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Monarch butterfly
The monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) is a milkweed butterfly (subfamily Danainae) in the family Nymphalidae. It may be the most familiar North American butterfly. The monarch butterfly is not currently listed under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) or protected specifically under U.S. domestic laws.[3] Its wings feature an easily recognizable orange and black pattern, with a wingspan of 8.9–10.2 cm (3½–4 in).[4] (The viceroy butterfly is similar in color and pattern, but is markedly smaller, and has an extra black stripe across the hind wing.) Female monarchs have darker veins on their wings, and the males have a spot called the androconium in the center of each hind wing.[5] Males are also slightly larger than female monarchs.
The eastern North American monarch population is notable for its southward late summer/autumn migration from the United States and southern Canada to Mexico, covering thousands of miles. The western North American population of monarchs west of the Rocky Mountains migrate to California.
- 1 Taxonomy
- 2 Origin of name
- 3 Description
- 4 Range and distribution
- 5 Migration
- 6 Habitat
- 7 Adult food sources
- 8 Reproduction
- 9 Host plants
- 10 Defense against predators
- 11 Human Interactions
- 12 Threats
- 13 Genome
- 14 See also
- 15 References
- 16 External links
The name 'monarch' may be in honor of King William III of England.[6]
The monarch was originally named by Linnaeus in his Systema Naturae of 1758 and it was placed in the genus Papilio.[7] In 1780, Jan Krzysztof Kluk used the monarch as the type species for a new genus; Danaus.
The monarch is closely related to two very similar species that formed the Danaus (Danaus) subgenus before 2005. The first is the Jamaican monarch (D. cleophile) from Jamaica and Hispaniola. The second is the southern monarch (D. erippus), of South America south of the Amazon river. The southern monarch is almost indistinguishable from the monarch as an adult, though the pupae are somewhat different, and is often considered a subspecies of the monarch proper. But analysis of morphological, mtDNA 12S rRNA, cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, nuclear DNA 18S rRNA and EF1 subunit α sequence data by Smith et al. (2005) indicates it is better considered a distinct species. The separation of the monarch and southern monarch is comparatively recent. In all likelihood, the ancestors of the southern monarch separated from the monarch's population some 2 mya, at the end of the Pliocene. At the time, sea levels were higher and the entire Amazonas lowland was a vast expanse of brackish swamp that offered hardly any butterfly habitat.[8]
Following the review of Smith et al. (2005), two subspecies of the monarch are recognized:[8]
- D. p. plexippus, the nominate subspecies, described by Linnaeus in 1758, is the migratory subspecies known from most of North America.
- D. p. megalippe, named in 1826 by Jacob Hübner, is a nonmigratory subspecies, and is found from Florida and Georgia southwards, throughout the Caribbean and Central America to the Amazon River. Three local forms were at first considered other subspecies, but are actually colour varieties of D. p. megalippe:
- D. p. m. forma leucogyne, named by Arthur G. Butler in 1884
- D. p. m. forma portoricensis, named in 1941 by A.H. Clark
- D. p. m. forma tobagi, also named in 1941 by A.H. Clark
Smith et al. did not take up Danaus plexippus nigrippus in their studies. According to Hay-Roe et al. (2007), this taxon is still recognised as a subspecies:[9]
- D. p. nigrippus, named in 1909 by Richard Haensch as forma: Danais [sic] archippus f. nigrippus, and is found in South America south of Nicaragua
Origin of name[edit]
Danaus (Greek Δαναός), a great-grandson of Zeus, was a mythical king in Egypt or Libya, who founded Argos; Plexippus was one of the 50 sons of Aegyptus, the twin brother of Danaus.
In Homeric Greek plexippos (πληξιππος) means "one who urges on horses", i.e. "rider or charioteer". In the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, at the bottom of page 467,[10] Linnaeus wrote that the names of the Danai festivi, the division of the genus to which Papilio plexippus belonged, were derived from the sons of Aegyptus.[11][12]
The monarch's wingspan ranges from 8.9–10.2 cm (3½–4 in).[4] The upper side of the wings is tawny-orange, the veins and margins are black, and in the margins are two series of small white spots. The fore wings also have a few orange spots near the tip. The underside is similar, but the tip of the fore wing and hind wing are yellow-brown instead of tawny-orange and the white spots are larger.[13]
The male has a black patch of androconial scales on either hind wing (in some butterflies, these patches disperse pheromones, but are not known to do so in monarchs), and the black veins on its wing are narrower than the female's. The male is also slightly larger.[13]
A color variation has been observed in Australia, New Zealand, Indonesia and the United States as early as the late 19th century. Named nivosus by lepidopterists, it is grayish-white in all areas of the wings that are normally orange. Generally, it is only about 1% or less of all monarchs, but has maintained populations as high as 10% on Oahu in Hawaii, possibly due to selective predation.[14]
Like all insects, the monarch has six legs, but uses the four hindlegs as it carries its two front legs against its body.[15]
The eggs are creamy white and later turn pale yellow. They are elongated and subconical, with about 23 longitudinal ridges and many fine traverse lines.[13] A single egg weighs about 0.46 mg (0.0071 gr), and measures about 1.2 mm (47 mils) high and 0.9 mm (35 mils) wide.[16][17]
The caterpillar is banded with yellow, black, and white stripes. The head is also striped with yellow and black. Two pairs of black filaments are seen, one pair on each end of the body. The caterpillar reaches a length of 5 cm (2 in).[18]
The chrysalis is blue-green with a band of black and gold on the end of the abdomen. Other gold spots occur on the thorax, the wing bases, and the eyes.[19]
Range and distribution[edit]
Since the 19th century, it has been found in New Zealand, and in Australia. [20] It is resident in the Caribbean, Canary Islands, the Azores, and Madeira, Portugal, Spain[21] and is found as an occasional migrant in Western Europe and a rare migrant in the United Kingdom.[22] In North America, the monarch ranges from southern Canada to northern South America. It rarely strays to western Europe (rarely as far as Greece) from being transported by US ships or by flying there if weather and wind conditions are right. It has also been found in Bermuda, Cook Islands,[23] Hawaii, the Solomons, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Australia, New Guinea, Ceylon, India, Nepal, the Azores, and the Canary Islands.[19]
The eastern population migrates hundreds to thousands of miles to overwintering sites in Mexico. Southward migrations start in August and end at the first frost. There is a northward migration in the spring.[24] The eastern population migrates both north and south on an annual basis. But no individual makes the entire round trip. Female monarchs lay eggs for the next generation during these migrations.[25]
By the end of October, the population east of the Rocky Mountains migrates to the sanctuaries of the Mariposa Monarca Biosphere Reserve within the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt pine-oak forests in the Mexican states of Michoacán and México. The western population overwinters in various coastal sites in central and southern California, United States, notably in Pacific Grove, Santa Cruz, and Grover Beach.
The length of these journeys exceeds the normal lifespan of most monarchs, which is less than two months for butterflies born in early summer. The last generation of the summer enters into a nonreproductive phase known as diapause, which may last seven months or more.[5] During diapause, butterflies fly to one of many overwintering sites. The overwintering generation generally does not reproduce until it leaves the overwintering site sometime in February and March.
The overwintered population of those east of the Rockies may reach as far north as Texas and Oklahoma during the spring migration. The second, third and fourth generations return to their northern locations in the United States and Canada in the spring.
Migratory Theory Mechanisms[edit]
The North American Western and Eastern populations (D. plexippus) migrate to established overwintering spots each autumn. In one study monarchs released during the fall migration from Albuquerque, New Mexico were found overwintering in California and in Mexico.[26] The same study tested the ability of commercially bred monarchs (to the 9th generation) to migrate to overwintering areas.[26] Flight navigational patterns may be inherited, based on a combination of the position of the sun in the sky[27] and a time-compensated Sun compass that depends upon a circadian clock based in their antennae.[28][29] These populations may use the earth's magnetic field for orientation. The antennae contain cryptochrome, a photoreceptor protein sensitive to the violet-blue part of the light spectrum. In the presence of violet or blue light, it can function as a chemical compass.[30][31] Studies demonstrate that eastern and western populations do not use an internal 'map' to navigate to overwintering locations but instead are guided by a 'compass' which compels them to migrate in a southwest direction. This southwest directional migration is affected by large geographical features like the Rocky Mountains and The Gulf of Mexico.[32]
Global Migrations[edit]
Monarch butterflies can and have crossed the Atlantic. They are becoming more common in Bermuda and Spain, due to increased use of milkweed as an ornamental plant.[33] Monarch butterflies in Bermuda and Spain do not migrate. Butterflies sometimes appear in Great Britain. In Australia, monarchs make limited migrations in cooler areas,[34] On the islands of Hawaii, no migrations have been noted. The Southern Monarch, D. erippus migrates along the eastern edge of the Andean mountains in the autumn in Bolivia and Peru.[35]
One study examined wing colors of migrating monarchs using computer image analysis, and found migrants had darker orange (reddish-colored) wings than breeding monarchs.[36]
The monarch is not limited to forest sanctuaries but can found in agricultural fields and pasture land, prairie remnants, urban and suburban residential areas, gardens, trees, and roadsides. The eastern North American overwinters in Mexican conifer groves.[37][38]
Adult food sources[edit]
Although larvae eat only milkweed, adult monarchs feed on the following nectar plants:
- Apocynum cannabinum – Indian hemp
- Asclepias californica – California milkweed
- Asclepias incarnata – swamp milkweed
- Asclepias syriaca – common milkweed
- Asclepias tuberosa – butterfly weed
- Aster sp. – asters
- Cirsium sp. – thistles
- Daucus carota – wild carrot
- Dipsacus sylvestris – teasel
- Erigeron canadensis – horseweed
- Eupatorium maculatum – spotted joe-pye weed
- Eupatorium perfoliatum – common boneset
- Hesperis matronalis – dame's rocket
- Medicago sativa – alfalfa
- Solidago sp. – goldenrod
- Syringa vulgaris – lilac
- Trifolium pratense – red clover
- Vernonia altissima – tall ironweed[38]
Males also take in moisture and minerals from damp soil and wet gravel, a behavior known as mud-puddling. The monarch has also been noticed puddling at an oil stain on pavement.[38] Adult butterflies are also attracted to the liquids of foods we consume; they will drink mushy slices of bananas, oranges, and watermelon.
The mating period for the overwinter population occurs in the spring, just prior to migration from the overwintering sites. The courtship is fairly simple and less dependent on chemical pheromones than other species in its genus.[39] Courtship is composed of two distinct stages, the aerial phase and the ground phase. During the aerial phase, the male pursues, nudges, and eventually takes down the female. Copulation occurs during the ground phase, where the male and female remain attached for about 30 to 60 minutes.[40] Only 30% of mating attempts end in copulation, suggesting that females have methods to avoid unwanted matings.[41] Differences in female ability to resist mating affect pairing patterns.[42] A spermatophore is transferred from the male to the female. Along with sperm, the spermatophore is thought to provide the female with energy resources to aid her in carrying out reproduction and remigration. The overwinter population returns only as far north as they need to go to find the early milkweed growth; in the case of the eastern butterflies, that is commonly southern Texas. The life cycle of a monarch includes a change of form called complete metamorphosis. The monarch goes through four radically different stages:
- The eggs are laid by the females during spring and summer breeding months onto the leaves of milkweed plants.[43]
- The eggs hatch (after four days), revealing worm-like larvae, the caterpillars. The caterpillars consume their egg cases, then feed on milkweed, and sequester substances called cardenolides, a type of cardiac glycoside. During the caterpillar stage, monarchs store energy in the form of fat and nutrients to carry them through the nonfeeding pupal stage. The caterpillar stage lasts around two weeks.
- In the pupa or chrysalis stage, the caterpillar spins a silk pad on a twig or leaf, and hangs from this pad by its last pair of prolegs. It hangs upside down in the shape of a 'J', and then molts, leaving itself encased in an articulated green exoskeleton. At this point, hormonal changes occur, leading to the development of a butterfly (metamorphosis). The chrysalis darkens (the exoskeleton becomes transparent) a day before it emerges, and its orange and black wings can be seen.
- The mature butterfly emerges after about two pupal weeks, and hangs from the split chrysalis for several hours until its wings are dry (often in the morning). Meanwhile, fluids are pumped into the crinkled wings until they become full and stiff. Some of this orangey fluid (called meconium) drips from the wings. Finally (usually in the afternoon), the monarch spreads its wings, quivers them to be sure they are stiff, and then flies away to feed on a variety of flowers, including milkweed flowers, red clover, and goldenrod.
Monarchs can live two to eight weeks in a garden having their host Asclepias plants and sufficient flowers for nectar. This is especially true if the flower garden happens to be surrounded by native forests that lack flowers.[citation needed]
Sexual selection[edit]
Reproduction does not appear to be influenced by parasite levels. Instead it affected by size, fluctuating asymmetry, and wing condition of females.[citation needed] By the end of the mating season, larger females contain fewer spermatophores. Mating females are more asymmetric than non-mating females which plays a role in determining mate pairing.[citation needed] Females often resist male mating attempts. Studies suggest that damaged wings decrease mating in females.[42] Males who are fit are more likely to mate a greater proportion of days and are also more likely to achieve copulation. Both females and males typically mate more than once.[41] Spermatophore nutrients are absorbed and used in egg production. Females that mate several times laid more eggs than females who only mate once.[44]
Sperm competition[edit]
Male monarchs produce spermatophores, a sperm sac embedded in a gelatinous body, from accessory gland secretions.[45][46] Since male monarchs are highly polyandrous and females store sperm, there is need for sperm competition, selecting for males that gain sperm precedence. The spermatophore size of males increases with increasing time between matings, and larger spermatophores delay female re-mating. Therefore, by waiting to re-mate, males increase their sexual competitiveness, ultimately increasing the number of ova fertilized by their sperm.[44]
In addition, the production of large spermatophores could also benefit the females because spermatophore constituents may be used by females to affect the amount of offspring produced or the quality of offspring produced. By increasing female reproductive success, male reproductive success also increases. Studies have shown that the contents of Lepidopteran spermatophores are incorporated into the eggs and somatic tissue of females. Therefore, an increase in spermatophore size also increases the fecundity of female monarchs.[44] Sperm from males that produce larger spermatophores could also fertilize more female's eggs without increasing her lifetime reproductive success.[47]
Sperm precedence patterns were also observed, where second-male sperm precedence was more common than first or no-male sperm precedence. The advantage of second-male sperm suggests that the incoming sperm pushes back previously existing sperm, resulting in different layers of sperm from different males. However, second-male sperm precedence is rarely complete, suggesting that the sperm from the first male remains in the fertilization set, acting as a barrier to block sperm from other males.[47]
Pictorial lifecycle[edit]
Monarch butterfly laying eggs on Asclepias curassavica 'Silky Gold'
Monarch eggs on milkweed
An early instar monarch caterpillar
Monarch butterfly in Santa Barbara California
Adult monarch butterfly feeding on a Zinnia
Host plants[edit]
The host plants used by the monarch caterpillar include:
- Asclepias amplexicaulis – clasping milkweed
- Asclepias asperula – antelope horns
- Asclepias californica – California milkweed
- Asclepias cordifolia – heart-leaf milkweed
- Asclepias curassavica – scarlet milkweed
- Asclepias curtissii – Curtiss' milkweed
- Asclepias eriocarpa – woollypod milkweed
- Asclepias erosa – desert milkweed
- Asclepias exaltata – poke milkweed
- Asclepias fascicularis – narrow-leaf milkweed
- Asclepias humistrata – sandhill milkweed
- Asclepias incarnata – swamp milkweed
- Asclepias linaria – pine-needle milkweed
- Asclepias meadii – Mead's milkweed
- Asclepias nivea – Caribbean milkweed
- Asclepias purpurascens – purple milkweed
- Asclepias speciosa – showy milkweed
- Asclepias subulata – rush milkweed
- Asclepias subverticillata – horsetail milkweed
- Asclepias syriaca – common milkweed
- Asclepias tuberosa – butterfly weed
- Asclepias verticillata – whorled milkweed
- Calotropis gigantea – crown flower
- Calotropis procera – apple of Sodom
- Cynanchum laeva – sand vine
- Sarcostemma clausa – white vine[18][19]
- Foeniculum vulgare - California fennel
- Gomphocarpus physocarpus (syn Asclepias physocarpa) – balloon milkweed
- Gomphocarpus fruticosus (syn Asclepias fruticosa) – swan plant
- Cynanchum acutum (native plant)
Defense against predators[edit]
In both caterpillar and butterfly form, monarchs use a bright display of contrasting colors to warn potential predators of its undesirable taste and poisonous characteristics. This aposematic behavior is common among many insects, amphibians, and mammals alike. Additionally, monarchs are physically similar to the viceroy butterfly, exhibiting a classic case of mimicry.
Monarchs are foul-tasting and poisonous due to the presence of cardenolide aglycones in their bodies, which the caterpillars ingest as they feed on milkweed.[39] By ingesting a large amount of plants in the genus Asclepias, primarily milkweed, monarch caterpillars are able to sequester cardiac glycosides, or more specifically cardenolides, which are steroids that act in heart-arresting ways similar to digitalis.[48] It has been found that monarchs are able to sequester cardenolides most effectively from plants of intermediate cardenolide content rather than those of high or low content.[49]
Additional studies have shown that different species of milkweed have differing effects on growth, virulence, and transmission of parasites.[50] One specific species (Asclepias curassavica) appears to reduce the proportion of monarchs infected by parasites. There are two possible explanations for the positive role of A. curassavica on the monarch caterpillar. The first is that A. curassavica promotes overall monarch health to boost the monarch's immune system. A second theory is that A. curassavica has a direct negative effect on the parasites.[50]
After the caterpillar becomes a butterfly, the toxin shift to different parts of the body. Since many birds attack the wings of the butterfly, having three times the cardiac glycosides in the wings leaves predators with a very foul taste, and may prevent them from ever ingesting the body of the butterfly.[48] In order to combat predators that remove the wings only to ingest the abdomen, monarchs keep the most potent cardiac glycosides in their abdomens.[51]
Monarch toxins are pharmacologically similar to digitalis and produce extremely similar results in experimental settings.[48] In the wild, the toxins cause many birds to experience intense discomfort and vomiting. Many birds find monarchs unappetizing and quickly begin recognizing their distinct colors and avoiding them as food sources.
Monarchs share the defense of noxious taste with the similar-appearing viceroy butterfly in what is perhaps one of the most well-known examples of mimicry. Though long purported to be an example of Batesian mimicry, the viceroy is actually reportedly more unpalatable than the monarch, making this a case of Müllerian mimicry.[52]
Human Interactions[edit]
The monarch is the state insect of Alabama,[53] Idaho,[54] Illinois,[55] Minnesota,[56] Texas,[57] Vermont,[58] and West Virginia.[59] It was nominated in 1990 as the national insect of the United States of America.[60] but the legislation did not pass.[61]
Monarchs can be attracted by cultivating a butterfly garden with specific milkweed species and nectar plants. Efforts are underway to establish these Monarch Waystations.[62] Monarchs are raised as a hobby and for educational purposes.[63][64] Butterfly farmers raise Monarchs and ship them to individuals and organizations to be released at a wedding or funeral, for example.[65] The release of captive bred Monarchs remains controverial.[66][67]
An IMAX film, Flight of the Butterflies, describes the story of the Urquharts, Brugger and Trail to then unknown migration to Mexican overwintering areas.[68]
Sanctuaries and reserves have been created at over-wintering locations in Mexico and California to limit habitat destruction. These sites can generate significant tourism revenue. [69]
Some organizations, such as the Cape May Bird Observatory, have monarch identification tagging programs. Plastic stickers are placed on the wing of the insect with identification information. Tracking information is used to study their migration patterns, including how far and where they fly.[70]
Although monarchs feed on milkweed, variations in the quantity of cardiac glycosides exist between species, individuals, and even parts of the host plant. The levels of toxins in adult monarchs reflect the levels in their host plants. This means some monarchs are not foul-tasting, but are Batesian or automimics. Some species of predators have learned to measure the toxins by taste and reject butterflies with high cardiac glycosides contents, eating only the ones with low contents.
Monarchs also contain cardiac glycosides in their bodies from the Asclepias plants the caterpillars eat. Overwintering monarchs in Mexico are often preyed upon by Black-headed Grosbeaks, which are immune to that toxin. Other birds, such as orioles and jays, have learned to eat only the thoracic muscles and abdominal contents because these contain less poison than the rest of the body.[19] Some mice are also able to withstand large doses of the poison. Over time, overwintering adults become less poisonous, thus making them more vulnerable to predators. In Mexico, about 14% of the overwintering monarchs are eaten by birds and mice.[37]
In the butterfly, the cardiac glycosides are concentrated in the abdomen and wings. Some species of predators differentiate these parts and consume only the most palatable ones.[71] Bird predators include brown thrashers, grackles, robins, cardinals, sparrows, scrub jays and pinyon jays.[71]
In North America, eggs and first instar larvae of the monarch are eaten by larvae and adults of the introduced Asian lady beetle (Harmonia axyridis).[72]
Another predator of the monarchs is the Chinese mantid (Tenodera sinensis). Chinese mantids have been shown to have adapted to handle monarch caterpillars to reduce poisonous effects. Chinese mantids are capable of identifying monarch larvae and approach them in a different manner than other caterpillars.[73] Upon encountering a monarch caterpillar, Chinese mantis will chew open the integument to let the gut fall out. Once the gut is removed, they will proceed to consume the rest of the body. This is effective as monarch caterpillars have much higher levels of cardenolide content in their guts than in the rest of their bodies. By practicing this method of ingestion, Chinese mantids are able to avoid the gut which contains high levels of milkweed particles. This practice has also been documented in some other predators as well.
Several birds have also adapted various methods that allow them to ingest monarchs without experiencing the ill effects associated with the cardiac glycosides. The oriole is able to eat the monarch through an exaptation of its feeding behavior that gives it the ability to identify cardenolides by taste and reject them.[74] The grosbeak, on the other hand, has adapted the ability an insensitivity to secondary plant poisons which allows it to ingest monarchs without vomiting. As a result, orioles and grosbeaks will periodically have high levels of cardenolides in their bodies, and they will be forced to go on periods of reduced monarch consumption. This cycle of predation effectively reduces the potential predation of monarchs by 50 percent and indicates that monarch aposematism has a legitimate purpose.[74]
On Oahu, a white morph of the monarch has emerged. This is because of the introduction, in 1965 and 1966, of two bulbul species, Pycnonotus cafer and Pycnonotus jocosus. They are now the most common insectivore birds, and probably the only ones preying on insects as large as the monarch. Monarchs in Hawaii are known to have low cardiac glycoside levels, but the birds may also be tolerant of the chemical. The two species hunt the larvae and some pupae from the branches and undersides of leaves in milkweed bushes. The bulbuls also eat resting and ovipositing adults, but rarely flying ones. Because of its colour, the white morph has a higher survival rate than the orange one. This is either because of apostatic selection (i.e. the birds have learned the orange monarchs can be eaten), because of camouflage (the white morph matches the white pubescence of milkweed or the patches of light shining through foliage), or because the white morph does not fit the bird's search image of a typical monarch, so is thus avoided.[75]
Parasites include the tachinid flies Sturmia convergens[76] and Lesperia archippivora. Lesperia-parasitized larvae complete their moult and suspend, but die before pupation. At that time, one white maggot comes out of the larvae, suspended by a silken thread. The maggot then forms a brown pupa on the ground.[77]
The bacterium Micrococcus flacidifex danai also infects the larvae and causes "black death". As usual, just before pupation, the larvae migrate to a horizontal surface. They die a few hours later, attached only by one pair of prolegs, with the thorax and abdomen hanging limp. The body turns black shortly after. The bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa has no invasive powers, but causes secondary infections in weakened insects. It is a common cause of death in laboratory-reared insects.[77]
The protozoan Ophryocystis elektroscirrha is another parasite of the monarch. It infects the subcutaneous tissues and propagates by spores formed during the pupal stage. The spores are found over all of the body of infected butterflies, with the greatest number on the abdomen. These spores are passed, from female to caterpillar, when spores rub off during egg-laying, and are then ingested by caterpillars. Severely infected individuals are weak, unable to expand their wings, or unable to eclose, and have shortened lifespans, but probably occur at low frequencies in nature. This is not the case in laboratory or commercial rearing, where after a few generations, all individuals can be infected.[78]
Confusion of host plants[edit]
The black swallow-wort is problematic for monarchs in North America. Monarchs lay their eggs on these relatives of native milkweeds because they produce stimuli similar to milkweed. Once the eggs hatch, the caterpillars are poisoned by the toxicity of this invasive plant from Europe.[citation needed]
Population decline[edit]
The alarming decrease in the monarch butterfly population has been linked to the decrease in the milkweed plant (Asclepias)—a primary food for monarchs—from herbicide use in the butterfly's reproductive and feeding areas. The destruction of common milkweed has effectively eliminated the food source from most of the habitat monarchs used to use.[79] Common milkweed is suseptible to the use of herbicides. Varietals do exist, however, (see Human Interactions) that can be successfully planted in gardens and other areas to help mitigate habitat loss in the wild.[80]
Genetically Modified Crops[edit]
Genetically modified crops (GMCs), specifically corn and soybeans, now enable farmers to use herbicides to selectively eliminate milkweed that previously grew between the rows of food crops. These crops are genetically modified to be resistant to the effect of the herbicide glyphosate. The increased planting of glyphosate-resistant crops has had the side of effect of reducing milkweeds, which has been correlated with the decline in Monarch populations between 1999 and 2010.[81] Chip Taylor, director of Monarch Watch at the University of Kansas, said the Midwest milkweed habitat "is virtually gone" with 120–150 million acres lost.[82][83]
The journal Nature proposed that pollen from genetically modified maize could deposit onto larval food plants, Asclepias spp. (milkweed), increasing mortality of the larva.[84]
Loss of Overwintering Habitat[edit]
The area of forest occupied by overwintering monarch butterflies in Mexico reached its lowest level in two decades in 2013. According to a survey carried out during the 2012–2013 winter season by the WWF-Telcel Alliance, and Mexico's National Commission of Protected Areas (CONAP), the nine hibernating colonies occupy a total area of 2.94 acres of forest—representing a 59% decrease from the 2011–2012 survey of 7.14 acres.[citation needed]
The same survey in 2012-2013 showed the decline is continuing. There were only seven colonies occupying 0.67 hectares (1.66 acres), the third consecutive record low since record-keeping began in 1995-1996. It represents a 44% decrease from the previous year, a 76% decrease from 2011-2012 and a 92% decrease compared to the 1996-1997 count.
Climate variations during the fall and summer affect butterfly reproduction. Rainfall, and freezing temperatures affect milkweed growth and the survival of migrating adult butterflies.[citation needed]Omar Vidal, director general of WWF-Mexico, said "The monarch's lifecycle depends on the climatic conditions in the places where they breed. Eggs, larvae and pupae develop more quickly in milder conditions. Temperatures above 95°F can be lethal for larvae, and eggs dry out in hot, arid conditions, causing a drastic decrease in hatch rate." [85] [86]
Concerned individuals governmental agencies, and organizations have made efforts to restore milkweed habitats to provide nectar and foodplants.[87][88][89]
A 273-million base pair draft sequence of the monarch butterfly genome was published in 2011, including a set of 16,866 protein-coding genes. Comparison to the sequence of the silk moth Bombyx mori reveals the Lepidoptera as a relatively fast-evolving order. The monarch genome provides a number of insights into the butterfly's migratory behaviour, including the molecular underpinnings of the circadian clock and juvenile hormone pathway, as well as a suite of microRNAs that are differentially expressed between summer and migratory monarchs.[90][91][92]
See also[edit]
- Lepidoptera migration
- List of butterflies of Great Britain
- Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve
- Peninsula Point Light, Michigan
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- ^ Scudder, Samuel H.; William M. Davis, Charles W. Woodworth, Leland O. Howard, Charles V. Riley, Samuel W. Williston (1989). The butterflies of the eastern United States and Canada with special reference to New England. The author. p. 721. ISBN 0-665-26322-8. Retrieved 2008-06-04.
- ^ "Monarch Butterfly". Retrieved March 26, 2014.
- ^ a b Garber, Steven D. (1998). The Urban Naturalist. Courier Dover Publications. pp. 76–79. ISBN 0-486-40399-8. Retrieved 2008-05-26.
- ^ a b "Monarch, Danaus plexippus". Retrieved 2008-08-27.
- ^ Adams, Jean Ruth (1992). Insect Potpourri: Adventures in Entomology. CRC Press. pp. 28–29. ISBN 1-877743-09-7. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae (in Latin) 1. Stockholm: Laurentius Salvius. p. 471. OCLC 174638949. Retrieved 2012-06-05.
- ^ a b Smith, David A.; Gugs Lushai and John A. Allen (June 2005). "A classification of Danaus butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based upon data from morphology and DNA" (PDF). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 144 (2): 191–212. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00169.x. Retrieved 2008-05-19.
- ^ Hay-Roe, Miriam M. et al. (2007), Pre- and postzygotic isolation and Haldane rule effects in reciprocal crosses of Danaus erippus and Danaus plexippus (Lepidoptera: Danainae), supported by differentiation of cuticular hydrocarbons, establish their status as separate species, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 91: 445–453.
- ^ Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturae ed. X: 467 (in BHL)
- ^ Linnaeus divided his large genus Papilio, containing all known butterfly species, into what we would now call subgenera. The Danai festivi formed one of the 'subgenera', containing colourful species, as opposed to the Danai candidi, containing species with bright white wings. Linnaeus wrote: "Danaorum Candidorum nomina a filiabus Danai Aegypti, Festivorum a filiis mutuatus sunt." (= The names of the Danai candidi have been derived from the daughters of Danaus, those of the Danai festivi from the sons of Aegyptus).
- ^ Robert Michael Pyle suggested Danaus is a masculinised version of Danaë (Greek Δανάη), Danaus's great-great-granddaughter, to whom Zeus came as a shower of gold, which seemed to him a more appropriate source for the name of this butterfly (Pyle, Robert Michael (2001). Chasing Monarchs: Migrating with the Butterflies of Passage. Houghton Mifflin Books. pp. 148–149. ISBN 0-618-12743-7. Retrieved 2013-03-20.). He masculinized the genus name because it had to agree in gender with the species name. If the species-group name is not a noun in apposition, Pyle could have been right and the genus name and specific epithet have to agree in gender, but in that case it is the specific epithet and not the genus name, that is to be altered. In the case of Danaus plexippus, however, the specific epithet is a noun in apposition, formed from a personal name in the nominative case, which should not be altered (see ICZN art. 31.1 and art. 32.3). If, instead of Danaus, Danaë had been intended, the name would simply have been Danae plexippus. Moreover, in Systema Naturae, there is a very strong connection of the names with Danaus, and not a single one with Danaë.
- ^ a b c Braby, Michael F. (2000). Butterflies of Australia: Their Identification, Biology and Distribution. CSIRO Publishing. pp. 597–599. ISBN 0-643-06591-1. Retrieved 2008-05-26.
- ^ The White Monarch, Lawrence Gibbs and Orley R. Taylor, Department of Entomology, University of Kansas, June 1998
- ^ Darby, Gene (1958). What is a Butterfly. Chicago: Benefic Press. p. 10.
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- ^ Gerald McCormack (7-12-2005). "Cook Islands' Largest Butterfly - the Monarch". Cook Islands Biodiversity.
- ^ Chill turns monarchs north; Cold weather flips butterflies' migratory path March 23, 2013; Vol.183 #6 Science News
- ^ Pyle, Robert Michael, "National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Butterflies", pp. 712-713, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, ISBN 0-394-51914-0
- ^ a b "Monarch Migration Studies". Retrieved March 26, 2014.
- ^ Gugliotta, Guy (2003): Butterflies Guided By Body Clocks, Sun Scientists Shine Light on Monarchs' Pilgrimage. Washington Post, May 23, 2003, page A03. Retrieved 2006-JAN-07.
- ^ Merlin, C; Gegear, RJ; Reppert, SM. (2009). "Antennal circadian clocks coordinate sun compass orientation in migratory monarch butterflies". Science 325 (5948): 1700–1704. doi:10.1126/science.1176221. PMC 2754321. PMID 19779201.
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- ^ Mouritsen (April 30, 2014). "An experimental displacement and over 50 years of tag-recoveries show that monarch butterflies are not true navigators (pre-published paper provided by author)". PNAS 110 (18).
- ^ Haeger, Fernandez (2012). "Presentation of a paper at the Monarch Biology and Conservation Meeting: Monarch butterflies in southern Spain" (PDF). Minnesota: Monarchlab.org. Retrieved February 14, 2014.
- ^ "Wanderer Butterfly". Australian Museum: nature culture discover. Australian Museum, Sydney, Australia. Retrieved 2010-07-15.
- ^ Malcolm, S. (2012). "Presentation of a paper at the Monarch Biology and Conservation Meeting: Migration and host plant use of the southern monarch, Danaus erippus" (PDF). Minnesota: Monarchlab.org. Retrieved February 12, 2014.
- ^ Davis, A.K (2009). "Wing color of monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) in eastern North America across life stages: migrants are 'redder' than breeding and overwintering stages". Psyche 2009: 1–5. doi:10.1155/2009/705780. Retrieved 19 December 2010.
- ^ a b Rick Cech and Guy Tudor (2005). Butterflies of the East Coast. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. ISBN 0-691-09055-6
- ^ a b c David C. Iftner, John A. Shuey, and John C. Calhoun (1992). Butterflies and Skippers of Ohio. College of Biological Sciences and The Ohio State University. ISBN 0-86727-107-8
- ^ a b "ADW: Danaus plexippus: Information". Retrieved 2008-08-27.
- ^ Emmel. Thomas C., "Florida's Fabulous Butterflies", p 44, World Publications, 1997, ISBN 0-911977-15-5
- ^ a b Solensky,M. J. and K. S. Oberhauser. 2004. Behavioral and genetic components of male mating success in monarchbutterflies. Pp. 61-68. In: Oberhauser, K.S. and M.J. Solensky, eds. The MonarchButterfly: Biology and Conservation. Cornell University Press. Ithaca NY.
- ^ a b Frey, D., K.L.H. Leong, E. Peffer,R.K. Smidt, K.S. Oberhauser. 1998. Mating patterns of overwintering monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus (L.)) inCalifornia. J. Lepid. Soc. 52: 84-97
- ^ "Monarch Butterfly Life Cycle and Migration". National Geographic Education. 2008-10-24. Retrieved 2013-08-15.
- ^ a b c Oberhauser, K.S. 1989. Effects of spermatophores on male and female monarch butterfly reproductive success. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 25:237-246.
- ^ Oberhauser, Karen S. Male monarch butterfly spermatophore mass and mating strategies, Animal Behaviour 36 (5, September–October 1988). pp. 1384–1388. ISSN 0003-3472.
- ^ "Male monarch butterfly spermatophore mass and mating strategies". Sciencedirect.com. 1988-10-31. Retrieved 2014-03-24.
- ^ a b Solensky,M. J., and K. S. Oberhauser. "Sperm Precedence in Monarch Butterflies (Danaus Plexippus)." BehavioralEcology 20.2 (2009): 328-34. Print.
- ^ a b c Parsons, J.A. (1965). "A Digitallis-like Toxin in the Monarch Butterfly Danaus Plexippus L". J. Physiol (178): 290–304.
- ^ Malcolm, S.B.; L.P. Brower (1989). "Evolutionary and ecological implications of cardenolide sequestration in the monarch butterfly". Experientia 45 (3): 284–295. doi:10.1007/BF01951814.
- ^ a b de Rood, J.C. (2011). "Virulence evolution in response to anti-infection resistance: toxic food plants can select for virulent parasites of monarch butterflies". Journal of Evolutionary Biology 4: 712–722.
- ^ Glazier, Lincoln; Susan Glazier (1975). "Localization of Heart Poisons in the Monarch Butterfly". Science 188 (4183): 19–25. Bibcode:1975Sci...188...19B. doi:10.1126/science.188.4183.19. PMID 17760150.
- ^ Ritland, D.; L. P. Brower (1991). "The viceroy butterfly is not a Batesian mimic". Nature 350 (6318): 497–498. doi:10.1038/350497a0. Retrieved 2008-02-23. "Viceroys are as unpalatable as monarchs, and significantly more unpalatable than queens from representative Florida populations."
- ^ "Official Alabama Insect". Alabama Emblems, Symbols and Honors. Alabama Department of Archives & History. 2001-07-12. Retrieved 2007-03-19.
- ^ "Idaho Symbols, Insect: Monarch Butterfly". Idaho State Symbols, Emblems, and Mascots. SHG resources, state handbook & guide. Retrieved 2008-03-26.
- ^ "State Symbol: Illinois Official Insect — Monarch Butterfly (Danaus plexippus)". [Illinois] State Symbols. Illinois State Museum. Retrieved 2008-03-26.
- ^ "Minnesota State Symbols" (PDF). Minnesota House of Representatives. Retrieved 2008-03-26.
- ^ "Texas State Symbols". The Texas State Library and Archives. Retrieved 2008-03-26.
- ^ "(Vermont) State Butterfly". Vermont Department of Libraries. Archived from the original on 2008-05-18. Retrieved 2008-03-26.
- ^ "West Virginia Statistical Information, General State Information" (PDF). Official West Virginia Web Portal. Archived from the original on 2008-04-11. Retrieved 2008-03-26.
- ^ Wade, Nicholas (1990-06-01). "Choosing a National Bug". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-03-26.
- ^ "Frequently Asked Questions on Entomology". Entomological Society of America. Retrieved 2008-03-26.
- ^ "Monarch Watch Waystation Program". Retrieved 2014-02-20.
- ^ "Monarch Watch". Retrieved 2014-02-20.
- ^ "Monarch Watch". The Kansas Biological Survey, Univ of Kansas. 2008-05-27. Retrieved 2008-05-27.
- ^ "International Butterfly Breeders Association". Retrieved 2014-02-20.
- ^ "Code Of Practice". Retrieved 2014-02-20.
- ^ "What The Experts Say". Retrieved 2014-02-20.
- ^ "Flight of the Butterflies". Reuben H. Fleet Science Center. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
- ^ "Saving Butterflies: Insect Ecologist Spearheads Creation of Oases for Endangered Butterflies". ScienceDaily. 2005-01-01. Retrieved 2008-05-27.
- ^ "Monarch Monitoring Project". Cap May Bird Observatory. 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-05.
- ^ a b Barbosa, Pedro; Deborah Kay Letourneau (1988). "5". Novel Aspects of Insect-plant Interactions. Wiley-Interscience. pp. 29–31. ISBN 0-471-83276-6. Retrieved 2008-05-12.
- ^ Koch, R. L.; W. D. Hutchison, R. C. Venette and G. E. Heimpel (October 2003). "Susceptibility of immature monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Danainae), to predation by Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)". Biological Control 28 (2): 265–270. doi:10.1016/S1049-9644(03)00102-6. Retrieved 2008-04-23.
- ^ Rafter, Jamie; Anurag Agruwal, Evan Preisser (2013). "Chinese mantids gut toxic monarch caterpillars: avoidance of prey defense?". Ecological Entomology (38): 78–82.
- ^ a b Brower, Lincoln (1988). "Avian Predation on the Monarch Butterfly and Its Implications for Mimicry Theory". American Society of Naturalists 131: S4–S6. doi:10.1086/284763.
- ^ Stimson, John; Mark Berman (1990). "Predator induced colour polymorphism in Danaus plexippus L. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in Hawaii". Heredity 65 (3): 401–406. doi:10.1038/hdy.1990.110. Lay summary.
- ^ Clarke, A.R.; M.P. Zalucki (2001). "Taeniogonalos raymenti Carmean & Kimsey (Hymenoptera: Trigonalidae) reared as a hyperparasite of Sturmia convergens (Weidemann) (Diptera: Tachinidae), a primary parasite of Danaus plexippus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)". Pan-Pacific Entomologist 77 (?): 68–70.
- ^ a b Brewer, Jo; Gerard M. Thomas (1966). "Causes of death encountered during rearing of Danaus plexippus (Danaidae)" (PDF). Journal of the Lepidopterist's Society 20 (4): 235–238. Retrieved 2008-04-13. Lay summary.
- ^ Leong, K. L. H.; M. A. Yoshimura, H. K. Kaya and H. Williams (1997). "Instar Susceptibility of the Monarch Butterfly (Danaus plexippus) to the Neogregarine Parasite, Ophryocystis elektroscirrha". Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 69 (1): 79–83. doi:10.1006/jipa.1996.4634. PMID 9028932. Lay summary.
- ^ "Tracking the Causes".
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subset: commoncrawl


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Student Loans and Your Credit Score
Depending on whether you are current or behind on your student loan payments, your student loan debt could increase or decrease your credit score.
Having student loan debt will affect your credit score, but not always in the way you think. If you consistently make on-time student loan payments, your student loans can boost your credit score. But if you pay late, or default, on student loans, your credit score will take a hit.
Understanding Credit Reports
As a starting point, it's helpful to understand the basics about credit reports. A credit report provides a record of your borrowing and repayment history. Along with your personal information (like your name, recent addresses, Social Security number, and birth date), the report contains details about your various accounts, such as mortgage, credit card, car loan, and student loan accounts.
For each account, the report will include:
- the type of account
- the date you opened the account
- your credit limit or amount of the loan
- the loan balance, and
- a record of whether or not you've paid on time.
The report will also show a record of credit inquiries from lenders, landlords, or others who ask to see your report, as well as public records about any liens, bankruptcies, and overdue child support. (Learn more about your credit report and credit score.)
Creditors use this information to determine your creditworthiness (meaning, whether you are likely to repay a loan if they give you one).
Companies That Compile Credit Reports
There are three major credit reporting companies (called credit bureaus) that compile credit reports are:
- Equifax
- Experian, and
- TransUnion.
You can order a report from one or all three of these agencies at www.AnnualCreditReport.com. (Learn more about getting your credit report.)
Understanding Credit Scores
A credit score is a number that supposedly measures the risk that you will default on credit payments.The higher your score, the less likely you are to default, and therefore the better the credit risk.
There are many credit scoring companies, but the one many creditors use is FICO. Your FICO score, which ranges from 300–850, is calculated based on several different pieces of credit data in your credit report. Your score takes into account both positive and negative information in your credit report. Late payments will lower your FICO score, while making payments on time will raise your score.
You can get your credit score for free in certain situations. Or you can pay for it. However, paying for a credit score is often a waste of money. (Learn more in Should You Pay to Get Your Credit Score?) Because your score is based on the same types of information found in your credit report, you can get a good idea of how creditors will view your credit-worthiness by reviewing your reports.
How Student Loans Affect Your Credit Score If You Stay Current on Payments
Simply having student loan debt will not negatively impact your credit score. In fact, if you make on-time payments, student loans can positively impact your score for several reasons.
- Builds payment history. According to FICO, your payment history makes up 35% of your score. So having a record of consistent, timely student loan payments will boost your score.
- Adds credit diversity. FICO likes to see a mix of credit types. Credit diversity makes up 10% of your score. So having student loans along with other debts (like your mortgage and credit cards) is a good thing.
- Increases the length of your credit history. Length of credit history accounts for 15% of your score. If you've been paying on a particular student loan account for a number of years, that will help your score. (Learn more about what goes into your FICO score.)
Student Loan Deferments and Forbearances
With a student loan deferment, you don't have to make student loan payments for a set period of time because of a specific condition in your life -- such as returning to school, economic hardship, or unemployment. If you don't qualify for a deferment, you may be able to get a forbearance. With a forbearance, your loan holder permits you to stop making payments for a certain amount of time or to temporarily reduce payments. (Learn more in Nolo's article Student Loans: Cancellation, Deferment, and Forbearance.)
Getting a deferment or forbearance on your loan won't hurt your credit score since they are treated as being "paid as agreed" for scoring purposes.
How Defaulting on a Student Loan Affects Your Credit Score
If you stop making payments (default) on your student loan, your credit score will go down. Late student loan payments will hurt your score in much the same way as late payments on any other type of account.
A student loan default will typically stay on your credit report for seven years.
Consequences of Defaulting on a Student Loan
If you default on your student loan, a number of things could happen, such as:
- Your loan may be turned over to a collection agency.
- Your wages could be garnished. (Learn how much of your income you could lose to a student loan wage garnishment.)
- You could be sued for the amount due, plus costs associated with collecting your loan, such as court costs and attorney fees.
- Your federal and state tax refunds could be seized.
- You may not be able to renew a professional license you hold.
It's difficult to discharge (wipe out) a student loan by filing bankruptcy. (Learn more in Nolo's article Student Loan Debt in Bankruptcy.)
Consequences of a Low Credit Score
A low credit score will affect your ability to get a mortgage to purchase a home, find a job, obtain a car loan, or get credit cards.
- Getting a mortgage loan. In some cases, a low score could prevent you from getting a mortgage altogether. If you do get one, the terms will probably not be in your favor.
- Future employment. A potential employer may look at your credit score when considering hiring you. You may have a hard time getting a job if you have bad credit. (This, of course, depends on the employer and, to some extent, the reason for the low score. For example, if you are applying for a job in the financial services or banking industry, a bad credit report may very well affect your ability to get the job since the potential employer may think that you are not able to competently handle finances.)
- Getting a credit card or car loan. A low credit score can result in a much higher rate of interest than the prevailing market rates when you get a credit card or car loan, and can also result in you being denied credit in some circumstances.
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• Matthew Denholm, The Australian: Green groups reneged on Gunns mill: timber industry
TIMBER industry figures claim peak conservation groups made a "clear commitment" to "play dead" on Gunns's Tasmanian pulp mill—only to renege on the pledge.
The claim, made to The Weekend Australian by several industry figures involved in the historic forest peace talks in Tasmania, was denied yesterday by the three green groups.
However, several figures within the conservation movement conceded key groups had hardened their stance to the $2.3 billion mill during the course of negotiations after beginning with a more open mind.
Industry representatives said the environmental groups gave a "clear commitment" not to oppose the mill proposed for the Tamar Valley, north of Launceston, subject to several conditions.
These included Gunns amending mill licence conditions to guarantee native forests were not used in its feedstock, and the industry embracing a transition out of native forest logging, into plantations.
A statement of principles signed by industry groups in October last year committed to a transition of most the industry out of native forests and to "a pulp mill".
In March, Gunns amended its federal approvals to rule out native woodchip feedstock, a move publicly hailed by the green groups—The Wilderness Society, Environment Tasmania and the Australian Conservation Foundation.
However, industry participants in the talks were angered when, after a backlash from sections of their constituencies and the Greens, TWS and Environment Tasmania then hardened their positions against the mill.
TWS, Environment Tasmania and the Conservation Foundation all yesterday denied giving any commitment to support the mill at any time during the talks.
• RALLY AT PARLIAMENT - Support the "Pulp Mill Repeal Bill 2011"
DATE: Wednesday May the 25th
LOCATION: Parliament House, Hobart, Tasmania
TIME: 3:30pm
Rally at Parliament to support the Tasmanian Greens in repealing the Tamar Valley Pulp Mill's Government approval. This rally will coincide with the introduction of the Greens "Pulp Mill Repeal Bill 2011" inside parliament.
This rally is being organised by a united front of key anti Pulp Mill groups.
There will be speakers on the Parliament Lawns, still to be confirmed, also large screens with a live feed of the debate inside parliament.
• The Tasmanian Greens will present the "Pulp Mill Repeal Bill 2011" for debate to provide all Members of the house of Assembly with the opportunity to vote to revoke the controversial Pulp Mill Assessment Act 2007 (the Act) which was rammed through the State Parliament by ex-Premier Paul Lennon.
The passing of the Act by the Labor and Liberal Parties in Tasmania was an aberration of our democracy as it gave a rubber stamp approval to the Gunns Ltd to build the pulp mill in the Tamar Valley. This rubber stamp came after it had been deemed 'critically non-compliant' by Tasmania's independent and expert planning authority, the Resources Planning and Development Commission.
• For those who wish to enter the viewing gallery inside parliament, note that Parliament House requires visitors to listen to proceedings in silence, and have mobiles switched off. Disruptions in the public gallery while parliamentary debate is under-way can result in the public gallery being cleared, which can unfortunately deprive members of the community from being able to witness a debate that matters to them.
• Examiner: Money not the issue, say Wildos
• Malaysia Today:
By Sarawak Report
As news reports are beginning to show, Australia is beginning to get a true picture of Taib Mahmud and his behaviour in Sarawak.
TV scenes of rowdy loggers disrupting and breaking up a local meeting in a town hall in Huonville, Tasmania will not go down well.
The meeting had been called by environmentally concerned local people, who are anxious about logging in their area, which is being carried out by none other than Taib's own family company Ta Ann. The loggers are shown to have been aggressive and abusive towards the seated audience and one woman speaker was threatened with rape!
Classic behaviour
Those women who live in Sarawak's interior can, of course, testify to the seriousness of that threat of rape. There have been numerous police reports and complaints about rapes and vicious attacks on women and schoolgirls by loggers, many of them independently verified by NGOs. However Taib has blocked all attempts at an official investigation.
Indeed, as Sarawakians all know, threats and intimidation have been the established method by which the loggers, licenced by Taib, have dealt with complaints by local forest people and those communities who have Native Customary Rights to the land they have taken. Fear of the Thugs and Gangsters hired by loggers pervades the whole state.
Minggat Nyakin, beaten up by loggers earlier this year for asking them to leave his land
We have covered a number of recent incidences showing how these gangs have been used by logging companies to come in and do their dirty work, attacking villagers with clubs, knives, explosives and guns. Complaints are routinely ignored by the police …
Taib's global reach
Companies which began and grew rich in Sarawak have been spreading their logging activities across the globe. They have muscled their way in to remaining hardwood areas in Indonesia, Papua, the Soloman Islands, Congo, Amazon and now Tasmania.
Laughably the Australian taxpayer even paid Ta Ann a massive $10,000,000 grant to set up its saw mill factories on the island. Whose bright idea was that? Ta Ann is run by the multi-billionaire Hamid Sepawi, the cousin and business proxy of Taib himself, who has been listed personally as one of Malaysia's richest men. Why have the taxpayers of Tasmania had to pay out to have him come in and cut down their forests now that Sarawak has run out of its own wood?
Indeed, when the Tasmanian forestry authorities did their assessments into sustainability and the Taib family record on logging, did they take an environmental impact check on Sarawak? We are looking at the man who in 30 years has razed and destroyed the world's oldest (130 million years) tropical hardwood jungle. The surrounding environmental impact on rivers, wildlife and communities, owing to his negligent and corner-cutting methods, has been nothing short of devastating.
• New ad campaign launched to dismantle the Forestry Tasmania GBE
A coalition of individuals and environment groups today launched an ad campaign to highlight bad choices the State Government is making in the lead up to the state budget and called for the dismantling of the GBE Forestry Tasmania.
Starting tonight, the ad will run in prime time TV in the south and on commercial radio in the north.
Speaking on behalf of the coalition, Jenny Weber said "The environment movement has been pointing to the environmental and financial failure of Forestry Tasmania for years."
"But, we have now hit a crunch point with the government clearly on a path to protect logging operations and subsidies to the logging industry at the expense of nurses, teachers and police."
"This campaign exposes the failed financial performance of Forestry Tasmania as a key factor in the budget crisis and the resulting loss of around 2,000 jobs - many in front line community services such as nurses, teachers and police. "
"It is vital for the community to know that if Forestry Tasmania was producing even a modest level of returns, 500 community service workers would not have to lose their jobs,"
A report prepared by independent financial analyst Naomi Edwards and released by Our Common Ground on the 12th May 2011 showed that Forestry Tasmania should have contributed 43 million dollars to state finances this financial year. (Based on Tasmanian Treasury's ROE target for Government Business Enterprises and equates to the jobs of 500 community service providers).
"As well as continuing the logging of unique native forests, Forestry Tasmania has contributed no money in the last 4 years, has overseen the collapse of the timber industry and has pursued policies which have generated massive community conflict. It is hardly surprising that this failure of management has led to a financial crisis which will result in the dramatic loss of community services. "
"Like the Hydro Electric Commission of decades ago, Forestry Tasmania is an unaccountable, outdated and dysfunctional organization, pursuing its own ambitions."
Ms Weber concluded "We are calling for Foresty Tasmania to be abolished and the few functional components within it redistributed across other better performing Government Departments."
The ad is supported by Huon Valley Environment Centre, the Tarkine National Coalition, Environment Tasmania, Still Wild Still Threatened, The Florentine Protection Society and authorized by Peter T Mead
First published: 2011-05-21 05:59 PM
Earlier: Jenny v George


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This is before it went to the washer.
This "Holly" a little bit of Christmas color but really not Christmas fabric.
This is "Winter" can you see why?
These look great!!! I love it. I'd love to have a class on these cute purses. :) Amber T.
Love this purse. I can't wait to have a class on this.


text:
Lindsay Dyer
Executive Assistant
- BS, San Diego State University, Child & Family Development
Lindsay Dyer is the executive assistant for the department of Counseling & Marital and Family Therapy. She provides administrative and technical support for the department's academic programs and faculty. Lindsay grew up in Orange County and moved to San Diego in 2007 to pursue a B.S. in Child & Family Development with a minor in Counseling & Social Change at San Diego State University. During her internships, Lindsay found her interests fell in the Autism field so she worked as a Behavior Interventionist until she was offered an administrative assistant postion at her alma mater. Lindsay started with SOLES in January 2013 and is excited to be working with faculty who are prominent figures in the helping professions. She hopes to shape her own career goals while at USD.


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The Concordia Blues defeated Marysville twice in an American Legion Baseball doubleheader Sunday at the Concordia Sports Complex.
Concordia won the first game 6-2, and completed the sweep with a 7-4 victory in the second game.
In the first game, Marysville grabbed a 1-0 lead in the top of the first inning.
The Blues put up three runs in the second inning, and would not trail again.
Trevor Nordell led off with a walk, Nathan Gieber singled and Trey Dubbert walked. All three would come around to score.
Marysville made it 3-2 with a run in the top of the fourth inning.
Connor Eilert walked and scored a run in the bottom of the fourth to give the Blues a 4-2 cushion.
Concordia added two runs in the sixth inning.
Bowe Behymer and Jordan Mehl each singled and scored.
Gieber pitched all seven innings to get the win. He gave up two runs on five hits, struck out four and walked six.
Behymer had three hits for the Blues. Mehl and Gieber had two hits each.
The second game was scoreless heading into the bottom of the third inning.
Mehl led off with a walk, and Tanner Gilbert reached base on an error.
Behymer drew a walk and Gieber drove in two runs with a single.
Dubbert singled with two out to knock in two more runs and give Concordia a 4-0 lead.
Concordia loaded the bases in the fourth inning when Ryan Perkins and Mehl singled and Behymer walked.
Gieber drew a walk to drive in a run and make it 5-0.
Marysville scored one run in the top of the fifth inning.
Perkins doubled and scored a run in the bottom of the fifth, and the Blues led 6-1.
Three runs in the top of the sixth inning pulled Marysville within two runs, 6-4.
Gieber tripled to lead off the bottom of the sixth inning, and scored on a single by Will Strommen.
Mehl got the win for Concordia. He gave up four runs on three hits, struck out six and walked three.
Gieber had two hits, drove in three runs and scored two.
Perkins had two hits and scored two runs.
Mehl had two hits.


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Hello Tatertots & Jello! I am so HAPPY to be here today... I will never get used to the fact that I get to hang out with Jen and with you wonderful people every single month! Believe me... Dreams Come True! Talking about dreams...the theme for 2012 in our family will be DREAM BIG! Wait! I am going too fast I better introduce myself... { I almost forgot with the … [Read more...]
Make a DIY New Year's Eve Kit (tutorial)!!
December 23, 2011


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At Cavendish Lodge and Cottages families on vacation have always been our specialty and providing them with a safe, clean, comfortable and affordable place to stay continues to be our top priority.
We can accommodate families, couples, business travellers, or let us be your host for your next family reunion! Also we will be pleased to provide packages to our guests and make their vacation much easier.
We are centrally located in the heart of Cavendish between Sandspit and the Cavendish Boardwalk Shopping Center, only minutes away from a number of a World Class golf courses including Eagles Glenn and one of the largest theme parks in Atlantic Canada. Shining Waters Family Fun Park!
Call us or Book Online today!
Amenities & Facilities


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Welcome to the Association of Financial Mutuals (AFM), the trade body that represents mutual insurers, friendly societies and other financial mutuals right across the UK.
Between them, mutual insurers manage the savings, pensions, protection and healthcare needs of over 30 million people in the UK and Ireland, annual premium income of £15.9 billion, and nearly 38,000 employees (source: www.ICMIF.org).
A financial mutual is an organisation that supplies financial services products, and which is owned by its customers, or members. That means there are no shareholders to pay dividends to or account to, and a mutual can concentrate entirely on delivering products and services that best meet the needs of its customers.
Get behind mutuality – become an AFM member
Join the member companies who are championing mutuality with the AFM today. Financial mutuals are invited to join as Full or Associate Members and enjoy an array of attractive benefits, including:
- representation within the UK and Europe at corporate and political level
- press and public relations campaigning
- networking events
- training and development opportunities
- research facilities and specialist consultancy services
- access to publications and resources
- regular updates and insight via our monthly e-newsletter, Mutually Yours.
Our Mutual members
Press Releases / Comment
17 October 2016
British Health Care Association joins forces with AFM
Mutuals moving together towards tomorrow
11 May 2016
Collaboration and partnership driving growth in the UK financial mutuals sector
01 April 2016
AFM appoints new Chairman and Vice-Chair
Mutually yours Newsletter
October 2016
Update from the Chief Executive, October 2016
Thoughts from the departure lounge
July 2016
Member News, October 2016
May 2016
Consultation Responses
Consultation 2016
Consultation 2015
Surveys, Research, Insight
01 April 2016
Mutuals in Europe
03 November 2015
UK mutual insurance: market insights
04 November 2015
Latest AFM consumer research
What AFM is all about
October 2016
- Update from the Chief Executive, October 2016
- Thoughts from the departure lounge
- Member News, October 2016
Join us and get the latest updates with our newsletter


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University Hospital recognizes that open visitation plays an important role in a patient's healing and recovery. Family and friends are welcome to visit often while their loved ones are in the hospital. Visiting privileges are not restricted or denied on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability. Patients have the right to refuse to see visitors if they so wish and should discuss this with their nurse. Please review the following guidelines and visit one of our information desks for additional information.
For everyone's safety, University Hospital and Golisano Children's Hospital require all visitors to present identification, preferably a photo ID, such as driver s license, as they enter the hospital. Family members and visitors will then receive a visitation ID sticker with their name and visit location.
Visitation ID stickers need to be worn at all times in the hospital. Visitation ID stickers are color-coded for each day of the week so stickers need to be replaced daily at the hospital information desk in the lobby.
Public Safety is also available to provide security escort services to your car if requested.


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Skip to comments.Republican Presidential Candidate Debate #8 Dearborn, MI 10/09/07 - Official Discussion Thread
Posted on 10/09/2007 11:58:39 AM PDT by CounterCounterCulture
Republican Presidential Candidate Debate #8 Dearborn, Michigan 10/09/07 - Official Discussion Thread
CNBC/MSNBC/The Wall Street Journal are jointly sponsoring the first Republican Presidential debate of the 2008 campaign focusing on economic issues. It will be held on October 9 in Dearborn, Michigan at the University of Michigan-Dearborn at the Ford Community and Performing Arts Center. Broadcast is live on CNBC at 4 PM ET (1 PM PT) and re-broadcast on MSNBC at 9 PM ET (6 PM PT). CNBC's Maria Bartiromo and MSNBC's Chris Matthews will host the debate.
Live streaming on CNBC.com
Candidates participating:
me too
We take a break at 1:44pm PDT.
Fred Thompson is five years older than Mitt, but looks about 15 years older.
ping for later
Fred's great on taxes now. He's getting more comfortable.
Mathews says the reduction in taxes "costs"
Thompson just called mathews on his bias!
Thompson nailing the low taxes grow the ecconomy.
dry answer.
A lot of uh's and ums.
not charismatic but information was correct.
Giuliani had no clue...
Same problem...it's just a school yard argument anyway.
Sam Waterston doing some cross promotion for Fred.
I agree. He seems to be settling in now.
smile pretty!
None of the candidates impressed me with their canned same ol'/same ol', and trying to see who could convince un-decided joe six-packs, I still see FRed as the one who can connect between now and November.
Where the unknowns are concerned in this group, they will remain so.
mark this post right now 4:28.
Debate win goes to Romney and Hunter.
Thompson's popularity plummets, falls to 3 or 4 in polls
Hunter gets boost to 3 or 4 in polls
"I like Hunter a lot, but he is coming off as very angry."
Hunter is serious, not angry.
Matthews has really been towing the line the past 30 minutes, but he will cut loose on them tonight.
Hunter may seem angry, but I have to admit he wears angry better than Paul does.
Commercial break...that was a really fast paced 40 minutes...not boring at all and Matthews has not let fly a single gotcha question...I am in shock at this point..
I bet you're embarrassed watching the debate, aren't you?
Is that all there is?? hee hee
little traction. I really dont understand it at all.
Media isn't going to highlight a Conservative with the facts.
Mitt is a native of Michigan.
I feel the same way about California.
Hey there UPS!!!
Paul is a nut.
Dunked it!!!
Fred's answer=HOME RUN!!!!
"You shouldn't confuse the wealth
of nations with the wealth of government"
Wow. That should disqualify him for public office of ANY kind immediately.
He needs the Romney-coifed-look!
Amazing its the first time I heard about Dubui shipping nuclear triggers to an annonymous Islamabad source.
Transshipped - about 10 years ago.
Fred's a snoozer, for sure. Like most actors.
Mark this post...this debate is meaningless!
You are full of crap! Fred is the only one slapping chrissy and he just destroyed chrissy's Alternative Minimum Tax 100 Billion Dollar Boondoggle. His answer was PERFECT and delivered perfecly! He explained CONSERVATIVE ECONOMICS as well as Reagan did. He is the only man that understands TAX CUTS ALWAYS WORK.
OK, vote for the guy who won't win, while I vote for the one who will.
Now if millions of others do as you have I'll look around more.
Fred is definitely holding his own. He's meeting or exceeding expectations so far.
Hunter is a protectionist. He is sounding the same theme Clinton did in 1992 about China. The reality is something far different. The US has a tremendous investment in China and vice-versa. China sends 21% of its exports to the US. Is Hunter saying that we should reduce those exports? What happens to China's economy and ours? And the global economy?
You always refer to a politician using the last or highest rank they acheive.
Is Fred the only one of them who reads FreeRepublic?
Is all he going to ask is about taxes?
We're back from the break at 1:46pm PDT
And a good debate, our guys are smokin the Hildabeast, by a mile!!!!!!!!
Seems like he is in pain during the debate
Marked and agreed.
Romney always looks like that, he just stepped out of a boardroom.
Heh ... "When the Democrats target the rich, if you're in the middle class, you'd better run to the other side of the house."
Hopefully he's warming up.
Get real...
I got here a little late- that was my question- how badly has Matthews smashed them as a partisan..
>> Why is the moderator calling Thompson 'Senator'...
..He's not a senator anymore????
For the same reason the Reagan funeral was for "President Ronald Reagan" ... once you gain the title, you don't lose it when you leave office.
I think RuPaul has only been asked one question.
Chrissy asks Fred about Bush's involvement in Iraq.
Fred's Iraq answer is spot on.. can't way to see how FraudPaul answers.
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.


text:
You purchased this item onView this order
Raw Revolution, Organic Live Food Bar, Cherry Chocolate Chunk, 12 Bars, 1.8 oz (51 g) Each
- You earn loyalty credit for every order you place at iHerb!
- Loyalty credit is equal to 10% of the value of your order, excluding shipping charges.
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Shipping Weight:?1.71 lbs (0.78 kg)Shipping WeightThe Shipping Weight includes the product, protective packaging material and the actual shipping box. In addition, the Shipping Weight may be adjusted for the Dimensional Weight (e.g. length, width & height) of a package. It is important to note that certain types of products (e.g. glass containers, liquids, fragile, refrigerated or ice packed) will often require protective packaging material. As such, these products will reflect a higher Shipping Weight compared to the unprotected product.
- Product Code: RAW-00076
- UPC Code: 899587000769
- Package Quantity: 12 Bars, 1.8 oz (51 g) Each
- Dimensions: 1.9 x 5.6 x 7 in, 1.45 lbs (0.66 kg)
- Organic Live Food Fusion
- Omega-3&6
- 5 g of Fiber
- 6 g of Protein
- All Organic
- Gluten-Free
- Peanut-Free
- Dairy-Free
- Vegan & Kosher
- Kosher Parve
- USDA Organic
Proudly made in the USA in our own gluten-free and peanut-free plant.
"As a registered nurse and natural foods chef, I've developed a passion for Raw Foods. Imagine an alternative to high-sugar processed snacks that tastes simply amazing, a fusion of live, raw and organic ingredients. Imagine a clean snack with a higher nutrient content that brings us closer to healing ourselves and the global ecology." —Alice Benedetto, Founder
Other Ingredients
Organic almonds, organic dates, organic sunflower seed kernels, organic agave nectar, organic chocolate chunks (organic cane sugar, organic chocolate liquor, organic cocoa butter, organic soy lecithin, organic vanilla extract), organic sprouted flax seed, organic sea salt, organic cherry flavor.
Contains tree nuts.
Chocolate chunks made in a facility that handles milk products. Peanut-free.
|Supplement Facts
|Serving Size: 1 bar (51 g)
|Servings Per Container: 12
|Amount Per Serving
|% Daily Value*
|Calories from fat
|Total Fat
|12 g
|Saturated Fat
|1.5 g
|Trans Fat
|0 g
|0 mg
|100 mg
|Total Carbohydrates
|23 g
|Dietary Fiber
|5 g
|15 g
|6 g
|Vitamin A
|Vitamin C
* Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.


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BEACON University
Visit the BEST Shared Services Center Pages for System Information and Updates
What is BEACON University?
BEACON University is a full-service learning unit whose goal is to deliver the best possible BEACON training experience to North Carolina state employees. Our team is comprised of instructors, course material developers, web designers, and administrators. The BEACON University team works with other project teams and agencies to ensure the State's core users are given the knowledge they need for accurate and productive HR/Payroll operations.
Who receives training from BEACON University?
Almost every NC state employee will participate in BEACON training. Our curriculum covers a broad range of course offerings from introductory web-based training courses covering SAP basic navigation to the most advanced HR/Payroll courses designed for senior executive agency HR directors.
What is a Core User?
Core Users are individuals who will spend the most time using the BEACON system. Core users use the system to display HR data, manage business processes, maintain information, run reports, and various other human resource and payroll tasks.
Do I need to complete courses from BEACON University?
The level and amount of BEACON training you will need to complete is dependent on the level of interaction you will have with the BEACON system. See your immediate supervisor or HR manager to determine which BEACON University courses you will need to complete.
What support is available after I have completed training?
Our job doesn't stop after you have completed your training. We are constantly working to make sure a complete, up-to-date library of BEACON material is available to you 24 hours a day. The BEACON system is under continuous improvement with enhancement provided by our in-house experts and through updates from the system vendor (SAP). It is our goal to ensure BEACON users are always equipped with the most current skill set to maximize efficient use of the system. Please take time to navigate the links on the left side of this page and explore the wealth of current BEACON material available.
Have comments or feedback? Found a better way to complete a task in the system?
Our users in the field are excellent resources in our commitment to deliver the best training experience. If you would like to contact us, you may do so by sending an email to firstname.lastname@example.com.


text:
drive baby car seats & adaptors
At phil&teds, child safety is our priority, just as it is yours.
We have over 15 years experience designing and engineering products that are safest for parents & children. With a phil&teds car seat you have complete peace of mind knowing that your child's car seat has been rigorously tested to the highest standards.
baby car seats (0-6 months)
A baby car seat that is rear facing & portable with a carry handle. Use car seat adaptors to click your baby car seat onto a stroller!


text:
this is Feb 19th at 10:30 on E!
In the season opener, though, Coco is the focus. A crew captured her disclosure to "SVU" star Kelli Giddish that she wasn't feeling well. Giddish suggests she see a doctor.
Coco learns she has high blood pressure. Initially, she wasn't going to let cameras tag along, but then she realized letting viewers see dealing with high blood pressure could be "a good message to get out there."
Great screencaps! But aren't these the screencaps of "Street Revenge"? "Learning Curve" is set to air tonight. And then, there is "Father dearest" in between. I think you got the episode titles and numbers mixed up.
But I really love the screencaps you post every episode, keep up the awesome work!
Type your comment here.
Love what you are doing and you look GREAT!
Congratulations, Kelli, for being selected to join the cast of SVU. I don't think they could have chosen a better replacement for Mariska Hargitay. I loved you on Chase and your kick-ass style of acting. I was dissapointed to see they cancelled Chase, but am now thrilled you'll be on SVU, my other favorite crime drama. I wish you all the best in your new endeavours.
Type your comment here. I will follow this show any time, any day of the week. I truly love this show. Glad to see it doing so well. Thanks Momdarlene from Penna.
Type your comment here. I really love this show and Kelli Giddish. I feel she brings it all together onscreen. I hope they give her a chance because she deserves to shine. Thanks Momdarlene
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- PauseFall 2016 Commencement InformationGuest Information Watch Commencement Live at 5pm
- PauseExpand your possibilities. Experience VSYou Here, it's all about you.Meet VSU
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We are a place where all doors are open and you will never feel invisible. Consider the next four years your launching pad. Whatever your goals, Valdosta State can get you there. Your academic trajectory is shaped by innovative learning environments, hands-on research, and small class sizes.
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|Playmobil Street Art? I'm in heaven. By artist Rodrigo Pereira
|Food on my Dog is my new favourite tumblr and Tiger is my new favourite dog.
|The toy collections of artist Lucas Mongiello.
|I don't spend a lot of time blow-drying my hair, but I would if I had this hairdryer. via Kitch My Ass
|Bowerbirds! These guys are so awesome-- they don't just collect shit, they build optical illusions too. Picture here, Article here.
|Movies recast with dogs. If only it were true... via Next Movie
|Singing brownie vases by Diploo.
|Peacock cupcakes look labour-intensive but awesome. via
|Can I live here please? (source unknown)
|Vintage Pyrex advertising. Dreamy.


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IHF taps Morrow as design director
June 21, 2004-- Home Textiles Today,
BLACK MOUNTAIN, N.C. — Fledgling blanket and throw producer International Home Fashions and its Neworld bedding affiliate recently hired Adria Morrow as director of design.
In her new post, Morrow will provide design direction for both the International Home Fashions blanket and throw division, and the Neworld Inc. bedding business.
Before joining IHF, Morrow held design positions with Ex-Cell Home Fashions, Spartan International and Springs Industries.
"We are extremely pleased to have Adria join our team," said Eric Linn, vice president of marketing. "She brings a wealth of design knowledge and experience to our company.
Morrow will be based in the company's Huntersville, N.C., office.
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Manga, Farhabanu; Lim, Chung Sim; Mangena, Lendaba; Guest, Michael
Abdominal pain with a discoloured dialysate in a patient on peritoneal dialysis (PD) is usually attributed to infective peritonitis. Although acute pancreatitis (AP) is not usually a complication of end-stage renal disease, some studies suggest an increased risk especially in patients on PD. We report a case of idiopathic AP in a 41-year-old female on PD who presented with abdominal pain, fever, vomiting and a clear dark dialysate. Initial diagnosis of PD-associated infective peritonitis was made but dialysate cultures proved negative. Serum amylase showed a mild rise and computed tomography revealed necrotising pancreatitis. No common risk factors for AP were identified and she was successfully treated with conservative therapy. A literature review was carried out using a PubMed search with the words 'acute pancreatitis and peritoneal dialysis'. The literature search found a total of 94 cases of AP in the setting of PD. In more than a quarter, no cause for AP was found. Serum amylase was normal in 12.8% of episodes. Complications developed in 25 cases, and 28 patients died from the condition. Therefore, AP can be a rare, but serious complication of PD with a high mortality and must be considered in the differential diagnosis of abdominal pain in a PD patient.
© 2012 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.
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Press Releases
Leavey School of Business Announces Overhaul of MBA Program
Thursday, December 1, 2016
The Leavey School of Business at Santa Clara University has approved the most significant overhaul of its MBA curriculum in two decades, to meet the evolving needs of today's working professionals.
District Attorney to Hold Symposium on the Topic of Campus Sexual Assault
Monday, November 7, 2016
An invitation-only event will focus on safety solutions, using celebrity and legal star power.
Preserving Memories of The Hut
Friday, November 4, 2016
Santa Clara University Arranges to Purchase Assets to Preserve Memories of Famed Watering Hole
Santa Clara University graduates join JVC and JVC Northwest
Friday, November 4, 2016
Santa Clara University alumni recently started yearlong, life-changing stints as Jesuit Volunteers
rEvolve House Wins!
Monday, October 17, 2016
SCU's rEvolve House Team beats out eight other California colleges in SMUD Tiny House Competition
Arts District Celebration
Monday, October 10, 2016
Excitement stirs around SCU's community celebration for the opening of the Edward M. Dowd Art and Art History Building and the launch of the SCU Arts District
It Pays to be a Bronco
Wednesday, October 5, 2016
Survey shows that Santa Clara University undergraduate alumni earn among the top 2 percent of salaries nationwide.
Miller Center Appoints Correnti and Stecker to Key Posts
Thursday, September 29, 2016
New hires at Miller Center will advance efforts to get more capital to social entrepreneurs, and develop new courses for students in social entrepreneurship.
Is There a Common Good in Our Common Home?
Thursday, September 22, 2016
Lectures, speakers, and podcasts will explore the "common good" in today's racial, economic, gender, and environmental concerns.
Miller Center Impact Investment Expert Kohler Speaks at JOIM Conference Sept. 27
Tuesday, September 20, 2016
Miller Center's John Kohler will speak to professional investors about "impact investing."


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LESLEY — Eva Lena Kennard, 100, of Lesley died Friday, Jan. 4, 2013, in Amarillo.
Services will be at 2 p.m. Monday in First Baptist Church in Memphis with the Rev. Royce Denton officiating and the Rev. Daniel Downey assisting. Burial will follow in Lakeview Cemetery. Arrangements are by Hughs Funeral Home of Memphis.
Eva Lena Kennard was born Oct. 1, 1912, in Paradise to R.N. and Mona Read Clark. She married Marcus D. "Punk" Kennard on Nov. 27, 1932, in Estelline. He preceded her in death on Aug. 18, 1981. Eva Lena was a homemaker and was involved in various organizations. She was a resident of the Lesley community for 90 years. She was a member of First Baptist Church in Memphis.
She also was preceded in death by her parents; a granddaughter, Paula Kennard; and three brothers, J.W., Quilla and W.O. Clark.
Survivors include a son, Gurvis D. Kennard and wife Frances of Amarillo; two daughters, Wanda Zell Payne and husband Gerald of Euless and Retha June Stewart of Lesley; two brothers, Robert Clark of Memphis and Arthur Clark of Lesley; a sister, Mary Etta Crabtree of San Antonio; six grandchildren, Vicki McCraw and husband Danny, Staci Smith and husband Mark, Jennifer Smith and husband Allan, Charles Marcus Stewart, Clay Stewart and wife Kris and Larry Ketron; seven great-grandchildren, Lexy, Stetson and Hudson Smith, Elizabeth Tirone and husband Nick, Michelle Smith and Erin and Ava Stewart; two great-
great-grandchildren, Brooklyn and Mason Tirone; and many nieces and nephews.
The family will receive friends from 4 to 6 p.m. today at the funeral home.
Sign the online guest book at www.hughsfuneralhome.com.
Amarillo Globe-News, Jan. 6, 2013


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Online Degree Programs Offered
Why choose Liberty University Online?
Liberty University's online Christian college offers Christ-centered online degrees to students from all backgrounds and traditions, and from every part of the globe. You can choose from more than 245 certificate, associate's, bachelor's, master's, and doctoral online degrees in some of the most sought-after specializations, including business, criminal justice, education, nursing, and more.
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