel and Luther W. Casteel (2 first people left to right)
Lille Ellen Hickey Harvey (4th from right, older woman in back)
The rest are children and grandchildren of Luther and Sarah Casteel.
Photo taken in Knoxville, Knox County, TN.
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Last week credit unions and banks failed to muster the votes to even delay the interchange fee cap regulation by a year. One could argue it was a failure of the American political structure that grants some groups or individuals inordinate amounts of power.
If you're wondering about the power of viral media, talk to Ted Williams.

subset: commoncrawl


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Space Maps
By bonwick on Sep 13, 2007
Every filesystem must keep track of two basic things: where your data is, and where the free space is.
In principle, keeping track of free space is not strictly necessary: every block is either allocated or free, so the free space can be computed by assuming everything is free and then subtracting out everything that's allocated; and the allocated space can be found by traversing the entire filesystem from the root. Any block that cannot be found by traversal from the root is, by definition, free.
In practice, finding free space this way would be insufferable because it would take far too long for any filesystem of non-trivial size. To make the allocation and freeing of blocks fast, the filesystem needs an efficient way to keep track of free space. In this post we'll examine the most common methods, why they don't scale well, and the new approach we devised for ZFS.
BitmapsThe most common way to represent free space is by using a bitmap. A bitmap is simply an array of bits, with the Nth bit indicating whether the Nth block is allocated or free. The overhead for a bitmap is quite low: 1 bit per block. For a 4K blocksize, that's 1/(4096\*8) = 0.003%. (The 8 comes from 8 bits per byte.)
For a 1GB filesystem, the bitmap is 32KB -- something that easily fits in memory, and can be scanned quickly to find free space. For a 1TB filesystem, the bitmap is 32MB -- still stuffable in memory, but no longer trivial in either size or scan time. For a 1PB filesystem, the bitmap is 32GB, and that simply won't fit in memory on most machines. This means that scanning the bitmap requires reading it from disk, which is slower still.
Clearly, this doesn't scale.
One seemingly obvious remedy is to break the bitmap into small chunks, and keep track of the number of bits set in each chunk. For example, for a 1PB filesystem using 4K blocks, the free space can be divided into a million bitmaps, each 32KB in size. The summary information (the million integers indicating how much space is in each bitmap) fits in memory, so it's easy to find a bitmap with free space, and it's quick to scan that bitmap.
But there's still a fundamental problem: the bitmap(s) must be updated not only when a new block is allocated, but also when an old block is freed. The filesystem controls the locality of allocations (it decides which blocks to put new data into), but it has no control over the locality of frees. Something as simple as 'rm -rf' can cause blocks all over the platter to be freed. With our 1PB filesystem example, in the worst case, removing 4GB of data (a million 4K blocks) could require each of the million bitmaps to be read, modified, and written out again. That's two million disk I/Os to free a measly 4GB -- and that's just not reasonable, even as worst-case behavior.
More than any other single factor, this is why bitmaps don't scale: because frees are often random, and bitmaps that don't fit in memory perform pathologically when they are accessed randomly.
B-treesAnother common way to represent free space is with a B-tree of extents. An extent is a contiguous region of free space described by two integers: offset and length. The B-tree sorts the extents by offset so that contiguous space allocation is efficient. Unfortunately, B-trees of extents suffer the same pathology as bitmaps when confronted with random frees.
What to do?
Deferred frees
One way to mitigate the pathology of random frees is to defer the update of the bitmaps or B-trees, and instead keep a list of recently freed blocks. When this deferred free list reaches a certain size, it can be sorted, in memory, and then freed to the underlying bitmaps or B-trees with somewhat better locality. Not ideal, but it helps.
But what if we went further?
Space maps: log-structured free lists
Recall that log-structured filesystems long ago posed this question: what if, instead of periodically folding a transaction log back into the filesystem, we made the transaction log be the filesystem?
Well, the same question could be asked of our deferred free list: what if, instead of folding it into a bitmap or B-tree, we made the deferred free list be the free space representation?
That is precisely what ZFS does. ZFS divides the space on each virtual device into a few hundred regions called metaslabs. Each metaslab has an associated space map, which describes that metaslab's free space. The space map is simply a log of allocations and frees, in time order. Space maps make random frees just as efficient as sequential frees, because regardless of which extent is being freed, it's represented on disk by appending the extent (a couple of integers) to the space map object -- and appends have perfect locality. Allocations, similarly, are represented on disk as extents appended to the space map object (with, of course, a bit set indicating that it's an allocation, not a free).
When ZFS decides to allocate blocks from a particular metaslab, it first reads that metaslab's space map from disk and replays the allocations and frees into an in-memory AVL tree of free space, sorted by offset. This yields a compact in-memory representation of free space that supports efficient allocation of contiguous space. ZFS also takes this opportunity to condense the space map: if there are many allocation-free pairs that cancel out, ZFS replaces the on-disk space map with the smaller in-memory version.
Space maps have several nice properties:
- They don't require initialization: a space map with no entries indicates that there have been no allocations and no frees, so all space is free.
- They scale: because space maps are append-only, only the last block of the space map object needs to be in memory to ensure excellent performance, no matter how much space is being managed.
- They have no pathologies: space maps are efficient to update regardless of the pattern of allocations and frees.
- They are equally efficient at finding free space whether the pool is empty or full (unlike bitmaps, which take longer to scan as they fill up).
Finally, note that when a space map is completely full, it is represented by a single extent. Space maps therefore have the appealing property that as your storage pool approaches 100% full, the space maps start to evaporate, thus making every last drop of disk space available to hold useful information.


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Picnic Table with Umbrella
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Folkvord, Joy M. MS*; McCarter, Martin D. MD†; Ryder, John MD‡; Meditz, Amie L. MD*; Forster, Jeri E. MS§; Connick, Elizabeth MD*
From the *Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, †Department of Surgery, ‡Department of Pathology, and §Department of Biostatistics, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO.
Received for publication June 30, 2004; accepted April 13, 2006.
This work was supported by Public Health Services grants R29AI-42499, AI41536, AI55356, and AI054907 from the National Institutes of Health.
These data were presented in part at the 11th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; February 8-11, 2004; San Francisco, CA [abstract A-104].
Reprints: Elizabeth Connick, MD. University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Box B168, 4200 E. Ninth Avenue, Denver, CO 80262 (e-mail: email@example.com).
Summary: α-Defensins 1, 2, and 3 exert antiretroviral activity in vitro, but their role in controlling HIV-1 replication in vivo and the cells that produce them are controversial. This study sought to determine whether α-defensins are present in HIV-1-infected individuals' lymphoid tissues, the major site of HIV-1 replication, and to identify the cells that express them. α-Defensin expression was evaluated by immunostaining inguinal lymph node sections from 19 untreated HIV-1-infected individuals and 8 individuals at low risk or seronegative for HIV-1 infection. Percentages of tissue sections that stained positively for α-defensins were not significantly different between HIV-seropositive (median, 7.6%) and -seronegative (median, 5.5%) individuals. Conditions that could have produced lymph node inflammation were present in most seronegative subjects, and their lymph node weights correlated with α-defensin expression (Spearman ρ = 0.833; P = 0.010). A median of 100% (range, 95%-100%) of α-defensin-expressing lymph node cells from 8 subjects coexpressed the granulocyte marker, CD15. CD15 and α-defensin staining correlated (Spearman ρ = 0.622; P < 0.001). These data suggest that α-defensins within lymphoid tissue are expressed by granulocytes and are prevalent in HIV-1-seronegative individuals with inflammatory processes as well as HIV-1-infected individuals. The role of α-defensins in controlling HIV-1 replication merits further investigation.
Human α-defensins 1, 2, and 3 are small cationic peptides that exert broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity.1 In vitro, they have been shown to inhibit replication of some bacteria,2 fungi,3 and viruses,4 including HIV-1.5 Cytotoxicity against bacteria occurs through membrane permeabilization, although other interactions between α-defensins and the cell membrane or internal structures may contribute as well.1 The mechanism of inhibition of HIV-1 replication by α-defensins is controversial. One group5 initially reported that α-defensins are the soluble CD8 cell antiviral factor that inhibits HIV-1 transcription.6 Subsequent studies by this group7,8 and others,9 however, demonstrated that α-defensins are not produced by CD8+ cells and that their mechanism of action is distinct from that of CD8 cell antiviral factor.10 A recent study demonstrated that α-defensin 1 at physiologic concentrations has both direct and indirect effects on HIV-1 infectivity.11 It inhibits HIV-1 infectivity by a direct action on the virion, which is abolished by serum. It also interferes with HIV-1 replication in CD4+ T cells at a step after reverse transcription, but before nuclear import and integration. This inhibition is thought to be mediated by impairment of protein kinase C signaling, and it is not sensitive to serum.
Substantial controversy exists concerning the role of α-defensins in HIV-1 infection and the cells that produce them. Neutrophils are the major sources of α-defensins 1, 2, and 3 in humans, although other cell types, including monocytes, B cells, γδ T cells, and natural killer cells, have been reported to produce them as well.12 α-Defensins have been reported in CD8+ cells, neutrophils, and monocytes of HIV-1-infected individuals.5,7-9,13 The aims of the present study were to determine if α-defensins are present in HIV-1-infected individuals' lymphoid tissue, the major site of HIV-1 replication,14,15 and to identify the cells that express them.
HIV-1-infected individuals who were not receiving antiretroviral therapy were recruited to donate inguinal lymph nodes. None of these subjects had an active opportunistic infection or malignancy or a sexually transmitted disease other than HIV-1. Inguinal lymph node excisional biopsies were performed under local anesthesia, and portions of the lymph nodes were snap frozen in OCT compound (VWR, Denver, CO) and stored at −70°C, as previously described.16 The remaining lymph node tissue was minced in phosphate-buffered saline (Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY), and the cell suspension was cryopreserved immediately and stored in liquid nitrogen. Informed consent was obtained from all participants in accordance with the Colorado Multiple Institutional Review Board. Lymph nodes from control subjects, who were individuals at low risk or seronegative for HIV-1 infection, were obtained by informed consent preceding a nonemergent surgical procedure in the groin area or as discarded surgical specimens, with permission of the Colorado Multiple Institutional Review Board. These lymph nodes were processed identically to lymph nodes obtained from HIV-1-seropositive subjects.
HIV-1 RNA was measured in plasma using the HIV-1 Monitor Assay (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN) according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Six-micrometer sections of cryopreserved lymph node tissue were thaw mounted on slides and fixed in 2% formaldehyde for 20 minutes. Sections were incubated at room temperature for 1 hour with mouse antihuman α-defensins 1, 2, and 3 antibody (Novacastra, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK), CD15 (Becton Dickinson, San Jose, CA), or normal mouse ascites (Sigma, St Louis, MO), as a control. Sections were then treated with biotinylated antimouse IgG (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA) followed by alkaline phosphatase-labeled streptavidin (Vector Laboratories) and developed with Alkaline Phosphatase Substrate Kit I (Vector Laboratories), according to the manufacturer's instructions. Quantification of α-defensins 1, 2, and 3 and CD15 was performed by imaging 5 to 10 randomly selected, 1.25-mm2 fields and calculating the proportion of the field that stained positively for α-defensins or CD15 using a computerized image analysis system (Leica Q5001W Image Analysis; Leica, Cambridge, UK), as previously described.16 To demonstrate the specificity of α-defensins 1, 2, and 3 staining, antibody was preincubated overnight with 200 μg/mL α-defensins 1, 2, and 3 (Peprotech, Rocky Hill, NJ) before its use in staining in a subset of specimens. To define the distribution of α-defensin staining, α-defensin-stained specimens were stained with mouse antihuman CD20 (DAKO, Carpinteria, CA), a B-cell antibody that is useful in defining follicular regions of lymph node, as we have previously described.17
Cryopreserved lymph nodes were partitioned into 6-μm sections, fixed in 2% formaldehyde, and incubated at room temperature with antibody to α-defensins 1, 2, and 3. Sections were treated with biotinylated antimouse IgG (Vector Laboratories) and then Alexa Fluor 594-labeled streptavidin (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR), followed by direct staining with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated antibodies to the granulocyte marker, CD15 (Becton Dickinson); CD68 (DAKO), which is found on macrophages as well as many other types of cells; or CD8 (Becton Dickinson). Tissue sections were viewed under epifluorescence, and 50 to 100 α-defensin-staining cells were identified and assessed for colocalization with CD15, CD68, or CD8. To further delineate the cell types associated with α-defensins, disaggregated lymph node cells that had previously been cryopreserved were thawed, spread on slides, air dried, fixed, and permeabilized in 2% formaldehyde containing 1% Igepal CA-630 (Sigma). Cells were double stained and evaluated for colocalization in the same way as described above for tissue sections. To determine whether CD15-positive cells were within blood vessels or the lymph node parenchyma, tissue sections were stained with unconjugated CD15 antibody and detected with Alexa Fluor 594-labeled streptavidin as described above, followed by direct staining with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated factor VIII (DAKO), which identifies vascular endothelial cells.
Lymph nodes from 19 HIV-1-infected individuals who were not receiving antiretroviral therapy were evaluated for this study. Clinical characteristics of these individuals are shown in Table 1 and have been previously reported for some of these subjects.16-18 The majority (84%) of the subjects were men. The median CD4+ T-cell count of this group was 464 cells/μL (range, 107-913 cells/μL), and the median plasma HIV-1 RNA concentration was 22,389 copies/mL (range, 538-181,000 copies/mL). Four subjects (21%) had been infected for less than 1 year (subjects 19, 24, 27, and 77), and the remainder (79%) had been infected longer. The majority (63%) of HIV-1 seropositive study subjects were men who reported a history of sex with men, and nearly half (47%) reported a history of intravenous drug use. Two of 3 female subjects reported heterosexual exposure.
Inguinal lymph nodes from 8 individuals who were at low risk or seronegative for HIV-1 infection were evaluated for this study, and the clinical characteristics of these individuals are shown in Table 1. These individuals were 4 male and 4 female adults who were undergoing surgery in the inguinal region for multiple reasons, as outlined in Table 1.
Staining for α-defensins was abundant and found primarily in the T-cell regions of the lymph node in both HIV-1-seropositive subjects and individuals who were seronegative or at low risk for HIV-1 infection (Fig. 1 and Table 1). Among HIV-1-seropositive subjects, a median of 7.6% (range, 1.6%-23%) of tissue area stained positively for α-defensins. Control sections stained with normal mouse ascites were negative in all instances. Preincubation of α-defensin antibody with α-defensins 1, 2, and 3 before the staining procedure abrogated staining in all 4 lymph node sections in which this was performed, demonstrating the specificity of the antibody. There was no statistically significant correlation between either plasma HIV-1 RNA concentration (Spearman ρ = 0.046; P = 0.853) or CD4+ T-cell count (Spearman ρ = 0.380; P = 0.108) in HIV-1-seropositive subjects and the proportion of tissue area that stained positively for α-defensins. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in expression of α-defensins in subjects infected for less than 1 year compared with subjects infected for more than 1 year.
In lymph nodes from individuals who were low risk or HIV-1 seronegative, a median of 5.5% (range, 1.0%-12.9%) of tissue area stained positively for α-defensins. Differences in α-defensin staining between seropositive and seronegative subjects in the present study were not statistically significant (Wilcoxon test P = 0.382). These findings are in contrast to a previous study in which we reported that expression of α-defensins 1, 2, and 3 is up-regulated in lymph nodes of HIV-1-seropositive individuals compared with individuals who are at low risk or HIV-1 seronegative.17 Staining for α-defensins was similar in HIV-1-seropositive subjects in these 2 studies but was more than 10-fold lower among low-risk or HIV-1-seronegative subjects in the earlier study compared with the present one. Comparison of the low-risk and seronegative subjects in the 2 studies revealed important clinical differences that likely account for these divergent findings. The 5 low-risk or HIV-1-seronegative subjects in the previous study were individuals who had lymph nodes removed during coronary artery bypass surgery (4) and inguinal hernia repair (1), conditions that would not be anticipated to lead to lymph node inflammation. Lymph nodes from 2 of these subjects (subjects 34 and 49) were included in the present study; staining results for these 2 subjects were similar in the 2 studies and some of the lowest in the present study. Most of the seronegative subjects included in the present study, however, were recruited because they were undergoing stripping of varicose veins in their lower extremity, and one was undergoing bypass of the femoral artery (Table 1). The majority of these subjects had clinical evidence of a process in the inguinal region or leg that could have led to inflammation in their inguinal lymph nodes. Subject 58 had recently undergone a failed femoral artery bypass in the inguinal region, subject 59 had a recent history of superficial thrombophlebitis, subjects 68 and 72 both had a history of chronic venous stasis ulcers, and subject 69 had a history of deep venous thrombosis in the calf. Three of the lymph nodes from seronegative subjects (subjects 58, 59, and 69) included in the present study, but none in the previous one, were enlarged (diameter, >1.5 cm). The median weight (494 mg) of lymph nodes from individuals who were at low risk or HIV-1 seronegative in the present study was more than 50% higher than the median weight (297 mg) of lymph nodes from low-risk or seronegative subjects in the previous study (Table 1). Lymph node weight correlated significantly with expression of α-defensins in individuals who were at low risk or seronegative for HIV-1 infection (Fig. 2) in the present study, but not in seropositive subjects (Spearman ρ = 0.127; P = 0.709).
To identify the cell type that produced α-defensins 1, 2, and 3, immunofluorescent double staining was performed in tissue sections from 3 subjects. All CD15-expressing cells expressed α-defensins. The majority of α-defensin-expressing cells (range, 93%-95%) coexpressed CD15. However, due to the diffuse nature of the α-defensin stain, which not only colocalized with cells, but also appeared to spill out into adjacent tissues (Fig. 3A), it was not possible to definitively identify the cells that expressed α-defensins in all instances. To further address this question, disaggregated lymph node cells from 6 seropositive and 2 seronegative subjects were evaluated for colocalization of α-defensins with CD15, CD68, and CD8. A median of 100% (range, 95%-100%) of disaggregated cells that expressed α-defensins also expressed the granulocyte marker, CD15 (Fig. 3B). Colocalization of α-defensins with CD68 was rare (median, 0%; range, 0%-1.3%; Fig. 3C) and was never observed with CD8.
To further evaluate the relationship between CD15 expression and α-defensins, adjacent sections of lymph node were stained for these markers. The percentages of tissue area that stained positively for CD15 and α-defensins 1, 2, and 3 (Table 1) were strongly correlated (Fig. 4) in both HIV-1-seropositive subjects and subjects at low risk or seronegative for HIV-1. Furthermore, in all subjects, the pattern of α-defensin expression closely paralleled the pattern of CD15 staining within the same lymph node, as shown in representative tissue sections in Figure 5. To assess whether the granulocytes detected by anti-CD15 were within the lymph node parenchyma or within blood vessels that supplied the tissue, lymph node sections from 4 subjects were double stained with anti-CD15 antibody and factor VIII antibody. The vast majority (94%; range, 91%-98%) of CD15-staining cells were not adjacent to cells that stained positively for factor VIII (Fig. 3D).
Up-regulation of α-defensins in peripheral blood, cervix, plasma, breast milk, and other body fluids of humans with a range of infections,19 including HIV-1,13,20 has been observed. The present study is only the second report of expression of α-defensins in lymphoid tissues from either HIV-1-seropositive or -seronegative persons and the most extensive evaluation to date. We previously reported that expression of α-defensins 1, 2, and 3 is significantly higher in lymph nodes of HIV-1-infected individuals compared with lymph nodes of HIV-1-seronegative individuals17 but did not observe a similar disparity in expression of α-defensins in the present study. This difference between the present study and our previous one is likely related to important clinical differences between HIV-1-seronegative subjects in the 2 studies rather than a true discrepancy in results. In the present study, most individuals who were at low risk or HIV-1 seronegative had clinical evidence of inflammatory processes involving the lower extremity or inguinal area that were directly related to their recruitment and inclusion in the study. Indeed, 3 had pathologically enlarged lymph nodes, which is strongly suggestive of a reactive process. In contrast, the individuals who were at low risk or HIV-1 seronegative in our earlier study had neither evidence of lymph node enlargement nor preexisting conditions that would have been anticipated to result in inflammation in their lymph nodes. The lower state of activation of the lymph nodes in the HIV-1-seronegative group in the previous study likely accounts for the substantial differences in α-defensin expression between seronegative subjects in that study and the present one. The strong direct relationship between lymph node weight, a well-accepted marker of lymph node reactivity, and α-defensin expression in seronegative subjects in the present study further bolsters the argument that expression of α-defensins 1, 2, and 3 increases with inflammation in HIV-1-seronegative lymph nodes. The lack of correlation of lymph node weight with α-defensin expression in seropositive subjects may have been due to the confounding effect of lymphocyte depletion, which occurs variably in lymph nodes of HIV-1-infected individuals during the course of the disease.14,15 Thus, the present study confirms our previous observation that expression of α-defensins is prevalent in lymphoid tissues of HIV-1-infected individuals and further suggests that this condition is not restricted to HIV-1 infection, but it also occurs in the lymph nodes of HIV-1-seronegative individuals with inflammatory processes.
Two previous studies suggested that α-defensins 1, 2, and 3 in breast milk20 or peripheral blood and cervical tissue13 may play a role in reducing transmission of HIV-1. This is the first study to our knowledge to evaluate the relationship between lymphoid tissue α-defensin expression and plasma virus concentration, which reflects virus replication in vivo. No statistically significant correlation was found between α-defensin expression and plasma HIV-1 RNA concentration. A limitation of our approach was that α-defensin expression was assessed as the percentage of lymphoid tissue area that stained positively, which may not accurately reflect the true amount of α-defensins present. More importantly, potentially confounding factors, such as CD4+ T-cell count, virus fitness, or CCR5 genotype, could not be controlled for because of the small number of subjects in the study. Thus, a relationship between α-defensin expression and plasma HIV-1 RNA concentration is possible but was not detected in this study. These data, nevertheless, establish the presence of α-defensins in human lymphoid tissue, the major site of HIV-1 replication, and thereby suggest that they could play a critical role in control of HIV-1.
Conflicting results concerning the identity of α-defensin-expressing cells in HIV-1-infected individuals have been reported in the past. Although Zhang et al5 initially reported that α-defensins were expressed by peripheral blood CD8+ T cells from HIV-1-infected individuals who had a long-term nonprogressor phenotype, they subsequently reported that this was an artifact of coculturing CD8+ cells with allogeneic-irradiated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).7,8 They concluded that α-defensins released by neutrophils were taken up by CD8+ cells during the permeabilization process of staining. A subsequent study also reported expression of α-defensins by CD8+ cells from PBMCs and cervical biopsies in both HIV-1-infected and uninfected individuals.13 However, this study as well cultured CD8+ cells with allogeneic PBMCs and therefore may have produced the same artifact. Mackewicz et al9 found no evidence that purified CD8+ cells from HIV-1-infected or HIV-1-uninfected individuals' peripheral blood produced α-defensin proteins or expressed α-defensin mRNA. Instead, they reported that monocytes harbored mRNA for α-defensins. Zaharatos et al8 demonstrated that α-defensin expression by numerous different cell types in PBMCs correlated with the fraction of neutrophils in the preparation and was largely abrogated by depletion of granulocytes. They concluded that most reports of α-defensins in peripheral blood cells, aside from neutrophils, were likely caused by neutrophil contamination, although they could not exclude another small source of α-defensins because of occasional detection of α-defensin proteins in granulocyte-depleted cell populations.
The present study is the first to evaluate the phenotype of cells that express α-defensins 1, 2, and 3 in lymphoid tissue, the primary site of HIV-1 replication. A strength of the present study was that lymphoid tissues were neither cultured nor extensively manipulated before staining, which rendered them less susceptible to staining artifacts caused by the release of α-defensins by neutrophils. Furthermore, the fact that neutrophils were a minority population (<3%) of lymph node cells, as compared with the majority population in peripheral blood, likely also diminished the chances for contamination by neutrophils. Colocalization of α-defensins with cell markers was difficult to determine definitively within tissue sections because α-defensins not only colocalized with cells, but also appeared to diffuse within the tissues. A previous study suggested that spillage of α-defensins by neutrophils is a consequence of fixation and staining.8 Whether the diffusion of α-defensins within lymphoid tissue was a consequence of the staining process or whether it reflects the natural state of α-defensins within lymphoid tissue is an open question. Physiologically, however, it makes sense that α-defensins would be released by neutrophils and diffuse through lymphoid tissues in vivo as they are known to exert their antimicrobial effects extracellularly.
In lymph node tissue sections, the majority of cells that expressed α-defensins were granulocytes, as they coexpressed the CD15 marker. However, to definitively identify the cells that expressed α-defensins and particularly to evaluate whether CD68+ cells or CD8+ cells also expressed α-defensins, disaggregated lymph node cells were assessed for colocalization of markers. Unlike the lymphoid tissue sections, there was little question as to the cell of origin of α-defensins in these studies. Virtually all cells that expressed α-defensins also expressed the granulocyte marker, CD15. Only a few rare CD68+ cells were found to express α-defensins, and no CD8+ cells that expressed α-defensins were detected. It is unclear whether these rare CD68+ cells were macrophages or some other cell type, as CD68 is expressed on numerous different types of cells. In addition, it is not possible to exclude the possibility that neutrophil contamination may have produced these rare findings. Given the infrequency of this event, however, it was not possible to further investigate either the phenotype of these cells or the possibility that their presence was caused by contamination. Further evidence that α-defensin-staining cells were primarily granulocytes comes from observations that distribution patterns of CD15 and α-defensin staining within adjacent lymph node tissue sections closely paralleled each other, and the proportions of tissue area that stained positively for both markers were strongly correlated within individuals. Importantly, the majority of α-defensin-expressing cells were not within blood vessels, as defined by factor VIII staining, demonstrating that this finding was not an epiphenomenon because of an increased blood vessel supply in reactive nodes, but that the granulocytes were within the lymph node parenchyma. The finding that granulocytes are the major producers of α-defensins in human lymphoid tissue is consistent with previous studies in humans that have shown that neutrophils are the major producers of α-defensins 1, 2, and 31 as well as a more recent study of peripheral blood expression of α-defensins in HIV-1-infected humans.8
α-Defensins were observed primarily in the T-cell region of lymph nodes, which is where naive T cells come into contact with antigen-presenting cells and develop into antigen-specific effectors. The presence of α-defensins at this site is consistent with their known role as chemoattractants for naive CD4+21 and CD8+ T cells.22 It seems logical that a chemoattractant for naive T cells would also possess antimicrobial activity to prevent infection of effector cells at the site that they are generated. Interestingly, α-defensins are yet another T-cell chemoattractant, in addition to the β-chemokines23 and SDF-1α,24 with antiretroviral activity.
This study provides persuasive evidence that α-defensins are present in lymphoid tissues, which are the major site of HIV-1 replication, and harbored primarily by granulocytes. Further work is needed to determine the role of α-defensins in control of HIV-1 replication and the mechanisms by which they may exert antiretroviral activity in lymphoid tissue. Although serum has been shown to neutralize direct antiretroviral activity by α-defensins,11,25, lymph is thought to contain less protein than serum. Thus, it is possible that α-defensins within lymphoid tissue may exert significantly more antiretroviral activity than they do in peripheral blood.11 Identification and evaluation of polymorphisms within genes of α-defensins,26 as well as factors that regulate their synthesis and release,27 could potentially provide insights into their role in HIV-1 infection, analogous to the insights provided by identification of polymorphisms in genes encoding for β-chemokines and their receptors.28 A better understanding of the role of α-defensins in HIV-1-infected individuals could be critical to understanding the immunopathogenesis of this illness and developing immunotherapeutic strategies to combat multiple infectious diseases, including HIV-1.
The authors thank the subjects who participated in this study. They also thank Alden Harken for surgical assistance in obtaining lymph node specimens, Karen Whalen for nursing assistance during surgical procedures, Shirley Nelson for performing the assays for plasma HIV-1 RNA, Leica Corporation for the loan of the microscope and quantitative image analysis equipment, the University of Colorado Center for AIDS Research Immunology Core for facilitation of the fluorescent microscopy studies, Kevin Kisich for advice and thoughtful discussions regarding α-defensins, and Michael Grodesky, Robert Schooley, Susan Valone, Bev Putnam, Larry Sharkey, Cheryl McDonald, Ruth Berggren, Wheaton Williams, M. Graham Ray, Julie Subiadur, Ron Schimmel, Eileen Dunne, Steven Johnson, and Alex Kallen for assistance in recruiting subjects to this study.
HIV-1 infections; α-defensins; lymph nodes; neutrophils; CD15; innate immunity
© 2006 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.
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The New York Times is currently offering the chance of a professional portfolio review by editors, museum curators and gallery owners to 150 lucky amateur photographers.
Simply submit up to 20 photos from one or more projects, and 150 applicants will be selected for a professional review, based on the strength of the portfolio submitted.
Clink the link above for more details from the NY times, or here for a more in depth article from Peta Pixel.


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CHICAGO, IL – After a desperately needed victory, Real Salt Lake suffered a crucial loss its last time out. A matchup with the struggling Colorado Rapids might be just what the club needs to move past that stinging defeat.
Salt Lake faces the Rapids on Saturday night looking to push both its overall and home unbeaten streaks in the series to eight.
RSL (11-3-7) has gone 1-4-1 since a hot start had it in a tight battle with San Jose for the Western Conference lead. That's no longer the case, as Salt Lake has dropped seven points behind the surging Earthquakes.
RSL broke a four-game winless streak with a 3-0 victory over Portland on July 7 and had a chance to take over the MLS lead in San Jose last Saturday, but fell 5-0 in the second-worst loss in team history. The Earthquakes went on to increase their lead over second-place Salt Lake with a win over FC Dallas on Wednesday.
Salt Lake gave up four goals after captain Kyle Beckerman received a red card in the 57th minute for fouling Sam Cronin in retaliation for the midfielder's challenge on Javier Morales. Now Beckerman, with four goals on the season, won't be available against his former team as he serves an automatic one-game suspension.
"Anytime you have to sit out, it's a bummer," Beckerman told the team's official website. "I'm just trying to get past this as fast as possible, get the boys ready for this week. Hopefully, we can get a win on Saturday."
RSL appears to have a very good chance of doing so, despite having been shut out in three of its last four games. The Rapids have lost four in a row and six of seven, and Salt Lake has gone 3-0-4 in the last seven overall matchups - posting three straight clean sheets - and 5-0-2 in the previous seven home meetings.
Colorado fell 2-1 at Toronto FC on Wednesday, its third consecutive defeat by that score, and all of its last six losses have been by one goal. Conor Casey opened the scoring for the Rapids, but they lost for the fourth time this season when getting the first goal, second in the league to expansion Montreal's five.
"We don't have time to feel sorry for ourselves; we have to move on as there is no time to regret," coach Oscar Pareja said. "We have a game (Saturday) and that is the mindset we have currently."
Pareja's club has had a very busy schedule lately and will be playing for the sixth time in 22 days.
"First and foremost, we need to rest up and get our legs back and make sure we are physically ready to go," Casey said. "That is where the main focus is now and we will think about the rest of it once game day comes."
Salt Lake goalkeeper Nick Rimando can move into sole possession of second place on the all-time wins list with his 132nd on Saturday.


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Bel Air, MD Hotels
Choose dates of your desired stay and Get Rates to display currently available nightly rates.*
Homewood Suites By Hilton Bel Air
4170 Philadelphia Road
Bel Air, MD 21015
Rates Recently Found: ($116.10 - $254.00)
3 Star
Long term and short term stays near Cal Ripken Baseball at Ripken Stadium Historic Harbor towns Baltimore and Washington DC.Welcome to the Homewood Suites by Hilton Bel Air Maryland. The Homewood Suit ... Click for More Info
Candlewood Suites ABERDEEN-EDGEWOOD-BEL AIR
4216 Philadelphia Road
Bel Air, MD 21015-6626
Rates Recently Found: ($108.99 - $119.99)
2 Star
Few can match the quality of the Candlewood Suites Aberdeen Edgewood Bel Air Hotel. Our accommodations in Bel Air offer Maryland travelers a comfortable, convenient home base only six miles from Aberd ... Click for More Info
Country Inn & Suites By Carlson, Bel Air/Aberdeen, MD
1435 Handlir Drive
Bel Air, MD 21015
Rates Recently Found: ($99.00 - $124.00)
3 Star
Our spacious rooms offer a generous well-lit work surface, with desk height plugs, wired and wireless HSIA, allowing business travelers to use the room as a satellite office. Suites offer an addition ... Click for More Info
SpringHill Suites Edgewood Aberdeen
1420 Handlir Drive
Bel Air, MD 21017
Rates Recently Found: ($119.00 - $119.00)
3 Star
The SpringHill Suites Edgewood Aberdeen is the closest Marriott Hotel to the main gate of Aberdeen Proving Grounds (APG), just minutes from Cedar Lane Regional Park, and the Ripken Baseball Complex. ... Click for More Info
Maryland Offbeat Attraction Map
Quirky Tourist Attractions in or near Maryland
While in Maryland, you might enjoy a visit to:
Boring, Maryland: Town Named Boring
Have someone take your picture in front of the clearly-labeled Boring post office or Boring Methodist church.
Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Replica Ark Of The Covenant
Indiana Jones need only have traveled to Lancaster, and paid the Mennonites.
Strasburg, Pennsylvania: Big Amos, Barefoot Amish Giant
Giant fiberglass Amish Man, formerly outside a diner, now outside a restaurant.
Strasburg, Pennsylvania: Barefoot Boy Eats with Pigs
A unique, Amish-kooky statue advertising a local ice cream stand.
© roadsideamerica.com, Doug Kirby, Ken Smith, Mike Wilkins. Information provided as an unofficial resource on attractions as a convenience to our visitors. Information and status -- location, hours open, admission prices, current exhibits, and other aspects -- are subject to change without our knowledge.
Bel Air Hotel ChainsCandlewood Suites
Country Inn & Suites
Homewood Suites
SpringHill Suites
Accommodations Near Bel AirAberdeen, MD Hotels
Baltimore, MD Hotels
Bel Air, MD Hotels
Catonsville, MD Hotels
Chestertown, MD Hotels
Cockeysville, MD Hotels
Edgewood, MD Hotels
Elkridge, MD Hotels
Ellicott City, MD Hotels
Hanover, MD Hotels
Havre de Grace, MD Hotels
Hunt Valley, MD Hotels
Joppa, MD Hotels
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Linthicum Heights, MD Hotels
North East, MD Hotels
Owings Mills, MD Hotels
Perryville, MD Hotels
Pikesville, MD Hotels
Riverside, MD Hotels
Timonium, MD Hotels
Towson, MD Hotels
White Marsh, MD Hotels
Windsor Mill, MD Hotels
New Freedom, PA Hotels
Hospitals & Medical Care FacilitiesUpper Chesapeake Health
Most Desired Travel Destinations:New York, NY
Chicago, IL
Orlando, FL
San Antonio, TX
San Diego, CA
Boston, MA
Washington, DC
Atlanta, GA
Houston, TX
Los Angeles, CA
Dallas, TX
Seattle, WA
Memphis, TN
San Francisco, CA
Saint Louis, MO
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Kansas City, MO
Philadelphia, PA
Baltimore, MD
Pittsburgh, PA
Anaheim, CA
Austin, TX
New Orleans, LA
Denver, CO
Sacramento, CA
Indianapolis, IN
Hollywood, CA
Tampa, FL
Phoenix, AZ
Charlotte, NC
Louisville, KY
Cincinnati, OH
Detroit, MI
Portland, OR
Jacksonville, FL
Las_Vegas, NV
Milwaukee, WI
Cleveland, OH
Birmingham, AL


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- Better Business Bureau Accreditation
- Award of Excellence – Combined Hotels
- Meet the new owners
- Fond Farewell
- How Would You Celebrate Birchwood Inn's 250th Birthday?
- Oh Brave New Brews! Lenox & Surrounding Area Breweries
- Stay at Birchwood Inspires Guest to Wax Poetic
- "Happy" in the Berkshires!
- The Most Requested Recipe This Year
- Celebrating the Bard! Shakespeare's 450th Birthday
- Lenox is Harmony
- Warming Up from the Inside Out with a Hot Toddy Recipe
- Peppermint Bark
- Jumping Rocks' Captures Our Soul
Tag Archives: Bentley
Jolly Good Time
We have been announcing: The British Are Coming! The British Are Coming! Well, they came, we saw, they conquered! The first annual (we hope!) British Motor Car Festival at Tanglewood in Lenox, MA, has been a smashing success this week. The very London-like drizzle stopped just in time for the block party on Friday night. […]
Posted in Events, Festivals, Motor Cars, Recreation, Tanglewood, The Berkshires Tagged Austin Healy, Bentley, Berkshires, British Motor Car Festival, Lenox MA, Lotus Elite, Rolls-Royce, Tanglewood Comments Off on Jolly Good Time


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Football Fashion that Scores
Emma Graham's designs make a touch down
With college football season soon to start, many students, alumni and fans are looking for ways to look fashionable on game day. Thanks to contemporary line Emma Graham ladies will be able to don dainty dresses in their favorite Florida team colors. There are frocks for Florida State and University of Florida fans. Plus, University of Miami students can design their own.
Emma Graham's Campus Collection has various cuts and styles to choose from such as the the Britt, Allie and Jenn dress. Custom orders take 2 weeks to arrive. Dresses start at $98 up to $188. Check out: www.emmagraham.com
Miami Chic
- Miami Designer Releases Fall Collection
- First Annual Women's Business Makeover Workshop
- MadRag Store Expands to Bird Road
- Miami Salon Offers $5 Blowouts
- Pantene Pops Up in Miami
- Wynwood Fashion Gallery Presents New Exhibit
- Wynwood Fashion Gallery Presents New Exhibit
- Miami Purse Designer Releases Fall Collection
- Save 65 Percent Off Swimwear for Labor Day


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Most people know that getting a ticket or buying a flashy convertible will likely net them a higher car insurance premium, but did you know that your place of residency could be costing you as well? A recent report released by Insure.com calculated the average annual insurance premium in each state and discovered that a locale's laws, geography and infrastructure can heavily influence a resident's monthly auto insurance payments. To conduct its study, Insure.com commissioned Quadrant Information Services, which monitors insurance rates, to calculate the average premiums on a policy for a 40-year-old single male driver who commutes 12 miles to work. The sample policy had limits of $100,000 for injury liability for one person, $300,000 for all injuries and $50,000 for property damage in an accident and a $500 deductible on collision and comprehensive coverage. The policy also included uninsured motorist coverage. Insure.com discovered that there was a $1,546 difference between the state with the highest average annual insurance premium and the state with the lowest. Amy Danise, managing editor of the website, said that while multiple factors can contribute to higher policy rates, it generally comes down to claims. "States that don't have to pay expensive or numerous claims are going to have lower rates," Danise says. She also points out that if you live in a state that has a large number of uninsured motorists, your premium is going to be high. "People who do have insurance end up making the claim, even if they didn't cause the accident. There's more people crashing, but a smaller pool of people paying the insurance companies." Read on to find out if your place of residence is costing you extra in car insurance. Photo Credit: Joe Shalbotnik
States With the Priciest Car Insurance
State of Pay
10th Least Expensive: UtahAverage Annual Premium: $1,272 Photo Credit: Pink Sherbert Photography
9th Least Expensive: VirginiaAverage Annual Premium: $1,237 Photo Credit: tobyotter
8th Least Expensive: IowaAverage Annual Premium: $1,179 Photo Credit: Jewell Willet
7th Least Expensive: North CarolinaAverage Annual Premium: $1,154 Photo Credit: Mike Mariano
6th Least Expensive: OhioAverage Annual Premium: $1,152 Photo Credit: gwdexter
5th Least Expensive: TennesseeAverage Annual Premium: $1,146 Photo Credit: Woody's World 1778
4th Least Expensive: WisconsinAverage Annual Premium: $1,128 Photo Credit: Krossbow
3rd Least Expensive: MaineAverage Annual Premium: $1,126 Photo Credit: Woody's World 1778
2nd Least Expensive: South CarolinaAverage Annual Premium: $1,095 Photo Credit: cjc4454
Least Expensive: VermontAverage Annual Premium: $995 A cold winter may not seem to carry too many benefits – especially when considering how particularly brutal this last one has been – but it definitely plays a large part in why Vermont's premiums are so low. According to Danise, the bad weather keeps people indoors, which leads to a lower level of traffic congestion on Vermont's roads, meaning fewer accidents and therefore fewer claims. Photo Credit: exfordy
10th Most Expensive: MarylandAverage Annual Premium: $1,807 Photo Credit: Mike Mariano
9th Most Expensive: ArkansasAverage Annual Premium: $1,836 Photo Credit: Woody's World 1778
8th Most Expensive: New MexicoAverage Annual Premium: $1,896 Photo Credit: cjc4454
8th Most Expensive: MississippiAverage Annual Premium: $1,896 Mississippi is actually tied with New Mexico in terms of the rankings. Photo Credit: Southern Foodways Alliance
6th Most Expensive: CaliforniaAverage Annual Premium: $1,991 Photo Credit: Marcin Wichary
5th Most Expensive: Washington, D.C.Average Annual Premium: $2,146 Photo Credit: andrewarchy
4th Most Expensive: MontanaAverage Annual Premium: $2,190 Photo Credit: Woodys World 1778
3rd Most Expensive: OklahomaAverage Annual Premium: $2,197Photo Credit: cjc4454
2nd Most Expensive: LouisianaAverage Annual Premium: $2,453 Louisiana, which held the top spot in last year's rankings, can blame its higher insurance premiums on how its judicial system is structured. Danise explains that under state laws, lawsuits that seek less than $50,000 in damages are heard by an elective judge, rather than by a jury. "These judges tend to favor the little guy," she says, since they are the ones responsible for the judge's re-election. Danise adds that personal injury lawyers in Louisiana are hip to this and tailor their cases to seek $49,000 in damages, "just below the threshold." This leads to a lot of expensive claims being paid out by insurance companies. Photo Credit: Woodys World 1778
Most Expensive: MichiganAverage Annual Premium: $2,541 According to Danise, Michigan has always been high on Insure.com's list (last year it was second), but the fact that it's the only state that guarantees unlimited personal injury protection payments by law finally nudged it to the top. "Insurance companies in Michigan pay a giant amount of money in personal injury claims," Danise says, meaning they have to charge a higher premium to all. Photo Credit: Richard Masoner
The Most Expensive Cars to InsureYour place of residency isn't the only factor that drives what you pay to insure your vehicle. Find out what 2011 car models specifically present the best (and worst) insurance deals in this MainStreet roundup! Photo Credit: Nissan.com
Join us on FacebookJoin the MainStreet team and other readers on our lively Facebook page! Discuss our newest stories and get links to breaking content, automatically. Click here to add us. Photo Credit: lawtonchiles
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News Release from the office of Senator Carlos Uresti
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASEJuly 16, 2008CONTACT:Diana Martinez, 512-463-0119
WHAT: Blue Ribbon Task Force Strengthening Families Block Walk
WHEN: Saturday - July 19, 2008 - 9:00 a.m.
WHERE: PCI/Headstart Building - 1227 Brady Blvd San Antonio, TX 78207
State Senator Carlos Uresti's Blue Ribbon Task Force is bringing their message of parental support straight to the doors of some San Antonio residents. The "Strengthening Families Block Walk " will provide information and tools for parental support. Volunteers will help spread door bags with tips and bilingual literature with the central message of empowering children and strengthening families. Many households in the 78207 zip code can expect a visit by an eager child advocate.
This is the second Blue Ribbon Task Force Strengthening Families Block Walk. Senator Uresti plans on organizing consistent block walks throughout the city to support and strengthen communities with high instances of reported child abuse, drop out rates, and teenage pregnancy.
Media is invited to join us at our staging area in the PCI/Headstart building from 9:30 -10 a.m. for interviews with the Senator and volunteers. Senator Uresti will be available for comments and questions from members of the media during the event.
Senator Uresti is the founder and chair of the Blue Ribbon Task Force, a local coalition of community members. Carlos I. Uresti is the State Senator of District 19, the largest geographical senate district in the contiguous 48 states. Senate District 19 spans a 23 county area stretching along the U.S.-Mexico border, from San Antonio to El Paso County. Covering 55,000 square miles, the district contains 62 school districts, spans two time zones, and is larger than 24 states and 25 countries.
For more information on the organization, visit www.blueribbontaskforce.com.


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CWJC graduate wins scholarshipcomment (0)
October 10, 2013
Imagine being told your entire life that you are stupid and believing it to be true; this is how Marceia Bonin-Turner described her life before coming to Christian Women's Job Corps (CWJC) in Nashville.
"I came to CWJC broken because of a lifetime of abuse," Bonin-Turner said. "For years, I was told I wasn't good enough or smart enough and I believed it."
But now, after graduating from CWJC and earning her GED in 2011, Bonin-Turner's story looks different.
She will continue her education at Nashville State Community College as a recipient of the Faye Dove Scholarship Award, established in 2013 by national Woman's Missionary Union.
The new annual scholarship honors select CWJC graduates who have demonstrated perseverance in achieving personal goals and plan to continue their education. Bonin-Turner was awarded a $1,000 scholarship.
She plans to continue her education, earn a master's degree and become a licensed therapist. She credits the CWJC for her success.
"Because of the love and encouragement I received at CWJC, I am literally forever changed," she said. "The positive environment helped me more than words can say."
Sober for five years, she volunteers 20 hours a week to help women who are fighting addictions, and is confidently rebuilding her life.
"God has carried me through so many of life's challenges," she said. "At CWJC, I found hope, love and acceptance. It was so beautiful to begin to believe that I could get beyond my insecurities. That's what I found at CWJC and I have carried that with me into all facets of my life."


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Grateful Dead
Get well soon Critter's Mom
Sorry for the delay...I've had family medical problems and tremendous pressure from all angles. Please send out good vibes to my Mom to get all better.
I'll be doing more contests, but alas probably not for a few weeks, as I have had to put other projects, and still mailing out the rewards ahead of making a new quickie for ya guys.
Luckily, I've finally got time and a little sleep after the whole holiday fiasco (mom's hospitalization) has been going on.
Love ya,
Thanks for letting me know about the scarlet/fire, I got super sick and haven't gotten online in like 3 weeks, and now I have no idea what is going on I feel so left out-LOL I hope veryone had a great Holiday and hoping maybe we are having another contest soon :)
Thanks CC!
I think I said on my entry how I'm liking the videos.
And that IS a darn fine show.
Thanks HD...We've got our weekly winner for this weeks contest. The answer was (one of my favorite shows):
All Along The Watchtower 06-23-1988 Alpine Valley, East Troy, WI
This Weeks winner is.....
This show is a whopper, and has that "Swishy Jerry" Sound when the sound man fed the vocals and Jerry's guitar into an automatic panning device that swished from the left speaker to the right and back again fairly rapidly. Here is one of my favorite all time Dead Hour shows with David Gans featuring this stellar show with a Blackbird>Brokedown Palace encore! GD Hour #556, thank you Mr. Gans.
Click Here For the Whole Show
Also this has one of the best 80's Morning Dews in GD history.
UPDATE ON Winners:
Sorry for the delay on the Sunshine Daydream Video....I had to buy more DVD's and the snow/cold weather hampered my car...I've got them now and will be sending those out On Wednsday.
Love the graphics! I know I can find this one, but unfortunately, I've been swamped the last few days. :(
I was just checking the store page occasionally to see if they'd opened up a comment thread there. I get lost digging around in the forum hierarchy.
I was remembering that $180 as the total with S/H, not just S/H alone. Couldn't go back to refresh my memory since those 31 days comment threads had been removed. Cheaper by half now, that's such a HUGE difference I'm inclined to think that it was a mistake in the first place.
That this Road Trips 2011 Subscription discussion has its own place over at www.dead.net/forum/road-trips-2011-subscription-discussion-topic. Doh!
The price of a subscription with standard international shipping is now $143.50, whereas it was originally $275 ($95 for the discs + $180 shipping). Originally it was cheaper with Rush shipping, but as that was by UPS then extra charges galore would have to be added due to their policy of presenting packages to customs and charging extra on your doorstep for doing that, on top op the customs charges. I estimated that the Rush option would also end up costing around $275 in total. For the standard shipping they have knocked around $130 off the cost of shipping four packages, i.e. around $32 less per package (more than the cost of the RT itself). As regards release dates, it states that the shipping dates will be February, May, August & November. To align the series with the calender year it seems that there will be a RT 4.5 in November - in previous years No.1 of a new series has been released around November. Will the price of individual RT's be higher as individual purchases as and when they are released? Who knows, but they will all be 3 CD sets so it is quite possible. If so, the subscription becomes even more attractive (except that you have to pay the whole cost up front). I am also a grumpy old pessimist, but Marye helps to keep my pessismism in check, bless her. I think the basic rule of thumb is that people are good and corporations are bad - until proven otherwise. Bah, humbug.


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Need a good reason to head to Southport's Trinity Church on Sunday, November 3 (5 p.m.) for the Music for Youth "Rising Stars Benefit"?
I don't have 1.
I have 8.
Here they are:
1. Music for Youth is a low-key, little-publicized Westport-based arts non-profit. It was founded by former Westporter Marianne Liberatore. She died in June 2012, but her organization lives on.
2. MFY puts on free monthly young persons concerts and master classes. Held at the Pequot Library, they attract average audiences of 200 to each show.
3. MFY also runs a free professional quartet residency program and musical exchange involving Bridgeport and Weston middle schools…
4. Plus a scholarship program.
5. This is the 1st benefit concert since Liberatore's death. It's crucial for MFY to raise money to continue their superb free programs.
6. This year's benefit highlights "Rising Stars" — teenage and pre-teen musicians from Fairfield County who have participated in the master classes. The youngsters are helping raise funds for free programs for other kids.
7. Performers include 5 Westport students: Stapleites Ellie Shapiro (featured violin soloist), Cameron Baumann and Christoph Russi (violinists in the Vivace ensemble), as well as pianists Alan Becker (Kings Highway Elementary School) and Joy Xu (Saugatuck El).
8. The Vivace is the advanced teen string ensemble of the Suzuki Music School of Westport. They perform from memory, and are the closing act.
(To purchase tickets, call 203-938-3843 or click here. They are also available at the door.)


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This one is good, very good. There is only one factor which can scare away a potential buyer: the price! LCD monitors of the HX series from Sony are among the most expensive products now available. I can't say they are stars in the market – they are very good, but not unique. Add also the negative factors like the relatively massive case, no portrait mode and no height adjustment, the strange color temperature settings and minor flaws in the firmware. The declared brightness of 400nit has nothing to do with reality: it is not supported by the contrast ratio, and is of no practical value.
Anyway, if you don't bother about the price, Sony SDM-HX73 would become a good choice. Otherwise, consider competitor models that sometimes offer the same quality at a lower price.
As you may have already understood, there is no "ideal" monitor in this roundup, either. Each of the tested models has strong and weak points, which make it suitable for tasks of one type, and absolutely incompatible with tasks of another type.
The monitors from Acer, especially AL1721, pleased me once again. AL1721 can fit nicely into an office or home environment due to its characteristics and exterior.
Samsung upset me, on the contrary. The new models from the 173 series have brought nothing really new. The product list from Samsung is very long and variegated now, and sometimes it is hard to tell the difference between two models. All this only makes shopping a hard task. However, it is clear that 172N, 172V and 173S models can find their buyers, since they are well-done mainstream models many customers are looking for. Unfortunately, the models on PVA matrixes have disappeared from the market, only the old 171B and 171T rarely emerge, while new 173P and 173T haven't yet reached the shops. There is also a strong shortage of models on new 16msec TN+Film matrixes – SyncMaster 172X. As I have shown you with my measurements, the 16msec matrix doesn't provide a considerable speed boost, but I'd like to see top-end monitors from Samsung, rather than mainstream and value ones. After all, it is the price that affects the response time, the functionality and the setup quality, which are absent by the models we have seen today.
I'd like to single out Sony SDM-HX73 once again. It is an excellent product, but its price is overstated compared to the competitor products, and it is the price that often becomes the crucial factor when you are shopping for a new LCD monitor.
Color Coordinates of RGB Filters (CIE x, y)
If you want to use the color profiles I created during my tests, feel free to download them from here.


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Bill Bomar papers, 1946-1970
Bomar, Bill, b. 1919
Active in Taos, N.M.
Collection size: 86 items.
Collection Summary: A telegram, a letter, clippings, and photographs of his work.
Biographical/Historical Note: Painter. Born in Fort Worth, Texas, Bomar studied at Cranbrook Academy. He now lives in Taos, New Mexico.
Lent for microfilming 1979 by Bill Bomar.
How to Use this Collection
- Microfilm reel 1685 available at Archives of American Art offices; the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston; and through interlibrary loan.
- The Archives of American art does not own the original papers. Use is limited to the microfilm copy.
- For more information on using the Archives' resources, see the FAQ or Ask Us.


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|Delicious Magazine August 2013
In 2011, after months of unexplained stomach pains and doctors' tests, I was diagnosed with a lactose intolerance.* Which is a pain in the ass when you make your living as a food writer. What makes it worse is that a lot of people think food intolerances are a fad, or a product of fuss-pot imaginations. So I've written a column for this month's Delicious Magazine standing up for the millions of Brits with food intolerances.
On the plus side, in the past year and a half I've had lots of fun experimenting in the kitchen with dairy-free and low-lactose ingredients. Coconut milk, cocoa powder and sheep's cheese have been among my firm allies in this quest (many lactose-intolerant people, including myself find goats' and sheep's milk dairy easier to digest as the lactose levels are far lower than in cow's milk). I'm currently working on a new dairy-free project which I'm very excited about...watch this space for more info.
In the meantime, do check out the beautiful August issue of Delicious Magazine, and let me know what you think. If you have a food intolerance and have similar troubles when eating out, I'd love to hear from you.
*Just in case you're wondering about those erstwhile Cafe of the Week posts featuring flat whites and fat cakes, alas it's a little trickier these days as I can't eat lots of those things any more! But I'm planning a new series for Pinch of Salt which will include the best cafes from my travels.


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Friday, 16 December 2011
In which I eat my way through 2011
Spuntino, Soho
Yet another of Russell Norman's brainchildren, the tiny, New York-inspired menu at Spuntino is utterly delicious. The truffled egg toast is possibly the best thing I have ever put in my mouth. They're also excellent at working out it's a birthday and putting candles in the dessert without your date noticing until it's in front of him.
Polpetto, Soho
My exceptionally soft spot for Polpetto might be that it was the scene of dinner on the first day of my first date with The Writer. Or it might be because of the swordfish carpaccio with pomegranate. I'd not take any chances, frankly – get down there pronto and try it for yourself.
The Ledbury, Notting Hill
Fine dining at its best. They do an affordably pricey set lunch for those wanting to try the two-star food without remortgaging.
Max, Tribeca
Food in London is brilliant, but there's something about food in New York. Maybe it's the whacking great platefuls, maybe it's the far friendlier service. Whatever it is, it's special. Max is no different. A low-lit little Italian in Tribeca, the pasta is beyond delicious, the wine is decent and the whole thing is bargainous. Brilliant.
Fishers, Edinburgh
Bowls of mussels the size of your head (the bowls, not the mussels), and a wondrous three-course meal for two with booze and coffee for £30 each? Winning.
The Outsider, Edinburgh
This place, I love. I've loved it since I discovered it way back in 2004, and imagine I will continue to do so for the forseeable. Never once have I had a bad meal there, and anywhere that's going to serve scallops the size of a steak is in my good books. I've made TW promise not to write a rave review and ruin the place for ever.
Brick Box, Brixton Village
Now here's a place that is almost certainly about to be ruined, with Brixton Village having just been named 'Best of 2011' for food in London by Time Out. But, if you can get there before the hoards do, go for Sunday brunch. Have the homemade lemonade, and one of their BRILLIANT pancakes (I like the goats' cheese). If you're TW, have four in one sitting, and acquire the nickname 'The Record Guy' for every subsequent visit.
Yalla Yalla, West End
Cheap and cheerful, and a place that I can legitimately have supper consist entirely of baba ghanoush and hummus. Perfect for grazey, gossipy dinners with friends you've not seen in far too long, and an excellent selection of surprisingly tasty Lebanese wine.
Jane, West Village
I'm sure there are a million and three places to go for Sunday brunch in New York, but I keep going back to Jane. Their Benedict Jane (poached eggs, crab cakes, sautéed potatoes, hollandaise) and a good, spicy Bloody Mary are the perfect way to set yourself up for a afternoon on Museum Mile. Or anything else you could conceivably want to do.
6 comments:
- Jack The Lad said...
Blonde, On The Outsider, I've eaten there on more than a few occasions and I have no problem with the scrummy food, brisk & unfussy service and delish wines/alcohol. But, you knew there was a but didn't you, the problem I have is when its busy it can get very LOUD, especially when there's a bunch of twenty something girls out on a pre-night-out nosh. The problem could be alleviated by putting some soft fabric on the walls to kill some of sound reflections. Or they could not sell lots of alcohol to nights out, male or female. Apart from that I do agree with review.
- 16 December 2011 at 15:02
- Blonde said...
Jack: Ah, yes, that is true. I find it's not quite so bad if you get a table near the edges of the room, particularly downstairs. But yes - large bunches of pre-boozers can take the edge off any nice meal!
- 16 December 2011 at 15:49
- unpackingbooksfromboxes said...
I wish I'd had a list like this 12 months ago! I had the most awful, bland, overpriced eating experiences in London, so much so that I gave up and lived on hot chocolate and pastries from Paul's. I had just come from Paris and the amazing food there so I figured a French-themed chain was my safest bet. Sounds like I just needed some more guidance.
- 16 December 2011 at 22:40
- Blonde said...
Unpacking: Oh no! London is full of tasty things - you definitely missed out. What a shame.
- 19 December 2011 at 09:10
- PhilipJTerry said...
While skim reading this I saw in the same paragraph the words "tiny" and "best thing I ever put in my mouth"
Nonetheless, this looks like a fantastic food blog...
- 21 December 2011 at 18:12
- Blonde said...
Philip: Hmm. Can't deny that... Though you should go, try the toast and see if you don't agree.
- 22 December 2011 at 11:28


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After News Corporation awarded both Rupert and James Murdoch hefty bonuses, at $12.5 and $6 million respectively, James Murdoch refused his share because of the News of the World phone hacking scandal, reports Reuters. While he won't accept the pay-day right this moment, he's not ruling out the possibility of future sums. "I will consult with the Compensation Committee in the future about whether any bonus may be appropriate at a later date," Murdoch said in a statement. Oh James, you're such a mensch.
James Murdoch Turns Down His $6 Million BonusRebecca Greenfield
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The bendy straw of the smartphone world is ready to hit stores in the United States. The LG G Flex is coming to AT&T on January 24 for ...On January 21, 2014 / By Chance Kinney
We have been eager to test out T-Mobile's LTE network ever since the carrier officially unleashed their new network last year. T-Mobile claims that their LTE network is ...On January 16, 2014 / By Helena Stone
The era of the curved smartphone is upon us. Why? I'm not 100 percent sure, but it looks different! The LG G Flex is making its way to ...On January 6, 2014 / By Chance Kinney
AT&T is becoming the latest service provider to ditch contracts, introducing their new Mobile Share Value Plans. The plans will be available to all AT&T customers, and can ...On December 6, 2013 / By Chance Kinney
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Welcome to Constructores Para Cristo (CPC). We are a faith-based nonprofit with a home office in Birmingham, Alabama. We are ministering along the US-Mexico border in the city of Piedras Negras, located approximately 150 miles southwest of San Antonio, Texas.
Constructores Para Cristo is committed to helping the people of Piedras Negras break the cycle of poverty by providing housing, health care, and educational opportunities.


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Beautiful house with garden
Storlek200 m²
Våning Nr.3
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Översikt av fastigheten
|Rue Charles Lechat, 1160 Bruxelles, Belgien
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A house with 4 private bedrooms (lokable), Two with a double bed and the 2 other with two single beds. Ideal for a family with children.
You also have access to the bathroom with two sinks, a toilet, and a shower with Turkish bath / Sauna. As well as the full equipped kitchen (fridge, microwave, ceramic hob, extractor hood, oven, dishwasher, double sink (+ fridge freezer and additional to the cellar).
Six seater dining room and living room with documentation.
Laundry with washing machine and dryer.
Can accommodate 8 people (extra bedroom - see announcement)
European institutions: 9min
Great place: 17min
Airport: 16min
Free Wifi
We have our own website which will inform you about activities, attractions and places of our capital ..
To improve continuously the quality of our accommodation, we followed the recommendations of our travelers, and have changed access to superior rooms. Now it's not via the room but via a night hall.
Deposit 100€ for the keys
|Veckohyra för upp till 4 gäster
|Månadshyra för upp till 4 gäster
|Pris för > 4 gäster
|154 SEK extra per gäst/natt
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Recensioner för denna bostad
The house is old style but clean and comfortable, has everything you need in the kitchen and the rooms are big. There is a bakery and a park nearby, very nice. It was easy to park our cars. Do not count with TV, they are very old and don´t work. The owners don´t answer emails with frequency nor pick up the phone. Once I contacted Wimdu support service I finally received another email from them, so at the end it worked out fine - but this is definately a big minus point because this lack of communication causes a lot of stress and anxiety as anyone can imagine.
Spacious and clean house, well decorated. Located close to European offices, where we had a business meeting. Also close to subway station and some grocery and bakery shops.
Very nice flat, everything was in proper conditions in the house.
I can recomend the house to everbody who is interested to have some nice days close to the capital of Belgium.
Contact with Damien have been very good at each time.
Thank you!
We are a family with 3 children (from 5 to 9 years old) and enjoyed our time in Bruxelles very much. The place is worth visiting, also with children. Definitely it was the right choice to stay in this house (Rue Charles Lechat 17). Inside we found everything we need, quiet rooms in a quiet neighborhood, with terrace and even a small garden. Metro 5 in walking distance. The owner and his family are very friendly. We really can recommend this place to other families.
It was a very nice stay at the appartment, everything was there and ready to use. Thanks to that I will never rent a hotel again, because renting appartments like these makes a stay in another city just more and more beautiful. Thanks a lot for this beautiful time.
We hebben een perfect weekend gehad in dit huis. Met het mooie weer was de tuin ideaal en de afstand tot metro is goed te lopen.
Keuken is prima met oven en vaatwasser en verder was alles gewoon netjes en schoon.
Parfait! Les hôtes se sont montrés très disponibles pour nos heures d'arrivée et de départ, la maison correpondait complètement au descriptif, les belles fleurs du jardin ayant rajouté du charme! Logement très bien placé à proximité du métro, nous étions vite au centre tout en se sentant bien dans un logement avec jardi, une rue calme... le top!
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Metrics compare against pre-defined expectations or goals, and compare corresponding data points to identify outliers. This is helpful in understanding what causes differences, where often many insights can be gained. The proper use of metrics can be an extremely powerful way to evaluate and manage performance. Legal departments who use quantifiable performance management tools and engrain this approach into their operations can yield great long-term results.
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The establishment of legal metrics is often related to legal benchmarking. We begin high-impact legal benchmarking engagements by looking at the situation of our clients to determine the metrics that will best explain where opportunities for improvement lie. We then select the appropriate companies, both within and external to our clients' respective industries, to benchmark. These metrics yield a comprehensive set of data that we distill to formulate key insights regarding the "best practices" that our clients can adapt for use in their corporate legal departments.
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Read more on the value of legal metrics: "Legal Cents: Now's the Time to Start Benchmarking", Wisconsin Law Journal.


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Bay Harbor Islands Real Estate Market Report
There are currently 12 Bay Harbor Island Homes for sale:
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- Lowest priced listing is $450,000 (9970 E Bay Harbor Dr)
- Pending Sales (properties under contract): 1
- Closed sales in January: 1
The sold Bay Harbor Island home in January was a new construction home on a dry lot, located at 1210 95th Street. It was built in 2008 with almost 4,000 sf of living space, a 10,000 sf lot, and 4 bedrooms / 4 bathrooms. The home had been originally listed for $2,190,000 in August on 2008 and rented, was then lowered to $1,729,000 in November of 2012 and sold for $1,650,000 last month.
There were 9 Bay Harbor Island Homes sold in 2012 with a median sales price of $1,125,000 and average price per square foot of $366. January's sale was at $420 per square foot which is way above the average price and definitely a good move by the seller. Bay Harbor Island's sales have been slow and in-between, but it only strengthens the fact that the area is desirable and little for sale inventory is always good.
Click here to search for Bay Harbor Islands homes for sale
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Content WindowExcise Tariff Amendment (Condensate) Bill 2011
The Parliament of the
Commonwealth of Australia
As passed by both Houses
Excise Tariff Amendment (Condensate) Bill 2011
No. , 2011
A Bill for an Act to amend the law relating to excise tariffs, and for related purposes
1............ Short title............................................................................................. 1
2............ Commencement................................................................................... 1
3............ Schedule(s)......................................................................................... 1
Schedule 1—Amendments 3
Part 1—Amendments 3
Excise Tariff Act 1921 3
Part 2—Application and savings provisions 5
A Bill for an Act to amend the law relating to excise tariffs, and for related purposes
The Parliament of Australia enacts:
This Act may be cited as the Excise Tariff Amendment (Condensate) Act 2011 .
This Act commences on the day this Act receives the Royal Assent.
Each Act that is specified in a Schedule to this Act is amended or repealed as set out in the applicable items in the Schedule concerned, and any other item in a Schedule to this Act has effect according to its terms.


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The simple style and stability of DHP's Twin-Over-Futon Bunk Bed make it the perfect choice for space-saving sleep options. The black metal finish will look good with any décor and the frame is solid and secure. Added safety features include a full-size guardrail for the top bunk, childproof mechanism and an integrated ladder. With the futon on the bottom, you have the versatility of either a seating space or an additional bed for overnight guests, siblings and sleep-overs. You will love the convenience, flexibility and changeability of DHP's Twin-Over-Futon Bunk Bed in black or white.
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- Model # 3137096 | UPC 029986313720
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It might have been 20 years ago, but a movie like "Super Mario Bros." is an insult that lasts forever. Good movies can be remembered, but bad ones are often legendary, and videogame movie adaptations fall victim to the latter way too often.
But there is hope. Just recently, Valve CEO Gabe Newell and director J.J. Abrams said in an interview that they want to make movies together based off some Valve titles. Those include titles such as Half-Life 2 and Portal, so the possibility for future titles could be on the way. That's not all Valve is up to. According to G4, Valve's Steam service, which has 54 million active users, will offer its more than 1,500 games on the television screen as well as on the PC with "Big Picture" mode. Keep updated with other TV and gamer fanatics on sites such as www.cable.tv and G4TV.com.
One of the best stories told in videogames, Halo would be perfect for the theatres. Microsoft has already given us a small taste of what could be with the live-action mini series that preceded the release of the latest title in the franchise, Halo 4. The series titled "Forward Unto Dawn" features some of the events leading up to the game's release and really honours the grit and intensity that Halo delivers.
According to Wired.com, a Halo movie almost reached the green light in Hollywood, but was turned down due to budget issues and different demands from Microsoft Studios. The original script for the movie is still out there, but it should be re-written to encompass all the games that exist today.
The legendary series from Blizzard first started back in 1996 with the original Diablo. The demonic dungeon-crawler was one of the first to feature online multiplayer and given amazing reviews by nearly everyone who played it, according to Metacritic.
The latest instalment, Diablo III, was met with a little more mixed criticism due to similarities to its predecessor and an "always online" requirement to play, even by yourself. Despite all this, the story across all three games holds up enough for a great feature film. According to IMDB, Blizzard and Legendary Pictures currently have their hands full with Warcraft, a film based off another Blizzard title, but a Diablo follow-up would make an excellent addition if Warcraft is successful.
The first-person shooter from 2K Games set new trends with its retro theme and multiple paths for storylines throughout the game. Its latest title, BioShock Infinite is set for release later this year, and takes place in the floating city of Columbia a totalitarian society that celebrates classic America and punishes any culture that is foreign.
Today's movies love to play with the scenario of an "oppressed nation," and BioShock would fit nicely into that theme. Given the timing of the third instalment to the franchise, a movie could top off the series with some closure to a great saga.
Assassin's Creed
It doesn't matter which Assassin's Creed you choose, they all make for fantastic stories and settings. Between the Crusades, Renaissance and the American Revolution, the time periods for the videogame alone make for great movie foundations. Throw discreet execution in the mix and you have a blockbuster that can't lose. They made Mortal Kombat work, didn't they?


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- Virginia Johnson
Why not learn to juggle? It's a fun way to impress your friends even if you are just a beginner. Like sports? Juggling is said to increase your hand-eye reflexes and your coordination. Like to be in the spotlight? It's a great way to show off in a talent show and if you get really good at it, you can do it professionally at festivals or parties.
History of Juggling
Juggling was known in the ancient world—from Egypt to Rome to China to India to Greece to Polynesia to the Aztecs. * King's entertainers might sing, play musical instruments, tell stories, and perform acrobatics and many of them could also juggle.
Today, jugglers perform in circuses, on the streets in big cities, at festivals and in schools. Many stage magicians, clowns, storytellers and comedians make juggling a part of their acts.
Books about Juggling
You can learn about juggling with these books from the library. Click on the title to begin the reserve process.
The Instant Juggling Book by Bob Woodburn
"Since we're all so busy juggling everything anyway, why not have fun with it? It's surprisingly easy. You'll love the great feeling as you get the hang of it, and quickly move on to do lots of tricks. Bob Woodburn teaches you with conversational writing and lots of easy-to-understand drawings."
Juggling Step-by-Step by Bobby Besmehn
This basic introduction teaches several different kinds of routines including some of the fancier ones. Juggle while eating an apple, juggle scarves, juggle with rings or clubs, or juggle with a friend.
Juggling Instruction Online
How to Juggle: 3 Easy Steps
How to Juggle: 6 Steps with Video
How to Make Excellent, Soft Juggling Balls
Juggling for Kids
The Instant Jugglers Manual: How to Juggle Three Balls


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RELATED • New York chef serves up unusual seafood • Chefs, consumers embrace seafood charcuterie • More restaurant industry seafood trends When Union Square Café executive chef Carmen Quagliata wants to serve the freshest possible swordfish, he doesn't call a seafood distribution company. Instead, he rings a Florida fisherman he was introduced to by a friend. While most swordfish is caught and sits on ice for several days, Quagliata's ...
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The way I understand what you're saying (which isn't too clear),
all he has to do is have 3 "foods" at the 40 point (end of day2);
then he takes all 3, eats one 40-60, one 60-80 and one 80-100.
There is a trip between A to B of 100km.
It is divided into 5 parts of 20 km each
A man needs to cover this distance
He can cover 20 km in each day
At A unlimited quantity of food is there
For every 20 km the man needs to take 1 food
the man can carry a maximum of three foods
he can drop the food in between the path wherever he likes
how will he reach the destination
Ok then, since you KNOW the answer:
I think your problem can be re-worded this way:
Jack needs to get from A to B, a distance of 100 km.
Jack can only walk 20 km each day.
At A is an unlimited number of water bottles.
Jack needs to drink one bottle of water for each 20 km.
And Jack can carry a maximum of only 3 bottles.
Jack may leave bottles at any spots from A to B.
How can Jack reach B ?
My solution:
1: take 3 bottles, walk 20 km, leave one at 20 km, return : 2 days
2: repeat 3 more times: total 8 days (4 bottles at 20 km)
3: go to 20 km : total 9 days (6 bottles at 20 km)
4: repeat above for 3 days: total 12 days (3 bottles at 40 km)
5: walk the remaining 60 km, drinking 1 bottle each day: total 15 days.
That's a "quick" solution, since you did not specify MINIMUM.
If you do know how to solve this and you have posted this as a challenge to other member then this is where the question belongs.
However if you do not know how to solve this and are look for help in solving it then it is not a challenge problem as defined in this forums title.
The question is being asked of this problem because to the staff it looks like the latter rather than the former