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Skip to comments.Police have no responsibility to protect individuals (reference)
Posted on 02/26/2008 3:14:25 AM PST by NewJerseyJoe
Police have no legal duty to respond and prevent crime or protect the victim. There have BEEN OVER 10 various supreme and state court cases the individual has never won. Notably, the Supreme Court STATED about the responsibility of police for the security of your family and loved ones is "You, and only you, are responsible for your security and the security of your family and loved ones. That was the essence of a U.S. Supreme Court decision in the early 1980's when they ruled that the police do not have a duty to protect you as an individual, but to protect society as a whole."
"It is well-settled fact of American law that the police have no legal duty to protect any individual citizen from crime, even if the citizen has received death threats and the police have negligently failed to provide protection."
(1) Richard W. Stevens. 1999. Dial 911 and Die. Hartford, Wisconsin: Mazel Freedom Press.
(2) Barillari v. City of Milwaukee, 533 N.W.2d 759 (Wis. 1995).
(3) Bowers v. DeVito, 686 F.2d 616 (7th Cir. 1982).
(4) DeShaney v. Winnebago County Department of Social Services, 489 U.S. 189 (1989).
(5) Ford v. Town of Grafton, 693 N.E.2d 1047 (Mass. App. 1998).
It's true.
The police cannot protect every citizen. and it's not their job, anyway. The police's job is retribution. That's all.
They find the bad guy and get him before he hurts someone else.
We're each responsible for our own safety.
How many times and how many ways can this be stated. In a free nation you have personal responsibility. The government is not the answer to all your problems.
The job of the police is to introduce the ethically challenged to the Criminal Justice System. The outcome of that introduction is not within their control. The responsibility for your individual safety, begins and ends with you. Second Amendment anyone?
Remember, when every second counts, the police are only minutes away.
And we have the obligation to protect ourselves and our families. Therefore any attempt by a fascist government to take away this right must be resisted.
The reason every citizen concerned about protecting themselves and their family should be allowed to own and carry firearms. The police are no longer required to do their job (ok - so it is no longer their job - so what is? Writing tickets? OOoooo I feel so much safer now...).
What ever happend to that motto I still see on many police cars? You know - the one that says:
"To protect, and to serve".
What does that mean? To protect their own butts, and to serve each other donuts?
Yep, they have to have time either to (1) gulp down their donuts and coffee, (2) start up the engine and crawl out from behind the bushes or roadsigns where they've been hiding to find folks going three miles over the speed limit (or, in Maryland, running the windshield wipers without turning on the lights — yes, a moving offense), or (3) profiling white motorists for any one of a million minor infractions so that they (the cops) don't have to go down to the "hood's" open air drug markets and fight real crime.
I'm sorry. I know there are a lot of great cops. But, by and large, that industry has become a repository for a bunch of power-hungry thugs who like to lord it over cowed perpetrators of the most minor of misdemeanors.
2. Cops are there to do the paperwork and to try and find the perp until distracted by something else.
3. Cops have a closure rate of about 40% on murders.
4. It is better to have a gun in hand than a cop on the phone.
5. If you are an attractive woman - especially blond - you get to meet many cops in your life.
I'm ready, abled, and licensed to protect whatever I feel needs protecting.
The Police have, what is known as, indemnification.
Liscensed ??? Im morally obligated...
Even in the face of this information, the leftist DhimmiRats and Libs are still clamoring to eliminate my Second Amendment rights. I don't think so...
It's in the tagline.
Lock and Load.
It's already in there. The second doesn't need any tweaks. It's clear on its face.
Lock and Load.
Support castle doctrine laws in every state. That's a good place to start.
Support conservative candidates to improve the likelihood of approving constructionist judges to the Federal bench.
All is not lost. But, it is time that we make our voices heard, and take action to ensure this grand experiment for our children and generations yet to come.
I always get a chuckle out of the bumpersticker: "Troopers are your best protection." Yeah, sure.
It is well established that the police do not owe a duty to protect any individual citizen. Their duty is to the community at large to maintain order and bring to justice those who break the law. That's pretty much it when it comes to the duties of a law enforcement agency.
Actually, I've been advocating that all along. We could do away with most of our police forces if people would just take their personal safety a LOT more seriously.
Further, how many of the 19 hijackers came across the border illegally? From what I've read, they came in on legal visa's.
This situation is also why we often hear Police Chiefs and Police Union bosses coming out in favor of banning guns. Guns in other people's hands do make cops working conditions more dangerous and though guns offer citizens protection and defense, those things are not legally or institutionally a mandate for the police. Police chiefs and police organizations don't get judged , except in the most cursory way, on crime prevention, but on post crime performance, Unions are interested only in their members, the public is left to fend, unarmed for itself.
No wonder there are shootings on college campuses.
Katrina made that clear.
LEOS primary duty is now revenue generation, bad backs, disability, early retirement, second careers.
Police and district attorneys have no legal duty to protect; they cannot be held liable for failing to protect. This is called The Public Duty Doctrine.
This doctrine cannot be found in any textbook, either in high schools or college classes. When our children reach adulthood, they haven't a clue about this.
Therefore, here is the problem: Police and district attorneys have no legal duty to disclose that they have no legal duty to protect.
The U.S. Supreme Court has written: Citizenship is membership in a political society, and implies a duty of allegiance on the part of the member and a duty of protection on the part of the society. These are reciprocal obligations, one being a compensation for the other. Luria v, U.S., 231 U.S. 9, 22. (1913)
No duty to protect means there is no corresponding obligation of allegience. No allegiance to their million+ laws, statutes and regulations.
A State is a body politic — political society. A body politic is the citizens.
Connect the dots:
There is no duty to protect > there is no obligation of allegiance > there are no citizens > there is no body politic — no political society > there is no State.
Factually what is a State? What is the State of Arizona? The State of Arizona is an act of congress words on paper. A legal fiction. Prior to February 14, 1912, the State of Arizona didnt exist.
What is government? Men and women providing services by compulsion/violence.
Politicians dont represent people. Pay the tax or go to jail isnt representation. Its ownership, or at least enslavement.
The enemy is well within the gates and have taken over our Congress, media, Hollywood, banking and Wall Street.
ReDiscover911(dot)com to get the entire picture in mind.
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.


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Moretown landfill prompts more concerns from neighbors
MORETOWN When Max Fortunes grandchildren visit from Connecticut, they can smell the landfill even before they get to his house.
Hes complained about the problem for the last 12 years, but it has grown worse, he suggested. In the last year, hes filed more than 40 complaints about the odor coming from the landfill, he said.
We feel nothing will be done, he said. Were fed up, frustrated, and we no longer want landfill odors floating over our house and through our house.
Residents complained Tuesday about odor and dust from the Moretown Landfill at the latest in a series of public hearings being held as part of an application process that could roughly double the landfills potential size.
Some residents said the odor is so unbearable that they wake up in the night and ponder renting a hotel. Many said they couldnt leave their windows open during the summer because of the smell.
An independent environmental consulting firm, Weston & Sampson, has been documenting and responding to odor complaints, but residents said repeatedly the documentation is drastically different from what theyre experiencing. Fortune said after the meeting that because the landfill hired Weston & Sampson, theres a conflict of interest.
The project could add a new dumping area, called Cell 4, which would be about the size of the previous three cells combined. The operators of the landfill, Moretown Landfill LLC, also need state permits to move the project forward.
The state previously has cast doubt on the companys ability to continue operating unless the odor issues are adequately addressed.
The landfill has suggested it will need to reduce its intake to extend the lifespan of its permitted capacity. It plans to reduce intake by up to 80 percent beginning Dec. 1 to avoid reaching its permitted limit in February, the company has said.
Residents also complained Tuesday that their vehicles have been covered with dust from landfill operations. The landfills general manager, Tom Badowski, countered that a water truck will dampen the road in the future to prevent the problem from recurring, and he suggested hes aggressively followed up on the issue.
As landfill representatives addressed the issues, though, an attorney for one pair of neighboring residents continued to advise the board on the scope of its authority.
Bristol-based lawyer James Dumont said landfill representatives will testify about health standards and how they meet them. But the purpose of zoning, he said, is to protect property values, and to turn to them and say, Answer our questions about what we should devise as a local zoning board doesnt make any sense. Your job is different.
Ask them, If dust shows up in these folks windows and their cars, is that a violation of any state permit? And theyre going to tell you, No, its not, he said. Thats for you to decide what you want to put up with in the community.
Dumont also offered advice when board members discussed whether they could put restrictions on the landfill, such as banning bio-solids, or sludge.
Resident Martha Douglass said theres no law that prevents the business from accepting as much sludge as it wants. Some residents testimony suggested sludge was the reason behind a particularly pungent odor that many residents noticed and complained about Oct. 24.
Board Chairman John Riley asked the company if it could set a policy not to accept bio-solids.
Badowski, the general manager, said it could.
Could the state of Vermont, in the certification process, impose that as a condition? Riley asked.
I dont know, Badowski responded.
As one possible solution, Dumont suggested the board review contracts with trash haulers to see if sludge could be banned.
There may be an escape clause, Dumont said, adding that a local law or zoning rule or land use condition could be created within the confines of the existing contract to ban sludge or provide some sort of other relief.
Riley, the chairman, indicated the board would likely not review the contracts between the haulers and the landfill.
The Moretown Development Review Board has been holding hearings since September, and the next is scheduled for 6:30 p.m. Dec. 6 at the Town Hall. A site visit of neighbors homes will be conducted Dec. 8.
david.taube @timesargus.comMORE IN Central VermontMIDDLEBURY According to WebMD, Dystonia is a movement disorder that causes a persons muscles ... Full StoryTiffany Briggs and Kayla Jackson eyed each other across the table, clasped hands, and then it was... Full StoryMARLBORO Police are investigating a burglary on Higley Hill Road. Full Story
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To attribute nihilism to Friedrich Nietzsche's works would be a complete misunderstanding of his teleology. Nietzsche's Thus Spake Zarathustra is a calling and desire for the übermensch to create a transvaluation of values. To categorize Nietzsche as a nihilist would be a misunderstanding and misinterpretation of his work.
When referring to nihilism there must be an understanding of all that the word entails. Nihilism refers to nothingness and is a denial of all worldviews. There are apparent problems with being consistent in rendering a nihilist understanding. Referring to everything having no meaning renders a meaning of nothingness. There is no objectivity, knowledge, truth, or virtue. There is a claim of paradigm-independent referents. For the advancement of understanding Nietzsche's teleology, this self-referential incoherence must be set to the periphery. To discard Nietzsche so quickly in such a manner would be to misunderstand his teleological claims.
Nietzsche's paradigm for truth was based on biological development. This, by all admission, was a relativistic understanding and rendition of truth; it was a social construct. This was in response to the proclamation that "God is dead." In the fifth chapter of Twilight of the Idols Nietzsche deduces the implications of stripping God from Christianity [in reference to morality]. Under the Christian paradigm, morality is a command originating from a transcendent source. Because it is a transcendent command it cannot be criticized, and it is only contingently true given the existence of God and that God is the source of all truth. This worries Nietzsche because he believes that there is no reason for God to exist any more being that God is only a social construct that was once useful. As a result, Nietzsche calls for the übermensch.


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Panasonic Lumix GH4 Review – The GH4 the first mirrorless camera to shoot 4K video, while offering a wide range of stills shooting features
Panasonic Lumix GH4 Review
The Olympus OM-D EM-1, the Fujifilm X-T1, the Sony Alpha 6000 – all these great cameras rival DSLRs for image quality, and each provides a unique and satisfying experience for the user.
Into this battleground wades the DSLR-styled Panasonic Lumix DMC-GH4, which made its debut at CES this year as the first mirrorless camera to shoot 4K video.
Given its great videography pedigree – its predecessor the GH3 was well regarded among video-shooters – you'd naturally expect video to be the GH4's chief selling point, but there's in fact a lot more under the bonnet here, not least of which is a reworked 16.05MP Live MOS sensor.
Once you start looking, there's plenty more to find. For instance the new quad-core Venus Engine processor pairs with the new sensor to give the GH4 significant improvements over its predecessor in a lot of different areas, including ISO sensitivity and noise handling.
Let's delve a little deeper and see if the GH4 can hold up against its CSC competition.
Panasonic Lumix DMC-GH4 Review – Features
The GH4 eclipses the Lumix DMC-GX7 as the most comprehensive and feature-packed CSC in Panasonic's range.
As mentioned, the new sensor/processor combination pushes up the GH4's ISO sensitivity, bestowing it with a native range of 200-25,600 (100 is available in an extended setting).
Noise handling capabilities have also been improved, resulting in a camera that's significantly more confident and self-assured in low light than any of its predecessors.
The processing power has also made the GH4 nice and fast. It can burst-shoot with continuous AF at 7.4 frames per second, and this can be pushed up to 12 in AF-S mode.
This complements the lightning-fast AF rather nicely, and makes the GH4 an especially good camera for freezing fast-moving subjects. The GH4 also has a truly professional grade shutter, rated to 200,000 actuations.
Using Panasonic's Depth from Defocus (DFD) technology, the GH4 is capable of achieving focus faster than ever before.
If you're in the right conditions, the GH4 can achieve focus in around 0.07 seconds. This is a shade faster than the Fujifilm X-T1, though it's not the kind of shade that the human brain is capable of noticing (we're talking hundredths of a second).
DFD technology works by using two out-of-focus areas – one in the foreground and one in the back – to get the correct focus as fast as possible. Be aware that it's only available with compatible Lumix lenses, though.
On the subject of autofocus, the GH4 also boasts forty-nine contrast-detect AF points, which can be selected in customisable groups, and also has the new and welcome addition of focus peaking, which the GH3 notably lacked.
Panasonic Lumix GH4 Review – Design
In terms of build, the GH4 is essentially a chunkier and heavier version of the GH3. It feels more solid in the hand, and a lot of this is to do with the metallic chassis.
It's a pleasing effect on the whole – at 560g the camera's weight isn't exactly wrist breaking, and the result is a machine that has reassuring solidity to it.
This is augmented by the fact that Panasonic has carefully sealed every button and potential place of ingress on the GH4, making a camera that is durably splash proof.
This provides some much-welcomed peace of mind when taking the camera out shooting – you needn't have any fear of whipping out the GH4 in a wet environment, or of shooting without one eye on the gathering clouds overhead.
Also worth mentioning is the speckled finish on the frame. It may be only cosmetic, but it really adds to how the camera feels.
You could say in fact that camera's feel is probably one of the most important aspects of the GH4's design – not for nothing does it so closely resemble a DSLR in looks and style.
The rubberised grip contributes to this. It's a perfect size for most medium or large sized hands, sitting neatly in the palm and allowing easy, quick access to the vast majority of the vital controls.
Customisable controls
The GH4 is equipped with five customisable function buttons. One could argue that this is maybe a couple too many, likely to be intimidating to the novice user, a view borne out by the fact that some of them aren't particularly well placed. Fn1, on the camera's top plate feels too far inset, and Fn4 is just uncomfortable.
One suspects that no-one really would have minded if Panasonic had taken a more prescriptive approach with the GH4's controls – not everyone minds being guided in how to operate a camera, and too much choice can be paralysing.
Did we really need so many customisable buttons when every function that's going to see regular use (ISO, white balance, exposure compensation, etc.) has its own dedicated button, switch or dial? Maybe not.
Panasonic Lumix GH4 Review – Performance
If you're going to talk about the Panasonic GH4, you've of course got to talk about 4K video. The GH series is a real favourite among those who like to dabble in both stills and video, and the GH4's capacity to shoot ultra high definition 4K video should only increase this profile.
It borrows plenty of technology from Panasonic's professional video cameras – focus peaking, zebra patterning, bit rate and resolution options, to name just a few.
The GH4 can record 4K video (4096×2160 pixels) at 24p with a bitrate of 100Mbps, and 1080p full HD video with a maximum bit rate of 200Mbps. When you compare this to the GH3's 73Mbps and the Canon EOS 5D Mark III's 91Mbps, it illustrates how much of a leap forward this is.
Honestly though, if you're like most of the country you likely don't have any means of displaying 4K video, at least not yet.
This doesn't make the function useless to you though – 4K footage's quadrupled pixel count compared to HD means that it's still punchier and higher in dynamic range even when down-converted. It's also possible to crop into 4K footage as much as 200% to recompose a shot.
Still, as we said, there's more to the GH4 than 4K video. Quite a bit more, not the least of which is its seriously impressive autofocus.
The DFD autofocus is, as mentioned, lightning fast, able to latch onto its target in 0.07secs. The 49 AF areas provide good, comprehensive coverage, and the face and eye detection is pleasingly effective.
What is especially interesting is how customisable the AF is. The size of individual AF areas can be adjusted via the wheel or the touchscreen, and AF area groups can be freely set around the frame, with the option to store up to four custom grids.
The autofocus only starts to lag a little with Tracking AF, in which the GH4 has a tendency to drop focus. It's quick enough to pick up again, but it still happens more often than it should.
Brand new to the GH4 is the 2.36million-dot OLED live viewfinder. Boasting 1.34x magnification and a 100% field of view, the EVF is beautiful to look through, one of the closest equivalents to an optical viewfinder we've seen, with a snappy refresh rate that results in minuscule, near-imperceptible levels of lag.
There's plenty of welcome additional information around the edges of the viewfinder, and it makes the job of focusing easier with manual focus assist.
The EVF joins a 3in 1.04-million-dot vari-angle touchscreen on the camera's rear. The screen can be rotated 180º and 270º, allowing for a great deal of flexibility, and having it be able to fold inwards (so the plastic back faces outwards) is a nice touch. Like the viewfinder, the screen is bright and responsive.
Panasonic Lumix GH4 Review – Image Quality
Panasonic Lumix DMC-GH4 review sample image gallery
Colour and white balance
Unlike the controls, white balance on the GH4 is kept simple. There are just five white balance presets available on the camera, in addition to four custom settings. It's worth using these to adjust the camera to the conditions in which you're shooting; the GH4 tends to give shots a little bit of a blue cast when left to its own devices on auto.
The colours the GH4 produces are generally decent, though lack a little punch in the standard settings. If you favour a natural and faithful approach to colour reproduction it should suit you fine, but if you like a little more oomph then it's worth adding some saturation – a simple process. There are also some creative filters such as sepia and dynamic monochrome, some of which can also be accessed in move record mode.
The 1,728-zone multi-pattern metering system has been carried over from the Lumix DMC-GX7, and it puts in an exemplary performance on the GH4 as well. Its exposures are consistently well balanced, with only a slight tendency to underexpose in overcast conditions.
The GH4 also delivers impressive dynamic range despite its relatively small sensor compared to current DSLRs. Worth noting is the iDynamic option in the settings menu, which automatically make adjustments to the exposure settings in order to maximise the detail in shadows and highlights.
The resolving power of the GH4 comes not only from the 16.05MP sensor, which is very similar to the one we saw on the GX7, but also from the new algorithms and general reworking that the camera has gone under. The results are impressive. At ISO 100, available in an extended setting, the GH4 can capture 28 lines per mm on our test chart.
The GH4 acquits itself well even when shooting at higher ISOs. Jpegs are richly detailed straight out of the camera, with very little noise to speak of all the way up to ISO 3200. Beyond that some colour noise does start to creep in, and at ISO 6400 smoothing starts to smudge the details in darker areas.
Panasonic Lumix GH4 Review – Verdict
The Lumix GH4 probably could have turned up just with 4K video and still gotten people talking, so it's to Panasonic's credit that a clear and conscious effort has been made to create a camera with more to it than that.
This camera is a solid attempt at a jack of all trades, with not only pro-level video but also stunning, rich images delivered with snappy autofocus. There's enough to tempt photographers, videographers, and especially those who may have a foot in both those camps.
This isn't to say that it does everything right. A higher resolution sensor than 16.05MP would have been welcome, and the control scheme could definitely have done with being streamlined and simplified. It feels like a victim of Panasonic's obvious desire to do make the GH4 a camera for all purposes.
It's mostly good news though. The GH4 is an audacious and versatile camera, and the shrewd addition of 4K video – a technology still arguably yet to have its day in the sun – could make it a sharp investment for the future.
Panasonic Lumix GH4 Review – Sample Image Gallery
These are just a small selection of images captured with the Panasonic Lumix DMC-GH4. For a wider range of images head on over to the Panasonic Lumix DMC-GH4 sample image gallery.
Panasonic Lumix GH4 Review – First Look
The new Panasonic Lumix DMC-GH4 is the successor to the GH3, and comes sporting a brand new sensor. While its 16.05MP resolution is identical to that of its excellent predecessor, Panasonic informs us that the new sensor has new semi-conductor protection technology in other areas designed to reduce image noise and improve dynamic range. Also helping improve performance is a new quad-core image processing system in Panasonic's Venus Engine, which provides an increase in max ISO to 25,600 and burst shooting of up to 12fps, or 7.5fps with continuous focusing.
Of course, the big news everyone will be talking about with the GH4 is video, specifically its ability to shoot 4K video at a resolution of 4096×2160 pixels and a maximum frame rate of 96fps. The level of quality the GH4 can achieve is phenomenal – the video it captures can have a bit rate of up to 200Mbps, far exceeding the 73Mbps bit rate captured by the GH3. It's good enough that it could be used by 4K television broadcasters.
The GH4 can be augmented with an optional Interface Unit, which is designed for professional videographers. The unit provides two XLR microphone sockets, four SDI terminals, a Micro HDMI output, a colour bar signal and an audio reference signal.
It also adds an external time control that allows for multiple cameras to synchronise time codes for simultaneous recording. In order to keep up with the demands of 4K recording, the GH4 uses the new UHS I class III SD card format, and indeed is the first camera to do so.
Autofocus on the GH4 has received one of the more intriguing upgrades. A new system on the GH4 named DFD (Depth From Defocusing) uses a database of all existing Panasonic lenses to estimate how out of focus a lens is and compensate accordingly, fine tuning the focus with contrast detection.
Panasonic claims this will all be able to happen within 0.07 seconds – edging out Fuji's 0.08sec AF acquirement on its X-series cameras. The GH4 also now has 49 AF points, compared to the GH3's 23.
Pricing and availability information for the Panasonic Lumix DMC-GH4 are yet to be announced.
First Impressions
The GH4 may not be a radical departure from the GH3 in many ways, but it's got a lot to like. The increased shooting rate is very welcome, as is the much-improved AF. I especially liked the build of the camera – the magnesium alloy body very similar to the GH3, but Panasonic has got the grip just right. It fits beautifully in the hand and feels just about perfect. The weather and dust resistance is a nice touch as well.
For videographers, the GH4 is currently peerless. The speed of 4K capture is hugely impressive, but the four thirds sensor means the camera remains relatively light and suitable for travel, as do its lenses. It's a fantastic all-in-one package for photography and video recording.
I can definitely see it being useful for photojournalists and reportage photographers who might want to switch between still images and video at a moment's notice, and be comfortable with how well they can capture both.
We were using a pre-production version of the GH4 for a hands-on, and didn't get a chance to properly assess how far the image quality has been improved by the new sensor technology, which is really going to be the deciding factor as to whether it's worth upgrading from the GH3.
The images we saw did look impressive, however we'll have to wait until we get hold of a final version of the camera before we can say for sure.
Some may be surprised that there's been no increase in resolution from the GH3, and 16MP does perhaps feel a little on the low side. In my opinion, however, the sensor improvements should more than compensate.


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October 30, 2013 —
BETHEL, NY — Port Jervis High School graduate, and recent Hall of Fame inductee, Evan Mack performed "My Other Journey Home," a collection of his musical compositions at Bethel Woods on October 20. The collection, which included parts of his acclaimed compositions, marked Mack's first local performance in five years.
The World Stage Series concert featured guest artists mezzo-soprano Kara Cornell, violinist Joshua Rodriguez, and the Port Jervis High School Choir under the direction of Port Jervis' Music Department Co-chair Ruth Ann Gordon. The choir performed Mack's choral suite Langston Hughes's Dream of Freedom, a selection of Hughes' poems set to music.
Mack, who graduated from Port Jervis High School in 1999, holds a Doctorate of Music in Piano Performance from the University of Cincinnati's Conservatory of Music. The Forestburgh native is an assistant professor of music at Skidmore College. He has received national acclaim for his operas "Angel of the Amazon," which premiered in May 2011 by Encompass New Opera Theatre at the Baryshnikov Arts Center in New York City and has been released worldwide by Albany Records, and "Beach and Moan," which is the 2013 winner of Atlanta Opera's 24-hour Opera Project. His new opera, "The Secret of Luca," premiered in Cincinnati in 2012 and is being workshopped across the country.
Earlier this month, Port Jervis recognized his accomplishments by selecting him for the Alumni Hall of Fame. At the age of 32, Mack is the youngest graduate to ever be inducted.


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20 CFR Part 718, Appendix A to Part 718 - Standards for Administration and Interpretation of Chest Roentgenograms (X-Rays)
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Appendix A to Part 718—Standards for Administration and Interpretation of Chest Roentgenograms (X-Rays)
The following standards are established in accordance with sections 402(f)(1)(D) and 413(b) of the Act. They were developed in consultation with the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. These standards are promulgated for the guidance of physicians and medical technicians to insure that uniform procedures are used in administering and interpreting X-rays and that the best available medical evidence will be submitted in connection with a claim for black lung benefits. If it is established that one or more standards have not been met, the claims adjudicator may consider such fact in determining the evidentiary weight to be assigned to the physician's report of an X-ray.
(1) Every chest roentgenogram shall be a single postero-anterior projection at full inspiration on a 14 by 17 inch film. Additional chest films or views shall be obtained if they are necessary for clarification and classification. The film and cassette shall be capable of being positioned both vertically and horizontally so that the chest roentgenogram will include both apices and costophrenic angles. If a miner is too large to permit the above requirements, then a projection with minimum loss of costophrenic angle shall be made.
(2) Miners shall be disrobed from the waist up at the time the roentgenogram is given. The facility shall provide a dressing area and, for those miners who wish to use one, the facility shall provide a clean gown. Facilities shall be heated to a comfortable temperature.
(3) Roentgenograms shall be made only with a diagnostic X-ray machine having a rotating anode tube with a maximum of a 2 mm source (focal spot).
(4) Except as provided in paragraph (5), roentgenograms shall be made with units having generators which comply with the following: (a) the generators of existing roentgenographic units acquired by the examining facility prior to July 27, 1973, shall have a minimum rating of 200 mA at 100 kVp; (b) generators of units acquired subsequent to that date shall have a minimum rating of 300 mA at 125 kVp.
A generator with a rating of 150 kVp is recommended.
(5) Roentgenograms made with battery-powered mobile or portable equipment shall be made with units having a minimum rating of 100 mA at 110 kVp at 500 Hz, or 200 mA at 110 kVp at 60 Hz.
(6) Capacitor discharge, and field emission units may be used.
(7) Roentgenograms shall be given only with equipment having a beam-limiting device which does not cause large unexposed boundaries. The use of such a device shall be discernible from an examination of the roentgenogram.
(8) To insure high quality chest roentgenograms:
(i) The maximum exposure time shall not exceed 1/20 of a second except that with single phase units with a rating less than 300 mA at 125 kVp and subjects with chest over 28 cm postero-anterior, the exposure may be increased to not more than 1/10 of a second;
(ii) The source or focal spot to film distance shall be at least 6 feet;
(iii) Only medium-speed film and medium-speed intensifying screens shall be used;
(iv) Film-screen contact shall be maintained and verified at 6-month or shorter intervals;
(v) Intensifying screens shall be inspected at least once a month and cleaned when necessary by the method recommended by the manufacturer;
(vi) All intensifying screens in a cassette shall be of the same type and made by the same manufacturer;
(vii) When using over 90 kV, a suitable grid or other means of reducing scattered radiation shall be used;
(viii) The geometry of the radiographic system shall insure that the central axis (ray) of the primary beam is perpendicular to the plane of the film surface and impinges on the center of the film.
(9) Radiographic processing:
(i) Either automatic or manual film processing is acceptable. A constant time-temperature technique shall be meticulously employed for manual processing.
(ii) If mineral or other impurities in the processing water introduce difficulty in obtaining a high-quality roentgenogram, a suitable filter or purification system shall be used.
(10) Before the miner is advised that the examination is concluded, the roentgenogram shall be processed and inspected and accepted for quality by the physician, or if the physician is not available, acceptance may be made by the radiologic technologist. In a case of a substandard roentgenogram, another shall be made immediately.
(11) An electric power supply shall be used which complies with the voltage, current, and regulation specified by the manufacturer of the machine.
(12) A densitometric test object may be required on each roentgenogram for an objective evaluation of film quality at the discretion of the Department of Labor.
(13) Each roentgenogram made under this Appendix shall be permanently and legibly marked with the name and address of the facility at which it is made, the miner's DOL claim number, the date of the roentgenogram, and left and right side of film. No other identifying markings shall be recorded on the roentgenogram.
Title 20 published on 2015-04-01.
No entries appear in the Federal Register after this date, for 20 CFR Part 718.


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Difference between revisions of "Gabon"
(No difference)
Revision as of 10:51, 13 October 2010
This program is currently suspended.
The Government of Gabon has stated its intention to address a broad range of development needs: increase farmer productivity and environmental awareness as well as tackle health problems associated with HIV/AIDS transmission, diarrheal diseases, and malnutrition. Peace Corps Volunteers are helping Gabon address these issues through a variety of projects. In the health sector, Volunteers help educate communities about their resources and needs by focusing on maternal and child nutrition and reproductive health.
Natural Resource Conservation and Agricultural Production
In 2001, the Environmental Education (EE) project was brought back under the umbrella of the Forest and Agricultural Resources Management project (FARM). The result, a new Natural Resource Conservation and Agricultural Production project that focuses on two areas: training farmers to use conservation techniques that increase yields by managing forest resources; and, working with youth and adults, through awareness activities, to enhance their capacity to sustain the environment.
The Community Health project focuses on maternal and child health and nutrition, reproductive health, and AIDS prevention. As health educators, Volunteers work with Gabonese health officials to conduct home visits, assess community health needs, and facilitate local action for health improvement. They also organize vaccination campaigns, HIV/AIDS awareness programs, village health worker seminars and workshops that promote gardening and nutrition.
Volunteers and their counterparts visit patients in their homes to provide counseling on various health issues as well as to encourage members of the community to use health facilities for treatment and care. During 2000, over 7,000 community members have attended educational programs on the prevention of HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases.
Peace Corps News
Current events relating to Peace Corps are also available by country of service or your home state
The following is automatic RSS feed of Peace Corps news for this country.
<rss title=on desc=off>http://news.google.com/news?hl=en&ned=us&scoring=n&q=%22peace+corps%22+%22gabon%22&output=rss%7Ccharset=UTF-8%7Cshort%7Cdate=M d</rss>


text:
Staples, BlackBerry, Vodafone: Tech Premarket
NEW YORK (TheStreet) -- Office equipment giant Staples(SPLS) was the most active premarket Nasdaq stock on Tuesday following media reports that rivals Office Depot(ODP) and OfficeMax(OMX) are in advanced merger talks.
Staples rose 13.44% to $14.69 on share volume of 549,382 before market open.
BlackBerry(BBRY) was another winner, rising 2.37% to $14.49 on share volume of 429,108.
Vodafone(VOD) , however, was a loser, tumbling 2.93% to $25.19 on share volume of 323,147.
Zynga(ZNGA) rose 2.19% to $3.27. Apple(AAPL) shares rose 0.47% to $462.3.
Shares of Dell(DELL) , which reports its fourth-quarter results after market close, crept up 0.07% to $13.82 in premarket trading.
TheStreet will be live-blogging Dell's results, starting at 3:45 p.m. EST.
--Written by James Rogers in New York.
>To submit a news tip, send an email to: firstname.lastname@example.com.


text:
view full screen
Reversible Imperial Purple/Black Drop Earring
Style: 570096648
Out of Stock
Take the sparkling charm off this earring's hoop and turn it around. It's luscious Imperial purple on one side; jet black on the other.
- Reversible drops.
- Wear hoops by themselves.
- Stainless steel click-it closure. About 1.25" drop.
- Faceted acrylic and glass stones. Rhodium-finish metal.
- Custom designed exclusively for WHBM. Handcrafted with nickel-free and lead-free metal.
Read more… Read less…


text:
Wordsmith Talk
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#141082 - 03/19/05 01:11 PM men, women and animals
Carpal Tunnel
Registered: 10/17/00
Posts: 5400
Loc: rego park
last week Maureen Doud pointed out that out spoken women got labeled as harridan's.. an explained the root of harridan
this got me thinking about the word and other similar words for women (don't worry, i am also thinking about words for men.. weasal, goat, etc) and was surprized at the animal relationships.. here are few i found.. we could add to the list..
(i think, even in times past, women --who survived childbirth-- were likely to also survive husbands.. and old women were more common than old men.. but thats because i can't think of any disparaging terms for old men.. )
Main Entry: har·ri·dan
Function: noun
Etymology: perhaps modification of French haridelle old horse, gaunt woman
Main Entry: 1nag
Pronunciation: 'nag
Function: noun
Etymology: Middle English nagge; akin to Dutch negge small horse
: HORSE; especially : one that is old or in poor condition
Main Entry: 1shrew
Pronunciation: 'shrü, esp Southern 'srü
Function: noun
Etymology: Middle English shrewe evil or scolding person, from Old English scrEawa shrew (animal)
1 : any of a family (Soricidae) of small chiefly nocturnal insectivores related to the moles and distinguished by a long pointed snout, very small eyes, and velvety fur
2 : an ill-tempered scolding woman
- shrew·like /-"lIk/ adjective
Main Entry: crone
Pronunciation: 'krOn
Function: noun
Etymology: Middle English, from Old North French carogne, literally, carrion, from (assumed) Vulgar Latin caronia -- more at CARRION
: a withered old woman
not a delightful collection,huh?
i wonder if there are any words out there used to describe old women that are flattering (or even neutral!)
#141083 - 03/19/05 07:30 PM Re: Sweet little old ladies
Carpal Tunnel
Registered: 12/01/00
Posts: 13803
#141084 - 03/20/05 07:26 AM Re: men, women and animals
Carpal Tunnel
Registered: 03/15/00
Posts: 6511
Loc: lower upstate New York
If "crone" comes from "carrion," and has such a pejorative sense, why do Wiccans use it as a term of respect for women past child-bearing age? [/wondering]
#141085 - 03/20/05 07:40 AM Re: men, women and animals
Carpal Tunnel
Registered: 10/17/00
Posts: 5400
Loc: rego park
if menses is a 'life force' (and it sure is one strong indication that a woman can get pregnant) than a menopausal woman is one in whom that life force is gone or dead--
as for why it might be used, its not uncommon for people to take pejorative words, and use them in a way that creates new meanings.
'you be bad' in some forms of english is quite a compliment.
bad =not just good, but excellent.
its done politically too, neo conservatinves, in the US, have 'recast' liberal, and attempted to make it into a pejorative term. i can think of many other examples too, most in sensitive subjects.
pro-choice (implying anti=choice)
pro-life ( implying anti life)
family values (hah!)
ownership society (not anti social securtity)
and so on.
and it's hardly new speak its been around so long.
#141086 - 03/20/05 01:05 PM Re: men, women and animals
Registered: 01/05/01
Posts: 1773
Just as "crone" has been embraced as a positive in a certain context, other perjorative terms have been turned to positive use. "Bitch" can be so used, as can "nigger." Importantly, the rules of usage require that the person using the term be of the class to which it is normally perjoratively applied. I have used "bitch" affectionately with close female friends, but I would never use "nigger" in any context other than an academic discussion such as this.
Hmmmm. "Bitch" is also an animal term. I have also heard "sow" and "cow" negatively applied to a woman. And, "hen," although that usually carries a connotation of fussy benevolence. And let's not forget "vixen."
#141087 - 03/22/05 10:07 AM Re: men, women and animals
Registered: 01/05/01
Posts: 1773
Dr Bill has reminded me of another animal term applied to women: heifer.
#141088 - 03/22/05 12:33 PM Re: men, women and animals
Carpal Tunnel
Registered: 09/15/00
Posts: 4757
as in "don't heifer forget me!"
#141089 - 03/23/05 07:34 AM Re: men, women and animals
Carpal Tunnel
Registered: 10/17/00
Posts: 5400
Loc: rego park
mav, you know i will love you to the cows come home..
..and then i will go back to loving the cows.)
speaking of cows, last week jay leno was making jokes about a wisconson man who was arrested for animal abuse --on more than 60 occations (on his way home from visiting strip clubs) he stop, trespassed, and had sex with cows on a nearby farm.
i am wonder, what happened to finaly have him arrested--i mean 60 times?
hell, i have been in LTRs that didn't involve 60 occations for sex!
(once a week, sometimes twice. (remember a dating relationship, not a living together one) that's almost a year!--plus the time needed to get to know someone before the relationship becomes intimate--lots of LTR don't last that long!
(and how do you get to know a cow well enough to desire it, when you don't own the farm? do you develop a crush driving by, seeing it in the field, contentedly chewing its cud?--are you send over the bend by its spots, or lack of them? do redish gurnseys send you? or do the dark looks of an angus make your heart string twitter? --or do wisconsoner just eat so much cheese that they start having waking nightmares?... (re myths about cheesy dreams)
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I realize the general concern that the hormones in an oral contraceptive (birth control pill) can reduce milk supply, and that many breastfeeding moms thus choose other methods of birth control. However, I have had severe menstrual cramps and also severe pain at the time of ovulation in the past - this seemed to be not bad right after delivery but seems to have worsened with time (my periods started again when my daughter was about 4 months old, probably because she slept 6 hour stretches at night then even though we were exclusively BF'ing).
She is now 2.5 years old, and I need to do something about the pain rather than just take ibuprofen or other anti-inflammatories (I end up needing to take medication for stomach side effects as well thanks to the anti-inflammatories). Oral contraceptives have been great for this in the past (less menstrual cramps, not ovulating thus no ovulation pain). RE: nursing, at the moment I'm getting to the point where I would be happy to be done, but I don't think my daughter is near that point yet. So, if there was a small reduction in my milk supply (which I'm not convinced is a great supply at this time anyway, particularly at the time of my periods I think it's quite low) that led to a gradual weaning I would be ok with that - but I'm just concerned that starting on a oral contraceptive would cause more of a drastic and dramatic reduction in milk supply such that my daughter would be stressed and wonder what was happening.
so, my question is, has anyone had any experience with going on an oral contraceptive with a 2 year old or older nursling, and what was the effect on your milk supply (ie. drastic reduction, didn't notice any change at all, or somewhere in between)? Was there significant changes in your child's nursing pattern as a result?
Thanks for any and all replies :-)
Chloe's mom
(have been reading/lurking for a while but first post)


text:
Watch: Syracuse Shuts Out Red & Black
The Syracuse Shock beat Watertown's Red & Black Saturday night, in a game played at the Alex Duffy Fairgrounds in Watertown.
The Shock won 26-0, despite the Red & Black coming up with three first half interceptions.
We have video from the game; click on the picture to watch.
Most Popular
Thursday, December 8, 2016, Watertown, NY


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"Your radio show changed my life. As a result of listening, I converted to Catholicism at 53 years old. I was a very active Protestant my whole life before becoming a Catholic. Keep up the terrific work!"
~ Connie
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"For the Scripture says 'Holy, holy, holy Lord of hosts; full is every creature of his glory'. And we, led by conscience, gathered together in one place in concord, cry to Him continuously as from one mouth, that we may become sharers in His great and glorious promises."
~ The Sanctus, here described by Pope Clement I (from his I Cor., 34:6-7) circa A.D. 95, is one of the most ancient parts of the sacred liturgy, tracing back to the time of the apostles.


text:
Convert your existing SLA-battery-technology SV42 cart to Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFe) power. This conversion service is done on site, using a Certified Ergotron Service Technician.
Price is per cart, 10 cart minimum.
Includes a new 150W Power Module, 40 Ah Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFe) Battery, User Interface, Battery Cable Harness, New Base Cover and recycling of SLA components
Very Lightweight: Replacing SLA-based power with a new LiFe system enables a weight reduction of more than 30 lbs / 13.6 kg. This significantly improves maneuverability of the cart
Fast Recharge: LiFe can recharge from a full discharge in 2.0–2.5 hours vs. 6–8 hours for comparable SLA battery
Long Runtimes: A LiFe battery can be discharged to zero without battery degradation. This provides a runtime that is slightly longer than Ergotron's 66 Ah SLA system, which should not be fully discharged
Longer Battery Cycle Life: The LiFe battery is expected to last more than 3000 cycles, which offers a lifetime of 3 years or more, vs. a few hundred cycles for an SLA battery


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© Copyright 2016 Epoch | Privacy Policy | Copyright Infringement Policy
Does your billing statement refer to Epoch.com? If so, please use the form below to view your purchase details. Please feel free to contact us, should you need any help. We offer live chat, email and phone billing support (24 hours a day).


text: Every January, Spree publishes Castle Connolly's Top Doctors list—and every year we remind our readers that we play no role in the selection of the doctors. Please see Castle Connolly's statement below for their explanation of how the doctors are chosen. We are happy to present this list as a service to our readership, with the understanding that many factors influence these choices.


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They are lovely – I hope they stay happy together for many years to come.
"Marriage is a great institution, but I'm not ready for an institution." ~Mae West
That's my excuse when things get serious. I better grow up fast he he.
Jalissa and Janell are a lovely couple…May they stay together forever.
I wish them all the best. : )


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First of three-day mod features, and exciting Curse Skyrim $15k giveaway update!
Today marks the beginning of a series of mod feature highlights, as well as an important announcement regarding our Curse Skyrim $15,000 giveaway!
Over the course of the next three days, we'll be featuring fantastic mods that not only improve gameplay, but help to immerse you even further in the world of Skyrim. To top it off, we've even got interviews with the authors themselves!
Arrowsmith - Simple Fletching
Starting off this week's mod feature is Arrowsmith – Simple Fletching. Mod author Samutz used some serious trial and error to come up with an excellent mod that allows you to create your own arrows at a blacksmithing forge – crafting them in bundles of 50 with the right items – letting your character live off the land.
With this mod enabled it feels almost as though fletching shipped with the game, as Samutz took care to make realistic recipes; with some only able to be crafted with proper blacksmithing skill perks or at Whiterun's infamous Skyforge.
Read on for some insight on how the mod was created, as well as a tutorial for how to create your own crafting recipes!
How did you create something like this without the toolkit being released?
Samutz: I used the FallOut Mod Manager's TESsnip tool. With a little bit of tweaking, it can be used with Skyrim's master and plugin files, although with some limitations. After I figured out how to make my own plugin files, a lot of trial and error was needed to figure out what the different things did and how to make them do what I wanted.

What considerations did you take to keep it balanced to fit the game world?
Samutz: The first version actually wasn't balanced and mostly a proof of concept release. This was because I was still only a few hours in to the game and hadn't seen the higher level items yet.

The second release rebalanced the smithing recipes based on feedback I received from the modding community and based on my experience playing a stealth archer character.

Since the second release, weaker arrows require cheaper or easy to find materials, while more powerful arrows require more expensive or rare materials, all while making enough arrows to last you a while so that you're not running back to town to make new arrows often.

Can you tell us about any mods you have planned for the future?
Samutz: I don't have any more mods planned. The original idea was for Arrowsmith to be a proof of concept for other modders to expand on. So I released a tutorial on how to make smithing recipes (which you can find here) which other modders have used to make their own mods.
Skyrim $15,000 Challenge Update
Curse has an exciting second announcement to make about the ongoing Skyrim $15,000 challenge!

The Items contest category has been the first category to hit the 35 submission limit! All this means is that we've given out our prize pool for the "Items" subsection of the contest. Any mods that are submitted that would fall under this category will no longer be eligible to earn the prize amounts listed on our Skyrim contest chart.

That doesn't mean that you're entirely out of luck, however! If the mod submitted would have been an eligible submission, it will be entered in our $3,000 grand prize giveaway so long as it's submitted before our deadline, January 31st.

Keep those mods coming! We're excited to have already given out that much cash to authors. Thanks to all of you for sharing your hard work and creativity with us!
- Date created
- Dec 06, 2011


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Man gets prison for ATV crashJanuary 17,2014
ST. JOHNSBURY — The driver of an all-terrain vehicle that crashed in Vermont in 2012, leaving himself and a passenger seriously injured, has been sentenced to at least 18 months in prison.
Dylan Cady, 23, of Barnet, reached a plea agreement with prosecutors in Caledonia County criminal court Monday to settle multiple charges.
Police said an intoxicated Cady was so concerned about getting caught with drugs he was carrying that he begged witnesses who came upon the crash not to call 911. His passenger was lying in the middle of the road, losing blood and suffering from a compound fracture to her leg.
Cady pleaded no contest to five charges. He was convicted of two counts of drunken driving and other charges.MORE IN This Just InAutopsy reveals
how inmate died
BURLINGTON An autopsy shows that a Vermont... Full StoryEco group bows
to pressure
RUTLAND The head of a Vermont environmental group... Full StoryBARRE A Williamstown man with a history of domestic violence is accused of attacking a woman. Full Story
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Former President Bill Clinton encouraged the crowd to "thank God" for Martin Luther King Jr. at a ceremony marking the 50th anniversary of the March on Washington in August 2013.
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I certainly support all of Bayside Mayor, Mr. Ken Dahl superior ability to move our town forward. In reference to the former mayor Billy Paul Fricks, city council members, Billy Eugene Fricks, Sharon Scott, and Gloria Derrough, who either resigned or were voted out. All because of their dishonesty and false pride that resulted in failure. Former Bayside mayor and city council wanted to paralyze, the Town of Bayside, and do not have "No room to complain!"
Billy Paul Fricks shows wasted money on the following: 1) $6,000 road tar machine that was never used; 2) $5,800 "bonus pay" for former Bayside secretary; Fricks should have paid all city employees "bonus pay"; this is a case of favoritism; 3) Fricks "lost, wasted money" on attorney Hal George to defend the Town of Bayside vs. Refugio County Appraisal District on Bayside's, property owners farmers/hay-production. Everyone knows "grandfathers clause," Hay production goes back to "Jesus Christ Birth!" 4) The water system problems goes back to the "Fricks Regime."
What did the Fricks regime do with the warranty of the water system? So simple to call on the manufacture to fix and repair the water system! 5) On business day, nobody could pay their water bill, Bayside City Hall was closed on May 14, 2010, without a prior notice or advertisement. All of the above shows Billy Paul Fricks resulted in failure, this is the main cause Dahl defeated Fricks, for mayor of Bayside!
Dahl, shows remarkable, improvement. Recently, there was a town hall meeting to show the city budget. Bayside tax-payers know where their money goes. I commend two Bayside ladies who were very impressive with their volunteer work in showing the city budget on a slide show. Another volunteer, was a prominent attorney for anyone to ask legal questions. No attorney fees for the Town of Bayside. An outstanding "mark of excellence!" Where Bayside is moving forward!


text:
Colusa Generating Station (CGS),
electrical power plant project
Docket Number:
06-AFC-09 (Application For Certification)
06-AFC-9C (Compliance Proceeding)
Project Status: Licensed; In Compliance Phase; Operational December 2010.
The California Energy Commission approved this project's Application for Certification on April 23, 2008. The Commission monitors the power plant's construction, operation and eventual decommissioning through a compliance proceeding.
Committee that oversaw Original Licensing Proceeding:
James D. Boyd, Vice Chair, Presiding Member
Hearing Officer: Raoul Renaud
Key Dates
- November 6, 2006 - Application for Certification (AFC) filed with California Energy Commission
- December 13, 2006 - Commission accepts Application for Certification (AFC) as complete.
- 8/01/2007 - Preliminary Staff Assessment is released.
- 11/30/2007 - Final Staff Assessment is released.
- 3/14/2008 - Presiding Member's Proposed Decision is released.
- 4/23/2008 - Energy Commission approves project and issues license.
- 12/22/2010 - Power plant on line and producing power.
On November 6, 2006, E&L Westcoast, LLC (E&LW), submitted an Application for Certification (AFC), to license and construct the Colusa Generating Station (CGS), electrical power plant project. The proposed project is in response to PG&E's Request for Offer (RFO) and a contract signed by E&LW and PG&E in 2006. This project will be reviewed under the 12-month Energy Commission siting regulations.
The proposed CGS would be a combined cycle power plant using Dry Cooling technology. The project will have a nominal electrical output of 660 MW with commercial operation planned by late spring 2010. The project will be fueled by natural gas delivered to the site via a new 8 inch, 1,500-foot pipeline owned and operated by PG&E. Transmission interconnection will require four (4) double circuit 230 kV lines that will connect to PG&E's existing 230 kV north-south transmission lines located approximately 1,800 feet east of the project site. Water for the project will be provided by the Glenn-Colusa Irrigation District via the Tehama-Colusa Canal, which is located to the west of the project site. The proposed water usage is estimated to be 126.1-acre feet annually and will use a Zero Liquid Discharge wastewater system. Air emissions from the proposed facility would be controlled using Best Available Control Technology with air pollution credits obtained from the Colusa County Air Pollution Control District.
The proposed project site would be located on 31-acres within a 100-acre site leased by E&LW. The site is within the Holthouse Ranch property 14 miles north of Williams and 4 miles west of I-5 in Colusa County, California, The legal description of this site is: Section 35, Township 18 North, Range 4 West, Mount Diablo Base and Meridian (Assessor's Parcel Number (APN) 11-040-024, Colusa County) The proposed CGS will be adjacent to PG&E's existing gas compressor station located west of Glenn-Colusa Bridge and Dirks Road.
Energy Commission Facility Certification Process
The California Energy Commission is the lead agency (for licensing thermal power plants 50 megawatts and larger) under the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) and has a certified regulatory program under CEQA. Under its certified program, the Energy Commission is exempt from having to prepare an environmental impact report. Its certified program, however, does require environmental analysis of the project, including an analysis of alternatives and mitigation measures to minimize any significant adverse effect the project may have on the environment.
For Questions About This Siting Case Contact:
For Questions About Participation In Siting Cases Contact:
Public Adviser
California Energy Commission
1516 Ninth Street, MS-12 Sacramento, CA 95814
Phone: 916-654-4489
Toll-Free in California: 1-800-822-6228
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
News Media Please Contact:
Media & Public Communications Office
Phone: 916-654-4989
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Compliance Proceeding
- Submit e-Comment
- Submit e-Filing
- Documents for this Proceeding
(Docket Log)
- Exhibit List
- Proof of Service List
- Proof of Service Declaration Form MS Word or PDF
- Search Documents in this Proceeding
- Search All Power Plant Documents
- Legacy Compliance Documents Page
(No Longer Updated)
Original Proceeding
- Submit e-Comment
- Submit e-Filing
- Documents for this Proceeding
(Docket Log)
- Exhibit List
- Proof of Service List
- Proof of Service Declaration Form MS Word or PDF
- Search Documents in this Proceeding
- Search All Power Plant Documents
- Legacy Notices Page
(No Longer Updated)
- Legacy Documents Page
(No Longer Updated)


text:
Any time you have any questions the best thing for you to do is to address them to a knowing person. Or to a person who is just a good company. But the combination of both is of course the best. You are already familiar with David Gaisor, I assume. And you may definitely have a lot of questions to Aureal company, am I right? Well, since David is an A3D advocate and dedicated promoter, i.e. the voice of Aureal, we addressed our questions to him. And as a result we can offer you an interview, a sort of historical info. Why historical? Well, if you read the interview, you will be able to find the answer to this question there. But we give you our word: it's an absolutely exclusive source, the only interview of the kind in the whole Web. It is always very interesting to listen to somebody promoting some hardware stuff. In most cases these people are very experienced guys with a perfect sense of humor. Besides, we would like to note that some answers are rather predictable from the very beginning and some questions will remain unanswered forever. Of course, you should bear in mind that a person working in a corporation like that has certain obligations concerning information disclosure that is why we tried to ask really urgent and interesting questions, which could be answered without breaking any ethic restrictions. Well, enough for that. The intro is over. Go and enjoy the interview. Hope you will find answers to most questions. Q: What should I do if I want to hear 3D sound in A3D 2.0 titles with an old ISA sound card?
Q: What should I do if I want to hear 3D sound in A3D 2.0 titles with an old ISA sound card?
A: Buy a new sound card. :)
No, actually, if a game uses A3D 2.0 as its audio engine and uses our resource manager, the older sound cards will benefit because the game will fall back to our A2D component. This component of the A3D 2.0 engine provides 3D support for legacy sound cards. It's important to note that the audio programmer doesn't have to do anything special to enable this; he (or she) just has to use the resource manager. At the time I write this, the only released titles that use A3D 2.0 and the resource manager are "Star Wars Episode I - Racer" and "Flatland". We'll certainly have more coming In the months ahead. If a game does use A3D 2.0 and the resource manager, make sure you enable 3D audio in the game, even if you don't have an A3D card. For example, owners of SB Live! cards, SB16 cards, Yamaha Waveforce cards, Ensoniq cards, etc., should enable 3D sounds in "Episode I - Racer" so that A3D 2.0 can do its thing on their sound cards, even though they are not A3D cards. We'll stillprovide them with 3D positional audio.
Q: 2030 pre-release drivers for Vortex 2 based graphics cards have recently come out. When I use these drivers in ZD Winbench, I get a considerably low CPU Utilization, especially while using 32 DS3D hardware streams. However the Half-Life benchmark didn' show anything like that (I mean that fps didn't increase). What's the matter?
A: AudioWinbench taxes only the sound card - it does not put any strain on the video or hard disk subsystems. It also only tests DirectSound 3D. This is done to get a (more or less) accurate reading of how much CPU time the sound card uses to handle audio. In a game, however, where you have literally thousands of polygons being sent to the video card, and constant disk activity, there's a lot more CPU usage going on. So, while the sound card may be using less CPU time, something else (like the video card) might jump in and take it. Also, very few games use just DS3D. Half-Life has A3D, plus occlusions and reflections and reverb sitting on top of the basic positional audio.
Q: I have installed 2030 pre-release drivers. However, when I set Quadro Speakers I have only 16 hardware 3D sound streams supported, while with two speakers set (monitors or desktop) or headphones I have 76 hardware 3D sound streams? (I used Minerva and AudioWinbench for my measurements)
A: With the current pre-release drivers, 76 voices are only possible in a two speaker mode. This is because of differences in how we handle 2 speaker and 4 speaker modes. Will 76 voices be available in quad mode with a future driver release? I don't know, but we are looking into it.
Q: Will Aureal make any extension boards for Vortex2 cards, like MX-25 for MX300 for instance?
A: We have no announced plans. Diamond will be creating their MX-25 (and possibly other) add-on cards. Turtle Beach will also be creating their own add-on cards, such as the ones for the Montego II Home Studio edition.
Q: Will be any software DVD player available for Vortex2 boards from Aureal like Zoran version for MX300? If yes, then when and who is going to make it?
A: We have no plans to write our own DVD software. In addition to Zoran's SoftDVD, there are other software DVD players available that support the Vortex chipsets.
Quadrant International's Software Cinemaster supports our S/PDIF. Intervideo's WinDVD supports our S/PDIF and 4 speakers. Mediamatics Software DVD supports our S/PDIF. Cyberlink's PowerDVD supports A3D (currently only 2 speakers) and will be adding support for our S/PDIF in the future. We are always willing to work with DVD player developers in order to get support in.
Q: Does Aureal have any plans concerning DVD Audio support?
A: To be honest, I've heard nothing about DVD Audio specifically, but with the large number of audio professionals at the company, DVD in general is always something we're looking at.
Q: Why Vortex2 boards don't have CD-S/PDIF in? What's the problem?
A: It just wasn't a feature that they wanted, I guess. Turtle Beach's Montego II Home Studio will feature S/PDIF input, but not through a 2 pin internal connector, as far as I know. If that is a feature you want, make sure you let Diamond, Turtle Beach, Xitel, etc. know that so that when they design boards (or add-ons), they will know its something users want.
Q: Aureal makes SuperQuad Vortex 2 PCI boards and Xitel, Terratec and VideoLogic sell them in their own boxes. Why don't they change anything in the design?
A: Because it's a very good, solid product. Each company has a different marketplace and a different market share in mind, and their software/hardware bundles reflect that. That's how they differentiate themselves.
Q: According to our tests, the digital EQ in Vortex2 produces the noises, which can cut up to 20dB! You claim that it has >96dB SNR but in practice it's not true. Why?
A: The signal to noise ratio that we claim is based on reference designs for our chipset. Each vendor can design their own board layout with their own codec and their own choice of parts. These choices can have an effect on overall SNR. The EQ can also have an effect on SNR, just like normal bass and treble controls can. I don't believe its anywhere near a 20 dB change, however. Of course, the EQ can also be disabled for the purest sound.
Q: Let's talk about HRTF. Recently Creative (with their CMSS) and Sensaura (with their MultiDrive Technology) announced HRTF support on 4 speakers and more with Cross-talk cancellation. We all know that Aureal use HRTF on front speakers, and simple panning on rear ones. Why did Aureal decide on this method? Which method is the best? Do you plan to add HRTF support for more than four speakers?
A: At the time the Vortex 2 was released, HRTF positioning on the front speakers and panning on the rear speakers was more than anyone else was doing. The only other real 4 speaker card (the SB Live!) did no HRTFs in 4 speaker mode, according to Chris Owens of Creative. Now, it seems like everyone is jumping on the HRTF bandwagon and applying HRTFs on all speakers. Is it necessary? I don't think so. Rear speaker placement is never as precise as front speaker placement so the "sweet spot" in which rear HRTFs will be effective will most likely not be present for most people. In a perfectly controlled environment, HRTFs on all four speakers may yield a better effect, but I have yet to hear it. Of course, what is more important is the quality of the HRTFs used. We still feel we have the best positioning of any technology currently available.
Q: What does simple panning exactly mean? Does it imply stereo panning?
A: It just means that we can position sounds on either the left or right speaker or on both of them simultaneously. We apply no HRTFs to the streams so there is no elevation. It's sort of equivalent to Dolby Digital - independent control over the rear speakers.
Q: Which method do you use with HRTF? Did you use standard HRTF or one of a standard HRTFs set? Do you plan to utilize an individual HRTF, or a model HRTF? How much HRTFs are in the library?
A: We've taken many HRTF measurements over the years, and we use an average of many of those. We have done listening tests with significant numbers of people to determine which HRTF was the best for general usage. Based on the praise we've gotten for our effect, I'd say we picked well.
Q: A few words about reverb. Aureal promises to add reverb support via EAX and I3DL2. When will we see the new drivers? How will it work? And what about CPU Utilization? What about knobs and preset reverb for games? David Rossum from Creative said that Aureal EAX drivers must be certified by Creative, and he thinks you are most likely to fail the tests. What can you say in this respect?
A: We are currently working on our reverb algorithm and I've heard it on development equipment and it sounds great. How it will translate over to the Vortex 2 is unknown at this time. Our goal is to balance the quality of the effect with the load on the host.
As for knobs and presets, we will be adding reverb to the A3D 2.0 audio engine which will provide developers with extensive control over reverb. This reverb will work not only on our products, but on other sound cards as well. Currently, EAX only works on cards that have EAX support in the drivers. What we will provide to developers is a way to support reverb on all cards, not just our own.
As for Dave Rossum's comment, I find it ironic that Creative must "certify" any EAX drivers, especially considering that they call EAX an open standard. Yet, Creative has no problems with claiming to emulate A3D 1.x - a proprietary standard, for all intents and purposes - without any certification from us. As I've felt since my first negative experience with Creative Labs five years ago, Creative makes up the rules as they go along, with little regard for competitors or customers. When our drivers are released that support DS3D property sets (EAX among them), we'll see what happens. Until then, I think Dave Rossum is just trying to create FUD (fear, uncertainty, and doubt) in an already cloudy marketplace.
Q: When will the new drivers with reverb support come out? Will they also support EAX 2.0?
A: Vortex 2 drivers that support reverb, EAX, and I3DL2 are supposed to be released sometime this summer. I don't have anything more specific than that.
Q: What about buying a Creative? :-)
A: Hahah, why?
Q: What can you say about IAS technology from EAR?
A: It's another audio engine that thus far has had very limited usage. With the hardware acceleration of DS3D now, and significant add-ons such as A3D 2.0, EAX, Voice Manager, etc., there are just so many alternatives. We've worked with EAR to add A3D support into certain titles, but the benefits from using IAS are quite unclear.
Q: What can you say about Q3D and other QSound technologies?
A: Qsound was very cool when they came out originally as a spatializing effect. Their actual positional 3D effect seems to leave a lot to be desired, though. I have to admit that I really haven't heard it like I've heard other competing technologies. At GDC, they were showing the game Forsaken which doesn't have 3D audio. At WinHec, they were showing Jedi Knight: Dark Forces II which does have A3D support, and was our signature title when A3D 1.x was released back in 1997. I was unimpressed with Q3D (on the VLSI Thunderbird chipset) in the game at that show. The only real review I have read of it was in a round-up that PC Magazine did where they called it unimpressive". As for their audio engine, why developers would pay for something from QSound that they can get for free from other companies (like us) just confuses me.
Q: What can you say about Sensaura and ZoomFX and other technologies? Did you work in such a way?
A: What I like about Sensaura is that they are really a technology company, unlike most of our competitors who are more into marketing and bundling. I've heard the Sensaura stuff and it sounds good - too bad they have allied themselves with chipmakers whose products haven't been commercially successful.
Q: And back to Aureal. Will the next chip from Aureal, shall we call it Vortex3, be a pure DSP like EMU10k1 or a hybrid like Vortex2?
A: We're still looking into what is best. We're very happy with how the Vortex 2 is performing right now and don't see a need to replace it in the market immediately.
Q: Vortex 2 boards support 320 voices polyphony, so do you have at least one MIDI file with 320 voices?
A: Yes, we have custom MIDI files to test the polyphony of our wavetable engine.
Q: Can we download that file? Can we make it public?
A: No, it's not a publicly available file. Not for any other reason then itssole purpose is to act as a test case for our SQA group. We have lots ofvarious test apps that we can use to test the functionality of our cards anddrivers that remain internal. If someone really wants a MIDI file with 320voices, it can be created using a sequencer like Voyetra's MIDI OrchestratorPlus.
Q: Did you have a Vortex 2 based board in your home PC?
A: Yes, I do. I actually have an MX300 and an SB Live! Value co-existing. The dual card setup lets me make informed decisions regarding A3D vs EAX, especially in key titles like Half-Life, Heretic II, and Unreal. The MX300 is the default sound card.
Q: What speaker setup do you use or what headphones?
A: I have a pair of Sony digital monitor headphones, though the exact modelnumber eludes me off hand. For speakers, I have the Altec Lansing ACS 45.1setup.
Q: We hear that when you worked for Turtle Beach you wrote drivers for Tropez (+). Have you finished them?
A: Actually, it was for the Tropez Classic sound card, and I got them to as far a point as I could. I haven't used my Tropez in ages, but the drivers were working perfectly for me back with Windows 95. I have no idea what has gone on with them since. The Tropez was the card that launched me into this whole industry actually. I look back on it and find it amusing … if only my AWE32 had actually worked, I may never be where I am today …
Q: Why did Aureal choose a SigmaTel AC'97 codec STAC9708?
A: It was one of, if not the, first quad codec available. I think most of our audio boards going back to Vortex 1 have used Sigmatel codecs as well. We comply with the AC97 standard, though, that you can drop a different AC97 codec (like those from Wolfson and TriTech) on the board and it will work as well.
Q: Codec from SigmaTel has internal Surround Sound support, however Vortex 2 drivers lack this feature. Why is it so? We downloaded the SigmaTel utility and it worked really nice. Did you try it?
A: The surround sound feature in the codecs will distort or negate the effectsof HRTFs, which is why that feature is disabled.
Q: What do you think about integrating Aureal audio chips into mainboards? Do you have any special programs for OEM?
A: I think its great. I would be the first person in line to buy an ATX Slot 1motherboard that featured Voodoo 3 or TNT2 and a Vortex 2 down on the board.Placing components on the motherboard is a great way to drive down the costof a product. It's nice to see Aureal's Vortex chips getting on moremotherboards because of its built in support for A3D for a lot of customers whomay not have ever heard of it before. Even if A3D (or 3D audio in general)is something they are not interested in, they still get a high quality audiochipset. The only downside to audio down on the motherboard is that theyusually only provide one output jack, which means 2 speaker support only.It's not a limitation as much as a design choice.
Q: What do you think about AMR? Do you plan to make AMR boards?
A: Our new 8810 chipset has soft modem capabilities, and includes plans forAMR. We were showing off the 8810 and AMR products at WinHEC this year.
Q: What can you say about DirectMusic?
A: DirectMusic is a nice addition to the rest of the Microsoft APIs, but Ithink it will still meet some resistance or support delays. DirectMusicuses DLS, which is currently not nearly as capable a sound bank format asothers (like Aureal's ARL format or Creative's SoundFont 2.0 format), andcurrently, DirectX has no hardware acceleration for DirectMusic. I thinkDirectMusic will become more prevalent, however, in the future - possibly assoon as with DirectX 7.
Q: Will Vortex2 chip support DLS 2.0? Do you work with Microsoft?
A: We are working on implementing support for DLS 2.0 in our wavetable engine.DLS 2.0 is built upon Creative's SoundFont 2.0 standard. Our own nativebank format is also similar to the SoundFont 2.0 standard, so hopefully, DLS2.0 support will be a simple add for us. We have been working closely withMicrosoft on our drivers, but mostly in regards to the upcoming WDM audiostandards.
Q: Thank you very much, David, for your kind help. However, we still have a dozen of other questions that seem of great interest and importance. Would you mind answering them?
A: Well, actually, today - 21 May, 1999 - is my last day over at Aureal, that will probably be the best answer to all your questions. :-)
Q: And what about your new job? Have you already found anything?
A: Oh, yes.
Q: I hope you are not going to Creative?
A: No, I am not going to work for Creative. I do have some standards. :) Plus they've never offered me a job.
Well, thank you once again, David. It turned out that we got a historical interview because the last answers came exactly on May 21. We wish you good luck with your new position.
As for our further questions to Aureal, we will not give up this idea and are going to address them to somebody else in this company. Hopefully not all of them have made up their mind to quit. :-) By the way, if you have any questions to Aureal, you are free to send them to us and we will address them to our interviewees.


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What a Weekend
It was a really great weekend. Sure, the Padres didn't do so great, but there was a lot of cool stuff that happened. Hang in there for this long entry, because there's some pretty cool stuff ahead…
To start, I realized that I needed to make a poster for Trevor. When Jake Peavy won his CY Young award in 2007, I made this really cool poster commemorating that. I also made a poster when Chase Headley was finally called up to the majors last year. So, it made sense that I should make one for Trevor. I worked on this during the game on Saturday:
This is now hanging on my wall. Pretty cool, huh?
My brother's second game of the season was Saturday afternoon. The boys played pretty well. They lost 5-4, but I thought they did a good job. I really should have brought my scorebook. I wanted to keep track of the game somehow, and the only logical thing to do was keep score of it. But all I had was a pencil and a little notepad. I had to invent my own way of keeping score of the game! It was really interesting because I'm so used to the convienence of a scorebook. Next time I'm definitely bringing my scorebook. That should help me keep better track of what's going on. For example, I missed some of the scoring of the other team somehow, so at the end of the game I had that my brother's team had won 4-3. But they had lost 5-4 instead. Hmm.. One of the highlights of the game was when a kid from the other team hit an inside-the-park home run. Even though it was the other team, it was pretty cool to see. The boys' next game is Tuesday night. Hopefully it won't get rained out!
Yesterday afternoon, my family went to a local park to practice baseball with my brothers. Unfortunately, there were adult softball games being played on both fields. We found a patch of grass and played some catch, but when we were done, my dad and I went to watch one of the games. It was really interesting. It was very casual, co-ed, just a bunch of people having fun playing softball. It was funny because a guy hit an inside-the-park home run! I mean, how many times do you see two inside-the-park home runs in the space of two days? But some of those players were really good. It looked like so much fun!
I've been thinking about the 2009 pocket schedules a little. I have a lot of them, like two from each of the last four years. So, I was wondering when I would find a display of them in a store or somewhere. Yesterday, my dad handed me one. I literally screamed! A guy from our church had found one somewhere and gave it to my dad to give to me. It's a really cool schedule this year, with the 40th anniversary logo on the front.
And now, the best part of this entry! I think I mentioned that my friend and his family were going to the game in Peoria on Saturday. This family is one of my closest friends, so they definitely know all about my fandom and love of the Padres. They got to watch a terrible game, but they did have a lot of fun. They had some really great seats that were merely a few rows behind the Padres' first base dugout. Once it was 10-5 Oakland, they left the game. I expected them to bring me something back, since I'm like a really big Padres fan and stuff, but I had no idea what they planned to bring me, and boy was it a shock. One of the things they brought back was this really cool Spring Training cap. I love it!
My friend showed me a bunch of the pictures they had taken. They got a lot of really great pictures, and maybe I'll post some once I get them. Anyway, he was telling me about the autographs they got while showing me the really up-close pictures of the players. I was really happy for them, and I remember thinking that I hoped they had brought the autographs so I could see them. Boy, was I in for a surprise!
Later in the day, my friend and his brother came up to me and my sister and presented us with these plastic Padres hats…autographed by seven players! I was so shocked. No way had I expected that they got the autographs for us! That helmet is probably worth a lot. It was signed by Brian Giles, Kevin Kouzmanoff (yay!), Cha Seung Baek, and David Eckstein. The other three…well, we have no idea who they are. I think they were minor league players. I might have been able to recognize them if I was there, but I don't think my friend studied the rosters at all. I might be able to figure it out when I get the pictures, but for now we have three unknown autographers. If any of you can read Scribble, please let me know.
I had a really hard time getting a good picture of the hat, because it reflects everything. The light, the flash, the surrounding area. So, these are the best I could do, but you'll get the point. (A note: my friend was able to get the hats at a thrift store for a dollar. I'm telling you, there are some incredible deals at thrift stores!)
This one is really dark, but you can kind of see the autographs.
Top to bottom: Cha Seung Baek (53) and David Eckstein
So, that pretty much made my day. Sorry I wasn't able to get that great pictures of it, but maybe I'll try again later. Now we need to figure out how to display it…Thank you so much to my friends who gave this really cool stuff to me!
What a weekend, huh? It was a really great one, full of fun and blessings. GO PADRES!!
(pictures: all mine)
14 Comments
Kaybee – what great friends you have! Which of course just means that you are an amazing friend! Enjoy!
Kaybee – I think the two unknown autographs are Matt Antonelli (top) and Drew Macias (bottom). I'll see if I can figure out that third one. eBay is actually a great resource just to see what somone's signature looks like.
Rants, Raves, and Random Thoughts
OK, I think the third one may be Cedric Hunter, a non-roster invitee. Not 100% certain though.
Sue (again)
The autographs are awesome! That's a great poster, too!
Please read the questions and respond!
JULIA, yeah, they're really great!
SUE, thank you so much! I think you're right. Matt Antonelli definitely looks right. Cool! Now I know the mystery! Thanks again!
BABU, thanks!
Sounds fun. Don't worry about the autographs. In 2007 Spring Training I got Jacoby Ellsbury's autograph but I didn't know who he was. In Spring Training 2008 I got his again I figured out who it was!
That's a great poster of Trevor Hoffman! Good job. I should make something like that of other Padre🙂 It looks pretty fun. You're so lucky to have a friend who is a Padres fan!! I really, really want that helmet with autographs. I'm glad you had a great day.
Thats a cool cap. Id cruise one if the the Rockies have a similar one. That is really great about the autographs too. Such nice people.
BOB, yeah, it was just really intriging to see who they were!
HYUN YOUNG, thanks! Yeah, you should! My friend is not that big of a Padres fan, but it's cool to have someone who will let me talk and talk about the Padres to them🙂
TOM, yeah, they're really great. And the cap is pretty neat. I really like it!
Thanks so much for the comments on my blog.😀 Yours is one I plan on reading regularly! I guess its good to know whats going on in enemy territory right? Of course I only kid, the Padres are a great club! Great job on the Trevor poster!
Good luck to you guys this season.🙂
I echo the others, Kaybee. Great job on the poster. I'm sure it was fun to put together too. And how cool that your friend brought back the ST cap. Wear it in good health!
The Padres spring training hat is sharp. I would like to get a Cubs one like it. The autographs though, that's special. Great friends!
KATIE, yeah exactly🙂 Gotta keep an eye on those NL West rivals! Thanks for reading, I'll definitely be reading yours as well!
JANE, I certainly will!
RON, yeah, I wonder if any of the other teams have ones like it. Yeah, they're really cool!
Beautiful poster! Very nice way to pay tribute to Trevor Hoffman and WOW! that is so cool that you got that hat and the helmet with all those autographs. Spring Training is a grat place to get autographs and talk with the guys. They are more relaxed. You know Brewers play the Dodgers for 3. Wednesday I am actually using the company's tickets which are field level by the vistiror's side so I might see Trevor. Well, I I hope I wont.
So I am curious , were you scare for a minite there when the rumors of Adrian Gonzales coming to the Dodgers? I think Adrian is the only Padre I like. He is the best Mexican player I've seen since Fernando.


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