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If Compassion did one thing differently, I think it should be . . .
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Rebecca March 23, 2009
I think if Compassion did things differently,
a) every country would be on the reciprocal letter writing system
b) child updates would be done every year at least, instead of 2! Children change so much in 2 years
c) information provided on the children will become slightly more detailed. when I read information about my child, they all look like it is v similar to every other child!
d) i also agree with vicki that I'm not so keen on the idea of generic cards… I think what the kids really want aren't really letters per se but knowing that someone (i.e. their sponsors) really cares about them and wants to invest both financially as well as emotionally in them! That they are of worth, both to God and to the people around them!
Kees Boer March 22, 2009
Wow, Mike, I love your enthuisiasm! Every advocate go on 3 all expense paid country visits…. Hmmm… I could go for that, but it might be a bit expensive for Compassion on the whole to do that… Also, that would work good for someone single like me, but it might be a little much for the married person, who is a profession with 10 vacation days…
Having said that, it would be very advantages for advocates to visit at least one of their children. It really is an education all by itself and it helps a lot in finding sponsors. I know once I visited some of the projects, it really made a huge difference in my advocacy.
Mike, I assume you are an advocate, right… Otherwise, I certainly think you would make a great advocate.
Mike Stephens March 14, 2009
I think Compassion does the IMPOSSIBLE on a daily basis!!! It's a GREAT thing they rely on God for it!!! But since you are asking…I think Advocates should be required to go on three Sponsor Tours a year all expenses paid!!! That way we could see more first-hand what Compassion is doing!!! But the option is always open I just need to take it!!! I am thankful to have been to Nicaragua and the Philippines here in a few months!!! At the end of the day I like the way Compassion operates b/c it is open-ended meaning almost anything is possible to be done, but an ENORMOUS amount of PRAYER, WORK, and HOPE and FIERCE BOLDNESS may be required to may make your DREAM become a REALITY!!! Nearly everthing I read on the posts can easily be done. If you want more letters from your child write more. The more I write the more letters I receive!!! I am probably causing others to get less b/c more are coming to me!!!!!!! I love the letters!!! But visiting has been the best!!! It was great to learn some things I did not know!!! Reading all the blogs is making me feel kind of being around Jesus!!! The people that asked Jesus to heal them He DID!!! I love the story about the boy who was thrown into convulsions by an evil spirit and his father talked to Jesus and Jesus said "You say to me 'if you can,' Everything is possible for Him who believes!!!" Jesus could have drained the Oceans dry if he wanted to!!! I need to start asking Him for more!!! Thanks to all the bloggers I continue to learn more and more about Compassion through your experiences, insight, and questions.
I Peter 5:7 "Cast all your anxiety on Him because He cares for YOU!!!"
Vicki Small December 29, 2008
Wow. I can't believe I never saw this, before, except that I was late getting home after the International Advocates Conference in October, and never had time to pick up what I'd missed.
Some quick thoughts on various suggestions:
1. Updates every year would be great, but–especially if they remain at every two years–I wish Compassion would go back to including more information in the update. In the first updates I received on my first two girls, I got new photos as well as information about how they were doing in school, at the project and at home. I've never received such information again, with one exception: From Tanzania I did receive an annual grade report on Tausi's academic progress, until the past year. I always got them in January, but missed it, last time. Sorry–that wasn't such a quick tho't.
2. Bigger gifts for our kids would be fun, but in addition to the added costs of shipping, there's the problem of getting the items through customs and to Compassion. They might be stolen or "lost."
3. Call me a grinch, but I am not as excited as everyone else about sending generic cards to children whose sponsors don't write, or haven't written in too long a time. The children want so much to know their sponsors, and to get generic cards would be so impersonal, I'm skeptical about their meaning very much to the children. I could be wrong, but I thought I'd throw that in.
4. I've heard conflicting messages from people inside Compassion about the response-letter status. A year ago, and more, I had a list of 9 countries that were on the system; several months ago, I heard that *all* countries were now up and running. But I still get the standard 3 a year from Rwanda, and one of my two in DR does not write every time she gets something from me.
alyson December 1, 2008
Thank you so much for taking the time to respond!
I have one other question. I also have a fairly new child from Bolivia but she needs help from her tutor to write letters (I recieved a first letter from her). Will I still get a response for every letter I send to this child?
Kees Boer November 30, 2008
From what I understand Compassion is moving worldwide to that very system of response letters. It's taking some time.
Several countries are already doing that. Some examples are: Bolivia, Burkina Faso, and I understand, Peru, Tanzania, El Salvador, and Uganda. (Correct me if I'm wrong)
When I was visiting one of my children in Bolivia, she got a letter from me on the same day and with the letter, she got a blank piece of stationary for her to answer my letter. Of course I was sitting right next to her! LOL BTW, she still answered my letter. I got the reply 3 months later!
I'm not sure what they will do with the suggestion on the yearly updates, but some of these might be great questions to ask in a letter.
You can also ask in the letter if the project has a camera and if they wouldn't mind sending an other photo. I've done that and got several extra photos of the children.
alyson November 30, 2008
I truly love Compassion's ministry, but I have a few suggestions I hope will be considered:
A yearly photo and info update for the sponsored children. A child changes so much in two years!
Response letters from the child for every letter sent to them by the sponsor. I think this would really encourage sponsors to write more if they recieved more letters from their child!
Also, I want to have more information on my child's family. I would love to know her siblings names and ages and more about her parents. Could this be included in the case study information? And possibly a yearly letter to the sponsor could be sent from the child's project containing information about the family along with a family photo.
I hope you will stop and consider these suggestions! Thank you for all you do for children in poverty
Judy Tremblay November 16, 2008
I just "stumbled" across this post…
I wish it was possible for Compassion to let sponsors know when their children are seriously ill–especially if they were listed as having no health problems when they were registered (and since the profile may not get updated more than every year or two). I'd love the opportunity to pray as specifically as possible for my child and his family, but with a 6-week delivery time for letters, I only just recently found out that he had been in the hospital (although he was back home).
Chris Giovagnoni October 22, 2008
Hello everyone.
Thanks for the tremendous input. I'll make sure they suggestions and thoughts get shared with the correct people.
Heather October 14, 2008
Yikes..I'm back again-with a crazily good idea.
Everyone should remember when we helped the Kamrul the van driver in Bangaladesh get his own van-we wouldn't have even known of his predicament if Compassion hadn't posted his story.
My idea is this: Compassion should start posting a story like that every once in awhile,especially when there is extreme need. Then us,the blog readers,could decide to help should our Saviour lead us to.
The other idea is simular-maybe the great compassion writers could post the stories of children who need sponsors-the ones who've been waiting the longest or have the most extreme needs?? Hopefully there's some non sponsors reading the blog and maybe the stories would touch their heart..Just an idea hoping maybe it'd get the children who'd been waiting the longest sponsors quicker??
Pam October 14, 2008
Hi Diantha,
To get a correspondent child please call the phone center at 800-336-7676, 7-5 MT. They can fix you right up. There are currently plenty of correspondent children available. You can probably request a country and age range (I recommend older kids for the best communication). The countries where you will get a response whenever you write (reciprocal letters) are Tanzania, Thailand, Peru, El Salvador and Ecuador. In other countries the children write 3 times per year. This is an evolving process.
Everyone, please give us a call, we would love to link you up with a correspondent child (or 2)to encourage.
Shelly Quigg October 14, 2008
I would like Compassion's website to have a message board feature where sponsors could get in touch with other sponsors who have children in the same projects. It would be neat to share information and experiences unique to each location. If a sponsor actually visits that project, he or she would be able to share the visit with others who have sponsored children there (and maybe even carry along gifts for the others or take pics of the kids!)
Sara B. October 14, 2008
I too like the idea of sending generic cards but nothing can replace contact from the sponsor. That is why I think it is so important for all of us to encourage other sponsors to write.
My grandmother has been a sponsor for many years and finds the idea of correspondence daunting. Recently compassion sent her a postcards to write a note to her child. She was so happy to get them and immediately sat down and wrote a quick note to each of her children.
Kudos to whoever is coming up with ideas to encourage sponsors to write. Keep up the good work!!
Abbie October 14, 2008
I like the idea of volunteers providing supplemental generic cards/letters.
I would love to help with this and could see church children and youth groups, families, elderly, school groups, etc. getting involved in something like this. It could be done as a service project for any of those groups.
Abbie October 14, 2008
I definitely like the idea of supplemental generic letters/cards. I would love to help do something like that.
I could really see youth groups, children groups, elderly, schools, etc. getting involved in something like that. Sort of like a service project-making a bunch of generic cards and mail to be sent to Compassion to be used for the children that do not get mail.
Lisa Miles October 14, 2008
Jumping off of Kees's post #12:
Instead of taking the sponsor's correspondence rights away if they don't write, perhaps Compassion could reserve the right to SUPPLEMENT the correspondence if necessary. Perhaps in the new-sponsor information Compassion could say something like this:
"At Compassion International, we consider correspondence between sponsor and child to be a vital part of our program.
We are committed to each child receiving a minimum of one piece of sponsor mail each year. If sponsor correspondence falls below this level, we reserve the right to supplement correspondence with volunteer-generated postcards and/or generic letters.
This is not designed to replace the sponsor/child correspondence, but prevents the child from feeling left out as other children in his or her program receive letters."
Abbie October 14, 2008
"if the purchase is made locally it benefits their economy"
I hadn't thought of this, but you are right! The only thing is that I make handmade dolls and would love to make one for my kids and send it to them-telling them I made it for them. BUT as far as sending other gifts, I will remember what you said.
Diantha October 14, 2008
Hi Pam ,
How can I become a correspondent of a child who is not sponsort yet or whose sponsor does not correspont with I am interested in becomming a correspondent sponsor .
Pam October 14, 2008
Hi Folks, I have been here at CI for 12 years and can shed some light …
Sara B.- Please call the phone center, we can reduce the duplicate mailings you are getting. Help us be good stewards of your giving and not send you unwanted mail. (be sure to have all 4 sponsor numbers handy when you call.Thanks (800-336-7676)
Amy Brooke- I have found that when I have specific questions for my child; if I list them concisely in one sentence, in a 1,2,3 format and highlight them, the translator has an easier time of being sure they are accurately translated. I think often questions are not answered because something is lost in the translation for the child.
Shelly, Amy and Sara B- The availability of correspondent children varies daily. One day there can be a 3 month wait and the next a corporation will sponsor 100 children and request correspondents for them all. This happened just recently, probably about the time Amy made her request. So the phone reps will tell you there may be a wait and that can change.
Amy- Yes, you can send your correspondent child a money gift but, no, you cannot do this through the web as you are not financially linked to the child. But you can use snail mail and mark the check as a child gift or call us and use a credit/debit card.
I too would love to send my child a doll but I realize if the purchase is made locally it benefits their economy; that is a very good thing! You would be surprised how many gifts are forwarded each month and the impact this can have on the small local economies. Our sponsors are SO generous!
Sara- Being a correspondent is a wonderful opportunity to encourage a child. You are not committing to write monthly, but we hope you will write 3-5 times per year. Taking one or two correspondent children can be a wonderful way to increase your ministry to children in need.
I love this blog, you are all SO engaged!There are some fabulous ideas here and we are listening.
Blessings to you all for taking the time to give this wondeful input.
Tom Easterday October 14, 2008
My wife and I sponsore 3… No, now it's 4 children in the Dominican Republic, Ecuador and Honduras. We regularly receive photos from our boy in Honduras, pictures of birthday parties, standing with items purchased with out gifts, etc. We literally get to see him grow up. It would be nice if all the projects could send updated photos more frequently than semi-annually or even anually.
Kees Boer October 13, 2008
Hi, Sara,
At the DR conference, we all had an LDP student and a translator at our table for one evening during dinner. We had the chance to ask them anything we wanted.
On our table we had a girl, who was married and was about to finish up a degree in Business Administration. Her name was Regina. I asked her if she had access to the internet and if she had ever "googled" her sponsor. She mentioned that even though there was no way of checking up on it, that Compassion had asked them not to do that. So she had never done that. I was very impressed by her integrity and conscientiousness in all of this.
One of my children wrote me in a letter, asking me if I had received the photographs that she had emailed me. She had gone to a cybercafe. I never had gotten them, but I asked her to resend them via Compassion and suggested that we would keep the communication through Compassion. (I must say that I was touched by her reaching out that way to me 🙂 )
Sara B. October 13, 2008
I cannot wait for that to happen! I would love to be able to see my kids on a web cam and chat with them! especially my LDP student.
I have heard recently of sponsored kids finding their sponsors online and contacting them but in those situations the contact was not allowed.
Keep us updated!!!
Kees Boer October 13, 2008
Hi, Shelly,
I just came from the Dominican Republic from the International Advocates Conference. It was an amazing time. Dr. Wess Stafford spoke to us. One thing he mentioned is that in the future, they hope to have it so that you can "chat" on line with your sponsored child, and not only that, but that you can also see him and not only that, but see the project and the home that he/she lives in. So, that might be in the near future.
Kari October 13, 2008
I would also like to be able to send something more than 8 x 11 sized paper gifts. I have to search and search in toy stores and bookstores to find small books or paper items that my sponsored children might like that will fit in the required envelope. I'd love to be able to send them small gifts that I've seen in stores like little paint-by-number sets or small hardback storybooks or even a little T-shirt from the city where I live. I like the gifts I send to be special and personal and it's so hard to find something like that that will fit in the envelope.
Shelly Quigg October 13, 2008
I would like to see a picture of the project building and director in the "project" section on the child info page.
Mary October 13, 2008
This is in response to Richard's comment, #26. Richard you can use your own manila envelopes to send 4×6 pics. The size can be anything up to 8×10. I don't use the standard envelopes Compassions sends due to having coloring pages, and cards to send. Then I print off my own labels with Compassions address on it. Hope that helps you out.
Sarah October 13, 2008
I would also love to be able to send gifts that aren't always small and flat 🙂 I also would love to have a picture of, and more information about, my child's family! Thanks for asking for our ideas 🙂
Diantha October 13, 2008
Hi ,
I believe that compassion is doing a great job already but if there is a thing that could be different it should be : That we sponsors could send so now and then a small package gift instead of paper gift , and receive twice a year a picture of our sponsor child .
Also get a sponsor correspondent for kids who do not receive letters and a correspondence sponsor for the kids who do not have a sponsor yet to encourage them while whaiting for a sponsor .
Andrea Genung October 12, 2008
I would love to see Compassion establish a Youth Group event similar to World Vision's 30 Hour Fast. Even as a Compassion Advocate, I was asked to organize this specific event at my church and when they understood that I was a trained Compassion Advocate, they looked seriously into changing the event to a Compassion themed event. However, since the 30 Hour Famine has a complete outline, resources and activity schedule for the event – church leadership went with that.
The 30 Hour Famine is designed for Youth 12 years and older. This leaves out the Jr. High. If Compassion could put together an event that would be open to both Jr. and Sr. High and reach out to the Youth to educate them on Extreme Poverty and the Global Food Crisis, Church Youth Leaders would grab at the chance to utilize it because it is not always easy to find planned, outlined events for the wide age ranges of Church Youth.
While I do understand that Compassion offers suggested activities for children and Youth, it is not the complete program like the 30HF.
I pray you will consider it!
Katy, TX
Richard A Hendry October 12, 2008
It would be nice if the envelope provided for response to a child's letter were a little deeper so that it coul hold a 4 x 6 photograph. Sometimes I have to trim things to get them in the envelope.
Abbie October 12, 2008
Also, I was looking in the store the other day and saw that there were new items. It would be great if we could receive an email when or notification somehow that there were new items in the store. I don't look over there much because it doesn't change that often. BUT I was excited about the "Please" shirt written in Amharic-even blogged about it!
Pat D October 12, 2008
I agee with Susan Winston that updated profile information available through the website would be very helpful, but perhaps involves too much work for staff.
I sponsor girls in India, Ecuador, and El Salvadore. The girl from India has "play house" and "jump rope" in her listed activities. She is 18, which makes me believe this is outdated.
Sara B. October 12, 2008
Amy, you can call Compassion and speak to one of the sponsor donor specialists about it. As far as I know the only requirement is that you commit to writing at least once a month.
You can specify how many children you would like to correspond with and compassion will send you packets as they become available. When I signed up I said that I could write to two children but so far I have only gotten one. But it has definitely been a great experience.
Shelly Quigg October 12, 2008
I called the 800 number and spoke with someone in sponsor services. I asked to be a correspondant and she said that she would add me to their waiting list. I was surprised that their was a list of people waiting to correspond to children. It may have been just "jargon" because I did receive a child packet shortly after and have begun writing to a 15 year old in Ethiopia. It is very exciting to get to know a new child and write to him. I was told I would also be able to send a gift to him, but I don't see that option next to his name on my sponsor page. I am curious how long his sponsor hasn't written to him, but of course I won't bring that up. I was told that he would be told I was his new sponsor. If he true sponsor ends up writing to him, I don't know what will happen!
Heather October 12, 2008
I have to agree with some of the above ideas. I'd love to send a doll or something bigger like that and I'd be totally willing to help pay the shipping for it!! 🙂 I've read compassion only allows one child per family to be sponsered. Maybe they could change this especially with some families having so many children?
Denise L. October 12, 2008
I agree with Susan Winton – I'd like to see more current information on the family situation.
My sponsored child mentioned her brother and mother in letters, but no one else. Then she just happened to mention "my father" – and I had been told the father was dead. It turns out the mom had married another man and had two more children by him – one who was 7, and one who was 3 – at the time I visited my child. I brought gifts for my child and her brother, not knowing about the others.
But I think sometimes the family may not give correct information, for whatever reason.
Amy Brooke October 12, 2008
I would love to know how to be a correspondence sponsor. I cannot support more than my two financially, but I could write to a couple more.
Mary October 12, 2008
Hi, I'm responding to Amanda's questions(post #13). Yes, you can send your correspondence child or children birthday, family and christmas gifts. And you can also visist your correspondence child. I have checked with the compasssion representatives on this one.
I have just started writing to my second correspondence child. I called Compassion and asked about the sponsor. Without them breaking confidentiality they informed me the sponsor has 101 children. Hence, it is doubtful the sponsor will write or send gifts. It gave me a better understanding that some individuals or coporations may want to sponsor and just not feel comfortable writing. Yes, I realize they miss out on a great relationship, but they are still providing support.
I have also asked about the Compassion scrapbook and was told it was only for those who were setting up their own blog site back in Feb. 08. I, too would like to see it made available in the bookstore.
compassion dave October 12, 2008
Establish a sponsorship incentive (I believe Compassion Canada has one) : If a sponsor a Compassion Advocate gets 40 or more children sponsored in one year, he or she receives an opportunity to go on one of the sponsor or advocate Compassion tours.
It is a win-win situation on all levels, including the financial burden to the Compassion Ministry.
As an area coordinator with Compassion (and if I received a trip), I would then offer it to one of my advocates who I feel might be blessed by the experience and in hopes of igniting that passion within them.
Susan Winton October 11, 2008
It would be nice if the info on the picture every other year were updated. I have sponsored my child for 9 years, and the same info is in the first one. There have been 2 more children added to the family since then!
Sara B. October 11, 2008
Lisa- One program for kids whose sponsors don't write is to assign a correspondence sponsor, with the ok from the sponsor, who writes to the child. The child sees this person as their new sponsor. (I am a correspondence sponsor for a little boy in India)
This is not the first choice because it means a change for the child and the sponsor misses out on the gift of getting to know the child. But it is an option for those who truly cannot write.
I too get upset when I hear about kids who don't write their kids. I would encourage you to talk to the sponsors you know, and encourage them to write to their kids. Some people have even had letter writing parties. There is a letter writing post from awhile back that had a bunch of good comments.
Amy- Some countries already do!! One of my children is from the Philippines, and I get letters in response to each of mine! It is really cool. From what I have heard, Compassion is working to get this system setup in all of the countries.
Amy Brooke October 11, 2008
I would like to know more about my child"s family: how many siblings and ages and such and if any others are involved in the program. I may ask in a letter, but my child doesn't always respond to each question.
And I'd love to send a package.
Amanda October 11, 2008
I agree with Lisa…that getting letters to children who never or rarely receive correspondence is a big concern. A generic "you are loved" type of card sounds like a good option. I am not sure what else can be done?
Perhaps I need to check into the program that needs people to correspond with one of these children who are being left out. When someone picks up the correspondence is the actual sponsor notified? How does it work? Can the corresponder send birthday and family gifts?
On a lighter note…I have noticed a Compassion Scrapbook in various places…but haven't found it in the Compassion bookstore. I would love to purchase one. Could they be made available in the store?
Kees Boer October 11, 2008
On Lisa Miles's comment, the main thing that I could think of would be that somewhere during the sign up process, it would be clearly communicated that sponsors are expected to write a minimum number of letters, otherwise a correspondent will be found for the child. That way Compassion would feel totally free to find correspondents for those children, who don't get letters.
Ken M. October 11, 2008
I have to agree with some of the above comments. I would like to have a yearly photo update along with a yearly update on the progress of my children in their projects and/or their family situation.
Family photos would be nice, too. Jeferson, a child who I used to sponsor, sent a family photo in his last letter to me. Receiving it made me feel closer to his family. I still have that picture after two and a half years. Even though I don't sponsor Jeferson anymore, I will still take a look at his picture and pray for him and his family.
It would be nice to be able to send larger gifts through the mail, too.
Amy October 11, 2008
I like a lot of the suggestions above. If I could have one thing different, I would like to receive letters from my sponsored children more frequently. I know that it would be difficult to implement and a lot of extra work on the project staff, but more frequent communication would help make it easier to build the sponsor-child relationship (and we sponsors need to do our part in writing, too).
This wasn't part of the question, but I noticed Compassion has started doing something differently that I really appreciate. A few months ago I got a wonderful thank you voice mail after contributing to a special fund, and yesterday I got a nice hand-written thank you note for another donation. That really went above and beyond my expectations.
Lisa Miles October 11, 2008
If Compassion could do one thing differently…I would like them to come up with an innovative program/solution to meet the needs of kids who don't receive correspondence from their sponsors.
I have absolutely no idea what that is…but I just think this is a problem that needs to be solved.
Perhaps a permanent team of volunteers, (similar to advocates), could write generic, colorful, Christ-filled encouraging letters. When a child hasn't received a letter in a designated period of time, one of those could be sent? Just a letter that says "you are special, you are important, Christ loves you, so many people care about you…" Not necessarily signed by anyone.
I don't know…this is just an issue I always come back to that bothers me.
Wendy in Iowa October 11, 2008
I would like to have a snap shot of the child with their family. In a recent letter a picture of our sponsored child and her mother was included. Or the option to at least view a family picture online.
PS at work we are able to opt out of paper copies, and select what paper copies we want.
Sara B. October 11, 2008
I agree with Steve. My family gets 4 copies of everything shipped to our house(4 of us are sponsors) and since I keep up with things on the website I often get reminders/updates on things I have already done.
I realize that it may be complicated to send mailings to some sponsors and not others, but it could save on printing costs.
I too would like to get an updated photo yearly.
There should be a option on the website to be able to search by project number so that sponsors can look for children in the same project as current children. (I know there is a longer way to do this)
Alan October 11, 2008
I agree with the second commenter. I feel the letters I have received from Compassion could have been sent by e-mail instead. That would save a lot of postage.
Dionna October 11, 2008
I agree with the first commenter. I so wish I could buy a dress, a doll, anything for my child. It's hard to not be able to.
Mary October 11, 2008
I would love to see the family gift amount, currently $300.00 to be increased.
I know the reasons why that amount has been set up as I have discussed this several times with the compassion representatives.
I'd still like to think it could change due to all the countries experiencing the global food crisis.
I have one more idea to add to the mix.
I would also love to see the Compassion magazine come out more frequently, once a month. Again, I know this is not possible now, but the magazine is great and I have every one since I started receiving them in 2001.
Ceri October 11, 2008
It would be good (for us sponsors) to have an updated photo of the child(ren) we sponsor, each year as opposed to every two years…
Steve K. October 11, 2008
… not sending unnecessary paper mail.
Abbie October 11, 2008
(this is probably a selfish request) but..
to be able to send a small gift more than 8 1/2 x 11 on occasion.
Maybe like every once in a while feature a new area each month (or something) and during that time sponsors have the ability to ship a small gift to their child (going through the CO office of course) and that we would be required to pay a little extra if we wanted to do such a thing to help with shipment costs.
I know there are ramifications of doing such a thing and I trust that Compassion has considered such a thing very carefully.
You guys do a great job and I honestly feel that you know what is best for the kids, you guys, and even us!


text:
Learned Societies
The publications of American and foreign learned societies, past and present, form a collection closely related to the Institutions Collection. The societies included in the collection range from the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia to the Zamorano Club of Los Angeles. The collection includes approximately 6,700 volumes (in bound or pamphlet form) of transactions, proceedings, annual reports, and miscellaneous publications. The Learned Societies collection is also an archive for all of the Society's own publications; copies of the Transactions, the Proceedings, and all books and pamphlets published by AAS are shelved here.
The United States learned societies (for which there is a checklist by name of the 195 organizations represented in the collection) are arranged alphabetically by name of institution. Foreign learned societies, to which there is at present no bibliographical access, are grouped by country and arranged alphabetically by name within each group. Some titles are cataloged in the Society's General Catalog. Materials published before 1801 are included in the online catalog.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Dropped Waist Knit Top
Style: 570083557
Out of Stock
Split batwing sleeve drapes from the tapered silhouette of this top's sheer-striped overlay. Light and airy, it blouses over a ruched peplum, with a silky knit lining underneath. In back, looped buttons are just for show. Shell: 95% Rayon, 5% Spandex. Lining: 95% Rayon, 5% Spandex. Hand wash. Imported.
- Dropped waist silhouette.
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Read more… Read less…


text:
County Judge Barbara Shaw said that Stephen Leal and Danny Denson both expressed an interest in taking the position.
County Commissioner Shelby Dupnik said that Dennis Kelley, owner of Texas Regional EMS, also expressed an interest in providing the service on an interim basis.
Shaw said all three choices would be qualified but she expressed a preference for appointing Leal to the position.
Dupnik argued that Kelley would be a better choice for a number of reasons, citing his administrative experience in the area of EMS services.
"We need somebody who is going to understand the process, and help us expedite the process," Dupnik said. "Not to say that Steven or Danny couldn't do it, but I think we need somebody who is currently independent of our current situation."
Shaw said the county is struggling to decide what to do next.
"It is one of those things," Shaw said. "We had one person quit and we are letting the whole program fall apart," Shaw said. "In the sake of fairness and in the sake of loyalty, I have an interest to extend that invitation to Steven... I think he is capable of handling it."
Dupnik wondered aloud if he could participate in the discussion or vote on the matter due to his position as a Karnes County EMS worker.
Although considered a volunteer service, Karnes County EMS workers are paid by the county $36 for each 12-hour shift, plus $40 for each run that they make. An EMS worker who makes four runs during a 12-hour shift is paid $196 for that shift.
County Attorney Herb Hancock told Dupnik that he could participate in the discussion, but legally could not vote on the agenda item due to a potential conflict of interest.
"You can say something, just don't vote," Hancock said.
Commissioner Pete Jauer said he would consider any of the three satisfactory, but expressed concerns about appointing Kelley because his company currently provides backup service for the county and this might also present a conflict of interest.
Hancock said it probably would present a conflict having a potential contractor also serve as EMS administrator.
"It doesn't make any difference to me," Commissioner Tracey Schendel said. "Whoever wants it."
Commissioner James Rosales said Denson would likely be successful in the position.
Dupnik asked the county attorney if it would be legal for him to recommend someone for the position.
"I really wouldn't, if I was you," Hancock said.
Rosales made a motion to appoint Denson as interim/acting director for Karnes County EMS.
The motion carried on a 3-1 vote with one abstention. Rosales, Schendel and Jauer voted in favor, while Shaw voted against and Dupnik abstained from the vote.
Although the court approved the appointment of interim "director" as listed on the agenda for the meeting, there was some discussion at the beginning of the meeting in regard to whether the correct title was "director" or "administrator."
The item in question was the possible appointment of an interim successor to the position vacated by Johnny Smart. The June 20 agenda referred to Smart's position as "administrator" and the position was referred to as "administrator" in Smart's letter to the county judge indicating his decision to retire after 42 years of service to the county.
The court took no action on a related agenda item regarding accepting contract application for back up services for Karnes County EMS.
In another related item, the court discussed requesting bids for full paid EMS in Karnes County.
The county has different options in regard to full paid EMS service, according to Dupnik. Bids can be solicited from outside sources, or the county could hire its own EMS staff.
The cost of benefits and overtime expenses need to be considered, Dupnik cautioned.
Jauer recommended postponing the decision.
"We have a volunteer service now," Jauer said. "We have accepted Danny as interim director... I think we need to give that at least a full month to get organized and working before we make a decision on exactly what kind of system we are going to have."
The court discussed writing an RFP (request for proposals) before taking bids from private contractors.
Jauer made a motion to approve requesting bids for full paid EMS service which was seconded by James Rosales. The motion passed on a 4-0 vote with Dupnik abstaining.
In another related item, county officials considered lease or purchase of the EMS building owned by Texas Regional EMS. The building is located near Otto Kaiser Memorial Hospital.
"I don't think we ought to buy the building, but I think we ought to lease the building to get us out of that rat trap we lived in now for the last 42 years," Dupnik said.
Dupnik said the lease amount he discussed with Kelley was $1 per month per square-foot. At 5,700 square-feet, the lease would amount to $5,700 per month.
"If you don't do something now, you are never gonna do it," Dupnik said.
County Auditor Lajuana Kasprzyk asked the county attorney if it would be legal to lease the building without advertising for proposals since the expense would be more than $50,000 per year.
Dupnik answered saying that it would be legal to do so since it affects the health and safety of the county.
The county judge asked if this was an unforeseen circumstance.
"It is unforeseen because currently it is affecting how we operate," Dupnik said. "It has gotten worse. If you bump into it I think that whole thing would fall down."
Commissioner Rosales disagreed.
"I think because we are aware of the condition of the building, it wouldn't qualify as unforeseen," Rosales said.
Hancock said the issue was not whether or not it was an unforeseen emergency, but rather whether or not the county is legally required to advertise for bids.
"I have not looked at the statute that Shelby is talking about," Hancock said.
Hancock asked if the county was considering a 12-month contract to lease the building. Shaw said what is being considered is a "month-to-month" lease.
Kelley, however, said he would not lease the building for a term less than two years.
Rosales said some citizens had expressed concerns about the appraised value of the building and land.
"It is not nearly close to what they are asking for the property," Rosales said regarding the appraised taxable value of the property. He said a certified appraisal is needed before making a choice, one way or the other.
The court took no action on the item, but agreed to place it on the agenda for the June 28 meeting.
When the item came up on June 28, Shaw said the agenda item had been scratched.
Shaw later explained that Commissioner Dupnik requested that the item be "passed."


text:
Ask for clarification if needed.
-Make your maps original, don't copy/steal someone else's design.
-FoW and intermittent rain is in effect
-You must begin with this example map, and build off the given area (Red tiles are only there to indicate placement, not part of the final map). The map is a defend-this-point goal. If the enemy general is also routed, the map is complete.
Tiled .tmx here
-There should be an incentive to leave the starting area, such as villages, houses, or other areas of interest.
Personally, I haven't been able to open the tmx files of other members, so if you can't, just copy/paste these tiles over your finished map. If any of the mountain tiles need to be altered to work better outside the example area, that is allowed.
Tileset: 1C1D481F, otherwise known as rainy or laus
-36x24 tiles large
GBA FE Tileset LinkOH WAIT MEGAUPLOAD WAS TAKEN DOWN >>
Feaw Custom FE Tileset Link
Mappy Link
Winners shall pick the next map to be revamped, any map from FE(or anything similar to FE ex Tear Ring Saga) that isn't GBA FE for obvious reasons lol or a new map and tileset like normal
Winners of 3 contests in a row are barred from entering the round following their 3rd victory.
All participants must vote in the round they entered or they will be barred from entering the following round. Refusal to cooperate consecutively will result in multiple bars.
Note: Let's try to actually make maps and not Photoshop creations.
Barred contestants:
Winner Count:
Round 1 - Feaw
Round 2 - Feaw
Round 3 - SuperLuigi
Round 4 - Anouleth/Black Star
Round 5 - Anouleth/Black Star
Round 6 - Feaw
Round 7 - Hero of Time
Round 8 - SuperLuigi
Round 9 - SuperLuigi
Round 10 - SuperLuigi (Hat Trick oh mai)
Round 11 - Feaw
Round 12 - Primefusion
Round 13 - Feaw
Round 14 - Queen Elincia
Round 15 - Feaw
Round 16 - Feaw
Round 17 - Feaw (Hat Trick again :o)
Round 18 - Mario Kirby
Round 19 - Primefusion
Round 20 - Krad
Round 21 - Primefusion
Round 22 - Primefusion
Round 23 - Cam
Round 24 - ???
Due Date: March 9th


text:
Ellen M. BoucherMarch 22,2013
Ellen M. Boucher
Ellen M. Boucher
BARRE Ellen M. (Allard) Boucher, 72, of Mount Street, died Sunday, March 17, 2013, at the Woodridge Nursing Home in Berlin. She had been in ill health for the past 18 months.
Born on April 9, 1940, in Burlington, she was the daughter of Alexander and Celina (Latour) Allard. She attended elementary school in Burlington and graduated from Cathedral High School in Burlington in 1958.
On Nov. 26, 1964, Ellen married Guy F. Boucher in St. Joseph Catholic Church in Burlington. Following their marriage, they had always made their home in Barre.
In earlier years, she had worked at the former DeGoesbriand Hospital in Burlington as a surgical technician. After her marriage, she worked at Central Vermont Medical Center in Berlin as an X-ray file clerk until her retirement.
Ellen was a member of St. Monica Catholic Church of Barre. She enjoyed playing cards and taking bus trips to Boston and New York City, and attending productions on Broadway. She especially liked taking care of her grandchildren.
Ellen is survived by her husband, Guy Boucher; three sons, Keith Boucher and Peter Boucher and his fiancée, Amy Comette, all of Barre, and Bruce Boucher and his fiancée, Jen Brown, of St. Johnsbury; six grandchildren, Kaitlin, Baylee, Brynn, Olivia, Deacon and Camden Boucher; three sisters, Janet Letourneau, of South Burlington, Betty Bourgea and her husband, Claude, of Florida, and Carol Laware and her husband, Larry, of Burlington; three brothers, John Allard, of California, Peter Allard and his wife, Janet, of Essex Junction, and Henry Allard, of Arkansas; and many nieces and nephews.
Besides her parents, two brothers, Robert Allard and Richard Allard, and a sister, Phyllis Kennedy, predeceased her.
Her Mass of Christian burial will be celebrated on Saturday, March 23, 2013, at 10 a.m. in St. Monica Catholic Church in Barre. Entombment will take place in the Hooker and Whitcomb Vault in Barre to await later burial in the Vermont Veterans Memorial Cemetery in Randolph Center. Family and friends may call at the Hooker and Whitcomb Funeral Home, 7 Academy St., Barre, on Friday from 4 to 7 p.m.
Contributions in her memory may be made to the American Cancer Society, 55 Day Lane, Williston, VT 05495; or the American Diabetes Association, P.O. Box 11454, Alexandria, VA 22312; or the American Kidney Fund, 11921 Rockville Pike, Suite 300, Rockville, MD 20852.MORE IN ObituariesFrederick A. Full StoryBonnie L. Full StoryRichard E. Lemery
WATERBURY Richard E. Full Story
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text:
Miley Cyrus Gets Explicit Again In Mike WiLL Made It's '23' Video
Miley Cyrus seems to be getting all the attention lately.
It all started with a not-for-the-faint-of-heart performance at the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards last month, followed by several twitter and Instagram photo posts while wearing risque outfits; a revealing photoshoot for Notion magazine; and the release of her video "Wrecking Ball", which features her swinging naked on the titular object and prancing around in skin-tight underwear.
Miley followed all that with a breakup from fiance Liam Hemsworth; wearing pasties and a thong to the iHeartRadio music festival; and doing and interview with Rolling Stone magazine -- which features her topless on the cover -- while having the words "Rolling $tone" tattooed on the bottoms of her feet (the latter of which a friend hinted at last week by saying she got a "Rolling Stones" tattoo in a private place, hinting at somewhere under the belt -- but most likely this was all part of the plan. Well played, Miley. Well played).
So what's she up to now? She features along with Wiz Khalifa in producer Mike WiLL Made It's new video, "23", about the shoes made famous by NBA baskeball legend Michael Jordan. Naturally, she's scantily clad.
Mike WiLL produced Miley's hit single, "We Can't Stop" and is currently rumored to be taking Hemsworth's place by her side, emphasis on rumored.
Miley's not as naked in this one as she was in "Wrecking Ball", but she still gets plenty risque with her outfits and for those playing along at home, her foam finger from the VMAs and her tongue both make appearances.
Check out the video below.
WARNING: the lyrics to the song contain some harsh language and several drug references, including being "high on purp" -- a reference to purple "drank", a concoction of promethazine/codeine prescription cough syrup mixed with sprite that's been linked to the deaths of two rappers. It's also a former favorite of Lil Wayne, who gave it up after suffering seizures. There's also a reference to smoking marijuana and an oral sex reference.


text:
When it comes to strip pool, Adessa Winters and Zaya Cassidy were all talk! But once these two gorgeous honeys are left with nothing but their g-strings and pool cues, they're sassy chirping ends, and the business of fucking the winners begins!
96 %
94437views - Dec 05, 2015
This party is off the chain compared to last night's! But how could it not be when you've got ebony babe Adrian Maya and inked cutie Gia Paige rocking fresh bikinis? Judging by the way these two chicks are acting, they must be craving that good dick!
Real Slut Party
94 %
75671views - Nov 21, 2015
It's a perfect day for a picnic with Cindy Loarn and Summer, and it's about to get better when these two Euro hotties get naked. After some strawberry fun, Cindy and Summer get down to business, sucking and fucking like a real pair of sluts!
Real Slut Party
85 %
59589views - Nov 14, 2015
A simple pool party gets crazy when Angelina Brill and Bunny Baby decide to take their tops off and flash their natural titties. These two teens show their slutty sides when they take turns fucking two Euro dicks until they're both covered in cum!
Real Slut Party
83 %
60184views - Nov 07, 2015
What better way to surprise your buddy than with a blonde and a redhead in matching ruby lip stick, all wet and ready to fuck? These two sluts get their pussies pounded and their mouths fucked, working together to make an amateur sex tape.
Real Slut Party
78 %
59290views - Aug 14, 2015
Twerking queen Kelsi Monroe teaches her friend Alex Mae how to make that sweet ass clap while playing on a slip and slide, and getting banged at the same time. The fun turns to mayhem when these two badass babes decide to go buck wild in the pool.
Real Slut Party
96 %
171728views - Jul 18, 2015
What started as a little playful nudity on the beach turns into an all out fuck fest when two naughty teens go wild. Whether they're in the car, the bedroom, or the shower, Cleo Vixen and Ria Rox can't keep their hands off each other's pussies.
Real Slut Party
92 %
121720views - Jul 04, 2015
There's no cure for what ails you like two hot amateur Euro beauties down for a foursome, so when this dude's friend got in a car accident, he knew exactly what to get him: Cecilia De Lys and Alice Marshall, horny and ready to ride their big cocks!
Real Slut Party
91 %
92757views - Jun 19, 2015
If the dudes let them into the party, Aubrey Gold and Debbie Clark promise to strip down to their panties and make out with each other. Once those fresh natural titties come out, it isn't long before the guys go balls deep in these two honeys.
Real Slut Party
95 %
120214views - Jun 05, 2015
After flashing their tits all over town, Brooke Benson and Kimber Lee went for a dip in dude's pool, no bikinis required. Those two sexy sluts took turns with the cocks, sucking, stroking, and fucking until it was time for their facial rewards!
Real Slut Party
96 %
124886views - May 08, 2015
After showing off his beautiful indoor pool, this Hungarian dude got the surprise of a lifetime: two hot chicks who stripped naked to have a party. These big breasted hotties sucked cock before getting fucked and taking big loads in the month!
Real Slut Party
91 %
113251views - Apr 10, 2015
Mila and Sydney bought a sexy card game, but the guys aren't allowed to play unless they learn to behave. After letting loose and getting naked, these sluts let the guys join in on the fun with their filthy mouths and tight wet pussies.
Real Slut Party
96 %
128192views - Mar 20, 2015
When you get two slutty BFF's like Valentina Vega and Natalia Mendez together, it's only a matter of time before one of them gets their tits out. They got the party started with a little dick sucking, then took cocks deep in their amateur pussies!
Real Slut Party
88 %
72411views - Feb 20, 2015
After a wild night, Kendra Lynn, her boyfriend, and her bff Megan Rain were ready to crash, but they were locked out! Fortunately, they had some sex dice to keep them occupied with an amateur threesome while they waited for the locksmith to arrive!
Real Slut Party
95 %
177850views - Jan 23, 2015
Anna Darling and Lola Gatsby got on the bus looking to get laid, flashing their tits and daring each other to act like crazy sluts. When they found one guy with a huge cock, they took turns sucking and fucking him while eating each other's pussies!
90 %
126232views - Jan 09, 2015


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Quit? What For?
On Aug. 6, 1926, Gertrude Ederle became the first woman to swim the English Channel. Her time was 14 hours and 31 minutes, breaking Charles Toff's record by two hours and 23 minutes.
Swimming the English Channel is a truly difficult undertaking. The channel is only 20 miles wide at the point most swimmers tackle it. However, when you combine the tide and the little waves that batter and bruise a swimmer, throw in the rain, cold and darkness, and add the jellyfish with those long, stinging tentacles, you really have a formidable challenge.
There are lessons from Gertrude (Trudy) Ederle that need to be mentioned. In the field of human endeavor, most of the time those on the sidelines admonish the participant to hang in there and see it through. In Trudy's case, however, those accompanying her — her father, her sister, newspapermen, photographers and her trainer, William Burgess, an Englishman who had finally conquered the channel after 18 previous failures — were encouraging her to throw in the towel.
She was frozen, exhausted, battered and sickened by the 11 hours of effort, but she never complained or showed any signs of faltering. When Trudy was three miles from her goal, the channel was buffeting her furiously, and at that point, her father and trainer called on her to quit, lest she be injured. Soon after came her classic reply to echo around the world: "Quit? What for?" Trudy staggered ashore and into the history books.
There's an old saying, "When the going gets tough, the tough keep going." Trudy teaches all of us quite a lesson with her accomplishment. If we learn from it, then I will see you at the top!
To find out more about Zig Ziglar and read features by other Creators Syndicate writers and cartoonists, visit Creators.com. Subscribe to Zig Ziglar's free email newsletter through [email protected]
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text:
Karnes County Judge Barbara Shaw said she placed the item on the agenda because of the expense of repairing computers exposed to viruses.
Shaw said one server serves the county computers and Facebook comes through the county server.
"Those (viruses) also come from emails, are we going to be banned from email, as well?" asked County Clerk Carol Swize.
"I am not going to answer any more questions," Shaw responded.
Chief Deputy Russell Swize told the court that Facebook has been an important tool that the sheriff's office now uses to investigate and prosecute crimes.
"We need to allow it," Swize said.
Shaw said a lot of counties allow law enforcement to use it through use of a separate server.
"It would probably be in the best interest at some point in time to get the sheriff's office their own server," Shaw said.
One county employee expressed concerns that if some web sites are blocked, it will make it much more difficult to accomplish all the tasks that their office needs to carry out.
"The county does not authorize Facebook," Shaw said. "We are getting negative conflicters. We are spending thousands and thousands and thousands of dollars in virus protection because people are opening stuff they should not be opening."
"That includes emails," County Clerk Carol Swize responded. "Because we opened one from the listserver and it did the same thing. So are you going to block the listserve, as well?"
County Commissioner Pete Jauer said the topic was discussed at a recent Alamo Area Council of Governments meeting.
"All of them said, 'We have it blocked.' Facebook is blocked. Four other judges and one county commissioner," Jauer said.
Swize said social media can be used as a tool to communicate information to the public in a wide variety of ways.
Shaw said the county's web site should fill the role of communicating with the public, but county employees at the meeting said it is difficult to put things on the web site, when needed.
County Commissioner Shelby Dupnik said the county needs to form a policy regarding social media, but in the meantime, Facebook should be blocked from access from county computers.
"You can't block everything because you don't know what I need to do to run my office," said County Treasurer Vi Malone.
Malone said her office is able to gather a great deal of information from Facebook and other sites that help the employees get their work done.
Commissioner James Rosales indicated that he supported letting the department heads decide how and if Facebook is used.
Dupnik made a motion to block Facebook until the county can put a social media policy in place.
Jauer seconded the motion, which carried unanimously on a 5-0 vote.


text:
This article initiates a series that will provide a side-by-side technical comparison of security features of Java v1.4.2/J2EE v1.4 (beta2) and .NET v1.1 platforms. The following areas will be considered: Security Configuration and Code Containment (this article, Part 1), Cryptography and Communication (Part 2), Code Protection and Code Access Security, or CAS, (Part 3), and Authentication and User Access Security, or UAS, (Part 4).
This series is based on the research material that was used as a foundation of the feature article, "Securing .NET and Enterprise Java: Side by Side", which was written by Vincent Dovydaitis and me, and which appeared in Numbers 3-4 of Computer Security Journal in 2002.
It would be unrealistic to expect complete and detailed coverage of all aspects of platform security in the space available. Rather, this series attempts to highlight the most important issues and directions, leaving it up to the reader to check the appropriate manuals and reference literature.
Another important aspect of platform security is that it does not attempt to deal with all possible types of threats, thus requiring the services of an OS and third-party software (such as using IIS in .NET). These services and applications will also be outside of the scope of this publication.
Configuration on both platforms is handled through XML or plain-text files, which can be modified in any text editor, or through the supplied tools. However, the platforms differ significantly in how they handle configuration hierarchies.
In the .NET world,
Mscorcfg.msc and
Caspol.exe can be used to modify all aspects of security configuration. The former provides a GUI interface, shown in Figure 1, to modify it.
On the other hand,
Caspol.exe provides a number of command-line options, appropriate for use in scripts and batch routines. Here's how it would be used to add full trust to an assembly:
caspol -af MyApp.exe.
Java platform provides a single GUI-based tool,
policytool.exe, shown in Figure 2, for setting code- and Principal-based security policies. This tool works with arbitrary policy files (as long as they are in the proper format), as opposed to .NET, where names and locations of the configuration files are fixed (see below).
.NET defines machine-wide and application-specific configuration files, and allows for enterprise, machine, and user security policy configuration, whose intersection provides the effective policy for the executing user.
These file have fixed names and locations, most of them residing under the Common Library Runtime (CLR) tree, at:
%CLR install path%\Config
For .NET v1.1, the location is:
Multiple versions of CLR may co-exist on the same computer, but each particular version can have only a single installation. Since security policy files cannot be specified as runtime parameters of .NET applications, this centralized approach hurts co-existence when applications require conflicting policy settings.
Three security configuration files (enterprise, machine, and user) contain information about configured zones, trusted assemblies, permission classes, and so on. The general machine configuration file, on the other hand, contains machine-wide settings for algorithms, credentials, timeouts, and so on. Additionally, certain parameters (for instance,
ASP.NET authentication/authorization parameters) can be configured or overriden in the application configuration file. The files' names and locations are listed below:
%userprofile%\Application data\Microsoft\CLR security config\vxx.xx\Security.config
%CLR install path%\Config\Security.config
%CLR install path%\Config\Enterprisesec.config
%CLR install path%\Config\machine.config
Web.config for
ASP.NET) in the application
or web project's main directory
Core Java and J2EE configuration files have specific locations, but locations of additional configuration files for extension and J2EE products vary by vendor. J2SE does provide significant runtime flexibility by using a number of command-line application parameters, which allow the caller, on a per-application basis, to set keyfiles, trust policy, and extend the security policy in effect:
java -Djava.security.manager
-Djava.security.policy=Extend.policy Client1
or to completely replace it:
java -Djava.security.manager
-Djava.security.policy==Replace.policy Client2
The Java platform's specifications require the following configuration files:
This file defines security properties for VM: security providers, policy providers, package access restrictions, keystore types, and so on.
$JAVA_HOME/lib/security/java.policy, $HOME/.java.policy
Machine and user security policy that grants evidence- and Principal-based code permissions. Additional/alternative files may be specified on the command line or in the
java.security file.
%application dir%/WEB-INF/web.xml,
%application dir%/META-INF/ejb-jar.xml
These files contain Servlet and EJB deployment instructions and include, among other parameters, authentication/delegation settings, security roles, role-based Access Control Lists (ACL), and transport security configuration. The "UAS" section in Part 4 of this series will provide more detailed coverage of their elements.
Certain JVM parameters may be configured only in
$JAVA_HOME/lib/security/java.security, as shown in the examples below:
Note: By allowing command-line JVM parameters, Java provides a significantly more flexible and configurable environment, without conflicts among multiple JVM installations.
In both environments, the respective VM starts out with bytecode, which it verifies and executes. The bytecode format is well known and can be easily checked for potential violations, either at loading or at execution time. Some of the checks include stack integrity, overflow and underflow, validity of bytecode structure, parameters' types and values, proper object initialization before usage, assignment semantics, array bounds, type conversions, and accessibility policies.
Both Java and CLS languages possess memory- (or type-) safety property; that is, applications written in those languages are verifiably safe, if they do not use unsafe constructs (like calling into unmanaged code).
In .NET, CLR always executes natively compiled code; it never interprets it. Before IL is compiled to native code, it is subjected to validation and verification steps. The first step checks the overall file structure and code integrity. The second performs a series of extensive checks for memory safety, involving stack tracing, data-flow analysis, type checks, and so on. No verification is performed at runtime, but the Virtual Execution System (VES) is responsible for runtime checks that type signatures for methods are correct, and valid operations are performed on types, including array bounds checking. These runtime checks are accomplished by inserting additional code in the executing application, which is responsible for handling error conditions and raising appropriate exceptions. By default, verification is always turned on, unless
SkipVerification permission is granted to the code.
The Java VM is responsible for loading, linking, verifying, and executing Java classes. In the HotSpot JVM, Java classes are always interpreted first, and then only certain, most frequently used sections of code are compiled and optimized. Thus, the level of security available with interpreted execution is preserved. Even for compiled and optimized code, the JVM maintains two call stacks, preserving original bytecode information. It uses the bytecode stack to perform runtime security checks and verifications, like proper variable assignments, certain type casts, and array bounds; that is, those checks that cannot be deduced from static analysis of Java bytecode.
Code verification in a JVM is a four-step process. It starts by looking at the overall class file format to check for specific tags, and ends up verifying opcodes and method arguments. The final pass is not performed until method invocation, and it verifies member access policies. By default, the last step of verification is run only on remotely loaded classes. The following switches can be passed to JVM to control verification:
-verifyremote: verifies only classes from the network (default)
-verify: verifies all classes
-noverify: turns off verification completely
Starting with the initial releases of Java, there have been multiple verification problems reported, where invalid/malicious bytecode could sneak beyond the verifier. At the moment, there are no new reports about verification bugs, and Java 2 documentation does not list verification switches, which implies that the verification is always run in full.
However, the
-verify switch is still required for
local code to behave correctly, as the following example shows. Given class
public class Intruder
public static void main(String[] args)
Victim v = new Victim();
"Intruder: calling victim's assault() method...");
Victim class with a
public method:
public class Victim
public void assault()
"Victim: OK to access public method");
And another version of the
Victim class with a
private method:
public class Victim
private void assault()
"Victim: Private method assaulted!!!");
We get the following output when we run a script to compile and run
Intruder first against the
public version of
Victim, and then, without recompiling the
Intruder class, against the
private verison. Finally, it is run against the
private version again, this time with
-verify passed as a command-line argument to JVM:
* Calling public version of Victim.assault()
Intruder: calling victim's assault() method...
Victim: OK to access public method
* Calling private version of Victim.assault()
Intruder: calling victim's assault() method...
Victim: Private method assaulted!!!
* Calling private Victim.assault() with verification
Intruder: calling victim's assault() method...
tried to access method Victim.assault()V from class Intruder
at Intruder.main(Intruder.java:7)
Exception in thread "main"
The sources and the
execute.bat file are available as a zip file for download.
Note: JVM, as opposed to .NET, does not verify local code by default. On the other hand, JVM always preserves the bytecode stack for runtime checks, while .NET relies on a combination of static analysis and injection of verification code at runtime.
In effect, each VM represents a mini OS by replicating many of its essential features. Each platform provides application isolation for managed applications running side by side in the same VM, just as OSes do it. Automatic memory management is an important feature of both environments--it aids tremendously in writing stable, leak-free applications. The "CAS" section in Part 3 of this series will provide detailed discussion about permissions, policies, and access checks.
Both environments do allow for exercising unsafe operations (
JNI in Java;
unsafe code and
P/Invoke in .NET), but their use requires granting highly privileged code permissions.
Application Domains (
AppDomains) represent separate .NET applications running inside the same CLR process. Domain isolation is based on the memory safety property because applications from different domains cannot directly access each other's address spaces, and they have to use the .NET Remoting infrastructure for communication.
Application security settings are determined by CLR on a per-domain basis, by default using host's security settings to determine those for loaded assemblies. The CLR receives information about the assembly's evidence from so-called trusted hosts:
Domain security settings can be administered only programmatically; that is, there is no configuration file where those could be set. If the host process is granted a special
SecurityPermission to control evidence, it is allowed to specify the
AppDomain's policy at creation time. However, it can only reduce the compound set of permissions granted by the enterprise, machine, and user policies from security policy files. The following example, taken from MSDN documentation, illustrates using programmatic
AppDomain policy administration to restrict permission set of the new domain to
Execution only:
using System;
using System.Threading;
using System.Security;
using System.Security.Policy;
using System.Security.Permissions;
namespace AppDomainSnippets
class ADSetAppDomainPolicy
static void Main(string[] args)
// Create a new application domain.
AppDomain domain =
// Create a new AppDomain PolicyLevel.
PolicyLevel polLevel =
// Create a new, empty permission set.
PermissionSet permSet =
new PermissionSet(PermissionState.None);
// Add permission to execute code to the
// permission set.
(new SecurityPermission(
// Give the policy level's root code group a
// new policy statement based on the new
// permission set.
polLevel.RootCodeGroup.PolicyStatement =
new PolicyStatement(permSet);
// Give the new policy level to the
// application domain.
// Try to execute the assembly.
// This will throw a PolicyException
// if the executable tries to access
// any resources like file I/O or tries
// to create a window.
catch(PolicyException e)
Console.WriteLine("PolicyException: {0}",
Application-style isolation is achieved in Java through a rather complicated combination of
ClassLoaders and
ProtectionDomains. The latter associates
CodeSource (i.e., URL and code signers) with fixed sets of permissions, and is created by the appropriate class loaders (URL,
RMI, custom). These domains may be created on demand to account for dynamic policies, provided by
JAAS mechanism (to be covered in Part 4, in the "Authentication" section). Classes in different domains belong to separate namespaces, even if they have the same package names, and are prevented from communicating within the JVM space, thus isolating trusted programs from the untrusted ones. This measure works to preserve and prevent bogus code from being added to packages.
Secure class loading is the cornerstone of JVM security--a class loader is authorized to make decisions about which classes in which packages can be loaded, define its
CodeSource, and even set any permissions of its choice. Consider the following implementation of
ClassLoader, which undermines all of the access control settings provided by the policy:
protected PermissionCollection
getPermissions (CodeSource src) {
PermissionCollection coll =
new Permissions();
coll.add(new AllPermission());
return coll;
Note: .NET's
AppDomains, which are modeled as processes in an OS, are more straightforward and easier to use than Java's
Both platforms' languages have the following security features:
Strong typing (a.k.a. statically computable property): all objects have a runtime type. There is no
void type--a single-root class hierarchy exists, with all classes deriving implicitly from Object root.
No direct memory access: therefore, it is impossible to penetrate other applications' memory space from managed code.
Accessibility/const modifiers (such as
private/protected/public): The
const (
final) modifier's semantics, however, is quite different from that in C++; only the reference is constant, but the object's contents can be freely changed.
Default objects initialization: "zero initialization" for heap-allocated objects. Proper initialization of stack objects is checked by the VM at runtime.
Choice of serialization and transient options: controls contents of serialized objects that are outside of VM protection domains.
Explicit coercion required: there are few well-defined cases when implicit coercion is used. In all other cases (and with custom objects) explicit conversion is required.
.NET defines the following accessibility modifiers:
internal (only for the current assembly),
protected internal (union of protected and internal), and
private. All properties are defined via Getters/Setters, and access to them is controlled at runtime by CLR.
In C#, there are two choices for declaring constant data values:
const for built-in value types, whose value is known at compile time); and
readonly for all others, whose value is set once at creation time:
public const string Name = "Const Example";
//to be set in the constructor
public readonly CustomObject readonlyObject;
A .NET class can be marked as serializable by specifying
[Serializable] attribute on the class. By default, its full state is stored, including private information. If this is not desirable, a member can be excluded by specifying a
NonSerialized attribute, or by implementing a
ISerializable interface to control the serialization process.
public struct Data
//Ok to serialize this information
private string publicData;
//this member is not going to be serialized
[NonSerialized] private string privateData;
Java language provides the following features to support writing secure applications:
public, protected, package protected, private.
final keyword can be applied to a class, method, or variable, and means that this entity cannot be changed or overridden.
Serializable interface, the serialized object includes private members as well, unless they are decorated as static or transient. Use the
readObject/writeObject pair to control the content of a serialized object. Alternatively, implementing the
Externalizable interface's methods
readExternal/writeExternal gives you complete control over the serialization process.
public class Person implements Serializable
//get serialized by default
private string name, address;
//excluded from the default serialization
transient int salary;
Note: In terms of protective language features, both platforms rate approximately equal, with .NET having a slight edge due to higher flexibility when it comes to constant modifiers.
This article covered security configuration issues and different aspects of code containment on .NET and Java platforms. Java offers a lot of advantages with its configurability. When it comes to code containment, both platforms have pretty strong offerings, with .NET having slightly more choices and being more straightforward to use.
The next article of this series, Part 2, will cover cryptography and communication-protection mechanisms on the Java and .NET platforms.
Denis Piliptchouk is a senior technical member of BEA's AquaLogic Enterprise Security group, participates in OASIS WSS and WS-I BSP standards committees, and regularly contributes to industry publications.
Return to ONJava.com.
Copyright © 2009 O'Reilly Media, Inc.


text:
+myConnections: Engage your community - connect to news, events and information you care about. View more information...
Imani Gilbert
2 points
Rachael Mellen
View your community's facilities and features online with the new Facilities Module.
Personalize your online experience to stay up-to-date on news, events and other information.
View all calendars is the default. Choose Select a Calendar to view a specific calendar.
February 22, 7:00 PM
7 PM (2013) Five live action short films up for Oscar. R/2 hrs. See all of this year's Oscar nominated live action short films: "That Wasn't Me," "Just Before Losing Everything," "Helium," "Do I Have To Take Care Of Everything?" "The Voorman Problem"


text:
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.3/25574
- Title
- Cities in competition : productive and sustainable cities for the 21st century
- Author(s)
- Brotchie, John F.; Batty, Mike; Blakely, Ed; Hall, Peter; Newton, Peter W.
- Abstract
- This collective work examines aspects of urban change around the world. Part 1 describes the global expansion of markets through technology diffusion, decreasing cost and increasing speed of transport and communication, increasing diffusion of information and declining barriers to trade. Part 2 outlines the increasing competition generated among firms and between cities and the impacts on the urban hierarchy including the creation of winners and losers. Part 3 considers the creation of technopoles or technology cities as centres for innovation and development of new technologies and industries. Part 4 analyses changing patterns of living and working at the metropolitan level including dispersal of employment into the suburbs and beyond, and the consequences for commuting patterns, public transport and sustainability of development. Part 5 considers the nature of sustainability of urban systems and of ecosystems for their support and the implications for urban system simulation and planning.
- Publication type
- Book
- Publication year
- 1995
- Keyword(s)
- Australia; Cities; Forecast; Social change; Sustainable development; Technological change; Towns; Twenty-first century; Urban ecology
- Publisher
- Longman Australia
- 9780582801066
- Publisher URL
- none
- Peer reviewed


text:
Life as We Didn't Know It
Life As We Didn't Know It Biologists always thought life required the Sun's
energy, until they found an ecosystem that thrives in complete
Listen to this story (requires RealPlayer)
April 13, 2001 -- Dr. Cindy Van Dover maneuvers her robotic craft closer to the strange, rocky landscape below. It's totally dark, except for lonely circles of light where she points her flood lamps. Back on the mother ship her monitor reveals tall, thin towers of craggy rock billowing black smoke from their peaks. Very strange!
All around the towers stand dozens of red-and-white, tube-like organisms. These bizarre, 3-foot-long, wormish creatures have no mouth, no intestines, and no eyes. Stranger still, they derive their energy from the planet itself, not from the light of the nearby star -- a feat most biologists didn't believe possible until these creatures were found.
She steers toward the worms and uses the robotic arm to reach out and take a sample for later examination.
Above: A view of a "chimney" vent (top photo) captured by the deep-sea submersible JASON. The superheated black water pouring from the vent provides high-energy chemicals that sustain the tubeworms (bottom photo) and other organisms that thrive in this unlikely habitat. Images courtesy Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Is this a science fiction tale? No. Is the intrepid Dr. Van Dover truly exploring another world? Yes!
Van Dover is as real as is the alien world she's discovering. And both are right here are Earth!
Cindy Van Dover, a marine biology professor at the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, is one of some 60 scientists, technicians and sailors currently sailing the Indian Ocean aboard the research vessel Knorr from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. The 40-day expedition, from March 27th through May 5th, is sending a 1-ton robotic submarine named JASON 2,000 meters down to explore the peculiar sunless world of deep-sea hydrothermal vents.
"I really never thought that one could be an explorer in this day and age," said Van Dover, chief scientist for the expedition and a member of NASA's Astrobiology Institute. "But in the ocean, it's absolutely true," she added. "You're going places that nobody's ever been before!"
Left: The Knorr expedition is currently in the Indian Ocean exploring a newly discovered vent south of India and east of Madagascar. Click on the image for a map of the known vent sites around the world. Image courtesy Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
The hydrothermal vents -- which are essentially geysers on the sea floor -- support exotic chemical-based ecosystems. Some scientists think the vents are modern-day examples of environments where life began on Earth billions of years ago. And the vents might also hold clues to life on other planets.
The thriving communities of life that surround these hydrothermal vents shocked the scientific world when the first vent was discovered in 1977.
Before 1977, scientists believed that all forms of life ultimately depended on the Sun for energy. For all ecosystems then known to exist, plants or photosynthetic microbes constituted the base of the food chain.
In contrast, these vent ecosystems depend on microbes that tap into the chemical energy in the geyser water that billows out from the sea floor -- energy that originates within the Earth itself.
Above: Instead of photosynthesis, vent ecosystems derive their energy from chemicals in a process called "chemosynthesis." Both methods involve an energy source (1), carbon dioxide (2), and water to produce sugars (3). Photosynthesis gives off oxygen gas as a byproduct, while chemosynthesis produces sulfur (4). Image courtesy Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
Because they offer an alternative way for life to meet its fundamental need for energy, these vent ecosystems have piqued the interest of astrobiologists -- scientists who study the plausibility of life starting elsewhere in the universe.
Sign up for EXPRESS SCIENCE NEWS delivery
One chore that astrobiologists have struggled with for years is to define the range of conditions (temperature, salinity, irradiation, chemical composition, etc.) in which "life as we know it" could exist. The discovery of hydrothermal vent ecosystems expanded that range.
"It (the life around the vents) was the first discovery of 'life as we don't know it,'" Vrijenhoek said.
Hydrothermal vents form along mid-ocean ridges, in places where the sea floor moves apart very slowly (6 to 18 cm per year) as magma wells up from below. (This is the engine that drives Earth's tectonic plates apart, moving continents and causing volcanic eruptions and earthquakes.) When cold ocean water seeps through cracks in the sea floor to hot spots below, hydrothermal vents belch a mineral-rich broth of scalding water. Sometimes, in very hot vents, the emerging fluid turns black -- creating a "black smoker" -- because dissolved sulfides of metals (iron, copper, and several heavy metals) instantaneously precipitate out of solution when they mix with the cold surrounding seawater.
Unlike plants that rely on sunlight, bacteria living in and around the dark vents extract their energy from hydrogen sulfide (HS) and other molecules that billow out of the seafloor. Just like plants, the bacteria use their energy to build sugars out of carbon dioxide and water. Sugars then provide fuel and raw material for the rest of the microbe's activities.
Left: A variety of animals live near these hydrothermal vents, including the shrimps, crab, and anenome in this picture taken at the Indian Ocean vent. So far, the hallmark red and white tubeworms have not been spotted at this vent. Image courtesy Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
Deep-sea bacteria form the base of a varied food chain that includes shrimp, tubeworms, clams, fish, crabs, and octopi. All of these animals must be adapted to endure the extreme environment of the vents -- complete darkness; water temperatures ranging from 2°C (in ambient seawater) to about 400°C (at the vent openings); pressures hundreds of times that at sea level; and high concentrations of sulfides and other noxious chemicals.
The ability of life to tap such geothermal energy raises interesting possibilities for other worlds like Jupiter's moon Europa, which probably harbors liquid water beneath its icy surface. Europa is squeezed and stretched by gravitational forces from Jupiter and the other Galilean satellites. Tidal friction heats the interior of Europa possibly enough to maintain the solar system's biggest ocean. Could similar hydrothermal vents in Europa's dark seas fuel vent ecosystems like those found on Earth? The only way to know is to go there and check.
Right: The chemistry of a "black smoker." After sea water seeps into the crust (1), oxygen and potassium (2) and then calcium, sulfate, and magnesium (3) are removed from the water. As the water begins to heat up (4), sodium, potassium, and calcium dissolve from the crust. Magma superheats the water, dissolving iron, zinc, copper, and sulfur (5). The water then rises back to the surface (6), where it mixes with the cold seawater, forming black metal-sulfide compounds (7). Image courtesy Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
Astrobiologists are increasingly convinced that life on Earth itself might have started in the sulfurous cauldron around hydrothermal vents. Vent environments minimize oxygen and radiation, which can damage primitive molecules. Indeed, many of the primordial molecules needed to jump-start life could have formed in the subsurface from the interaction of rock and circulating hot water driven by hydrothermal systems.
If this idea proves true, then as Van Dover gazes through the submarine's camera at the vents on the floor of the Indian Ocean, she may be seeing both a portrait of life's genesis in Earth's distant past -- and a glimpse of alien life yet to be discovered.
Editor's note: Michael Meyer, the Astrobiology Discipline Scientist at NASA headquarters remarks: "Right now, the hydrothermal systems are dependent on oxygen as the electron acceptor, which comes from photosynthesis. But it does raise the possibility of a thriving hydrothermal system in an anoxic environment, presumably driven by H2S going to elemental sulfur (and not sulfate)."
The images in this story are courtesy of Dive and Discover. Funded by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, National Science Foundation, Ohio's Center of Science and Industry (COSI). Image courtesy of shipboard scientists from College of William and Mary, Harvard University, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, University of New Hampshire, Oregon State University, Portland State University, University of Washington, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.Web Links
Dive and Discover -- extensive information about the current Knorr expedition, including pictures and daily updates from the ship.
Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea --An expedition to geysers on the floor of the Indian Ocean is studying how animals there evolve and disperse geographically.
Life on the Edge -- a Science@NASA article about a hands-on experiment for students to learn about life in extreme environments.
Life on the Edge FAQ -- questions and answers about extremophiles
Great Bugs of Fire -- Science@NASA article: NASA sends volcano-loving microbes into orbit
Earth microbes on the Moon -- Science@NASA article: Three decades after Apollo 12, a remarkable colony of lunar survivors revisited
Surf's Up on Europa -- Science@NASA article: Changes in Europa's magnetic field, detected during last week's flyby, point to a salty, subterranean ocean.
New Evidence for an Alien Ocean -- Science@NASA article: Fluctuations in the magnetic field surrounding Jupiter's moon Europa are a telltale sign of salty liquid water beneath the moon's icy crust. Europa could harbor the solar system's largest ocean.
Join our growing list of subscribers - sign up for our express news delivery and you will receive a mail message every time we post a new story!!!
|The Science and Technology Directorate at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center sponsors the Science@NASA web sites. The mission of Science@NASA is to help the public understand how exciting NASA research is and to help NASA scientists fulfill their outreach responsibilities.
|For lesson plans and educational activities related to breaking science news, please visit Thursday's Classroom
Author: Patrick
L. Barry
Production Editor: Dr. Tony Phillips
Curator: Bryan Walls
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text:
This study is provided by ICPSR. ICPSR provides leadership and training in data access, curation, and methods of analysis for a diverse and expanding social science research community.
Birthweight Data From the Philadelphia Almshouse Hospital, 1848-1873 (ICPSR 20701)
Principal Investigator(s): Goldin, Claudia, Harvard University; Margo, Robert A., Boston University
This collection contains individual-level data on mid-Nineteenth Century births at the Philadelphia Almshouse Hospital, an institution for the poor and their offspring. Variables in the dataset include age, marital status, place of birth, parity (number of previous children), type of birth, position (1,2,3,4) of birth, day of birth, commencement of labor, hour of delivery, times of stages of labor, sex of infant, total length of infant, body length of infant, birth weight, length of gestation, and total duration of labor.
Access Notes
These data are available only to users at ICPSR member institutions. Because you are not logged in, we cannot verify that you will be able to download these data.
ASCII + SAS Setup SPSS Setup Stata Setup
Study Description
Goldin, Claudia, and Robert A. Margo. Birthweight Data From the Philadelphia Almshouse Hospital, 1848-1873. ICPSR20701-v1. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2008-01-03. http://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR20701.v1
Persistent URL: http://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR20701.v1
Export Citation:
- RIS (generic format for RefWorks, EndNote, etc.)
- EndNote XML (EndNote X4.0.1 or higher)
Scope of Study
Subject Terms: birth, birth records, historical data, labor (birth), live births, nineteenth century
Geographic Coverage: Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
Time Period:
- 1848--1873
Unit of Observation: individual
Universe: individual births
Data Types: administrative records data
Data Source:
obstetrics records
Extent of Processing: ICPSR data undergo a confidentiality review and are altered when necessary to limit the risk of disclosure. ICPSR also routinely creates ready-to-go data files along with setups in the major statistical software formats as well as standard codebooks to accompany the data. In addition to these procedures, ICPSR performed the following processing steps for this data collection:
- Checked for undocumented or out-of-range codes.
Original ICPSR Release: 2008-01-03
Related Publications (?)
Export Options: RIS/EndNote
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- Citations exports are provided above.
Export Study-level metadata (does not include variable-level metadata)
If you're looking for collection-level metadata rather than an individual metadata record, please visit our Metadata Records page.


text:
Save time and learn quickly with our business and accounting forms. Each form comes with three options:
*Our Excel format has the same information as the blank forms. However, you can alter the worksheet by entering additional lines, changing the wording, etc. After you modify the worksheet, you are required to format the cells and enter the appropriate formulas.
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Expert Q & A Answers About partner risk
My partner has hepatitis C. Can I catch hepatitis C through unprotected sex with her?
I'm a 36-year-old male from the UK. I have a new partner who is 33 and was diagnosed with hepatitis C several years ago. I have two questions: 1. What are the chances of me contracting hepatitis C through unprotected sex with her? 2. My partner has been prescribed the Depo-Provera injection for contraception by her doctor. I was under the impression that Depo-Provera should not be used by people with possible liver problems, i.e. people with HCV. Is she safe to continue using Depo-Provera? Thanks.


text:
Guilty Crown
genesis (Outbreak)
Episode 1 | TV-14
Shu enters his hideout for a quiet lunch only to find Inori, his #1 musical crush, bleeding on the floor. After he fails to stop her pursuers from hurting her more, his one shot at self-respect is to deliver a strange vial she stole to her terrorist pals.
Dub Expires: 10-25-2013
Official Site: www.funimation.com/shows/guilty-crownHide Details


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text:
Meet Calie! Calie is an 11 month old Pitbull mix. She is spayed, current on her vaccinations and housetrained. Calie is a spunky young lady looking to be the new love of your life! She's a smart girl and knows "sit" and "drop it". She is full of energy and looking for a home that will provide her with lots of exercise and fun things to do. Calie is gentle and tolerant. She can be excitable and bouncy but with parental guidance, she should do well in a home with children of any age.. With time to adjust and proper introductions, Calie should do well in a home with other pets. She would likely enjoy doggy daycare or even another dog to run and play with! Calie is an amazing dog looking for the perfect, loving home. Give this sweet girl a chance and she'll change your life...for the better.
If you would like to help our wonderful friends while they are waiting to be adopted, the Coulee Region Humane Society is always looking for donations. These donations go a long way in making the stay more comfortable for our animal guests.
Click here to view the latest updated Wish List from the Coulee Region Humane Society
Coulee Region Humane Society
911 Critter Court, Onalaska, WI 54650
Phone: (608) 781-4014
Fax: (608) 781-1646
Office Hours:
Monday, Wednesday and Friday: 9:00 a.m. -- 5:00 p.m.
Tuesday and Thursday: 9:00 a.m. -- 7:00 p.m.
Saturday and Sunday: 1:00 p.m. -- 5:00 p.m.
Kennel Viewing Hours:
Monday and Friday: 1:00 p.m. -- 5:00 p.m.
Tuesday and Thursday: 1:00 p.m. -- 7:00 p.m.
Wednesday: CLOSED
Saturday and Sunday: 1:00 p.m. -- 5:00 p.m.
Mission Statement:
The Coulee Region Humane Society actively promotes the humane treatment of animals and positive human-animal relationships.