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Related Reading
Linux in a Nutshell
This excerpt is Chapter 5 from Linux in a Nutshell, 3rd Edition, published in August 2000 by O'Reilly.
This chapter describes the two major Linux packaging systems, the Red Hat Package Manager (RPM) and the Debian GNU/Linux Package Manager.
When you want to install applications on your Linux system, most often you'll find a binary or a source package containing the application you want, instead of (or in addition to) a .tar.gz file. A package is a file containing the files necessary to install an application. But note that while the package contains the files you need for installation, the application might require the presence of other files or packages that are not included, such as particular libraries (and even specific versions of the libraries), in order to be able to run. Such requirements are known as dependencies.
Package management systems offer many benefits. As a user, you may find you want to query the package database to find out what packages are installed on the system and their versions. As a system administrator, you need tools to install and manage the packages on your system. And, if you are also a developer, you need to know how to build a package for distribution.
Among other things, package managers:
Any user can list or query packages. However, installing, upgrading, or removing packages generally requires superuser privileges. This is because the packages normally are installed in systemwide directories that are writable only by root. Sometimes you can specify an alternate directory, to install, for example, a package into your home directory or into a project directory where you have write permission.
Both RPM and the Debian Package Manager back up old files before installing an updated package. Not only does this let you go back if there is a problem, but also if you've made changes (to configuration files, for example), they aren't completely lost.
The Red Hat Package Manager (RPM) is a freely available packaging system for software distribution and installation. In addition to Red Hat and Red Hat-based distributions, both SuSE and Caldera are among the Linux distributions that use RPM.
Using RPM is straightforward. A single command, rpm, has options to perform all the package functions. For example, to find out if the Emacs editor is installed on your system, you could say:
rpm -q emacs
In addition, the GNOME-RPM program provides an X-based graphical frontend to RPM (that can be run even if you are not running GNOME). This section describes the rpm command and then the gnorpm command that runs GNOME-RPM.
RPM packages are built, installed, and queried with the rpm command. RPM package names usually end with a .rpm extension. rpm has a set of modes, each with its own options. The format of the rpm command is:
With a few exceptions, as noted in the lists of options that follow, the first option specifies the rpm mode (e.g., install, query, update, build, etc.), and any remaining options affect that mode.
rpm[options] [packages]
In the option descriptions that refer to packages, you'll sometimes see them specified as package-name and sometimes as package-file. The package name is the name of the program or application, such as gif2png. The package file is the name of the RPM file: gif2png-2.2.5-1.i386.rpm.
RPM provides a configuration file for specifying frequently used options. The system configuration file is usually /etc/rpmrc, and users can set up their own $HOME/.rpmrc file. You can use the --showrc option to show the values RPM will use for all the options that may be set in an rpmrc file:
rpm --showrc
The rpm command includes FTP and HTTP clients, so you can specify an ftp:// or http:// URL to install or query a package across the Internet. You can use an FTP or HTTP URL wherever package-file is specified in the commands presented here.
Any user can query the RPM database. Most of the other functions require superuser privileges.
The following options can be used with all modes:
Use path as the path to the RPM database.
Use port as the FTP port.
Use host as a proxy server for all transfers. Specified if you are FTPing through a firewall system that uses a proxy.
Print a long usage message (running rpm with no options gives a shorter usage message).
Update only the database; don't change any files.
Pipe the rpm output to command.
Display only error messages.
Use filename as the configuration file instead of the system configuration file /etc/rpmrc or $HOME/.rpmrc.
Perform all operations within directory dir.
Print the version number of rpm.
Print debugging information.
Install or upgrade an RPM package. The syntax of the install command is:
rpm -i[install-options] package_file ...
rpm --install[install-options] package_file ...
To install a new version of a package and remove an existing version at the same time, use the upgrade command instead:
rpm -U[install-options] package_file ...
rpm --upgrade[install-options] package_file ...
One feature of -U is that if the package doesn't already exist on the system, it acts like -i and installs it. To prevent that behavior, you can freshen a package instead; in that case, rpm upgrades the package only if an earlier version is already installed. The freshen syntax is:
rpm -F[install-options] package_file ...
rpm --freshen[install-options] package_file ...
Installation and upgrade options are:
Install or upgrade all files.
Used with --relocate to force relocation even if the package is not relocatable.
Don't install any documentation files.
Don't install any file whose filename begins with path.
Force the installation. Equivalent to using --replacepkgs, --replacefiles, and --oldpackage.
Print 50 hash marks as the package archive is unpacked. Use with --version for a nicer display.
Install even if the binary package is intended for a different architecture.
Install binary package even if the operating systems don't match.
Don't check disk space availability before installing.
Install documentation files. This is needed only if excludedocs: 1 is specified in an rpmrc file.
Don't check whether this package depends on the presence of other packages.
Don't reorder packages to satisfy dependencies before installing.
Don't execute any preinstall or postinstall scripts.
Don't execute any scripts triggered by package installation.
Allow an upgrade to replace a newer package with an older one.
Print percent-completion messages as files are unpacked.
Set the installation prefix to path for relocatable packages.
Install the packages even if they replace files from other installed packages.
Install the packages even if some of them are already installed.
Go through the installation to see what it would do, but don't actually install the package.
The syntax for the query command is:
rpm -q[information-options] [package-options]
rpm --query[information-options] [package-options]
There are two subsets of query options: package selection options that determine what packages to query and information selection options that determine what information to provide.
Query the installed package package_name.
Query all installed packages.
Find out what package owns file.
Find out what packages have group group.
Query the uninstalled package package_file.
Query the numth database entry. Primarily useful for debugging.
Specify the format for displaying the query output, using tags to represent different types of data (e.g., NAME, FILENAME, DISTRIBUTION). The format specification is a variation of the standard printf formatting. (Use --querytags in the section "Miscellaneous options" to view a list of available tags.
Query specfile as if it were a package.
List packages that trigger installation of package pkg.
List packages that require the given capability to function.
List packages that provide the given capability.
List configuration files in the package.
Display the log of change information for the package.
List documentation files in the package.
Dump information for each file in the package. This option must be used with at least one of -l, -c, or -d. The output includes the following information in this order:
path size mtime md5sum mode owner group isconfig isdoc rdev symlink
List all files in each package.
Display package information, including the name, version, and description.
List all files in the package.
List packages by install time, with the latest packages listed first.
List the capabilities this package provides.
List any packages this package depends on.
List each file in the package and its state. The possible states are normal, not installed, or replaced.
List any package-specific shell scripts used during installation and uninstallation of the package.
The syntax for the uninstall command is:
rpm -epackage_name
rpm --erasepackage_name
The uninstall options are:
Remove all versions of the package. Only one package should be specified; otherwise, an error results.
Don't check dependencies before uninstalling the package.
Don't execute any preuninstall or postuninstall scripts.
Don't execute any scripts triggered by the removal of this package.
Don't really uninstall anything; just go through the motions.
The syntax for the verify command is:
rpm -V|-y| -- verify[package-selection-options]
Verify mode compares information about the installed files in a package with information about the files that came in the original package and displays any discrepancies. The information compared includes the size, MD5 sum, permissions, type, owner, and group of each file. Uninstalled files are ignored.
The package selection options include those available for query mode, as well as the following:
Ignore missing files.
Ignore MD5 checksum errors.
Ignore PGP checking errors.
The output is formatted as an eight-character string, possibly followed by a "c" to indicate a configuration file, and then the filename. Each of the eight characters in the string represents the result of comparing one file attribute to the value of that attribute from the RPM database. A period (.) indicates that the file passed that test. The following characters indicate failure of the corresponding test:
|MD5 sum
|Mode (includes permissions and file type)
|File size
The syntax of the command to rebuild the RPM database is:
rpm --rebuilddb[options]
You also can build a new database:
rpm --initdb[options]
The options available with the database rebuild mode are the --dbpath and --root options described earlier under "General options".
RPM packages may have a PGP signature built into them. PGP configuration information is read from /etc/rpmrc. The syntax of the signature-check mode is:
rpm --checksigpackage_file...
rpm -Kpackage_file...
The signature-checking options are:
Don't check any GPG signatures.
Don't check any MD5 signatures.
Don't check any PGP signatures.
Two other options let you add signatures to packages:
Generate and append new signatures to those that already exist in the specified binary packages.
Generate and insert new signatures in the specified binary packages, removing any existing signatures.
Several additional rpm options are available:
Print the tags available for use with the --queryformat option in query mode.
Set file owner and group of the specified packages to those in the database.
Set file permissions of the specified packages to those in the database.
Show the values rpm will use for all options that can be set in an .rpmrc file.
The following options are available for use with ftp:// and http:// URLs in install, update, and query modes:
Use port for making an FTP connection on the proxy FTP server instead of the default port. Same as specifying the macro _ftpport.
Use host as the proxy server for FTP transfers through a firewall that uses a proxy. Same as specifying the macro _ftpproxy.
Use port for making an HTTP connection on the proxy HTTP server instead of the default port. Same as specifying the macro _httpport.
Use host as a proxy server for HTTP transfers. Same as specifying the macro _httpproxy.
The syntax for the build options is:
Specify -b to build a package directly from a spec file or -t to open a tarred gzipped file and use its spec file. Both forms take the following single-character step arguments:
rpm -[
t]step [build-options] spec-file ...
Perform the prep stage, unpacking source files and applying patches.
Do a list check, expanding macros in the files section of the spec file and verifying that each file exists.
Perform the build stage. Done after the prep stage; generally equivalent to doing a make.
Perform the install stage. Done after the prep and build stages; generally equivalent to doing a make install.
Build a binary package. Done after prep, build, and install.
Build a source package. Done after prep, build, and install.
Build both binary and source packages. Done after prep, build, and install.
The following additional options can be used when building an rpm file:
For use with pre-3.0 versions of RPM. Build the package for architecture arch or the operating system os. Replaced in 3.0 with --target.
Override the BuildRoot tag with dir when building the package.
Clean up (remove) the build files after the package has been made.
Remove the source files and the spec file when the build is done. Can be used as a standalone option with rpm to clean up files separately from creating the packages.
Can be used with -bc and -bi to skip previous stages.
Add a PGP signature to the package.
When building the package, set the macros _target, _target_arch, and _target_os to the value indicated by platform.
Go through the motions, but don't execute any build stages. Used for testing spec files.
Set the timecheck age (the maximum age in seconds of a file being packaged). Set to 0 to disable.
Two other options can be used standalone with rpm to recompile or rebuild a package:
Like --recompile, but also build a new binary package. Remove the build directory, the source files, and the spec file once the build is complete.
Install the named source package, and prep, compile, and install the package.
Query the RPM database to find Emacs-related packages:
rpm -q -a | grep emacs
Query an uninstalled package, printing information about the package, and list the files it contains:
rpm -qpil ~/downloads/bash2-doc-2.03-8.i386.rpm
Install a package (assumes superuser privileges):
rpm -i sudo-1.5.3-6.i386.rpm
GNOME-RPM is a graphical user frontend to rpm that runs under X. You can run gnorpm even if you are not running GNOME. When you run gnorpm, it opens a window that lets you manage your rpm packages via a graphical interface. The format of the gnorpm command is:
The gnorpm options are:
Specify the geometry of the main window in standard X geometry format (i.e., w×h+x+y).
Install the specified packages.
The packages are in files, not in the rpm database (i.e., they haven't been installed yet).
Display a query window for the specified installed packages.
Display a query window for the specified package files. This is the same as specifying the -q and -p options.
Upgrade the specified packages.
Check the signatures on the specified packages.
Verify the specified packages.
Display a help message and exit.
Specify the filesystem root to use.
Display a brief usage message and exit.
The GNOME-RPM main window has five parts. At the top is a menu bar with three buttons:
Below the menu bar is a toolbar, with buttons to Install, Unselect, Uninstall, Query, Verify, Find, and Web find. At the very bottom of the window is a status bar.
The rest of the window is the main panel. On the left is the package panel, which displays package folders in a tree structure. Clicking on a folder selects it; double-click to display the contents of the folder (i.e., the packages in that folder) on the righthand panel. Clicking on a package selects it; you then can use the menus and the toolbar buttons to operate on the package. You can select several packages at the same time and operate on them as a group. Right-clicking on a package icon selects the package if it isn't already and presents a menu with Query, Uninstall, and Verify options.
See the GNOME-RPM documentation and online help for full details.
Debian GNU/Linux provides several package management tools, primarily intended to facilitate the building, installation, and management of binary packages. Debian package names generally end in .deb. The Debian package management tools include:
Until recently, the most important of the Debian packaging tools and still the primary package management program. Used to install or uninstall packages or as a frontend to dpkg-deb.
Lower-level packaging tool. Used to create and manage the Debian package archives. Accepts and executes commands from dpkg or can be called directly.
An interactive frontend to dpkg.
The currently available piece of the Advanced Package Tool (APT), which is still being developed and is intended to be a modern, user-friendly package management tool. Can be run from the command line or selected as a method from dselect. One of the features of apt-get is that you can use it to get and install packages across the Internet by specifying an ftp:// or http:// URL. Another feature is that you can use it to upgrade all packages currently installed on your system in a single operation.
Some important files used by the Debian package management tools are:
The possible states that a package can be in are:
Only the configuration files for the package are present on the system.
The package is unpacked and configuration was started but not completed.
Installation was started but not completed.
The package is unpacked and configured.
The package is not installed.
The package is unpacked but not configured.
The possible package selection states are:
The package has been selected for deinstallation (i.e., for removal of everything but configuration files).
The package has been selected for installation.
The package has been selected to be purged (i.e., for removal of everything including the configuration files).
There are two possible package flags that can be set for a package. They are:
The package is not to be handled by dpkg, unless forced with the --force-hold option.
The package is broken and needs to be reinstalled. Such a package cannot be removed, unless forced with the --force-reinstreq option.
In addition to the commands described in the next subsection, several shell and Perl scripts are included with the package manager for use in building packages:
Help automate package building. Shell script.
Add an entry for a file to debian/files. Perl script.
Generate an upload control file from the information in an unpacked, built, source tree and the files it has generated. Perl script.
Read information from an unpacked source tree and display a binary package control file on standard output. Perl script.
Rename Debian packages to their full package names. Shell script.
Read and parse the changelog from an unpacked source tree and write the information to standard output in machine-readable form. Perl script.
Create a Packages file from a tree of binary packages. The Packages file is used by dselect to provide a list of packages available for installation. Perl script.
Calculate shared library dependencies for named executables. Perl script.
Pack and unpack Debian source archives. Perl script.
Add a new CD-ROM to APT's list of available sources. Currently, the only command is add, which is required (except with the --help option). The database of CD-ROM IDs that APT maintains is /var/state/apt/cdroms.list.
Options can be specified on the command line or they may be set in the configuration file. Boolean options set in the configuration file can be overridden on the command line in a number of different ways, a couple of which are --no -opt and -opt=no, where opt is the single-character or full name of the option.
Do a thorough package scan. May be needed with some old Debian CD-ROMs.
Specify a configuration file to be read after the default configuration file.
Specify the CD-ROM mount point, which must be listed in /etc/fstab. The configuration option is Acquire::cdrom::mount.
Do a fast copy, assuming the files are valid and don't all need checking. Specify this only if this disk has been run before without error. The configuration option is APT::CDROM::Fast.
Print help message and exit.
Don't mount or unmount the mount point. The configuration option is APT::CDROM::NoMount.
Check everything, but don't actually make any changes. The configuration option is APT::CDROM::NoAct.
Set a configuration option. Syntax is -o group::tool=option (e.g., APT::CDROM=Fast).
Prompt for a new label and rename the disk to the new value. The configuration option is APT::CDROM::Rename.
Print the version information and exit.
A command-line tool for handling packages. Will eventually be a backend to APT.
Like clean, but remove only package files that can no longer be downloaded.
Clear the local repository of retrieved package files.
Update the package cache and check for broken packages.
Like upgrade but also handle dependencies intelligently.
Used together with dselect. Track the changes made by dselect to the Status field of available packages and take actions necessary to realize that status.
Install one or more packages. Specify the package name, not the full filename. Other required packages also are retrieved and installed. With a hyphen appended to the package name, the package is removed if it is already installed.
Remove one or more packages. Specify the package name, not the full filename. With a plus sign appended to the name, the package is installed.
Find source packages and download them into the current directory. If specified with --compile, the source packages are compiled into binary packages. With --download-only, the source packages are not unpacked.
Resynchronize the package overview files from their sources. Must be done before an upgrade or dist-upgrade.
Install the latest versions of all packages currently installed. Run update first.
Options can be specified on the command line or they may be set in the configuration file. Boolean options set in the configuration file can be overridden on the command line in one of several ways, a couple of which are --no -opt and -opt=no, where opt is the single-character or full name of the option.
Compile source packages after download.
Specify a configuration file to read after the default.
Retrieve package files, but don't unpack or install them. The configuration option is APT::Get::Download-only.
Try to fix a system with broken dependencies. Can be used alone or with a command. The configuration option is APT::Get::Fix-Broken.
Force yes. Causes APT to continue without prompting if it is doing something that could damage your system. Use with great caution and only if absolutely necessary. The configuration option is APT::Get::force-yes.
Display a help message and exit.
Ignore a hold placed on a package. Use with dist-upgrade to override many undesired holds. The configuration option is APT::Get::Ignore-Hold.
Ignore missing or corrupted packages or packages that cannot be retrieved. Can cause problems when used with -f.
Disable package downloading; use with --ignore-missing to force APT to use only the packages that have already been downloaded.
Do not upgrade packages. Use with install to prevent upgrade of packages that are already installed. The configuration option is APT::Get::no-upgrade.
Set a configuration option. Syntax is -o group::tool=option (e.g., APT::Get=force-yes).
Print URIs of files instead of fetching them. Print path, destination filename, size, and expected MD5 hash. The configuration option is APT::Get::Print-URIs.
Quiet. Omit progress indicators, produce only logging output. Add a q to make even quieter.
Go through the motions, but don't actually make any changes to the system. The configuration option is APT::Get::Simulate.
Print a list of all packages to be upgraded. The configuration option is APT::Get::Show-Upgraded.
Display the version and exit.
Automatically reply "yes" to prompts and run noninteractively. Abort if there is an error. The configuration option is APT::Get::Assume-Yes.
A tool for installing, managing, and building packages. Serves as a frontend to dpkg-deb.
These actions are carried out by dpkg itself:
Install the package specified as pkgfile. With -R or --recursive, pkgfile must be a directory.
Unpack the package, but don't configure it. With -R or --recursive, pkgfile must be a directory.
Reconfigure one or more unpacked packages. If -a or --pending is given instead of packages, configure all packages that are unpacked but not configured.
Remove or purge one or more installed packages. Removal gets rid of everything except the configuration files listed in debian/conffiles; purging also removes the configuration files. If -a or --pending is given instead of packages, dpkg removes or purges all packages that are unpacked and marked (in /var/lib/dpkg/status) for removing or purging.
Print the details about package from /var/lib/dpkg/available.
Update the record of available files kept in /var/lib/dpkg/available. This information is used by dpkg and dselect to determine what packages are available. Update will replace the information with the contents of the pkgs-file, distributed as Packages. Merge combines the information from Packages with the existing information.
Update the record of available files kept in /var/lib/dpkg/available with information from pkgfile. This information is used by dpkg and dselect to determine what packages are available. With -R or --recursive, pkgfile must be a directory.
Forget about uninstalled unavailable packages.
Remove existing information about what packages are available.
List all packages whose names match the specified pattern. With no pattern, list all packages in /var/lib/dpkg/available. The pattern can include standard shell wildcard characters and may have to be quoted to prevent the shell from doing filename expansion.
Report the status of one or more packages by displaying the entry in the status database /var/lib/dpkg/status.
Search for partially installed packages and suggest how to get them working.
Get list of package selections and write to standard output. With pattern specified, write selections that match the pattern.
Set package selections based on input file read from standard input.
Search for uninstalled packages that have been selected for installation.
List installed files that came from the specified package or packages.
Search installed packages for a filename. The pattern can include standard shell wildcard characters and may have to be quoted to prevent the shell from doing filename expansion.
Print target architecture.
Print the GNU version of the target architecture.
Print host architecture for installation.
Perform a binary comparison of two version numbers. The operators lt le eq ne ge gt treat a missing version as earlier. The operators lt-nl le-nl ge-nl gt-nl treat a missing version as later (where nl is "not later"). There is a third set of operators (< << <= = >= >> >) that is provided for compatibility with control-file syntax. dpkg returns zero for success (i.e., the condition is satisfied) and nonzero otherwise.
Print help message and exit.
Print help message about the --force-list options and exit.
Print debugging help message and exit.
Print dpkg license information and exit. Accepts the spelling --licence in addition to --license.
Print dpkg version information and exit.
The following actions can be specified for dpkg and are passed to dpkg-deb for execution. Also see dpkg-deb.
Build a package.
List the contents of a package.
Extract control information from a package.
Display the control field or fields of a package.
Show information about a package.
Display the filesystem tar- file contained by a package.
Extract the files from a package.
Extract and display the filenames from a package.
Abort processing after num errors. Default is 50.
When a package is removed, automatically deconfigure any other package that depended on it.
Turn on debugging, with the octal value specifying the desired level of debugging information. Use -Dh or --debug=help to display the possible values. You can OR the values to get the desired output.
Don't install the package if this version is already installed.
Force or refuse to force an operation. list is specified as a comma-separated item of options. With --force, a warning is printed, but processing continues. --refuse and --no-force cause processing to stop with an error. The force/refuse options are:
Process even if intended for a different architecture.
Select or deselect packages to install or remove them. Forced by default.
Some programs are missing from the path.
Configure any unconfigured package that the package depends on.
Permit installation of conflicting packages. Can result in problems from files being overwritten.
Turn dependency problems into warnings.
Warn of version problems when checking dependencies, but otherwise ignore.
Install even if a newer version is already installed. Forced by default.
Process packages even if they are marked to be held.
Try to install or remove even when not logged on as root.
Overwrite one package's directory with a file from another package.
Overwrite a diverted file with an undiverted version.
Remove an essential package. Note that this can cause your system to stop working.
Remove packages that are broken and are marked to require reinstallation.
Don't install a package if a newer version is already installed. The same as --refuse-downgrade.
Dependency problems result only in a warning for the packages in pkglist.
Specify that dpkg can use as much memory as it needs.
New binary package format. This is a dpkg-deb option.
Go through the motions, but don't actually write any changes. Used for testing. Be sure to specify before the action; otherwise changes might be written.
Ignore the contents of the control file when building a package. This is a dpkg-deb option.
Process only packages that are marked as selected for installation.
Old binary package format. This is a dpkg-deb option.
Recursively handle .deb files found in the directories specified with -A, --install, --unpack, and --avail and their subdirectories.
Change default directories. admindir contains administrative files with status and other information about packages; it defaults to /var/lib/dpkg. instdir is the directory in which packages are installed and defaults to /. Changing the root directory to dir automatically changes instdir to dir and admindir to /dir/var/lib/dpkg.
Specify that dpkg should try to preserve memory.
Backend command for building and managing Debian package archives. Also see dpkg; you'll often want to use dpkg to pass commands through to dpkg-deb, rather than call dpkg-deb directly.
Create an archive from the filesystem tree starting with directory dir. The directory must have a DEBIAN subdirectory containing the control file and any other control information. If archive is specified and is a filename, the package is written to that file; if no archive is specified, the package is written to dir.deb. If the archive already exists, it is replaced. If archive is the name of a directory, the dpkg-deb looks in the control file for the information it needs to generate the package name. (Note that for this reason, you cannot use --no-check with a directory name.)
List the filesystem-tree portion of archive.
Extract control information from archive into the directory dir, which is created if it doesn't exist.
Extract information about one or more fields in the control file for archive. If no fields are provided, print the entire control file.
Print help information and exit.
Provide information about binary package archive. If no control files are provided, print a summary of the package contents; otherwise, print the control files in the order they were specified. An error message is printed to standard error for any missing components.
Extract the filesystem tree from archive, and send it to standard output in tar format. Can be used with tar to extract individual files from an archive.
Print the license information and exit. Accepts the spelling --licence in addition to --license.
Print the version number and exit.
Extract the filesystem tree from archive into the specified directory, creating dir if it doesn't already exist. -x (--extract) works silently, while -X (--vextract) lists the files as it extracts them. Do not use this option to install packages; use dpkg instead.
Turn on debugging.
Build a new-style archive format (this is the default).
Don't check the control file before building an archive. This lets you build a broken archive.
Build an old-style archive format.
Split a binary package into smaller pieces and reassemble the pieces, manually or in automatic mode. The automatic mode maintains a queue of parts for reassembling. Useful for transferring to and from floppy disks.
Add part to the queue for automatic reassembly and if all the parts are available, reassemble the package as output.
Discard parts from the automatic-assembly queue. If any packages are specified, discard only parts from those packages. Otherwise, empty the queue.
Print information about the part file or files specified.
Join the parts of a package file together from the parts specified. The default output file is package-version.deb.
List the contents of the queue of parts waiting for reassembly, giving the package name, the parts that are on the queue, and the number of bytes.
Split the package full-package into parts, named prefixNofM.deb. The prefix defaults to the full-package name without the .deb extension.
Print help message and exit.
Print the license information and exit. Accepts the spelling --licence in addition to --license.
Print the version information and exit.
Specify an alternate directory depotdir for the queue of parts waiting for reassembly. Default is /var/lib/dpkg.
Force --split output filenames to be MS-DOS-compatible.
Do not print an error message for a part that doesn't belong to a binary package when doing automatic queuing or reassembly.
Use output as the filename for a reassembled package.
When splitting, specify the maximum part size (num) in kilobytes. Default is 450 KB.
A screen-oriented user frontend to dpkg. The primary user interface for installing and managing packages. See dpkg and dpkg-deb for information on building packages.
If dselect is run with no action specified on the command line, it displays the following menu:
The asterisk (on the first line here) shows the currently selected option. Any of the menu items can be specified directly on the command line as an action (access, update, select, install, config, remove, quit) to go directly to the desired activity. For example:* 0. [A]ccess Choose the access method to use. 1. [U]pdate Update list of available packages, if possible. 2. [S]elect Request which packages you want on your system. 3. [I]nstall Install and upgrade wanted packages. 4. [C]onfig Configure any packages that are unconfigured. 5. [R]emove Remove unwanted software. 6. [Q]uit Quit dselect.
dselect access
If you enter quit on the command line, dselect exits immediately without doing anything. An additional command-line action is menu, which displays the menu and is equivalent to omitting the action.
Linux in a Nutshell, 3rd Edition
Change the directory that holds internal data files to dir. Default is /var/lib/dpkg.
Turn on debugging. Send output to file if specified.
Print help message and exit.
Print the license information and exit. Accepts the spelling --licence in addition to --license.
Print version information and exit.
Return to the Linux DevCenter
Copyright © 2009 O'Reilly Media, Inc.


text:
In October 2001, the African Wildlife Foundation and Princeton University signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU).
The MOU is intended to facilitate collaboration of both organizations in research, management and training activities aimed at enhancing the conservation of natural resources and landscapes in Africa. More specifically, the MOU enables AWF and Princeton University to:
A large bull elephant was poached in the Kilimanjaro Heartland on the foothills of Baash about 15 km from Longido town near the Kenya/Tanzanian border. This tragic event occurred in the Lake Natron Game Controlled Area, within a hunting block of Winget Hunting Safaris. According to local Maasai who reside nearby, on the evening of October 1, 2001, six unknown people were seen, two of whom carried guns. It is believed that these people shot the bull and then extracted its ivory tusks with a power saw.
Amboseli Elephant Research Program (AERP) Director Cynthia Moss has been awarded a 2001 MacArthur Genius Fellowship. In 1972, while she was editor of AWF's newsletter Cynthia Moss established AERP, which has become the longest running study of elephants in the world. AERP, which became an independent organization in 2000, operates within the AWF-designated Kilimanjaro Heartland and meticulously records the births, deaths, family relationships and other dramatic events in the lives of over 900 elephants in Amboseli National Park in Kenya.
USAID/Africa Bureau
Support to the International Gorilla Conservation Program (IGCP) for Regional Mountain Gorilla Conservation in the Virungas, (Rwanda, Uganda, DR Congo)
"There would be no mountain gorillas in the Virungas today", the late Robinson McIlvaine once said, "were it not for Dian Fossey's tireless efforts over many years". McIlvaine served as U.S. Ambassador to Kenya before becoming director of AWF's African operations and then AWF president, and he knew Fossey personally.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Quiz: Test your presidential knowledge
Published On: Feb 23 2012 06:47:51 AM HST Updated On: Mar 01 2013 07:36:43 AM HSTSorry, Flash is not supported.
The views expressed are not those of this site, this station or its affiliated companies. By posting your comments you agree to accept our terms of use.blog comments powered by Disqus


text:
The Mill Valley Parks & Recreation Commission meets on the first Wednesday of each month at 7:00pm at City Hall
COUNCIL CHAMBERS, CITY HALL26 CORTE MADERA AVENUE, MILL VALLEYMARCH 6, 20137:00 p.m.
NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN that the regularly scheduled meeting of the Parks & Recreation Commission of the City of Mill Valley for Wednesday, March 6, 2013, at 7:00 p.m. has been cancelled due to lack of quorum.
The next Regular Commissionl meeting will be Wednesday, April 3, 2013.Should there be any questions regarding this notice, please call the Parks & Recreation Staff offices at 383-1370
The City of Mill Valley is pleased to offer the following:
Webcasting Services: Please visit the Webcasting and Streaming Video Archive page to view the video, agenda, and meeting documents such as staff reports, consent calendar items, and attachments.
The City of Mill Valley does not discriminate against any individual with a disability. Upon request, City publications will be made available in the appropriate format to persons with a disability. If you require assistance or auxiliary aids in order to participate in this meeting, please contact the City Clerk at 388-4033 (TTY 711) at least 24 hours prior to the meeting. The accessible entrance and parking are located behind City Hall.
Meeting end times are approximate. To request a digital recording of the meeting, please contact the City Clerk's
Free viewers are required for some of the attached documents.
They can be downloaded by clicking on the icons below.
Site Map
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text:
What is in this article?:
- Mexico's drought destroys crops, endangers life, and opens corn market to U.S. farmers
- Food corn demand trending upward
- Mexico to buy more U.S. corn.
- White corn for food demand is increasing.
- Crisis creating political pressure.
More About:
While recent and substantial rains are a promising sign that drought conditions are improving for much of the U.S. Southwest, a cold and dry winter in Northern Mexico has exacerbated conditions there with reports of wide spread famine, escalating food prices and extreme dry conditions that have forced the Mexican government to truck drinking water to nearly a half million residents in remote villages across six northern states where lakes and ground wells have run dry.
In addition, Mexican aid workers have been offering food rations throughout the winter to more than two million residents who are desperately clinging to life in a region that is experiencing its driest period on record.
The drought is credited with destroying some 7.5 million acres of cultivable land in 2011 and is responsible for $1.18 billion in lost harvests and has destroyed about 60,000 head of cattle and weakened two million more causing a substantial spike in food prices.
In addition, officials say acute food and grain shortages caused Mexico's imports to soar 35 percent last year and they could go even higher in 2012 as conditions worsen.
In a USDA report in late March, Mexico's grain sorghum imports were expected to increase significantly this spring, and now corn has been added to the import list, providing U.S. growers, especially those in the Southwest, an expanded market for their crops.
"I think we are seeing farmers in the [Texas] Rio Grande Valley opting to grow more grain sorghum than cotton this year as a result of a strong market in Mexico," reported Dr. Luis Ribera, agricultural economist at the Texas AgriLife Research and Extension Center at Weslaco.
Dr. Mark Welch, grain marketing economist with Texas AgriLife Extension in College Station, says while Texas is not a big corn producing state, he thinks shortages for grain and food corn will cause many U.S. growers to look hard at market potential in Mexico in the months ahead.
"We have been watching corn imports trend higher in Mexico over the last 25 years, but the recent spike related to the drought there is significant as it is not just yellow corn that is in demand, but white corn for food," Welch says.
In Mexico the shortage of white corn is marked by higher food prices and a shortage in tortillas, a food staple for Mexican families.
"And this is not the first time we have seen an extreme shortage. The last time was in 2008 when corn shortages caused a tortilla crisis that resulted in riots and price limit controls by federal authorities. Coincidentally, this happened in another drought period," he added. "In January of 2010 U.S. corn exports totaled about 20,000 metric tons. But this year that increased to 60,000 metric tons, so there is a market opening up for U.S. corn growers, especially those across the Midwest who were able to get an early corn crop in the ground."


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Giving Thanks a Few Weeks Early
Awaiting your praise, huh, Mr. Lung? Well, you'll get your salutatory essay soon enough. However, today is not the day. Today I'm in too much of a celebratory mood. Why? Why not. It's the beginning of the Islamic weekend, I have a martini in one hand as I'm writing this and I just obtained Season 2 of True Blood which started off much stronger than the first season.
Not only that, but the Yankees have not yet won the World Series. There's so much to be thankful for and we're still three weeks away from Thanksgiving (and the Eid Al-Adha, too).
But more than that, I'm just grateful because no matter what else might be going on, I can still wipe my @$$ without needing any kind of assistance. That, just like Chase Utley, is the gift that keeps on giving:
Happy Hump Day!
5 Comments
{I'm crying laughing}Indeed I'm thankful, too. For the laughs, for inventors, for advertising, for youtube, and for the fact that if I ever need these "comfort wipe" and "get a grip" items for me or my parents I'll know they're there for us. Oh thank you for the laugh of the DAY!
I'm still believing that tonight the Phillies will win this game. GO PHILLIES!
If anyone can do it, it's Pedro, his Daddy, and the lifetime supply of JeriCurl he's got going on.
I don't like the Phillies, I just hate the Yankees that much. Hope Pettite gets shelled.
LOL. You guys just love those hump days or maybe is me that keep coming back here on hump day.
talking about the JeriCurl, I remember this guy telling the story that back in the days when the Pedro was with the Dodgers, he ran into Pedro and his brother at the drug store. they had the shopping cart full of that product.
We Canadians have already celebrated Thanksgiving. I gave thanks that the Blue Jays' GM was fired and that I got to see Roy Halladay pitch this season in Toronto. And I gotta get me one of those Comfort Wipes – on further review…maybe not.


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Tiger Cubs wear the blue Cub Scout uniform with appropriate neckerchief and Tiger Cub slide, cap, council shoulder emblem, World Crest, unit number, and den number. Tiger Cub den leaders also wear the shoulder loops.
A number of religious organizations provide emblems for Tiger Cubs. For detailed information, see our Web page about Religious Emblems.


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My Travel Makeup Essentials For A Seven Day Trip To Taiwan
Besides beauty product reviews and makeup tutorials, I love reading posts about beauty bloggers sharing with their readers on 'What's in my purse', 'My top 5 beauty products', 'Makeup essentials for a trip', you know, lists of favorites.
I'd just returned from a trip to Taiwan when I read Leesha's post on what she brought on a trip. So that inspired me to write mine too! The picture above is also a Taiwan Tourism Logo inspired-picture! Must not copy exactly though, copyright issues! XD
I actually meant to get this post up long ago. Like reeeeeeaaaaalllllyyyy long ago. 5 months? It somehow got buried under and I cleanly forgot about it. But it's a good thing though, since now I would have reviewed more products than I did 4 months ago.
Some of the products mentioned in this post I may have stopped using by the time of writing – like mascara which must not be used for more than 6 months, and others which I may have found better alternatives. It's been 4 months, things get used up and there's always a new contender! =)
Now let's get started!
Here are what I brought with me on my seven days Taiwan trip!
I just HAD to bring that many makeup items. And I haven't even started on the tools yet!
I really tried to cut down, but these are my travel makeup essentials! XD


text:
Our ceaseless circusMay 15,2013Four Americans died in Benghazi, Libya: people with unrealized hopes, unfinished plans, relatives who loved them and friends who will miss them.
But lets focus on what really matters about the attack and its aftermath: Did Hillary Clintons presumed 2016 presidential campaign take a hit?
We live in a country lousy with guns and bloody with gun-related violence, manifest two weeks ago in a Kentucky 5-year-olds fatal shooting of his 2-year-old sister, evident over the weekend in a hail of bullets at a Mothers Day parade in New Orleans.
But lets cut to the chase: Did Kelly Ayotte, the New Hampshire senator, safeguard or endanger her political future by casting one of the votes that doomed gun-control legislation in the Senate? And does the laws failure mean that its time to write the obituary for Barack Obamas presidency, which has more than 1,300 days to go, or can we wait I dont know a week or maybe even two to do that?
Now we have a scandal at the Internal Revenue Service to factor in. And a scandal it is, in urgent need of a thorough investigation, which Obama pledged at his news conference Monday and which were very much owed.
But before we get a full account, lets by all means pivot to the possible political fallout, politics being all that seems to matter these days. Will Republicans ever trust and be able to work with the administration again? (This is being asked as if there were all that much trust and cooperation in the first place.) Have they finally been handed the cudgel that can whack Obama and his crew into oblivion? Assess, discuss and please dont forget to make predictions about the 2014 midterms.
It never gets better and may in fact be getting worse: the translation of all of the news and of all of Washingtons responses into a ledger of electoral pluses and minuses, a graph of rising and falling political fortunes, a narrative of competition between not just the parties but the would-be potentates within a party.
On issue after issue, the sideshow swallows the substance, as politicians and the seemingly infinite ranks of political handlers join us journalists in gaming everything out, ad infinitum.
To follow the debate over immigration reform is to lose sight at times of the 11 million undocumented immigrants in limbo and the challenge of finding the most economically fruitful and morally sound way to deal with them and their successors. No, the real stakes are U.S. Sen. Marco Rubios presidential aspirations. Will he pay a high price with the Republican base for pushing a path to citizenship? Or will he earn necessary centrist credentials?
And where does it leave him vis-a-vis Rand Paul and Ted Cruz, who are fellow Republican senators itching for prominence and are also hypothetical primary rivals? The next presidential election is three and a half years away an eternity, really but instead of putting a damper on speculation, that time span has encouraged it, letting a thousand theories and nearly as many contenders bloom.
We can wonder: If Clinton decided not to run, would a door open for another woman, Sen. Kirsten Gillibrand of New York? Just how well has Gillibrand positioned herself for such a turn? That story is already out there, and in it her record is framed largely in terms of her prospects for national office, as if one exists in the service of the other, as if the point of a congressional seat is leveraging it into an even better, more regal throne.
What about the actual business of governing? Between all the preening, partisan crossfire and of course fundraising that consumes members of Congress, is there any space and energy for that?
Not much, to judge from either the sclerosis that now defines the institution or the obsessions of those of us in the media. Our quickness to publicize skirmishes and divine political jockeying abet both. Actors tend to do whatever keeps the audience rapt.
At Obamas news conference, he breezed past the IRS debacle too quickly, and Im not sure why he had stayed mum until then. He flashed too much self-righteous anger about the scrutiny of the Benghazi talking points, which strike to important matters of accountability and credibility.
But however self-servingly, Obama got one thing about Benghazi exactly right: Whats most vital, and whats being obscured, is how we improve diplomatic security.
After all, the fates altered most profoundly by the attack werent his or Clintons or any other pols, but rather those of the four lost Americans: J. Christopher Stevens, Glen Doherty, Tyrone Woods and Sean Smith.
We dishonor them, Obama said, when we turn things like this into a political circus. Indeed. But its what we turn almost everything into.
Frank Bruni is a columnist for The New York Times.MORE IN CommentarySure, you can buy your uncle a necktie that he wont wear, or your niece an Amazon certificate... Full StoryA lot of serious long-term national issues simply werent addressed in the recent national election. Full StoryI have written on the anomaly of the separation of the private and public sectors in our society,... Full Story
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I have been informed that I have an oversupply and I firmly believe I do. I started suspecting it about a months ago. I have read the materials marked in the post above and my son (3.5 months old) has all the issues.
I am working on downgrading my supply and pumping for about two minutes (which is an ounce to an ounce and a half) before each feeding. I work 40+ hours a week so I'm away from him for 9 hours five days a week. How do I lower my supply without lowering it too much? I've read all about the working full-time mothers who end up with an undersupply and I've tried so hard to make sure that wasn't an issue (hence, the oversupply.) I didn't know an oversupply could affect him so badly.


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Dear Members,
Keep in mind that Character Bashing is now prohibited. Making fun of certain characters/character pairings leads to a pointless thread filled with insults and general rule breaking.
Also, remember that Versus threads are allowed only in the Versus section.
Thank you, NarutoBase Staff
Did he just say his wood CAN STOP a bijuu power?
That means a tailed beast bomb?
Yes yes yes
We already know that :drive:
Old news. We learned this from Yamato.
Wood is op enough to do that in NV.
we knew that already. it's just an awesome jutsu
Forum Rules


text:
The X Window System is a graphical windowing system that was developed at MIT in 1984. X was developed as part of Project Athena, a cooperative effort between MIT, IBM, and Digital Equipment Corporation to develop a network of heterogeneous engineering terminals that could be used for teaching purposes. The current version, X11, was released in 1987 and is now up to X11 release 6, known as X11R6.
One reason X has had such staying power is that from the beginning it incorporated many of the windowing capabilities that we now take for granted. These capabilities include network transparency, graphical capability, the use of a mouse, and the ability to link together a heterogeneous network of workstations from different vendors.
In addition, X was intentionally designed to provide the low-level mechanism for managing the graphics display, but not to have any control over what is displayed. This means that X has never been locked into a single way of doing things; instead, it has the flexibility to be used in many different ways. Both the simplest window manager and the most complex desktop environment can, and do, use the X Window System to manage the display.
The responsibility and stewardship of X is currently in the hands of the X.Org Foundation; the X.Org implementation of the X Window System is included with most of the major Linux and free Unix distributions. Until 2004, the standard version of X was XFree86, developed by the XFree86 Project. New licensing restrictions imposed by XFree86 led to the switch to X.org.
Related Reading
Linux in a Nutshell
The client/server model, as it is implemented by X, may seem backward at first glance. Generally, we think of servers as remote machines like file servers, news servers, or mail servers, with local clients accessing the servers. For X, however, it's the server that runs on the local machine, providing its services to the display based on requests from client programs that may be running locally or remotely. The server also manages the input devices (usually a keyboard and mouse), and it manages the display of colors and fonts on the screen, all based on requests from a client.
One of the most significant features of X is that it was specifically designed to work across a network. The client and the server communicate via the X Protocol, a network protocol that can run locally or across a network. Regardless of whether a client program is local or remote, it communicates with the server through the X Protocol.
Let's talk briefly about working with X, and then we'll take a look at some of the major pieces.
When you run the X Window System, the X server manages the display, based on requests from the window manager. The window manager is an application that is itself an X client, with responsibility for managing the appearance and placement of the windows on the screen.
X itself has no role in determining the appearance of the screen, or what users are allowed to do with windows. That is the job of the window manager. For example, some window managers allow you to double-click in a window's title bar and roll up the window into the title bar like rolling up a window shade (this is referred to as shading). Other window managers don't have that feature. X doesn't care; it's a window manager concern. The X server's job is to provide the low-level support so the window manager and other applications can shade or not, as they choose.
Similarly, the window manager takes care of the appearance and placement of the windows; it doesn't determine what goes on inside. The window might be a terminal window (called an xterm) where the user runs standard Unix commands, or it might be running an X client application like the xcalc calculator, a web browser, or an Emacs session. It's the client application running in the window that determines what happens inside its windows.
Most people today run one of the desktop environments, KDE or GNOME. The desktops go further than a window manager in providing an integrated graphical environment where all applications and windows have a common look and feel. The desktop environments also include session management, for saving and restoring your work sessions. But if you look underneath, you'll still find the X Window System managing the display, and you'll find a window manager sitting between X and the desktop.
X is hidden two levels down from the desktop. For that reason, if you want to explore X further, it's helpful to run with just a window manager for a while, even if you end up going back to the desktop. (It's also interesting to note, by the way, that as long as KDE and/or GNOME are installed on your system, with their libraries, you can run their client programs from a window manager. I've been running the window manager fvwm for this article and using the KDE program ksnapshot to take screenshots.)
You can run the X server in two ways: with the X Display Manager (XDM), or by booting to the command line and starting X manually. There are too many distributions, each with its own configuration and startup procedures, for me to be able to provide general instructions for running the server in this article. But as an example, here's a quick way to set up a Fedora Core Linux system to boot to the command line so you can run the X server manually. This should work for other Red Hat-based distributions, and something similar should work for other distributions.
Your first step, while you are still in the desktop, is to use your favorite text editor to create a startup script in your home directory, if there isn't already such a script. In this case, since we are going to start manually, the file should be named .xinitrc; if we were going to use XDM, it would be .xsession. Be sure to make the file executable.
The last line of the file should run the window manager; in fact, that can be the only entry in the file. But it's useful if you want to do work, to set up at least a couple of xterm windows and maybe start a browser or any other application program that you use regularly. Here, for example, is my .xinitrc file:
xterm -sb -geometry 80x55+5+5 &
xterm -sb -geometry 80x55+530+30 &
oclock -geometry +1450+920 -bg ivory -fg blue &
xscreensaver &
exec fvwm
This file starts up two xterm windows, with sidebars and the specified
80x55 is the size of the window (80 characters wide and 55
lines long), and
+5+5 indicates where on the screen the upper-left
corner should be placed. Every line except the last one ends with an
to put them in the background so the next line can be executed. After
starting up a clock with an ivory background (the face) and a blue
foreground (the hands), and the xscreensaver program, the script
runs the window manager, fvwm.
Now we are ready to establish that we don't want to boot into X. As root, edit the file /etc/inittab and update the line that sets up the initial runlevel. We want it to start in runlevel 3 (multiuser mode) instead of runlevel 5 (X11 mode). Specifically, change the line
to read
Then when you restart the system, it will boot to a regular terminal window instead of to X11, displaying a login prompt. After you log in, you can start X:
$ startx
As long as the startup script is running, the X server will also continue running. Since the last command in the script starts the window manager, X will continue to execute until the window manager is terminated, which terminates the script. Thus in effect, stopping execution of the window manager also stops the X server.
In fvwm, to stop the window manager, select Exit Fvwm from the root menu--the menu you get when you click on the root window (the background behind the other windows). Figure 1 shows an example of an fvwm root menu:
Figure 1. An fvwm root menu
Exit Fvwm is the last entry. When you click on it, a submenu asks whether you really want to quit fvwm, whether you want to restart fvwm, or whether you want to start a different window manager.
Figure 2 shows my screen running fvwm, based on the .xinitrc file we just saw, after I'd been working for a while, running commands in the xterm windows and starting some additional X clients.
Figure 2. Using fvwm to run commands and start X clients
The X server manages the display hardware. The server captures input events from the user via keyboard or mouse (or other input device) and passes the information to a client application that has requested it. It also receives requests from the application to perform some graphical action. For example, if you use your mouse to move a window on the screen, the X server passes the information to the window manager, which responds by telling the server where to reposition the window, and the X server performs the action. If the client is a calculator, such as xcalc, it might request that digits be displayed into the window as the user clicks on buttons to enter a number.
In any case, it is always the server that interacts with the hardware. Thus only the server software has to be hardware-specific. In fact, only the parts of the server that actually interact with the hardware need to be rewritten for X to be ported to new systems or to be usable with a new terminal or a new type of input device, for example. As long as the X clients are written to use the X Protocol, they can run on any system and communicate with the X server.
Getting X configured correctly used to be a real chore. You had to know all the hardware specifications for your monitor and video card, which isn't always easy to gather. Nowadays, though, your distribution's installation program is generally able to autodetect the hardware and find the right settings.
Nonetheless, you still might need to go into the configuration file to tweak a setting or two. Or you might simply be curious about how the file is set up.
You'll find the configuration file in /etc/X11, called xorg.conf for the X.Org server and XF86Config or XF86Config-4 for the XFree86 server. Click here to see what the xorg.conf file for my system looks like.
We don't have space to discuss the details of the file here. What's interesting to note is the way each piece of hardware is defined separately and then in terms of their relationships to each other.
The configuration file is divided into sections. For example, the Module section specifies the modules to be loaded when the X Window System starts up. There can be more than one of a particular section type. In this configuration are two InputDevice sections, one for the keyboard and one for the mouse. Each section has an Identifier, used to reference the section from another section.
At the top of the file, the ServerLayout section ties together
Mouse0, and
Keyboard0 as the combination of hardware for the
X server to manage. Then if you look at the end of the file, you can
see that
Screen0 comprises the combination of
Videocard0 and
thus tying everything together neatly.
As we've seen, an X client is an application program that performs certain tasks, communicating with the X server using the X Protocol. The operations performed within a window can vary greatly, depending on the type of program running. Some windows wait for input from the user, functioning as terminals, calculators, or graphics applications. Other windows simply display information, such as the time of day or the system load.
The shaded area that fills the entire screen is called the root window. X client application windows are displayed on top of the root window. X treats windows as a hierarchy, with the root as the origin, or parent, of the application windows displayed on it. Conversely, the application windows are called children of the root window.
But the hierarchy goes further. Not only is the client window itself a child of the root window, but it also can have children of its own; for example, a drop-down menu, which itself is a window.
The window manager is the client application, with responsibility for managing client windows. There are a number of window managers to choose from, many with features that begin to approach those of a desktop. For information on many of the available window managers, see the Window Managers for X web site.
The window manager controls the general operation of the window system; in particular, it controls the geometry and aesthetics of your X display. With the window manager you can change the size and position of windows on the display, reshuffle windows in a window stack, and so on.
Figures 1 and 2 are screenshots from my fvwm-managed system. If you are using another window manager, the X display will have that window manager's appearance. In fact, because X is so customizable, even two users running the same window manager are likely to have screens that look very different.
fvwm is compliant with the Inter-Client Communication Conventions Manual (ICCCM). The ICCCM is a standard that defines interactions between X clients, including client interactions with the window manager. It defines basic policy that is intentionally omitted from X itself, such as the rules for transferring data between applications and for transferring keyboard focus. Window managers and other applications that follow the ICCCM should be able to coexist and work together on the same server, even if they were written using different toolkits. This capability explains why you can, for example, run KDE applications on a GNOME desktop or with fvwm.
X clients are designed to be customized by the user, by setting the value of variables known as properties. Most clients come with a default set of properties; the defaults can be overridden on a systemwide basis or individually by the user. For a user, client properties can be specified on the command line, but more conveniently, they can be set as resources in a file generally called .Xresources in your home directory. Here, for example, is my .Xresources file:
! XTerm defaults
XTerm*saveLines: 500
XTerm*reverseWrap: True
XTerm*scrollKey: False
XTerm*scrollBar: True
XTerm*geometry: 80x50
! emacs defaults
emacs*geometry: 80x66
After setting up the .Xresources file, you can load the resources into the X server using a program called xrdb (the X resource database manager). Typically, you do this in the startup script. Looking again at our .xinitrc script, we can add a call to xrdb:
xrdb -load $HOME/.Xresources
xterm -sb -geometry 80x55+5+5 &
xterm -sb -geometry 80x55+530+30 &
oclock -geometry +1450+920 -bg ivory -fg blue &
xscreensaver &
exec fvwm
Now, the next time you start X, your resource settings will be loaded
into the resource database and made available to the appropriate X
clients. Note that the xrdb command line is not followed by
&. This
is because it runs and completes, so the script can proceed to
execute the next command.
Now you can run xrdb again with the
-query option to see what options
are currently set:
$ xrdb -query
XTerm*saveLines: 500
XTerm*reverseWrap: True
XTerm*scrollKey: False
XTerm*scrollBar: True
XTerm*geometry: 80x50
emacs*geometry: 80x66
The man page for most X client applications gives the names of the resources you can set for that application.
A separate customization file for fvwm called .fwwm2rc is also kept in your home directory. By editing the .fwwm2rc file, you can modify aspects of the window manager's operation such as the contents of menus, and the keyboard and mouse button sequences used to invoke actions. Other window managers have comparable configuration files. For more information, see the fvwm2 man page. (Note that the current version of fvwm is fvwm2. You can run fvwm2 instead of fvwm in your startup file; fvwm is a symbolic link to fvwm2.)
The X Window System is fascinating and complex. We've only touched on some of its major features. In the last section, I've listed a few resources for finding additional information.
See the links under the heading "Base Technology" on the X.Org web site for explanations of X architecture.
The X man page is not exactly light reading, but it has plenty of good information.
The Linux Documentation Project has a number of how-tos about X, including "The X Window System Architecture Overview HOWTO" and "The X Window User HOWTO."
Ellen Siever is a writer and editor specializing in Linux and other open source topics. In addition to Linux in a Nutshell, she coauthored Perl in a Nutshell.
Return to the Linux DevCenter.
Copyright © 2009 O'Reilly Media, Inc.


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Contact Audrey's: (310) 440-4505
*Zoom in where available by hovering over the image above.
Softly knit, these plush animals make for perfect cuddle buddies for children, while their size and easy-to-clean surface (machine washable and dryer safe!) make them great for traveling.
Available in a blue cat, bunny, elephant, lion, and a pig.
Made of 100% cotton yarns.
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20 things you need to know about breast cancer
Published On: Sep 20 2011 10:36:35 AM CDT Updated On: May 23 2014 03:11:55 PM CDT
Here are 20 things that you may not have known about breast cancer.
The views expressed are not those of this company or its affiliated companies. By posting your comments you agree to our Terms of Use.


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Wed. 5 p.m. UPDATE: Sheep Herder Hill Fire Latest-As of Wednesday evening, an estimated 15,887 acres have burned by the Sheep Herder Hill Fire.
-The fire is 50% contained, and is expected to be fully contained by Saturday.
(Note: The words "containment" and "control" are two very different terms. "Containment" refers to the physical barrier around the fire, and "control" refers to the fire barrier holding up in extreme weather conditions. Fire officials will not say the fire is "contained" until the fire barrier is tested.")
-The cause of the fire remains under investigation.
-The nearby Elkhorn Fire is 100% contained, it has not yet been declared "controlled."
-At least 7 structures remain destroyed, but fire officials believe that number to be higher.
-All roads on Casper Mountain remain closed, and people found trespassing will be prosecuted. When authorities allow people to return onto Casper Mountain, property owners must show proof of ownership before going into the Mountain.
-Authorities have started notifying people if their homes have burned. If you are not sure if your home has been damaged or destroyed, call Natrona County Emergency Management Office at 235-9205.
1. When will the evacuation order be lifted?
- It is unknown at this time when the evacuation order will be lifted as the fire is still active. We encourage people in the pre-evacuation area to continue to be vigilant and to be ready to leave if told to do so.
- The
fire continues to be active and safety concerns such as downed power
lines, falling trees and fire danger will determine when you can return.
Through the weekend we can expect increased temperatures, increased
wind speeds with gusts up to 25 MPH. A cold front is expected to come in
on Sunday.
- The best option would be to call your insurance company directly.
- The American Red Cross has a shelter open at the National Guard Armory at 5905 CY Avenue for people affected by the fire.
- Contact your doctor for replacement of medications. Depending on the severity of the need, the American Red Cross may be able to help with the costs associated with a supply of medication or rental of medical equipment.
- The command of the fire will be returned to the Natrona County Fire Protection District, but this does not mean the fire is out.
- You may visit www.inciweb.org or call the Sheep Herder Hill Fire Information line at (307) 215-3099


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Planning for Long-Term Care for Dummies
By Carol Levine
Paperback | E-book
March 2014
Awards: Merit National Mature Media Award 2014
Book Description
Expert advice on planning for your own or a relative's future care needs
As we live longer and healthier lives, planning for the long term has never been more important. Planning gives you more control, but it's not easy to find accurate information and answers to your questions. That's where AARP's Planning For Long-Term Care For Dummies comes in.
This comprehensive guide gives you questions to ask yourself and others about how best to achieve your goals, whether you have immediate needs or can take some time to sort out the possibilities. The book
- Covers home modifications so that you can stay at home safely for as long as you like
- Lays out the opportunities and costs associated with independent living, assisted living, and other options
- Gives you a range of driving and transportation alternatives
- Sorts out the various sources of care at home
- Helps you navigate the healthcare system
- Reviews the legal documents you should prepare and update
- Helps you determine whether you need long-term care insurance
- Offers checklists and other resources to help you make decisions
- Gives you guidance on how to talk to your family about sensitive issues
If you're looking for trusted information on how to prepare for the future care needs for yourself or a relative, this sensitive, realistic, and authoritative guide will start you on the right road.
Also of Interest
- Understanding long-term care insurance
- The dirty truth about men
- Information, tips and resources for caregivers
See the AARP home page for deals, savings tips, trivia and more


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"The Semantics of Natural Language(s)"
May 04, 2004
This summary will be used on the news index, in RSS feeds and other locations that list articles. Please make it clear and concise.
Published: February 25, 2004
May 04, 2004
This summary will be used on the news index, in RSS feeds and other locations that list articles. Please make it clear and concise.
Published: February 25, 2004
May 11, 2004
Abstract: As the process of science is transformed over the next five to 10 years by the increase in computer capabilities, scientists will be faced with a flood of data.
Published: February 28, 2004
Evergreen President Thomas L. "Les" Purce announces that Dr. Don Bantz has accepted the position of vice president for academic affairs and provost.
Published: May 04, 2004
June 11, 2004
The graduating class of The Evergreen State College has chosen Dr. Vandana Shiva as the speaker for the college's 33rd Commencement.
Published: May 07, 2004
May 14, 2004
The Evergreen State College invites the public to the Willi Unsoeld Seminar with guest speaker Dr. Jerry Franklin on Friday, May 14 at the college's Longhouse.
Published: May 10, 2004
May 14, 2004
The Graduate Program in Environmental Studies at The Evergreen State College hosts "The Changing World of Water" conference on Friday, May 14 at the Olympia campus.
Published: May 14, 2004
Dr. Stan Flemming, president of the board of trustees of The Evergreen State College, has been called to active duty with the Army Reserves where he holds the rank of colonel.
Published: May 14, 2004
May 26, 2004
The Education, Values and Society program at The Evergreen State College invites the public to attend the exciting and provocative lecture "Science and Music, With Exuberance and Humility" by University of Washington physicist Dr. Vladimir Chaloupka on Wed., May 26, from 7:30-9:30 p.m. in Lecture Hall I on the Olympia campus.
Published: May 24, 2004
June 11, 2004
The class of 2004 is the largest ever to graduate from The Evergreen State College, with 1,256 undergraduates and 104 graduates expected to pick up their degrees.
Published: May 26, 2004
June 12, 2004
Super Saturday, one of the biggest one-day festivals in the state, marks its 26 th anniversary on June 12 with a new emphasis on live music and entertainment for young and old.
Published: May 27, 2004
June 01, 2004
Projects in ecology, automotive maintenance, computer chip testing, legal systems, e-commerce, and graphics support for computer games are those to be showcased at the Computer Science Software Fair.
Published: May 28, 2004


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Got a Minkey on your back? This 6-year-old Torti is a real lover. Mink would do better in a household with maybe just one or two other cats. She wants you all to herself. Her favorite pastime: perching up on your shoulder burrowed lovingly into your neck.
To adopt a pet, call or stop by the animal shelter across from the city's Public Works Department off the Sterling Highway.
The shelter is open from noon-5 p.m., Tuesday through Saturday. For more information, call 235-3141.


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Opera Blogs
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A Community for blogs about Opera
les histoires de moi
I'm a pianist-turned-opera singer, and my blog is devoted mostly to keeping track of what's going on in my singing (and musical in many other ways as well) life.
Opera Fanatics Blog
A blog which explains all about Opera, the music,the composers, the singers, the orchestras, the conductors, DVD on Opera, Opera CD
De Opera e de Lagartos
Bem, na realidade nem só de ópera nem de outros assuntos tão rasteiros. Mais observações pessoais do que erudição sem sentido. Um pouco da crítica do dia a dia, um pouco de crônica, um pouco do meu dia ...
mad musings of me
A miscelleneous blog about me, which includes reviews and news from the opera houses and concert halls of London, and elsewhere. A whole category devoted to my hero, Plácido Domingo
a southern gal in the north
What's Opera, Doc?
WHFR 89.3 - What's Opera, Doc? opera, art song and vocal music programming in Metro Detroit.
no guru, no method, no teacher
A wonderfully opinionated, opera-friendly, bass-baritone-phile weblog, with an architectural appendix and, go figure, even a stage-design-ish spin-off. Oh, and, by the way, it happens to be written in ...
Opera Blog
Occasionally an in-depth discussion of the Italian and French opera repertoire, concentrating primarily on 19th century compositions -- both well known and obscure. Just as often, random thoughts on opera ...
The Force of Destiny
Ramblings on opera, literature, the arts, with a dash of politics and history, as well as everything else not falling into the aforementioned categorie
cEntEr stAgEs
A place to share recorded live performances, both classical concerts and opera performances. Shacommunity reviews and comments are welcomed. Interested to download and upload mp3s? Want to improve your ...
The Evil Baritone Blog
No topic untouched or too taboo. Pull up an aisle seat, sit back, relax, and enjoy the musings of an father's struggle between family & performance. "Gee, Evil Baritone, whattya want to do tonight?" "The ...
(A Return to) The Road Not Taken
Chronicles a late starter's journey down the classical singing path; Warning: May contain the occasional angry, bitter, vitriol-spewing rant (but always in QOTN style); otherwise, this blog strives to ...
Opinions, lessons, tips and tricks for vocal technique and good singing.
Una butaca en el paraíso
A spanish personal website about opera with a touch of humour. Una web personal de ópera con un toque de humor.
Ryland Pope Opera Student
I will be a senior at Georgetown College,KY. I am a voice major and opera is my love. I plan to apply to Julliard School when I return from Salzburg, Austria. My blog will be about my travel, my studies, ...
Vietnam headwear sourcing
Sunlightcaps.com is specialising in manufactucommunity, trading and exporting many customes caps, hats, visors for both adults and children with competitive prices and in time delivery. Our headquater ...
Cantan ellas - El blog de maac
A blog about opera in Spanish, devoted to female voices.
Mighty Handful
In addition to many other topics, I occasionally complain about my voice lessons and the low-quality opera VHSs I'm wont to watch.
El último remolino
A blog in spanish by Spain's critic Felipe Santos on music, opera and arts.
BlakesOperaBlog is a place where I reflect upon opera and offer my thoughts and critiques of various productions. The focus is not so much on the singing - there are plenty of others who are much better ...
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"I've been listening to the Catholic Answers Live podcast for about a year now. Today I heard Patrick Coffin say you were reaching all nations, and I felt I had to confirm it! I love your show and I learn every day. Thank you very much!"
"It must be understood that the bishop is in the Church and the Church in the bishop and he is not in the Church who is not with the bishop."


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If only Van Helsing had had one in his arsenal when he took on our next vampire ...
No. 2: "Dracula" (1931)
What many people consider to be the original vampire movie, "Dracula" is based on the classic novel by Bram Stoker and stars Bela Lugosi as Count Dracula and Edward Van Sloan as Professor Van Helsing.
The story takes place in Eastern Europe in 1897, where a love story evolves between Count Dracula and a visiting woman named Mina. This well-known story has everything that a great vampire movie requires, including drama, suspense, bloodshed and an incredible love story.
Although we love the drama of the original "Dracula," the 1992 remake, which stars Anthony Hopkins as Van Helsing and Gary Oldman as Count Dracula, is also well worth watching. This updated version took home three Oscars in 1993, including Best Makeup, Best Costume Design and Best Effects.
Yeah, the Dracula films had everything, except for Cruise and Pitt ...
No. 1: "Interview with the Vampire" (1994)
Brad Pitt. Tom Cruise. Christian Slater. Kirsten Dunst. Antonio Banderas. Need we say more? This horror film takes No. 1 on our list, thanks to a great cast and an epic storyline, based off the novel by Anne Rice.
This 200-year-long story of curse, love and death is told through the eyes of Louis (Pitt), a self-loathing vampire who was created to serve as a companion to an older vampire named Lestat (Cruise).
Louis hates being a vampire and refuses to take human lives, but stays with Lestat out of love for a young orphan girl-turned vampire named Claudia (Dunst). The story, which is full of drama, is told to a modern-day reporter, played by Slater.
There's no doubt that today's sultry, sensitive vamps of "True Blood," "The Vampire Diaries" and "Twilight" owe a great debt to Rice and this movie.
While there are certainly plenty of vampire movies to choose from, if you haven't seen them yet, we recommend you start with our top five, which includes a little something for everyone. If you've already seen these top flicks, don't wait for Halloween to see them again.


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Free Speech rights tested on UW-La Crosse campus
There was a shouting match on the UW-La Crosse campus Tuesday as people used their right to free speech.
Dozens of students were not happy to hear the message from a group of people at the clock tower, which is the central point of campus. Members of the group called themselves born again Christians preaching to help people find God.
The students say the group was being intolerant and singling people out for things like religion and sexual orientation.
"God said to go into all the world and preach the Gospel, so we go into all the world, whether it be sporting events, in our little hometown, at campuses, doesn't matter what it is, where there's people, there's people that need Jesus," said born again Christian Ryan Woodhouse.
"The amount of intolerance is just clearly unacceptable to everybody at UW-L, it doesn't represent what we believe in as a campus," said UW-L Junior Cady Madson.
UW-L's Chancellor says he received a number of e-mails from students who were upset at the message being spread. However, since it's a public institution, he says the university needs to respect everyone's first amendment rights. "You know you might not like what's being said out there, but we really do need to be thankful for the fact that those people have the right to say what they want to say, because we can say what we want to say as well," said Chancellor Joe Gow.
Gow also says the only reason the University would've stepped in is if the group would've posed a danger to the students.
Copyright 2013 by WKBT News8000. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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So I have just been reading that the NR cup final is being moved from Blackpool to halifax this year and clubs have voted on this.. (cost cutting) Unfair advantage to fax if they make the final I say. Also talks of moving the GF to another venue!
NR cup final
Started by Paul Ballantyne, Feb 14 2013 06:56 AM
4 replies to this topic
Posted 14 February 2013 - 06:56 AM
Posted 14 February 2013 - 08:41 AM
Grand final at the LSV its been said on other forums...
Posted 14 February 2013 - 09:52 AM
why not DW, Langtree park or headingly or even huddersfield....why one of the champ clubs ground ?
Lee Morton
Raiders have risen from the ashes
Posted 14 February 2013 - 10:06 AM
Not much chance of us getting to either final this season, so i say hold them both at barrow, should help with the floodlight fund!
Posted 14 February 2013 - 04:42 PM
aslo two group winners of champ one to play at halifax in curtain raiser and if champ one gets to nr final the team below goes to halifax. lol .you couldnt make it up.all decisions for the game sound like there made in the pub at half time durring a superleague game. this was most likely when the dual reg idea came up aswell , farcical. just think if you play in champ 1 group stage and dont win a game but dont get hammered to badly in group stage you might be off to the finals at fax. umbelievable but not in the world of rugby league.


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The Rockies "get it", do what you can to respect your fans
DENVER – Emily Sauvageau doesn't get to quite every Colorado Rockies game, but she makes it to most – and she's all of 5 years old.
Emily's father Dan Sauvageau, who owns his own financial planning firm, holds season tickets in section 153-W, just beyond the left-center field wall. And, as owner of his own business, he has the flexibility to make it to Coors Field for a vast majority of the team's 81 home games each year. For just about every game he attends, Emily is at his side.
"Her first opening day was in 2005, and we've just been coming ever since," said Sauvageau. "Last year she went to 75 out of 81 games."
In a sport well known for its meticulous keeping of all manner of statistics, Sauvageau's got his daughter's most important number on the tip of his tongue.
Emily is well-known in the outfield section where her family holds season tickets, a section that includes a number of the handicapped fans with whom Emily has become a crowd favorite.
"She's my little sweetie," said fan Tom Loeffler, as he took Emily up on his lap, where he sat in a motorized wheelchair. "She's been sitting on my lap here for four years now, ever since she was a toddler."
Speaking directly to Emily, he said, "Pretty soon you're going to be too big to sit on my lap — but then, I'll have Ryan." Ryan is Emily's infant brother, who has attended "only" 15 games in his brief life.
Loeffler's wife, Terri, calls Emily – who typically sports a big pink cowboy hat, but on Thursday wore a pink Rockies ball cap – "the Queen of Coors Field."
"Emily's big, big fan," said Terri Loeffler. "She's a sweetheart, and she makes us all smile."
Emily also knows her Rockies. With no effort, she rattled off from memory the uniform numbers of a series of Rockies players, missing not a one – even newcomer Dexter Fowler.
On Thursday she was wearing a jersey with the number and nickname of outfielder Ryan Spilborghs; at home in her closet, she has the jerseys of Todd Helton, Troy Tulowitzki, and the departed Matt Holliday, as well.
She's philosophical about the off-season trade of Holliday to the Oakland A's.
"It means 'Spilly' can play more," she reasoned.
Emily's father, who says he's a huge baseball fan, dismisses any talk that he might be overdoing it, in terms of exposing his daughter to his favorite sport.
"I've never seen any rules that say you can't go to too many games," said Sauvageau. "If it's what we like to do, we're going to do it. People have other things they like to do. And they do that. And we just like to go to baseball games."
Here's Emily's interview on Fox News
I have to give props to my Man Todd Helton for reaching 2000 hits. I hope to see him make the next 1000
I took this picture today, the kids plan to name and get pictures of all the humming birds that drink from our feeder.
Go Rockies, this game isn't looking so good right now…D
6 Comments
Dang D,
I wish I was up there! And yeah, this game is bad, bad, bad.
Great picture of the hummer.
WTG Emily! And Todd Helton. . . you rock!! 😀 Cool pic of the hummingbird, Don.
Pathetic last two games; blah.
JULIA-Thanks, those pictures are fun to take. I can't believe this blog makes the top ten. Guess I have a lot of closet readers??
R-LUV and LUVMYROX-Agreed, I just don't understand these losses…D
I loved the story on Emily. I wish baseball as a whole would put more of an emphasis on passing the game along to kids. Coors is a great place to watch the game — I can't wait to find an excuse to head back to Denver to see a game there. Of all the parks I've been to, that is among my favorites. Great atmosphere, a surprisingly passionate fan base, and a great fan/family friendly environment. Perfect.


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LVIA trying to raise revenue
HANOVER TWP., Pa. - Lehigh Valley International Airport has it eye on the prize: a $37 million prize!
That's how much the airport is hoping to raise over the next three years.
LVIA officials say those improvements will take care of a looming lawsuit settlement and make the airport more competitive.
So it's time to get creative. Lehigh Valley International Airport officials are focused on raising the $37 million in three years.
They need $11 million to pay off a lawsuit settlement, and $26 million for capital improvements.
LVIA officials are getting creative, going after big-name events like the NASCAR Sprint Cup and Izod INDYCAR series races at Pocono Raceway.
"We believe we are about 45-47 miles away from the raceway that we would be a perfect alternative for crews and drivers to fly in and land," said Lehigh Northampton Airport Authority Executive Director Charles Everett.
Everett says crews would be flown via helicopter to the raceway. It's a money making plan that could be in place before the green flag this summer.
But LVIA is also looking ahead at ways to make money off of next year's Super Bowl at the Meadowlands in New Jersey.
"This year down in New Orleans there were 600 general aviation aircraft that flew into the area and they needed to park," said Everett.
Everett says LVIA has plenty of airplane parking and is working with Discover Lehigh Valley on vacation packages and shuttle services.
LVIA is hoping these out of the box revenue raisers will help meet the $37 million goal, and $5 million on top of it for its long awaited federal inspection station allowing international travel.
"It is a high priority project, we have one grant in place and we are looking at ways to match that state grant of $1.5 million" said Everett.
Everett says LVIA needs to raise the matching funds by the end of the year to claim the grant.
He says he also has a few more revenue producing ideas in the works to help LVIA get there.
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