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By Chris Kieffer/NEMS Daily Journal
A new state law will bring more attention to dyslexia programs in Mississippi schools this fall.
It will require schools to screen all students for dyslexia during the spring of their kindergarten year and the fall of their first-grade year. Those who fail the test will be eligible for placement in a dyslexia therapy program within their schools or in another public school or non-public special purpose school, with state-sponsored scholarships available.
As the new statute goes into effect, both Tupelo and Lee County public schools pledge to continue an emphasis on the learning disability that makes it more difficult for students to read.
"We've had a focus, but to me, this brings it to the forefront, not just for Tupelo, but for the state of Mississippi," said Mary Ruth Wright, special education director for the Tupelo district.
Under new superintendent Gearl Loden, Tupelo's schools will use a new dyslexia program this year that will help students beginning in kindergarten. The district's previous program began in second grade.
Implementation of the Barton dyslexia program will be funded by a grant the district won from the Mississippi Department of Education.
"Because Barton starts in kindergarten, it will help us to be proactive," Loden said.
The school district is interviewing candidates for a new dyslexia coordinator position it hopes to fill before the start of the school year. That person will focus on screening students with dyslexic tendencies and ensuring they get targeted focus.
Each elementary school also will have an interventionist working with those students.
"We have a lot to offer for dyslexic students," said TPSD Executive Director of School Improvement Leigh Mobley. "We know it is something parents have mentioned, and we know it is a need, and we are excited to provide it."
Meanwhile, the Lee County School District will continue to use the Reaching Reading Success program it has had in place at its elementary schools for the past six years.
The program, which reached 250 kindergarten to fifth-grade students last year, is for students with dyslexic tendencies, who spend 55 minutes every day working on skills, such as decoding words.
The district uses two lead teachers and 12 Reaching Reading Success teachers.
"They want to equip kids with strategies they can carry to the regular classroom," said Casey Dye, Lee County director of federal programs.
Lee County Schools already screened all kindergarten students for dyslexia, but also will begin screening first-graders to comply with the law.
"The biggest challenge for us will be do we have enough qualified people to administer the screening and the sheer time to get that many people screened?" Dye said.


text: When it comes to cinematic friends turned lovers, Harry (Billy Crystal) and Sally (Meg Ryan) are the originals. What starts off as borderline irritation evolves into attraction — and one particularly tearful, drunken night of sex. Their brief moment in bed threatens to ruin everything until Harry runs after Sally on New Year's Eve, determined to kiss her and make things right.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Rubbermaid Commercial Products, LLC
(Formerly : GE Winchester Lamp Plant )
Update: After January 6, 2017, information about this RCRA Corrective Action site
will be available at:
Corrective Action Sites Around the Nation - Region 3
(Search for the Facility by Name, Location, or EPA ID)
Please be sure to update your bookmarks.
On This Page
125 Apple Valley Road
Winchester, VA 22602
Property Area
Congressional District: 10
Other Names:GE Lighting LLC
GE Winchester Lamp Plant
EPA Project Manager
Mr. Luis Pizarro
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 3
1650 Arch Street MS 3LC20
Philadelphia, PA 19103-2029
Phone: (215) 814-3444
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Bulletin Board
Site Status
- EPA has determined that no further action under the federal RCRA Corrective Action program is required at this time. A 45 day public comment period on the proposed decision extended from June 10 to July 26, 1999. No comments were received during that time. Therefore, EPA has issued a final Agency Determination that clean-up is complete at GE's Winchester Lamp Plant.
- Only one area, a concrete pad used for storing drums of hazardous waste, was identified as potentially having a release at this facility. During a hazardous waste inspection, several overfilled drums were observed to be leaking waste material, but the waste was confined to the tops of the drums. In 1989, GE cleaned the concrete pad of any contamination. Soil sampling results in the area showed no detectable levels of contamination and Virginia's Department of Environmental Quality (VDEQ) provided approval of the "clean closure" certification for the unit on November 4, 1998. "Clean closure" is a term that is used to define the process of completely removing all waste that was treated, stored, or disposed in a hazardous waste unit.
- One other area of concern was the site of two former underground fuel tanks. These tanks were removed and GE sampled the soil and groundwater in the area to determine if there had been a release. No contamination was found and the site was deemed "cleaned closed" by VDEQ Underground Storage Tank Program. There were no documented releases associated with this area.
- There is no further corrective action required at the GE Winchester Lamp Plant at this time.
- The GE Winchester Lamp Plant is located about 3 miles south of Winchester, Frederick County, Virginia and the site is situated on a 125 acre parcel of land. The facility began operation in 1975 and is currently producing household incandescent light bulbs under its own name and private brand names. The major components of the light bulb are produced at other facilities and shipped to Winchester Lamp Plant for assembly.
- A public notice was issued regarding the public comment period which ended on July 26, 1999.
Contaminants and Risks
- There are no documented releases at this facility.
Documents and Reports
- Some of the site's key documents of interest are accessible below:
- Corrective Action Long Term Stewardship Report - September 2016[PDF, 2 pages, 145 KB, About PDF]
- Commonwealth of Virginia Deed Restriction (Environmental Covenant) [PDF, 135 pages, 4.323 MB, About PDF]
- Environmental Indicator Determination - Human Exposures [PDF, 8 pages, 35 KB, About PDF]
- Environmental Indicator Determination - Groundwater Migration [PDF,8 pages, 37 KB, About PDF]
- All documents and reports regarding this facility also can be reviewed in person at these locations:
U.S. EPA Region III
Land & Chemicals Division - RCRA
1650 Arch Street-11th Floor
Philadelphia, PA 19103
(215) 814-3444
Call for an appointment.
- Submit a FOIA Request
Get instructions on how to submit a FOIA request. Additional fee for requests over 100 pages.
Photos, Maps and Diagrams
|GE Winchester Lamp/Rubbermaid
|Rubbermain Geospatial PDF Map
Click on a thumbnail to enlarge the photo or Geospatial PDF )
Reuse Information
- The facility is under continued use.
- The EPA is dedicated to providing you with timely and accurate information about our work at this site. If you have any questions or concerns, please contact the EPA Project Manager: Luis A. Pizarro (215) 814-3444.


text:
Comment this
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Today, I went to work despite having a nasty cold. I didn't call up sick because last week when I called in, my boss said I was being "unprofessional and unacceptable." My boss sent me home with a written warning today, claiming that coming to work sick was "unprofessional and unacceptable." FML
by SickandTired / 03/22/2011 at 12:59pm / Australia (Western Australia) / Work
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MAIN COURSE: Tailgating at a NASCAR race Many chefs still dream of opening that perfect little restaurant of their own so they can finally call all the shots. And it's a worthy goal, to be sure. But why not aim a lot higher? As their inclusion on the annual list of the country's 100 most powerful celebrities compiled by Forbes magazine demonstrates, chefs can now achieve fame and fortune just as easily as movie stars, pro athletes, rock musicians and other high-profile personalities ...
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Discussion in 'General Topics' started by marti, Mar 28, 2002.
subject said it all
No, but I have a dark, brown overcoat. Er...what's a favicon?
A favicon is the icon that shows up in your favorites list. Many sites use them: DSRL forums, Zone Labs, Google, PC911, etc.
For sites that I visit often, I save the favicon so I can keep it place on my QL tool bar or IE links bar.
It's almost 2 am here, and it's been a long day. Hopefully, someone else will be able to provide a better definition for "favicon."
Sleep well. Here, it's 08:00 and I've been at work for an hour. Maybe I need more sleep than you!
Hi Marti,
As you might have noticed, we don't use favicons.
Separate names with a comma.


text:
Ragnar Kjartansson: Me, My Mother, My Father, And IEdited by Massimiliano Gioni and Margot Norton
This catalogue coincides with the exhibition "Me, My Mother, My Father, and I" it is the first New York museum exhibition of Icelandic artist Ragnar Kjartansson (b. 1976 Reykjavfk, Iceland; lives and works in Reykjavík). Born into a family of actors and theater professionals, Kjartansson draws from a varied history of stage traditions, film, music, and literature. His performances, drawings, paintings, and video installations explore the boundary between reality and fiction as well as constructs of myth and identity. He often attempts to convey genuine emotion through melodramatic gestures and conversely reveals sincerity within pretending. Playing with stereotypes usually projected onto the persona of the actor, Kjartansson both celebrates and derides the romanticized figure of the artist as cultural hero. His performances are often feats of endurance, which last for hours or days at a time, taking a motif as simple as a pop song and transforming it through protracted repetition into a transcendent mantra.
New Museum of Contemporary Art; 2014; Softcover; 5.5" x 8"; 70 pp; illustrated throughout; ISBN 9780915557028
©2014 New Museum Of Contemporary Art. All rights reserved.


text:
I noticed the portable Iron always use the profile from the working directory, but this really causes problems in some situations. It should always use the profile in the directory the same with the executable, isn't it?
Return to "SRWare Iron Support (English)"
Users browsing this forum: Bing [Bot] and 13 guests


text:
BURNSVILLE Minn. Multi-concept operator Duke and King Holdings LLC is in the process of acquiring 14 Popeyes Louisiana Kitchen locations in Virginia's Tidewater region.Terms of the deal were not disclosed, but the company said the transaction is expected to close March 1. Duke and King is buying the units from Joseph Simone, the original franchisee.Burnsville-based Duke and King, led by industry veterans Rodger Head and Clyde Culp, also operates 93 Burger Kings and owns the bd's Mongolian ...
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32 CFR 842.129 - Settlement of claims against NAFIs.
(a) This subpart does not establish legal theories for adjudication of claims. Refer to the appropriate subpart to decide whether a claim is payable (e.g., subpart D for personnel claims; subpart K for tort claims), then use the rules in this subpart to decide the appropriate funds for payment of any approved claim.
(b) Claims arising from property damage to or loss from vehicles or loss of personal items stored in base MWR facilities will be evaluated under the normal rules applied by the appropriate subpart of this part, and paid using the rules in those subparts. Examples include recreational vehicles stored in authorized lots and used cars parked in onbase sales lots. One exception to this rule is the exclusion of personal items stolen from onbase gym lockers (discussed below).
(1) If a NAF fee has been charged in connection with the use of the storage location, a determination must be made on the nature of the fee charged. If the fee does no more than reimburse NAF costs in administering or maintaining the storage location, subpart O of this part applies in addition to other appropriate subparts. If the fee is set to generate a profit for the NAFI involved or if it is collected in accordance with the terms of an agreement, express or implied, under which the NAFI represents that it will provide some degree of security or safeguarding of the property, the claim will be paid with NAF funds.
(2) Normally, theft of items from gym lockers will be paid out of appropriated funds providing there is affirmative evidence of theft. Mysterious loss of property will not be paid and, in no case, will a claim be paid in excess of $250.


text:
GV Now
GVSU hosts statewide robotics competition
Posted on March 13, 2012
Nearly 1,000 students on 41 high school teams from across the state will gather at Grand Valley State University to compete in the FIRST Robotics District Competition from March 16-17.
The For Inspiration and Recognition of Science and Technology (FIRST) teams had six weeks to design and build robots for the competition. "Rebound Rumble," this year's game field, challenges two competing teams to score the most basketballs in a hoop with their robots. FIRST Robotics helps students get hands-on experience solving real-world problems and discover the excitement and rewards of science and technology careers.
FIRST West Michigan District Competition
March 16-17
8 a.m.-6 p.m.
Fieldhouse Arena
Allendale Campus
The event is free and open to the public, and is sponsored by the Padnos College of Engineering and Computing at Grand Valley. Complete information, including a detailed schedule and a list of teams, is available at www.firstinmichigan.org.
The 2012 season includes an estimated 2,355 teams — nearly 60,000 high school students — participating in 68 regional and district events worldwide. FIRST was founded in 1989 to inspire an appreciation of science and technology in young people. Learn more at www.usfirst.org.


text:
Leo Shaw awarded 2012 FEI Award for Excellence in Materials Characterization
PRISM is pleased to introduce the FEI Award for Excellence in Materials Characterization offered for the first time this year. The recipient is Leo Shaw, a senior in Chemical and Biological Engineering. In his senior thesis entitled "Synthesis and Characterization of Chlorine-Substituted Contorted Hexabenzocoronenes", Leo synthesized and characterized contorted chlorinated hexabenzocoronenes (CI-HBCs) as alternatives to existing electron acceptors for organic electronics. In this work, he has employed a number of methods to characterize them extensively in order to understand their structures and properties. Prof. Lynn Loo, Leo's thesis advisor, states "I have not encountered an undergraduate as dynamic and as enthusiastic as Leo. Leo is easily one of the best undergraduate researchers I have had the pleasure to work with in my ten years as a faculty member".
The award is sponsored by the FEI Company.


text:
CHICAGO — The Cincinnati Reds needed every clutch hit they could manage and almost every arm in their bullpen yesterday to hold off the Chicago Cubs.
Jay Bruce had two RBI and scored a run, Shin-Soo Choo drove in a run and scored twice and the Reds scored five times when two were out to win 6-5.
"The team that gets the two-out hits is the team that wins the games," Reds manager Dusty Baker said after his team improved to 4-10 on the road. "Those are big, big clutch hits when you get two out.
"We had some guys swing the bat pretty good today."
The Cubs scored three runs in the ninth against Reds closer Aroldis Chapman before reliever J.J. Hoover came on and struck out Darwin Barney with the bases loaded to pick up his first save.
"You kind of train yourself for that as a reliever," Hoover said. "All of these (relievers) can handle that situation. That's what makes us a good staff."
Chapman allowed three straight hits to open the inning, then got two outs before giving up a bases-loaded walk to Nate Schierholtz and a two-run single to Welington Castillo. After pinch-hitter Cody Ransom walked to load the bases again, Hoover replaced Chapman and preserved the victory by getting Barney on a foul tip.
Baker cited inactivity for Chapman's problems in the ninth.
"He hadn't pitched in three days," Baker said. "If you don't pitch him, it's like if you're pitching him too much."
Mike Leake (2-1) gave up two runs and nine hits in 52/3 innings to win his fourth straight decision over the Cubs, with help from five relievers.
"It's cold out there, but I'm just trying to work on my strikes and work down in the zone," Leake said. "The umpire was working well with me on that low ball. It was nice to try to attack that lower half of the zone."
Devin Mesoraco, Todd Frazier and Zack Cozart also had run-scoring hits to help the Reds hand Carlos Villanueva (1-2) the loss.
"It's impossible to hit all the time — you wish they could and I wish they could," Baker said. " Things go in cycles. I'm just hoping this is an upturn towards how we can play, how we can hit."& amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; amp; lt; /p>
Leake cruised into the sixth with a 4-0 lead before giving up a consecutive one-out doubles to Anthony Rizzo and Alfonso Soriano, and an RBI single to Schierholtz. Leake was replaced one out later after giving up a single to Luis Valbuena that put runners at first and third.
Reliever Sam LeCure got Barney on a pop up to second base to end the inning.


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Shop of the Month
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|11 x 7 cm
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Take a look at the various dipping
|For your home with confidence, not to mention as a gift, please use. Overseas shipments, so as gifts overseas! please Then, wrapping free service we have gotten are.
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In-season events. New year, setsubun, girl, mother's day, father's day, gift-giving, respect for the aged day, Gifts Gift thing.
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text:
نویسنده: davood - ۱۳٩٠/۳/۳٠
Eskimo is a general term for the population from Alaska to Grenland and Asia. Eskimos in Canada and Greenland use the name Inuit (inuk = human beeing). Sea mammals, fish and caribou are important for food and economy. Igloos are used as a winter residence, in the summer tents of caribou skins provide shelter. The dogsleds are used for the nomadic huntig life. Traditional weapons were crafted from ivory and bones. Eskimo population in the United States is about 60,000 and 33,000 in Canada. In these states Eskimos live in settled communities. Instead of the dogsled they use the snowmobile and instead of traditional weapons firearms.


text:
Review: 'Hanna' A Five Star Sight To Be Seen
I remember seeing the trailer for "Hanna" and definitely being intrigued – action and intensity with a pinch innocence. Though upon expressing my reaction to others, a strange and very resounding 'looks bad' vibe seemed to come down the pike. After seeing the film such an opinion would be a crying shame, as "Hanna" is hands down one of the most touching, funny and downright kinetic films of 2011 – a five star sight to be seen.
The film follows young teenage girl Hanna (Lovely Bones alum Saoirse Ronan), who lives with her rough and tumble widowed father Erik (Original movie Hulk Eric Bana) in a remote jungle in Finland. Hanna spends her days training, as she perfects her skill in weapons, hand-to-hand combat and hunting to the point of being an extremely lethal soldier. But like all teenage girls, Hanna has thoughts of the outside world that eludes her and soon decides it's time to leave the nest. Trained since birth for a mission involving the death of her mother, Hanna embarks upon a task that tests her physical as well as mental and emotional skills in a trip that will change everything.
Sounds like a bit like a glorified synopsis, but I'm not giving any more hints or secrets away. As a film, "Hanna" is much like the journey our young heroine embarks on – an experience. From the in-your-face action to the subtle moments of a teenage girl exploring a first time friendship, the picture is a wondrous blend of elements usually reserved for their own movies. And in the hands of "Atonement" helmer Joe Wright, "Hanna" boldly mixes blood, beauty and bravado in both dialogue and visuals to create a concoction that lovingly lingers in even the most ardent cinefile brain. (And The Chemical Brothers pulsing music ringing in the ears helps too!) Wright also has a knack for pitch perfect casting and in "Hanna" it shows – from Bana as the disheartened dad to Tom Hollander as a flamboyant psychotic for hire and even Cate Blanchett (making up for that god awful turn in the last Indy flick!) as a corrupt intelligence operative determined to kill, everyone involved makes this one memorable flick.
But ultimately it's Ronan's turn as the lovely yet lethal teen that makes "Hanna" a winner. Her moving work, brutal one moment, sweet and naïve the next, reminded me of Natalie Portman's performance in Luc Besson's "The Professional" – work that screams a star.
In the end this film will not be for everyone, as there is as much visceral and violent material as there is beautiful and fanciful (even the poster is misleading, giving the impression of a dramatic story about a simple child!), but ultimately that's what gives "Hanna" its charm. Far from the trite that Hollywood loves, much more than an indie simply trying to be hip, this is pure imaginative cinema for those with a more fully developed cinematic palate – "Hanna" is a girl well beyond her years.
"Hanna" hits select theaters on April 8.
Title: Hanna
Stars: 5
Genre: Action, Drama, Thriller
Cast: Saoirse Ronan, Eric Bana, Cate Blanchett
Director: Joe Wright
Rating: PG-13
Release Company: Focus Features
Website: www.HannaTheMovie.com


text:
Dog Bites Boy: Owners Not ChargedSubmitted by: Michael Sevren, email@example.com
A 9 year old Riverton boy is recovering after being bit by a dog. The Riverton Police Department is not pressing charges against the owners of the animal. k2's Michael Sevren spoke with the owners of the dog and brings us this story.


text:
7321 Curry Ford Rd
Orlando, FL 32822
Is this your business? Claim it now!
|MON 8:00am - 6:00pm
|TUE 8:00am - 6:00pm
|WED 8:00am - 6:00pm
|THURS 8:00am - 6:00pm
|FRI 8:00am - 6:00pm
|SAT 9:00am - 12:00pm
|SUN closed
Additional Contact Information
Fax: (407) 658-2988
Absolutely the Best
by Absolutely The Best , 08/28/2013
We could not be happier with Dr. Mole and the staff at Curry Ford Animal Hospital. They are professional, but caring and compassionate as well. We know Dr. Mole will help us make the right decisions for the care and comfort of all our Furr-Babies. I trust him implicitly, and would never even consider going anywhere else.
My pups vet and happy
by pupsdad , 10/18/2012
I am pretty happy with this hospital. I have not been unhappy with the times I have taken my pups in there. Bedside manner good, staff good and overall happy. My last vet pressured me into all kinds of stuff so it is pleasant to go in here and get their shots and monthly pills and out the door.
awesome family run hospital
by New2area , 02/04/2010
I just moved to the area and checked out three of the hospitals closest to me. I walked in and asked for a tour and the staff was more than happy to show me around.It was the most organized and spotless hospital I have been in. All the staff greeted me as I passed them on the way to tour the kennel. The receptionist bragged about how long the kennel staff had been there and how much owners pets love this employee. They also were friendly and informative about their other staff members and Drs. I have been there a few times now and find it to be a very inviting and welcoming experience. Far better than the cold multi doc places or the government run places. I wold recommend this hospital to anyone and I am so happy to have moved close to this facility.
Great Value
by Mulligan , 01/03/2010
Friendly, affordable, caring. I recommend Dr. Mole to all my friends. I board my pets while on vacation, get vaccines, and enjoy the continuity of care...when my pet is sick, it's Dr. Mole every time.
This Office is Out of Controll
by Bthmy , 11/02/2009
The workers allow people to let their pets roam free around the office and jump onto people. If you are scared of large dogs, run far away from this office because you are sure to have one jump on you.


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1Exercise Physiology Department, Lynchburg College, Lynchburg, VA; and 2Department of Exercise, Sport, and Leisure Studies, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
Submitted for publication June 2009.
Accepted for publication September 2009.
Address for correspondence: James E. McLaughlin, Ph.D., Exercise Physiology Department, Lynchburg College, 1501 Lakeside Dr, Lynchburg, VA 24501; E-mail: email@example.com.
Purpose: To compare the classic physiological variables linked to endurance performance (V˙O2max, %V˙O2max at lactate threshold (LT), and running economy (RE)) with peak treadmill velocity (PTV) as predictors of performance in a 16-km time trial.
Methods: Seventeen healthy, well-trained distance runners (10 males and 7 females) underwent laboratory testing to determine maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max), RE, percentage of maximal oxygen uptake at the LT (%V˙O2max at LT), running velocity at LT, and PTV. Velocity at V˙O2max (vV˙O2max) was calculated from RE and V˙O2max. Three stepwise regression models were used to determine the best predictors (classic vs treadmill performance protocols) for the 16-km running time trial.
Results: Simple Pearson correlations of the variables with 16-km performance showed vV˙O2max to have the highest correlation (r = −0.972) and %V˙O2max at the LT the lowest (r = 0.136). The correlation coefficients for LT, V˙O2max, and PTV were very similar in magnitude (r = −0.903 to r = −0.892). When V˙O2max, %V˙O2max at LT, RE, and PTV were entered into SPSS stepwise analysis, V˙O2max explained 81.3% of the total variance, and RE accounted for an additional 10.7%. vV˙O2max was shown to be the best predictor of the 16-km performance, accounting for 94.4% of the total variance. The measured velocity at V˙O2max (PTV) was highly correlated with the estimated velocity at vV˙O2max (r = 0.8867).
Conclusions: Among well-trained subjects heterogeneous in V˙O2max and running performance, vV˙O2max is the best predictor of running performance because it integrates both maximal aerobic power and the economy of running. The PTV is linked to the same physiological variables that determine vV˙O2max.
Elite distance runners maintain high speeds over long distances. The question "What allows them to run this fast?" has intrigued scientists over the years and has generated a considerable body of evidence describing the physiological factors related to distance running performance (3,4,8,10-13,15,19,24,30,31,33). The four physiological factors that have been linked to distance running performance include maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max), running economy (RE), fractional utilization of V˙O2max (%V˙O2max), and blood lactate accumulation (LT) during submaximal exercise (37).
Maximal oxygen uptake is one of the most common measurements made in exercise physiology because it sets the upper limit for ATP production via oxidative phosphorylation and, because of its dependence on maximal cardiac output, is frequently used as an indicator of cardiorespiratory fitness (5). V˙O2max varies dramatically in the population at large, from 20 mL·kg−1·min−1 for cardiac patients to more than 80 mL·kg−1·min−1 for elite endurance cyclists, runners, and cross-country skiers (31-33). In the 1920s, Hill (18), Hill and Lupton (19), and Hill et al. (20) established the link between running speed and oxygen consumption and the concept of an upper limit in oxygen consumption (V˙O2max). "In running the oxygen requirement increases continuously as the speed increases, attaining enormous values at the highest speeds; the actual oxygen intake, however, reaches a maximum beyond which no effort can drive it" (18). Hill et al. (20) also suggested that the maximal oxygen intake was limited by central rather than peripheral factors: "The oxygen intake fails to exceed this value, not because more oxygen is not required, but because the limiting capacity of the circulatory-respiratory system has been attained." However, it was not until almost 50 yr later that researchers began to study the link between V˙O2max and running performance in a systematic manner. In 1973, Costill et al. (10) reported a strong negative correlation (r = −0.91) between V˙O2max and the time to complete a 10-mile race in a group of runners who varied greatly in V˙O2max. These findings were consistent with Hill's views on the importance of V˙O2max in distance running performances, but as one might expect, as the differences in V˙O2max between runners become smaller and smaller, other factors must contribute to the differences in running performance.
Most distance races are not run at 100% of V˙O2max. If two runners have similar V˙O2max values, the one who can run at a higher percentage of his/her V˙O2max will outperform the other in a race (10). Therefore, the oxygen used in a race is a function of V˙O2max and the percentage of V˙O2max (%V˙O2max) that can be sustained for the duration of the run (9). The %V˙O2max that can be maintained in long-distance races has been shown to be closely linked to the lactate threshold (LT) (10,15), and this is a common test used to identify the %V˙O2max.
RE (how much oxygen is being used at a standard running speed) also impacts the speed that can be maintained in an endurance race. Other factors being equal, the more economical runner will have a higher speed at the same V˙O2, allowing that runner to reach the finish line first.
These three variables (V˙O2max, %V˙O2max [LT], and RE) have been used in the classic model of predicting distance running performance (5,22). Joyner (22) has used this simple physiological model to estimate human performance in the marathon.
This model, illustrated in Figure 1, shows that the performance V˙O2 (V˙O2 at LT) (11) is a product of the %V˙O2max at LT and the V˙O2max. It also shows that the velocity at V˙O2max is a product of the V˙O2max and the RE.
Noakes (28,29) and Noakes et al. (30) have questioned this approach to predicting distance running performance from these laboratory tests. They suggested that peak treadmill running velocity (PTV) is at least as good a predictor of running performance as the LT (30) and that muscle factors related to maximal power production, not the cardiovascular system, limit maximal running performance (28). Consistent with that, they proposed that the peak running speed that an athlete can achieve during a maximal treadmill test is the best predictor of performance in a marathon (28-30).
Clearly, there are some strong differences in opinion regarding the factors affecting distance running performance. First, the suggestion that muscle factors are related to maximal power generation being linked to endurance performance is at odds with a model in which oxidative energy production is central. Second, although the measurement of PTV may be a good predictor of distance running performance (21,30,34,35,37), it is a running test being used to predict a running performance, not a physiological model predicting performance. However, it is possible that PTV is directly related to oxidative processes, and this may help explain why the PTV predicts distance running performances.
Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to compare the classic laboratory tests (V˙O2max, %V˙O2max at LT, and RE) with the PTV test to see which is the best predictor of performance in a simulated 16-km time trial in a group of subjects who differ greatly in V˙O2max.
Seventeen healthy, well-trained male (n = 10) and female (n = 7) distance runners volunteered to participate in this study. Descriptive characteristics of the subjects are presented in Table 1. To reduce the risks to subjects, only those volunteers who met the American College of Sports Medicine's criteria for an "apparently healthy" adult were allowed to participate (1). In addition, all subjects were required to be running at least 20 miles·wk−1 for at least the last 6 months, have no contraindications to exercise, not taking any prescription drugs, not suffering from any metabolic disorder that could affect metabolic measurements (e.g., thyroid problem, diabetes, etc.), and be currently participating in interval workouts.
Each subject reported to the Applied Physiology Laboratory on five separate occasions, for 1-2 h per visit, with several days between tests. On the first visit, each subject reported in a rested condition at least 3 h postprandial after refraining from alcohol consumption and strenuous exercise for 24 h. Each subject filled out a medical history questionnaire and read and signed an informed consent form approved by the University of Tennessee's Institutional Review Board. Height was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm with a stadiometer, and weight was measured to the nearest 10 g on an electronic scale (Tanita Corp., Tokyo, Japan) associated with the Bod Pod® instrumentation. The scale was calibrated using a two-point calibration technique at 0 and 20 kg. Percentage of body fat was measured using whole-body plethysmography (Bod Pod®; Life Measurement Instruments, Concord, CA). Finally, each subject was taken through a familiarization process relative to the equipment and instrumentation to be used. This included an opportunity to run on the treadmill at a variety of speeds and be fitted with a nose clip and mouthpiece to be used as part of the data collection process.
On each of the four subsequent visits, subjects reported to the laboratory at least 3 h postprandial, with no formal exercise being performed 24 h before the visit. Each subject completed a maximal aerobic power test, an LT test, an RE test, and a peak treadmill velocity test in randomized order. Each subject also completed a 16-km time trial at the Tom Black track on the University of Tennessee campus.
The V˙O2max test was performed on a motorized treadmill (Quinton Q65; Quinton Instrument, Co., Bothell, WA) at a speed commensurate with the subject's current 10-km race pace. The subjects were allowed to warm up and were then fitted with a Vacumed mouthpiece connected to a Hans-Rudolph 2700 series large two-way valve (Kansas City, MO) and nose clip to allow oxygen uptake to be measured continuously with a ParvoMedics TrueMax 2400 metabolic cart (Consentius Technologies, Sandy, UT). The metabolic cart was calibrated before each test according to the specifications of the manufacturer; this system has been shown to be accurate for measuring oxygen uptake (6). The speed of the treadmill remained constant throughout the test, whereas the elevation was increased by 1%·min−1 until the subjects reached volitional exhaustion. The subjects were given verbal encouragement throughout the test. HR was measured continuously with a Polar heart monitor (Polar Electro, Inc., Kempele, Finland) interfaced with the metabolic cart. RPE using the 20-point Borg scale was recorded during the final 15 s of each stage. A fingertip blood sample (100 μL) for lactate determination was obtained immediately after exercise and was analyzed with an automated lactate analyzer (YSI-2300 STAT Plus), which was calibrated before each use according to the specifications of the manufacturer (Yellow Springs Instruments, Inc., Yellow Springs, OH). The highest V˙O2 value obtained by the subjects in this study at the end of the incremental exercise test was considered V˙O2max.
LT was determined using a discontinuous, horizontal treadmill (Q55XT; Quinton, Seattle, WA) running protocol. The initial treadmill velocity was set at 150 m·min−1 with an increase of 10 m·min−1 during each subsequent 3-min stage. Treadmill speed was verified during each stage with a SHIMPO DT 107 handheld digital tachometer (Nidec-Shimpo America Corp., Itasca, IL). The tachometer was calibrated to an accuracy of ±0.1 rpm by the manufacturer according to standards set by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The treadmill was stopped for 30 s at the end of each stage for blood sampling. Blood samples (100 μL) were taken at rest and at the end of each stage using the finger stick method and were placed in a collection tube with a lysing agent to prevent clotting and to stop cell metabolism. They were analyzed immediately after the conclusion of the test with an YSI-2300 STAT Plus automated lactate analyzer (Yellow Springs Instruments, Inc). HR was measured continuously with a Polar heart monitor, and both HR and RPE were recorded during the last 15 s of each stage. The test continued until the subjects reached an RPE of approximately 17 on the 20-point Borg scale (representing very hard work, but not all-out effort) or asked to stop.
An examination of the blood lactate-velocity relationship determined LT. The highest velocity attained that was not associated with an elevation in lactate concentration above baseline (resting) levels, as determined by two observers, was designated as the velocity associated with LT. A lactate elevation of at least 0.2 mM (the measurement error for the YSI-2300 STAT Plus) was required for LT determination. Velocities associated with fixed blood lactate concentrations of 2.0 and 3.0 mM were determined from the curvilinear rise in blood lactate observed from the velocity-blood lactate relationship (17,40,41).
Each subject completed an RE test to determine the oxygen cost of running at four different speeds. The subjects were allowed to warm up for 5-10 min before the start of the test. The test was performed on a treadmill starting with a speed 30 m·min−1 below the subject's current 10-km race pace and was increased by 15 m·min−1 for each of the four stages. Treadmill speed was verified as previously described. Each subject ran on the treadmill for 5 min at each stage, and oxygen uptake was measured continuously with the metabolic cart. The metabolic cart was calibrated before each test according to the specifications of the manufacturer. The last 2 min of each 5-min stage was used to determine the V˙O2 for that stage. HR was measured continuously using a Polar heart monitor.
The PTV test was performed on a treadmill starting with a speed 50 m·min−1 below the subject's current 10-km race pace. The subjects were allowed to warm up for 5-10 min before the start of the test. The elevation remained at 0% for the duration of the test, while the treadmill speed was increased by 1 km·h−1 each minute. Treadmill speed was verified during each stage as described previously. Subjects were encouraged to run for as long as possible, but the test ended immediately on the subject's request or on any sign that the subject was unable to continue safely. PTV was defined as the last velocity that was maintained for a full 60 s (30). HR was measured throughout with a Polar heart monitor.
In an attempt to simulate a race as closely as possible, the subjects were asked to report to the University of Tennessee's Tom Black track and to perform their typical prerace routine. The time trial consisted of 40 laps around the 400-m track and was started at 8 a.m. with all runners starting together. Invitations were also extended to runners not participating in the study to have a wider variety of speeds represented in an attempt to minimize large gaps between runners. Each subject had an "official scorer" who recorded the time to complete each lap (splits) on a data sheet, provided feedback to the runner, and kept track of the number of laps completed. An "aid station" was set up on the track with water, sports drinks, and carbohydrate replacement (GU®, Power Gel®, and energy bars), so the runners had ready access to whatever they were accustomed to in races of this distance.
Statistical analyses were conducted using the statistical software package SPSS version 17.0 (SPSS, Inc., Cary, NC). Tests for normality were carried out and indicated that the 16-km run time and all predictor variables were normally distributed. Linear regression analysis was used to determine which of the variables measured from the laboratory tests was the best predictor of the time to complete the 16-km run. Data were also analyzed with the stepwise model selection procedure. Stepwise model selection performs a forward inclusion and a backward elimination to determine the most important contributors to the dependent variable. The default inclusion and exclusion criteria, namely the probability of F to enter ≤0.050 and the probability of F to remove ≥0.100, were used in these analyses.
Table 2 presents the results from the maximal aerobic power tests. The mean V˙O2max values confirm that the subjects were well conditioned and that the range from 41.4 to 68.1 mL·kg−1·min−1 verifies that they were heterogeneous. The HRmax, RERmax, RPEmax, and LApeak values are consistent with values for having achieved V˙O2max.
Table 3 contains the data from the LT tests and lists the velocities achieved at the blood lactate inflection point (LT) and the velocities at fixed blood lactate values of 2 and 3 mM. The %V˙O2max at the LT was estimated by taking the velocity at LT linking the corresponding V˙O2 for that velocity from the RE curve (V˙O2 at LT) and dividing the V˙O2 at LT by the V˙O2max.
Table 4 contains the data for the performance-related variables. RE was compared at 82% V˙O2max because that was the mean percentage of V˙O2max sustained for the 16-km time trial.
The simple Pearson product-moment correlations of the variables with 16-km running performance are listed in Table 5. As shown, the velocity at V˙O2max had the highest correlation to performance, whereas the percentage of V˙O2max at the LT had the lowest. The blood lactate inflection point (LT), V˙O2max, and PTV were also highly correlated (r = −0.903 to r = −0.892) with the 16-km running time.
Linear regression analysis using the 16-km run time as the dependent variable and the variables in the classic model (V˙O2max, %V˙O2max at LT, and RE) as the independent variables produced a model summary with an R2 = 0.954. Thus, 95.4% of the variation in the 16-km run time was explained by these variables. Adding the PTV variable increased the R2 to 0.978. When all of these variables (V˙O2max, %V˙O2max at LT, RE, and PTV) were entered into the SPSS stepwise analysis, V˙O2max alone explained 90.2% of the total variance. The second entering variable was RE, which accounted for an additional 7.1% of the total variance. The total variance accounted for in this two-variable model was 97.3%. Additional variables did not increase the predictive power of the model.
As shown in Table 5, these variables (velocity at LT, V˙O2max, and PTV) each independently explained approximately 80% of the variance in the 16-km run time. The velocity at V˙O2max (vV˙O2max), which incorporates V˙O2max and RE, explained 94.4% of the variance in the 16-km performance.
This study shows that V˙O2max, RE, and PTV are all highly related to the 16-km running performance. Linear regression analysis found that the variables from the classic model (V˙O2max, %V˙O2max at LT, and RE) plus the PTV test explained 97.8% of the variation in the 16-km run time. From these variables (V˙O2max, %V˙O2max at LT, RE, and PTV), SPSS stepwise analysis identified V˙O2max as the best single predictor of performance, explaining 90.2% of the total variance in the 16-km run time. RE accounted for an additional 7.1%.
The relationship between V˙O2max and performance in this study is very similar to the findings of others who found a high inverse correlation between V˙O2max and performance times among runners who were heterogeneous in terms of V˙O2max (7,10,14,15,25,26,30). The correlation coefficient in this study is almost identical to that found by Costill et al. (10) (r = −0.91 vs r = −0.902), who also measured 10-mile run time. In addition, Farrell et al. (15) found a similar correlation coefficient, r = 0.89, between 15-km (9.3-mile) pace and V˙O2max in experienced male runners heterogeneous for V˙O2max and performance. Noakes et al. (30) reported a slightly lower correlation, r = −0.81, between V˙O2max and running performance in a slightly longer run of 21.1 km (∼12 miles) in a group of male marathon and ultramarathon specialists heterogeneous for V˙O2max. In line with that, Davies and Thompson (14) reported that the relationship between 5-km race time and V˙O2max was r = −0.85 in male ultramarathon runners somewhat heterogeneous in V˙O2max and that it grew weaker as the distance increased. In contrast, Stratton et al. (37) reported much lower correlations between V˙O2max and 5000-m run performance before (r = 0.55) and after (r = 0.51) 6 wk of endurance training in previously untrained subjects. In general, the relationship between V˙O2max and running performance was similar to other studies using well-trained runners, confirming its importance as a physiological variable linked to distance running performance.
The high correlation coefficient between RE and 16-km run time (r = 0.812) in the current study is similar to that found by Noakes et al. (30) (r = 0.76-0.90) but in contrast with other studies that used subjects heterogeneous for V˙O2max and performance (10,26). Costill et al. (10) found no relationship between RE and performance and concluded that the differences in V˙O2 at selected submaximal running speeds are "random and insignificant." Morgan et al. (26) also reported no significant relationship between RE and 10-km run time (r = 0.30, P > 0.05) in well-trained runners.
The identification of the LT as a good predictor of performance in this study was not surprising and is in agreement with several other investigations (16,30,36,39) that have been conducted since the landmark study of Farrell et al. in 1979 (15) linked the onset of plasma lactate accumulation to the race pace in long-distance races. Although V˙O2max sets the upper limit for aerobic performance, it cannot be sustained for more than 10-15 min. The LT incorporates the V˙O2max, the RE, and the fraction of V˙O2max that can be sustained in events lasting beyond 10-15 min to determine the running velocity in a competition (23). In their study, Farrell et al. (15) reported a strong relationship (r ≥ 0.91) between the treadmill velocity corresponding to onset of plasma lactate accumulation (defined as the velocity just before the exponential increase in plasma lactate) and performance at all distances (races of 3.2, 9.7, 15, and 19.3 km). Numerous other investigators (16,30,36,39) have reported that the accumulation of lactate was highly correlated with distance running performance.
The significant inverse correlation between PTV and 16-km run time found in this investigation (r = −0.892) is in agreement with others who have measured this variable, indicating that this treadmill-based performance measure is a good predictor of endurance performance (21,30,34,35). Noakes et al. (30) showed the closest agreement in their study of marathon and ultramarathon runners heterogeneous for V˙O2max and performance over a variety of distances. When they included all of the runners, they found correlations of −0.94, −0.93, and −0.91 for distances of 10, 21.1, and 42.2 km, respectively. In contrast, Scrimgeour et al. (35) reported a much lower correlation for PTV (r = 0.72) in marathon and ultramarathon runners homogeneous for V˙O2max but heterogeneous for performance over distances from 10 to 90 km.
The ability of highly trained distance runners to sustain a high percentage of their maximal aerobic power has been reported by several investigators (9,10,14,15,35). Costill et al. (10) reported that highly trained distance runners maintained 80%-91% of V˙O2max during a 10-mile race. In the study by Farrell et al. (15), intensities ranged from 79% to 98% of V˙O2max during 10,000-m races and from 68% to 88% of V˙O2max during marathons. Davies and Thompson's (14) subjects averaged 94% of their V˙O2max for a 5-km race and 82% of their V˙O2max over a standard 42-km marathon. Finally, and consistent with the other studies, Scrimgeour et al. (35) reported that their subjects sustained 85.8% of their V˙O2max in 10-km races and 80.7% of their V˙O2max for the 21.1-km distance. The values found in the current study (mean = 82.2% V˙O2max, range = 75.6%-87.5% V˙O2max) are very similar to those reported previously. However, it is not surprising that the correlation between the percentage of V˙O2max sustained for the 16-km time trial (82.2%) and 16-km run time was only r = −0.291 because the range of values for the %V˙O2max sustained for the 16-km time trial was so small (75.6%-87.5%).
If the percentage of V˙O2max that can be sustained in a run does not vary greatly in a group of runners, then the remaining two variables in the physiological prediction model (RE and V˙O2max) would have to explain most of the variation in performance. Such was the case for vV˙O2max, which incorporates both of these variables into its calculation. When the calculated velocity at V˙O2max (vV˙O2max) was examined against 16-km run performance, the R2 was 0.954.
The finding that vV˙O2max was the best predictor of performance in this study is similar to the findings of Morgan et al. (25,26) and Murray et al. (27). Performance variations among well-trained runners are reflected by individual differences in vV˙O2max, which is a composite variable accounting for both V˙O2max and RE. Attaining a high vV˙O2max can be accomplished by having either a high V˙O2max or a very economical running style. Pollock (31) reported a 16% difference in V˙O2max values for Frank Shorter and Steve Prefontaine (71.3 and 84.4 mL·kg−1·min−1, respectively), yet their best time for 3 miles was virtually identical (<0.2-s difference) (29) because Shorter had exceptional RE. Shorter's submaximal V˙O2 at 12 mph was only 57 mL·kg−1·min−1 compared with 65 mL·kg−1·min−1 for the mean value of elite American mid- to long-distance runners (31).
Given the relationship between vV˙O2max and distance running performance in this investigation, it should be no surprise that PTV is highly correlated with distance running performance. In essence, PTV is the measured velocity at V˙O2max (with a horizontal running protocol) because it is defined as the highest treadmill running velocity attained during the V˙O2max test, where Daniels' (12) is the estimated velocity at V˙O2max because it is the result of extrapolating the steady-state oxygen consumption values out to V˙O2max. With this relationship (measured vs calculated vV˙O2max), one would expect these two variables to be highly correlated with each other, and indeed, in this study, the correlation coefficient was r = 0.8867 (Fig. 2). In their article proposing the PTV as a predictor of endurance performance, Noakes et al. (30) stated:
The physiological determinants of peak treadmill running velocity are not known. If the absolute rate of oxygen consumption was the most important determinant of peak treadmill running velocity, then the V˙O2max would be an equivalent predictor of running performance. That it is not indicates that the absolute rate of oxygen consumption cannot be the principal determinant of the peak treadmill running velocity.
These data argue otherwise. The velocity achieved at the end of an all-out treadmill test seems to reflect both the V˙O2max and the RE. Because the PTV represents a velocity that is only maintained for 1 min as opposed to the 5-min submaximal measurements of RE used to calculate the vV˙O2max, it is also likely that there is a small anaerobic contribution to the PTV. Data from the current study support this view because the average PTV was 16 m·min−1 faster than the calculated vV˙O2max (293.2 vs 276.9 m·min−1, respectively). This suggests that the PTV is directly related to the vV˙O2max, a reflection of the oxidative demands of distance running. We would like to acknowledge the limitations that our small sample size may have on this research.
In summary, the classic model of endurance running performance closely predicts 16-km time trial performance. The classic model incorporates three physiological variables (V˙O2max, %V˙O2max at LT, and RE) to explain interindividual variation in distance running ability. In the present study, there was little variability in the %V˙O2max at LT, which left the other two variables (V˙O2max and RE, which can be combined to calculate vV˙O2max) to explain most of the variation in performance. PTV, which is the highest speed attained at the end of a graded exercise test with a horizontal running protocol, was also highly correlated with endurance running performance. In our view, this is because performance in both of these tests (PTV and 16-km time trial run) is linked, to a large extent, to the same physiological variables.
No funding was obtained for this investigation from the National Institutes of Health, the Wellcome Trust, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, or any other sources.
The results of the present study do not constitute endorsement by the American College of Sports Medicine.
©2010The American College of Sports Medicine
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We are looking to purchase our first solvent based inkjet printer. We currenly only screen-print and vinyl our products. We are looking for a good quality image. The majority of our jobs include vehicle graphics, banners and outdoor signage. Of course every manufacturer says they have the latest and greatest. Looking for outdoor durablity without the need for lamination. Also need to die cut the images behind the printer so we would need a good option for that as well. Thanks in advance for any input you may have!
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Liver disease can be a complication of inflammatory bowel diseases, such as ulcerative colitis (UC), linked to chronic inflammation of the digestive tract as well as the severity of IBD. In addition, some drugs used to treat IBD may also damage the liver. According to the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America, only about 5 percent of people with IBD develop a severe liver disease. However, it makes sense to be aware of the common symptoms of liver disease to watch for. They include fatigue or low energy, itchy skin, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes), pain or the feeling of fullness in the upper right part of the abdomen, fever, and chills. Here are the specific conditions that could develop.
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is the main form of liver disease associated with ulcerative colitis, according to hepatologist Donald Jensen, MD, professor of medicine and director of the Center for Liver Diseases at University of Chicago Medicine. PSC causes scarring of the bile ducts that drain bile from the liver to the intestine. About 3 percent of people with ulcerative colitis get PSC, but more than half of people with PSC develop some form of inflammatory bowel disease. "We don't know why they're connected, and there is no effective treatment for PSC," said Dr. Jensen.
Fatty Liver Disease
Fatty liver disease can be a common complication of IBD, but it is also related to many other conditions, including pregnancy, diabetes, and obesity. It occurs when fat builds up in the liver, either from a problem with fat metabolism in the liver or excess fat in the body. People with fatty liver rarely have liver-related symptoms. But there is a correlation between the severity of colitis and fatty liver changes in people with IBD.
RELATED: Fecal Transplant: An Ulcerative Colitis Treatment You Shouldn't Try at Home
Autoimmune Hepatitis
Autoimmune hepatitis is caused by chronic inflammation of the liver rather than an infection by a virus associated with other types of hepatitis, like A, B, or C. Jensen said autoimmune hepatitis is rare in IBD. But people with autoimmune hepatitis can often have a type of IBD that looks a lot like colitis. Autoimmune hepatitis can be treated with drugs to decrease inflammation.
Jensen said gallstones are common among older adults, so it's not unusual to see them in older people with inflammatory bowel disease. Gallstones form when bile from the gallbladder hardens into small, stone-like pieces. If one or more stones block the mouth of the gallbladder, you can experience severe pain. The blockage can lead to serious complications. "When gallstones pass from gallbadder to the bile ducts, it can be associated with inflammation or pancreatitis," said Jensen.
Inflammation of the pancreas, or pancreatitis, may be caused by gallstones blocking a bile duct shared by the gallbladder and the pancreas. However, it could be a side effect of drugs used to treat IBD, such as immunomodulators or mesalamine. Symptoms of pancreatitis include severe abdominal pain, vomiting, nausea, and fever. If your doctor determines that medications are the cause, simply stopping them – permanently – can resolve the inflammation. A surgical procedure to take out lodged stones can correct pancreatitis caused by gallstones.
When to Get Help
Low energy and fatigue are the most common early symptoms of liver-related complications of ulcerative colitis. If you experience these issues, contact your doctor for an evaluation. Blood tests can usually confirm liver disease, but additional testing using ultrasound, X-ray, or a liver biopsy may be necessary for a specific diagnosis. Treatment may include vitamin supplementation and modifying your diet to prevent nutrient deficiencies.