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In: Van Driesche, R., et al., 2002, Biological Control of Invasive Plants in the Eastern United States, USDA Forest Service Publication FHTET-2002-04, 413 p.
Pest Status of Weed
Spotted knapweed, Centaurea maculosa Lamarck, is a purple-flowered, herbaceous, perennial weed, living three to five years on average. It infests semiarid range lands in the western United States and roadsides and fields in the eastern part of the country. Infested areas are dominated by the plant, reducing their grazing value and suppressing native plant communities. The plant, originally from Central Asia, has been in North America for over 120 years.
Nature of Damage
Economic damage. Spotted knapweed is a serious problem on rangeland, especially in the western United States. Bucher (1984) estimated that an 800,000 ha infestation in Montana was causing $4.5 million in annual forage losses, and that invasion of 13.6 million ha of vulnerable rangeland in Montana would cost cattle and sheep ranchers $155.7 million of gross revenue annually. Hirsh and Leitch (1996) reported that an 800,000 ha infestation of spotted knapweed, in combination with two knapweeds of minor importance in Montana (diffuse knapweed, Centaurea diffusa Lamarck, and Russian knapweed, Acroptilon repens [L] de Candolle) was causing $14 million in direct negative impacts and $28 million in indirect effects (i.e., reduced regional economy) to the state of Montana. Harris and Cranston (1979) reported that the 30,000 ha infestation in Canada was reducing forage production more than 88%. In the northeastern and northcentral United States, the plant is primarily a problem of roadsides, fields, and waste areas (Hoebeke, 1993); economic impact of the plant in those regions has not been reported.
Ecological damage. Spotted knapweed reduces livestock and wildlife forage (Thompson, 1996; Watson and Renney, 1974), increases surface water runoff and soil sedimentation (Lacey et al., 1989), and lowers plant diversity (Tyser and Key, 1988). Spotted knapweed produces an allelopathic compound that reduces germination of some grass species (Kelsey and Locken, 1987).
Geographical Distribution
Spotted knapweed is native to Europe and western Asia but has become widespread in parts of the United States and Canada. The plant occurs throughout the United States except for Alaska, Texas, Oklahoma, Mississippi, and Georgia (USDA, NRCS, 2001). The plant is a serious invader of rangeland in the Rocky Mountain region. In Montana alone, the plant infests an estimated 1.9 million ha of rangeland and pasture (Lacey, 1989). In Canada, the plant is abundant in British Columbia, and is common in Ontario, Quebec, and the Maritimes (Watson and Renney, 1974).
Background Information On The Pest Plant
The taxonomy of C. maculosa has been detailed by Dostal (1976) and reviewed by Müller et al. (1988) and Müller (1989). Centaurea maculosa is comprised of several subspecies occurring from western Asia to western Europe. The C. maculosa occurring in North America is a short-lived perennial tetraploid (2n=36) that is considered the same as C. biebersteinii de Candolle subsp. biebersteinii (=C. micranthos Gmelin ex. Hayek), a native of western Asia. However, the most widely distributed C. maculosa in Europe is the biennial diploid (2n=18) C. maculosa spp. rhenana (Boreau) Gugler (Dostal, 1976; Müller et al., 1988; Müller, 1989).
early spring, depending upon moisture availability. Seedlings develop into rosettes; plants that have overwintered as rosettes usually produce floral stems the following summer. Stem elongation occurs in June followed by flowering in July and seed dispersal in August.
Spotted knapweed is adapted to a range of habitats and soil types, but is especially well suited to relatively dry sites (Watson and Renney, 1974). In Europe, the plant is most aggressive in the forest steppe but can form dense stands in more moist areas on well-drained soils including gravel, and in drier sites where summer precipitation is supplemented by runoff (Sheley et al., 1998).
Analysis of Related Native Plants in the Eastern United States
The North American plants most closely related to spotted knapweed include safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) and possibly the two "knapweeds," Centaurea americana and Centaurea rothrockii. Recent evaluations, however, suggest the latter two plants should be treated as Plectocephalus americanus (Nutt.) (Müller-Schärer and Schroeder, 1993). The next closest relatives of spotted knapweed are members of the tribe Cardueae, mainly Carduinae (Cirsium and Cynara [e.g., artichoke]). There are numerous Cirsium species native to North America.
History of Biological Control Efforts in the Eastern United States
Area of Origin of Weed
The native range of the spotted knapweed (tetraploid) occurring in North America is eastern Europe and western Asia (Müller et al., 1989).
Areas Surveyed for Natural Enemies
Surveys were conducted throughout Europe and western Asia for natural enemies.
Natural Enemies Found
Schroeder (1985) listed 38 arthropod species that were known to be associated with spotted knapweed in Eurasia. Of these, 12 species were screened and released in North America against the plant (Table 1).
Table 1. Insects Released in the United States for Biological Control of Spotted Knapweed
Host Range Tests and Results
The number of plants included in the test plant list for each of the 12 insect species varied, but averaged around 45 test plant species per insect. Most of the plant species used were from the family Asteraceae, but representative species from one or more other families also were often tested. Particular emphasis was placed on plants in the Asteraceae tribe Cardueae which includes the genus Centaurea. The test plant list for Larinus minutus is presented in Table 2 (Jordan, 1995) because it is fairly representative of the plants tested on all 12 insect species. The only plants of economic importance in North America included in the tests were Carthamus tinctorius L. (safflower), Helianthus annuus L., (common sunflower), and Cynara scolymus L. (globe artichoke). None of the insects oviposited or fed on any of these three plants except for Cyphocleonus achates adults which fed slightly on artichoke. The feeding by C. achates was not of concern, however, because no eggs were laid on the plant. In general, attack by all of the insects was restricted to the genus Centaurea, and usually to the subgenus Acrolophus. There has been no report of attack on non-target species by any of the insects since release, although specific surveys have apparently not been conducted.
Table 2. Test plant list used for Larinus minutus
Releases Made
Of the 12 biological control agent species released against spotted knapweed in the United States, 10 species have been released against spotted knapweed in the eastern United States and five (Table 1) have become established (Hoebeke, 1993; Wheeler, 1995; Mays and Kok, 1996; Wheeler and Stoops, 1996; Lang et al., 1997; Lang, pers. comm.). The root moth, Pelochrista medullana (Staudinger) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and the root moth, Pterolonche inspersa Staudinger (Lepidoptera: Pterolonchidae) were not released in the eastern United States due to insufficient numbers.
Larval feeding causes the formation of hard, woody galls in the receptacle tissue. The galls divert plant nutrients, resulting in reduced seed production in both attacked and unattacked seed heads on a plant. Urophora affinis is currently reducing seed production of spotted knapweed in the Pacific Northwest close to the threshold needed to achieve economic control (Harris and Shorthouse, 1996).
Fly larvae overwinter within galls (one larva per gall) and pupate in May, followed by adult emergence in late June and July. Urophora affinis is generally univoltine although a small percentage (approximately 7%) emerge in August and complete a second generation (Zwölfer, 1970; Gillespie, 1983; Story et al., 1992).
Urophora quadrifasciata (Meigen) (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Columbia in 1972 (Harris, 1980), but not into the United States. However, by the early 1980s, the fly had dispersed into the Pacific Northwest states. Urophora quadrifasciata is now more widely distributed than U. affinis. Urophora quadrifasciata is common in many areas of the northeast and is very abundant in some areas of upstate New York (Blossey, unpub.data). However, U. quadrifasciata numbers remain low in areas where the two Urophora spp. coexist.
Metzneria paucipunctella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
emergence in June and early July. Young larvae feed on developing seeds while older larvae feed on mature seeds and mine the receptacle. Older larvae bind several seeds together with silk webbing, which prevents dispersal of those seeds at maturity. Due to strong intraspecific competition, only one larva survives per seed head (Englert, 1971). Each larva destroys an average of eight seeds per seed head (Story et al., 1991a). Larvae also will attack and destroy other seed head insects, including larvae of the two established seed head flies, Urophora spp. (Story et al., 1991a). Metzneria paucipunctella frequently suffers high overwintering mortality.
begin laying eggs the following evening. Adults live for nine to 11 days and each female lays an average of 75 eggs (up to 290), mostly within a four-day period. Larvae hatch in seven to 10 days and begin mining in the epidermal tissues of the root crown. Older larvae mine in the cortex and endodermis tissues and several larvae may develop in the same root. Agapeta zoegana has one generation per year. Studies in Montana indicate the moth is reducing the biomass of knapweed at some sites (Story et al., 2000). Analyses by Clark et al. (2001a) suggest that probability of A. zoegana establishment at release sites is affected by soil type and the shape (patchy, continuous or linear) of the weed infestation.
Cyphocleonus achates (Fahraeus) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Studies by Clark et al. (2001a) suggest that probability of C. achates establishment at release sites is affected by elevation, the shape (patchy, continuous or linear) of the weed infestation, and the number of years in which releases are made.
Larinus minutus Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
into the flower head, where they eat seeds and pappus hairs. Larval development is completed in about 28 days followed by a short pupation period (one to two weeks; Jordan, 1995). Adult L. minutus emerge from the seed head in late September and October and feed on knapweed leaves for a short period before entering the soil to overwinter.
Larinus minutus has developed large populations on diffuse knapweed in Washington, Montana, and Oregon, but population increase on spotted knapweed has been slow.
Larinus obtusus Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Larinus obtusus is a small (5 mm) univoltine weevil that attacks the flower heads of spotted knapweed (Groppe, 1992). The weevil is slightly larger than L. minutus. Collected in Romania and Serbia, L. obtusus was introduced into the United States in Montana in 1992 (Story, unpub. data). The insect is established in moderate numbers in Montana.
Adult weevils become active in May and June and eggs are deposited into freshly opened flower heads in July. Larvae hatch in about four days and immediately feed downward into the flower head, where they eat seeds and pappus hairs. Larval development is completed in about 17 days followed by a nine-day pupation period. Adults of the new generation emerge from the seed head in late summer, approximately 30 days after egg deposition. Adults feed on knapweed leaves for a short period before entering the soil to overwinter.
Bangasternus fausti Reitter (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Bangasternus fausti is a small (4.5 mm) univoltine weevil that attacks the flower heads of spotted knapweed (Sobhian et al., 1992). The weevil, collected in Greece, was introduced into the United States in 1990 (Rees et al., 1995).
Adults become active in May and June and eggs are deposited (usually singly) on the stems or bracts of flower heads that are 3.0 to 3.5 mm in diameter. Females cover eggs with a black, hard material. Eggs hatch in eight to 12 days and larvae tunnel through the stem until they enter the flower head. Larvae from eggs laid on the flower head tunnel directly into the flower head. Once in the flower heads, larvae consume florets and ovules. Adults of the new generation emerge from the seed head in late summer and later enter the soil to overwinter. The period from egg to adult is about 32 days.
Chaetorellia acrolophi White and Marquardt (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Pupation occurs in May, followed by adult emergence in June and early July. Eggs are deposited into unopened flower heads from June to July. Larvae hatch in about four days and immediately travel to the center of the flower head, where they burrow into florets. Older fly larvae attack several young seeds, additional florets, and parts of the seed head receptacle. The fly has two generations per year. Larvae and pupae of the first generation of C. acrolophi are white, while second generation larvae and pupae are yellow (Groppe and Marquardt, 1989a).
occurs in May, followed by adult emergence in June and early July. Eggs are deposited into flower heads that are beginning to open. Larvae hatch in about four days and immediately burrow into young seeds (one larva per seed). Older larvae attack several young seeds and occasionally feed on the seed head receptacle. Terellia virens often has two generations, depending upon fall weather (Groppe and Marquardt, 1989b).
Evaluation of Project Outcomes
Establishment and Spread of Agents
Of the natural enemy species released against spotted knapweed in the eastern United States and Canada, the following have been established: Urophora affinis (Virginia, New York, Pennsylvania, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Quebec); Urophora quadrifasciata (Connecticut, Indiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Quebec); Metzneria paucipunctella (Virginia); Agapeta zoegana (Minnesota); and Larinus minutus (Indiana, Minnesota) (Hoebeke, 1993; Wheeler, 1995; Wheeler and Stoops, 1996; Mays and Kok, 1996; Lang et al., 1997; Lang, pers. comm.) (Table 1). Except for the two Urophora species, particularly U. quadrifasciata, dispersal of the knapweed agents has been modest. An assessment of the Urophora spp. spread was conducted in Montana (Story et al., 1987).
Suppression of Target Weed
Effects of imported natural enemies on spotted knapweed densities in the eastern United States have not been examined. However, impact information has been collected at sites in the western United States. Studies in Montana indicate that the two Urophora spp. are reducing spotted knapweed seed production by a minimum of 40% (Story et al., 1989), seed reduction by the Urophora spp. is further increased when M. paucipunctella is present (Story et al., 1991a), and A. zoegana is significantly reducing the biomass of spotted knapweed at some sites (Story et al., 2000). Spotted knapweed density is significantly reduced at two sites in western Montana where C. achates is well established (Story, unpub. data). Clark et al. (2001b) reported that spotted knapweed stem density, at 13 sites in Montana and adjacent states where U. affinis and one or both root feeding species of natural enemies (A. zoegana, C. achates) were established, declined from about 15 plants per m2 in 1991 to1993 to seven plants in 1997 to 1998.
Effects on Native Plants
Neither the impact of these released agents on native, non-target plants, nor the recovery of native plant communities as weed densities decline have been examined.
Economic Benefits
The economic benefits of biological control have not been realized yet, even in the west where some agents have been established for more than 15 years. However, given the reductions in knapweed density recently observed at localized infestations in Montana, economic benefits should be measurable in many states in the near future.
Recommendations for Future Work
Because of the large infestations of spotted knapweed in the west and the wide distribution in the north central and eastern United States, extensive redistribution of established biological control agents is required throughout much of the country. For preventative purposes, releases of the agents should be made in all states having only small populations of the weed.
The potential of most of the agents has not yet been realized in the west due to the large size of the infestations and the agents' modest rate of population increase. The control agents currently established in the United States are probably capable of reducing spotted knapweed densities in most locations.
There will undoubtedly be locations where the biological control agents are not effective. For example, early observations suggest the current complex of biological control agents in North America may not be effective on knapweed growing at higher elevations (>1,800 m). There are several niches on the plant (e.g., meristem, root collar, stems) that are not being exploited by the current agents in North America. If the need for further agents is deemed necessary, exploration for agents should be concentrated in Asia on tetraploid plants, with some emphasis on those agents attacking the currently unoccupied niches and those occurring at higher elevations.
Evaluation of the agents' impact is a priority goal now that some agent populations are reaching high levels at some locations in the west. Evaluation efforts may soon be possible at the smaller infestations in the east, especially in the northcentral states where the root insects, A. zoegana and C. achates, have been introduced.
Boggs, K. W. and J. M. Story. 1987. The population age structure
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Bucher, R. F. 1984. Potential spread and cost of spotted
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and J. P. Buonaccorsi. 2001a. Effects of
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Davis, E. S., P. K. Fay, T. K. Chicoine, and C. A. Lacey. 1993.
Persistence of spotted knapweed
Dostal, J. 1976. Centaurea L., pp. 254-301. In Anon.
Flora Europaea, Vol. 4. Cambridge University
Englert, W. 1971. Metzneria paucipunctella Zel.
(Gelechiidae, Lepidoptera): a potential insect for the
Gillespie, R. L. 1983. Bionomics of Urophora affinis
Frauenfeld, and U. quadrifasciata Meigen (Diptera:
Groppe, K. 1992. Larinus obtusus Gyll. (Col:
Curculionidae), a Candidate for Biological Control of
Groppe, K. and K. Marquardt. 1989a. Chaetorellia acrolophi
White and Marquardt (Diptera: Tephritidae),
Groppe, K. and K. Marquardt. 1989b. Terellia virens
(Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae), a Suitable Candidate
Harris, P. 1980. Establishment of Urophora affinis Frfld.
and U. quadrifasciata (Meig.) (Diptera:
Harris, P. and R. Cranston. 1979. An economic evaluation of
control methods for diffuse and spotted
Harris, P. and J. D. Shorthouse. 1996. Effectiveness of gall
inducers in weed biological control. The
Harris, P. and J. H. Myers. 1984. Centaurea diffusa Lam.
and C. maculosa Lam. s. lat., diffuse and
Hirsch, S. A. and J. A. Leitch. 1996. The impact of knapweed on
Montana's economy. Agricultural
Hoebeke, E. R. 1993. Establishment of Urophora quadrifasciata
(Diptera: Tephritidae) and Chrysolina
Jordan, K. 1995. Host specificity of Larinus minutus
Gyll. (Col., Curculionidae), and agent introduced for
Kelsey, R. G. and L. J. Locken. 1987. Phytotoxic properties of
cnicin, a sesqiterpene lactone from
Lacey, C. 1989. Knapweed management - a decade of change, pp.
1-6. In Anon. Proceedings of the
Lacey, J. R., C. B. Marlow, and J. R. Lane. 1989. Influence of
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Lang, R. R., R. D. Richard, and R. W. Hansen. 1997. Urophora
affinis and U. quadrifasciata (Diptera:
Lang, R. F., J. M. Story, and G. L. Piper. 1996. Establishment
of Larinus minutus Gyllenhal
Maddox, D. M. 1982. Biological control of diffuse knapweed
Mays, W. T. and L.-T. Kok. 1996. Establishment and dispersal of
Urophora affinis (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Müller, H. 1989. Growth pattern of diploid and tetraploid
spotted knapweed, Centaurea maculosa Lam.
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control of Centaurea spp. in North America:
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zoegana (L.) (Lepidoptera: Cochylidae), a
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1989. The entomofaunas of roots of
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Turner, N. R. Spencer, and L. V.
Schroeder, D. 1985. The search for effective biological control
agents in Europe. Diffuse and spotted
Sheley, R. L., J. S. Jacobs, and M. E. Carpinelli. 1998.
Distribution, biology, and management of diffuse
Sobhian, R., G. Campobasso, and P. H. Dunn. 1992. A contribution
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Stinson, C. S. A., D. Schroeder, and K. Marquardt. 1994.
Investigations on Cyphocleonus achates
Story, J. M., R. M. Nowierski, and K. W. Boggs. 1987.
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Nowierski. 1991a. Metzneria
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Effects of the interaction of the biocontrol
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Tyser, R. W. and C. H. Key. 1988. Spotted knapweed in natural
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Urophora affinis Frfld. (Dipt.: Trypetidae).
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Breakfast links: Living for the city
That food that they're consuming should be reported as taxable income as well.
Approximate cost of lunch to feed board members: $13K
Sensationalized journalism over item that costs less than 0.001% of budget: priceless
I think you may be confused about the Silver Line. It's being constructed and managed by the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority, not Metro (WMATA).
by Matt Johnson on Oct 3, 2011 10:29 am • link • report
In general, to avoid impacts to wildlife on NPS property, lighting in or around natural areas would be avoided or minimized and directed downward.
The MBT's biggest problem is a lack of safety. While minimizing light pollution is a worthy goal, safety should take priority if those goals end up in conflict.
Simply put, they should not have been put in charge of the Silver Line project. I'm not sure that WMATA were in a better position to manage things several years ago, but MWAA sure as hell get my vote of no confidence.
Right now, I'd be arguing for Phase 2 of the project to be turned over to WMATA (which, admittedly, could mean that it won't get built, given that the airport connection is a lot less important to WMATA than it is to MWAA).
Why exactly do those meetings need to be lunch meetings? Embarrassing.
"Should there be a lunch and can we be efficient about it? We work hard to do that," Chairwoman Cathy Hudgins said. "We end up staying well past the lunch hour."
I am sure WMATA employees putting in overtime would love to eat on the job for free. The arrogance.
@Pelham:It tells us the incredible hubris of these unelected and seemingly unaccountable Boards should be disbanded in the long haul. ... People seem to think taxpayers will pony up forever for the mistakes of government but they won't.
The power was given to the MWAA by your duly elected representatives. Complain to them. They made that decision.
Also, a good chunk of the Silver Line is paid for by tolls, i.e. not tax payers.
In conclusion: Rants are fine. But please be informed on the subject. It looks stupid when you're ranting about stuff that's not happening.
Just remember this when you want to extend Metro to Belvoir or Woodbridge or whatever. Unfortunately the same engineering maturity that has allowed us to complete the Mixing Bowl and Wison Bridge projects on time and on budget is not transferring to rail.
Meetings of Boards such as this should not be confused with nine-to-five jobs. They meet a couple times a month, and have an agenda. It requires them to work an entire day - including working through lunch. It is NOT a lunch meeting, folks!
And IRS rules are absolutely clear about providing food for people who must work through lunch - or must work overtime due to usual work demands. It's not taxable income.
Stop whining about this. Your myopia is showing.
Sorry for the typiing error. But there is such a thing as a tax-free lunch or dinner, if you have to work overtime or stay late for unusual reasons and your boss provides a meal, especially if it enables you to keep working without taking a meal break. At my former employer, it kicked in after 10 hours, and I enjoyed hundreds of tax-free meals (and meal allowances) over my years there.
If you read the article, design changes demanded by Metro are responsible for some of the cost increases. You can't blame it all on MWAA. In the airport authority's defense, they do have a lot of experience managing large projects.
Silver Line: did those who are ranting about MWAA, claims of hidden overruns, etc actually read the Post story? Phase 1 has burned through about 70% of the reserve fund so far. While one would prefer that they didn't have to do so, that is what reserve funds are for. Budgets for projects this big are always educated estimates. The local government officials appear to be apprised of the project costs. What were the reserve funds used for?
-$44.5 million more for utility relocation. A common problem for big projects that have to dig up or move utility lines; when they start digging and moving the utilities, often find a lot of stuff that were not on the maps and diagrams. The Second Ave Subway project in NYC ran into this big time as I recall.
-$49 million for Metro requested redesigns: $28 million for 2 additional power substations so a failure of 1 substation won't cause trains to shut down. Don't want to have a single point of failure bring the system down if it can be avoided. $7.5 million for a warning light system to alert operators when workers are on the track. Pricey, but sounds like this was added to the design after the rash of fatal accidents for workers on the tracks. $3.3 million more for concrete ties.
All very reasonable. Don't appear to be serious cost overruns for the heavy construction parts of the project. That is where real cost overruns can happen. I wish the Phase 1 of the Silver Line would open sooner, but December 2013 it is.
Just FYI, the original window is the period of delivery for the first order (which includes more than just 64 cars). The first cars were to arrive on site in early-2013, and the last of the Silver Line cars (128) were in January 2015. Since only 64 cars are needed for full service (all 8-car trains + spares) on the first phase, there would be an extra 64 cars for fleet expansion initially.
The "window" does not mean "we'll get you the first cars sometime between 2013 and 2015." It means, you'll be getting a few cars at a time during that period.
The delays are unfortunate, though. I hope it does not cause the line to get delayed in opening.
by Matt Johnson on Oct 3, 2011 12:53 pm • link • report
Thanks for that, but if the original window was early 2013 though January 2015, then that seems to be the same as the new "delayed" delivery schedule, right? Or is just that the original order will be complete by 2015 and that second order of cars will be delayed until whoknowswhen?
So do you think Tony Williams' time as CFO had nothing to do with DC's improvement? I think you give him too little credit.
The WMATA board members are not obligated to work during their lunch break. If taxpayers have to give them a $20 lunch and in return we get an extra hour of work from them, that's not a bad deal. The board member's time is worth significantly more than $20/hour.
Re: Silver Line
Bulova of the Fairfax BoS gave a fairly reasonable story that although they are 70% through contingency funds when the project is only 50% complete, a disproportionate amount of activity that could require contingency funding has been completed (e.g., utility relocation). If that's the case, they're basically on-budget, on-schedule which is pretty amazing for a project of this size and scale. Let's wait to hyperventilate.
The british approach is actually pretty sensible: Sure they're willing to look at the speeds on their super highways, but they've begun imposing a 20mph maximum speed limit in dense residential areas, Also, lots and lots of automated speed enforcement.
I don't know. I checked some old documents, and delivery has always been scheduled for early 2013-end of 2014. I'm not sure what the Examiner means, since on the face of it, the dates appear the same.
by Matt Johnson on Oct 3, 2011 2:17 pm • link • report
If anything, the new goverment is stopping cenral funding of speed cameras. In the past, local councils could put up speed cameras and collect the revenue. This is important, becasue local councils in the UK are exteremly underfunded and rely on central goverment grants. In addition, new revenue for speed cameras goes into the central treasury.
The reduction in funds has no small part to do with the fact that they're enormously unpopular (and Jeremy Clarkson). On the other hand, they don't seem to be designed as cash cows like they are in the US. British speed cameras are painted yellow, and *directly* marked with huge signs. The only way I can think of to make them more effective would be to pair them with a "Your Speed Is ___" display so that motorists *know* for sure when they're breaking the law and are about to receive a ticket.
(That said, I was never particularly impressed by British highway engineering. I'm surprised to see them squeezing more speed out of their narrow, windy roads)
The crime stats are interesting but not surprising. At a minimum, I hope people start to revisit @least that part of the fenty talking points..which were valid but not really as a result of
Colbert - what a line: "...that theres still some part of the word vet that Gray doesnt get."
More about the plant here.
Add a Comment
- Where is Falls Church, exactly?
- Are public spaces really public when not everybody can use them?
- Cell service in tunnels, junking old rail cars, getting finances in order. Here's what's in Metro's Back2Good plan.
- If racial inequities didn't exist, DC would look like this...
- National links: There are downsides to letting the Rust Belt shrink
- The DC reps on the WMATA board might veto late-night closures
- WMATA recommended express bus service along 14th Street NW four years ago. Is it time to make it happen?


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text:
[Numeracy 364] Re: Missing Concepts
Andrew Isom isom at centerforliteracy.org
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Wed May 12 09:59:50 EDT 2010
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This is what I have been struggling with, and what motivated my request for a diagnostic that I posted a few weeks ago. I was trying to find something akin to what my colleague uses in literacy, where it breaks the skills down to the smallest constituent elements. I don't know of anything like this in numeracy. The most basic diagnostics that I know of just test basic computation.
I did, though, recently come across this site http://makingmathreal.org/
One of the "articles" (really, in actuality, a sales pitch,) states:
"One of the principle sensory-cognitive developments necessary for being automatic with the math facts is symbol imaging, the visuo-perceptual ability to perceive, hold, store, and retrieve sequences of numbers and/or mathematical symbols. Sensory-cognitive tools, such as symbol imaging, enable us to express what we know they provide a direct conduit in both directions connecting processing to intelligence. Sensory-cognitive development for math refers to the specific ability of using the visual, auditory, and kinesthetic-motoric senses to engage and support the successful central processing of numerical and/or mathematical symbols. Students with under-developed sensory-cognitive abilities often have limited access to memory and are characteristically challenged by learning, retaining, and applying the math facts, recalling formulas and definitions, remembering the sequences and structure of multi-step problem solving, integrating concepts with their respective procedures, and managing all the details in their procedural work."
I'm inclined to believe this, because I feel that the root of the disjuncture in a student's understanding lies very deep. In the many years that I have been teaching math, I have repeatedly butted my head up against the tip of this cognitive iceberg. I explain the steps involved in whatever the problem requires in various ways, I use visual and kinesthetic activities, I make games involving the skill required so students can practice the skill, and yet I still get blank stares when they're confronted with the same type of problem that I had just felt they had acquired a few days prior. So, perhaps the "symbol imaging" is something that I'm wont to believe in just because I don't have any other answers. I'm also inclined toward cognitive explanations, but it's hard to crack the "black box" of the brain.
So my question is, is there a way to probe where the process breaks down at the most elementary level? So the "equal distance" concept could very well be a part of it. Is "symbol imaging" prior to that? It would seem so, right? What about viso-spatial perception? If this complex of skills is underdeveloped, then students cannot encode the information in the first place. Then there's the process of categorizing that information in order for it to be accessible. Just as chess experts can glance at a configuration of pieces on a board and have it memorized without little to no conscious effort because there's a whole cognitive system of concepts that are inter-related that can hold this information. I feel that a good analogy is that of a clean/organized room versus a messy/disorganized room. It seems that for some learners, when we hand them some piece of information or a skill, they toss it in the room on top of a heaping pile of undifferentiated stuff. So when they go back in to access it in the future, it has by then blended into the undiscernable heap.
Can we access this level, and even if we can, is there a way to improve these processes? Or is there something akin to Wernicke's and Broca's area of the cerebral cortex which has a "critical period" after which its development slows immensely? Just as people can't learn a language near as easily after age 8 or so.
Sorry to go on and on, but if anyone has hung on this far, has anyone out there used anything to diagnose learners other than a test with standard math problems on it, i.e., basic computation, words problems, etc.?
Andrew J. Isom
Math Specialist
Center For Literacy
North Philadelphia Community High School
isom at centerforliteracy.org
(215)744-6000 ext. 210
Message: 2
Date: Mon, 10 May 2010 10:56:40 -0500
From: awayman1 at kirksville.k12.mo.us
Subject: [Numeracy 358] Re: Missing concepts
To: numeracy at nifl.gov
Message-ID: <380-220105110155640552 at kirksville.k12.mo.us>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1
This idea that lack of math understanding comes from missing concepts
makes sense to me. If these are concepts "math people" have, and
even textbook writers assume that all adults have them, how can we
know what we need to teach for increased understanding? My questions
therefore are:
1. Where can I find an ordered list of the necessary math concepts
an adult needs to have to understand math?
2. Is there a test already developed to check for these necessary
In other words, how do we identify the problem so we can begin to
"fix" it?
Thank you for any help you can give.
---- Original Message ----
From: steinkedb at q.com
To: chip.burkitt at orderingchaos.com, numeracy at nifl.gov
Subject: [Numeracy 356] Re: Guest Presenters
Date: Sat, 8 May 2010 09:19:24 -0600
Thank you, Chip, for asking about "understanding" math.
If you want to know about understanding math you have to look at how
people think about number relationships. That means going back to -
does number sense develop in childhood? Why do some people "get it"
some don't? (More on that shortly.)
As adults, these people may understand part/whole relationships in
areas of life but may not apply them in math. These are the people we
see in our classes. They don't like math because it has never made
any sense
to them.
Can you teach adults those missing concepts [the ones textbooks
assume all
adults have]? Of course. However, first you have to identify which
concepts the adults are missing.
I am finishing up a student learning research project on the campus
where I
teach looking for the first of those concepts, which is the sense
that each
counting number is exactly the same-sized "1" more than the number
it. I call that concept the "equal distance" concept. It appears that
10% of the adults in the first two levels of our developmental math
[class 1: whole numbers, fractions and decimals; class 2:
pre-algebra] may
lack that "equal distance" concept. This is in a group of over 300
adult students.
As teachers we try to identify the concepts students are missing. Are
looking deep enough? Once we know what is missing, then it can be
Then people can develop "understanding" of number relationships.
Dorothea Steinke
Adjunct faculty, Front Range Community College, Westminster, CO
GED math/developmental math
Annell Wayman, Director
Kirksville Program
Adult Education and Literacy
1103 S. Cottage Grove
Kirksville, MO 63501
(660) 665-2865-phone
(660) 626-1477-fax
awayman1 at kirksville.k12.mo.us
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The Sullivan County Legislature changed the name of the proposed committee from a Police Commission to a Law Enforcement Review Panel, but the name change did not sway those who were opposed to it.
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Home List of Titles The GALEX Arecibo SDSS survey III: evidence for the inside-out formation of Galactic discs
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.3/229496
- Title
- The GALEX Arecibo SDSS survey III: evidence for the inside-out formation of Galactic discs
- Author(s)
- Wang, Jing; Kauffmann, Guinevere; Overzier, Roderik; Catinella, Barbara; Schiminovich, David; Heckman, Timothy M.; Moran, Sean M.; Haynes, Martha P.; Giovanelli, Riccardo; Kong, Xu
- Abstract
- We analyze a sample of galaxies with stellar masses greater than $10^{10} M_{\odot}$ and with redshifts in the range $0.025<z<0.05$ for which HI mass measurements are available from the GALEX Arecibo SDSS Survey (GASS) or from the Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA survey (ALFALFA). At a given value of $M_*$, our sample consists primarily of galaxies that are more HI-rich than average. We constructed a series of three control samples for comparison with these HI-rich galaxies. As expected, HI-rich galaxies differ strongly from galaxies of same stellar mass that are selected without regard to HI content. The majority of these differences are attributable to the fact that galaxies with more gas are bluer and more actively star-forming. In order to identify those galaxy properties that are causally connected with HI content, we compare results derived for the HI sample with those derived for galaxies matched in stellar mass, size and NUV-$r$ colour. The only photometric property that is clearly attributable to increasing HI content, is the colour gradient of the galaxy. Galaxies with larger HI fractions have bluer, more actively star-forming outer disks compared to the inner part of the galaxy. HI-rich galaxies also have larger $g$-band radii compared to $i$-band radii. Our results are consistent with the 'inside-out' picture of disk galaxy formation, which has commonly served as a basis for semi-analytic models of the formation of disks in the context of Cold Dark Matter cosmologies. The lack of any intrinsic connection between HI fraction and galaxy asymmetry suggests that gas is accreted smoothly onto the outer disk.
- Publication type
- Journal article
- Source
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 412, no. 2 (Apr 2011), pp. 1081-1097
- Publication year
- 2011
- FOR Code(s)
- 0201 Astronomical and Space Sciences
- Keyword(s)
- Galaxy evolution; Galaxies; GALEX Arecibo SDSS Survey; GASS; Ultraviolet
- Publisher
- Wiley-Blackwell
- 0035-8711
- Publisher URL
- Copyright
- Copyright © 2010 The Authors. Journal copyright © 2010 Royal Astronomical Society.
- Peer reviewed


text:
INGREDIENTS:2 Tbsp. clarified butter, divided 1 Tbsp. red onion, small dice 1 Granny Smith apple (100 count), cored, peeled and cut into thin wedges 4 oz. cooked turkey breast, medium dice 1/8 tsp. fresh thyme leaves to taste, salt and pepper 2 eggs, whipped 1 Tbsp. walnuts, toasted, coarsely chopped fresh thyme sprigs, as needed for garnishDIRECTIONS:Heat 1 Tbsp. clarified butter over medium high heat. Saute onion and apple until soft. Add turkey; toss to heat. Add pinch of thyme, salt and ...
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Wordsmith Talk
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#114907 - 11/02/03 10:46 AM What sin a name?
Carpal Tunnel
Registered: 09/15/00
Posts: 4757
Can you help me with a little language challenge, my worldly friends?
Imagine a marketing consultancy based in the UK, in the south west of Wales it has been established as part of a business advisory service and soon faces the challenge of creating its own brand image separate from its parental identity. This will be part of moves to spin this departments activities off into the private sector, earning fees from advice provided to businesses. Facing a largely rural community (but potentially able to service any clients in say Wales as a whole), the main target market can be defined as SMEs (Small & Medium Enterprises) ~ a whole range of enterprises, but in general what may count as a medium scale elsewhere would probably represent an industrial conglomerate in this green and lovely land. Other defining qualities of the immediate target area include its coastal and seafaring traditions; strongest market sectors nowadays are tourism, agriculture, and a fair mixture of service industries, with very limited pockets of manufacturing industry.
So this potential new marketing outfit needs a name. The presumption initially is that it will likely be XYZ Marketing with the XYZ up for grabs but if theres a good alternative to Marketing that, too, could be open for suggestions.
Knowing what a hideously creative bunch of linguaphiles is resident here, I naturally thought you may be able to spark some good ideas if anyone can throw in any thoughts in the next couple of days I would love to hear them.
Thanks :)
#114908 - 11/02/03 12:29 PM Re: What sin a name?
Carpal Tunnel
Registered: 03/15/00
Posts: 11613
Loc: Louisville, Kentucky
Sweet mav, the only idea I've been able to think of so far is that perhaps the new name could somehow link the concepts: rural, and money. Maybe Goldengreen, or Gold n' Green... Green Growth...? It occurred to me that in Wales, the connection of green with money might not be automatic, as it is here; but crops, after all, do tend to be green! I have been trying to research Welsh money--and found after many trials and errors that 'currency' instead of 'money' gets me closer to what I'm looking for. I still haven't found the "aha" site, but thought you may be interested in this article, though it is from 2000:
Is history still alive, there? Would people instantly know what you meant if you had something about the spirit of "Llywelyn Fawr" (Llywelyn the Great)?
I don't know if you'd want to try and work that into your new name, but if it would help, perhaps you could put it in the persuasion paragraph.
Edit: I found the aha site (yay, Wikipedia!), and think I'll post elsewhere about it. But for now: what about "Gold Sovereign Marketing"? That has a nice ring to it, I think.
#114909 - 11/03/03 06:28 AM Re: What sin a name?
Carpal Tunnel
Registered: 09/15/00
Posts: 4757
Thanks - more ideas welcomed, guys.
#114910 - 11/03/03 08:46 AM Re: What sin a name?
Registered: 03/06/02
Posts: 1692
Loc: UK
Merlin Marketing. "Wizz-kids at your command"
Dragon-Drop Image Builders. "The name that clicks with clients"
Milkwood Marketing. "We may do buggerall, but at least we do it backwards"
Milfordhaven Marketing. "Oiling the wheels for exporters"
Myfanwy Marketing. "We Betjeman to call us for a Price"
#114911 - 11/03/03 09:50 AM Re: What sin a name?
Carpal Tunnel
Registered: 03/15/00
Posts: 6511
Loc: lower upstate New York
dixbie, you're a true gem.
Mav, how strong is the sort of sovereign, save-our-language sentiment there? I'm afraid my Welsh is limited to two or three words, but maybe there's a word that might work itself into an appropriate bilingual pun (as is, I guess, dixbie's last offering)?
#114912 - 11/03/03 03:28 PM Re: What sin a name?
Carpal Tunnel
Registered: 09/15/00
Posts: 4757
dixbie's last offering
I hope not - they weren't that bad! I bet your man's not joan hunter dunn yet ;)
Yep, the bilingual issue is lively, although in Pembrokeshire less so than most areas - it's often referred to as Little England Beyond Wales. Any other takers?
#114913 - 11/03/03 06:42 PM Re: What sin a name?
Registered: 08/27/02
Posts: 2154
Loc: British Columbia, Canada
Springforth Marketing? Stridewell Consulting?
No particular reason they just sounded interesting. Vaguely rural and traditional with connotations (cross thread alert) of growth with no real associations to limit you.
#114914 - 11/03/03 07:18 PM Re: What sin a name?
Carpal Tunnel
Registered: 09/28/00
Posts: 2891
What type of consulting are we talking about here Mav. Perhaps a name having to do with your particular type of marketing would be more apt.
#114915 - 11/04/03 08:45 AM Re: What sin a name?
Registered: 04/24/02
Posts: 475
Loc: manchester uk
Market Leaders? Market Readers?
Business Beacons?
Oh, I dunno mav, you'll have to be more specific, and do you want it in Welsh or English or both?
masnachol marketing?
#114916 - 11/04/03 08:47 AM [multi-thread aside]
Registered: 04/24/02
Posts: 475
Loc: manchester uk
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Legislators moving quickly on GMO labeling billBy Kirk Carapezza
Vermont Public Radio | April 21,2013Before the Vermont House closes the legislative session sometime next month, lawmakers could still vote on a bill that could change the labeling on food sold in Vermont.
Time is short, but a key House committee turned quickly last week to genetically modified organisms, or GMOs as it considered a bill that would require labeling of such products. If passed, though, the measure could present a legal challenge.
Rep. Kate Webb, D-Shelburne, a lead sponsor of the GMO bill, delivered binders full of research to the House Judiciary Committee.
There is increasing evidence that genetically engineered foods are posing health risks; there are risks to people who have religious concerns and there are those of us that also have significant concerns about the loss of bio-diversity in the environment, Webb said.
GMOs, Webb argued, have slipped into the market in the past 15 years without peer-reviewed studies and without rigorous review by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
In fact, the FDA does no testing, she said. They simply require a report from the bio-tech industry saying that theyre safe. For most of us, that is simply not enough.
The bill before the committee would require the labeling of foods produced with genetic engineering. It would exempt meat and dairy that has been fed genetically modified grains, and it would also prohibit the use of the term natural on the labels of those foods.
History will prove that we were right, Webb said, defending the bill. I believe that ultimately this labeling will be required.
Vermonters have long prided themselves on having a strong, local food movement for knowing whats in their food and where it comes from.
And Vermont is not alone. Thirty states, including Oregon and Connecticut, are taking up similar GMO bills. But if the bill moves forward in Montpelier, Vermont would lead the way.
That concerns the states dairy industry, which depends on corn from genetically engineered seeds.
Some food manufacturer is going to start preparing for this, said lobbyist Margaret Laggis, who represents the United Dairy Farmers of Vermont.
She said the Legislature should expect a lawsuit if it requires the labeling of genetically engineered or GE foods.
Laggis agreed that Vermonters should know whats in their food, but she said the state shouldnt require labels. And she argued that this measure is fundamentally flawed.
This bill exempts ice cream, so it would allow an ice cream manufacturer to label their product as being GE free, when 100 percent of the cream comes from cows eating 100 percent GE feed, Laggis said.
Both supporters and opponents point to companies around the state who are already changing their means of production: Ben & Jerrys Ice Cream and Lake Champlain Chocolates, for example, have pledged to stop using ingredients produced with genetic engineering in their food.
Still, supporters of GMO labeling say carefully crafted legislation would accelerate that movement.MORE IN This Just InMONTPELIER A new report from a commission that studied the cost, availability and quality of... Full StoryVermont fish hatchery changes focus, looks inland
BETHEL, Vt. Full StoryHONOLULU (AP) A group of Hawaii musicians and a Hawaiian Airlines flight attendant provided... Full Story
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Wisconsin DNR plans presentation on moth spraying
Published On: Jan 28 2013 07:00:00 AM CST Updated On: Jan 28 2013 06:59:00 AM CST
State wildlife officials are planning an open house on plans to kill gypsy moth caterpillars in Governor Dodge State Park this spring.
The Department of Natural Resources plans to spray the caterpillars with an insecticide from a low-flying airplane sometime between mid-May and early June. The spraying will encompass 230 acres, including beach and picnic areas.
The DNR will hold an open house meeting to share information on the plan at the agency's Dodgeville service center on Thursday morning.
Copyright 2013 by The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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The title pretty much explains it. I turned 21 on the the 24th, and it was epic.
Surprise fly in from my boyfriend, tears of joy, house party, two kegs, rainbow cake, patron, cat pinata, birthday cup and crown, some special birthday treats, winning $100 on a scratch off, hazy engine room night, expresso martinis from Bonefish, watching mean girls and totoro while extremely hung over and having the best friends in the world to make it all happen. I love you guys. Thank you for the best weekend of my life.


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Staff Sgt. Mike Tilton returned home from Afghanistan on Valentine's Day. At his welcome home party, his wife surprised him with his 1979 Chevy truck completely refurbished, thanks to donations from his friends and the community.
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Phillies pay on Rockies Opening Day
Incredible, what a day! On my way to Coors Field I realized I forgot my glove. No joke, the first game and I left my glove at home. I turned around and went back and got it. I figured for sure that I'd blown my chance at a good place in line but lady luck was on my side.
We arrived at Coors about 11:10 AM and the gates opened at 12:00 PM.
As we were walking up I could see a huge line of people and my heart sunk. Upon closer inspection I realized the line was for people waiting to hopefully purchase Rockpile tickets.
We already had our tickets so my day was looking real good as there was nobody in line at the Rockpile gates. Always plan ahead you'll be glad you did.
Number one like it should be.
They opened the gates and I was the first one through, As I worked my way over to the Pavilion I saw the Rockies out on the field and when I entered the bleachers I could only see one kid way on the other side of the Pavilion.
I worked my way down to field level and saw Jorge De La Rosa, Ubaldo Jimenez and Franklin Morales in the outfield chatting. A ball was hit to them and Jorge picked it up.
He looked into the bleachers and the only one standing there was me. I held up my glove, didn't say a word and he tossed it to me. Just like that the Hagg'n begins.
Thanks Jorge for starting my season out right. Before Jorge tossed me that ball Helton had hit a BP homer and a kid had snagged it. The ball Jorge tossed me was the first baseball tossed to a fan at Coors Field this seaon. I also hold the honor of snagging the first baseball tossed to a fan during Game 1 of Rockies spring training in Tucson.
Not a huge thing but worth mentioning I figure.
The second baseball I snagged was kind of embarassing.
You know that fan that goes way overboard chasing a ball and winds up looking like an idiot.
I was that fan.
I was tracking a BP homer and had to lean over a row of bleachers and extend as far as I could to snag it. The ball hit my glove then rolled out and started rolling down the stairs.
I started stumbling over the bleachers in an attempt to snag that ball I dropped. About half way through chasing that ball I realized that I looked like a total moron.
So what do I do in that situation?
Do I stop right then and try and save my dignity, or realizing that I already looked stupid follow through and get the ball so I can say yeah I looked stupid but at least I got the ball?
I'm a Hagger so I chose to get the ball and take my critism. Nobody was harmed in the pursuit of the baseball, just my ego. Plus there's always a witness when you don't need one.
Anyways, that was ball two, Hagg'n is on baby.
While at batting practice I ran in to Marianne aka R-Luv, she was Hagg'n big and bad. She was going around getting pictures of the Ushers earning her Hagg'n points.
Here she is below taking pictures of her son with an Usher.
Dan and Emily were there, looked like Dan was handing out yummies but I didn't get one??
Robert was at the game and I ran into Super Vendor Captain Earthman handing out his business cards.
Guess who else was at this game? My buddy Vinny Castilla was at the home opener.
Vinny, I thought you told me you weren't a player?
If that's the case, I guess I'm not a blogger who takes pictures of you.
Does it look like he's flexing for the camera?
Here are some warm-up pictures of the Rockies.
Barmes and Stewart
Spilborghs and Fowler with the Military in the background.
Todd Helton ready to go.
Brad Hawpe in front of the Navy.
Spilborghs in front of the Air Force
Catcher Chris Iannetta at bat.
Pitcher Jason Marquis, the wind-up
The release
Howard at bat.
There's something just right about seeing Helton on first base.
That's right Howard, we won't boo you like your own fans will, but you need to sit down.
Todd Helton at bat.
I was able to meet up with an old buddy of mine named Chuck.
Chuck rode up from Colorado Springs in the Coors Light RV. I've known this guy for over twenty years.
Here is Chuck and my wife Krista in front of the RV.
I need to say something to all those who predicted that the Rockies will come in 4th in our division.
I hope your squirming in your pants over your prediction. I'm not saying that the Rockies won't come in 4th place, that could totally happen. But I love the fact that the Rockies have everyone who made that prediction thinking twice about the Rockies right now.
Congrats to Marquis, goes to show you what a Veteran can do when called upon to get the job done.
I have 400 more pictures I could post but I'm going to save them for "Rockpile Ranter's PIcture Blog"
Now to my Hagg'n score for the day.
Showing up for the game = 1 point.
Two snagged baseballs, one which bounced out of my glove and was snagged rolling down the steps = 3 points.
One toss up from Jorge De La Rosa = 2 points.
As shot of the scoreboard at the end of the game = 1 point.
Total for the game = 7 points.
I'm still working on how to count pictures of Ushers. It's not hard to take pictures of Ushers but getting a picture of you with an Usher is hard because you have to ask someone else to take the picture. I might need some help with this.
I'm off to Game 2 agains the Phillies in an hour or so. The Rockies impressed the hell out of me yesterday. Let's keep this train rolling.
5 Comments
D, after seeing the beginning of this entry, I thought this was going to include your entire day, not just a teaser. I woke up at 8 AM for this! I can't wait to read about your Rockies blow out Opening Day at Coors Field win against Philly. Post that s**t son!
– Donnie
Hey D,
Wow! That was crazy fun! Thanks again for giving one of your hard earned baseballs to my son, that was the highlight of the game for him. Your wife is super cool and I enjoyed talking with her.
Unfortunately we didn't get any player autographs, they weren't being as generous as they were at the end of last season. I will say though that Todd signed quite a few but we were too far down the line.
The Ushers were fun to get pictures of and if you ask they will take a picture for you. So if you see 2 together just hit them up. The people who work the games are absolutely the greatest.
Enjoy tonight, looks like the weather is going to cooperate.
It's good to be back at the Ballpark isn't it? I got a few early games thanks to the World Baseball Classic. I just hope that I can adjust my work schedule so I can get out to a few other games. I might actually make up your way later in the summer. Good luck this season!
John Witt
Major League Ballhawk
Author of "Taking Home A Piece of the Game"
Awesome pix!! And I always love your stories. Hey, I saw that interview with Vinny. He definitely acted like a player at that moment! Dunno if he was flexing for the camera or Alana. 😀


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MiniCamp Photos-Wire Image - 05/12/07
Discussion in 'Artwork Zone' started by SupermanXx, May 12, 2007.
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Grounded in product innovation, Conoco has been a lubricants industry leader for more than 130 years. In the early days, Conoco greases lubricated the axles of prairie schooners crossing the western frontier. Today, the Conoco brand is globally respected for its innovative products and commitment to optimal equipment protection and performance. Conoco maintains a strong brand presence in the mining, natural gas engine oil, power generation, injection molding, construction/aggregate, fleet and industrial market segments.
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WHAT IS IT? It's a backpack-style hydration system specifically designed for dirt bike riders and used by Mike Alessi, Ben Townley and Eli Tomac.
WHAT'S IT COST? $99.00 ($15.00 for a five-pack of half-liter replacement bladders).
CONTACT? www.uswe-sports.com or (814) 539-4114.
WHAT STANDS OUT? Here's a list of things that stand out with USWE's H1 Racer Drink System.
(1) Components. The H1 Racer features USWE's hands-free kit, quick seal coupling, bite valve, hose, two half-liter (18 ounce) replacement bladders, hose adapter, an insulated bladder pocket, adjustable Velcro straps, and a bag to keep it in.
(2) Fit/comfort. The H1 Racer fits over the shoulders like a backpack with a strap around the midsection to keep it close to your body. It's reasonably thin and doesn't interfere with most chest protectors, although it can hinder a tight fitting foam underprotector. It didn't bother our testers on the track.
(3) Specialization. Why can't you just buy any Camelbak and route it into your helmet to achieve the same thing? You can, but the USWE is better for three reasons. First, it's thinner and smaller (about a pound and a half filled with water), so it fits under a chest protector. Second, the hose comes with adhesive and Velcro mounts designed for a helmet. Third, a quick disconnect lets you put your helmet on separately without having to remount the hose to it.
(4) Bladders. The bladders are made with minimal material and are designed to be thrown out and replaced after a few uses. They are recyclable and approved for food and putting in the fridge. A new five pack of half-liter bladders costs $15.00.
(5) Options. USWE offers models similar to the H1 Racer that are designed to mount to neck braces and eliminate the body harness. The SP1 Racer mates with Leatt and EVS braces, and the SP2 Racer mates with Alpinestars' brace. They also offer the H2 Racer (1.5 liter capacity) and the H2 Big Racer (2.5 liter capacity) for longer races and thirstier riders. The H1 is available in two sizes: medium/large and extra large/double extra large. Black/red is the only color offered.
WHAT'S THE SQUAWK? There are some compromises with the H1 Racer Drink System: (1) As with all backpack hydration systems, the mouthpiece gets dirty when you get roosted. The first sip from the hose is warm, and drinking from the mouthpiece while racing is an acquired skill. (2) The handsfree kit does a good job of routing and securing the hose along the side of the helmet, but an additional securing method is needed at the mouth piece of the helmet. Moreover, modifications may be necessary to get the hose through the mouthpiece in the first place, depending on the helmet.
The H1's moto-specific features make it much better on the track than a standard hydration system. It would easily get another star if we didn't have to use a piece of duct tape to secure the hose at the nose of the helmet.


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Buy for$8.50(9 items)
Written by Void Eater on 03.07.2011 at 00:46
Damn, I almost hate to say it, but this may just wind up being one of the better releases of 2011. Not gonna beat Autopsy, Hell, Havok, or Artillery, Hate Eternal, or Nervecell and likely won't beat Vader or Megadeth, but it's damn good. Likely gonna make the top ten. And... It's a Christian metalcore band... I just lost all of my kvlt points...
Written by hadriel on 17.06.2011 at 07:22
Never listened to this band before but this is actually solid metalcore. Enjoyed it quite a bit.


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December Art Walk Reception: December 4th, 2012 from 6pm-8pmExhibition showing through January
Steps, Lanes and Paths of Mill ValleyRobert Skip SandbergThe popular photo essay book Steps, Lanes and Paths of Mill Valley was published two years ago by local Mill Valley photographer and author Robert Skip Sandberg.
This exhibit of photos from the book celebrates our community efforts to rebuild our iconic steps and paths to create what the Marin Independent Journal has described as a "pedestrian paradise".
In the foreword to the book, Victoria Talkington said, "Sandberg's splendid photographs are the paths' testimony … beauty, excitement, tranquility and – yes! - fun, explaining why we need the paths for ourselves, for all time."
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Mill Valley City Hall: 26 Corte Madera Avenue | Mill Valley, CA 94941 | City Hall Phone: (415)388-4033 | City Hall Fax: (415)381-1736
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Learning curve
September 25, 2013 —
SULLIVAN COUNTY, NY — The greatest sense of satisfaction comes from knowing you have done your best, for that is all that any of us can ever hope to render. Doing so requires inner strength, perseverance and determination, attributes that don't show up in win/loss records or statistics. Marshaling all we have in the face adversity, pain, overwhelming odds and even the heartbreak of defeat can forge character and a realization of a timeless truth: Success is not measured against others, but against oneself, for there will always be those who are more talented and more successful. It is important to keep that larger perspective in mind.
This was a trying week for all Sullivan County football teams except for the victorious Sullivan West Bulldogs who overcame early struggles to defeat Eldred 40-6 under the lights in Eldred on September 20. Despite an early turnover and a 73-yard touchdown run by Eldred's Julian Gottlieb, the Westies used an interception by Cody Franskevicz to find their collective moxie for their first win of the season. Quarterback Richard Shevak rushed for 65 yards on 11 carries and two touchdowns. Jared Meola tallied three TDs, while Andrew Stabbert had 97 yards rushing, 16 tackles, two sacks and a forced fumble. Zach O'Connor had 13 tackles and four sacks. The Dawgs travel to undefeated Millbrook for their first league game. The following week they will travel to Liberty. In week eight, they'll head to Tri-Valley. The teams that win at least two of their division games will make it to the playoffs. Millbrook bested Tri-Valley 70-38. They led 50-6 at the half before removing their starters for the remainder of the game. T-V's Justin Swarthout had a great second half as he rushed for 140 yards on 22 carries. He had TD runs of three, 23, and 15 yards, completed four two-point conversion jaunts and threw a seven-yard TD pass to freshman Michael Schulte. T-V hosts Eldred under the lights on September 27. Both teams are still in search of their first win. Monticello lost a 19-12 heartbreaker to Goshen after leading the Gladiators 12-0 at the half. A late interception led to a Goshen TD with just 48.6 seconds left in the game. Monticello fell to 0-3 (0-2 Class A). Liberty was overpowered by undefeated Class B Highland 48-20. The Indians nearly upset defending Class C champion O'Neill the week before on a failed two-point conversion that would have given the win. Liberty (1-2, 0-1 Class C) travels to Ellenville on September 27 looking to right the ship. Roscoe/Livingston Manor/Downsville (1-2) also lost this week, as they were blanked by Pauling. They travel to winless Pine Plains on September 20.


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airberlin's service classes
Regardless of the length of your flight or the class of travel, you will always enjoy superior levels of comfort, service and entertainment aboard airberlin flights. Choose between short- and medium-haul (flights up to 6 hours' duration) or long-haul and find out more about airberlin's different service classes.
Welcome aboard:


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June 12, 2013 —
HAWLEY, PA — Jesse Terry, an award-winning songwriter who tours nationally, will perform on Saturday, June 15 at the Silk Mill. Doors open at 7:15 p.m. with concert at 7:30.
Terry has won grand prizes in several international songwriting competitions, including the John Lennon Songwriting Contest and the CMT/NSAI Songwriting Competition. The New Music Seminar recently selected Terry as one of the Top 100 Unsigned Artists on the Verge.
Tickets are available in advance online for $16 and at the door for $20. Advance online ticket purchase brings 20% off at the Glass Wine Bar & Bistro at Ledges Hotel after 9:30 p.m. on the day of the show. Visit www.silkmillharmony.com [1], or email email@example.com [2], or call 570/588-8077.


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Meckel Syndrome
National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
It is possible that the main title of the report Meckel Syndrome is not the name you expected. Please check the synonyms listing to find the alternate name(s) and disorder subdivision(s) covered by this report.
General Discussion
Meckel syndrome is a rare inherited disorder characterized by abnormalities affecting several organ systems of the body (multisystem). Three classic symptoms are normally associated with Meckel syndrome: protrusion of a portion of the brain and its surrounding membranes (meninges) through a defect in the back or front of the skull (occipital encephalocele), multiple cysts on the kidneys (polycystic kidneys), and extra fingers and/or toes (polydactyly). Affected children may also have abnormalities affecting the head and face (craniofacial area), liver, lungs, and genitourinary tract. Meckel syndrome is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait.
Supporting Organizations
Genetic and Rare Diseases (GARD) Information Center
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- Tel: (301)251-4925
- Fax: (301)251-4911
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- Website: http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/GARD/
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For a Complete Report
This is an abstract of a report from the National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD). A copy of the complete report can be downloaded free from the NORD website for registered users. The complete report contains additional information including symptoms, causes, affected population, related disorders, standard and investigational therapies (if available), and references from medical literature. For a full-text version of this topic, go to www.rarediseases.org and click on Rare Disease Database under "Rare Disease Information".
The information provided in this report is not intended for diagnostic purposes. It is provided for informational purposes only. NORD recommends that affected individuals seek the advice or counsel of their own personal physicians.
It is possible that the title of this topic is not the name you selected. Please check the Synonyms listing to find the alternate name(s) and Disorder Subdivision(s) covered by this report
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through the date at the end of the topic. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder.
For additional information and assistance about rare disorders, please contact the National Organization for Rare Disorders at P.O. Box 1968, Danbury, CT 06813-1968; phone (203) 744-0100; web site www.rarediseases.org or email firstname.lastname@example.com
Last Updated: 12/30/1969
Copyright 2003 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
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If you're out walking around your house and notice a strange tube of mud -- sometimes several feet long -- running from the ground up past the foundation, you could be looking at big trouble. That sort of formation is a telltale sign of subterranean termites. They're not critters you want to feel welcome in your house. Here are some other signs to look for to help you determine whether you have termites in your home.
Subterranean termites need moisture. They also need wood to eat. Since the two are often not found together, the termites create a "termite highway" from the water source to the food source. When these tubes are found on the side of the house, it's as good a sign as any that the dwelling has termites in it.
Termites swarm, often after a rain. Flying termites are in the reproductive stage of their life cycle. If they swarm in your house, they probably hatched nearby. If, you see wings on the ground, it's a sign that the termites have burrowed close by after having mated. If you see a swarm, try to capture a few to take to a professional exterminator for identification. They could be flying ants instead of termites.
You won't see big, fat beetle holes when you're looking for termites. Termites eat wood from the inside out, creating long tunnels and galleries out of sight. You have to look for other signs, such as an unusual presence of dirt near the base of a beam where dirt shouldn't be present. Also, use a pen knife to poke and tap on beams and joists. If the wood sounds hollow, dig at the wood to see if the wood is solid or not. Sometimes, if the termite chambers are close to the surface, the wood will appear cracked.
Drywood termites, the other common species besides subterranean, will drill tiny, irregular holes that would be virtually unnoticeable except for one thing: the termites kick their sawdust-like droppings out of them. If you see an unexplainable pile of sawdust next to wooden furniture or a baseboard, you may have termites.
Termites are among the most common insects in the world. Not having them is no guarantee that you won't have them in the near future. To prevent termites from targeting your house, you can use a trenching product, such as Ortho® Home Defense MAX® Termite & Destructive Bug Killer. It creates a barrier against termites.
Call a professional.


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So when the time comes to seal Madara who do you think will do it?
Will Naruto pull out a sealing jutsu out of his ass or will a fodder do it?
It could also be a group effort for someone as powerfull as Madara !_!
What do you think?
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Chart of the Day: Intervention curtails Europe CDSs
The volume of default protection taken out on core-European sovereigns has fallen by almost a third since the summer, with analysts attributing the decline to a ban on taking naked CDS positions and ECB action to stabilise the region's bond markets.
As the attached chart from JP Morgan shows, outstanding CDS volumes are down 30% from last August, having fallen from $80bn to $57bn. The bank's analysts said the drop was driven by 33% declines in the amount of CDS written on French and German government bonds.
The European Securities and Markets Authority last year said it was banning the buying of CDS positions that do not act as a hedge. So-called "fast money" investors, typically hedge funds, use the instrument to express a view on a market rather than to hedge a specific position.
The ban came into force in November.
One credit analyst, not at JP Morgan, said: "The ban on naked CDS was always going to lead to a decline in volumes as the fast money dropped out of the market."
Investors are still permitted to use the product as an insurance tool against the risk of default of government bonds that they hold, and to offset their potential losses from a decline in the value of sovereign bonds when other assets they hold are correlated to those sovereign bonds.
JP Morgan's analysts acknowledge this link but they do not regard it as a sufficient explanation for the sustained decline in volumes. They wrote: "One possible explanation for the significant fall in core CDS outstanding is the effect of Esma's short-selling ban that came into effect in November. They banned cross-border hedging [CDS written on sovereigns to which investors are not exposed] which sparked a flurry of trading activity and led to significant unwinding of core CDS shorts.
"However, whilst it may explain unwinding behaviour before November, it does not explain the continuation of the trend afterwards."
They added that the Esma ban also fails to explain a decline in volumes in non-EU sovereign names, which on aggregate have fallen by around 15% over the last five months. These include Australia, for which volumes are down 40%; Japan, where they are down 15%; China, down 13%; and Brazil, down 7%.
Instead, they attribute the decline to a general improvement in sentiment following the European Central Bank's pledge to support European government bond markets through direct purchases, or outright monetary transactions; and the agreement of fresh help for Greece.
"In our view, this evidence is more consistent with the unwinding of systemic hedges globally due to the perception of a significant reduction [in] tail risks post OMT and Greece's aid agreements," they wrote.


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Beauty Prep School
Waterlining Tips That Won't Make You Cry
Camera A by Jack Pearce; Camera B by Kenny Wu; Beauty Contributions by Annie Tomlin; Styled by Laura Pritchard; Makeup Expertise by Theo Kogan; Photographed by Amelia Alpaugh
Waterlining — that is, using an eyeliner on the inner rims of your eyes — can be a daunting technique to master. We don't know too many people who are comfortable shoving a pencil into their eyeball. We've reduced ourselves to tears on numerous occasions in an attempt to master this tricky technique.
We thought we were through with it after the umpteenth time of poking ourselves in the eye, but after seeing the duo-toned rim gorgeousness at shows like Creatures of the Wind at New York Fashion Week's fall/winter 2014 presentation, we were willing to give it another shot.
Since you're dealing with one of the most delicate parts of your body, the key here is pacing yourself. Watch as the lovely Rachel shows you the best way to rim those lids, plus how to copy that eye-catching Creatures look for yourself. Our days of crying over our eyeliner pencils are through!
Styled by Laura Pritchard, Makeup expertise by Theo Kogan, Beauty contribution by Annie Tomlin, Photographed by Amelia Alpaugh, Shot by Jack Pearce, Shot by Kenny Wu, Edited by Chris Beer.