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This document may be reproduced without change, in whole or in part, without permission, except for use as advertising material or product endorsement. Any such reproduction should credit the American Lung Association, the American Medical Association, the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The user of all or any part of this document in a deceptive or inaccurate manner or for purposes of endorsing a particular product may be subject to appropriate legal action. Information provided in this document is based upon current scientific and technical understanding of the issues presented and agency approval is limited to the jurisdictional boundaries established by the statutes governing the co-authoring agencies. Following the advice given will not necessarily provide complete protection in all situations or against all health hazards that may be caused by indoor air pollution.
Indoor air pollution poses many challenges to the health professional. This booklet offers an overview of those challenges, focusing on acute conditions, with patterns that point to particular agents and suggestions for appropriate remedial action.
The individual presenting with environmentally associated symptoms is apt to have been exposed to airborne substances originating not outdoors, but indoors. Studies from the United States and Europe show that persons in industrialized nations spend more than 90 percent of their time indoors1. For infants, the elderly, persons with chronic diseases, and most urban residents of any age, the proportion is probably higher. In addition, the concentrations of many pollutants indoors exceed those outdoors. The locations of highest concern are those involving prolonged, continuing exposure - that is, the home, school, and workplace.
The lung is the most common site of injury by airborne pollutants. Acute effects, however, may also include non-respiratory signs and symptoms, which may depend upon toxicological characteristics of the substances and host-related factors.
Heavy industry-related occupational hazards are generally regulated and likely to be dealt with by an on-site or company physician or other health personnel2. This booklet addresses the indoor air pollution problems that may be caused by contaminants encountered in the daily lives of persons in their homes and offices. These are the problems more likely to be encountered by the primary health care provider.
Etiology can be difficult to establish because many signs and symptoms are nonspecific, making differential diagnosis a distinct challenge. Indeed, multiple pollutants may be involved. The challenge is further compounded by the similar manifestations of many of the pollutants and by the similarity of those effects, in turn, to those that may be associated with allergies, influenza, and the common cold. Many effects may also be associated, independently or in combination with, stress, work pressures, and seasonal discomforts.
Because a few prominent aspects of indoor air pollution, notably environmental tobacco smoke and "sick building syndrome," have been brought to public attention, individuals may volunteer suggestions of a connection between respiratory or other symptoms and conditions in the home or, especially, the workplace. Such suggestions should be seriously considered and pursued, with the caution that such attention could also lead to inaccurate attribution of effects. Questions listed in the diagnostic leads sections will help determine the cause of the health problem. The probability of an etiological association increases if the individual can convincingly relate the disappearance or lessening of symptoms to being away from the home or workplace.
The health professional should use this booklet as a tool in diagnosing an individual's signs and symptoms that could be related to an indoor air pollution problem. The document is organized according to pollutant or pollutant group. Key signs and symptoms from exposure to the pollutant(s) are listed, with diagnostic leads to help determine the cause of the health problem. A quick reference summary of this information is included in this booklet. Remedial action is suggested, with comment providing more detailed information in each section. References for information included in each section are listed at the end of this document.
It must be noted that some of the signs and symptoms noted in the text may occur only in association with significant exposures, and that effects of lower exposures may be milder and more vague, unfortunately underscoring the diagnostic challenge. Further, signs and symptoms in infants and children may be atypical (some such departures have been specifically noted).
The reader is cautioned that this is not an all-inclusive reference, but a necessarily selective survey intended to suggest the scope of the problem. A detailed medical history is essential, and the diagnostic checklist may be helpful in this regard. Resolving the problem may sometimes require a multi-disciplinary approach, enlisting the advice and assistance of others outside the medical profession. The references cited throughout and the For Assistance and Additional Information section will provide the reader with additional information.
Environmental Tobacco Smoke: frequent upper respiratory infections, otitis media; persistent middle-ear effusion; asthma onset, increased severity; recurrent pneumonia, bronchitis.
Acute Lead Toxicity: irritability, abdominal pain, ataxia, seizures, loss of consciousness.
It is vital that the individual and the health care professional comprise a cooperative diagnostic team in analyzing diurnal and other patterns that may provide clues to a complaint's link with indoor air pollution. A diary or log of symptoms correlated with time and place may prove helpful. If an association between symptoms and events or conditions in the home or workplace is not volunteered by the individual, answers to the following questions may be useful, together with the medical history.
The health care professional can investigate further by matching the individual's signs and symptoms to those pollutants with which they may be associated, as detailed in the discussions of various pollutant categories.
NOTE: A more detailed exposure history form, developed by the U.S. Public Health Service's Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) in conjunction with the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, is available from: Allen Jansen, ATSDR, 1600 Clifton Road, N.E., Mail Drop E33, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, (404) 639-6205. Request "Case Studies in Environmental Medicine #26: Taking an Exposure History." Continuing Medical Education Credit is available in conjunction with this monograph.
While improved general ventilation of indoor spaces may decrease the odor of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), health risks cannot be eliminated by generally accepted ventilation methods. Research has led to the conclusion that total removal of tobacco smoke - a complex mixture of gaseous and particulate components - through general ventilation is not feasible.3
The most effective solution is to eliminate all smoking from the individual's environment, either through smoking prohibitions or by restricting smoking to properly designed smoking rooms. These rooms should be separately ventilated to the outside.4
Some higher efficiency air cleaning systems, under select conditions, can remove some tobacco smoke particles. Most air cleaners, including the popular desk-top models, however, cannot remove the gaseous pollutants from this source. And while some air cleaners are designed to remove specific gaseous pollutants, none is expected to remove all of them and should not be relied upon to do so. (For further comment, see Questions That May Be Asked - Can Other Air Cleaners Help?)
Environmental tobacco smoke is a major source of indoor air contaminants. The ubiquitous nature of ETS in indoor environments indicates that some unintentional inhalation of ETS by nonsmokers is unavoidable. Environmental tobacco smoke is a dynamic, complex mixture of more than 4,000 chemicals found in both vapor and particle phases. Many of these chemicals are known toxic or carcinogenic agents. Nonsmoker exposure to ETS-related toxic and carcinogenic substances will occur in indoor spaces where there is smoking.
All the compounds found in "mainstream" smoke, the smoke inhaled by the active smoker, are also found in "sidestream" smoke, the emission from the burning end of the cigarette, cigar, or pipe. ETS consists of both sidestream smoke and exhaled mainstream smoke. Inhalation of ETS is often termed "secondhand smoking", "passive smoking", or "involuntary smoking."
The role of exposure to tobacco smoke via active smoking as a cause of lung and other cancers, emphysema and other chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, and cardiovascular and other diseases in adults has been firmly established.5,6,7 Smokers, however, are not the only ones affected.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has classified ETS as a known human (Group A) carcinogen and estimates that it is responsible for approximately 3,000 lung cancer deaths per year among nonsmokers in the United States.8 The U.S. Surgeon General, the National Research Council, and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health also concluded that passive smoking can cause lung cancer in otherwise healthy adults who never smoked.9,10,11
Children's lungs are even more susceptible to harmful effects from ETS. In infants and young children up to three years, exposure to ETS causes an approximate doubling in the incidence of pneumonia, bronchitis, and bronchiolitis. There is also strong evidence of increased middle ear effusion, reduced lung function, and reduced lung growth. Several recent studies link ETS with increased incidence and prevalence of asthma and increased severity of asthmatic symptoms in children of mothers who smoke heavily. These respiratory illnesses in childhood may very well contribute to the small but significant lung function reductions associated with exposure to ETS in adults. The adverse health effects of ETS, especially in children, correlate with the amount of smoking in the home and are often more prevalent when both parents smoke.12
The connection of children's symptoms with ETS may not be immediately evident to the clinician and may become apparent only after careful questioning. Measurement of biochemical markers such as cotinine (a metabolic nicotine derivative) in body fluids (ordinarily urine) can provide evidence of a child's exposure to ETS.13
The impact of maternal smoking on fetal development has also been well documented. Maternal smoking is also associated with increased incidence of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, although it has not been determined to what extent this increase is due to in utero versus postnatal (lactational and ETS) exposure.14
Airborne particulate matter contained in ETS has been associated with impaired breathing, lung diseases, aggravation of existing respiratory and cardiovascular disease, changes to the body's immune system, and lowered defenses against inhaled particles.15 For direct ETS exposure, measurable annoyance, irritation, and adverse health effects have been demonstrated in nonsmokers, children and spouses in particular, who spend significant time in the presence of smokers.16,17 Acute cardiovascular effects of ETS include increased heart rate, blood pressure, blood carboxyhemoglobin; and related reduction in exercise capacity in those with stable angina and in healthy people. Studies have also found increased incidence of nonfatal heart disease among nonsmokers exposed to ETS, and it is thought likely that ETS increases the risk of peripheral vascular disease, as well.18
Periodic professional inspection and maintenance of installed equipment such as furnaces, water heaters, and clothes dryers are recommended. Such equipment should be vented directly to the outdoors. Fireplace and wood or coal stove flues should be regularly cleaned and inspected before each heating season. Kitchen exhaust fans should be exhausted to outside. Vented appliances should be used whenever possible. Charcoal should never be burned inside. Individuals potentially exposed to combustion sources should consider installing carbon monoxide detectors that meet the requirements of Underwriters Laboratory (UL) Standard 2034. No detector is 100% reliable, and some individuals may experience health problems at levels of carbon monoxide below the detection sensitivity of these devices.
Aside from environmental tobacco smoke, the major combustion pollutants that may be present at harmful levels in the home or workplace stem chiefly from malfunctioning heating devices, or inappropriate, inefficient use of such devices. Incidents are largely seasonal. Another source may be motor vehicle emissions due, for example, to proximity to a garage (or a loading dock located near air intake vents).
A variety of particulates, acting as additional irritants or, in some cases, carcinogens, may also be released in the course of combustion. Although faulty venting in office buildings and other nonresidential structures has resulted in combustion product problems, most cases involve the home or non-work-related consumer activity. Among possible sources of contaminants: gas ranges that are malfunctioning or used as heat sources; improperly flued or vented fireplaces, furnaces, wood or coal stoves, gas water heaters and gas clothes dryers; and unvented or otherwise improperly used kerosene or gas space heaters.
The gaseous pollutants from combustion sources include some identified as prominent atmospheric pollutants -- carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2).
Carbon monoxide is an asphyxiant. An accumulation of this odorless, colorless gas may result in a varied constellation of symptoms deriving from the compound's affinity for and combination with hemoglobin, forming carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) and disrupting oxygen transport. The elderly, the fetus, and persons with cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases are particularly sensitive to elevated CO levels. Methylene chloride, found in some common household products, such as paint strippers, can be metabolized to form carbon monoxide which combines with hemoglobin to form COHb. The following chart shows the relationship between CO concentrations and COHb levels in blood.
Tissues with the highest oxygen needs -- myocardium, brain, and exercising muscle -- are the first affected. Symptoms may mimic influenza and include fatigue, headache, dizziness, nausea and vomiting, cognitive impairment, and tachycardia. Retinal hemorrhage on funduscopic examination is an important diagnostic sign19, but COHb must be present before this finding can be made, and the diagnosis is not exclusive. Studies involving controlled exposure have also shown that CO exposure shortens time to the onset of angina in exercising individuals with ischemic heart disease and decreases exercise tolerance in those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)20.
Note: Since CO poisoning can mimic influenza, the health care provider should be suspicious when an entire family exhibits such symptoms at the start of the heating season and symptoms persist with medical treatment and time.
SOURCE: aU.S. EPA (1979); bU.S. EPA (1985)
Nitrogen dioxide (NO) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) act mainly as irritants, affecting the mucosa of the eyes, nose, throat, and respiratory tract. Acute S02-related bronchial constriction may also occur in people with asthma or as a hypersensitivity reaction. Extremely high-dose exposure (as in a building fire) to N02 may result in pulmonary edema and diffuse lung injury. Continued exposure to high N02 levels can contribute to the development of acute or chronic bronchitis.
The relatively low water solubility of N02 results in minimal mucous membrane irritation of the upper airway. The principal site of toxicity is the lower respiratory tract. Recent studies indicate that low-level N02 exposure may cause increased bronchial reactivity in some asthmatics, decreased lung function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and an increased risk of respiratory infections, especially in young children.
The high water solubility of S02 causes it to be extremely irritating to the eyes and upper respiratory tract. Concentrations above six parts per million produce mucous membrane irritation. Epidemiologic studies indicate that chronic exposure to S02 is associated with increased respiratory symptoms and decrements in pulmonary function21. Clinical studies have found that some asthmatics respond with bronchoconstriction to even brief exposure to S02 levels as low as 0.4 parts per million22.
Provide adequate outdoor air ventilation to dilute human source aerosols.
Keep equipment water reservoirs clean and potable water systems adequately chlorinated, according to manufacturer instructions. Be sure there is no standing water in air conditioners. Maintain humidifiers and dehumidifiers according to manufacturer instructions.
Repair leaks and seepage. Thoroughly clean and dry water-damaged carpets and building materials within 24 hours of damage, or consider removal and replacement.
Keep relative humidity below 50 percent. Use exhaust fans in bathrooms and kitchens, and vent clothes dryers to outside.
Control exposure to pets.
Vacuum carpets and upholstered furniture regularly. Note: While it is important to keep an area as dust-free as possible, cleaning activities often re-suspend fine particles during and immediately after the activity. Sensitive individuals should be cautioned to avoid such exposure, and have others perform the vacuuming, or use a commercially available HEPA (High Efficiency Particulate Air) filtered vacuum.
Cover mattresses. Wash bedding and soft toys frequently in water at a temperature above 130oF to kill dust mites.
Biological air pollutants are found to some degree in every home, school, and workplace. Sources include outdoor air and human occupants who shed viruses and bacteria, animal occupants (insects and other arthropods, mammals) that shed allergens, and indoor surfaces and water reservoirs where fungi and bacteria can grow, such as humidifiers23. A number of factors allow biological agents to grow and be released into the air. Especially important is high relative humidity, which encourages house dust mite populations to increase and allows fungal growth on damp surfaces. Mite and fungus contamination can be caused by flooding, continually damp carpet (which may occur when carpet is installed on poorly ventilated concrete floors), inadequate exhaust of bathrooms, or kitchen-generated moisture24. Appliances such as humidifiers, dehumidifiers, air conditioners, and drip pans under cooling coils (as in refrigerators), support the growth of bacteria and fungi.
Components of mechanical heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems may also serve as reservoirs or sites of microbial amplification25. These include air intakes near potential sources of contamination such as standing water, organic debris or bird droppings, or integral parts of the mechanical system itself, such as various humidification systems, cooling coils, or condensate drain pans. Dust and debris may be deposited in the duct work or mixing boxes of the air handler.
Biological agents in indoor air are known to cause three types of human disease: infections, where pathogens invade human tissues; hypersensitivity diseases, where specific activation of the immune system causes disease; and toxicosis, where biologically produced chemical toxins cause direct toxic effects. In addition, exposure to conditions conducive to biological contamination (e.g., dampness, water damage) has been related to nonspecific upper and lower respiratory symptoms. Evidence is available that shows that some episodes of the group of nonspecific symptoms known as "sick building syndrome" may be related to microbial contamination in buildings26.
The transmission of airborne infectious diseases is increased where there is poor indoor air quality27,28. The rising incidence of tuberculosis is at least in part a problem associated with crowding and inadequate ventilation. Evidence is increasing that inadequate or inappropriately designed ventilation systems in health care settings or other crowded conditions with high-risk populations can increase the risk of exposure29.
The incidence of tuberculosis began to rise in the mid 1980s, after a steady decline. The 1989 increase of 4.7 percent to a total of 23,495 cases in the United States was the largest since national reporting of the disease began in 1953, and the number of cases has continued to increase each year30. Fresh air ventilation is an important factor in contagion control. Such procedures as sputum induction and collection, bronchoscopy, and aerosolized pentamidine treatments in persons who may be at risk for tuberculosis (e.g., AIDS patients) should be carried out in negative air pressure areas, with air exhausted directly to the outside and away from intake sources31. Unfortunately, many health care facilities are not so equipped. Properly installed and maintained ultraviolet irradiation, particularly of upper air levels in an indoor area, is also a useful means of disinfection32.
A disease associated with indoor air contamination is Legionnaires' Disease, a pneumonia that primarily attacks exposed people over 50 years old, especially those who are immunosuppressed, smoke, or abuse alcohol. Exposure to especially virulent strains can also cause the disease in other susceptible populations. The case fatality rate is high, ranging from five to 25 percent. Erythromycin is the most effective treatment. The agent, Legionella pneumophila, has been found in association with cooling systems, whirlpool baths, humidifiers, food market vegetable misters, and other sources, including residential tap water33. This bacterium or a closely related strain also causes a self-limited (two- to five-day), flu-like illness without pneumonia, sometimes called Pontiac Fever, after a 1968 outbreak in that Michigan city.
A major concern associated with exposure to biological pollutants is allergic reactions, which range from rhinitis, nasal congestion, conjunctival inflammation, and urticaria to asthma. Notable triggers for these diseases are allergens derived from house dust mites; other arthropods, including cockroaches; pets (cats, dogs, birds, rodents); molds; and protein-containing furnishings, including feathers, kapok, etc. In occupational settings, more unusual allergens (e.g., bacterial enzymes, algae) have caused asthma epidemics. Probably most proteins of non-human origin can cause asthma in a subset of any appropriately exposed population34.
The role of mites as a source of house dust allergens has been known for 20 years34,35. It is now possible to measure mite allergens in the environment and IgE antibody levels in patients using readily available techniques and standardized protocols. Experts have proposed provisional standards for levels of mite allergens in dust that lead to sensitization and symptoms. A risk level where chronic exposure may cause sensitization is 2µg Der pI (Dermatophagoides pteronysinus allergen I) per gram of dust (or 100 mites /g or 0.6 mg guanine /g of dust). A risk level for acute asthma in mite-allergic individuals is 10µg (Der pI) of the allergen per gram of dust (or 500 mites /g of dust).
Controlling house dust mite infestation includes covering mattresses, hot washing of bedding, and removing carpet from bedrooms. For mite allergic individuals, it is recommended that home relative humidities be lower than 45 percent. Mites desiccate in drier air (absolute humidities below 7 kg.). Vacuum cleaning and use of acaricides can be effective short-term remedial strategies. One such acaracide, Acarosan, is registered with EPA to treat carpets, furniture, and beds for dust mites.
Another class of hypersensitivity disease is hypersensitivity pneumonitis, which may include humidifier fever. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis, also called allergic alveo-litis, is a granulomatous interstitial lung disease caused by exposure to airborne antigens. It may affect from one to five percent or more of a specialized population exposed to appropriate antigens (e.g., farmers and farmers' lung, pigeon breeders and pigeon breeders' disease)37. Continued antigen exposure may lead to end-stage pulmonary fibrosis. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is frequently misdiagnosed as a pneumonia of infectious etiology. The prevalence of hypersensitivity pneumonitis in the general population is unknown.
Outbreaks of hypersensitivity pneumonitis in office buildings have been traced to air conditioning and humidification systems contaminated with bacteria and molds38. In the home, hypersensitivity pneumonitis is often caused by contaminated humidifiers or by pigeon or pet bird antigens. The period of sensitization before a reaction occurs may be as long as months or even years. Acute symptoms, which occur four to six hours postexposure and recur on challenge with the offending agent, include cough, dyspnea, chills, myalgia, fatigue, and high fever. Nodules and nonspecific infiltrates may be noted on chest films. The white blood cell count is elevated, as is specific IgG to the offending antigen. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis generally responds to corticosteroids or cessation of exposure (either keeping symptomatic people out of contaminated environments or removing the offering agents).
Humidifier fever is a disease of uncertain etiology39. It shares symptoms with hypersensitivity pneumonitis, but the high attack rate and short-term effects may indicate that toxins (e.g., bacterial endotoxins) are involved. Onset occurs a few hours after exposure. It is a flu-like illness marked by fever, headache, chills, myalgia, and malaise but without prominent pulmonary symptoms. It normally subsides within 24 hours without residual effects, and a physician is rarely consulted. Humidifier fever has been related to exposure to amoebae, bacteria, and fungi found in humidifier reservoirs, air conditioners, and aquaria. The attack rate within a workplace may be quite high, sometimes exceeding 25 percent.
Bacterial and fungal organisms can be emitted from impeller (cool mist) and ultrasonic humidifiers. Mesophilic fungi, thermophilic bacteria, and thermophilic actinomycetes -- all of which are associated with development of allergic responses -- have been isolated from humidifiers built into the forced-air heating system as well as separate console units. Airborne concentrations of microorganisms are noted during operation and might be quite high for individuals using ultrasonic or cool mist units. Drying and chemical disinfection with bleach or 3% hydrogen peroxide solution are effective remedial measures over a short period, but cannot be considered as reliable maintenance. Only rigorous, daily, and end-of-season cleaning regimens, coupled with disinfection, have been shown to be effective. Manual cleaning of contaminated reservoirs can cause exposure to allergens and pathogens.
Another class of agents that may cause disease related to indoor airborne exposure is the mycotoxins. These agents are fungal metabolites that have toxic effects ranging from short-term irritation to immunosuppression and cancer. Virtually all the information related to diseases caused by mycotoxins concerns ingestion of contaminated food40. However, mycotoxins are contained in some kinds of fungus spores, and these can enter the body through the respiratory tract. At least one case of neurotoxic symptoms possibly related to airborne mycotoxin exposure in a heavily contaminated environment has been reported41. Skin is another potential route of exposure to mycotoxins. Toxins of several fungi have caused cases of severe dermatosis. In view of the serious nature of the toxic effects reported for mycotoxins, exposure to mycotoxin-producing agents should be minimized.
Increase ventilation when using products that emit volatile organic compounds, and meet or exceed any label precautions. Do not store opened containers of unused paints and similar materials within home or office. See special note on pesticides.
Formaldehyde is one of the best known volatile organic compound (VOC) pollutants, and is one of the few indoor air pollutants that can be readily measured. Identify, and if possible, remove the source if formaldehyde is the potential cause of the problem. If not possible, reduce exposure: use polyurethane or other sealants on cabinets, paneling and other furnishings. To be effective, any such coating must cover all surfaces and edges and remain intact. Formaldehyde is also used in permanent press fabric and mattress ticking. Sensitive individuals may choose to avoid these products.
At room temperature, volatile organic compounds are emitted as gases from certain solids or liquids. VOCs include a variety of chemicals (e.g., formaldehyde, benzene, perchloroethylene), some of which may have short- and long-term effects. Concentrations of many VOCs are consistently higher indoors than outdoors. A study by the EPA, covering six communities in various parts of the United States, found indoor levels up to ten times higher than those outdoors -- even in locations with significant outdoor air pollution sources, such as petrochemical plants42.
A wide array of volatile organics are emitted by products used in home, office, school, and arts/crafts and hobby activities. These products, which number in the thousands, include:
Many of these items carry precautionary labels specifying risks and procedures for safe use; some do not. Signs and symptoms of VOC exposure may include eye and upper respiratory irritation, rhinitis, nasal congestion, rash, pruritus, headache, nausea, vomiting, dyspnea and, in the case of formaldehyde vapor, epistaxis.
Formaldehyde has been classified as a probable human carcinogen by the EPA45. Urea-formaldehyde foam insulation (UFFI), one source of formaldehyde used in home construction until the early 1980s, is now seldom installed, but formaldehyde-based resins are components of finishes, plywood, paneling, fiberboard, and particleboard, all widely employed in mobile and conventional home construction as building materials (subflooring, paneling) and as components of furniture and cabinets, permanent press fabric, draperies, and mattress ticking.
Airborne formaldehyde acts as an irritant to the conjunctiva and upper and lower respiratory tract. Symptoms are temporary and, depends upon the level and length of exposure, may range from burning or tingling sensations in eyes, nose, and throat to chest tightness and wheezing. Acute, severe reactions to formaldehyde vapor -- which has a distinctive, pungent odor -- may be associated with hypersensitivity. It is estimated that 10 to 20 percent of the U.S. population, including asthmatics, may have hyperreactive airways which may make them more susceptible to formaldehyde's effects46.
Pesticides sold for household use, notably impregnated strips, and foggers or "bombs", which are technically classed as semivolatile organic compounds, include a variety of chemicals in various forms. Exposure to pesticides may cause harm if they are used improperly. However, exposure to pesticides via inhalation of spray mists may occur during normal use. Exposure can also occur via inhalation of vapors and contaminated dusts after use (particularly to children who may be in close contact with contaminated surfaces). Symptoms may include headache, dizziness, muscular weakness, and nausea. In addition, some pesticide active ingredients and inert components are considered possible human carcinogens. Label directions must be explicitly followed47.
Wet-mop and wipe furniture frequently to control lead dust. Have professional remove or encapsulate lead containing paint; individuals involved in this and other high exposure activities should use appropriate protective gear and work in well-ventilated areas. Do not burn painted or treated wood.
Most health professionals are aware of the threat of lead (Pb) toxicity, particularly its long term impact on children in the form of cognitive and developmental deficits which are often cumulative and subtle. Such deficits may persist into adulthood48. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, an estimated three to four million children in the U.S. under age six have blood lead levels that could cause impaired development, and an additional 400,000 fetuses are at similar risk49.
Lead toxicity may alternatively present as acute illness. Signs and symptoms in children may include irritability, abdominal pain, emesis, marked ataxia, and seizures or loss of consciousness. In adults, diffuse complaints -- including headache, nausea, anorexia (and weight loss), constipation, fatigue, personality changes, and hearing loss -- coupled with exposure opportunity may lead to suspicion of lead poisoning.
Lead inhibits heme synthesis. Since interruption of that process produces protoporphyrin accumulation at the cellular level, the standard screening method is investigation of blood lead (PbB) levels which reveal recent exposure to lead. Acute symptomology in adults is often associated with PbB at levels of 40 g/ dl or higher. There is good evidence for adverse effects of lead in very young children at much lower levels.50,51 The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has set 10 g/ dl as the level of concern52. Increased maternal Pb exposure has also been deemed significant in pregnancy, since an umbilical cord PbB of greater than 10 g/ dl has been correlated with early developmental deficits. If sufficiently high PbB levels are confirmed, chelation therapy may be indicated. Suspected low level lead contamination cannot be accurately identified by a erythrocyte protoporphyrin (EP) finger-stick test, but requires blood lead analysis.
Lead poisoning via ingestion has been most widely publicized, stressing the roles played by nibbling of flaking paint by infants and toddlers and by the use of lead-containing foodware (glass, and soldered metal-ceramic ware) by adults. Lead dust flaking or "chalking" off lead painted walls generated by friction surfaces is a major concern. Airborne lead, however, is also a worrisome source of toxicity. There is no skin absorption associated with inorganic lead.
Airborne lead outdoors, originating chiefly from gasoline additives, has been effectively controlled since the 1980s through regulation at the federal level. Much of this lead still remains in the soil near heavily trafficked highways and in urban areas, however, and can become airborne at times. It may enter dwellings via windows and doors, and contaminated soil can also be tracked inside.
Indoors, the chief source is paint. Lead levels in paints for interior use have been increasingly restricted since the 1950s, and many paints are now virtually lead free. But older housing and furniture may still be coated with leaded paint, sometimes surfacing only after layers of later, non-lead paint have flaked away or have been stripped away in the course of restoration or renovation. In these circumstances, lead dust and fumes can permeate the air breathed by both adults and children.
Additional sources of airborne lead include art and craft materials, from which lead is not banned, but the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) requires its presence to be declared on the product label if it is present in toxic amounts. Significant quantities are found in many paints and glazes, stained glass, as well as in some solder. Hazardous levels of atmospheric lead have been found at police and civilian firing ranges. Repair and cleaning of automobile radiators in inadequately ventilated premises can expose workers to perilous levels of airborne lead. The use of treated or painted wood in fireplaces or improperly vented wood stoves may release a variety of substances, including lead and other heavy metals, into the air.
While old paint has been the most publicized source of airborne heavy metal (i.e., lead), new paint has emerged as a concern as well. A 1990 report detailed elevated levels of mercury in persons exposed to interior latex (water-based) paint containing phenylmercuric acetate (PMA)53. PMA was a preservative that was used to prolong the product's shelf life.
Initial action by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency resulted in the elimination of mercury compounds from indoor latex paints at the point of manufacture as of August 1990, with the requirement that paints containing mercury, including existing stocks originally designed for indoor use, be labeled or relabeled "For Exterior Use Only". As of September 1991, phenylmercuric acetate is forbidden in the manufacture of exterior latex paints as well. Latex paints containing hazardous levels of mercury may still remain on store shelves or in homes where they were left over after initial use, however.
An additional matter of concern, recently noted by the CPSC, is the sprinkling of mercury about the home by some ethnic/religious groups54. According to the CPSC, mercury for this purpose is purveyed by some herbal medicine or botanical shops to consumers unaware of the dangers of the substance.
Appropriate persons -- employer, building owner or manager, building investigation specialist, if necessary state and local government agency medical epidemiologists and other public health officials -- should undertake investigation and analysis of the implicated building, particularly the design and operation of HVAC systems, and correct contributing conditions. Persistence on the part of individual(s) and health care consultant(s) may be required to diagnose and remediate the building problems.
The term "sick building syndrome" (SBS), first employed in the 1970s, describes a situation in which reported symptoms among a population of building occupants can be temporally associated with their presence in that building. Typically, though not always, the structure is an office building.
Generally, a spectrum of specific and nonspecific complaints are involved. Typical complaints, in addition to the signs and symptoms already listed, may also include eye and/or nasopharyngeal irritation, rhinitis or nasal congestion, inability to concentrate, and general malaise-complaints suggestive of a host of common ailments, some ubiquitous and easily communicable. The key factors are commonality of symptoms and absence of symptoms among building occupants when the individuals are not in the building.
Sick building syndrome should be suspected when a substantial proportion of those spending extended time in a building (as in daily employment) report or experience acute on-site discomfort. If is important, however, to distinguish SBS from problems of building related illness. The latter term is reserved for situations in which signs and symptoms of diagnosable illness are identified and can be attributed directly to specific airborne building contaminants. Legionnaires' Disease and hypersensitivity pneumonitis, for example, are building related illnesses.
There has been extensive speculation about the cause or causes of SBS. Poor design, maintenance, and/or operation of the structure's ventilation system may be at fault55. The ventilation system itself can be a source of irritants. Interior redesign, such as the rearrangement of offices or installation of partitions, may also interfere with efficient functioning of such systems.
Another theory suggests that very low levels of specific pollutants, including some discussed in the preceding pages, may be present and may act synergistically, or at least in combination, to cause health effects. Humidity may also be a factor: while high relative humility may contribute to biological pollutant problems, an unusually low level -- below 20 or 30 percent -- may heighten the effects of mucosal irritants and may even prove irritating itself. Other contributing elements may include poor lighting and adverse ergonomic conditions, temperature extremes, noise, and psychological stresses that may have both individual and interpersonal impact.
The prevalence of the problem is unknown. A 1984 World Health Organization report suggested that as many as 30 percent of new and remodeled buildings worldwide may generate excessive complaints related to indoor air quality56. In a nationwide, random sampling of U.S. office workers, 24 percent perceived air quality problems in their work environments, and 20 percent believed their work performance was hampered thereby57.
When SBS is suspected, the individual physician or other health care provider may need to join forces with others (e.g., clinicians consulted by an individual's co-workers, as well as industrial hygienists and public health officials) to adequately investigate the problem and develop appropriate solutions.
Asbestos and radon are among the most publicized indoor air pollutants. Both are known human carcinogens. Their carcinogenic effects are not immediate but are evident only years, even decades, after prolonged exposure.
Once widely used in structural fireproofing, asbestos may be found predominantly in heating systems and acoustic insulation, in floor and ceiling tiles, and in shingles in many older houses. It was formerly used in such consumer products as fireplace gloves, ironing board covers, and certain hair dryers.
When asbestos-containing material is damaged or disintegrates with age, microscopic fibers may be dispersed into the air. Over as long as twenty, thirty, or more years, the presence of these fibers within the lungs may result in asbestosis (asbestos-caused fibrosis of the lung, seen as a result of heavy occupational exposure)58, lung cancer and pleural or peritoneal cancer, or mesothelioma59. For lung cancer, the effect of tobacco smoking in combination with asbestos exposure appears to be synergistic by approximately fivefold60. Occupational exposure may also be associated with increased risk of gastrointestinal malignancies. Attention should be focused on those populations with continual exposure and documented health effects, e.g. maintenance workers.
Products and materials containing asbestos are not necessarily so labeled. Construction professionals or state or local environmental agencies may inspect and analyze suspect materials. Manufacturers of particular products may also be able to supply information.
The risk of disease depends on exposure to airborne asbestos fibers. Average levels in buildings are low, and the risk to building occupants is therefore low.
Removal of asbestos is not always the best choice to reduce exposure. The EPA requires asbestos removal only in order to prevent significant public exposure and generally recommends an in-place management program when asbestos has been discovered and is in good condition61.
Radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer, following smoking. Radon is odorless, colorless, and tasteless. It is a naturally occurring radioactive gas resulting from the decay of radium, itself a decay product of uranium. Radon in turn breaks down into radon decay products, short-lived radionuclides. These decay products, either free or attached to airborne particles, are inhaled, and further decay can take place in the lungs before removal by clearance mechanisms.
It is the emission of high-energy alpha particles during the radon decay process that increases the risk of lung cancer. While the risk to underground miners has long been known, the potential danger of residential radon pollution has been widely recognized only since the late 1970s, with the documentation of high indoor levels.
When radon decay products are inhaled and deposited in the lungs, the alpha emissions penetrate the cells of the epithelium lining the lung. Energy deposited in these cells during irradiation is believed to initiate the process of carcinogenesis. The EPA, the National Cancer Institute, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and others estimate that thousands of lung cancer deaths per year are attributable to radon, based on data from epidemiologic studies of thousands of underground miners and from animal studies. Lung cancer is presently the only commonly accepted disease risk associated with radon.
Tobacco smoke in combination with radon exposure has a synergistic effect. Smokers and former smokers are believed to be at especially high risk. Scientists estimate that the increased risk of lung cancer to smokers from radon exposure is ten to twenty times higher than to people who have never smoked.
The EPA estimates that as many as six million homes throughout the country have elevated levels of radon. Since 1988, EPA and the Office of the Surgeon General have recommended that homes below the third floor be tested for radon.
Short term testing is the quickest way to determine if a potential problem exists, taking from two to ninety days to complete. Low-cost radon test kits are available by mail order, in hardware stores, and through other retail outlets62.
Measurement devices should be state-certified or display the phrase, "Meets EPA Requirements". Trained contractors who meet EPA's requirements can also provide testing services. The most commonly used devices are charcoal canisters, electret ion detectors, alpha track detectors, and continuous monitors placed by contractors. Short term testing should be conducted in the lowest lived in area of the home, with the doors and windows shut. Long term testing can take up to a full year but is more likely to reflect the home's year round average radon level than short term testing. Alpha track detectors and electret ion detectors are the most common long-term testing devices.
Corrective steps include sealing foundation cracks and holes, and venting radon-laden air from beneath the foundation. Professional expertise should be sought for effective execution of these measures.
The subject of indoor air pollution is not without some controversy. Indoor air quality is an evolving issue; it is important to keep informed about continuing developments in this area. The following questions may be asked of physicians and other health professionals.
The diagnostic label of multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) -- also referred to as "chemical hypersensitivity" or "environmental illness" -- is being applied increasingly, although definition of the phenomenon is elusive and its pathogenesis as a distinct entity is not confirmed. Multiple chemical sensitivity has become more widely known and increasingly controversial as more patients receive the label63.
Persons with the diagnostic label of multiple chemical sensitivity are said to suffer multi-system illness as a result of contact with, or proximity to, a spectrum of substances, including airborne agents. These may include both recognized pollutants discussed earlier (such as tobacco smoke, formaldehyde, et al.) and other pollutants ordinarily considered innocuous. Some who espouse the concept of MCS believe that it may explain such chronic conditions as some forms of arthritis and colitis, in addition to generally recognized types of hypersensitivity reactions.
Some practitioners believe that the condition has a purely psychological basis. One study63 reported a 65 percent incidence of current or past clinical depression, anxiety disorders, or somatoform disorders in subjects with this diagnosis compared with 28 percent in controls. Others, however, counter that the disorder itself may cause such problems64, since those affected are no longer able to lead a normal life, or that these conditions stem from effects on the nervous system65.
The current consensus is that in cases of claimed or suspected MCS, complaints should not be dismissed as psychogenic, and a thorough workup is essential. Primary care givers should determine that the individual does not have an underlying physiological problem and should consider the value of consultation with allergists and other specialists.
"Clinical ecology", while not a recognized conventional medical specialty, has drawn the attention of health care professionals as well as laypersons. The organization of clinical ecologists-physicians who treat individuals believed to be suffering from "total allergy" or "multiple chemical sensitivity" -- was founded as the Society for Clinical Ecology and is now known as the American Academy of Environmental Medicine. Its ranks have attracted allergists and physicians from other traditional medical specialties66.
Ion generators act by charging the particles in a room so that they are attracted to walls, floors, tabletops, draperies, occupants, etc. Abrasion can result in these particles being resuspended into the air. In some cases these devices contain a collector to attract the charged particles back to the unit. While ion generators may remove small particles (e.g., those in tobacco smoke) from the indoor air, they do not remove gases or odors, and may be relatively ineffective in removing large particles such as pollen and house dust allergens. Although some have suggested that these devices provide a benefit by rectifying a hypothesized ion imbalance, no controlled studies have confirmed this effect.
Ozone, a lung irritant, is produced indirectly by ion generators and some other electronic air cleaners and directly by ozone generators. While indirect ozone production is of concern, there is even greater concern with the direct, and purposeful introduction of a lung irritant into indoor air. There is no difference, despite some marketers' claims, between ozone in smog outdoors and ozone produced by these devices. Under certain use conditions ion generators and other ozone generating air cleaners can produce levels of this lung irritant significantly above levels thought harmful to human health. A small percentage of air cleaners that claim a health benefit may be regulated by FDA as a medical device. The Food and Drug Administration has set a limit of 0.05 parts per million of ozone for medical devices. Although ozone can be used in reducing odors and pollutants in unoccupied spaces (such as removing smoke odors from homes involved in fires) the levels needed to achieve this are above those generally thought to be safe for humans.
Ion generators and ozone generators are types of air cleaners; others include mechanical filter air cleaners, electronic air cleaners (e.g., electrostatic precipitators), and hybrid air cleaners utilizing two or more techniques. Generally speaking, existing air cleaners are not appropriate single solutions to indoor air quality problems, but can be useful as an adjunct to effective source control and adequate ventilation. Air cleaning alone cannot adequately remove all pollutants typically found in indoor air.
The value of any air cleaner depends upon a number of factors, including its basic efficiency, proper selection for the type of pollutant to be removed, proper installation in relation to the space, and faithful maintenance. Drawbacks, varying with type, may include inadequate pollutant removal, re-dispersement of pollutants, deceptive masking rather than removal, generation of ozone, and unacceptable noise levels.
[At the time of this publication,] the EPA and CPSC had not taken a position either for or against the use of these devices in the home67. For more information on ozone generators, read the recently released fact sheet: Ozone Generators That Are Sold As Air Cleaners. The purpose of this document (which is only available via this web site) is to provide accurate information regarding the use of ozone-generating devices in indoor occupied spaces. This information is based on the most credible scientific evidence currently available.
As awareness of the importance of indoor air quality grows, more people are looking at duct cleaning as a way to solve indoor air quality problems. Individuals considering having ducts cleaned should determine that contaminated ducts are the cause of their health problems. Even when contaminants are found in ducts, the source may lie elsewhere, and cleaning ducts may not permanently solve the problem. The duct cleaning industry is expanding to meet demand, using extensive advertising to encourage people to use their services.
Individuals who employ such services should verify that the service provider takes steps to protect individuals from exposure to dislodged pollutants and chemicals used during the cleaning process. Such steps may range from using HEPA filtration on cleaning equipment, providing respirators for workers, and occupants vacating the premises during cleaning.
Update: EPA has recently released the document "Should You Have the Air Ducts in Your Home Cleaned," EPA-402-K-97-002, ISBN 0-16-042730-4, October 1997. You can click on the hyperlinked title or you can order a copy of the document from IAQ INFO at 1-800-438-431 (local (703) 356-4020).
Like many other household products and furnishings, new carpet can be a source of chemical emissions. Carpet emits volatile organic compounds, as do products that accompany carpet installation such as adhesives and padding. Some people report symptoms such as eye, nose and throat irritation; headaches; skin irritations; shortness of breath or cough; and fatigue, which they may associate with new carpet installation. Carpet can also act as a "sink" for chemical and biological pollutants including pesticides, dust mites, and fungi.
Individuals purchasing new carpet should ask retailers for information to help them select lower emitting carpet, cushion, and adhesives. Before new carpet is installed, they should ask the retailer to unroll and air out the carpet in a clean, well-ventilated area. They should consider leaving the premises during and immediately after carpet installation or schedule the installation when the space is unoccupied. Opening doors and windows and increasing the amount of fresh air indoors will reduce exposure to most chemicals released from newly installed carpet. During and after installation in a home, use of window fans and room air conditioners to exhaust fumes to the outdoors is recommended. Ventilation systems should be in proper working order, and should be operated during installation, and for 48 to 72 hours after the new carpet is installed.
Individuals should request that the installer follow the Carpet and Rug Institute's installation guidelines68. If new carpet has an objectionable odor, they should contact their carpet retailer. Finally, carpet owners should follow the manufacturer's instructions for proper carpet maintenance.
Recent reports in the media and promotions by the decorative houseplant industry characterize plants as "nature's clean air machine", claiming that National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) research shows plants remove indoor air pollutants. While it is true that plants remove carbon dioxide from the air, and the ability of plants to remove certain other pollutants from water is the basis for some pollution control methods, the ability of plants to control indoor air pollution is less well established. Most research to date used small chambers without any air exchange which makes extrapolation to real world environments extremely uncertain. The only available study of the use of plants to control indoor air pollutants in an actual building could not determine any benefit from the use of plants69. As a practical means of pollution control, the plant removal mechanisms appear to be inconsequential compared to common ventilation and air exchange rates. In other words, the ability of plants to actually improve indoor air quality is limited in comparison with provision of adequate ventilation.
While decorative foliage plants may be aesthetically pleasing, it should be noted that overdamp planter soil conditions may actually promote growth of unhealthy microorganisms.
For assistance and guidance in dealing with known or suspected adverse effects of indoor air pollution, contact the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Indoor Air Quality Information Clearinghouse [IAQ INFO] (1-800-438-4318), EPA regional offices, and state and local departments of health and environmental quality, and your local American Lung Association (website: www.lungusa.org)(1-800-LUNG-USA).
For information on particular product hazards, contact the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (1-800-638-CPSC). Individual manufacturers, as well as trade associations, may also supply pertinent information.
For information about regulation of specific pollutants, call the EPA Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Assistance Information Service (202-554-1404).
For information relating to occupational exposures, contact the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (202-523-6091) or the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (1-800-35-NIOSH).
For information on lead, contact the National Lead Information Center (1-800-LEAD FYI). For information on pesticides, contact the National Pesticides Telecommunications Network (1-800-858-PEST).
Many sources of information are listed in the references for each chapter of this document. The following publications may also be useful to the health professional and to the patient.
The sponsors thank the following people for the time and effort contributed to the creation of this publication: Steven Colome, Ph.D., Integrated Environmental Services, Irvine, CA; Robert J. McCunney, M.D., University Medical Center, Boston, MA; Jonathan M. Samet, M.D., University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM; David Swankin, Esq., Swankin and Turner, Washington, DC.
Appreciation is also extended to the many additional reviewers who contributed their valuable expertise.
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Andrew Weil's Seasonal Supplements
Dr. Andrew Weil has teamed with Innate Response Formulas to develop a series of seminars and a line of products for "seasonally appropriate integrative strategies." Seasonal Therapeutics is a system for adjusting diet supplement recommendations according to the season of the year. To kick off the program, a one-day seminar was presented by Weil's colleague Tierona Low Dog in Boston on August 25, 2012. It was approved for 8 CEU credits for DCs and NDs through the University of Bridgeport, a school that has ties to Sun Myung Moon's Unification Church and offers degrees in naturopathy, chiropractic, and acupuncture. It cost $129 to attend the seminar, but participants were given a product credit of $129 so they could apply their newfound knowledge by buying Innate products.
In a video, Dr. Weil acknowledges that the best nutrition is obtained through diet but says it is essential to take supplements as insurance against gaps in the diet. He recommends Innate Response products because they are formulated with whole foods and contain accessory compounds that have health benefits. They are claimed to be "food, not chemicals" and "potent healing solutions." They describe their seminars as "research based programs."
A series of seminar programs will address seasonal issues:
- Autumn: Season of Harvest: focuses on liver and GI
- Winter: Season of Reflection: focuses on immune and mood
- Spring: Season of Renewal: focuses on purification and allergy
- Summer: Season of Vitality: focuses on cardio and joint health. (more…)
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subset: commoncrawl


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Trail grows cold in search for missing Brice Prairie man
It's been nearly four months since a Brice Prairie man went missing, leaving no signs of where he might be.
He left behind a wife and three kids.
While investigators are running out of leads, his family is struggling to cope with all their unanswered questions.
Dave Schroeder, 45, went missing on Sept. 22.
At first, investigators believed he may have hopped on a train near his home or hitchhiked a ride.
But their leads have come up with no answers, leaving both investigators and Schroeder's family wondering if they'll ever really know what happened.
"It never leaves my mind," said Schroeder's wife, Karla Schroeder.
Not a moment goes by that Karla Schroeder doesn't feel the pain of missing her husband.
"It's been 116 days. It's almost been four months," said Schroeder. "There really hasn't been any leads as far as anyone who's seen him, and I have a really hard time understanding how a man that's 6 foot 5 inches, 300 pounds went missing, and no one along County Z had seen him walking at the time."
Dave Schroeder walked away from his home at about 2 in the afternoon on Sept. 22, leaving his keys, cellphone and wallet behind.
Karla Schroeder says he had been depressed the last couple of days, due in part to the pressures of taking care of their son with special needs.
A police report says he was intoxicated at the time.
It also alleges he was out drinking all the night before and had run-ins with employees at Hooters and Walmart.
The lead investigator in the case says it could have played a role in why he left.
"My feeling is that he left despondent about his life situation," said Sgt. Mark Yehle with the La Crosse County Sheriff's Department.
After months of searching and following up leads, the trail is growing cold.
"We haven't really received any new leads," said Yehle.
It leaves Karla Schroeder with the difficult task of how to move forward with so many unanswered questions.
"What's really hard for me is I'm trying to decide in my mind as his wife, am I now a grieving widow, or am I a hopeful person that he's going to come back, or am I supposed to be angry that he left us?" said Schroeder.
While Karla grieves for her husband, she must also watch her children grieve for their dad.
"My son and his fiancee are going to be having a baby, and Dave doesn't know that he's going to be a grandpa. That's going to be very hard on all of us. My 13-year-old tries very hard to be strong, and my youngest son has disabilities, and that has been very hard on all of us," said Schroeder.
Schroeder says the community has been an incredible support to her and her family during this difficult time.
She says she lost her job when Dave Schroeder went missing but was recently rehired.
Anyone with information on where Schroeder might be is urged to call the La Crosse County Sheriff's Department at 608-785-9629.
Copyright 2013 by WKBT News8000. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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Wild Dunes Weekend | Sept. 27-29: Local Events, Activities and Things to Do in Charleston, SC
Fill your final days of September with Southern food, striking Civil War photography, a free museum day, shopping and of course, some socializing! Here's our picks for things to do this weekend in Charleston...
Throughout the Weekend
"Photography and the American Civil War" Exhibit Opens at The Gibbes Museum of Art
The Gibbes Museum of Art is pleased to serve as the only Southeast venue for the superb exhibition entitled Photography and the American Civil War organized by The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which features more than 200 of the finest and most poignant photographs of the American Civil War. Hailed as a "magisterial exhibition" by the New York Times and "superb" by the Wall Street Journal, this comprehensive exhibition examines the evolving role of the camera during the nation's bloodiest war. The "War between the States" was the great test of the young Republic's commitment to its founding precepts; it was also a watershed in photographic history. The camera recorded from beginning to end the heartbreaking narrative of the epic four-year war (1861-1865) in which 750,000 lives were lost. This traveling exhibition will explore, through photography, the full pathos of the brutal conflict that, after 150 years, still looms large in the American public's imagination. The exhibit will run until January 5, 2014. Admission to the Gibbes Museum is $9 for Adults, $7 for Seniors, Students and Military, $5 for Children ages 6 – 12, and free for members and children under 6. For more information about the exhibit, visit the Gibbes' mobile website or call 843-722-2706. Planning a trip to Charleston this fall or winter? Book our Civil War – A Nod to History vacation package for a private curator-led tour of the exhibit and much more.
SHE—The Ultimate Girls' Weekend
Get your gals together for the ultimate girls' weekend in the Lowcountry. Say hello to SHE Charleston, self-described as "a party, a culinary experience, a learning opportunity and a shopping spree, all rolled into one." Charleston City Paper's Amanda Merritt reports, "For three days, the North Charleston Convention Center hosts vendors, cooking classes, DIY workshops, fashion shows, and makeover sessions. Local celebrity Elise Testone will perform on opening night, HGTV's Vern Yip will teach design on a budget, and a registered "lip reader" will be analyzing energies from lipstick prints — yes, we're serious about that lipstick. "It's really something for everyone, from every interest and age," says marketing director Vicky Sexton. "SHE is a celebration of women that allows them to relax, shop, and be catered to." Pick up something for yourself from clothing vendors like Southern Belle's, Berlin's, Swoon, Out of Hand, and others, or have a cheat day and enjoy food by Southern Season, Brown's Court Bakery, Cory's Grilled Cheese, and more." $8/adult, $4/child. $5/students and military.
Saturday, September 28
Smithsonian Museum Day Live!
Be a part of Smithsonian magazine's Museum Day, an annual event hosted by the magazine in which participating museums across the country offer free admission to anyone presenting a Museum Day Ticket, available for download on the magazine's website. Five local Charleston museums are participating in the event: Drayton Hall, Gibbes Museum of Art, Halsey Institute of Contemporary Art, The Powder Magazine and The South Carolina Historical Society. Our pick for the best bet? The free tour at The SC Historical Society, housed in the historic Robert Mills Fireproof Building and features the state's oldest and largest private repository of books, letters, journals, photographs and more about our state's history. Plus, don't miss their limited-time special digital exhibit and display on the evolution of golf in South Carolina, boasting several firsts in the development and game of golf. For more information, visit the museum's website or call 843.723.3225.
Sunday, September 29
33rd Annual Southern Living Taste of Charleston
The greater Charleston Restaurant Association presents the 33rd Annual Taste of Charleston at Boone Hall Plantation, featuring 50 of Charleston's best restaurants, including our very own Sea Island Grill. All local restaurants will offer their house specialties in "bite-size" portions + beer and wine. As if that's not exciting enough, the event also hosts a beer tasting tent, live entertainment, the legendary "Watiers' Race" and a children's area with acrobatics, juggling, dancing, crafts, jump castles and more. The event is from 10:30 a.m. – 5:00 p.m. For more information, call 843.577.4030.


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Golden Globes Beauty
- Next1 of 20Jason Merritt/Getty Images
- Previous Next2 of 20Steve Granitz/WireImage
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- Golden Globes Beauty9 Things You Need to Stop Doing to Your Skin ASAP
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- 18 Next-Big-Thing Beauty Products
Beautiful Girls1 of 20
By Abby Gardner
The Golden Globes brought out Hollywood's most stunning leading ladies (and the men and women who do their hair and makeup). Here are my favorites of the evening along with some insider scoop and advice on recreating the looks at home.
Anne Hathaway2 of 20
"Anne wore a nude rose sequin gown. The dress featured a strong shoulder," says her makeup artist, Kate Lee. "So I wanted to make sure the makeup was approachable and feminine -- to allow the dress its full attention." Kate tucked Chanel Rouge Coco Lip Colour in Mademoiselle and a Chanel Natural Finish Pressed Powder compact into Anne's purse before she headed out.
Natalie Portman3 of 20
My favorite part about Natalie's makeup look was her pretty pink lips. Makeup artist Sarai Fiszel used Dior Rouge Dior Lipcolor in Star Fuschia #766 (Natalie is the face of the Miss Dior Cherie fragrance!) The genius Orlando Pita did her hair in a modern interpretation of Audrey Hepburn in Breakfast at Tiffany's. I think Holly Golightly would approve.
Angelina Jolie4 of 20
I love that Angelina finally wore some color on the carpet. That emerald green allowed her to keep her makeup and hair soft and simple. And did you happen to catch her reapplying her gloss during the telecast?
Tina Fey5 of 20
I loved Tina's wavy updo. It felt very old-Hollywood, but not at all stuffy. Her stylist, Remington's Richard Marin, used a curl-enhancing mousse and a blow-dryer with a diffuser to dry the hair. He then used a small barrel iron to curl random sections, had Tina shake it out and pulled it into a loose, low ponytail. He then twisted that into a bun at the neckline.
Sofia Vergara6 of 20
Sofia's makeup artist, Kayleen McAdams (using Lancôme), wanted a modern retro feel, so instead of a classic smoky eye, she chose purple shades to create the look. Just look at how amazing it looks, which goes to show we should all embrace jewel tones, not fear them.
Sandra Bullock7 of 20
"My inspiration for Sandra was rock 'n' roll with just a touch of disco!" says Chanel makeup artist Angela Levin. "Sandra and I agreed that a strong semi-rock 'n' roll eye with a touch of glamour would work well using similar colors that are in the jewels of the dress. And taking into consideration the bangs and hairstyle."
Piper Perabo8 of 20
I've never watched her new show, but nominee Piper ruled the red carpet with her perfect party ponytail by stylist Nathaniel Hawkins and her gorgeous red lips and long lashes courtesy of makeup artist Troy Surratt. Here's how to get the lips yourself: First apply CoverGirl Outlast Lipstain in Scarlet Pucker, and then top it off with CoverGirl Lip Perfection in Hot.
Olivia Wilde9 of 20
Olivia was one of the actresses sporting one of the night's hair trends: heavy bangs. Her stylist, Terry Millet for Kérastase, was going for a chic French-girl look. He blow-dried Oliva's hair with his hands, using a round brush at the ends once it was almost dry. He finished the look with Kérastase Oléo-Relax Serum on the ends and Double Force Hairspray for hold.
Mila Kunis10 of 20
Mila's makeup artist, Tracey Levy (using Lancôme), went for a look that was "fresh and effortless, with a touch of Audrey Hepburn." Two other things I love: the lashes (try Lancôme Hypnôse Drama Mascara in Excessive Black) and how nicely Mila and Natalie's looks played off each other and their Black Swan characters.
Michelle Williams11 of 20
"We were inspired by the classic beauty of Jean Seberg and Mia Farrow," says Michelle's makeup artist Jeanine Lobell (using Chanel). "Luminous skin was key, and a super-lashed eye gave a nod to those classic beauties. A fresh coral lip kept the look modern and new." Try Chanel Vitalumiere Aqua (available in March) and Chanel Rouge Coco Lip Colour in Chalys.
Julianne Moore12 of 20
Julianne's stylist, Gianndrea for Kérastase, wanted to create a "modern, romantic" look. And I think she succeeded. I love how she parted the hair down the middle and then twisted the hair to the side in a ponytail.
Hailee Steinfeld13 of 20
Could this girl be any more adorable? We love how she looked her age but still worthy of a red-carpet moment. The ponytail was trendy and cute. As for her makeup, we heard this from her makeup artist Fiona Stiles (using Chanel): "I focused on beautiful, luminous skin and a little kitten flick of black eyeliner to give it a fun, slightly dramatic look, while still being age-appropriate."
Julia Stiles14 of 20
"Julia had an elegant, long black gown, so we wanted the beauty look to be sophisticated and sexy, but also to keep it fresh since the red carpet is during the daytime," her makeup artist Jake Bailey revealed. And what is that gorgeous pop of color on her lips? CoverGirl Lip Perfection in Euphoria.
Jayma Mays15 of 20
"We wanted to create a modern retro look and make sure that overall the look was balanced against her gorgeous black dress," says makeup artist Beau Nelson. "I created a smoky eye with dark brown shadows and lined the eyes with CoverGirl LiquiLineBlast in Black Fire and smudged it out for a bit of drama."
January Jones16 of 20
"January's look was all about strength — and there was nothing demure about it!" says Chanel makeup artist Rachel Goodwin. "I wanted to go for a super-strong brow and a high gloss red lip...'90s supermodel meets old-Hollywood glamour." So what's the gloss? Chanel Rouge Allure Extrait de Gloss in Excess
Emma Stone17 of 20
Emma did absolutely everything right last night. Her peachy-toned makeup was perfect with her pale Calvin Klein dress and light blond hair in a chic bun by TRESemmé's Mara Roszak. This is one moment where matchy-matchy is a very good thing.
Elisabeth Moss18 of 20
I simply love this no-makeup makeup look that Elisabeth has been trying lately. Her makeup artist Lauren Kaye Cohen, tells us she used CoverGirl NatureLuxe Silk Foundation to give her a glow. She then used CoverGirl Ageless Sculpting Blush in Rich Cinnamon on her cheeks and CoverGirl Outlast Lipstain in Wild Berry Wink and ShineBlast in Aglow on her lips.
Jennifer Lopez19 of 20
"Jennifer's look was very old-Hollywood '70s glamour," says her makeup artist, Mary Phillips. To give her skin that even tone, she uses L'Oréal Paris Studio Secrets Professional Color Correcting Primer in Anti-Dull Skin all over her face. And on the lips? L'Oréal Paris Infallible Le Rouge in Perpetual Pink.
Dianna Agron20 of 20
Dianna worked with Pantene celebrity stylist Danilo for the first time for the Globes. (He's famous for doing Gwen Stefani's hair all these years.) "When you style hair for the red carpet, you have to take into account that it must look good from every angle," said Danilo. "I wanted her hair to have the ability to be undone, have movement and be shiny, but didn't want her to worry about it all night, which is why a half-up style was the perfect choice."


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For Immediate Release
September 4, 2008
Statewide Task Force on Ensuring Success in Schools to Hold Public Hearing in Springfield
SPRINGFIELD—The Ensuring Success in Schools Task Force will hold a public hearing on September 11, 2008, to hear public comments on resources available for students who are either young parents or the victims of sexual or domestic abuse. The Ensuring Success in Schools Task Force is hosting a series of meetings around the state to gain insight and knowledge from local communities regarding the barriers to school attendance, safety, and school completion for children and youth who are parents, expectant parents, or victims of domestic or sexual violence.
The task force brings together legislators, advocates, educators, students and their parents, and state agencies to address the educational and related needs of elementary and secondary education students who are parents, expectant parents, or victims of domestic or sexual violence to ensure their ability to stay in school, stay safe while in school, and successfully complete their education. From the public hearings, the task force members will develop policies, procedures, and protocols to be adopted by school districts to create solutions that will facilitate a safer, better education environment for all of the states' students that are affected by issues pertaining to this law.
|Task Force Members
|A public hearing
|Springfield High School Commons Area
101 South Lewis St.
Springfield, IL 62704
|Thursday, September 11, 2008, 6:00 p.m.-7:30 p.m.
The task force will issue a final report to the Illinois General Assembly in 2009.
Interviews with board of education staff and task force members available upon request.


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Bike-race bid puts regionalism to test
- published_in
- Guest Column
If so, it should have been abundantly clear that the seven-stage event is much more than a bike race. It is a marketing and public-relations coup for any of the cities that host a leg of the event, a rather remarkable feat for a race that is in just its second year.
By December, Northern Colorado should know whether it will be part of next year's week-long Pro Challenge.
In a welcome stroke of regional thinking, Fort Collins, Loveland and Estes Park have banded together in hopes of serving as hosts of a Northern Colorado leg of the race. There's huge excitement over this; somebody even said it would be equivalent to bringing the Olympics to Northern Colorado. That's clearly over the top, but if the region does get to play host, it probably will be the largest event Northern Colorado ever has hosted.
Win or lose, the level of cooperation on display in this bid deserves a big cheer. The cities involved are building regional ties and, if they pull it off, helping create a regional brand that could pay dividends in all sorts of ways for many years to come.
As envisioned, the Northern Colorado leg of the race would start in Loveland, wind through Windsor and climb through Estes Park before wrapping up in Fort Collins.
Local organizers already are about halfway to their goal of raising $500,000. They held a series of private parties to raise awareness and capital.
Last year's race meant 25 hours of coverage on NBC Sports and generated more than 3 billion media impressions worldwide. With crowds as large as 60,000 at various stops, it also delivered more than $83 million in sales tax revenue for Colorado.
The cities involved in the bid will all need to cover some part of the cost of hosting the Northern Colorado leg of the race. In fact, the cities already have made or are lining up their commitments, so organizers say they're now looking for the private sector to help.
Big slugs of money are always good but smaller contributions are just as welcome. Organizers point out that 80 percent of the sponsorship dollars received by the city of Santa Rosa, Calif., which hosts part of the annual Amgen Tour of California, came in increments of $1,500 to $2,000.
Volunteers and companies willing to make in-kind donations also are needed.
Getting dollars from the business community won't be a snap, organizers say, because sponsorship dollars go to the company behind the race, Medalist Sports. But local events will be created leading up to the race for which sponsorships will be sold.
It will also be a test of our ability to think and behave like a region.
Allen Greenberg is editor of the Northern Colorado Business Report based in Fort Collins, a sister publication of the Boulder County Business Report. He can be reached at 970-232-3142 or email@example.com.


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We've had enough beef on this site over the years to provide steak and milk for the entire western hemisphere
I seriously think that KO should create a sticky flame war thread and whoever doesn't like eachother should duke it out in that thread. As long as posters are not doing anything against the law they should be able to speak their mind about eachother in that thread.
With the "Flame War Thread" posters should strickly keep their hatred and disdain for eachother in that thread. And whoever decides to break the rules by personally attacking someone outside of the thread should receive one warning from Rady. If they break the rules once again after getting their warning they automatically receive a 2 week ban from the site. If they happen to accumulate five temporary bans then the next ban that they receive would be a permanent ban from the site.
This idea could allow posters to disagree and speak their mind about eachother but also suffer repercussions if they take things too far.
Last edited by knicksin60; Jan 16, 2013 at 15:35.
Humility is a virtue and pride is a vice.
We've had enough beef on this site over the years to provide steak and milk for the entire western hemisphere
thank you LeFlume for the most relevant comments... chicken or beef (and NYK_Reloaded for the excellent gif),
always a pertinent question that deserves answers and shows how irrelevant this whole feud really is.
NYK17 with a decent idea, making player threads into subforum. seems to be a source of debate that deserves attention. perhaps we'll create a thread dedicated to this debate and the best way to present player news/threads.
I'm of the opinion that KO's flavor comes from new threads, new ideas, that deserve immediate commentary, and once it dies out, move it into the player threads.
I'm also not opposed to expanding the hip hop flavor of KO, thanks Kingly Starbury for the idea.
I created a thread dedicated to Metro vs Crazy 8's, but put it into the site feedback section, where I think it belongs.
[Only registered and activated users can see links. ]
But for now, this a relevant topic for a lot of posters who know and love both Metro and Crazy 8's, I guess we'll let this conversation/debate stew here for awhile, and eventually move it all together, where it will hopefully fade away and radiate as an off topic (and closed) thread.
the Knicks haven't played too much, so it's OK to have a nice dispute to liven things up, at least it brings up basic points that Metro and Crazy 8's disagreed upon, that will perhaps make KO a better place after the name-calling and bashing has died down.
props to all who have voiced an opinion.
i'm so looking forward to Knicks in London.
I use to like getting on the forum and seeing a new thread, sometimes it would be breaking news to me. Its more of an eye catcher without the player performance threads and looks better for the site imo.
Im still wondering if we can get a poll perhaps added to this thread about who the winner is. Not that it matters but just for entertainment i guess
too much BS, everyone gtfo of here.
Seriously thou, Crazy8 and Metrocard are the 2 main guys I see everytime I come here. I guess when you finally get a winning team there really isn't much to argue about. I'm sure this spat (whatever it is) will blow over in due time, I hardly think whatever happened is that serious. You guys can figure this out, perhaps in private may be the best way to go about it.
I still believe this is a fake feud.
Sig made by Sons of Thunder
I don't know how Rady could just let Metro delete Crazy 8's stuff like that.
That is why he left, because Metro doesn't know how to handle himself.
It's Bull****.
Not sure if the beef is about the player performance threads and specifically not being allowed to discuss new topics separately without them being moved to the player performance thread, thus detracting from us discussing current events without them being lost in the shuffle...
My assumption is that that came about to categorize and archive new topics. I'm sure there are other ways to achieve this while still highlight and allowing us to see and discuss new topics. Figure it out.
If it was Metro that came up with that idea, i'd say good in theory not good practically as many come here to either debate or get info. That gets lost and suffers with this idea sometimes so I understand.
And I agree, perhaps this site was banging when we could argue due to our being a struggling team. Once we started ascending, I guess some had nothing to say.
Btw I'm so glad practically everything we said was wrong and we wanted is being demonstarted while we are winning more.
I don't think it's important who won the beef here, obviously KO took a huge blow at the end of the day with Crazy8's departure. I really don't think anyone's happy about that. But i respect his decision. And if he's starting his own project - like i already told him - he's got my full support. He's got mad talent, creativity and has dedicated tons of him time to make KO a better place, i can't be more thankful for that.
When i had to pick the mod crew, both him and metrocard were solid candidates and the wisest choice for me to make was to give them both a chance. I knew about their past feuds but i hoped that by giving them some responsibilities within the forum, will motivate them strong enough to keep the personal insults and rants out. I might be wrong but I still think this was the best way to handle it. What happened in the past week only proves that this incident was bound to happen sooner or later anyway, i'm just extrmely dissapointed that it happened during our best season in a decade, we should have had other concerns than flame wars between moderators.
The main thing that started all of this was the player performance threads. One of KO's biggest issues before all of this was the multiple threads on a player, the front page had 3-4 active threads about Lin or Melo and it was extremely difficult to follow the discussion. Some of them were duplicates so you gotta understand where metrocard (who brought the idea in the first place) was coming from.
While i do like to keep everything well organized and the similar discussion to go single threaded i understand the need of having separate topics, at least for the breaking news or anything that's hot. It does attract more posters here if they see new titles and the webiste gets better indexed by the search engines. That means more chances for KO to get new members.
So the basic idea - that i've already thrown to metrocard in an earlier PM is to keep the player performance threads but if there's anything that one might think deserves its own thread, it goes separately. Once the talk is done it CAN be merged with the player performance thread but a shadow to the original thread must be left. If there's anyone who has a better solution for this problem i'm open as always to suggestions.
As the world turns looks like I missed out on some BS. Cant wait until the London game.


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score update
Posted 06 January 2013 - 02:28 PM
Posted 06 January 2013 - 02:42 PM
Posted 06 January 2013 - 03:07 PM
Posted 06 January 2013 - 03:08 PM
Posted 06 January 2013 - 03:11 PM
Posted 06 January 2013 - 03:12 PM
Posted 06 January 2013 - 03:18 PM
Posted 06 January 2013 - 03:45 PM
Posted 06 January 2013 - 03:58 PM
Posted 06 January 2013 - 04:14 PM
Good first run out and I'm sure things will get better as the team gel together.
The fox running with the hounds
When you are in deep trouble, say nothing, and try to look as though you know what you're doing.
Posted 06 January 2013 - 04:33 PM
I hope Andrew Dawson is ok after limping off in the second half
My name is Phil . . . . I am a Rugby League Supporter ! http://www.barrowrlfc.com
Posted 06 January 2013 - 04:39 PM
Posted 06 January 2013 - 04:45 PM
Not a bad attendance considering most will be skint from Xmas?
20-23 to keighley FT att-875
The score is immaterial I just hope we got through it without picking up any injuries?
Posted 06 January 2013 - 04:50 PM
Barrow Raiders Starting XIII:
What was the team? Also how does the team to compare to that of last years.
Dean McGilvray,
Lee Haney,
Chris Larkin,
Aaron Low,
Adam Clay,
Scott Kaighan,
Liam Campbell,
Brad Brennan,
James Dandy,
Matthew Haggarty,
Liam Harrison,
Kurt Haggerty,
Dan Toal.
Substitutes: Liam Finch, Andrew Dawson, Mike Whitehead, Danny Jones, Max Wiper.
Posted 06 January 2013 - 04:57 PM
Posted 06 January 2013 - 05:08 PM
Who was kicking and how many did they kick?
played ok today for first run out. deffo need a kicker tho. missing conversions will cost us games, not just wins but bonus points aswell. dont know if noone still wears his kicking boots but if he is i think he could do a job for us.
Maybe they just need some practice? Who better than Holty to teach them how to kick?
Posted 06 January 2013 - 06:14 PM
Posted 06 January 2013 - 06:22 PM
we need a stand off .....scotty was poor today...his goalkicking isnt good enough and his in play field kicking is woeful...why didnt we see Casey today ? also Finchy should be given a shot as well ????
Kurt Haggerty looks very very useful as does McGilvary (in attack anyway coz he is definitely not a fullback). Haney a better prospect maybe ? Didnt get to see as much of Danny Jones as I wouldve liked. Clay was willing to come in and mix it as well.
Hope Dawso isnt crocked ? Is Toal ok as he came off as well ?
Our last try was class why didnt we throw it around like that all game ?
as it was our 1st game we had to expect game rustyness and Cougars had a game last week to get going so were ahead of us gamewise.
Bull was immense as usual today
Lee Morton
Raiders have risen from the ashes
Posted 06 January 2013 - 06:32 PM
Agreed thought his positional kicking was woeful he never made full back work at all and their second try came from an awful kick through the middle they picked up the ball and went on to score ! didnt rate him last year and his no diff
been down this road to many times my freind. we are going to miss ryan shaw big style this season. all games are going to be hard , there will be no gimmies in this league so conversions are going to have be put on the score board. .scott kaigan started off well but as the game wore on some of his field kicks were going down the throats of the catchers imo.
Posted 06 January 2013 - 08:05 PM
We certainly won't be able to compete with the likes of Halifax, Fev, Sheffield and Batley down the middle, I know Holty has expressed a need for another 2nd rower, but I think our biggest priority is a line breaking prop with experience to lead the pack, if we could get one a big Tongan or Samoan would be nice but I realise they wouldn't come cheap, so we would have to settle for someone closer to home. I also agree the need for a goal kicker is vital, as games like today's are won or lost by 2 or 3 points.


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ACLU: Senators Should Use Brennan Hearing To Probe Targeted Killings
Members of the Senate Intelligence Committee should use Thursday's confirmation hearing of John Brennan to be director of the CIA as a means to get more detailed information on the Obama administration's policies of targeted killings of suspected terrorists, a leading civil liberties group urges. These issues, raised anew by the leak of a government white paper, are on top of the longstanding concerns about what role Brennan may have played in torture, extraordinary rendition, and secret prisons during his tenure at the CIA, according to a top official at the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). The issue has become explosive on the eve of Brennan's hearing with the leak of a White House paper on its policies to allow … Continue reading


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It Was The Sand Uniforms…
…and those four homers hit off Chris Young, I guess. But mostly the sand. How many times do I have to tell the boys that those automatically make us LOSE?? Do you not understand the concept of burning them??
Ugh. It drives me nuts!! In the first inning, my boy Kouz hit a two-run single to give us the early lead.
But Chris Young gave up five runs, including four home runs. I'm telling you, CY has been struggling a lot lately, giving up like 10 home runs in his last six starts. It's terrible.
We got a couple more runs later in the game, including a RBI single by David Eckstein, but thanks to the sand, things weren't really clicking for us. The bullpen was OK. Edwin Moreno, Mike Adams, and Cla Meredith pitched, allowing five hits and a run.
Without good pitching, you can't win. So true. CY only went five innings. These starters have got to go deeper into ballgames. I'm sorry, but it's gotta happen. We need that depth from our starters!
Tony Gwynn and Eck at the top of the lineup had great nights. Tony is really hot right now. He got three hits and a walk last night to raise his average to .352. Eck had three hits as well.
Adrian got walked twice again. He's not getting a chance at all.
Nick Hundley got hit-by-pitch in the wrist and had to leave the game. Not good! It's just day-to-day right now, so hopefully he will be OK.
The big first round of the draft was last night. Not surprisingly, Stephen Strasburg was drafted first by the Natinals. San Diegans are definitely excited about Stephen, and hopefully he will get traded to the Padres in the near future. Congrats, Stephen!
The Padres went third and picked Donavan Tate, a high-school outfielder who is apparently a five-tool player. He probably won't make the majors for a long time, since he hasn't had time in college, but hopefully he will be a future star for us. Congrats to Donavan!
Well, the finale of this two-game series against the Dodgers is tonight. Kevin Correia will be pitching against Clayton Kershaw. Good luck with that. But hey, our bats and arms might come out and we can get a win.
4 Comments
You're right. Nobody is having a better season than Adrian Gonzalez. Unfortunately, he plays in San Diego and nobody really thinks about him when they think of the best players in the league. That includes me too, I didn't even think before I wrote Albert Pujols in there. haha. There's no doubt Albert is a better player than Adrian, but I think you're right, Adrian does deserve the starting job this year.
What a terrible night at LA! Stupid sand uniform. It costed our important game! But I'm glad Tony, Eck and Kouz were able to do what they can. Hopefully we can win tonight.
Kaybee and Hyunyoung
You are right about Adrian Gonzalez. He is amazing. I really felt sorry for Chris Young and his pitching. Our Chad had a hard time the first inning but found himself before it was too late. It helps the Dodgers that Andre Ethier is hot right now.
Tonight is Dodger Lunch Bag Night. Maybe all you Padres fans could send your unwanted lunch bags my way. I"m in Virginia and am missing the game.
Maybe you need to start a petition to get the Padres to burn their sand uniforms! Good luck in the game tonight!