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Jones, Maria A. PT, PhD; McEwen, Irene R. PT, DPT, PhD, FAPTA; Neas, Barbara R. PhD
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Allied Health (Drs Jones and McEwen), and Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health (Dr Neas), University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
Correspondence: Maria A. Jones, PT, PhD, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1200 N Stonewall Ave, Room 1138, Oklahoma City, OK 73117 (firstname.lastname@example.com).
Grant Support: This study was supported by the United States Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences grant R305T010757.
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Purpose: The purpose of this pilot randomized controlled study was to identify any effects of power wheelchairs on the development and function of young children with severe motor impairments.
Methods: Participants were 28 children with various diagnoses, aged 14 to 30 months when they entered the study. The Battelle Developmental Inventory (BDI), Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory, and Early Coping Inventory were administered at entry and after 12 months.
Results: The on-protocol analysis comparing median change scores showed the experimental groups' BDI receptive communication scores, and their Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory mobility functional skills, mobility caregiver assistance, and self-care caregiver scores improved significantly more than the control group's scores. An intention-to-treat analysis upheld the findings and revealed an additional difference between the groups' BDI total score.
Conclusion: The results support use of power wheelchairs with children as young as age 14 months to enhance development and function, although additional research is needed.
During the first year of life, infants developing typically rapidly acquire the ability to actively explore and act on their environments. Researchers who have studied the effects of self-produced locomotion (eg, crawling or walking) in children developing typically, view it as an organizer of psychological changes in infants1 and developmental changes in social understanding,2 spatial cognition,1,3,4 and communication.2 For example, Gustafson2 showed that when 6- to 10-month-old infants, who could not move about independently, were given infant walkers, they exhibited both a greater number and more mature social behaviors than when they were immobile. Other researchers have shown that, regardless of age, infants with crawling or walker experience performed better on spatial cognitive tasks than infants who were immobile.1,4 The results of these individual studies were supported by a meta-analysis, which found that self-produced locomotion has an effect on spatial cognitive performance in children developing typically.5 Studies with animals and with children from deprived environments also suggest that spatial cognition and other functions are affected by experiences, including experiences afforded by self-produced locomotion, which have an influence on the structure of an infant's developing brain and related functions.6,7
Self-produced locomotion often is limited in children with conditions that cause severe motor impairments, such as cerebral palsy, arthrogryposis, spinal muscular atrophy, and other neuromuscular or musculoskeletal impairments that prevent independent mobility, such as rolling, crawling, or walking. On the basis of the research demonstrating effects of self-produced locomotion on infants and children who are developing typically,2–7 children who are immobile may be at risk for secondary impairments in spatial cognition, communication, social development, and other domains influenced by independent mobility. To compensate for their mobility limitations, power mobility has increasingly been advocated for young children with severe motor impairments.8,9 Children as young as 23 months of age have been reported to learn to use power wheelchairs independently,8,10 and a child with spina bifida started learning to use an experimental joystick-driven power mobility device when he was 7 months old.11
Limited research, however, has been reported concerning effects of power mobility on children of any age and none have used a group design with an adequate control group. Butler,10 for example, conducted a single-subject study to examine the effect of power wheelchairs on 6 children with various disabilities, aged 23 to 38 months. Compared with baseline measures, all children changed their locations more often when they used power wheelchairs. Communication and interaction with objects increased for some children, but decreased or stayed at baseline levels for others. In another single-subject study,12 two 5-year-old children with multiple disabilities used ride-on battery-powered toys. As in the study by Butler, the researchers found an increase in changes of location when the children used power mobility. They also measured initiation of contact with others and the children's positive affect, with variable and uncertain results.
Other researchers used a 1-group design with 27 children with cerebral palsy aged 3 to 8 years who could not walk independently or with aids.13 The children used power wheelchairs for 6 to 8 months, and when compared with baseline measures the researchers found an effect of power mobility on parents' and children's perceptions of performance and satisfaction with "activities of daily life,"(p770) particularly "indoor-outdoor transfers."(p773) The researchers found no effect on intellectual development, social participation, or gross motor function.
A reason the researchers10,12,13 did not show effects of power mobility on communication, cognition, and social function may be the relatively short period of time the children used power mobility. Data for the 2 single-subject designs were collected 2 to 3 weeks after the children became independently mobile.10,12 Bottos et al13 measured the dependent variables after children had power wheelchairs for 6 to 8 months, but did not specify the overall amount of time children used the chairs or that not all the children became independently mobile. Follow-up over a longer period of time to allow more children to become independently mobile and allow children to have more experience with independent mobility might have resulted in greater effects.
Age may be another important factor. Although we were unable to find research that identified critical periods for acquisition of mobility as it relates to development in other areas, effects of self-produced mobility may be greater in younger children than in older children. Researchers,14 for example, found that the second year of life is a "pivotal period"(p238) for the development of language comprehension. The children in the study by Bottos et al13 were aged 3 to 8 years, with a mean age of 6 years 3 months. The children in study by Butler10 were the youngest (aged 23 to 38 months), but they had less than 3 months use of power mobility.
A number of other variables that are likely to influence children's use of power mobility and their outcomes also need to be examined. In a case report of socialization of a 3-year-old boy with cerebral palsy who used an experimental power mobility device in his preschool classroom,16 the need was pointed out to study generalization of training in controlled environments to performance in natural environments, and generalization of training with one device (a Permobil in this case) to performance with another device. How best to train young children to use power mobility is another major question. In a critical review of literature on training of children to use power mobility, the author concluded that rather than instructing young children to use power mobility, adults should set up the environment to help children independently explore and learn.17 Other questions that researchers need to explore are how to set up an environment that facilitates learning and exploration, the length of time required for children of different ages with different characteristics to learn, the amount of practice required, optimal location of experiences, and who should provide opportunities.
Although one study cannot answer all of the questions related to young children's use of power mobility, in an attempt to overcome some of the limitations of previous studies, the purpose of our research was to use a randomized controlled design to examine over a period of 1 year the effects of power mobility on the developmental and functional skills of young children with severe motor impairments aged 14 to 30 months.
We recruited children for this randomized controlled trial by requesting referrals from all occupational therapists and physical therapists who provided services in a statewide early intervention program. Inclusion criteria were (1) aged 14 to 30 months; (2) motor impairment that prevented functional independent mobility, such as by rolling or crawling; (3) vision adequate to use a power wheelchair safely; and (4) cognitive abilities at least equivalent to a 12-month level, or alertness and interest in the environment that suggested a trial of power mobility was warranted.
Project staff screened referred children in their homes to verify that they met inclusion criteria. Parents who agreed to participate signed an informed consent form. The institutional review boards of the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center and the Oklahoma State Department of Health, employers of the therapists who referred the families, approved the protocol and consent form. Because little research exists on the effects of power mobility on the development of children with severe motor impairments and because the current standard of care does not include providing power mobility at a young age, withholding power mobility for a year for children in the control group was considered to be ethical.
Seventy-three children were referred for the study. As the Figure indicates, 23 of the 73 children did not meet inclusion criteria, leaving 50 children who were eligible and whose parents consented. Because we anticipated a small sample and could not assume that random assignment would control potentially confounding variables, we used a matched pairs design to attempt to control 3 variables that we thought were most likely to influence children's ability to use power mobility and their outcomes. We matched children by age (within 2 months), diagnosis (brain involvement or not), and their mothers' educational levels (less than high school education or high school graduate).15 Of the 50 children who met our inclusion criteria and whose parents consented, we were unable to locate a match for 16 of them, resulting in a total sample of 34 children.
The Figure shows the progress of participants throughout the phases of the study. Five children from the experimental group and 1 from the control group withdrew from the study before the final data collection. Because of our matched pairs design, we could not use data for children whose pair withdrew, and they are represented in the Figure as "match withdrew."
Table 1 describes characteristics of each of the children who completed the study. Table 2 summarizes the characteristics of children in the experimental and control groups.
After the first author identified a matched pair, she notified the second author who numbered the children and then generated 1 of the numbers using a random number generator. The child whose number appeared was assigned to the experimental group and the match was assigned to the control group.
A research assistant, who was blinded to the children's group assignment, gathered pretest data in the families' homes. Children in both groups continued to receive early intervention services, as outlined by their individualized family services plans. Project staff contacted families in the control group by phone each month for the duration of the study to answer any questions and to verify continued participation in the study. For children in the experimental group, the first author delivered a power wheelchair to the children's homes and provided initial fitting and training. All children showed a beginning understanding of how to make the chair "go" after the initial fitting and training. Individually customized Invacare Power Tiger wheelchairs (Invacare Corporation, One Invacare Way, Elyria, OH) were used without charge to the families, with funding from a grant from the United States Department of Education. Most of the children (10) used a hand to control the joystick on the chair. Other control mechanisms included proximity switches (3) and a head array (1). We provided ramps, when necessary to enable the child to get in and out of the home. None of the families had wheelchair-accessible vans.
The power mobility training was based on our own experiences,8 reports by Butler,10,16 and recommendations by Kangas.18 Training methods were consistent with the conclusions of a critical review of training young children to use power mobility that was published after the completion of our study.17 We provided written guidelines (Appendix 1) to the children's parents and their early intervention therapists. Parents were primarily responsible for providing practice opportunities and instruction, with therapists and research staff helping to solve any problems. We asked parents to (1) provide the child with daily opportunities to sit in the device with the motor turned on during play; (2) encourage the child to experiment with movement in a relatively large space and not be concerned if the child moved in circles; and (3) avoid telling the child what to do, but rather to let the child experiment unless frustrated or unsafe. We stressed the importance of parental supervision, as one would supervise any young child.
To measure the children's developmental and functional abilities at the beginning of the study and 12 months later, we used (1) the Battelle Developmental Inventory (BDI),19 (2) Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI),20 and (3) The Early Coping Inventory (ECI).21 We collected all data in the children's homes. The BDI is designed to evaluate development in 5 domains compared with children developing typically: cognitive, adaptive (self-help), motor, communication, and personal/social development. Scoring consists of rating each item as 0, 1, or 2, based on direct observation of children or through parent interview. Following a review of studies that evaluated or used the BDI, Berls and McEwen22 concluded that the BDI has good psychometric properties and value for measuring developmental change in longitudinal studies with young children.
The PEDI is designed to measure children's functional abilities in the mobility, self-help, and social domains. It is one of the few tests designed for children with disabilities. The PEDI is a judgment-based assessment, meaning that children's skills and behaviors need not be directly tested, but can be reported by someone who knows the child well, such as a parent. In addition to measuring functional skills, the PEDI measures the amount of caregiver assistance required for tasks and the modifications a child requires. It can, therefore, show change through a decrease in caregiver assistance even if the child cannot perform a task independently. Inter–interviewer and inter–respondent reliability estimates for the PEDI are more than 0.90.20 Studies have supported its use as an evaluative measure that is responsive to change.23–25
The ECI is a criterion-referenced measure for children with and without disabilities aged 4 to 36 months. It has 3 scales: sensorimotor organization (behaviors used to regulate psychophysiologic functions and to integrate sensory and motor processes), reactive behaviors (responses to demands of the social and physical environments), and self-initiated behaviors (self-directed actions used to meet personal needs and to interact with objects and people). The scales can be used independently of each another. Because we did not expect changes in sensorimotor organization, we only used the reactive behavior scale and the self-initiated behavior scale. Scoring consists of rating each available item on a scale from 1 to 5 by someone who knows the child well, such as a parent. The first author also measured the children's competence in maneuvering the power wheelchairs by achievement of the skills that Butler et al26 used in their study (Table 3).
Two research assistants, a pediatric physical therapist with 10 years of experience and a pediatric occupational therapist with 4 years of experience, interviewed the families to score the PEDI and ECI and completed the BDI using a combination of observation and interview procedures and the general adaptations and supplementary materials for children with disabilities, as described in the testing manuals. The first author, a pediatric physical therapist with 13 years of experience, was the second rater for reliability estimates for 10% of the study sample. We calculated percent agreement and weighted κ27 for all domains of the BDI, ECI, and PEDI. Overall percent agreement for the BDI was 96.6% and κ was 0.97. Percent agreement for individual domains ranged from 94.7% to 98.1% and κ scores ranged from 0.95 to 0.99. For the ECI, overall percent agreement was 91.8% and weighted κ for individual domains ranged from 0.95 to 0.97. For the PEDI, overall percent agreement was 98.0%, weighted κ for the functional skills domains were 1.0, and weighted κ for the caregiver assistance domains ranged from 0.85 to 0.99.
Comparison of the participants' standard scores for the BDI and PEDI from baseline to 12 months indicated that their development was either not changing or they became further behind over time compared with their same age typical peers. Because age equivalent scores on the BDI and scaled scores on the PEDI are not adjusted for age and an increase in score represented increased performance, we used these scores for analyses because they were more likely to show individual change over time. We used mean scores on the ECI. Because the small sample size increased risk of a type II error, the a priori α-level was .10. The risk of a type II error was greater than the risk of a type I error, and could lead to disregarding potentially useful findings with a lower α-level.28
We used baseline scores to examine differences in the 2 groups at baseline and difference (change) scores (posttest minus pretest scores) for each child to compare the 2 groups. We used exact nonparametric methods because some of our data did not meet parametric assumptions and contained outliers, and because of our small sample size. Because the matched pairs design produced correlated data, we used the Wilcoxon signed rank test to compare the change scores between the experimental and control groups. Because 3 children in the experimental group discontinued use of the power wheelchairs before the end of the study, we did both an on-protocol analysis and an intention to treat analysis (ITT). An on-protocol analysis includes only the data of participants who complete the study according to the protocol.27 An ITT analysis includes all available data regardless of whether participants complete the study as planned.27 Our on-protocol analysis included data of the 11 matched pairs for whom we had baseline and 12-month data and the children in the experimental group used the wheelchairs for the year-long period. The ITT analysis included the 3 additional pairs for whom we had baseline data and 12-month data, but the children in the experimental group stopped using the wheelchairs before the end of the year.
We also calculated differences in the groups' medians (effect size) and 90% confidence intervals for all comparisons using exact Hodges-Lehman estimates. We performed analyses using either SAS version 9.1.329 or, for exact nonparametric procedures, Cytel Studio 9.30
Table 4 summarizes baseline data for experimental and control groups in both the intention to treat and the on-protocol samples. The groups did not differ on any of the measures at baseline. Table 5 shows the results of the on-protocol analysis and Table 6 shows the results of the ITT analysis.
When comparing the 2 groups' median change scores in the on-protocol sample (Table 5), the experimental groups' BDI receptive communication score increased more than the control group's median change scores, as did their PEDI mobility functional skills, mobility caregiver assistance, and self-care caregiver assistance median change scores. Other median change scores on the BDI and PEDI, and all scores on the ECI did not differ. The ITT analysis (Table 6) upheld the results of our on-protocol analysis, with an additional significant difference between the median change in BDI total scores, with the experimental groups' scores improving more than the control group's scores.
Of the 7 skills in Table 3, which we used to measure competence in maneuvering a wheelchair, all the children learned to drive in circles and start and stop on command. Four children mastered all 7 skills in 12 to 42 weeks. The other 7 children mastered between 2 and 6 skills. All but 2 children could move forward 10 feet in wide areas, requiring 2 to 34 weeks to learn. Only the 4 children who mastered all 7 skills could move forward 10 feet in a narrow area. No adverse events, such as accidents or injuries, occurred as part of this study.
The on-protocol analysis showed that the median change scores from baseline to 12 months increased significantly more in the group that used power wheelchairs than in the control group for BDI receptive communication, and PEDI mobility functional skills, mobility caregiver assistance, and self-care caregiver assistance. The results of the intention to treat analysis were similar, with 1 addition: BDI total scores of children who used power wheelchairs also increased significantly more than scores of children in the control group. Because the differences all favored the group of children who used power wheelchairs, we believe the study provides support for the use of power mobility to enhance the development of young children with severe motor limitations. The study also showed that some children as young as 14 months can begin to use power mobility, but the time to become proficient in its use varied among children, ranging from 12 weeks to 42 weeks.
The study had several unanticipated findings. First, the length of time children required to become proficient in maneuvering the power wheelchairs was longer than we expected. Previous reports suggested that young children could learn within a few weeks,8,10 but the children in our study required at least 12 weeks, and 7 of the 11 children had not mastered all of the skills by the end of 1 year. Because our inclusion criteria were quite broad, the possibility exists that the children had greater sensorimotor and cognitive impairments than children in the previous reports, which may have contributed to the time required to acquire the wheelchair skills. The possibility also exists that children might learn to use a robotic device, which Lynch et al,11 described, more quickly than they can learn to use a power wheelchair.
More intense training in a structured and controlled environment also might facilitate more rapid wheelchair skill acquisition. The children's families were primarily responsible for providing training opportunities by incorporating practice into daily and routine activities, which also was true for other studies identified in a review of evidence for teaching young children to use power mobility.17,31 Other investigators have provided structured training for infants to use a powered device11 and structured and controlled wheelchair practice experiences with older children12,13 with some success. Infants who are developing typically while learning to walk practice for more than 6 hours throughout a day and by the end of a day may have taken 9000 steps and traveled the length of 29 football fields.32 Therefore, the next study our research team designed incorporated initial intensive practice in an effort to allow children to acquire the skills necessary for independent mobility more rapidly than the children in this study. Although we requested that parents keep a power mobility log to track how long, where, and when children used the power wheelchairs, the data we received from the logs were inconsistent. On the basis of the limited data we have, the average amount of time children practiced was 5.2 hours per week. Variability in practice time may have influenced individual as well as group outcomes.
Although, based on previous research with typical infants,2 we hoped to find differences in the expressive communication skills of children in the experimental and control groups. We found differences in receptive communication on the BDI, but not expressive communication. All the children had severe speech impairments, and expressive communication was the one domain in which neither group of children showed much improvement over 1 year. Most children communicated primarily by facial expressions, gestures, and unintelligible vocalizations, and none had augmentative or alternative communication methods to assist them. Children in the experimental group may have experienced an enriched vocabulary because the power wheelchairs allowed them exposure to objects in their environments that parents would name. Parental interaction also might have increased and the child's ability to move in response to such interaction could have been a result of improved understanding of language.
The functional performance of self-care skills for children in the experimental group did not change when compared with children in the control group, but they did require less assistance from their caregivers. This was similar to findings by Bottos et al13 who reported differences in self-care. Examination of the items in the PEDI self-care functional skills domain suggested that power mobility was unlikely to have had a direct effect on self-care skills, but may have given children a greater sense of independence and control, leading to more active participation in their self-care.
Our results do not support the commonly expressed concern that motor development will plateau or decline if children use power mobility. This study had limited power, and although we did not identify statistically significant changes in the motor skills between the 2 groups, an actual difference may exist. Another common concern is safety, but no accidents or injuries occurred. Parents of children in the experimental group reported having to provide levels of supervision that were more consistent with the child's age than they had to provide when their children were immobile.
The small sample size limited the power of the study; therefore, we are unsure whether we would identify additional differences between groups with a larger sample. The sample size also did not allow for multiple testing correction, so a possibility exists that some of the significant results are spurious, and the .10 a priori α-level increased the risk of a type I error.
Future research with a larger number of children could allow identification of variables other than power wheelchair use that might contribute to outcomes, such as age, diagnosis, cognition, and type of wheelchair access and control (eg, joystick vs switches). Because our data indicated that some children had limited practice opportunities, future studies also should consider the influence of increased practice, including access to accessible transportation and more varied learning environments (eg, shopping malls, child care settings) on outcomes or proficiency of power wheelchair use. Opportunities to practice in large areas, rather than only the relatively small area inside a home, might also facilitate faster learning. In general, the children in our study who became more proficient had larger change scores than those who did not become proficient.
An additional limitation of the study was use of the BDI to measure the children's cognitive abilities, particularly as they grew older. Many of the items for measuring cognition required fine motor or speech abilities that children participating in the study did not have. Future studies incorporating cognitive and spatial cognitive measures that do not require fine motor or oral responses would more likely reflect true cognitive abilities and their potential for change.
Use of the ECI for children older than 36 months was another limitation. All children were younger than 30 months at the beginning of the study, but because we followed them for 12 months, some were older than 36 months at the end of the study. Although children who were older than 36 months were still functioning within the developmental age range appropriate for the test, it has not been validated for use with children this age group. We could not find a tool that allowed us to measure children's coping skills that crossed the age ranges in our study and allowed for comparison using the same measure over time.
We followed children for 1 year, which is longer than other studies, and measured their development and functional skills over that year. We might have found different results or detected greater differences between groups, however, if we had collected data after children gained independence in maneuvering the power chairs. It seems logical that only after children become proficient in maneuvering the power chairs would we see accelerated changes in development. Future longitudinal studies that follow children after they become proficient would provide insight about long-term effects of power mobility on development.
Several factors affect the generalizability of the results of this study. We did not draw a random sample from a pool of eligible children. We recruited a relatively small sample of children who met the inclusion criteria, with referrals primarily from therapists working in the early intervention program in 1 state. As a result, the participants most likely were not representative of all children who met the inclusion criteria, such as children who lived in different states, participated in different types of early intervention programs, or whose parents chose not to participate. Another factor that limits generalizability is that the children achieved different levels of proficiency with power wheelchair use and, because of the sample size, we were not able to examine the child and family characteristics that might be related to proficiency. The study also did not address the generalizability of wheelchair use in the home to use in other settings.
Despite the limitations of the study, support was demonstrated for the use of power wheelchairs with children as young as 14 months of age to enhance their mobility, receptive communication, and self-care skills measured over a period of 12 months. We believe clinicians and families should consider power mobility as an intervention for children as young as 14 months of age who have not yet achieved a means of independent mobility and are unlikely to achieve it. This study shows that although children may require extended trials and training to become proficient, power mobility can promote independence and development of young children with severe motor impairments. We recommend that clinicians discuss power mobility with families, not as a last resort, but as one of the options available to support early independent mobility for young children whose independent mobility is severely limited.
The authors thank the children and their families who participated, the therapists who referred children to the study, and Invacare and Adaptive Switch Labs.
Young children in power wheelchairs MUST BE supervised at all times. Adults should be close to monitor all activities and to ensure safety.
1. Encourage the child to explore the joystick/switches/head array first, then the movement, and then the environment. Let them learn by doing, giving them time to learn and react.
2. Provide positive feedback, for example, "You found the _______(object the child ran into) rather than "Oops you crashed."
3. Help the child by only these words, "come closer," "go," "lift your hand off," or "let's go for a walk."
4. Give the child time to figure out a situation before intervening. If the child looks distressed, then intervene immediately.
1. Expect the child to learn how to operate and maneuver the device within a day or week. This is a gradual learning experience. The goal is not to move accurately at first, rather the goal is to give the child a tool to begin moving, exploring, discovering, and problem solving at his or her own speed. The process should be enjoyable and rewarding.
2. Say anything that sounds negative, for example, "You crashed into the wall again or you're going the wrong way."
3. Describe how to move by using directionality commands, for example, "Turn this way, press the colored button and go forward, push the joystick and come here, turn left, go in reverse." The child may not understand these directions in the beginning. In addition, such directions sound like commands and many children will resist this type of interaction.
Cited Here...
aModified from Wright-Ott.33 Cited Here...
activities of daily living; child; child/preschool; child development; cognition; communication; disabled child; disability evaluation; female; humans; learning; male; motor skills; physical therapy/methods; practice; social development; spatial behavior; treatment outcome; wheelchairs
© 2012 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.
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You need to express the distance z (or its square) as a function of t only, take the derivative with respect to t and equate it to zero.
A truck is 30 km due west of an SUV and is travelling east at a constant speed of 70 km/h. Meanwhile, the SUV is going south at 90 km/h. When will the truck and the SUV be closest to each other?
I set up a triangle, defined dx/dt as -70t, dy/dt as 90t, and used Pythagorean theorem:
z^2 = x^2 + y^2
I then took the derivative of this.
I'm not sure where to go from here?

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Gamespot will be opening at midnight for early purchase of these titles, so will you be going and which one will you be getting? Here's hoping that Gamestation in the UK will do the same on the 29th!
Customers at GameStop locations where it's safe to be outside that late can expect a tank building challenge, a commando dress up contest, a grenade launch, and more, while those who frequent seedier stores will instead stand outside until around midnight, huddled together for safety.
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DystopiaSticker Jan 22, 10Goddamnit the store I pre-ordered from doesn't do it. It'd be so perfect. I get off the train from class Mondays at 11:30pm. That's like... a whole 9 hours extra I'd get to play. I'm so bummed.
Moonrise Jan 23, 10Oh shit you could beat the main story in that time. Good thing there's plenty of side missions from what I've heard.
FinalFantasyFanaticc Jan 23, 10I wonder if MAG would even be getting a midnight release if it wasn't for it being released on the same day as Mass Effect 2.
Province Jan 23, 10I can see it now. A decent length line of MAG fans versus an Army of Mass Effect 2 fans...good think I have my sources and get MAg a day before any of them. =D


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Eric Santner, Philip and Ida Romberg Professor in Modern Germanic Studies, works at the intersection of literature, philosophy, psychoanalysis, and religious thought. His books include Stranded Objects: Mourning, Memory, and Film in Postwar Germany; My Own Private Germany: Daniel Paul Schreber's Secret History of Modernity; On the Psychotheology of Everyday Life: Reflections on Freud and Rosenzweig; Catastrophe and Meaning: The Holocaust and the Twentieth Century (co-edited with Moishe Postone); The Neighbor: Three Inquiries in Political Theology with Slavoj Zizek and Kenneth Reinhard; and On Creaturely Life: Rilke, Benjamin, Sebald.
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HUMA 275. Representing the Holocaust. Winter 2000
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GRMN 37308. Messianism and Modernity. Taught with Paul Mendes-Flohr. Winter 2008
SOSC 27702. European Civilization in Paris. Spring 2008


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For most people, the tax filing season is over. Now the question is what tax records should you keep and how long to keep them? According to the IRS, you should keep a copy of your 2012 return and all documents in case of an audit. They suggest that you keep tax records relating to real estate, stock transactions, retirement accounts and business or rental property for at least three years. For more information on what kinds of records you should keep you can go to www.irs.gov or call 1-800-TAX-FORM.SOC
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Why choose secondary education at North Central College?
Our secondary education graduates enjoy rewarding careers at nationally ranked high schools and middle schools. That's no surprise, since our full-time faculty will mentor you through a rigorous curriculum and field experience schedule, then help you identify the opportunities that will make the difference for your education and your career. The Illinois State Board of Education recognizes North Central College as fully accredited in art, biology, chemistry, English, history, math, physics, music and physical education, and foreign language licensure in Spanish, French and German.
You can also:
- Acquire excellent teacher preparation at exceptional middle and high schools.
- Accumulate at least 155 hours of classroom field experience prior to your residency (student teaching).
- Prepare for state licensure to begin your teaching career.
- Meet potential employers at on-campus job fairs.
- Major in a field in which you want to teach, such as art, music, the sciences, history or English.
- Gain a special education endorsement through the Learning Behavior Specialist I (LBS I) concentration.


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What is in this article?:
- Lack of nematicides slows use of variable rate application in peanuts
- Looking for Temik replacement
- Readings can be dramatic
- Crop rotation is best solution
• In recent years development of site specific delivery systems on row crops has been virtually stopped by a lack of reliable nematicides to deliver.
More About:
ESTILL, S.C., grower Doug Jarrell used variable rate nematicide technology on peanuts and cotton.
The 2012 peanut production season was literally one for the record books, with growers throughout the U.S. making record-high yields and production. Having accomplished such a feat, many in the industry are asking, "What's next?" For the answer to this question, it's important to take a look at what is in the peanut research pipeline — those problems, issues and initiatives currently being addressed that will lead to even more efficient and profitable peanut production. This series on "Pipelines to Peanut Profitability" is taking an in-depth look at these areas of research, what they could mean to growers, and when producers can expect to see practical, on-farm applications of this research.
Researchers across the Southeast's Peanut Belt have long known the devastating impact of nematodes on crop yields and have made significant strides in developing delivery systems to significantly reduce the risk.
However, in recent years development of site specific delivery systems on row crops has been virtually stopped by a lack of reliable nematicides to deliver.
At Clemson University, Plant Pathologist John Mueller and a team of researchers headed by Ag Engineer Ahmad Khalilian developed a workable system to deliver varying rates of the two most popular peanut nematicides, Temik 15G and Telone II.
The problem is Temik is no longer on the market and Telone II is frequently in short supply.
"Over the past few years we've done on-farm work with growers who have used a simple on-off system of delivering either Temik or Telone, and some have been very successful with it.
"With Telone II, if it's available, it will cost a grower $40-$60 per acre, so they first have to be very sure they have a nematode problem that is severe enough to warrant this expensive type of nematicide treatment," Mueller says.
Doug Jarrell, who farms near Estill, S.C., has used the Clemson-developed nematicide delivery system successfully.
Working with Thomas Ag Crop Management, Jarrell developed a soil map for most of the 1,500 acre farming operation he operates with his father B.L. Jarrell. The map shows fields categorized as low, medium and high risk for developing damaging nematode populations.
Using a simple off-on system developed by Clemson University researchers, he uses this variable rate application method to apply higher rates of nematicides in fields with higher risks of nematodes and applies less or none to fields with low risk of nematode damage.
When he first started working with variable rate nematicides, he used Telone II in fields with high risk of damaging nematode populations.
In cotton, even in high risk fields in which he used Telone II, he says he still used the standard five pounds per acre of Temik 15G. Now Temik is gone, so the option of using it is off the table for now.


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After their brilliant eponymous debut and the sparkling radio-session collection Hatful of Hollow (both released in 1984), the Smiths released Meat Is Murder (1985), an uneven album ranging from the ponderous title track's vegan rage to the poignant "
Well I Wonder." The group's marked shift from the personal to the political, combined with Morrissey's...


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text: Home > UK Campsites > Self Catering > Rhandirmwyn Rhandirmwyn Luxury lodge Nestled proudly on the edge of the famous Brecon Beacons, this luxury lodge is an excellent excuse to escape from the hustle and bustle of everyday life. Take in the local wildlife or meander through little market towns, such as Llandovery with its cobbled streets and castle ruins. A beautiful base to get away from it all. Lodge Facilities 1 Luxury Lodge Sleeps 4 1 double 1 twin Family bathroom and en suite shower room Open plan lounge and dining area TV Fully equipped kitchen including a microwave Private veranda with outdoor seating No pets allowed Bed Linen is provided, but towels are required. Find out more about Rhandirmwyn Club Site. How much does it cost? View our season dates here How do I book? With the contact centre on 02477 670 641 or direct with the site on 01550 760257 All advance bookings are subject to a booking deposit of £100 per week, with the remaining balance being paid 28 days prior to arrival. Bookings due to start within 28 days of booking must be paid for in full. Bookings which are less than 7 days in duration are payable, in full, at the time of booking. Restrictions: No smoking allowed/No Pets Rhandirmwyn Gallery - 7 photos Downloads: Self Catering Terms and Conditions 2016


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text: As the Energy Sector-Specific Agency (SSA), ISER has established close relationships with private and public industry owners and operators of the energy infrastructure, as well as State and local governments. This puts ISER in a unique position to understand their perspectives on prevention, protection, mitigation, response and recovery options and to quickly deploy the best available technology in a tailored, systems approach. ISER's partnerships with the private sector have also enabled it to better respond to the needs of the sector and the nation. The division's domestic and international capabilities have been greatly enhanced by these relationships developed over years of collaborating with companies from all parts of the sector, including electricity, oil, and natural gas. Internationally, ISER engages strategic partners to perform system and site assessments at critical sites within their borders to identify vulnerabilities and threats, as well as the techniques and practices that can mitigate potential negative impacts.


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Today, after heavy rain my street flooded. While in my living room, I looked outside to see that my elderly neighbour was outside splashing in a knee deep puddle. He was butt-naked and wearing a snorkel and flippers. FML
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Scancarello, Giuseppina MSc; Romeo, Riccardo MD; Sartorelli, Emilio MD
Three cases of respiratory disease in workers with occupational exposure to talc containing asbestos fibers are reported. Standard chest roentgenographs, high-resolution computed tomography, respiratory function tests, morphologic study of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL), light microscopic examination, and mineralogical analysis by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of BAL was performed. All subjects showed bilateral pleural plaques, and in two subjects the study of BAL revealed lymphocytic alveolitis with an increased T4/T8 ratio. Mineralogical analysis of BAL detected asbestos-fiber concentrations of 510, 2039, and 3392 fibers/mL and many asbestos bodies. In one patient, mineralogical analysis of lung tissue was also performed; a concentration of 3,659,000 fibers/g dry tissue was found. Simultaneously, we performed a mineralogical study of 12 commercial talc samples, including those used by the patients during the last phase of their working lives. TEM revealed asbestos fibers in five samples. Two subjects used two of these talc powders. The study presented here confirms the need to perform all relevant clinical tests together with the study of BAL and mineralogical analysis of the materials to which the patients are or were exposed to determine occupational exposure to fibers, including those associated with talc, which are often misidentified.
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Jump-Start Your Training Effort With Education Solutions From SAP
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Oral history interview with Chaim Gross, 1981 May 26- 27
Gross, Chaim
b. 1904
d. 1991
Sculptor, Art teacher
Active in New York, N.Y.; Provincetown, Mass.
Sounding recording: 2 sound cassettes
Transcript: 49 p.
Collection Summary: An interview of Chaim Gross conducted 1981 May 26-27, by Milton Wolf Brown, for the Archives of American Art.
Gross speaks of his early background and youth in Austria; his family's experiences when the Russian Army invaded Austria in 1914; his experiences in a refugee camp; escaping to Vienna and to Budapest; being imprisoned in Budapest and sent back to Austria; immigrating to the United States in 1921; his education at the Educational Alliance and the Beaux Arts Institute; teaching himself wood carving; selling his first works; coming to work for the WPA and later for the Treasury Department's Section of Fine Arts; meeting and marrying his wife Renée; influences, and sculptors whose work he admires; Judaic themes in his work; his art collection; and the changes in American culture during Franklin Roosevelt's presidency.
Biographical/Historical Note: Chaim Gross (1904-1991) was a sculptor from New York, N.Y.
These interviews are part of the Archives of American Art Oral History Program, started in 1958 to document the history of the visual arts in the United States, primarily through interviews with artists, historians, dealers, critics and others.
Funding for the digital preservation of this interview was provided by a grant from the Save America's Treasures Program of the National Park Service.
Funding for this interview was provided by the Wyeth Endowment for American Art.
How to Use this Interview
- Transcript: microfilm reel 3197 available at Archives of American Art offices and through interlibrary loan.
- For more information on using the Archives' resources, see the FAQ or Ask Us.


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News Release
For Immediate Release
December 6, 2011
Suzanne M. Gorman, Senior Assistant Attorney General
Civil Bureau
(603) 271-3650
The New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, through its Commissioner, Nicholas A. Toumpas, and New Hampshire Attorney General Michael A. Delaney, entered into an agreement with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), whereby CMS will recover from the State $35,325,468 of Medicaid disproportionate share hospital funds disallowed by CMS for federal fiscal year 2004. The CMS disallowance was upheld by the federal Departmental Appeals Board in a decision issued by the Board on October 14, 2011. CMS will recover the funds through quarterly installments over a two-year period commencing in January 2012.
Adobe Acrobat Reader format. You can download a free reader from Adobe.
New Hampshire Department of Justice | 33 Capitol Street | Concord, NH | 03301
Telephone: 603-271-3658


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Economics Departments, Institutes and Research Centers in the World
School of Accounting and Finance
Faculty of Business
Charles Sturt UniversityLocation: Bathurst, Australia
Homepage: http://www.csu.edu.au/faculty/business/account
Handle: RePEc:edi:sccsuau
Areas or Functions: Financial Economics, Risk and Insurance
Additional details:
People who have registered with RePEc and have claimed to be affiliated with this institution:Find all publications of all authors listed below conveniently compiled on IDEAS. Authors with publications are listed below with . We have lost contact with authors marked with ?, and they do not count towards the ranking of this institution.
People who have registered with RePEc and have received their terminal degree from this institution according to the RePEc genealogy:Find all publications of all alumni listed below conveniently compiled on IDEAS. Alumni with publications are listed below with .
- Davaakhuu, Oyunbadam (2013)
This listing is provided to you by EDIRC at the Economic Research Department, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
Please send additions and corrections to Christian Zimmermann.


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Easy, Creamy Cheese Grits
Total Time
Prep 5 mins
Cook 20 mins
So easy and delicious....from Southern Living.
Ingredients Nutrition
- 3 (10 1/2 ounce) cans chicken broth (fat-free preferred)
- 1⁄2 cup whipping cream
- 1 cup uncooked quick-cooking grits
- 2 cups shredded sharp cheddar cheese
- In a large saucepan, combine the chicken broth and whipping cream.
- Bring to a boil.
- Add the grits, and return to boiling.
- Reduce heat, cover, and simmer 5-7 minutes.
- Add the cheese, stirring until melted.
- Allow to sit for about 10 minutes.
- Serve.
Most Helpful
I am glad to finally get the methods and measurements to make cheese grits, but I have to admit these tasted a little off to me. I think I was getting too much of the chicken stock flavor and not enough of the cheese flavor. Next time I will make with water and hopefully they will come out great.
Great grits...added salt, pepper and a little dash of garlic powder. Subbed skim milk, still very creamy.
Loved these but had to add salt and pepper. Thanks for making Christmas morning awesome!


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Bee the name on everyone's lips with this USA made full color promotional lip balm featuring over 50 flavor choices.
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ePromos has many promotional products created by companies in the USA. These product can be customized for your business and are made here in the USA


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Exhibition will explore journey of sugar from Caribbean to Newham
15:27 11 April 2014
An exhibition documenting the journey of sugar from the Caribbean to Newham is launching in Stratford on Monday.
It is called "From Discovery to Independence: Highlighting the Journey of Sugar from The Caribbean to Newham" and will take place at the Stratford Library on The Grove from 6-8pm.
It tells a story of Newham's connection with sugar and reflects on the colonial development of the British Caribbean from discovery to independence.
The exhibition is part of a community partnership between the Tony Cheeseman Foundation and the National Archives and images have been taken from a Foreign and Commonwealth Office collection.
The foundation was set up to continue the legacy of Tony Cheeseman, who came to Newham from Barbados in the 60s and founded Black Performing Arts and Visual Workshops in Forest Gate.
One of the aims of the foundation is to preserve the heritage of Caribbean communities in Newham.
The Mayor Sir Robin Wales and the acting High Commissioner of Barbados Donville Johnson will be at the launch on Monday.
Also attending is Windrush survivor Sam King MBE along with the Chair of the Windrush Foundation Arthur Torrington CBE.
Windrush refers to the ship which carried the first post war wave of Caribbean settlers to Tilbury Docks on June 21, 1948.
The organisation plays the leading role in preserving the history of the arrival of these immigrants and celebrates their contribution to the making of modern Britain.


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China Cafe robbery suspect shoots himself before capture
Faced with a potential murder charge for participating in the Oct. 11 armed robbery and shootout at the China Cafe in Fayetteville, Leandro Bernard Johnson, 27, surely knew his days as a free man were over.
Instead of surrendering to a group of armed marshals Tuesday morning, Johnson ended his own life with a single gunshot wound to the head, officials said.
His lifeless body, a handgun laying beside it, was found in the closet of a relative's apartment in Covington, according to U.S. Marshals Southeast Regional Fugitive Task Force Supervisor Jim Joyner.
Johnson's death is being investigated by the Georgia Bureau of Investigation, Joyner said.
Meanwhile, a China Cafe employee remained hospitalized in critical condition Tuesday, some 11 days after the incident.
Fayetteville police said Johnson and Alonzo Starks stormed into the restaurant Oct. 11 shortly before 11 p.m. brandishing handguns and holding three employees at bay. One of the employees drew a gun and fired several shots at Starks, one of which hit him in the head, police said. Johnson returned fire, shooting another restaurant employee before he and Starks fled to a getaway vehicle, police said.
By that point, Starks was bleeding significantly and he died some time after the shooting, police said. His body was recovered two days later at an abandoned home in Morrow, police said.
The alleged getaway driver, Alvin Scott, 26, of Jonesboro, was arrested Oct. 14 as police followed a tip from one of Starks' relatives who suspected he was involved in the shooting.
When the fugitive task force found Johnson's body Tuesday morning, agents first made contact with Johnson's relative and she confirmed that he was inside the apartment, Joyner said. Johnson's body was discovered in the closet as the agents were clearing the apartment, Joyner added.
"We'd rather have him stand trial and be convicted by a jury of his peers," Joyner said. "But based on what I understand, he knew what he was looking at, what he was facing, and that might have been his motivation."
Scott in the meantime is the only one of the three men in the robbery crew left alive to stand trial. Currently in the Fayette County Jail, Scott has been charged with one count of murder, seven counts of aggravated assault, six counts of kidnapping and two counts of possession of a firearm during the commission of a crime.
The murder charge stems from the death of Starks, based on the legal theory that by participating in the armed robbery, a felony, Scott can be charged with murder even though he was not the one who fired the deadly shot.
Johnson has a rap sheet in Clayton County, according to Clayton court records. He was paroled in May by state officials after serving just over seven months of a one-year sentence stemming from a felony aggravated assault conviction in Clayton County.
Johnson had nine years' probation tacked on to that sentence, and Clayton prosecutors dismissed four other charges filed against him in the case as part of a negotiated plea.
Prior to the aggravated assault conviction, Johnson appeared in Clayton County courts on a variety of other charges including entering an auto, obstruction of a police officer, theft by shoplifting and others.


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|Key Info
'Clos Fleuri' offers the ideal base for discovering the delights of the region. Just a 10 minute drive from the centre of Cognac with its medieval quarter. Take a trip on the Charente river here, visit one of the Cognac houses for a tasting or simply sit on the terrace of a cafe and watch the world go by.
The Roman town of Saintes with its amphitheater is just 20 minutes by car and there is a wealth of interesting towns, villages, seaside resorts, islands and attractions within travelling distance.
Alternatively why not spend a day or two relaxing round the pool, have a barbecue and wait for the sunset with a glass of wine to hand. The choice is yours!
The nearest Boulangerie for those essential croissants in the morning is just round the corner and the nearest supermarket just 3.5 kms away in Burie.
|Sleeps up to 6, 3 bedrooms
|3 bedrooms, 2 bathrooms of which 1 family bathroom and 1 shower room
|Nearest beach
|Car essential
|Nearest Amenities
|100 m
|Nearest travel links
|Nearest airport: La Rochelle, Nearest railway: Cognac
|Family friendly
|Great for children of all ages
|No pets allowed, No smoking at this property
|DVD player
|Private outdoor pool (unheated)
|TV, CD player
|Kettle, Toaster, Iron, Hair dryer
|Dishwasher, Cooker, Microwave, Fridge, Freezer, Washing machine
|Double Beds (2), Single Beds (2), Dining seats for 9, Lounge seats for 7
|Linen provided, Towels provided
|Private outdoor pool (unheated), Balcony or terrace, Private garden
|Secure parking, Not suitable for wheelchair users
|Further details indoors
Large well-equipped kitchen.
|Further details outdoors
The 10x5m pool is unheated but warms easily in the sun.
This region is the second sunniest region of France after the French Riviera. It is renowned for its production of Cognac and also the aperitif Pineau - a mixture of cognac and grape juice! As well as the larger Cognac concerns such as Henessy and Martell, there are many smaller producers who welcome visitors for tastings.
The region is covered with rolling hills of vineyards, interspersed with fields of sunflowers and is the home of Charentais melons which can be bought directly from the fields when in season.
The River Charente winds its way through this department and offers relaxing walks along its banks. Fishing is a favourite pastime here as well as boat trips along the river.
The Atlantic coast has wonderful sandy beaches, many of which are lined with pine forests, such as at La Palmyre where one of the best zoos in Europe can be found. The nearest beach at Royan is only 45 minutes away!
Talmont with its streets full of Hollyhocks is a delight to visit, as is Mornac- sur- Seudre. Both being listed as one of the prettiest villages in France.
La Rochelle and the Ile de Re with its famous bridge are well worth a day trip, as are Bordeaux and St. Emilion in the opposite direction.
La Chapelle- des- Pots between St. Sulpice de Cognac and Saintes is steeped in pottery history and houses a pottery museum and factory. Also nearby at St Cesaire there is an interesting museum of the Neanderthal age. The skull of a woman from this era was discovered here some years ago.
For the young there is a water park at Jonzac and Futuroscope in Poitiers is a cinema theme park and worth a day trip. In fact the list of places to visit and things to do is endless!
Cognac is a pleasant town on the Charente river and has a medieval quarter. Here can be found a Chateau where King Francois I was born. The chateau now belongs to the Otard cognac house and is an interesting place to visit.
There are several cafes and restaurants in Cognac mainly round the main square and a cobbled pedestrian area with shops. The Jardin public offers pleasant surroundings for a stroll or a picnic.
There is a small port on the river in Cognac and boat trips, notably on the Dame Jeanne ( a reconstructed wooden boat of former times, used to transport goods along the river) provide a relaxing and peaceful way to enjoy the surrounding scenery.
Hennesy is also to be found along the banks of the Charente and their visits include a short boat trip to the opposite bank to visit the chais which store barrels of cognac.


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San Antonio - State Representative Joe Farias (D - San Antonio) received the endorsement of the Texas State Teachers Association today.
"I am honored to receive the Texas State Teachers Association endorsement for my reelection to the Texas House of Representatives. TSTA is committed to excellence in our public schools and constantly working to insure a quality education for our students. I look forward to continuing to work with them to support public education and public school educators," Farias said.
TSTA is a movement to change the way public schools, their students and employees are treated. TSTA will unite, organize and empower public education advocates to shape public education in Texas thus providing a quality public school for every child.
For more information, please contact Julianna Gonzaba at (210) 831-3214.


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FINDLAY — A college administrator from Shreveport, La., yesterday was named the 17th president of the University of Findlay.
On July 1, Katherine Rowe Fell, vice president for advancement at Centenary College, is to succeed DeBow Freed, who at 84 plans to retire at the end of the school year. Mr. Freed has been president since 2003, when he was named interim president when President Kenneth Zirkle took a one-year sabbatical and then resigned.
A native of Stamps, Ark., Ms. Fell joined the faculty of Centenary College in 1986 in the English department. Since 2004, she has been vice president for advancement, launching a fund-raising campaign that has raised gifts and pledges of $40 million.


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At Huntington Hospital, we recognize that providing the best quality of care to our patients and their family members is of utmost importance – in fact, it is critical to our mission.
Read more about our individual awards and accreditations HERE
In an effort to constantly improve the quality of service that we provide, we monitor our performance against a series of standardized benchmarks that are aimed at improving patient care.
Developed by The Joint Commission, the nation's standards-setting and accrediting body in healthcare, Core Measures are an important way to measure how well a hospital is caring for its patients and is also a measure of the areas in which they need to work harder to provide the best care possible. Learn More
HCAHPS (Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems) is a survey that is given to patients who have been recently discharged from the hospital asking them to rate their stay at the hospital by focusing on topics directly related to their experience. Through this survey we are able to see which areas Huntington is delivering high quality care, and which areas may require additional attention. Learn More
The Joint Commission
Hospital Compare


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550+Academic programs and 200+ undergraduate majorsDiscover your options
200+Research centers and institutesRead about research experiences
2,600+Students study overseas every yearExplore your opportunities
Striving for excellence
Senior Morgan Mohr's accomplishments have earned her international attention. An avid campaigner for progressive issues and social justice, Morgan has taken on roles with presidential campaigns, interned with government offices, and founded campus groups to combat injustice. She was named a Rhodes Scholar for 2017, and plans to continue her studies at Oxford University in England.Read more about Morgan's award
Finding a new beginning
When Ted Britton came to Bloomington this past summer, he had six years of military service under his belt. After rising to sergeant in the Marine Corps, working in Hawaii, Japan, and Korea, Britton found himself starting over. He turned to IU's Peer Advisors for Veterans Education Program, a support program connecting incoming student veterans with student veterans on campus.Read Ted's story
Advocating for others
At six years old, Sneha Dave was diagnosed with ulcerative colitis, a chronic inflammatory bowel disease that causes immune system problems. After deciding to undergo a life-changing surgery, Sneha had her large intestine removed. Four years later, Shena—now an IU freshman—is in remission and using her personal experience to be a champion for others just like her.Read more of Sneha's story
24 sports, one team
Our student-athletes excel in sports and beyond, giving you many reasons to cheer.Explore IU Athletics
Show your stripes
Spirit at IU starts with cream and crimson. We earn our stripes and wear them, too.Shop the official IU store


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Vanderbilt Visual Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory
Vanderbilt Visual Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory
Our research focuses on how we perceive, remember, and respond to the most relevant information in our complex environment. To study how our brains perform these astounding feats we use a variety of methods. These include measurements of behavior (manual responses and eye movements), the magnetic and electrical responses from the working brains of humans and nonhuman primates, neuroanatomy, computational modeling, and functional connectivity.
For the CVs of our researchers, click on 'People', then on the individual researcher's name.
Welcome to our laboratory
•We had most of our laboratory get jobs and Ph.Ds during the last year. So we will be aggressively be looking for new graduate students and postdocs. Please contact Geoff if you are interested (firstname.lastname@example.com).
•Congratulate Josh Cosman on his fancy new job with Pfizer. He will be able to continue work with both nonhuman primates and humans, performing cognitive and neurophysiological testing of the hottest new drugs.
•Taha Bilge won our department's award for the best TA, and Kei Fukuda won the award for the most outstanding postdoctoral researcher at our department's Psychology Day 2016. Congratulations guys!
•Kei Fukuda has accepted a tenure-track faculty position at University of Toronto. His lab and primary appointment will be on the Mississauga campus. Please join me in congratulating Kei. He will be missed!
•Rob Reinhart has accepted the offer of a tenure-track faculty position from Boston University. Join us in congratulating Rob in achieving the impossible of getting an R1 faculty job straight out of grad school.
•Rob Reinhart won our inaugural 2016 Posner Award for the study of attention. Rob's 2015 PNAS paper (the first of two PNAS papers in 2015) combined behavior, electrophysiology, and brain stimulation to understand how our memories flexibly control visual attention.
•Kei Fukuda won our inaugural 2016 Shiffrin Award for the study of human memory. His work used electrophysiological activity to predict which objects people will remember hours later after they see each object for just a couple hundred milliseconds. This work has recently resulted in a patent filing.
•Josh Cosman won the 2015 Box Fox Award for the best postdoctoral researcher. Rob Reinhart won our department's award for the best graduate student researcher. Way to be gentlemen!
•Good press on Rob Reinhart's work with Sohee Park's group. They are finding that brain stimulation can normalize behavior and EEG activity in patients with schizophrenia.
•February 2015: The lab got its second R01 from the National Eye Institute! This work combines our electrophysiological work with the modeling expertise of Gordon Logan.
•Rob Reinhart had a cool paper published in PNAS. Please check out this beautiful work.
•Kei Fukuda won the APA Division 3 (Experimental Psychology) early career award for the Best 2014 Psychonomic Society Poster. Great job Kei. An exciting set of experiments, beautifully presented!
•March 23, 2014: Rob Reinhart is getting well deserved attention for his cool ERP/tDCS findings reported in Journal of Neuroscience.
Supported by the National Eye Institute of NIH


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Toad-in-the-hole with red onions & thyme batter
Nutrition and extra info
Nutrition: per serving
- kcal293
- fat7g
- saturates2g
- carbs36g
- sugars0g
- fibre1g
- protein23g
- salt2.36g
- 1 red onion, cut into wedges, layers separated
- 8 thick low-fat pork sausage
- 1 tsp olive oil
Olive oilol-iv oyl
Probably the most widely-used oil in cooking, olive oil is pressed from fresh olives. It's…
For the batter
- 100g plain flour
- 1 medium egg
The ultimate convenience food, eggs are powerhouses of nutrition, packed with protein and a…
- 300ml skimmed milk
- 2 tsp wholegrain mustard
- 1 tsp fresh thyme leaf
- steamed carrots and cabbage, to serve
The carrot, with its distinctive bright orange colour, is one of the most versatile root…
Preheat the oven to 200C/Gas 6/fan oven 180C. Tip the onions into a small shallow non-stick tin (about 23x30cm/ 9x12in). Arrange the sausages on top of the onions, then add the oil and roast for 20 minutes.
While they are roasting, make the batter. Sift the flour into a bowl, drop the egg in to the centre and beat in the milk a little at a time until it makes a smooth batter. Stir in the mustard and thyme and season.
Pour the batter quickly into the tin and return to the oven for 40 minutes until the batter is risen and golden. Serve with steamed carrots and cabbage.
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Comments, questions and tips
Comments (59)
After trying another Toad-in-the-Hole recipe which was tasteless decided to give this one a go. I read the reviews first and decided to take the advice given by issyflewaway and put the batter in the fridge for 20 mins and also took on board what mercuryzelda suggested and used BP and only 200ml of the milk and it turned out great. Rose beautifully and wasn't at all soggy. I only had an 8x8 inch pyrex dish so I lightly greased the sides and found that. prevented any sticking round the edges. Also I turned the sausages before pouring on the batter. Everyone loved it so will definitely be using this recipe again
Cooked for my family, and everyone cleaned their plates! I cut the red onions thinly so they weren't overly powerful. The thyme made the batter the best I'd ever eaten.
To stop the batter being soggy, make it up (minus herbs and mustard) before putting the sausages in, and then place the batter into the fridge for the twenty minutes whilst the sausages are roasting! :) Pour onto hot oil and no soggy bottom! :D
So yummy! Will be making again :)


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South Africa >
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3M is supporting the Crescent Suzuki World Superbike team with its high performance graphic film, which is being applied to the team's 2012 race bikes by Authorized Vehicle Wrapper Sign Language. The three dimensional conformability of the 3M film helped Sign Language wrap the challenging contours and angles of the bike's fairing and seat unit, achieving a high quality application on every panel.
Read story
How to create a powerful impression with 3M car wrap film.
Domino's Pizza has decided to wrap four trucks with realistic 3D pictures of pizza delivery men.
How Rombouts communicates its brand on fleets, day & night.
How to maintain a consistent outdoor image from store to store around the clock.
How to renovate the exterior of a building with 3M vinyl.
Orange boutiques get a striking makeover. Thanks to the black and granulated 3M™ DI-NOC™ architectural finishes, the retail stores of the telecom operator are given a new lease on life.
Research commissioned by 3M and POPAI, the global association for point-of-sale marketing, demonstrates the effectiveness of back-projecting dynamic promotional messages onto shop windows using Vikuiti™ Rear Projection Film from 3M.
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Media Room
Welcome to the Media Room, a comprehensive source for information about the City of Penticton. We are committed to making information open and accessible for members of the media, who are ultimately informing our residents, stakeholders and visitors about City of Penticton news and events.
News releases
News releases are posted on the City of Penticton website, and remain there as a record of news and events for the City of Penticton. For archived releases, check out 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011 and 2010. If you are seeking older releases, please contact us.
Everyone is also welcome to subscribe to the City of Penticton RSS feed.
The City of Penticton invites members of the media and public to attend Council meetings and keep informed of Council news. Council meetings are typically held the first and third Monday of every month, starting at 6 p.m. in Council Chambers, on the second floor of City Hall, 171 Main St.
- Council meeting agendas are always posted on the website before meetings.
- Council minutes are also posted online upon approval.
- Live video of meetings is streamed online, and the footage is archived on the City of Penticton website as well.
If you are looking for a snapshot of what transpired, you can always read Council Highlights written by City of Penticton communications staff.
Members of Council also permit their Council contact information to be posted publicly, so members of the media and public can reach them directly.
Social Media
The City of Penticton has gone social! Social media tools provide you with ways to stay informed and current on City services and programs. These tools connect you with immediate access to news, information, city programs and events that may affect you.
Follow us on Twitter @cityofpenticton or "like us" on Facebook.
Are you looking for a specific bylaw as background for your story? The City of Penticton has posted all of its bylaws online. They are searchable by name and classifications, which include administration, business, community standards, finance, land use and services. If you cannot find what you are looking for, please contact us.
Municipalities are required to prepare an annual report before June 30 of each year. The City of Penticton's annual reports are about being accountable to the public and reporting on all major changes and developments which have occurred during the past year. The annual reports provide each department's objectives and accomplishments, as well as initiatives for the upcoming year.
The City of Penticton completes quarterly reports to build more transparency into the organization and reflect the corporation's most recent progress on a quarterly basis. These are reviewed by Council each quarter.
The City of Penticton distributes a newsletter to residents and businesses through the monthly utility bills. PDF versions are archived on the City's website and available for download.
Anyone seeking the City of Penticton logo for use should submit a request to the Communications department outlining intended use.
The City of Penticton welcomes requests and inquiries from the media.
Mark ParkerCommunications OfficerDirect: 250-490-2583
The general public is invited to contact the City of Penticton by calling 250-490-2400 or by email.


text:
What parents need to know
Parents Need to Know
Parents need to know that they'll be hard pressed to find anything objectionable on this Christian kids' CD. While there's a mix of secular and spiritual songs, the tunes that include religious references remain fairly nondenominational. And, there's little proselytizing here. Instead, the album offers a mix of themes of faith and love with the retelling of popular Bible stories. There's also a non-religious favorite: "Itsy Bitsy Spider."
User reviews
Parents say
Kids say
What's the story?
Go Fish is a contemporary Christian musical trio comprised of three dads -- Jamie Statema, Jason Folkmann, and Andy Selness -- who try hard to make their music entertaining for both kids and parents. On the title track they call themselves \"a little rock 'n' roll and a little razzle dazzy.\" The album's title, SNAZZY, also describes them well: full of audio glitter, pulsating beats, techno sound effects, and electro-pop riffs. \"Stories,\" with a tempo straight out of a pep rally, gives quick snippets of Bible stories such as David and Goliath (\"one little stone went in the sling and went around and around and around…and one little stone flew right in the air and the giant tumbled down!\") while \"Bible Book Bop\" -- a blend of The Beach Boys- and Bill Haley-infused melodies -- recites the names of all the books of the Bible.
Is it any good?
This is not traditional gospel signing, but more of a disco party with a message. There are secular songs on the album, too, including the classic "Itsy Bitsy Spider," pumped up with a hip-hop twist that features a cappella harmonies and thumping beats. Plus, the spiritual songs on the album are accessible to kids without ever feeling preachy.
Families can talk about...
Families can talk about self-esteem. There's a positive theme throughout the album to "be yourself." What does that mean to you? Why is it good to be who you are? Also, the track "Superhero" talks about what it takes to be a hero. When do you feel like you need a superhero? What makes you feel scared? Does someone have to be a superhero to help someone? "American Kid" rocks out patriotic themes. Kids, what does it mean to be American? How are nationalistic themes used throughout our culture and in the media?
Music details
|Go Fish
|Release date:
|October 9, 2007
|gfk Records
|Christian Rock
|Parental advisory:
|Edited version available:
About Our Rating System
What parents and kids say
A safe community is important to us. Please observe our guidelines


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Members of the Boise City Council are (back, L-R) council members TJ Thomson, Ben Quintana, Lauren McLean, Scot Ludwig (front, L-R) Council Pro Tem Elaine Clegg, Mayor David H. Bieter and Council President Maryanne Jordan.
The Mayor works full-time, managing the day-to-day operations of the City and providing leadership and policy direction to the City Council. The Mayor chairs all meetings of the City Council, voting only in the case of a tie. The six members of the City Council work part-time, holding budget and policy-setting authority for the city. The Mayor and City Council members are elected at large by popular vote. City Council members are elected to a specific Council seat, but the seats are not determined geographically. City elections are held in odd number years (e.g. 2007, 2009, 2011).
Phone: (208) 384-4422
Email the Mayor
Email the City Council
150 N Capitol Blvd
Boise, ID 83702
William L. Bones
Chief of Police
Contact: BPD Media Relations Office
Boise December 22nd 2006, Boise Police Impound Unit technicians are going proactive in their quest to make Boise city streets safer, and cleaner.
The Boise PD Vehicle Impound Unit receives calls throughout the year from residents who see abandoned or illegally parked vehicles in their neighborhoods. Last year the unit received 4660 calls about abandoned vehicles and towed approximately 730 of those vehicles in Boise. This call load keeps impound specialists busy most of the year. In the winter months the call load generally slows down. As a result, specialists have begun proactively seeking vehicles on the roadways that violate specific regulations or create a hazard to motorists and residents.
Some of the more frequent violations that can result in a vehicle impound while parked on a city street include...
-Vehicles with no license plates or expired registrations parked on a city street.
-Vehicles with ficticious license plates parked on a city street.
-Vehicles that are obviously abandoned or a hazard to citizens parked on a city street.
-Unlicensed recreational vehicles or trailers being used for long term storage or garbage.
Boise city code stipulates that a vehicle parked in the city right of way for more than 72 hours without being moved can be subject to impound. However, impound specialists are concentrating on vehicles that have been abandoned for long periods of time, create safety hazards, or include other legal violations.
Specialists hope that getting the word out to owners of vehicles that may fall in this category can prevent the inconvenience of an impound.
Release prepared by:
Charles McClure
Boise Police Public Information


text:
David Linklater picks his favourite convertibles, just in time for summer.
It's officially summer - which probably means you should have bought that convertible you've always wanted six months ago, when the weather was rubbish and you could get a better deal. But who thinks about open-air motoring in the middle of winter?
Drop-top driving is a special experience and there's a lot of convertible choice out there, in every segment. Here's a heads-up on what open-top cars will give you the most smiles-per-mile this summer. Enjoy.
BMW 650i
Price: $248,500
Luxury four-seat convertibles: you'd be surprised how many there are. What is it you want from a car like this? It's got to be the latest thing, it's got to be dripping with high technology and it's got to exude a hint of excess.
BMW's new 650i does all of that. Standard equipment includes a massive 10.8-inch colour screen (about as big as an iPad) for the major cabin functions, Adaptive Drive with switchable suspension modes, Surround View parking cameras, Head-Up Display, satellite navigation and so-called Comfort seats.
Under the bonnet is a ridiculously powerful 300kW/600Nm 4.4-litre TwinPower V8 that propels you to 100km/h in five seconds, yet still returns 10.7 litres per 100km, should you choose to burble along the waterfront in sedate style.
The top is traditional fabric and can be lowered in just 19 seconds, either from behind the wheel or from the keyfob remote.
Price: $51,990-$61,990
If the whole idea of drop-top motoring is to enjoy the sights, sounds and smells of summer, you can't do much better than a Jeep Wrangler.
It's ghastly to drive at speed, but slow down and you can enjoy the completely open cabin - drop the windscreen and remove the doors, even - and explore the countryside far from where the seal ends.
Price: $51,100-$57,150
The Mazda MX-5 is still in only its third generation after 22 years and remains the benchmark for rear-drive roadster thrills at an affordable price. Mazda has remained remarkably true to its philosophy of light weight, delicate handling and adequate power with the MX-5. It's always been a drop-top, although for the latest model Mazda added a folding-roof option - as ever, cleverly packaged so that it adds virtually no weight to the car.
If you're bored with driving modern cars, an MX-5 will reignite your interest. It's simply brilliant, as well as being the world's most popular sports car and the purest expression of the roadster philosophy.
Price: $139,900
A superb soundtrack: the unique rasp of a flat-six engine right behind the driver's seat, the handling character that only comes from a mid-engined machine and staggering performance.
The Boxster has grown a little bit more wild with each iteration - the latest S, with a 228kW 3.4-litre powerplant and seven-speed dual-clutch transmission, is an exhilarating drop-top in every respect. It's that simple and very exciting.
Price: $59,500
Why do we like the Eos so much? Folding hard-top convertibles are often terribly compromised compared with the small cars on which they are based: for all the advantages in weather protection and security, they don't look as good and suffer from compromised driving dynamics.
The Eos avoids the big issues by being a totally different proposition to the Golf on which it is based (mainly because there's also a Golf soft-top). It has its own name, its own visual identity and the most innovative folding roof in the business: a five-piece affair that incorporates a glass centre section and sliding sunroof.
Not sure why the styling has been blandified so much in the facelift model, but Eos is still deeply impressive for its smooth 2.0-litre turbo/DSG powertrain, excellent build quality and clever engineering.


text:
To solve the first one, it's best to change the problem to Cartesian first, just to see it much easier. In order to do that, you'll want to do this:
*multiply both sides by r*
*substitute for *
*substitute in for r*
Now you have your Cartesian. So, now let's solve for x, much easier than to solve for y. You should get
Now, since we want the inverse, just look at the Domain of the above function and you have the Range you wanted originally, which is
to answer part 2, we look at first and see that for is negative when \pi/2,3\pi/4)" alt="\Theta\pi/2,3\pi/4)" />, but since it's squared, then we don't have to worry about that term. So, since is positive for all and since the largest value of is 1, then 2-1 is 1, hence positive.
Hope this helps.


text:
I wrote a program to convert the log files from a game into HTML. I got some feedback from a user saying that sometimes the date range it converts is wrong. I can't reproduce it, so it might be an error with the user's scripts. But I just want to make sure this code does what I think it does.
This code is supposed to return a Date corresponding to midnight at the beginning of yesterday in the user's local time zone.
Calendar cal = Calendar.getInstance();
cal.set(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY, 0);
cal.set(Calendar.MINUTE, 0);
cal.set(Calendar.SECOND, 0);
cal.set(Calendar.MILLISECOND, 0);
cal.add(Calendar.DATE, -1);
return cal.getTime();


text:
선택하신 언어는 한국어입니다.
If you are traveling in a large group, let our sister site - Hostelbookers, tailor an expert solution for you.
Whether you stay for a few hours or a few days, you will find plenty of things to do at and around the Volcano Huts...
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After four days of great business, educational opportunities, star sightings and musical performances, the 2011 NAMM Show is now over.
The NAMM Show is the largest, most important music products show in the world, drawing people from more than 100 countries to check out t
The theme for this year's NAMM Show is "Take It to 11." Do NAMM Members get the reference and how do they plan to take it to 11 in the co
This year NAMM is on a mission to help its Members "take it to 11." As a result, the association has created a variety of learning opport
Best in Show, Breakfast Session
NAMM Headliner: Craig Wayne Boyd
You are invited to a meet and greet!
Thank you to all of the industry professionals from around the world who joined us at our annual "family reunion" in Anaheim.


text:
Top Hotels
|Grand Canyon Railway Hotel
|Price: USD 108.55 Minimum rate per night
|Hotel Holiday Inn Williams
|Price: USD 99.51 Minimum rate per night
Top attractions
The Deer Farm started in 1969 by Russell and Marjorie Hamilton. This was the third Deer Farm which they had opened. The present owners are Randy and Pat George, with their three sons. Here, at the far ...
Address 6769 E Deer Farm Rd
The Flintstone' s Bedrock City theme park features Fred Flintstone and his gang. The cartoon city park attracts and entertains the kids and they get to take pictures with their favorite Flintsto ...
Address 101 S Hwy 180, Junction 64 & 180
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