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When you see the famous Wilwood logo behind your wheels, you can be sure that your brakes will perform at their best even in the most challenging conditions. Wilwood Engineering manufactures performance disc brake systems and develops custom brake systems using a combination of off-the-shelf and custom components. Since its inception in 1977 Wilwood has been on the cutting edge of automotive technological advancements.
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- Wilwood® D8-4 Caliper KitD8-4 Caliper Kit by Wilwood®. Brake calipers are an essential part of a disc brake wheel assembly that ensures precise decceleration by grabbing the rotors. These 4 piston aluminum calipers provide superior clamping power and...Includes D8-4 calipers, DOT compliant stainless braided brake lines and Smart Pad compound brake padsForged billet aluminum calipers for rust resistance$499.50 - $648.75
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In the 21st century Wilwood is viewed as one of the world's leading sources of high performance disc brakes. The company has been holding ground within the highly competitive street performance and racing industry. The company has carried on to produce Wilwood brake kits that meet the rigorous standards of high-performance racing. It has positioned itself as a reliable manufacturer of premium quality parts that always meet customers' needs.
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2014 GMC Sierra


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The Lincolnshire Coastal Branch of The British National Party have completed a ground-breaking weekend of activity on The Lincolnshire Coast with a successful Day of Action in Skegness, the showcase event delivering real action.
The Branch would firstly like to thank Lincolnshire Police for their assistance and co operation in facilitating in particular the visit to the abattoir ensuring warm relations between the popular Branch and the public continued.
Obviously there was no opposition whatsoever to the Party and dedicated officers ensured that by working with Lincolnshire Police the Branch delivered a varied series of pleasing events in and around the resort.
Indeed so popular was the Day of Action that on the Friday evening during pre - event leafleting the Branch received numerous complimentary remarks with 2 shop owners prominently displaying window notices publicising the Day of Action and The British National Party.
During a frenetic Saturday leafleting began early morning with a separate team concentrating solely on leafleting the historic village of Burgh-le-Marsh on the outskirts of Skegness where during last summer petitions were signed by residents objecting to the then proposed opening of the Heath Road Halal Slaughterhouse.
The Branch rolled out for the first time a new bespoke Skegness leaflet featured below which was extremely well received by residents prompting almost a dozen enquiries for information packs.
One recipient stated ...' BNP....at last! '
The Coastal Branch invited for the first time a reporter from The Skegness Standard and members of The Coastal Lincolnshire Policing Team to the Meeting joining a further 45 members who were updated on developments with The Halal Slaughterhouse.
A small team carried out leafleting as an open and lively meeting dealt with the challenging issue Skegness faces concerning this universally unpopular addition to the town.
The British National Party were the first political party to walk from the Meeting venue to the Heath Road Abattoir for a site visit with 30 attendees witnessing first hand the dreadful and disturbing site of pools of blood present on the footpath several metres from the site boundary of the Abattoir.
The photograph shown clearly illustrates the concerns of frightened residents who not only are contacting the local council but are now alerting The British National Party to their findings.
We again were the first to show our opposition to the Abattoir with a Site Visit Photograph and following a Party report to the Local Authority within 60 minutes members of The Environmental Health Department of the Council attended to clean and disinfect the contaminated footpaths.
Real action on our Day of Action.
The Party also made representations regarding blood being visible from loading bay entrances once again raising the issue of site management.This was once again captured in photographic form.
At the Meeting venue the main raffle prize of a bottle of Champagne was won by a Life Member and leaflets and copies of Voice of Freedom were despatched to enquirers from a flash leaflet drop adjacent to Morrisons ensuring the Party received prominent exposure from sensible, responsible and creative campaigning.
Within 1 hour the Party visit to the abattoir was featured on The Skegness Standard website with a story following the shared visit to the site where the Branch made available to the newspaper full access to the branch members.
An additional aspect of the Coastal Campaigning was further north on the Lincolnshire Coast where an additional 6 strong team concentrated in the afternoon on leafleting Butchers, Grocery Stores and Meat Wholesalers in the resort of Cleethorpes using the acclaimed Party Halal leaflets.
This was in direct response to recent letters received at the local PO Box highlighting the growth of restaurants and take aways using halal meat in the resort and the demise of traditional Fish & Chips in the town which is causing extreme concern with some business owners.
Branch Organiser Robert Ashton stated that in tandem with the Party's recent campaign to highlight the issue of Wind Factory Farms on the Lincolnshire Coast the barbaric practice of Halal Slaughter is being responsibly highlighted by the Branch.
He stated that The British National Party have taken the lead with the Skegness Abattoir and are campaigning correctly and are receiving very supportive feedback from the public.
Over the coming weeks the Heath Road Abattoir will receive an extraordinary level of coverage with The British National Party being seen as the only political party to campaign most effectively supporting the people of Lincolnshire when others have simply failed them.
Why not help the branch purchase further leaflets?
Write to: Lincolnshire Coastal, PO Box 43, Alford, Lincolnshire, LN13 3AH
If you like what you read on this website, please join the British National Party, the party that will always put Britain First.
Join online by clicking here today

subset: commoncrawl


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Hodapp Leads Mercy Past Lake Erie
from press release
ERIE, Pa. - Behind four goals and one assist from freshman Pat Hodapp, the #8 Mercy College men's lacrosse team ran its record to 8-1 on the season, with a 12-9 win over Lake Erie College, in a game played in Painesville, Ohio. Mercy remains only one of three teams with one loss in the competitive East Coast Conference, with a 4-1 record. Mercyhurst is 5-1, followed by Mercy and C.W. Post, who is 3-1.
The Mavericks scored six goals in the first quarter and never looked back. Merrcy led 7-3 at the half, and 10-5 after three. Mercy led 12-6 early in the fourth quarter, before the Storm rallied, scoring three more times, for the 12-9 final.
Hodapp (Oak Ridge, N.J./Jefferson) was the star, recording two of his four goals in the first quarter. Junior Sal Spinelli (East Islip, N.Y./East Islip/Suffolk CC) also had two goals in that first quarter.
In all, LEC took more shots than Mercy, 45-28. Mercy sophomore T. J. DiCarlo (Farmingdale, N.Y./Farmingdale) made 14 saves in goal on the day.
The Mavericks take nine days between contests, and will next play on Monday, April 11, at Dominican College at 4:00 p.m.
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By Sheena Barnett / NEMS Daily Journal
TUPELO – John Mark Webb prepared for battle on Saturday morning.
He and about 15 other athletes duked it out in a ping-pong tournament at North Mississippi Medical Center's Wellness Center in Tupelo.
Webb, 28, had his title to defend, as he won last year's table tennis tourney.
"You've got to be mentally tough. You have to prepare yourself, get plenty of sleep. Really, you've either got it or you don't," Webb said, before breaking out into laughter.
Webb may have been defending his title, but he was really there to have fun.
"I've been playing since I was a kid," he said. "I come out here a few times a week (to play), just mess around."
The competitors were all men, of all ages.
Tyson Taylor, tournament coordinator, said table tennis is the fifth-fastest growing sport in the nation.
"There's never a time you can come down here and not see somebody playing," he said. "Someone's always down here. Everybody likes it, because it's not too time-consuming, and it's competitive."
He said table tennis, which is an Olympic sport, helps players work on their hand-eye coordination, stamina and concentration.
"You don't think you'll work up a sweat, but you really do," Webb said.
The tournament wrapped at about 2 p.m., and Webb lost his title. The winner of Saturday's tournament was Philip Raper. Webb came in second.
First- and second-place winners won their choice of either a free hour-long massage or a $40 gift certificate to Dick's Sporting Goods.
Contact Sheena Barnett at (662) 678-1580 or email@example.com.


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Fiesta Restaurant Group Inc., parent to the Pollo Tropical brand, on Thursday joined a small chorus of restaurant companies reducing sales guidance for 2013, citing economic pressure. The Addison, Texas-based Fiesta lowered its same-store sales forecast for Pollo Tropical revenue, advising that revenue at units open at least a year would rise 3 percent to 5 percent, down from the earlier guidance of a 5-percent to 6-percent increase. "Based on recent events affecting the ...
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Tulsa County Emergency Shelter at Expanded Capacity
By Marshall Stewart • Dec 9, 2013
Shelters in the Tulsa area are full. There are several families with small children occupying the Tulsa County Emergency Shelter…and Social Services Director Linda Johnston says they work with other organizations to make sure everyone who needs a place to stay out of the cold has one.
Johnston says they're accepting donations for the families….especially household goods…everything from clothing and blankets to alarm clocks.


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It's upgrade time again.
I've currently got a Nokia N95 8GB and now I'm looking for a replacement.
I want to use it to look at email, browse the web, organise/synchronise my diary with my work PC (Outlook Exchange synchronisation is not possible due to firewall issues) and make the occasional phone call.
The Palm Pre seems to fit the bill. Has anyone any experience of using one?
I guess alternatives would be another Nokia. Anyone got an N97 Mini?
For various reasons I don't really want an iPhone. Mostly because they seem a bit big and I don't think I can synchronise it to my work PC and connect it to iTunes on my Mac at home.
Thanks for your help.
{Sits back and waits for the 'get an iPhone' comments to roll in}


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The NCAA has recently unvieled a new version of "One Shining Moment" with Jennifer Hudson. One Shining Moment is the song that CBS plays while it shows a video of the games won by the NCAA Champion during their magical run through the tournament. Listening to Hudson sing the new version got me wondering what theme song would be appropriate for each of the teams in the Big Ten Conference now that the season has come to a conclusion. Yes, there will be more old school classics . . . . and the teams will be listed in reverse order of how I would rank the teams at the end of the year after the Big Ten Tournament.
2010 Theme Songs for Big Ten Basketball Teams
By Kevin Lindsey ,
". . . The Thrill is gone, It's gone away from me, The thrill is gone baby, The thrill is gone away from me, Although I'll still live on, But so lonely I'll be,"
Cully Payne, pictured above, played well as a freshman point guard for the young Hawkeyes. Matt Gatens and Eric May are also decent players but Iowa is not a very deep or talented team. Iowa will need to get a healthy infusion of talent if they are going to turn things around in Iowa City. Iowa lost by 15 or more points on eight occassions. Iowa won 10 games this year but only one of their victories, Northwestern, was against a team with a winning record.
". . . And I would have like to have known you, But I was just a kid, Your candle burned out long before, your legend ever did."
Indiana is a basketball program rich in tradition as the Hoosiers won three NCAA tournament championships under the General Bob Knight. However, the last time the chair throwing red sweater vest basketball guru won a championship was in 1987. None of the present players on the Indiana squad were even born when Indiana won its last championship.
On January 21, Indiana was 9-9 overall and 3-3 in the Big Ten. While no one expected Indiana to compete for the Big Ten Championship, they were the initial surprise story in the conference. Unfortunately, midnight came early and Indiana went on to lose their next 10 games.
The Indiana faithful have hope that the present kids will be able to bring the program back to its days of past glory especially if Christian Watford, pictured above, stays and Maurice Creek comes back healthy from his season ending knee injury.
". . . They call it stormy Monday, but Tuesday's just as bad, Lord and Wednesday's worse, Thursday's oh so sad."
The Nittany Lions came into the season with a chip on their shoulder after not making the NCAA Tournament last year. Talor Battle, pictured above, was a legitimate Big Ten Player of the Year Candidate and after getting out to a solid 8-4 non-conference start, Nittany Lions fans had reason to believe that their team would be in the hunt for an NCAA bid. Penn State instead crashed and burned losing their first 12 games of the Big Ten season. Fortunately, Penn State won three of their last six and of the three games they lost was only by a combined margin of 14 points. Kudos to Battle and Penn State for battling to the very end of the season.
". . . These are the very words she uses to describe her life, She said a good day ain't got no rain, She said a bad day is when I lie in the bed, And I think of things that might have been."
Michigan is one of the most difficult teams to figure out in the Big Ten. The Wolverines were ranked among the top 20 teams in the nation at the beginning of the year on the strength of their two stars Manny Harris and DeWayne Sims.
Sims and Harris came ready to play and have not missed a beat with their scoring and rebounding prowess. Michigan however has not been able to get any consistent scoring from any of their remaining starters or from their bench. Too often, Michigan fell in love with the three point shot and with too many players shooting below 32 percent from beyond the arc Michigan shot itself out of games. As a result, the Wolverines struggled all season long to win games and ended up with a 15-17 record. What might have been will be the refrain for the Wolverines . . .
"Just once can't we figure out what we keep doing wrong? Why we never last for very long? What we are doing wrong? Just once can't we find a way to finally make it right?"
The Wildcats were so close to receiving a NCAA tournament bid this year. After beating Minnesota late in the season, Northwestern was 17-8, 6-7 with six games left on its schedule Penn State (twice),Chicago State, Iowa, Indiana and Wisconsin. A 20 win season and top half finish in the Big Ten conference was in the grasp of Northwestern. The drought of having never made the NCAA tournament was going to end for the Wildcats. . . but Northwestern returned to their old form by finishing with only 19 wins.
Next year, John Shurna, pictured above, and Kevin Coble will lead Northwestern into the NCAA tournament. Of course, the Wildcats play their home games within a short distance of the friendly confines of Wrigley Field.
Eagles, The Best of My Love, "But every mornin' I wake up and worry, what's gonna happen today, You see it your way and I see it mine, but we both see it slippin' away"
The Illini ran out of time on their rollercoaster ride. They started the year very strong jumping out to a 4-0 record. The Illini then stumbled in losing two games against Utah and Bradley at the Las Vegas Invitational. The Fighting Illini then won four in a row including wins over #19 Clemson and #24 Vanderbilt. Just when it looked that Bruce Weber had figured out his team, the Illini then dropped three out of their next four games. No problem, Illinois started the Big Ten season winning its first three games.
Staying to the script, the fighting Illini then lost their next three games. As Illini fans appeared to be heading to the exits with their team on the bubble, the team responded again winning their next five games including wins over #5 Michigan State 78-73 and #13 Wisconsin 63-56.
Unfortunately, the Illini would then go on to lose five of their last seven games and fail to make the tournament. Oh, what could have been had the Illini knocked off Ohio State in the semi-final game of the Big Ten Tournament.
"Yesterday, all my troubles seemed so far away, Now it looks as though they're here to stay, . . . Suddenly, I'm not half the man I used to be, There's a shadow hanging over me, oh, yesterday came suddenly"
Purdue have three solid players in E'Twaun Moore, JaJuan Johnson and Chris Kramer but it is clear that they are a different team without Robbie Hummel, pictured above, in the lineup. Purdue was a sentimental favorite to make it to the Final Four in their backyard in Indianapolis but without Hummel they will be hard pressed to get beyond the Sweet Sixteen.
"How do you give me so much pleasure, And cause me so much pain, Just when I think, I've taken more than would a fool, I start fallin' back in love with you"
Minnesota started the season among the top 25 teams in the country and things looked rosey when they beat No. 10 Butler in the Anaheim Classic. Minnesota however did not know what to do with prosperity and stumbled often during the season. Minnesota appeared to be headed to the NIT on March 2 when they got completely destroyed by Michigan 83-55. Then when it appeared that all was lost for the Gophers, they reeled off four victories including wins over Michigan State and Purdue to make it to the Big Ten Tournament championship game.
"Because we've shared the laughter and the pain, and even shared the tears
You're the only one who really knew me at all"
Wisconsin was supposed to be rebuilding this year. The Badgers were going to be a bubble team that would have to struggle to make it to the tournament. In hindsight, such talk must have seemed ludicrous to Coach Bo Ryan as he has somehow managed to get his squad to the NCAA tournament every year he has been at the helm.
Coach Ryan's work this year is even more amazing given that Jon Leuer and his 6'10, 240 pound solid low post presence has missed nine games. No problem, next man in for the Badgers.
Of course, when your coach is Bo Ryan and he believes in you probably think you can overcome the odds against you . . . .
"There goes my baby, She knows how to rock and roll, She drives me crazy, she give me hot and cold fever, Then she leaves me in a cool, cool sweat"
Coach Izzo has built a program in East Lansing where the expectation is that the Spartans will be playing for a National Championship year in and year out. The Spartans are led by Kalin Lucas and Raymar Morgan, pictured above. The youngsters on the team appear to be playing on the court well enough just in time for Michigan State to make another deep run in the tournament. Unfortunately, Coach Izzo has been driven crazy with off-court issues; he recently suspended starting point guard Chris Allen and has had to discipline other players such as Lucas during the course of the season.
"Maybe some day, your name will be in light, saying: Johnny B. Goode tonight! Go go, go Johnny go go go!"
Big Ten Player of the Year Evan Turner, pictured above, has his eyes on being the man who brings a National Championship back to Ohio State. It is unfair to David Lighty, Jon Diebler and the rest of the Buckeyes to say they are not a quality team without Turner but like the relationship between Hummel and Purdue, Ohio State is a good team without Turner but they are a possible Final Four team with Turner.


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Have Firmware updates made the O2 a better PMP?
When it gets right down to it I would like to know how different the player is now then from when it was first released. I am looking for a device mostly for video with music as a secondary factor. I have been trying to figure this out for a while. I had thought the Archos 5 was everything I had been looking for but worries about codecs and HD issues messed that up a bit. The 5 is expensive enough as it is but having to spend an extra 30 bucks to buy a codec pack is just not possible for me. Soafter a bit of looking the news about the O2's new firmware and all of the things it fixes perked my interest. The screen is almost as big as the one on the 5 though not as high a resolution. And though I would be getting the 16 gig the capactity is always upgradeable later. Anyways some first hand accounts of O2 use for video and music would be great. And whether new firmware has changed the experience entirely would be awesome to know. Thanks.
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The environmental contamination data from the RI for the Ramapo Landfill site are summarized in Appendix B, Tables 1-6. The listing of a contaminant does not necessarily mean that its presence is a public health concern. Contaminants selected for further evaluation are identified and evaluated in subsequent sections of the public health assessment to determine whether exposure to them has public health significance. When selected as a contaminant of concern in one medium, that contaminant will be reported in all media where it is detected. These contaminants are selected and discussed based upon the following factors:
- Concentrations of contaminants on and off the site.
- Field data quality, laboratory data quality, and sample design.
- Comparison of on-site and off-site concentrations with background concentrations.
- Comparison of contaminant concentrations in environmental media both on- and off-site with public health assessment comparison values for (1) noncarcinogenic endpoints and (2) carcinogenic endpoints. Contaminant concentrations above a comparison value do not necessarily represent a health threat but are evaluated further to determine if exposure is of public health significance. Comparison values include Environmental Media Evaluation Guides (EMEGs), Cancer Risk Evaluation Guides (CREGs), drinking water standards, and other relevant guidelines.
- Community health concerns.
The most recent environmental data for the Ramapo Landfill were collected as part of the RI by the environmental engineering firm URS Consultants, Inc., under contract with the Town of Ramapo. These data are used to describe the nature and extent of contamination at the site on a media-specific basis. The media sampled during the RI were air, surface water, sediments, soil, and groundwater. An attempt was made to conduct two rounds of sampling about six months apart so as to be representative of more than one season.
Ambient Air and Soil Gas
An air monitoring study was conducted during the second phase of field activities and focused upon "hot spots" identified during a pre-RI soil gas survey. The pre-RI soil gas survey consisted of 240 air and soil gas monitoring locations spaced about 100 feet apart. At each soil gas survey station three 1/4-inch diameter holes were made, two to depths of 24 inches and one to a depth of 8 inches. Organic vapor concentrations were recorded in the 8-inch and in one 24-inch hole using a photoionization detection unit (PID). The remaining 24-inch hole was monitored for explosive gases and hydrogen sulfide using an Explosive Gas Indicator (EGI). Ambient air readings which exceeded the background level were also noted.
The primary objectives of the air monitoring study were to determine the type and concentration of airborne contaminants coming from the landfill, the production and quality of landfill gases (specifically methane) and the dispersion of the existing contaminants at known on-site receptor areas (downwind from the prevailing westerly winds at the baler building and outdoor pistol range). Three air monitoring activities were conducted which consisted of point source monitoring for volatile organic compounds and methane, "hot spot" monitoring for volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and monitoring for methane quality within piezometers. No air monitoring for hydrogen sulfide was conducted.
As shown in Figure 4, the point source sampling was conducted along the line of prevailing winds towards the occupied baler building and the pistol range. The point Source Monitoring locations are identified with the prefix PS and PSR. Samples were collected above the landfill surface and/or from within piezometers using a Tedlar bag (for collection of samples for methane analysis) and Tenax tubes (volatile organic compound analysis). In addition to sampling the on-site receptor areas, point source monitoring consisted of an on-site point source (existing piezometer) sample and a background sample from an off-site location. The results of the point source sampling show the highest concentration of methane (596,900 parts per million) at the point source location (PS-2) decreasing to 700 parts per million and non-detect at sampling locations selected near the pistol range (PS-3) and baler building (PS-4), respectively. The explosive range for methane is between 53,000 ppm (5.3%) and 150,000 ppm (15%). The concentration of methane (1,100 parts per million) detected at the single upwind background sampling location (PS-1) actually exceeds the levels detected at both downwind receptor locations. Volatile organic compounds were detected at the same point source location (PS-2), and included xylene at 1.77 parts per million (ppm), ethylbenzene (0.28 ppm) and lesser amounts of several other VOCs.
Low and non-detectable levels of several VOCs were detected at the upwind background sampling location and at the two downwind receptor areas. Hotspot monitoring was conducted at three locations (VOC-1; VOC-2; VOC-3) on the landfill which had registered high PID readings during the soil gas survey. A sample was collected at each of these locations on the surface of the landfill by Tenax adsorbent tube and analyzed for VOCs. A total of twelve VOCs were detected. Acetone had the highest concentration in each sample with levels ranging from 0.005 to 0.007 ppm, which are below the comparison value.
A total of four samples, identified in Figure 4 as GS-1 through GS-4, were obtained within three piezometers and one pre-existing vent. Samples were collected in Tedlar bags and analyzed for landfill gas quality, specifically methane. Sample results showed high concentrations of methane at locations GS-3 and GS-4 (593,800 ppm and 570,600 ppm, respectively) and low concentrations at locations GS-1 and GS-2 (non-detect and 100 ppm, respectively).
During the RI, a portable combustible gas indicator (CGI) was used to monitor for flammable/explosive atmospheres in the on-site structures (baler building and weigh station). Poorly ventilated spaces such as buildings are strong candidates for flammable/explosive atmospheres. The CGI is calibrated to read percent (%) of the lower explosive limit (LEL) of a combustible gas present in the atmosphere. Most CGI's are calibrated to read accurately for methane or pentane. The lower explosive limit is the minimum amount of a gas or vapor in air needed to produce a flash of fire when an ignition source is present. If the concentration is greater than the LEL and lower than the Upper Explosive Limit (UEL), it indicates that the ambient atmosphere is readily combustible. As previously mentioned, the explosive range for methane exists when it is present between 5.3% and 15%. No positive LEL readings were detected in the baler building or weigh station.
In addition to the above activities, independent eight-hour air samples were collected upwind (LPUP-1) and downwind (LPDW-1) of the on-site leachate pond and analyzed for VOCs. VOCs were detected at the upwind and downwind locations at concentrations below comparison values, with no significant differences between upwind and downwind sample results. Once again, acetone was the compound detected at the highest concentration (0.004 ppm) in both samples. Because the air monitoring activities occurred over a one or two day period, the results do not represent the possible range of landfill gas concentrations that might occur over time. Therefore a data gap exists on how on-site air concentrations of landfill gases range over different times of the year and under various climatological conditions.
Surface Water and Sediments
Surface water and stream sediment samples were collected and tested to determine if disposal activities at the site have contaminated sediments and/or surface water through surface water runoff and/or groundwater discharge. Sampling locations are shown in Figure 5. Two rounds of surface water and stream sediment sampling were conducted during the RI, data for which is presented in the off-site contamination section. However, two on-site leachate seep samples (SW-LS-1; SW-LS-2) were collected during the first sampling round. On-site samples collected during the second round of sampling included two additional leachate samples (LIN; LEF), and a sediment sample (LPSS-1) collected from the leachate holding pond. Samples collected in both sampling rounds were analyzed for VOCs, semi-volatile compounds, pesticides/PCBs, metals, cyanide, total phenols, and indicator parameters.
Leachate seep samples SW-LS-1 and SW-LS-2 contained several metals at concentrations higher than in the upstream surface water samples. In the absence of specific public health assessment comparison values for contaminants in leachate, the sampling results for leachate are compared to comparison values for drinking water, and to standards or guidelines for groundwater, surface water and drinking water (Table 7). Comparison values (Table 7) were exceeded for the following metals: barium (5,780 micrograms per liter; mcg/L), beryllium (10 mcg/L), cadmium (149 mcg/L), chromium (564 mcg/L), cobalt (10 and 508 mcg/L), copper (705 mcg/L), iron (2,240 and 2,739,000 mcg/L), lead (918 mcg/L), manganese (674 and 78,300 mcg/L), and zinc (4,010 mcg/L). Although ingestion of significant amounts of leachate is unlikely, these contaminants will be evaluated further to determine if exposure to them could pose a public health threat. Chlorobenzene is the only detected organic compound at 1 mcg/L which is below the comparison value for this compound. A data gap exists for these two leachate seep samples because the pesticides and PCBs data were rejected.
Leachate from the on-site leachate collection system (LIN), contained nineteen VOCs and one semi-volatile compound at concentrations below comparison values. Iron (7,820 mcg/L) and manganese (1,930 mcg/L) were at concentrations which exceed comparison values. Three semi-volatile compounds were in the leachate effluent from the leachate holding pond (LEF) all at concentrations below comparison values. Metals were at similar or lower concentrations than those in the leachate influent sample (LIN). Iron (2,840 mcg/L) and manganese (923 mcg/L) concentrations exceed comparison values.
The sediment sample from the on-site leachate holding pond (LPSS-1) contained only one VOC (2-butanone) and one semi-volatile compound (bis-2-ethylhexyl-phthalate), both at concentrations below comparison values. The pesticide, dieldrin, was detected at 0.0018 mg/kg, which slightly exceeds the public health assessment comparison value for soil contaminants. The metal concentrations are generally higher than those in the off-site stream sediments. The cadmium concentration exceeds its public health assessment comparison value in soil. Further discussion of on-site surface water will be limited to leachate seeps as contact with leachate in the subsurface leachate collection system and in the leachate holding pond is not expected to occur.
Soil/Waste Material (0-8 inches)
During the RI, nine on-site shallow soil samples were collected with a bucket auger or hand trowel, some being strictly soil (SPS-6 through SPS-10) and others containing waste materials (SPS-1 through SPS-4). Sampling depths generally ranged from 0 to 8 inches. Sample locations are shown on Figure 5. Table 1 is a summary of the sampling data for on-site shallow soil.
The results of analysis for sample SPS-9 are considered by URS to be representative of natural conditions near the site. No organic compounds were detected in this sample. A total of 18 metals were detected in SPS-9, all at concentrations below typical background ranges and available comparison values for metals in soil. Although only one background shallow soil sample was collected (during the RI), additional samples (from either on-site or off-site locations) taken from undisturbed areas would likely provide data indicative of background conditions. Of the metals in the remaining eight on-site shallow soil samples, all are within the typical background range for metals in soil. Volatile organic compounds were below public health assessment comparison values.
A total of 22 semi-volatile organic compounds were detected in the eight on-site samples and consisted primarily of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), at concentrations below the typical background range and available comparison values.
Pesticides were not widespread across the site. A low concentration of heptachlor epoxide was detected in SPS-3 and similarly low concentrations of dieldrin, alpha- and gamma-chlordane in SPS-6.
Subsurface Soil (4-6 feet)
Subsurface soil by ATSDR's definition is more than 3 inches deep. Only the subsurface soil sample identified as MW-5-SB is within the property boundary. MW-5 was taken above the water table at a depth between 4 and 6 feet below the surface. URS considers this sample to be representative of background conditions. Parameters analyzed for include VOCs, semi-volatile compounds, pesticides/PCBs, metals, and several miscellaneous indicator parameters. Excluding acetone at 0.016 mg/kg, no other VOCs were detected in MW-5-SB. No semi-volatile compounds were detected. A data gap exists for pesticides/PCBs as the sampling results for these parameters were rejected for QA/QC reasons. Sixteen metals were detected, all at concentrations below typical background ranges and public health assessment comparison values.
Groundwater - Monitoring Wells
A total of 28 groundwater monitoring wells were installed at the Ramapo Landfill site to investigate the hydrogeology of the site and to collect groundwater samples. The wells were installed in the shallow overburden aquifer, eight in the intermediate aquifer, and ten in the bedrock aquifer. The locations of the monitoring wells are shown in Figure 5. For purposes of distinguishing between on-site and off-site locations, only well clusters MW-5 and MW-6 are considered as on-site based on their placement within the property boundary. Two rounds of groundwater sampling were conducted. The first sampling round was conducted in January 1990 and round two was conducted in September 1990. Both rounds included samples obtained from the 28 wells installed during the RI and, in addition, during the second round, water from an off-site private well (GDT-1) was sampled. Samples were analyzed for VOCs, semi-volatile compounds, pesticides/PCBs, metals and other miscellaneous parameters (due to QA/QC violations, no data exists for semivolatiles in the shallow well MW-5-OS).
The on-site monitoring well cluster identified as MW-5 is located on the upgradient edge of the landfill. As such, URS considers these wells to be background and representative of natural conditions in the area. However, between both sampling rounds, six VOCs, one semi-volatile compound and one pesticide were detected in this well cluster. Of these contaminants, bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate is the only organic compound which exceeds a comparison value (the US EPA drinking water standard) and therefore, will be further evaluated in the Public Health Implications section of this report. Metals (unfiltered) detected at concentrations which exceed NYS DOH drinking water standards (Table 7) are chromium (up to 143 mcg/L), iron (up to 27,000 mcg/L) and manganese (up to 981 mcg/L). Aluminum was detected above US EPA's secondary maximum contaminant level (MCL) in drinking water. Secondary levels are nonenforceable taste, odor, or appearance guidelines. These metals will be further evaluated in the Public Health Implications section of this public health assessment. The presence of these contaminants in MW-5 creates uncertainty as to the designation of this well cluster as background. The absence of additional background data for this medium also creates doubts as to whether or not these data are indicative of natural groundwater conditions. The on-site monitoring well cluster MW-6 was installed to provide data for the second round of sampling. Low concentrations of about fourteen VOCs, all of which were at concentrations below NYS DOH drinking water standards, were detected in groundwater samples obtained from this cluster. No semi-volatile compounds were detected in well cluster MW-6. Metals (unfiltered) detected at concentrations which exceed NYS DOH drinking water standards are iron (up to 10,6000 mcg/L), manganese (6,770 mcg/L), mercury (2.3 mcg/L), and sodium (23,900 mcg/L). Aluminum was detected above US EPA's secondary MCL for this compound in drinking water. This report includes a discussion of these metals in the Public Health Implications section.
Groundwater - Private Wells
On March 17, 1992, tap water from the on-site baler building was sampled by the NYS DOH. Samples were analyzed for VOCs, semi-volatile compounds, and metals. Sampling did not detect any contamination.
Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)
To identify possible facilities that could contribute to environmental contamination at or near the Ramapo Landfill and/or create health threats unrelated to the site, the NYS DOH searched the 1989 Toxic Chemical Release Inventory (TRI). TRI is developed by the US EPA from the chemical release (air, water, and soil) information provided by certain industries. A search of the TRI facilities list was conducted to identify those industries located near the Ramapo Landfill (within 2.5 miles) which citizens (living near the site) may also be exposed to. Using a screening method developed by the NYS DOH, two TRI facilities were identified as reporting 1989 air emissions. These facilities are "Decorative Industries, Inc.", and "Ciba-Geigy Corporation", which are located west and southeast of the site, respectively (Figure 6). Decorative Industries reported the following releases to the environment via stack or point air emissions: Isopropyl alcohol-250 pounds per year; toluene-250 pounds per year. The Ciba-Geigy Corporation reported annual air emissions (fugitive nonpoint and stack or point) of dichloromethane at 21,775 pounds per year and methanol at 11,474 pounds per year. Based on TRI data and air emissions modeling, results of the screening evaluation indicate that the contribution of these two industrial facilities to health risks in the community around the Ramapo Landfill site is minimal.
Ambient Air and Soil Gas
Off-site ambient air and soil gas samples have not been collected.
Surface Water and Sediments
Two rounds of off-site surface water/sediment sampling were conducted during the RI. During the first phase of sampling, a total of two surface water samples were collected at two locations in Torne Brook (SW-2; SW-3), one location in the Ramapo River (SW-1), and one in a small swale draining the southern portion of the site (SW-4). Surface water samples collected during the second round of sampling consisted of three new locations along Torne Brook (SW-6, SW-7, SW-8) and resamples from the same locations identified as SW-1, SW-3, and SW-4. Sample SW-5 was taken at the same location previously sampled and identified as SW-2. Figure 5 shows the locations of the 8 surface water sampling points and Table 2 reports the contaminants and concentration range.
Sample SW-5 collected from Torne Brook upstream of the landfill and considered to be representative of background conditions, demonstrated the presence of vinyl chloride and oil and grease (1.1 mg/L). The concentration of vinyl chloride detected exceeds the comparison value recognized for this contaminant. However, based on the location of SW-5, the landfill is not considered a likely source for this contamination. No semi-volatile compounds were detected in any of the off-site surface water samples. Of the metals detected in the background samples (SW-2 and SW-5), only thallium slightly exceeds the respective comparison value in SW-2. Metals detected in downstream samples (in either the Torne Brook or Ramapo River) which exceed the same comparison value or NYS DEC standard include antimony (SW-1), iron (SW-1 and SW-8), manganese (SW-1), and thallium (SW-4). These metals will be further evaluated in the Public Health Implications section.
On July 12, 1991, the NYS DEC conducted supplemental surface water sampling of the Ramapo River. Samples were collected upstream of the former outfall, at the confluence with the former outfall, and downstream of the outfall. Results of sampling for the parameters analyzed for indicate that the contamination noted previously at SW-1 is no longer occurring due to the diversion of leachate to the Suffern sewage treatment facility.
Composite sediment samples were collected at surface water sample locations SW-1 through SW-8 and labeled SS-1 through SS-8. Samples were analyzed for VOCs, semivolatile compounds, pesticides/PCBs, and metals. Figure 5 shows the locations of the 8 sediment sampling points, and Table 3 reports the contaminants and concentration range. Samples collected from Torne Brook upstream of the landfill (SS-2, SS-5) and considered to be background showed no organic compounds and a total of 17 metals, all at concentrations below comparison values. Similar concentrations of these metals were generally found in the downstream samples. The presence of organic compounds in any of the downstream samples is limited to SS-3 whereas three semi-volatile compounds were detected at concentrations below available comparison values. Results of analysis of the sediment sample collected from a drainage swale at an adjacent property along the southern portion of the landfill (SS-4) indicate the presence of semi-volatile contaminants, primarily PAH compounds below available comparison values. In addition, the pesticide, gamma-chlordane, was detected in SS-4 below the comparison value for this chemical.
Soil/Waste Material (0-8 inches)
A shallow soil sample identified as LSMW-10 was taken off-site at a location where a leachate seep was observed near monitoring well cluster MW-10. This soil sample was collected instead of a leachate sample because at the time of sampling there was insufficient leachate to allow the collection of a liquid sample. No organic compounds were detected at levels of concern in the single off-site shallow soil sample.Of the metals detected, only cadmium at 3.7 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) and copper (30 mg/kg) were found at concentrations slightly exceeding the typical background range. However, these concentrations were below the respective comparison values.
A sample of paint sludge identified as SPS-5 was obtained from an off-site location between Torne Valley Road and Torne Brook. Comparison values (see Table 1) were exceeded for the semi-volatile compound naphthalene at 16 mg/kg; and the metals antimony (97.9 mg/kg), barium (11,300 mg/kg) and chromium (1,510 mg/kg). Removal of the paint sludge and surrounding soil was undertaken in the Fall of 1990 by the NYS DEC. A site visit made by the NYS DOH in March 1992 encountered paint sludge material at off-site areas between Torne Valley Road and Torne Brook.
Subsurface Soil (1-13 feet)
A summary of off-site subsurface soil data is provided in Table 4. A total of six subsurface soil samples were taken from off-site monitoring well borings installed at locations downgradient from the two landfill lobes. Off-site subsurface soil samples are identified as MW-1-SB, MW-2-SB, MW-3-SB, MW-4-SB, MW-7-SB, and MW-8-SB and are located coincident with the same numbered monitoring wells (Figure 5). All samples were taken above the water table and all but MW-4-SB (collected at a depth of 1 to 4 feet) were taken at a depth between 4 feet to 13 feet. Samples were analyzed for VOCs, semi-volatile compounds, pesticides/PCBs, metals, and several miscellaneous indicator parameters. Acetone and toluene were the only VOCs detected. Semi-volatile compounds (six) were detected only in MW-3-SB, and mainly consisted of PAH compounds. Detected organic compounds were present at concentrations below available public health assessment comparison values. Neither pesticides nor PCBs were detected, although it must be noted that three of the six sample results for pesticides and PCBs were rejected due to QA/QC violations. Metals were detected at concentrations below or near the typical background range.
Groundwater - Monitoring Wells
As previously mentioned in the "On-Site Contamination" subsection, with the exception of monitoring well clusters MW-5 and MW-6, the remaining 22 monitoring wells sampled during the RI are located outside of the property boundary and are therefore considered to be off-site wells. A summary of off-site monitoring well data is presented in Tables 5 (Round 1) and 6 (Round 2).
In sampling round one, no VOC compounds were detected at concentrations exceeding comparison values (Table 7). However, the semi-volatile compound, bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate was detected at low concentrations but may be due to laboratory contamination. Six metals (unfiltered) were detected at concentrations exceeding comparison values and therefore will be further evaluated.
In the second sampling round, the only VOC which exceeds a comparison value is chlorobenzene. This VOC will be further evaluated. Di-n-octylphthalate is the only semi-volatile organic compound detected at a concentration which exceeds a comparison value. This compound will also be further evaluated. In addition, bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate was detected at a concentration in exceedance of the comparison value for this compound. In sampling round two, seven metals (unfiltered) were detected at concentrations in exceedance of comparison values.
Groundwater - Private Wells
During the second round of groundwater sampling, water from the pump house of an adjacent property owner was sampled and labelled GDT-1 (Figure 5). The pump house draws groundwater from the residential well (PW-1) and supplies it to the residents of Torne Brook Farm. GDT-1 was analyzed for VOCs, semi-volatile compounds, pesticides/PCBs, and metals. Sampling results indicate the presence of tetrachloroethane at 0.6 mcg/L and twelve metals. The concentration of tetrachloroethane and all metals detected are below comparison values. On December 16, 1991, this supply was sampled by the RC DOH and analyzed for volatile organic compounds and metals. Results of analysis indicate no organic contamination and all metals detected are below comparison values. According to RC DOH records, tetrachloroethane has also been detected in this supply in May 1981 and in October 1988 below comparison values on both occasions.
On March 17, 1992, water from a nearby residence on Torne Brook Road (PW-2) was sampled by the NYS DOH and analyzed for VOCs, semi-volatile compounds, and metals. Results of testing indicate no contamination.
Groundwater - Public Supplies
The Spring Valley Water Company provided URS with water quality information regarding Spring Valley Water Company wells 94, 95 and 96. Figure 5 shows the locations of these public supply wells. Samples were analyzed for VOCs, pesticides, metals, and several miscellaneous indicator parameters. Sampling did not detect any contamination.
C. Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC)
In preparing this public health assessment, the NYS DOH relied on the information provided in the referenced document and assumed that adequate quality control measures were followed with regard to chain of custody, laboratory procedures, and data reporting. The analyses and conclusions in this public health assessment are valid only if the referenced information is correct.
Due to QA/QC violations, pesticides and PCB data are unavailable for the on-site leachate seep samples, for the on-site subsurface soil sample MW5-SB, and for three of six off-site subsurface soil samples collected during the RI.
The semivolatile compound, bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, was detected at low concentrations in various media sampled during the RI. The presence of this chemical at the concentrations detected is suspect and may be attributed to laboratory contamination.
Portions of the landfill are steep and/or eroded, conditions which may create insecure footing. Therefore, persons accessing the landfill are faced with an increased risk of injury resulting from slips and falls.
To determine whether nearby residents and persons on-site are exposed to contaminants migrating from the site, an evaluation was made of the environmental and human components that lead to human exposure. The pathways analysis consists of five elements: A source of contamination, transport through an environmental medium, a point of exposure, a route of human exposure, and an exposed population.
An exposure pathway is categorized as a completed or potential exposure pathway if the exposure pathway cannot be eliminated. A completed exposure pathway occurs when the five elements of an exposure pathway link the contaminated source to a receptor population. Should a completed exposure pathway exist in the past, present, or future, the population is considered exposed. A potential exposure pathway exists when one or more of the five elements is missing, or if modeling is performed to replace real sampling data. Potential pathways indicate that exposure to a contaminant could have occurred in the past, could be occurring now, or could occur in the future. An exposure pathway can be eliminated if at least one of the five elements is missing and will never be present. The discussion that follows incorporates only those pathways that are important and relevant to the site.
A. Completed Exposure Pathways
No completed exposure pathways have been identified for this site.
B. Potential Exposure Pathways
Ambient Air/Soil Gas Pathways
Past, current, and future exposure pathways are possible from contamination of the ambient air on-site and at the adjacent residential area. Populations at risk of exposure to contaminated ambient air via inhalation include the following: persons trespassing on the site for recreational purposes; persons using the on-site pistol range; employees at the on-site baler facility and weigh station; and residents of nearby dwellings.
Landfill gases produced from the degradation of buried wastes have migrated upward through the cover material on the landfill. Landfill gas contains about 60% methane and 40% carbon dioxide. Under certain conditions, landfill gas may also contain volatile organic compounds which can volatilize through surface soils into the atmosphere. Persons on-site could be exposed to contaminants volatilizing from the landfill at any point on the site. The primary route of exposure is inhalation of airborne chemicals. Contaminants released to ambient air (breathing zone) will likely be dispersed and diluted at unconfined on-site and off-site areas. Testing of landfill gas within on-site piezometers indicates the presence of xylene and ethylbenzene. However these chemicals were not detected at levels exceeding comparison values in ambient air at on-site receptor areas.
Site contaminants could also migrate through porous media as soil gas and enter confined building spaces (basements) through crawl spaces, plumbing holes, other floor holes (e.g., sumps) and foundation cracks, and contaminate indoor air in on-site (baler building/weigh station) and off-site buildings. Limited data on landfill gas generation indicate that the on-site methane levels could pose a public health threat. One public health threat from methane generation is the potential for explosive levels of methane that accumulate in closed buildings and hence be a safety problem. Another public health threat is that toxic gases tend to be carried with methane. Also, oxygen depletion may result if a significant quantity of landfill gas is present.
Testing of ambient air for toxic chemicals has been limited to the on-site baler building and pistol range and one off-site location. VOCs tested for are present at levels typical of normal atmospheric conditions. A data gap exists for hydrogen sulfide which has not been tested for at the site. At this time, the soil gas/ambient air exposure pathway is categorized as a potential human exposure pathway since limited quantitative data exist to fully evaluate this pathway.
As mentioned previously in the Off-Site Contamination section, ambient air monitoring has not been conducted at the residential area near Torne Brook Road. Due to the lack of data, it is not possible to determine the extent of soil gas contamination from the site and whether the site is responsible for the odors detected at Torne Brook Farm.
Waste Material/Leachate Seep Pathway
The potential exists for exposure to site related contaminants, specifically metals, present in on-site leachate seeps. Populations at risk of exposure to contaminated leachate include persons trespassing on the site and persons using the on-site pistol range who could be exposed by skin contact or incidental ingestion. Trespassers observed on-site have been primarily hikers or adults operating all-terrain vehicles and the potential for any significant exposures to leachate appears to be very low.
The leachate could also be contributing metals to on-site and off-site soil, however the limited sampling of soil to date does not indicate the presence of metals at levels of concern.
The off-site disposal of paint sludge presents a potential for exposure to persons via direct contact and/or incidental ingestion of the waste material.
Surface Water/Sediment Exposure Pathway
As previously mentioned in the Background section of this public health assessment, the surface water features near the site are the Ramapo River, Torne Brook, and Candle Brook. Public concern has been expressed regarding potential exposure to surface water contaminated by the landfill. Of particular concern is an area on the Ramapo River referred to "Flat Rock", which is reportedly used for recreation, including swimming and fishing.
Site related contaminants could be transported to adjacent surface water bodies via precipitation runoff flowing down the landfill and/or groundwater discharge from the shallow aquifer underlying the site. In addition, a significant portion of contamination detected in the Ramapo River could be related to the discharge of treated leachate from the on-site leachate collection system directly into the river. Contaminants which have entered the nearby Torne Brook and Ramapo River are available for direct contact or incidental ingestion for persons, particularly children, who might be swimming in these off-site areas. The presence of vinyl chloride in surface water samples from Torne Brook is likely due to upstream contamination, the source of which has not been determined. Notwithstanding, there is some evidence of a landfill effect upon Torne Brook which now appears relatively minor. Since only limited surface water sampling was performed during the RI, there is some uncertainty regarding potential exposure to surface water at "Flat Rock". However, based on current data, the likelihood for exposure to site related contaminants at "Flat Rock" is expected to be low. This conclusion is further supported by the fact that discharge of treated leachate to the Ramapo River has ceased, thus removing a likely source of contamination.
Groundwater Exposure Pathway
Three groundwater producing units have been identified as underlying the site: a shallow aquifer consisting of loose and dense sands with abundant boulders and cobbles; an intermediate layer within a thin zone of weathered rock; and a bedrock aquifer. Depth to bedrock ranges from zero (outcrops near the site) to greater than 65 feet.
The water table surface closely parallels the surface topography and shallow groundwater generally flows towards Torne Brook which is a topographic low between the landfill and lands between the brook and the Ramapo River. Much of the flow in the shallow aquifer is intercepted by the leachate collection system along Torne Valley Road. The flow direction in the intermediate and bedrock aquifer is likely very similar to that of the water table aquifer but in all probability flows beneath Torne Brook to the Ramapo River. Groundwater contamination has been detected in all three aquifers in both on-site and off-site monitoring wells. To date, testing of the private drinking water supply well at Torne Brook Farm, at the residence identified as PW-2 and at the on-site baler building, has not detected any site-related contaminants at levels of concern. Future contamination of these wells is possible should contaminated groundwater migrate to these well locations. The possibility also exists for future contamination of the nearby Spring Valley Water Company supply wells, which to date have not been affected by site-related contaminants.
Exposures to contaminants in drinking water supplies occur via ingestion; dermal contact and absorption during showering, bathing, or other household uses ;and inhalation of aerosols and vapors from water used in the household.
Populations at risk of exposure to contaminated groundwater include the following: tenants at Torne Brook Farm; tenants at the nearby residence identified as PW-2; employees at the baler building, and individuals connected to the Spring Valley Water Company distribution system.
C. Eliminated Exposure Pathways
Soil Pathways
Chemicals in shallow and subsurface soil at the site are at concentrations below typical background levels and/or public health assessment comparison values. Therefore, we will eliminate the soil exposure pathway from further evaluation in the public health assessment.
Fish Pathways
No data are available for fish samples from the streams in the area. Fishing occurs in the Ramapo River; however, the extent is not known. Contaminants of concern attributable to the landfill and discharging to Torne Brook will be greatly reduced in the Ramapo River. Furthermore, the contaminants of concern in Torne Brook and the Ramapo River have not been found at elevated levels in the sediment of these streams. Therefore, fish bioaccumulation is not expected to result in a human exposure pathway and will not be discussed further in this public health assessment.
On-site groundwater, leachate seeps and landfill gas at the Ramapo Landfill and off-site groundwater monitoring wells and surface water are contaminated at levels of concern for potential human exposure pathways (Tables 2, 5 and 6). There have been no documented past or current exposures to contaminants at the Ramapo site. However, residents are concerned about potential contamination of nearby drinking water supply wells. An analysis of the toxicological implications of the potential human exposure pathways of concern is presented below:
- Potential ingestion, dermal and inhalation exposure to contaminants in private wells as a result
of contaminant plume migration.
As indicated in Tables 5 and 6, off-site groundwater monitoring wells are contaminated with volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds and metals at concentrations that exceed comparison values (Table 7). On-site groundwater is also contaminated with these chemicals. There is a potential for oral (ingestion), dermal and inhalation exposure to contaminants in residential well water from contaminated groundwater. This pathway is incomplete since migration to residential wells has not been identified and therefore no known exposure is occurring. There is also a potential for oral exposure to contaminants in on-site groundwater by workers in the baler facility, however, to date, site related contaminants have not been detected in this supply.
Volatile and Semi-Volatile Organic Compound Contaminants
The semi-volatile compound, bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, was detected at low concentrations in fourteen of 28 groundwater samples (Tables 5 and 6). The presence of this chemical at the concentrations detected is suspect and may be the result of laboratory contamination.
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate causes cancer in laboratory animals exposed to high levels over their lifetime (ATSDR, 1991a). Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals may also increase the risk of cancer in humans exposed to lower levels over long periods of time. Based on the results of animal studies, chronic (lifetime) exposure to bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate at the highest concentrations found in groundwater monitoring wells would pose a low increased cancer risk.
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and di-n-octylphthalate can cause kidney, liver, and male reproductive system damage (ATSDR, 1991a) and chlorobenzene can cause nervous system, liver and kidney damage (ATSDR, 1989a) at exposures several orders of magnitude greater than potential exposures to groundwater. Chemicals that cause effects in humans and/or animals after high levels of exposure may also pose a risk to humans who are exposed to lower levels over long periods of time. Although the risk of noncarcinogenic effects from these potential exposures isn't completely understood, the existing data suggest it would be minimal.
Metal Contaminants
Exposure to chromium can increase the risk of kidney damage, birth defects and reproductive effects (ATSDR, 1991b). Chronic exposure to elevated lead levels is predominantly associated with neurological and hematological effects (ATSDR, 1991c). The developing fetus and young children are particularly sensitive to lead-induced neurological effects. Exposure to high manganese concentrations can cause nervous system effects (ATSDR, 1990b). Exposure to high levels of nickel can cause reproductive effects and allergic reactions (ATSDR, 1988). Little is known about the chronic toxicity of aluminum in humans. Some animal toxicity studies indicate that a relatively high dose of aluminum may cause nerve and skeletal damage and may adversely affect the reproductive system (NYS DOH, 1990). Although iron is an essential nutrient, ingestion of large amounts can lead to accumulation in the body and tissue damage (WHO, 1984). The levels of aluminum, iron and manganese in groundwater monitoring wells are over 95, 750 and 620 times the levels, respectively, at which the aesthetic quality of drinking water begins to be affected (WHO, 1984). Water containing more than 20,000 mcg/L of sodium should not be used for drinking by people on severely restricted diets and water containing more than 270,000 mcg/L of sodium should not be used for drinking by people on moderately restrictive diets. Exposure to drinking water contaminated with these metals, in particular chromium, manganese and lead, at the highest concentrations found in groundwater monitoring wells could pose a moderate increased risk of adverse health effects.
- Potential ingestion, inhalation and dermal exposure of persons coming into contact with
contaminated on-site leachate seeps, landfill gas, and off-site soil/paint sludge material.
The potential for on-site exposure to contaminated surface water and landfill gas can occur since site access is possible.
On-site leachate seeps and off-site paint sludge are contaminated with metals including antimony, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, manganese and zinc. Incidental ingestion exposure to these metals could present an increased public health risk, especially to children who could play in these areas on a frequent basis.
Limited landfill gas sampling on-site indicates a potential for exposure to methane gas. One public health threat from methane generation is the potential for explosive levels of methane to migrate off-site and accumulate in closed buildings, such as the baler facility, weigh station, and adjacent homes, and hence be a safety problem. These risks are in addition to the effects that can be caused by large amounts of methane displacing oxygen in air. Individuals who continue to breathe high levels of methane may become dizzy, experience difficulty in breathing or loose consciousness (Sax, 1979). In addition, toxic gases may be carried with methane, which if inhaled can result in adverse health effects.
- Potential ingestion, dermal and inhalation exposure of persons engaged in recreational
activities in adjacent streams.
Potential runoff of contaminants in on-site leachate seeps and surface runoff could impact surface water and sediments in Torne Brook stream and the Ramapo River. These waters are used for recreational purposes including swimming and fishing. As indicated in Table 2, initial sampling of off-site surface waters found several metals at concentrations which exceed comparison values. Subsequent sampling of the Ramapo River indicates that the contamination is no longer occurring due to the diversion of on-site leachate to the Suffern sewage treatment plant. Past exposure to contaminants at the highest levels previously detected in off-site surface water and sediments (Tables 2 and 3) is unlikely to result in any adverse health effects.
B. Health Outcome Data Evaluation
Cancer Incidence and Mortality Data
A review of the 1978-82 cancer incidence and mortality data in Census tract 117 (Sloatsburg) and Census tract 116 (Ramapo Town) found no significant excess in total cancer or cancer of any of 17 common sites of cancer when compared to the mortality and incidence rates of New York State excluding New York City.
C. Community Health Concerns Evaluation
We have addressed each of the community concerns about health as follows:
- Will residents living near the landfill be provided with public water, and if so, when?
To date, results obtained from sampling of nearby private wells indicate that the wells are not being contaminated by the landfill. Therefore, no provision for an alternate water supply is warranted at this time. However, should future groundwater monitoring data indicate that drinking water standards are being exceeded in nearby wells, then an alternate water supply may be deemed necessary. If drinking water standards are exceeded for site-related contaminants in residential wells, and/or significant concentrations are detected in the same aquifer in the closest monitoring wells to the residential wells, and detected concentrations are confirmed by subsequent sampling, residents would immediately be provided with bottled water and/or an acceptable treatment system. This interim measure would remain in effect until a permanent alternate water supply could be constructed.
- Will measures be taken to ensure the overall protection of health of persons living near the
The selected clean-up remedy for the site is expected to achieve protection of human health. The planned capping of the landfill protects human health by reducing the mobility of contaminated materials. In addition, capping the landfill will eliminate threats to persons who come in contact with the landfill. Long-term monitoring of the site will be performed to ensure that residential drinking water wells are protected from contamination coming from the site. Air monitoring will be performed prior to, during, and following clean-up construction at the site to ensure that air emissions resulting from the cap construction meet air quality requirements. Landfill gas emissions will be controlled, if necessary.
- Will an appropriate monitoring program be provided to determine the presence of
contaminants encroaching on or in nearby drinking water supply wells?
As part of the selected remedy for the site, groundwater samples will be collected on a quarterly basis from nearby residential wells and from new and existing monitoring wells. Samples will be tested for site-related contaminants. Early warning monitoring wells will be installed where needed between the site and private residential drinking water wells and also between the site and the nearby Spring Valley Water Company production wells. These production wells will be sampled quarterly for contaminants associated with the site, for the first year of long-term monitoring, or longer if contamination is noted.
- Complaints by Residents about Landfill Odors.
It is not known if the landfill odors are from garbage handled at the active baler building or is caused by the migration of hydrogen sulfide emitted at the site. Limited ambient air sampling has only been performed on-site and did not include measurements for hydrogen sulfide, which is known to have a rotten-egg odor. While chronic exposure to hydrogen sulfide may cause adverse health effects, additional air data are needed both on-site and off-site to determine the health significance of these odors.


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Target-GATE 2017About GATE Exam GATE 2017 Eligibilty & Pattern GATE 2017 Syllabus & Analysis GATE Reference Books GATE Previous Papers GATE 2017 Schedule GATE Detail Solution GATE Cutoff Details GATE Video Solution
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Choose the period
Today, I woke up with an engagement ring on my left hand. The same one I refused last month. My boyfriend apparently waited for me to be drunk to propose again last night, and has already posted the pics on Facebook. FML
by Anonymous / 12/28/2012 at 10:14am / Canada (Quebec) / Love
Today, I took my girlfriend to go see Les Misérables. I tried to stay tough but completely lost it and started sobbing when Anne Hathaway began singing. My girlfriend called me a wimp and stayed dry-eyed throughout the whole movie. I'm dating a robot. FML
by Les Miserables is so sad / 01/02/2013 at 6:38pm / Canada (Alberta) / Miscellaneous
Today, I went to a concert with my girlfriend. Some guy grabbed her ass, and I tried to fight him. I ended up with a concussion and a messed up jaw. Her? Oh, she beat the shit out of him while I was unconscious. FML
by Anonymous / 01/01/2013 at 5:30am / United States (Kansas) / Health
Today, I gave my husband an early Christmas present: Santa-themed lingerie. He got angry and called me selfish, for "using" him as an excuse to get myself nice stuff. FML
by selfishsexysanta / 12/24/2012 at 1:06pm / United States / Intimacy
Today, I bought an eye mask to help me sleep during the day, as I work night shifts. Upon waking up after my first time using it, I forgot I was wearing it and thought I had gone blind, causing me to fall out of the bed and split my head open on my bedside table. FML
by idiot / 01/04/2013 at 5:13am / Sweden / Health
Today, I set up a spy cam in my room to find out which one of my pervy brothers has been using my computer to watch porn. Turns out it was actually my father. I now have a video of him sitting in my chair masturbating, and I can't get it out of my head. FML
by Anonymous / 12/28/2012 at 2:05pm / Malaysia (Selangor) / Miscellaneous
Today, at my four-year-old daughter's insistence, I looked for - and found - a radio station that plays "Santa music" all year round. She's ecstatic and I can't turn it off without upsetting her. FML
by christmaswillneverend / 01/01/2013 at 7:18pm / United States (Pennsylvania) / Kids
Today, my boyfriend and I were getting intimate. I was getting pretty horny, and I thought some dirty talk would turn him on. Amid my panting, I breathed the words, "Fuck me." He then stopped and said, "Excuse me, I don't like hearing that language." and wouldn't continue until I corrected myself. FML
by Anonymous / 12/24/2012 at 8:32am / Canada (Ontario) / Intimacy
Today, I woke up to find my boyfriend using my hand to wank. FML
by kmtranter / 12/28/2012 at 6:40am / United Kingdom (Brent) / Intimacy
Today, I got fired from my job because I "look too grumpy." FML
by Anonymous / 01/02/2013 at 2:28am / Canada (Alberta) / Work
Today, after I finally laid down from a long day and was about to fall asleep, I realized I forgot to set my alarm. I don't own an alarm clock and my alarm is on my phone. Which was in my car. I live on 15th floor of an apartment building and our parking garage is across the street. FML
by Anonymous / 01/03/2013 at 12:02am / United States (Texas) / Miscellaneous
Today, at a house party, I finally got the guy I've been seeing alone in his room. We started making out, and I got on top of him to take control. He responded by saying he couldn't do it because he needed to go make pizza for his friends, and then bolted out of the room. FML
by Anonymous / 01/02/2013 at 2:02pm / Canada (Ontario) / Intimacy
Today, I discovered that if I turn my shower off for a minute, then back on again, the water comes out scalding hot. I discovered that while the showerhead was pointed directly at my genitals. FML
by Anonymous / 01/01/2013 at 2:34pm / United Kingdom (Gloucestershire) / Miscellaneous


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Get your culture fix in EDo
House on a hill: It's a lovely walk up to the Albuquerque Press Club's historic clubhouse, a 1903 log house (you can enter only with a member, but the stroll alone is worth the trip). Closed Sun; 201 Highland Park Circle S.E.
Neighborhood nostalgia: The Special Collections Library archives marvelous old newspapers and genealogy data of New Mexico. Soak up local history as you wander through the 1925 Spanish pueblo revival building; it's a registered landmark. Closed Sun; 423 Central Ave. N.E.; 505/848-1376.
Up-and-coming art: Discover Albuquerque's young and quirky artists at Cirq Art Gallery, which often hosts receptions with live music, from hip-hop to folk. Call for schedule; from $5; 712 Central Ave. S.E.; 505/242-3970.
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Press Release
Tuesday, June 19, 2007
by Beth Sowers
Hannibal, MO-The Hannibal-LaGrange College track and field program recently signed Brian Ramsey of Tracy, CA, for the 2007-2008 season. Ramsey graduated from Tracy High School in Tracy, CA, in May of 2007.
Ramsey participated in track and field and was an all-star football player for the region in high school. He is a 14-foot pole vaulter, 22-foot long jumper, and an 11.16 second 100-meter sprinter.
Ramsey plans on majoring in special education at HLG.
Ramsey is the son of Mr. and Mrs. Jeff Ramsey.
HLG is a Division I NAIA (National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics) school and a member of the American Midwest Conference.
Contact InformationCarolyn Carpenter
Director of Public Relations
573-629-3116 firstname.lastname@example.com


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When you're a popular idol, you can expect to have tons of fans screaming and yelling your name. A majority of those fans are pretty normal, but there are some that will go to crazy lengths to see their favorite singer, like getting in a taxi and following them. JYJ member Yoochun talked about these sasaeng fans a couple months ago, and now member Jaejoong has something to say to them…again.
The star tweeted, "The sasaeng taxi organizations have become even more numerous. Again, the drivers who do not have even pangs of conscience and the kids who are just too pitiable will also become more numerous. The drivers will rake in a fortune with that kind of a trade and the kids who are on those taxis will spend needless time and money and conversely take away the time and freedom of the people they love."
His rant continued as he tweeted, "That this is something that one must endure if one is a star—even so granted, doesn't this seem to be too much…? For 7 years, to need to hide and look furtively as if a criminal, when eating, when working, when taking a rest—is this a normal life? Stop it, you've had enough, have you not, let me concentrate on work and let me sleep a little, you."
Like I said last time, there's nothing wrong with loving and supporting idols. But there's a boundary between being supportive and well, obsessive. After tiring schedules on shows and events, idols deserve some quiet time to themselves and should be able to rest in their house without the constant worrying of fans outside. I'm glad that Jaejoong stepped up and took some action. Hopefully, a few, if not all, sasaeng fans get the message and calm the heck down.


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Did you know that over 50,000 metric tons of recreational balls are dumped into the earth annually? Did you know that most balls – such as tennis balls – are made of rubber and take approximately 10 years to decompose? And, did you know that over 300 million tennis balls are produce annually, with a court-life of just a few hours before being discarded?
My brother and I co-founded Balls-Go-Round, Inc., a nonprofit organization dedicated to the collection, recycling, and redistribution of used balls. To date, we have recycled over 100,000 balls and donated them to youth programs, Tier-1 public schools (high poverty), occupational therapy groups, homeless programs, and even animal shelters and humane societies.
By educating country clubs and sports facilities, we can create awareness about recycling gently used balls and prevent tons of waste from ending up in our landfills.
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By Erin Crowell
Earth Day may have come and gone this year, but theres still an
opportunity to think green at the second annual GreenFest, which
invites residents and a
rea visitors to learn more about environ-mental products, services and
projects at Traverse Citys Clinch Park, on May 8, from 8 a.m.-5 p.m.
We like to call it edutainment, says Kim Pontius, executive vice
president of the Traverse Area Association of Realtors (TAAR), one of
the GreenFest sponsors. The event combines educational resources with
entertainment. If people arent having fun, theyre just not
Part of the fun will include kids activities. There will be a kite
building contest using recyclable materials at the open space, as well
as a coloring contest for the younger crowd, and an essay contest for
grades K-12 that answers the question, What do I want my green job to
be when I grow up?
The marina will bring the Northwestern Michigan College Underwater
Studies exhibit, featuring an amphibious vehicle and other underwater
It may not go underwater, but the BAT 11dk Alfa Romeo-style Bertone
will be on display in Clinch Park. This cars design originated in
Traverse City and was shown at the Geneva Motor Show in March 2008. It
is currently a concept car with plans for a limited production of a
hybrid or hydrogen powered engine.
There will also be two free movies showing at the State Theater that
day: Ice Age 2, at 10 a.m.; and Greensburg: A Story of Community
Rebuilding, produced by Leonardo DiCaprio, at 8 p.m.
Vendors include The Grand Vision, Michigan Windpower, Grand Traverse
Watershed Center, Cherryland Electric Cooperative, Michigan Land Use
Institute, American Waste and many more.
The event also features several guest speakers, including Joel Diotte
and architect Eric Hughes for the first LEED Certified home in Grand
Traverse County at noon; and Reducing Home Energy Costs with TJ
Ewing at 2:30 p.m.
Dont miss The Green Dream with featured speaker John B. Carnett,
photographer and inventor for Popular Science Magazine. Carnett will
his latest projectbuilding a green
family home using leading edge technologyat the Con Foster Building
in Clinch Park,
at 1 p.m.
Ive got a subscription to Popular Science and have been following
Carnetts green home building story; but as he says hes not green,
its just because hes really cheap, Pontius laughs.
Cheap is just one advantage of going green, both in the home and beyond.
The event is presented by Green Solutions 4a collaboration between
TAAR, the Home Builders Association of Grand Traverse Area (HBAGTA)
and the Michigan Green Consortium.
Pontius adds that the association is learning more all the time about
being green, so educating the public, as well, seemed like a logical
Recently, TAAR added searchable green building program certifications,
ratings and green building features to its Multiple Listing Service
with technological support from the Home Builders Association a
major step in bringing green building into the mainstream.
So is this event for homebuyers and builders only?
Absolutely not, says Matt Dakoske of RE/MAX Bayshore Properties and
TAAR president. Were about educating the public on various
greening issues. Its not about selling houses.
Dakoske and Pontius say they hope the location of the event and time
of year will bring in large numbers.
We learned that people just want to be outdoors this time of year,
says Pontius.
The last GreenFest event took place in fall of 2008, and although it
drew up to 500 people to the Hagerty Center, Pontius says the event
could have drawn more.
Its spring, and people usually think green in the spring, he says,
and theyre thinking about home projects.
Our motto is Where Green Meets Blue because we realize nothing can
be done by going green if you dont think about blue. The watershed
is a vital part of our environment and community. Having (GreenFest)
near the water just made sense.
For more information on GreenFest and Green Solutions 4, visit
www.greensolutions4.com. More information on green certified homes and
buildings available in Northern Michigan may be found at www.TAAR.com


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More about
by Matthew C, Daniel C. & Zjahquan
We learned lots of interesting facts about the prehistoric creatures: the Dinosaurs! No, don't think you are learning boring old facts, these facts are fun!
Dinosaurs lived a long time ago, before cave men (65 million years ago). There are lots of dinosaurs waiting to be discovered. We'd like to share a few of our favorites with you. Scientists are trying to find our why dinosaurs became extinct. Some dinosaurs were meat eaters and others ate plants. Some of them were very fierce. Some of the smaller dinosaurs were able to run faster than it predators an were able to get away. Some dinosaurs weren't very smart and had tiny brains.
Scientists are not sure why the dinosaurs died. They think that a large meteor or comet hit the earth about 165 million years ago. The meteor caused fires that killed lots of the dinosaurs. Then great clouds of dust and soot covered the earth for months. No sun could shine through. With no sun to help the plants grow there was no food for the plant eating dinosaurs. They died. The meat eaters soon had nothing left to eat. They died too!
Some of the animals we know today are descendent of the dinosaurs.
If you think that animals the swam or flew were dinosaurs, your wrong, they are not! Some people think that cave men lived during the age of dinosaurs, but they did not.
Background by Terry Hongell