text:
TCL > July 2013 Issue > Control of Nutrients in Colorado Surface Waters: Current Status
Natural Resource and Environmental Law articles are sponsored by the CBA Environmental Law, Water Law, and Natural Resources and Energy Law Sections. The Sections publish articles of interest on local and international topics.
Coordinating Editors
Melanie Granberg (Environmental), Denver, Gablehouse Calkins & Granberg, LLC—(303) 572-0050, firstname.lastname@example.com; Kevin Kinnear (Water), Boulder, Porzak Browning & Bushong LLP—(303) 443-6800, firstname.lastname@example.com; Joel Benson (Natural Resources and Energy), Denver, Davis Graham & Stubbs LLP—(303) 892-7470, firstname.lastname@example.com
About the Authors
Gabe Racz is a partner at Vranesh and Raisch LLP. He represents local government, industry, and individuals in water quality, water rights, environmental, and eminent domain matters. He is a member of the CBA and the Environmental Law, Water Law, and Real Estate Law Sections, and has been active in the Colorado Water Quality Forum. He has appeared frequently before the Colorado Water Quality Control Commission and in the water courts and district courts. Amy L. Woodis is the Senior Governmental Policy Analyst at the Metro Wastewater Reclamation District in Denver, where she is responsible for water quality standards development activities, including appearances before the Water Quality Control Commission. She is an adjunct faculty member at Regis University's College of Professional Studies in the Public Administration Program. She is the current Chair of the South Platte Coalition for Urban River Evaluation (SP CURE) and is a member of the CBA Environmental Law Section.
Nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen) are a leading cause of degraded water quality in surface waters nationwide. There are numerous anthropogenic sources of nutrients, and without controls, over-enrichment can have detrimental impacts on drinking water supplies, sport fisheries, and recreational opportunities. This article summarizes the current status of the nutrient regulatory framework in Colorado and the nutrient reduction strategy adopted by the Water Quality Control Commission in 2012.
Nutrients, as the term implies, are essential to the health of aquatic ecosystems. Nutrients include phosphorus and nitrogen-based compounds, and when present in optimal concentrations, support aquatic organisms such as fish and macroinvertebrates,1 which results in a balanced habitat.
Throughout the United States, excessive nutrients are found in many surface waters, a condition that is called "cultural eutrophication." According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), nutrient over-enrichment is a leading cause of degraded water quality nationwide.2
When excess nutrients are present in waters, algae and other plant growth is over-stimulated, which can deplete dissolved oxygen, reduce water transparency, and affect the composition of the biological community. Well-publicized examples of cultural eutrophication include the Gulf of Mexico hypoxic (dead) zone and the Chesapeake Bay.3
According to EPA, agricultural activities are the most widespread source of excess nitrogen and phosphorus leading to nutrient over-enrichment in surface waters.4 Other common nutrient sources include municipal wastewater treatment plants; urban storm water runoff; construction activities; and diffuse pollution sources, such as roads, forest runoff, and atmospheric deposition.
Legal and Regulatory Framework for
Controlling Nutrients in Surface Waters
The purpose of the federal Clean Water Act (CWA) is to "restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the Nation's waters."5 In Colorado, the Water Quality Control Act (WQCA)6 and implementing regulations adopted by the Water Quality Control Commission (Commission) provide a comprehensive framework to address water pollution through water quality standards, an antidegradation policy, a system for classifying uses of state surface waters, and a process for periodic review.7
Enforceable water quality standards for individual water bodies are adopted by the Commission in basinwide rulemaking hearings that take place on a rotating basis.8 Also, the WQCA allows for the adoption of control regulations, which have been used historically as watershed protection tools to limit the amount of phosphorus discharged to Colorado reservoirs, including Dillon, Chatfield, Bear Creek, and Cherry Creek.9
Water Quality Criteria and Standards
Under the federal CWA, water quality criteria to set allowable pollution levels in surface waters are based solely on risk-based scientific data and information.10 Costs for municipal and industrial facilities to achieve attainment with water quality criteria through installation of water pollution treatment controls are not considered.11
Generally speaking, water quality criteria are developed by EPA and are not enforceable. Instead, so-called "304(a) criteria" are recommendations for states to use in their own water quality standards-setting processes.12 However, if a state does not adopt water quality standards necessary to protect the designated uses of water bodies, the CWA gives EPA the power to take actions, such as objecting to state-issued discharge permits, developing Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs), or developing water quality standards for the state.13
In Colorado, enforceable water quality standards set specific allowable levels of pollutants in individual water bodies to protect classified uses adopted by the Commission. Uses include protection of aquatic life, recreation, public water supply, and agriculture. Water quality standards can be numeric (for example, the maximum pollutant concentration levels allowed in a water body) or narrative. Narrative standards are commonly called "free from" standards, because they usually describe water body quality as being free from identified negative conditions.14
The primary regulatory tool to reduce the amount of pollutants entering surface waters is a permitting system that allows facilities to release treated wastewater effluent into the environment. Since the CWA was passed in 1972, thousands of discharge permits have been issued nationwide. This control strategy has restricted the amounts of pollutants discharged by municipal and industrial facilities, greatly improving overall water quality and relegating to distant memory times when U.S. waterways were literally on fire.15
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination Permit Program
The CWA and associated federal regulations established the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program that governs discharges to surface waters.16 Colorado is authorized by EPA to administer the NPDES program, and this function is carried out by the Water Quality Control Division (Division) of the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment.
NPDES permits for municipal wastewater treatment facilities contain both technology-based17 and water quality-based effluent limitations, which are required when technology-based limitations are not sufficient to meet applicable water quality standards.18 Generally speaking, municipal wastewater treatment facilities use conventional secondary treatment-based systems, such as activated sludge or trickling filters to degrade the biological content of wastewater that is derived from human waste, food waste, soaps, and detergents.19
The need to construct additional treatment processes to remove nutrients has not been universally accepted. Some operators of facilities regulated under the NPDES program have argued that there is a lack of concrete scientific evidence linking nutrient reductions through NPDES permits to actual receiving water quality improvements.20
Federal Nutrient Control Perspective:
A Call to Action
In 1998, EPA outlined a strategy describing how it would develop numeric nutrient water quality criteria and expectations on how states should use that framework to develop enforceable water quality standards for nutrient-related parameters.21 The strategy proposed a two-phase process: (1) EPA would develop numeric "nutrient criteria guidance" values for nitrogen and phosphorous (causal parameters), as well as for chlorophyll a, secchi depth,22 and algal biomass (response variables); and (2) states subsequently would adopt enforceable nutrient standards based on these values.23
EPA proposed developing nutrient 304(a) criteria using a geographic (ecoregional) approach rather than on a national basis, to address differences in climate, elevation, and land uses. The suggested target date for states to adopt enforceable nutrient standards was set at the end of December 2003.24
In January 2001, EPA published a Notice of Ecoregional Nutrient Criteria for Lakes and Reservoirs, Rivers and Streams, and Wetlands (Notice).25 In part, the Notice indicated that the nutrient criteria "are intended to represent water quality conditions that are reflective of those minimally impacted by human activities" (emphasis added).26
Later that year, EPA sent a memorandum to the EPA Regions and states to provide additional guidance on development of nutrient criteria plans, the role of these plans in the adoption of numeric nutrient standards, and EPA's expectations regarding associated timeframes.27 In the memo, EPA reminded states that if they did not meet expected timetables, the agency could decide to take actions on its own where activities to adopt nutrient standards fell short.28
Despite EPA's urging through guidance, states were slow to adopt numeric nutrient standards due to the cost of potential upgrades to wastewater treatment facilities and scientific uncertainty between nutrient causal and response variables.29 Instead, most states continued to rely on existing narrative nutrient standards, taking action to reduce nutrient loading from regulated point sources only where water quality impairments were demonstrated.30
In response, in 2007, EPA issued an updated memo, asking its "partners to take bold steps, relying on a combination of science, innovation, and collaboration" to establish numeric water quality standards for nitrogen and phosphorus.31 Subsequently, EPA continued to assess states' progress toward development of numeric nutrient standards. A Nutrient Innovations Task Group was formed in 2008 to evaluate existing regulatory tools and innovative approaches to address nutrient pollution. The Task Force Report was issued in 2009.32
In March 2011, EPA published a memorandum that "reaffirmed" its commitment to "partnering" with states to reduce nutrient pollution simultaneously with the development of numeric water quality standards.33 Overall, the 2011 memorandum was well received by the regulated community because it appeared to offer flexibility to reduce nutrient pollution over time. However, it is unclear whether EPA will adhere to the spirit of the memorandum or if a more rigid regulatory approach through imposition of stringent effluent limitations at regulated facilities will be the rule rather than the exception.34
Colorado's Nutrient Regulatory
Development Process
Beginning in 2001, the Division and interested stakeholders embarked on a long-running workgroup process that resulted in a Nutrient Criteria Development Plan for Colorado (Plan).35 The Plan was submitted to EPA Region 8 in 2002 and included separate approaches for rivers/streams and lakes/reservoirs. Because of the state's experience with reservoirs (for example, those subject to existing control regulations), it was anticipated that assessment of high-priority reservoirs would be a first nutrient evaluation step.36
The Division's approach to rivers and streams was somewhat less confident. As the 2002 Plan noted, "other [Region 8] states are struggling with many of the same problems and there is no clear consensus on how plans should be developed for rivers and streams."37
The Plan, updated in 2007, stated that for rivers and streams, the Division would investigate the linkage between aquatic life use support and nutrient levels using macroinvertebrate-based data. The Plan indicated that a formal nutrient proposal would be finalized in January 2010, with a rulemaking hearing scheduled for June 2010.38
In February 2010, the Division presented initial rivers and streams nutrient values to stakeholders. The values were less stringent than EPA's ecoregional criteria but very difficult to achieve at "end of pipe" from a treatment perspective.39 Revised criteria were completed in October 2010, and the revised values generally were relaxed slightly from those proposed by the Division in February. EPA expressed concern that the revised values might not be adequately protective.40
Stakeholder Responses to
the Division's Nutrient Proposal
During 2010, the regulated community's concerns regarding the Division's proposal began to coalesce. Most of those concerns focused on scientific uncertainty underlying the Division's proposed nutrient values, disagreement over whether nitrogen control was needed at all, and potential compliance costs.
In response, various stakeholder groups began to seek relief through suggested changes to the Division's proposal, as well as through legislative action. To encourage settlement of disagreements among the various parties, the Commission postponed the nutrient rulemaking hearing date from June 2010 to June 2011.
Revisions to the Division's Nutrient Proposal
Near the end of 2010, it became apparent that adoption of the Division's proposed values for phosphorous and nitrogen would be opposed by a large proportion of the regulated community statewide.41 On the other hand, the conservation community42 expressed concern that without rapid approval of enforceable water quality standards and implementation through discharge permit effluent limitations, many surface waters would not achieve protective levels of nutrients for decades.
In an effort to reduce the potential "sticker shock" of having to implement very stringent phosphorus and nitrogen discharge permit effluent limitations to achieve in-stream enforceable nutrient standards, in late 2010 a small group of interested stakeholders developed a separate nutrient reduction strategy based on a new statewide technology-based control regulation.43 This approach would require phosphorus reductions from municipal facilities through mandated discharge permit effluent limitations at levels achievable through conventional biological nutrient removal (BNR) treatment. In contrast, treatment to achieve the Division's proposed nutrient values in-stream would often require installation of "limit of technology" treatment processes, such as reverse osmosis.44 Subsequently, this control regulation concept was modified and incorporated by the Division into its own proposal.
Postponement of Nutrient Hearing
for Completion of a Cost-Benefit Study
In January 2011, based on stakeholders' continued concerns over nutrient removal costs, the Commission decided to delay the rulemaking hearing again, this time from June 2011 until March 2012, to accommodate completion of a study of the costs and benefits associated with phosphorus and nitrogen removal at wastewater treatment facilities statewide.45 This study was financed through the Water Resources and Power Development Authority and evaluated three tiers of nutrient removal technologies as well as associated costs and benefits, as shown in the accompanying chart entitled "Nutrient Removal Technologies: Costs and Benefits."46
No matter what level of treatment, the study concluded that costs to reduce phosphorus and nitrogen would be significant. In fact, the majority of these costs would be borne by local municipalities and special districts that provide wastewater service.
Stakeholder Political Initiatives, 2011–12
Colorado has a statutory prohibition against any state regulatory agency enacting any "new state mandate . . . unless the state provides additional moneys . . . to reimburse . . . local government for the costs of such new mandate," unless the mandate is the result of "any requirement of federal law."47 A "federal law" is limited to:
federal action which has the force and effect of law and which either requires the state to take action or . . . will . . . result in the loss of federal funds if state action is not taken (emphasis added).48
federal action which has the force and effect of law and which either requires the state to take action or . . . will . . . result in the loss of federal funds if state action is not taken (emphasis added).48
Regulated entities dissatisfied with the Division's nutrient reduction proposal attempted to slow down, stop, or overturn the rulemaking hearing process during 2011 and 2012. These efforts began with House Joint Resolution 11-1025,49 which passed in 2011. The most significant aspect of the Resolution was a request that the Division provide evidence that its proposal complied with Executive Order D 2011-005.50
Similar to the unfunded mandate statute, the Governor's Executive Order 005 prohibits any state agency, "to the extent authorized by law," from promulgating any regulation that creates a mandate on local government unless: (1) the mandate is specifically required by federal or state law; (2) the agency consults with local governments; and (3) "the state government provides the funding necessary to pay for the direct costs incurred by local governments in complying with the mandate."51
Because the control regulation included technology-based effluent limitations beyond those required by EPA, some concerned municipalities asserted that it was a mandate not the result of "any requirement of federal law." Also, because the state did not identify funds to reimburse local governments for the costs of implementation, the control regulation itself could be legally viewed as optional for municipalities.52
In the 2012 session, two nutrient-related bills were considered by the legislature. Neither made it to the Governor's desk.53
March 2012 Nutrient Rulemaking Hearing
Due to the high level of controversy remaining over the Division's proposal, the hearing was scheduled for three days to accommodate the testimony of more than eighty parties. The hearing represented one of the most contentious in over a decade.
The Commission described its action as a "coordinated strategy" to address current and future nutrient pollution.54 This strategy included two major components. First, the Commission adopted Regulation 85, the "Nutrients Management Control Regulation," the final refinement of the Division's control regulation strategy. Second, the Commission adopted changes to its "Basic Standards," Regulation 31, to include the Division's final proposed interim numerical values for total phosphorus, total nitrogen, and chlorophyll a.
Regulation 85: Colorado's Nutrients
Management Control Regulation
One of the most significant features of Regulation 85 was the inclusion of technology-based effluent limitations to control phosphorus and nitrogen. The Commission's stated goal in setting these effluent limitations was to balance limits that would result in significant nutrient reductions against considerations including cost and feasibility.55
Effluent limitations. Regulation 85 has different sets of technology-based effluent limitations for existing facilities and new facilities. For existing facilities, the effluent limits are shown in the accompanying chart entitled "Effluent Limitations."56
Who is subject to Regulation 85 effluent limitations and timing. Based partially on information in the Cost-Benefit Study, the Commission limited the immediate applicability of Regulation 85 effluent limitations to the largest domestic wastewater treatment works and select non-domestic facilities that are expected to contribute high concentrations of nutrients, such as dischargers in the food industry.57 It appears that only forty-four facilities will be included, located primarily along the Front Range, although some facilities in Southwestern Colorado and the Colorado River basin also are included.58
The effluent limitations do not apply to smaller domestic facilities (with design flow less than 1 million gallons per day (MGD)) or those owned by disadvantaged communities.59 Implementation of the effluent limitations is delayed until 2022 for facilities that already are subject to nutrient control regulations.60 Implementation also is delayed for domestic facilities smaller than 2 MGD and any existing facility in specified "low priority" watersheds.61
Regulation 85 monitoring and reporting. Regulation 85 requirements to monitor and report data related to nutrients are the most widely applicable parts for regulated facilities. Because the monitoring requirements do not follow the usual practice of requiring monitoring only for constituents listed in the discharge permit, they could catch some dischargers unawares.62
The Regulation 85 monitoring and reporting requirements vary by type of discharger. All domestic dischargers, and all non-domestic dischargers that may have high nutrient concentrations in their effluent, must analyze their effluent samples for total nitrogen and total phosphorus (or the separate components to calculate the total forms of these substances).63 Dischargers that will be subject to Regulation 85 effluent limitations also must sample for total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and stream flow in the receiving water body upstream and downstream of the discharge.64 Dischargers and others may meet the in-stream monitoring requirements through collaborative watershed-based monitoring efforts.65
All Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems (MS4s) covered by the state's general permit for MS4s before March 1, 2012 must submit to the Division an assessment report by October 31, 2014.66 The purpose of the report is to identify existing information and additional monitoring that must be done to determine the approximate contribution of phosphorus and nitrogen from MS4 stormwater discharges.67 In addition, cooling water discharges are required to monitor flow, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, and total inorganic nitrogen.68
Regulation 31 Interim Numeric Nutrient Values
The Commission did not adopt numeric water quality standards for phosphorus or nitrogen in the 2012 hearing. Instead, it adopted interim values for total phosphorus, total nitrogen, and chlorophyll a.69
The adopted rivers and streams interim values to protect aquatic life were: cold water phosphorus – 0.110 mg/L; warm water phosphorus – 0.170 mg/L; cold water nitrogen – 1.25 mg/L; and warm water nitrogen – 2.01 mg/L. The interim values for chlorophyll a include a measure of attached algae in streams and a value for "direct use water supply" lakes to prevent the formation of disinfection by-products resulting from drinking water treatment processes.70
The Commission established these values at levels "that the currently available scientific information indicates would be protective of the corresponding categories of beneficial uses."71 As discussed above, the Cost-Benefit Study estimated that it would cost $23 billion statewide to implement nutrient reductions to achieve the interim values.
Adoption of the interim values as water quality standards will occur in stages over the next ten to fifteen years. First, from 2012 to 2017, the Commission will consider whether to adopt the interim total phosphorus values as water quality standards for segments in headwaters located upstream of permitted dischargers subject to Regulation 85.72 In addition, starting in 2012, the Commission will consider on a site-specific basis whether to adopt a numeric chlorophyll a standard for any lake designated as a direct use water supply.73
Second, from 2017 to 2022, the Commission will consider whether to adopt the interim total nitrogen values as water quality standards for headwaters segments.74 Finally, after May 31, 2022, the Commission will consider adopting any of the interim values as segment-specific water quality standards for any water body where necessary to protect the assigned use classifications and comply with the WQCA and CWA.75
Although this phased approach is the default schedule for adoption of numeric water quality standards for nutrients, the Commission also retained the authority to adopt enforceable nutrient standards in any circumstance where it is "necessary to address existing or potential nutrient pollution because the provisions of Regulation #85 will not result in adequate control of such pollution."76
Future Nutrient Challenges
Although the March 2012 rulemaking established a path forward for Colorado nutrient reductions, there remains considerable uncertainty regarding: (1) the associated costs of treatment technologies; (2) the timing of adoption of the interim numeric values as enforceable water quality standards; (3) whether point source controls will actually result in improved water quality; and (4) the need for future controls over activities traditionally exempt from the CWA, such as agriculture and water management.
It also is unclear whether EPA will accept this unique approach. If not, the agency can object to NPDES permits for causing or contributing to exceedances of the narrative water quality standard, or it can add water bodies to the 2012 303(d) List as impaired for nutrients, thus triggering the need to develop a TMDL.77
Narrative Standards Issues
In light of the adoption of Regulation 85 and the interim nutrient values in Regulation 31, there remains uncertainty how these provisions affect interpretation and implementation of Colorado's narrative water quality standards for nutrients. EPA regulations that implement the CWA require states to ensure that discharge permits include effluent limitations to prevent exceedances of narrative water quality standards.78
Where a state has not established numeric water quality standards, effluent limitations may be based on numeric standards proposed by the state, or on criteria established by EPA.79 EPA has expressed concern that states are not complying with the requirement to implement the narrative standards in permits or are not listing water bodies for impairments based on the states' nutrient narrative water quality standards.80
The Commission stated that it "does not intend that the interim numerical values adopted in section 31.17 would be used as the basis for implementing Colorado's narrative water quality standards."81 Instead, the Commission stated, "compliance with Regulation #85 will be deemed to be compliance with the narrative standards unless and until the Commission adopts subsequent revisions to Regulation 85 and/or Regulation 31."82
Thus, it appears that the Commission intended a step-wise approach to nutrient reductions—at least for facilities with Regulation 85-mandated discharge permit effluent limitations. However, this does present a conundrum for the numerous other facilities statewide that are not subject to Regulation 85 effluent limitations. In fact, the risks are particularly acute for small and disadvantaged communities. Out of concern for these communities' ability to pay, the Commission exempted the vast majority of these communities' discharges from Regulation 85 effluent limitations and delayed implementation of the effluent limitations for the rest.83
Ironically, these communities that are exempted might not gain the protection offered by the Commission's statement that "compliance with Regulation #85 will be deemed to be compliance with the narrative standards." Without the permit "shield" of mandated effluent limitations, an argument could be made by EPA or third parties that those facilities' discharges are causing or contributing to exceedances of the narrative nutrient standards.
Impaired Waters Listings
The Commission stated that it did not intend that the interim numerical nutrient values "will be used directly as a basis for identifying impaired waters to include on Colorado's Section 303(d) List."84 This left open the question of how the interim values could be used indirectly. The Commission did not specify a method for making listing decisions, but requested that the Division address the issue in the Section 303(d) Listing Methodology, a policy document that the Commission planned to modify for listing decisions in 2014.
If the state were to make narrative-standard listing decisions based on a comparison of phosphorus or nitrogen data against the interim values, even "indirectly," there could be serious ramifications for dischargers. For existing discharges, federal and state regulations require effluent limitations to be calculated to achieve water quality standards, including narrative standards.85 In situations where a water body is on a state's 303(d) List because of nutrients, stringent effluent limitations may be calculated to attain the narrative standard, even if a TMDL has not yet been completed.86
For new discharges, federal regulations prohibit discharges that "will cause or contribute to the violation of water quality standards," including narrative standards.87 Federal courts have interpreted this regulation strictly to prohibit discharges to impaired segments until restrictive conditions are met that would require completion of a TMDL.88 One way to avoid this prohibition is for the permitting agency to set effluent limitations for new discharges to 303(d) listed segments equal to the numeric water quality standards. However, effluent limitations set using the interim values would be squarely inconsistent with the Commission's intent in adopting the nutrient interim values, expressed in the Regulation 31 and 85 Statements of Basis and Purpose.
Although discussions involving the Division and stakeholders regarding the 2014 303(d) Listing Methodology began in 2012, consensus regarding the Commission's intent regarding the effect of Regulation 85 on attainment of narrative nutrient standards could not be reached. In fact, this issue will remain unresolved for the 2014 303(d) listing cycle. Because of resource constraints and demands from other program areas administered by the Division, the state will not prepare a 2014 list.89
Options for More Reasonable Effluent Limitations
Dischargers have options available to mitigate the risk of future unachievable or infeasible water quality-based effluent limitations for nutrients. However, substantial data collection, study, and modeling will be required if dischargers hope to successfully navigate these challenges.
Colorado has a history of adopting site-specific water quality standards. For example, if a water body has nutrient concentrations higher than the interim values, a discharger may propose standards based on the existing quality. Such "ambient quality-based standards" require evidence that the existing quality is caused by natural or "irreversible human-induced" conditions, and that the existing quality is "adequate to protect classified uses."90
Similarly, a discharger may be able to provide technical support for achievable effluent limitations based on site-specific conditions. Modeling based on the fate and transport of nutrients may result in relaxed effluent limitations, particularly for nitrogen, which naturally attenuates in water bodies.91
Recently, the Commission adopted provisions that allow for "discharger-specific variances."92 Variances are temporary water quality actions by the Commission that authorize a discharge to exceed water quality-based effluent limitations based on a finding that meeting the standards would be infeasible. Variances will require a comprehensive alternatives analysis to demonstrate that meeting the standard would be technologically or economically infeasible or would cause more environmental harm than allowing the discharge to occur.93 Discharger-specific variance guidance is still being developed.94
The common theme of all of these options is the need to obtain and evaluate comprehensive and scientifically defensible water quality data. In some parts of the state, existing data collection coordination efforts are in place to make the process more efficient.95
Concerns for Water Management
and Water Transfer Activities
Challenges to water management and water transfer activities may be possible in the future. Common water management practices, particularly with respect to reservoirs, can affect loading of nutrients to water bodies and influence aquatic life and other classified uses.96 Also, transfers of water from one water body to another necessarily move the nutrients along with the water.97
The Commission has the authority to control nonpoint pollution sources through control regulations.98 This authority includes limited authority to regulate agricultural nonpoint sources if the Commission finds that incentive, grant, and cooperative programs are inadequate and regulation of agricultural nonpoint sources is necessary to meet state law or the CWA.99
In Regulation 85, the Commission stated it will consider nonpoint source prohibitions or precautionary measures if voluntary load reductions from nonpoint sources are not effective in managing nutrients by May 1, 2022.100 However, the Commission is prohibited from adopting regulations that cause material injury to water rights.101
Colorado has taken significant steps to protect its surface waters from the effects of cultural eutrophication. The two-part strategy—implementation of a control regulation to address nutrient loadings from the largest regulated point sources, coupled with future adoption of enforceable water quality standards for nitrogen, phosphorus, and chlorophyll a—puts Colorado at the forefront of states taking tangible steps to improve overall water quality.
On the other hand, the financial burden for complete implementation may be considerable, costing in excess of $23 billion. Identification of more cost-effective solutions, based on evaluation of surface water quality data and impacts on classified uses, should be explored by affected municipalities and special districts. Moreover, nutrient contributions from activities not currently regulated under the CWA, such as those associated with agriculture and water management, are likely to be characterized to help ensure that all nutrient sources are accounted for and reduced as determined by regulations adopted by the Commission.
1. Examples of aquatic macroinvertebrates include larval forms of insects, clams, snails, and worms.
2. See EPA-820-S-12-002 (Dec. 2012).
3. An overview of hypoxia can be found at water.epa.gov/type/water
4. See EPA-840-R-98-001 (Feb. 1998).
5. 33 USC § 1251(a).
6. CRS §§ 25-8-101 et seq.
7. Colorado water quality regulations are available at www.colorado.
10. 33 USC § 1313(c).
11. In contrast, CRS § 25-8-102(5) indicates, in part, that Colorado's water quality program consider economic, environmental, public health, and energy impacts.
12. 33 USC § 1314(a).
13. 33 USC §§ 1313(c) and (d) and 1342(d).
14. Regulation No. 31 (5 CCR 1002-31) § 31.11(1).
15. The 1969 Cuyahoga River fire in Cleveland, although brief, has been acknowledged as a turning point in the national movement toward environmental protection.
16. See 33 USC § 1342; 40 CFR §§ 122 and 123.
17. 33 USC § 1311(b).
19. 33 USC § 1314(d); 40 CFR Part 133.
20. See, e.g., EPA Environmental Appeals Board, In the Matter of Town of Newmarket Wastewater Treatment Plant (filed Dec. 14, 2012).
21. See EPA-822-R-98-002 (June 1998).
22. Secchi depth measures water clarity.
23. EPA-822-R-98-002, supra note 21 at 5.
24. Id. at 6.
25. See 66 Fed. Reg. 1671 (Jan. 9, 2001).
26. Id. The applicable EPA 304(a) ecoregional criteria were: cold water total phosphorus = 0.006 mg/L; cold water total nitrogen = 0.09 mg/L; warm water total phosphorus = 0.025 to 0.09 mg/L; and warm water total nitrogen = 0.45 to 0.84 mg/L.
27. See Grubbs, "Memorandum: Development and Adoption of Nutrient Criteria into Water Quality Standards" (Nov. 14, 2001), available at water.epa.gov/scitech/swguidance/standards/criteria/
28. Id. at 3.
29. See, e.g., EPA Science Advisory Board, Review of Empirical Approaches for Nutrient Criteria Derivation, EPA-SAB-10-006 (April 27, 2010).
30. Examples include excessive algal growth and/or fish kills. See, e.g., Letter from EPA Office of Water to Florida Department of Environmental Protection (Jan. 14, 2009), available at water.epa.gov/lawsregs/guidance/upload/2009_1_15_standards_
31. "Nutrient Pollution and Numeric Water Quality Standards—May 2007 Update Memo," available at water.epa.gov/scitech/swguidance/standards/criteria/nutrients/memo2007.cfm.
32. See State-EPA Nutrient Innovations Task Group, "An Urgent Call to Action: Report of the State-EPA Nutrient Innovations Task Group" (Aug. 2009), available at
33. Stoner, "Memorandum: Working in Partnership with States to Address Phosphorus and Nitrogen Pollution through Use of a Framework for State Nutrient Reductions" (March 16, 2011), available at
34. For example, EPA potentially could challenge discharge permits on the basis that facilities' discharges are causing or contributing to violations of the narrative standard for nutrients.
35. The Nutrient Criteria Development Plan for Colorado (Plan) is available online at water.epa.gov/scitech/swguidance/standards/criteria/nutrients/upload/
36. The high-priority lakes and reservoirs included Barr Lake, Fruitgrowers Reservoir, Prewitt Reservoir, Grand Lake, and Island Lake.
37. Plan, supra note 35 at 1.
38. "2007 Progress Report and Update to the Colorado Nutrient Criteria Development Plan" at 1 (Oct. 2007).
39. The Division's proposed (Feb. 9, 2010) rivers and streams values for aquatic life use protection were as follows: cold water total phosphorus = 0.090 mg/L; cold water total nitrogen = 0.824 mg/L; warm water total phosphorus = 0.135 mg/L; and warm water total nitrogen = 1.316 mg/L.
40. The Division's October 13, 2010 rivers and streams values to protect aquatic life were as follows: cold water total phosphorus = 0.11 mg/L; cold water total nitrogen = 0.40 mg/L; warm water total phosphorus = 0.16 mg/L; and warm water total nitrogen = 2.0 mg/L.
41. A consortium of regulated wastewater treatment, stormwater entities, and others formed the Colorado Nutrient Coalition, the primary purposes of which were to ask for a scientific peer review of the Division's proposal and to educate members of the Colorado legislature on nutrient-related issues.
42. The conservation community included the Colorado Environmental Coalition, Colorado Trout Unlimited, High Country Citizens' Alliance, and San Juan Citizens Alliance.
43. Biggs and Woodis, "Memorandum: Draft Total Phosphorous Implementation Concept (For Discussion Only)" (Oct. 7, 2010), available at
44. In addition to great expense, reverse osmosis consumes approximately 15% of the wastewater treated and produces considerable hazardous waste.
45. Regulation No. 85 (5 CCR 1002-85) § 85.15.I.
46. See Cost-Benefit Study of the Impacts of Potential Nutrient Controls for Colorado Point Source Discharges (Sept. 20, 2011), available at www.cifanet.org/documents/11work/MikeBrod.pdf.
48. Id.
49. HJR 11-1025, by Rep. Looper from the 19th House District.
50. Executive Order D 2011-005, available at www.coloradodot.info/
51. Id.
54. Regulation No. 31 (5 CCR 1002-31) § 31.50.I.
55. Regulation No. 85 (5 CCR 1002-85) § 85.15.III.
56. Id. at § 85.5(1)(a)(iii).
57. Id. at § 85.15.I.
58. Facilities subject to Regulation 85 effluent limitations on their next permit renewal include the following: Pueblo; Security Sanitation District; Widefield; Tri-Lakes; Colorado Springs (two facilities); Glenwood Hot Springs; Glenwood Springs; Eagle River (Vail, Avon, and Edwards); Aspen; Snowmass; Fruita; Mesa County/Grand Junction; Centennial; Littleton/Englewood; MillerCoors; Superior; Lafayette; St. Vrain; Louisville; Longmont; Boulder; Loveland; Carestream; Boxelder; Windsor; Swift; S. Fort Collins; Fort Collins (Drake and Mulberry); Greeley; Metro Wastewater; Aurora; Northglenn; Westminster; Broomfield; Swift Beef; Fort Lupton; Brighton; South Adams; Durango; and Pagosa.
59. Regulation No. 85 (5 CCR 1002-85) § 85.5(1)(a)(i).
60. Id. at § 85.5(1)(a)(ii).
61. Id.
62. Id. at § 85.6.
63. Id at § 85.6(2)(a) and (b)(i).
64. Id. at § 85.6(2)(b)(ii).
65. Id.
66. Id. at § 85.6(3)(c).
67. Id. at § 85.6(3)(b).
68. Id. at § 85.6(2)(a).
69. Regulation No. 31 (5 CCR 1002-31) § 31.17.
70. Id. at § 31.50.II.
71. Id. at § 31.50.I.
72. Id. at § 31.17(e)(i).
73. Id. at § 31.17(e)(ii).
74. Id. at § 31.17(f).
75. Id. at § 31.17(g).
76. Id. at § 31.17(e)(iii).
77. Under § 303(d) of the CWA, states must develop lists of "impaired waters" every two years. In Colorado, these are included in Regulation 93, 5 CCR 1002-93.
78. 40 CFR § 122.44(d).
79. 40 CFR § 122.44(d)(vi).
80. See, e.g., Letter from EPA Region 5 to the Illinois EPA (Jan. 21, 2011), available at www.nutrients.utah.gov/documents/EPA_letter_to_Illinois_Expectation_
81. Regulation No. 31 (5 CCR 1002-31) § 31.50.VII.
82. Id.
83. Regulation No. 85 (5 CCR 1002-85) § 85(1)(a).
84. Regulation No. 31 (5 CCR 1002-31) § 31.50.VI (emphasis added).
85. 40 CFR §§ 122.4(d) and 122.44(d); Reg. 31.14(4).
86. Upper Blackstone Water Pollution Abatement Dist. v. U.S. EPA, 690 F.3d 9 (1st Cir., Aug. 3, 2012), reh'g denied Sept. 25, 2012, cert. denied May 13, 2013.
87. 40 CFR § 122.4(i).
88. See Friends of Pinto Creek v. U.S. EPA, 504 F.3d 1007 (9th Cir. 2007).
89. Summary of Proceedings, Water Quality Control Commission meeting of December 10, 2012, available at www.colorado.gov/cs/Satellite?blobcol=urldata&blobheadername1=
90. Regulation No. 31 (5 CCR 1002-31) § 31.7(1)(b)(ii).
91. See, e.g., Alexander et al., "Effect of Stream Channel Size on the Delivery of Nitrogen to the Gulf of Mexico," 403 Nature 758 (Feb. 17, 2000).
92. Regulation No. 31 (5 CCR 1002-31) § 31.7(4).
93. Id. at § 31.7(4)(a).
94. A hearing is scheduled for October 2013 to consider the guidance.
95. For example, cooperative urban South Platte monitoring efforts are described at www.spcure.org.
96. For example, a Total Maximum Daily Load to address nutrient-related pH exceedances in Barr Lake has been developed and is available at www.colorado.gov/cs/Satellite/CDPHE-WQ/CBON/1251596042774.
97. See South Florida Water Mgmt. Dist. v. Miccosukee Tribe of Indians, 541 U.S. 95 (2004).
98. CRS § 25-8-205(1)(c).
100. Regulation No. 85 (5 CCR 1002-85) § 85.5(5)(c)(iii).
101. CRS §§ 25-8-104(1) and -205(5).


text:
Some fans would be fine with certain television shows going on forever. There is a relationship that is built between the audience and the characters that can evolve into a strong emotional bond.
However, there are times when things must come to an end.
A few shows have managed to go out gracefully while they were still relatively popular. Others have limped along before they were mercifully put to death by the network.
People measure a great finish in different ways. Some look at the number or percentage of viewers. Others look for resolution, or in some cases more ambiguity.
For most, a finale must be something that people talk about the following day and remember into the future. If this is going to be the end, then it had better be good. With that in mind, here are five of the greatest TV series finales of all time ...
No. 5: "M*A*S*H" - Feb. 28, 1983
Was "M*A*S*H" a comedy or a drama? Some people split the difference and call it a "dramedy" because it made people laugh and it also touched their heart at times.
This show portrayed a rag-tag group of doctors and nurses who are trying to deal with the realities of war in an army hospital. Coming after 11 seasons -- eight years longer than the Korean War itself -- the two-and-a-half-hour episode first aired on CBS on Feb. 28, 1983.
The final episode was arguably a bit sappy and at times drew out the long, tearful good-byes that accompanied the end of the war. However, the show had been on for a long time, so it was probably fitting that it pay tribute to itself.
Fans made "Good-bye, Farewell and Amen" the most-watched show in television history with more than 100 million people tuning in -- a record that stood until Super Bowl XLIV in February 2010.
After watching a show like that, some people may have needed to stop by their favorite bar for one last drink ...
No. 4: "Cheers" - May 20, 1993
The show "Cheers" provided people with a warm, friendly atmosphere and lots of good laughs.
Certainly there were moments of drama, but as with other situation comedies, they were quickly resolved in 30 minutes. It was easy to like the cast of the show, and the audience could almost feel as though they had a seat at the bar during each episode.
"Cheers" bowed out after 270 episodes and 11 seasons on May 20, 1993, with more than 80 million viewers tuning in for the 93-minute "One for the Road."
The last hurrah for the "Cheers" gang was similar to a lot of finales, where the main characters must decide if life will change or if it will continue on as it has always been.
Fans enjoyed this episode because it included a time for sitting around, reminiscing, and philosophizing about what life is all about.
People can relate to this sort of scene, but can they imagine waking up from a dream and realizing that a show might never have happened?
No. 3: "Newhart" - May 21, 1990
Bob Newhart is a comedy legend and he actually had two successful shows, one in the 1970s and one in the 1980s. The 1980s show was simply called "Newhart," where Bob plays Dick Loudon, a Vermont innkeeper.
The show allowed Newhart to play the straight man surrounded by a community of oddball characters, including Larry, Darryl, and Darryl, three backwoods brothers who lived in a shack and were always introduced by Larry with the unforgettable line "Hi, I'm Larry, this is my brother Darryl, and this is my other brother Darryl."
After eight seasons, "Newhart" came to a close on May 21, 1990, in a series finale known for its memorable final scene.
After a flying golf ball from the course next-door hits Newhart, he wakes up in bed. What the audience sees is Bob Newhart as the character from his previous show, "The Bob Newhart Show." Next to him in bed is his wife from that show. Even the set had been rebuilt to look like the older show.
The audience is led to believe that this is still the earlier show, and the show Newhart was all just a strange dream.
Of course, this next show was not a dream, but rather a long, frantic chase ...
No. 2: "The Fugitive" - Aug. 22-29, 1967
Though modern audiences may be more familiar with the feature film version, older audiences will remember how compelling it was to watch "The Fugitive" in the 1960s.
The final episode was actually a two-part finale with the first part airing Aug. 22, 1967, and the second part a week later on Aug. 29, 1967. After four seasons, audiences had to wonder what would happen to the main character, Richard Kimble. Would he find the real perpetrator and be exonerated? Or would he be on the run forever?
Part two of the finale was the most-watched television series episode at that time. It was viewed by 25.7 million households (about 46 percent of American households with a television set and a 72 percent share. That record would hold up for more than 13 years until the "Who Done It" episode of "Dallas."
Finally, the audience could exhale as Kimble is found innocent, and he is able to live happily ever after.
It is good to go free, but it is also wonderful to walk away from a show on top ...
No. 1: "The Tonight Show With Johnny Carson" - May 21, 1992
"The Tonight Show" is not the same as a scripted drama or comedy series, but the last episode featuring Johnny Carson was no less compelling.
Carson was not the first host of the show, nor did the show end after he departed. However, Johnny was so much of what made "The Tonight Show" successful, and it was hard for some people to say good-bye after 30 successful years.
His final guests on May 21, 1992, included Robin Williams and Bette Midler, whose emotional serenade turned into an impromptu duet with Carson.
Technically this wasn't his last episode since a retrospective show, taped before a by-invitation-only studio audience, was aired one night later. But it's the night before and his final guests that's most remembered.
After a heartfelt and sincere speech that included a hearty word of thanks to the audience, Johnny walked away from the show and from television. It was a fitting end for a great comedian -- and a highly entertaining era of the show.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Phillip Phillips benefit concert postponed
Although very few tickets remained unsold, a concert to benefit the Elkins-Randolph County YMCA will have to be postponed.
Singer-guitarist Phillip Phillips, winner of the 11th season of American Idol, was scheduled to appear May 14 at Davis & Elkins College. But Monday, officials notified the college that Phillips has postponed the remainder of his spring tour due to illness.
Sid Gillispie, executive director of the YMCA, said Monday a reschedule date has not yet been set and further details will be released when available. YMCA officials had planned to use the proceeds from the show to improve the YMCA's sprinkler system and fire alarms and for swimming pool renovations.
Representatives from Phillips' management said in a press release, "Due to several medical reasons, Phillip Phillips will not be able to conclude his remaining tour dates in May. He looks forward to getting healthy, seeing everyone on the John Mayer tour this summer and rescheduling the shows he missed for the fall."
Phillips' posts on Facebook and Twitter Monday said, "Hey guys, due to doctor's orders I have to reschedule my last tour dates. They will be rescheduled! Looking forward to seeing you on Mayer!"
Previously purchased tickets will be valid for the future show. Refunds for locally purchased tickets are available through the YMCA and online purchased tickets can be refunded by contacting 1-800-594-TIXX.


text:
Energy efficiency incentives law signedAlbert J. Marro / Staff Photo
Paytyn Borkowski, center, shows Gov. Peter Shumlin how to operate some of the efficiency items installed in the familys home on Baxter Street in Rutland. Shumlin was in Rutland on Wednesday to sign a bill providing incentives to make homes more energy efficient.
A new bill will encourage Vermonters to wean themselves off fossils fuels in favor of energy-efficient heat sources.
Gov. Peter Shumlin on Wednesday morning signed a bill into law that provides incentives for homeowners to install electric and geothermal heat pumps. The bill signing took place at the Baxter Street home of Mark and Sara Borkowski, who this spring worked with Efficiency Vermont to insulate their home and install an energy-efficient electric heat pump.
Im honored to be here to sign a bill thats going help us to accomplish our goal of assuring that there are more stories like Saras and Marks across Vermont, Shumlin said. We cant move fast enough to use energy efficiently.
Jim Merriam, director of Efficiency Vermont, discussed what the new law will mean for his organization and the homeowners it serves.
Consistent with the governors comprehensive energy plan, we are moving towards an approach that doesnt just call for reducing the use of certain types of energy, he said.
Instead, it calls for Efficiency Vermont to help Vermont families and businesses understand what their best choices are from a cost and carbon perspective, and then act on that information, Merriam said.
That might mean that in some cases, we actually encourage the use of more electricity, but less oil or propane, he said.
Efficiency Vermont is seeing an increased demand for cold-climate, electric-powered heat pumps. In 2013, Vermonters purchased approximately 2,400 electric heat pumps, and Merriam said demand for the technology is up by 70 percent in 2014.
This is nothing like the electric heat from 10 or 15 years ago. Its three to four times more efficient, Merriam said.
The heat pump works like what Merriam called a refrigerator in reverse, but it can also be used to cool a home or business.
Last week, I came home and it was 80 degrees upstairs. I turned on the pump, and within an hour the temperature dropped 10 degrees, said Mark Borkowski.
He said he hopes the improvements hes made in his home might motivate others to do the same in his neighborhood, which has been identified by law enforcement as having a high crime rate compared with the rest of the city.
Were hoping the neighborhood will fix itself and were glad to be the ones to start it, he said.
Shumlin said in the next 12 to 14 months, as many as 100 homes and businesses will receive heat pumps in Rutland, which he described as the epicenter of the energy revolution.
@rutlandherald.comMORE IN Vermont NewsMONTPELIER Rep. Peter Welch, D-Vt. Full StoryVermont Attorney General Bill Sorrell plans to join the U.S. Full StoryAs Rutland prepares to welcome Syrian refugees to its community, some are continuing to voice... Full Story
- Most Popular
- Most Emailed


text:
Gun theft reported in Middlesex
MIDDLESEX Vermont State Police are looking for information about guns possibly stolen from a home in Middlesex.
State police say Kevin Atwood, 21, of Waitsfield, went into a home and took several firearms. The resident returned home Tuesday morning and saw Atwood leaving his driveway and walking south down Route 100B, according to police. The homeowner told state police his residence was broken into and guns were stolen.
State police said they picked up Atwood in Waitsfield but he did not have the guns on him. Police said Atwood was driven to Waitsfield after leaving the home in Middlesex. Anyone with information about the incident is asked to contact the Middlesex barracks at 229-9191.
Atwood was cited on a charge of burglary and is to appear in Washington County criminal court May 16.MORE IN This Just InNEWBURY Police said somebody stole booze and change from a Welch Road residence. Full StoryBRATTLEBORO Six people were displaced by an apartment fire on South Main Street Saturday morning. Full StoryMANAMA, Bahrain Drawing the U.S. Full Story
- Most Popular
- Most Emailed


text:
Get calling cards instantly on screen and by email
Listed minutes are based on one call using a local access number (if available).
Application of carrier surcharges and fees has the effect of reducing total minutes
actually received. Please see the phone card's details for complete information.
Contact Us Online
" I have been on your site numerous times in the past week and everyone has been wonderful!!"
"Thank you for the great rate!!!!! My husband is overseas & the kids and I now have the chance to talk to our loved one. We miss him so.
More testimonials


text: :confused: Please -- anyone give me advice on how to boost milk production on one side? For a couple of months my 6-month-old has been refusing the left breast altogether. At first I thought, no problem, I'll let her go with the right side if she wants. But now there are two issues: 1) I have no "back-up breast" when the right cracks or bleeds, and 2) I am really, really lopsided and would prefer to have her nursing from both sides, especially as she grows and needs more milk. I want to nurse until she's 12-18 months, and can't imagine going that long using just one breast. The "unused" breast still produces a very very small amount of milk when I try to hand-express, but using the pump is very painful on that side. If my baby's feeling very cooperative I get her to nurse on that side but she just does the "start-up" suck forever and never gets enough milk to start the swallowing. Then the nipple hurts for ages afterwards. Advice, please???


text:
New Leads in Horse-Hair Thefts
by K2 News Desk, firstname.lastname@example.com
According to the Natrona County Sheriff's Office, a total 27 people have fallen victim to a recent string of horse-hair thefts. A total of 63 horses have had either their tails and/or manes cut off.
Officials now believe there have been at least two male subjects in a vehicle when the thefts occur. Several reports have stated two hispanic males occupied the vehicles.
Sheriff deputies say a white econoline van and a black flatbed truck with a welder in the back have been seen in the vicinity of the thefts. Authorities have also identified a 1997 to 2000 silver extended cab Chevy truck and a 1980 model passenger vehicle that appears to be beat up.
The first case of horse-hair theft was reported in August in Converse County. Thefts have also been reported in Natrona, Fremont, and Sweetwater counties.
If you have any information concerning the horse hair thefts, contact the Natrona County Sheriff's office at (307)-235-9282.


text:
Dalton Sturm was second in the high jump (6-0) and third in the 300-meter hurdles (41.35 seconds).
John Von Dohlen placed second in the 1,600 (4:50.0), Ryan Walker was fifth in the 800 (2:11.0) and Colby Zamzow was fifth in the 400 (53.3).
The 4x400 relay team of Zamzow, Colby Berger, Sturm and Fair was fifth in 3:37.0.
In the girls division, Alexius Perry took second in the 100 (12.4) and teamed with Demari Ellis, Denise Jones and Christie Coles to capture second in the 4x100 relay in 50.6.
Katy Salziger was fourth in the 300 hurdles (48.7) and Coles, Perry, Courtnee Priour and Delayne Styra combined to finish fourth in the 4x200 relay in 1:49.0.
Goliad's Devin Towery was sixth in the 1,600 (4:14.0), Carlee Howard was sixth in the pole vault (8-6) and 200 (26.7), Priour was sixth in the triple jump (33-6) and Sydney Morris was sixth in the 100 (13.1).
The Region IV-2A meet will be Friday and Saturday at Converse Judson High School. The field events will start Friday at 9 a.m. and the running preliminaries will begin Friday at 3 p.m. The running finals will be held Saturday.


text:
i am looking at the medela bottles and notice the styles and even nipples seem to be different than 2 years ago..
we have this style http://tinyurl.com/ycxpv4n
now the bottles look like this http://tinyurl.com/y9ejqn4
are the old bottles, nipples, discs, etc. compatible with the new ones? we used nuk nipples with the "old" bottles but now it looks like medela has a new "wide based" nipple.


text:
As a practical matter - couldn't this have gone in the other thread you made on this topic just yesterday?
As a matter pertaining to this article in particular - I think Stephen A. Smith is a grade-A unadulterated moron, regardless of topic.
I'll be here all year.Now that the broomsticks have been unleashed and it has been emphatically established that the New York Knicks, for all their bluster and bloviating, are nothing more than an average franchise with an exorbitant payroll, it's time to move forward. To put legitimate pieces in place to preserve assets and eliminate liabilities.
And after watching the Knicks' first-round loss to the Boston Celtics -- how they spent most of Easter weekend stinking up Madison Square Garden before a 36-year-old journeyman point guard nearly came to the rescue -- priority No. 1 is too obvious to ignore any longer:
Mike D'Antoni has to go.
It is not easy to call for the exodus of a coach who averaged 58 wins a season in his previous job, who is as kind and decent as they come. Nor does it seem fair to call for the head of a coach who, some would say, helped resurrect this franchise and made the Knicks relevant again. But when players are devoid of respect for a coach's basketball acumen, when the opposition laughs over the transparency of his game plan -- so much so that D'Antoni's players intimated they had instituted their own changes at halftime of a close-out game -- the need for a change simply cannot be denied.
'The Stephen A. Smith Show'
Catch Stephen A. on 1050 ESPN, weeknights from 7 to 9 ET. **More »
The rare display of heart and guts the Knicks exhibited in the second half of Sunday's Game 4 didn't happen just because they started hitting shots and the Celtics suddenly forgot how to defend them. "We got tired of the way things were going," one player explained in the wee hours of Sunday night, long after everyone had departed from the Garden.
"We walked in at halftime and said 'We can't go out this way.' We were pretty ticked off, especially at us not seeming to have any answers scheme-wise. We knew Boston knew everything we were going to do, how we were going to do it, so we needed to do something differently. We just couldn't keep going the way we were going."
As coach of the Knicks, D'Antoni deserves credit for inserting Anthony Carter into the game, allowing him to defend Rajon Rondo. He also deserves credit for allowing the team to go zone on occasion, for switching on shooters Ray Allen and Paul Pierce, with Carter serving as the catalyst. But if D'Antoni deserves credit for allowing those things to take place, he also harbors culpability for going a full game-and-a-half without a true point guard on the floor, for making little to no adjustments, for leaving the players to essentially decide for themselves at halftime Sunday that swinging back wouldn't entail just jacking up 3s inside of 10 seconds.
Notwithstanding the tremendous effort displayed in Games 1 and 2, the New York Knicks cannot play defense, folks! Primarily because schematically it's never important, nor has it ever been a priority in D'Antoni's mind.
2011 NBA Playoffs: Celtics 4, Knicks 0
The Celtics crushed the Knicks in the first round. Get all the latest information here. Knicks Center
The same coach who's being paid $6 million per season here was out in Phoenix because he would not heed former Suns executive Steve Kerr's advice that he simply couldn't win a championship with his system. Fast-forward to three full seasons later and nothing has changed.
There are high pick-and-rolls. There's Amare Stoudemire coming from the corner, getting the ball near the elbow, with everyone and their grandmother knowing that's exactly what is going to occur. Or there's Stoudemire coming from the low block to set screens -- except everyone knows he's getting the ball and that he's not going to set a screen. And intertwined with it all is the arrival of Carmelo Anthony, assigned to doing pretty much the same thing.
"Coach knows offense," one player explained. "It would be nice to set plays, control pace and not jack up shots just because you're open. But that's what Coach does. You could live with it if we played defense. But obviously, we haven't done that much. Good, bad or otherwise, all I can say is that I've never seen anything like this."
Who has?
What team has a 6-foot-9, 230-pound player like Shawne Williams assigned to stand around and shoot 3s? What team has an athlete like Bill Walker, who's 6-6, 220, programmed to do the same? How can such a haphazard, frenetic brand of basketball -- you constantly hear D'Antoni screaming at players to shoot whenever open, no matter how much time is on the shot clock -- be permitted to continue when your $100 million franchise player just completed his ninth season? When Anthony, your other franchise player, just completed his eighth season? When both are signed for more than $80 million apiece over the next four seasons, yet based on the fatigue and injuries, neither looked as if he was physically conditioned to go another game in this series?
Just as important, what kind of players will you draft if this system remains in place? Knowing D'Antoni won't play guys who don't fit in?
Photos: Knicks playoff history
From Reed to Starks to Reggie: The
best and worst in Knicks playoff history.
Best moments
Worst moments
Top performers
The New York Knicks need a coach -- not a system. Coaches smirk at the luxury of preparing a game plan against it. Even folks like Charles Barkley have characterized D'Antoni's refusal to recognize the futility of his ways as "pure stubbornness."
This city will have plenty of time to debate the future of Donnie Walsh as the president of the franchise, and whether he should stay so he can hire former St. John's star and present ESPN/ABC analyst Mark Jackson -- or whether MSG chairman James Dolan should let Walsh go and offer the coaching job and all of the basketball operations to a man in the last year of his deal, who just finished beating up on the Knicks: Celtics coach Doc Rivers.
What's not open for debate is that it's time for D'Antoni to go.
Lest we want Amare and Melo to expire a helluva lot quicker than their contracts will.
Follow Stephen A. Smith on Twitter: @stephenasmith
As a practical matter - couldn't this have gone in the other thread you made on this topic just yesterday?
As a matter pertaining to this article in particular - I think Stephen A. Smith is a grade-A unadulterated moron, regardless of topic.
Originally Posted by Knicksin60
Thank you Stephen.
I won't stop until I see him gone. Be as ignorant as you want. Be as permitting as you'd like. I could care less.
F*ck every excuse and reason you formulate...
You can never convince me different of what my eye's see, and my mind analyzes.
As Tom Cruise said in A few Good Men...
Don't try and tell me the law. If there's anything I know, I know the law.
And I know Basketball.
Originally Posted by Knicksin60
Give me Woj, Whitlock or Simmons any day of the week. ****, give me Scoop Jackson - who actually is a good writer with a unique and interesting viewpoint.
Just b/c Stephen A. Smith is loud does not mean his opinions are at all interesting, unique or deep. He's a shallow man with shallow opinions with a bevy of vocabulary in his arsenal. That's it.
Originally Posted by Knicksin60
Seriously, what in that article is new or revelatory or even the least bit interesting?
It's obvious from your immediate post after you posted this article to "brag" about "what you know"...that's the whole point of this thread. Great. Congrats. Stephen A. Smith agrees with you. Your post above mentions nothing about what Stephen A. Smith said, breaking down his "analysis" (if there is any to be had, and with Stephen A., usually there is none)...your post talked about you, and your opinion. Again. Like the thread you posted yesterday.
Originally Posted by Knicksin60
1. Stop hating
2. Realize you are part of that group you mentioned
3. Let me know when you're designated a moderator
Its relevency is in the fact that its a national article that differs from the d*ck sucking, excuse making, norm that's peddled beggin and pleading for your favorite war cry...
"Wait til' next year"
1. Stop dick-sucking this no talent hack.
2. Realize you were rooting for this team to lose.
3. Let me know when, at the very least, you decide to break down the article
The lack of relevancy is in the fact that it's a national article with a non-interesting, non-original thesis that has already been spouted countless times on this board and in the media, bringing absolutely nothing new or worth reading to the table, and it does not differ at all from the several thousand threads and multitude of articles already spouted on this board.
Originally Posted by Knicksin60
"Players" responses - which players? It's not clear who - it could be Andy Rautins for all we know.
I thought we learned over the Summer of 2010 to take "sources" with a grain of salt...not to mention none of the "player"s comments are that revelatory - it's pretty much anything you could have figured (and I believe has been consistently said on this board) from following the board over the last year.
Originally Posted by Knicksin60
Word? You saw these players give their opinions after being bounced from the playoffs? Where?
And Word... you make sure to only read articles from authors who are up to your standards? For real?
Cause if not they have no relevance right?
Ok then show us ubber writing abilities. We'll wait for your master piece. Commenting aside.
Word? You saw these players give their opinions after being bounced from the playoffs? Where?
And Word... you make sure to only read articles from authors who are up to your standards? For real?
Cause if not they have no relevance right?
Ok then show us your ubber writing abilities. We'll wait for your masterpiece. Commenting aside.


text:
UFO: Afterlight is a mixture of squad based tactical action and global strategy with the gamer controlling the actions of elite ground troops...Read full description
"...but none of those games come with anything half as involved or absorbing as Afterlight's amazing strategic layer." - Eurogamer
"A great game that you'll find yourself unable to step away from because you have to research one thing more, or expand to one more territory." - StrategyInformer
UFO: Afterlight is a mixture of squad based tactical action and global strategy with the gamer controlling the actions of elite ground troops, and the running and construction of an intricate network of interlinking bases while collecting resources.
UFO: Afterlight takes us to Mars, where a human colony has been built with the help of the Reticulans not long before the events of UFO: Aftershock took place. Mars base is self-sustainable and provides all the necessities for survival of humans on a foreign planet, mainly breathable air, water and food. Although the people inhabiting this colony have the technologies and knowledge required for their further development, basic survival is their major concern. Their only activity is the research of a nearby excavation site, which proves the existence of an ancient intelligent and highly developed alien civilization.
The player will enter the game when the research drastically affects all Mars inhabitants. New and unexpected enemies appear in the form of robots, built centuries ago by the unknown aliens for their protection, whose purpose is to eliminate any traces of other civilizations on Mars.
Humans on Mars now have a good reason for their own development, even though not knowing yet that the planetary self-defense mechanism might not be the worst awaiting them, and that their unintentional opening of hyperspace gates will bring an even bigger enemy right to their door. After all attempts to contact the Earth Laputa fail, the colonists are left with no other choice than to fight the enemies with their own means, or be annihilated.
User score
This game is, to put it simply, just the best strategy game I have ever had the please of playing in my long gaming life. Out of many games including Xcom and the Civilization series this game beats all of them hands down in my honest opinion. The game manages to flawlessly mix great and deep ideas of strategic battles with great ground game play as you control your varied crew across an absolutely brilliant campaign mode. The graphics are nothing to write home about but this is not a problem due to the extremely well defined game play mechanics. Its just great.
All reviews are moderated and may not appear on the site staight away
Thank you for your patience whilst we complete this process.


text:
You may enter a US or Canadian location in the following formats:
For additional search options, go to
Advanced Search
Advanced Search
Advanced Search
Advanced Search.
Yes, I want to receive LoopNet's weekly newsletter "LoopNews" and information about LoopNet promotions and special offers.
By clicking the button above, you are indicating that you have read, understood, and agree to LoopNet's Terms and Conditions.
Find Southern Kentucky Farms for sale and rent on LoopNet.com. Below are the current Southern Kentucky Farm listings currently available. To broaden your Farm search to areas nearby Southern Kentucky, try specifying a city or ZIP code above.
35 Listings
Share this page on social networks:
Start a new search to find more Southern Kentucky Farms for sale or lease:
Do you have a Southern Kentucky Farm available for sale? You can list it for FREE: Click to add your property to LoopNet.com.
LoopNet.com operates the most heavily trafficked online listing service for Southern Kentucky Farms with over $425 billion of total commercial real estate for sale and 6.3 billion of commercial real estate space for lease. LoopNet also attracts a large community of Southern Kentucky commercial real estate professionals with more than 7 million total members comprised of brokers, corporate executives, appraisers, and more than 3 million buyers, tenants and other principals throughout the U.S. and Canada, many of whom specialize in Southern Kentucky Farms for rent or sale.
Use LoopNet.com to find or advertise Southern Kentucky Farms.
Register for FREE and get Access to the More LoopNet Southern Kentucky Properties
View all Kentucky Commercial Real Estate for Sale and Lease


text:
Contact Audrey's: (310) 440-4505
Enter the evocative world of the groundbreaking children's book author and illustrator Ezra Jack Keats in this exhibition, featuring more than eighty original works by the artist. Ranging from preliminary sketches and "dummies," or preparatory books, to final paintings and collages, the works displayed in The Snowy Day and the Art of Ezra Jack Keats explore a life and career that became an inspiration for generations of readers.
The Snowy Day and the Art of Ezra Jack Keats is on view at the Skirball Cultural Center April 10–September 7, 2014.
Site Powered by UniteU Ecommerce


text:
echo "
Students can be supported on either Graduate Teaching Assistantships (GTA) or occasionally through departmental/research assistantships. We also have a number of students who are completing the program on a part-time basis, with their employer's support; or who otherwise are supporting their own studies.
The program has a total of four GTAs available and these awards are highly competitive. Duties of a Teaching Assistant (TA) usually involve grading for elementary statistics courses, holding office hours and providing other computer or project assistance. The stipend for a 2012-2013 GTA is $15,200. These assistantships carry a full tuition waiver for up to 12 credit-hours per semester, but do not cover other fees, in exchange for 20 hours of TA work per week.
In an effort to support more students, we typically offer 0.75 GTA (9 credit hours per semester - the usual full-time load for students in our program and a stipend of $11,400 in exchange for 15 hours of TA work per week) or 0.5 GTA (6 credit hours per semester and a stipend of $7,600 in exchange for 10 hours of TA work per week).
If you wish to be considered for a GTA, you must check the appropriate box on your on-line application. For international students taking the TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language), scores of at least 100 are required for awarding of a GTA. The Institution Code for test scores for UVM is 3920.


text:
HOME NBA Los Angeles Lakers Gear Los Angeles Lakers Mens Los Angeles Lakers Mens Hats Los Angeles Lakers Mens Hats Adjustable (97 items) Product ID: 1425652
Main Content
The Los Angeles Lakers deserve the best support around. Show off your support in a classic way with this Hardwood Classics Deco hat from '47 Brand! This snapback hat has a team-colored flat bill, Lakers graphics and an adjustable plastic snap strap on the back. Topping off your look with this cap will definitely boast your dedicated spirit!
- Imported
- Adjustable plastic snap strap
- Quality embroidery
- Flat bill
- Officially licensed NBA product
- 85% Acrylic/15% Wool
- Structured fit
- Imported
- Brand: '47
Lakers Customers also liked:
Special event items are produced by manufacturers only after the outcome of a game or event. These are advanced sale items and will ship immediately after they are received in our warehouse.
Manufacturer direct items are shipped directly from the manufacturer. These items are not available for international or expedited shipping.
Customized items can be personalized with options such as your name, your favorite number, and/or designs. Some options may be limited by league rules.


text:
Thanks for helping us sort this video!
Thanks for helping us associate the correct Pornstars to this video!
Help Us: Do these Pornstars appear in this video?
Pornstar Name:
What's their name?
Loved my pussy to be licked for hours, got loads off juices inside off me now
Hot bodies and hot action! I do like my gf's to be clean shaved or at least trimmed, but the dark haired girl is so hot looking, I would definitely go down on her!
Can somebody tell me what does "coed" mean ?
that floor looked a mite uncomfortable
it would be worth going to college to be at their dorm,frat house etc, lol : )i'd take the brunette !!!!!!!
feet feet feet
would be alot better if it was more action
bo- ring
My cock is so fucking hard over this, I need some pussy sooo bad right now.
they have the most pretty feet that i had ever seen , i wanna lick their feet again and again and again...
I am holding back. Using a massage vibrator and it feels so good - a few more like this one and Im going to explode and taste it.
2 sehr geile Foetzchen
Some errors occurred, please try again later


text:
Moral education is missingJanuary 08,2013
I wish to thank T. Elijah Hawkes for his commentary on school safety (Jan. 3). He is trying to address a very difficult issue. However, I have to disagree with his basic premise that public schools ... make us safer. I think a reasonable argument could be made that today the opposite is true. Our schools are not allowed to teach that absolute truth and accompanying moral obligations exist. When they did teach those ideas in the past, they provided us with a common understanding and helped to make our society safer and more civil. However, the trend in the last 60 years has been to enforce a secular humanist education in public schools. This philosophy holds that there is no higher power to which we are responsible and which will hold us accountable. When followed to its logical conclusion, eventually all that remains are our individual subjective values. No value is right or wrong, and we cannot judge anyone. Our society appears to be at that point.
Having reached that point, the question is who has the power to enforce their values. Power becomes the only decision-making tool. That has happened throughout our society. We no longer respect the other person as a person; their value is based on their utility to us. When they oppose us, everything is focused on defeating them and imposing our values. This has made for a dangerous and combative society, not a safe one. The public schools have been the major tool to bring our society to accept the secular humanist worldview. This worldview has brought pain and turmoil to our society. We are less civil and less safe, and public schools are a significant factor.
Gesualdo C. Schneider
MiddlesexMORE IN LettersA sixth-offense DUI gets plead down to a misdemeanor. A breathalyzer is refused. Full StoryBurr Morses recollection (Whats good for the goose, Nov. Full StoryMSNBC news analyst Rachel Maddows report on the election of Republican Rutherford B. Full Story
- Most Popular
- Most Emailed


text:
View Rule
|View EO 12866 Meetings
|Printer-Friendly Version Download RIN Data in XML
|Publication ID: Fall 2007
|Title: Positron Emission Tomography Drugs; Current Good Manufacturing Practices
|Abstract: Section 121 of the Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act of 1997 (Pub. L. 105-115) directs FDA to establish requirements for current good manufacturing practices (CGMPs) for positron emission tomography (PET) drugs, a type of radiopharmaceutical. The proposed rule would adopt CGMPs that reflect the unique characteristics of PET drugs.
|Agency: Department of Health and Human Services(HHS)
|Priority: Other Significant
|RIN Status: Previously published in the Unified Agenda
|Agenda Stage of Rulemaking: Final Rule Stage
|Major: No
|Unfunded Mandates: No
|CFR Citation: 21 CFR 212
|Legal Authority: PL 105-115, sec 121
Legal Deadline:
|Regulatory Flexibility Analysis Required: Yes
|Government Levels Affected: Federal, State
|Small Entities Affected: Governmental Jurisdictions
|Federalism: No
|Included in the Regulatory Plan: No
|RIN Information URL: www.fda.gov/cder/regulatory/pet
|RIN Data Printed in the FR: Yes
|Related RINs: Previously reported as 0910-AB63
Agency Contact:
Brian L. Pendleton
Senior Policy Advisor
Department of Health and Human Services
Food and Drug Administration
Suite 3037 (HFD-7), Office of Policy, WO 32, Room 4245, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue,
Silver Spring, MD 20993-0002
Phone:301 796-4614
Fax:301 847-8616
Email: email@example.com


text:
The aftershocks of the Ilwon Kang fiasco continue to reverberate through the Sullivan West Central School District. The issue even came up at the December 1 school board meeting.
For the record, I was the only Sullivan West school board member who saw through Mr. Kang from the beginning and the only one who voted "no" on every proposal of his for over a year. Once again, I am forced to say "I told you so."
From the beginning, I was convinced that Ilwon Kang, who was sold to the community as a big time New York City developer, was not serious in his plans for purchasing both the Delaware Valley and the Narrowsburg school buildings. Here is why.
1. No one was ever able to turn up any articles in the New York City newspapers about his projects.
2. Mr. Kang "forgot" to include his $150,000 earnest money deposit with his $3 million bid for the two buildings. As I stated at a public meeting in Narrowsburg which Mr. Kang attended, and repeated at many school board meetings, this was a red flag. That "oversight" made me suspicious Mr. Kang did not have the money to consummate the deal.
3. The Sullivan West attorney made a major mistake in the bidding procedure by allowing Mr. Kang or any other bidder to get their deposit money returned if they backed out of the deal before closing. This loophole was the local equivalent of one of those television shows that tell people how to buy real estate with no money down. Ilwon Kang was handed a no-risk option on the properties, knowing that if he could not consummate the deal for any reason he would get his $150,000 deposit back. Who wouldn't jump at such a deal?
4. One of the conditions of the bidding process was the fact that board members and the administration were supposed to be allowed the opportunity to review Kang's financial statements. When I requested this information, I was blocked by the school attorneys.
5. Mr. Kang additionally wanted to acquire the school district's 14 acres in Narrowsburg, which he won with a separate $70,000 bid. He eventually backed away from that deal also, and never produced the money.
6. Numerous discussions by me with key Narrowsburg community leaders confirmed that many of them had similar reservations about Mr. Kang, especially after he walked away from his $70,000 offer to buy the 14 acres.
7. Mr. Kang claimed he had plans to turn the Delaware Valley School building into an international school. I regularly checked with a key member of the Fremont planning board, and found that Mr. Kang never had a single formal meeting with the planning board about his project.
8. Mr. Kang requested and was given extension after extension on the closing dates for his bids. In the end, as I predicted, Mr. Kang walked away, got his $150,000 deposit back, and left the district holding the bag.
There are some people in the community who ran after Ilwon Kang for a year or more and are now trying to save face by claiming this debacle cost us nothing. Actually, it did. Rather than totally shut the buildings down, Sullivan West spent approximately $180,000 in utility bills etc. during the year-long period Kang had optioned the buildings. Because we could not retain Kang's deposit, Sullivan West taxpayers had to absorb that entire cost.
As I have repeatedly said, Mr. Kang appears to have been just one more in a long line of promoters who have come to Sullivan County over the last 40 years promising the moon and delivering nothing. No wonder people are cynical.
[Noel van Swol is a member of the Sullivan West School District's school board and a resident of Long Eddy, NY.]


text:
The content of this summary, and the available detailed report, is governed by FINRA Rule 8312, and is primarily based on information filed on uniform registration forms. Rule 8312, amendments to the rule and notices related to U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission approval orders, can be viewed here.
State regulators are governed by their public records laws (not FINRA Rule 8312), and may provide information not in BrokerCheck, including information no longer required to be reported or updated on uniform registration forms due, for example, to its age or final disposition. You may contact your state regulator to request this additional information.
Click here for more information about how to check on an investment professional.


text:
Vt ag agency urges care for farmers, pet ownersDecember 25,2013MONTPELIER The Vermont Agency of Agriculture is urging farmers and pet owners to be cautious as ice storm power outages linger.
Agency officials offered the advice as the weather forecast indicates that temperatures will remain low through the week, not allowing accumulated ice to melt. And with high winds forecast, there could be more damage to power lines and thus more outages.
The agency says people should be prepared to be without power for several days.
People should make sure they have enough pet food, necessary medications, and other supplies to last for a week. Pets should be brought inside.
If milk trucks cant reach dairy farms, farmers should be prepared to dispose of excess milk in a suitable location while recording the amount of milk that is disposed of.MORE IN This Just InWASHINGTON Long-term U.S. Full StoryMONTPELIER The Vermont attorney generals office says drug companies have complied with a state... Full StoryMOUNT HOLLY At its meeting next week, the Mount Holly Select Board will consider an ordinance... Full Story
- Most Popular
- Most Emailed


text:
What Does It Mean to Be Born Again?
Book by R.C. Sproul
When Jesus explained the necessity of the new birth, the Jewish leader Nicodemus asked in astonishment, "How can these things be?" Some two thousand years later, much confusion still surrounds the term "born again," though more people than ever claim … Learn MorePaperback $2.50 $2.00 Add to Cart
Also available in seven other formats
Young, Restless, Reformed
Book by Collin Hansen
From places like John Piper's den, Al Mohler's office, and Jonathan Edwards's college, Christianity Today journalist Collin Hansen investigates what makes today's young Calvinists tick. Church-growth strategies and charismatic worship have fueled the bulk of evangelical growth in America for … Learn MorePaperback $17.00 $13.60 Add to Cart
Book by J.V. Fesko
A comprehensive restatement of the classic Reformed doctrine of justification by faith alone. Fesko explains the doctrine in terms of the ordo and historia salutis, as well as in the light of recent challenges. A comprehensive defense of justification by … Learn MorePaperback $30.00 $18.00 Add to Cart
Let's Study Galatians
Book by Derek Thomas
Paul's letter to the churches of Galatia seems to burst on the reader like a sudden storm. The issues it raises still generate controversy, even after two thousand years of church history. In large measure this is because what was … Learn MorePaperback - out of stock $15.00 $12.00 Backorder
The Doctrine of Justification By Faith
Book by John Owen
John Owen presents one of the most rigorous defenses of the Reformed doctrine of justification ever written. This reprint of The Doctrine of Justification by Faith, taken from the 19th century edition produced by the Presbyterian Board of Publications, will serve … Learn MorePaperback $26.00 $20.80 Add to Cart
Does Grace Grow Best in Winter?
Book by Ligon Duncan
Does Grace Grow Best in Winter? addresses the issue of suffering from the standpoint of the sovereignty of God. It teaches that we need to learn that suffering exists, and we need to learn to suffer. Includes study questions. "If … Learn MorePaperback $10.00 $8.00 Add to Cart
What Is Biblical Preaching?
Book by Eric Alexander
The booklet is a brief account of the main principles on which expository preaching is based. The content comprises eight sections dealing with such subjects as the distinctives of expository preaching, the priority of such preaching in the church today, the … Learn MorePaperback $4.00 $3.20 Add to Cart
A Shelter in the Time of Storm: Meditations on God and Trouble
Book by Paul David Tripp
Fifty-two meditations on Psalm 27 instruct and encourage believers to worship God through the ups and downs of life. Psalm 27 is a psalm of trouble and worship, of difficulty and beauty, of the evil of people against people, and … Learn MorePaperback $13.00 $10.40 Add to Cart
The Roots of Endurance: Invincible Perseverance in the Lives of John Newton, Charles Simeon, and William Wilberforce
Book by John Piper
John Newton, Charles Simeon, and William Wilberforce suffered lifelong opposition and endured for the causes of gospel truth, missionary zeal, and political justice. They found, in solid doctrine and humble joy, the tough roots for habitual tenderness in response to … Learn MorePaperback $15.00 $12.00 Add to Cart
The Hidden Smile of God: The Fruit of Affliction in the Lives of John Bunyan, William Cowper, and David Brainerd
Book by John Piper
Bunyan. Cowper. Brainerd. We read their stories and wonder how they endured. How does one survive twelve years in a dank prison cell? How does one survive month after month of a depression so debilitating that death seems the only … Learn MorePaperback $16.00 $12.80 Add to Cart
The Legacy of Sovereign Joy: God's Triumphant Grace in the Lives of Augustine, Luther, and Calvin
Book by John Piper
We admire these men for their greatness, but the truth is Augustine grappled with sexual passions. Martin Luther struggled to control his tongue. John Calvin fought the battle of faith with worldly weapons. Yet each man will always be remembered … Learn MorePaperback $16.00 $12.80 Add to Cart
Running Scared
Book by Edward Welch
One of the haunting dilemmas of the human condition is that fear is "an inescapable feature of earthly life." Every person who has lived on this earth has encountered fear. Tragically, for this reason our race for the good life … Learn MorePaperback $20.00 $16.00 Add to Cart
Book by J.C. Ryle
John Charles Ryle's best-known works have been reissued and widely read over many years. The fine qualities of his writings have ensured that his books are still popular and useful. This present volume has become a classic work and is … Learn MorePaperback - out of stock $18.00 $14.40 Backorder


text:
Home > Our Impact > Health
Today, nearly 18,000 children under age 5 will die of mostly preventable causes, such as diarrhea, malaria, and pneumonia. We focus on child and maternal health, using basic medicines, supplies, and interventions to prevent and treat illnesses at the community level. These accomplishments represent some of our 2015 impact:
people protected from and treated for malaria
Thanks to the support of World Vision U.S. donors in 2015.
people reached with health programs
Thanks to the support of World Vision donors in the United States in 2015.
community health workers equipped to serve communities
Thanks to the support of World Vision donors around the world in 2015.
Child survival and Health
USAID recently published a collection of knowledge products from its Child Survival and Health grants, which include an operations research brief and one learning product from World Vision programs funded by USAID. In Afghanistan, World Vision tested the effectiveness of mobile phones as tools for community health workers. World Vision tested an innovative supervision program for community health workers using the integrated Community Case Management approach to treating childhood illnesses in a timely manner in South Sudan.
Health System in South Sudan strengthened through World Vision and USAID project, results published in journal
World Vision implemented the community-based Maternal and Child Health Transformation (MaCHT) project from 2010 to 2014 in fragile-state South Sudan, funded by USAID. This program supported health system strengthening, mainly in the areas of service delivery, health workforce, and medical products, vaccines, and technologies. The project also informed policy at district and national levels and repositioned the maternal, neonatal, and child health (MNCH) agenda to further scale up these activities. An evaluation of the project showed progress and challenges in health system strengthening for maternal health practices and community case management of diarrhea, pneumonia, and malaria in children under five. Coverage of essential maternal and child healthcare (MCH) increased in all single interventions, ranging from a minimum of 5% points to a maximum of 49% points during the implementation period. Read the full article and results of the evaluation in the peer reviewed African Evaluation Journal.
The USAID-funded Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance Project highlighted our USAID-funded project in Haiti as a successful example of integrating family planning into a large-scale food security project.
We've centered our health strategy on mothers and young children through a continuum of care and life cycle approach to promote health and nutrition practices and prevent major causes of disease. World Vision uses the WHO and UNICEF integrated approach in its health programming for the well-being of children and management of childhood illnesses through immunizations, community case management of diarrhea and acute respiratory diseases, and promotion of bed nets for use against malaria.
This strategy is in alignment with our goal to help meet the health-related U.N. Millennium Development Goals to reduce deaths of children under 5 years of age; reduce maternal deaths; and combat HIV and AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis, neglected tropical diseases, pneumonia, diarrheal diseases, and other infectious diseases.
Our approach focuses on improving the availability and accessibility of seven proven and affordable interventions for pregnant women and 11 interventions (7-11 strategy) for children under 24 months of age, a critical time to establish healthy physical and developmental growth.
These interventions include:
Early marriage with early first pregnancy and closely spaced subsequent pregnancies and births are among the most frequent causes of infant and maternal mortality and abortion in developing countries.
It has been demonstrated that culturally appropriate programs promoting the healthy timing and spacing of pregnancies (HTSP) save millions of infant, child, and maternal lives and prevent abortion. HTSP could prevent as many as one-third of maternal deaths by enabling women to delay their first pregnancy to at least age 18, space pregnancies by two to five years, protect women from unplanned pregnancy, and limit childbearing to a mother's healthiest years.
World Vision's experience with HTSP programs has demonstrated that holistic community and family-based approaches that stress the health, livelihood, and educational outcomes of better birth spacing are highly effective and can improve access by women and girls to education and income-generating activities, reduce birth-related physical impairment and stigma (such as fistula), and improve infant and child nutrition—the cornerstone of lifetime health.
Our integrated approach considers the global scope of the problem, down to the toll the disease takes on the most vulnerable children. World Vision's interventions include prevention education; prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV; and caring for those infected with the disease or affected by it.
We also train and equip volunteer networks to care for those who are sick, and to look after children who are orphaned or vulnerable because of HIV and AIDS.
World Vision works in 63 of the 106 countries where malaria is endemic, and in 14 of the 19 countries targeted by the U.S. President's Malaria Initiative. World Vision supports the Roll Back Malaria Partnership targets of reducing malaria deaths by the end of 2015 to near zero and reducing global malaria cases by 75 percent from the 2000 level.
To achieve these targets, we provide technical support to train local ministry of health, clinic, and government staff in pharmaceutical management and malaria case management among pregnant women and children.
We also distribute long-lasting, insecticidal bed nets (LLINs) in communities where malaria is prevalent. Bed nets are a proven and effective part of the World Health Organization's recommended strategy to prevent infections and deaths from malaria. World Vision distribution of LLINs consists of the following core activities:
World Vision is committed to the goal of reaching zero tuberculosis (TB) deaths among children worldwide by partnering with governments to raise awareness, addressing co-infections of TB and HIV, strengthening community systems, and increasing diagnosis and Directly Observed Treatment Short-course (DOTS) enrollment. We implement TB projects all over the world, including many funded by the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria.
World Vision also has over 25 years of global experience fighting neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), a group of infections that are especially endemic among low-income populations in developing regions of Africa, Asia, and the Americas. The World Health Organization includes 17 diseases in this category, and in sub-Saharan Africa, the impact of these diseases as a group is comparable to malaria and tuberculosis. These neglected diseases can also make HIV and AIDS more deadly.
We collaborate with local ministries of health, other aid organizations, and private companies to address NTDs through mass distribution of food products, drugs (primarily Albendazole, Mebendazole, and vitamin A), medical supplies, and water and sanitation.
Preventing child trafficking, child labor, exploitation, abuse, and neglectLearn more >