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Where Does The Dream Of Democracy Stand In Egypt?
By editor • Jan 27, 2014
Originally published on January 27, 2014 7:25 am
Three years ago, the popular uprising in Egypt was considered a democracy movement. But now the military is in control of the government and the freely-elected president is in jail. To discuss the state of Egypt, Steve Inskeep talks to Issandr El Amrani of the International Crisis Group.

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We've gathered all of our Phillies Nation contributors in one room and figured out which players will have the biggest seasons. If they all come true, the Phillies should have no problem winning 100 games.
Seriously, we've got our opinions on who will be come up large this year for the Phils. What say you?
"I expect a big year from _____________"
Corey Seidman: Michael Young, who I don't think is as "done" as some. Young still had an elite line-drive rate last season and I could see him hitting something like .282/.338/.415 for the Phillies, which would be quite valuable compared to the ugly third-base offense they've gotten since Scott Rolen left.
Ian Riccaboni: Phillippe Aumont, who enters 2013 as a player for the first time healthy with a defined role at a defined level. When Aumont was acquired in December 2009, Aumont was a starter-turned-reliever who was about to become a reliever-turned-starter-turned-reliever in 2010. He has faced unfortunate luck health-wise but enters 2013 with health and continuously improving control on a crazy curve that he has started to throw for strikes. Just turning 24, Aumont will become a premier reliever for the Phillies in 2013.
Eric Seidman: Roy Halladay. A 30 GS, 225 IP, 2.60 ERA, 5+ K/BB year. Because he's Roy Halladay, I love him, and the Phillies won't go anywhere if he isn't Halladay-esque.
Jay Floyd: Phillippe Aumont. With his high-90's fastball and filthy slider, this imposing 6-foot-7-inch hurler, building off of his success at the big league level last year, will get his control under wraps, lower his walks issued and could become a challenger for the set up role out of the bull pen.
Jon Nisula: Domonic Brown. I think this is finally his time to shine and show Phillies fans why he was a top prospect and why he was an untouchable trading piece in the deal for Roy Halladay. I think he has the capability of hitting around 25 home runs and driving in 90 RBIs this year.
Don M.: Antonio Bastardo. Bastardo had a great 2011 season (.264 ERA, 0.931 WHIP, and an ERA+ of 146 in 64 appearances), but struggled to live up to his lofty expectations last year. Newly-signed free agent Mike Adams is penciled-in for the setup role, meaning Bastardo will be a vital weapon in navigating the all-important and overlooked 6th, 7th, and 8th innings. Bastardo's career mark of 11.6 SO/9 will be what the Phillies need when it's time to stop a rally, and help get the ball into Jonathan Papelbon's hands.
Ryan Dinger: Chase Utley. After missing a large chunk of games for the second year in a row last season, Utley came back and posted a .365 OBP, a .793 OPS and continued to post elite numbers on the bases and above average numbers in the field. Reports have Utley being in good shape for the start of 2013, and, assuming those are accurate, his numbers should be even better with a full season of plate appearances. Plus, there is the little matter of a contract year for Utley, which has proven to be a great motivator for players in the past.
Brian Michael: Ryne Sandberg. I want to believe the hype surrounding our rookie third-base and infield coach, but I'd like at least see something in 2013 that shows he's ready to take the reins. It could be improved base-running, a higher fielding percentage, even a well-managed game after Charlie gets tossed.
Amanda Orr: Cole Hamels. Even though he already has his contract, he will show that it was well deserved. He will show that he can be the ace of the staff even with Halladay and Lee in the rotation. I think he will make a push for the Cy Young Award, assuming he's healthy. But he has proved that he can still pitch well even if he isn't quite 100%. I predict 2013 will be his best season in the majors to this point in his career.
Pat Gallen: Domonic Brown. Let's face it, he has to break out or those grumblings of him being a bust will grow so loud, the Phillies might be forced to give up on him. I've been saying for two-plus years now that Brown needs time and needs a full season before we truly know what he is. But if he can't stay healthy or doesn't cash in on his opportunity, then the Phillies, and the fans, will be disappointed. If Dom hits 18+ homers and sports an .820+ OPS, the Phils may have a solid right fielder.Sorry, there are no polls available at the moment.
48 Comments
I think Ryan Howard and Chase Utley will have good bounce back years but I predict Darin Ruf will win ROY with .280 32hr 108 rbi.
How the mighty have fallen. Looks like the nominees are ones chosen to be big year candidates from the staff which reduces Ryan Howard to the other category. If you asked in advance if 1 of the 10 staff writers would have selected Howard, I'd have avoided maybe and no. What a resounding level of lowered expectations.
Two of the last 3 years, I've had a sense of which Phillie would have a markedly up trend year. Didn't have one last year, same this year. So that in mind, I'd be more prone to think in terms of out of the if candidates, and there are several, who is it most important that they have a big year. Even that's a tough call, particularly since if Chase has a Chase year, and Doc isn't even on a par with last year, it likely doesn't matter a whole lot.
Reactions to some of the selections….
Young…all of Corey's points on Young are offensive. It's not fair to not give a long time professional a chance, but objectively, what amount of offense will be given back defensively is the question. If one expects a big year out of him, which isn't impossible, it has to overcome the unlikely area of defensive performance. .320 and poor range only goes so far.
Roy Halladay…Maybe it's not an oversimplification to pass judgement on one's personality based on their view of Halladay. These negative fools running around chanting Halladay's done oughta take a look at how he's recovered from past injuries. I get the 35/36, which shouldn't be confused with 38/39, and realize he might not be a level 2 CY guy (Stras and CK are level 1's as rare examples), but it shouldn't be shocking to see him reach Eric's goals, although 2.6 is probably optimistic. 225 IP'd be sweet.
Cole…Amanda says push for the CY. It'd be a thrill and a half to watch this guy start to finish grow to a CY winner, and at least become a debatable HOF candidate. He sort of reminds me of John Smoltz. Smoltz is a more realistic HOF candidate because he had a couple years of terrific pen work which helped amplify his story, and diversify his stats. Keep him in the rotation, and a lot of good years, but only 1 truly spectacular one reduce him to the Blyleven, Morris, Cone Mussina level of debate. I just wonder if Cole can breakthrough to an even higher level and really kick ass on a multiple year level. Chances are not great. In the discussion is plenty good, mind you, but that extra step is still to be taken.
Final thought, nobody picked Cliff, who could/should/ will win 3 times as many games and hit the over on "whatevers" as he gets sick of questions on the difference in years 12 and 13. Nobody picked Jimmy, who, if he somehow, some way finally had a good H1, like last year's H2 would lose a lot of nicknames. I suspect both have bigger years than most of the nominees. Most, of course, is a gray term. But within that gray is a lot of likely.
".320 and poor range only goes so far."
Maybe so, but those kinds of numbers have kept players on the field a long time, and they'd certainly beat a platoon of great range, not bat Galvis and so-so range, maybe bat of Frandsen. I just wish Young played a less important position than 3rd.
Otherwise, your comments about certain others like Lee, Rollins, and Halladay are very valid. (I, too, think the projected (by some) demise of Halladay is premature, and that Lee will certainly get better run support and more wins.
Should read "…no bat Galvis. Not sure how that "t" snuck in there at the end of "no!"
No one position is really more important than any other. The Phillies won the World Series in 2008 with Pedro Feliz hitting an anemic .249/.302/.402, which was about 20% worse than the league average.
And I'm not sure why you think all defense, weak bat is worse than all bat, no defense. If you produce a run offensively that's basically the same as preventing one defensively. There really isn't a reason why one would be more important than the other.
Eric, you should tell that "No one position is really more important than any other" stuff to those folks at FanGraphs. I don't disagree on an offensive basis, but when it comes to defense, I'd rather have the main strength on the infield if the team as a whole isn't strong. Especially with guys like Lannan on the pitching staff.
i say ben revere will continue is 'getting better'streak and will hit .315/.341/.362
Top to bottom, this team is due. The roster is aging, for sure but you have to feel pretty good about this team's chances because last year was so bad.
Halladay… at 36 (in May), you have to wonder how long he'll hold up but Greg Maddux won 98 games after his age 35 season so I think Halladay is certainly capable of a 16 win season, which is find by me.
Howard… I'd be lying if I said I wasn't worried about him. Under normal circumstances, I'd be optimistic because he has always been a hard worker (showing up early and in shape) but he's a newlywed building a big house which means his focus is probably a bit fractured. That being said, he can hit .260/35HR in his sleep, which is fine by me.
Young… something to prove. An opportunity to extend his career – he has an outside chance to reach 3,000 hits and I think he has a real chip on his shoulder (he was unappreciated in Texas, in my opinion).
Ruf/Brown… why not be excited? An infusion of youth is never a bad thing.
Revere… a real threat to steal 40-50 bases. At CBP, his defense will look awesome. Maybe a GG… maybe a stolen base crown.
Lee/Hamels… as solid as they come.
Back end of the bullpen… insured by Adams and Papelbon, LLC.
Aumont/Bastardo/et. al… we should be pretty good in 6th-7th.
Utley… if not Utley, Galvis. I want to believe Utley can pull a rabbit out of his hat in the final guaranteed year of his contract but I can't. But even if he can't, Galvish is a nice replacement, right? Maybe Utley figures out how to handle the offseason better… we can hope.
Chooch… he took adderall. Are we supposed to be down on him because he took adderall? Is anyone really surprised? Kratz will be fine.
chuck i couldn't agree more with you pal! i think you're dead on. i've been down for quite a while after this last season, and predicted at best a third place finish. however the closer spring training gets, my optimism starts to increase.the brave will be the braves. they haven't improved that much. yeah they gor upton but he's not willie mays! and chipper is gone and they're usually not the same without him. their pen is great, yes but can it perform as great as the previous 2-3 years? that is tough to do. there has to be some kind of tail off. the starters are good, but so are ours and our pen looks to be much better. now the nats? we all know they're good. but repeating to win the division two straight years is tough for any team. so with that all said i've now with my optimism soaring predict that the division is up for grabs by us the nats and the braves!
I have four predictions for 2013.
1. The Phillies pitcher that will have the most "all star buzz" at the break will be Kyle Kendrick.
2. The player with the most trade value on the major league roster at the deadline will be Dom Brown.
3. Michael Young will put up a 300/350/440 line with 30 errors. people will scream to resin him after Asche has a subpar season at Lehigh
4. By October, ben revere will be the most popular figure in Philly sports.
yo joe!i'm not a big KK fan, but i like your prediction. i hope you're right. i'm not predicting him to be that good, what i'm hoping for is that he's good enough along with pettibone pitching great in the minors that they can use KK for bait to get something they need. and as far as brown goes. i'm not a big fan of his either but again i hope you're right. however just the opposite of KK. since we don't have a lot of depth at the minor league level in outfielders i hope he's doing good as to the point of keeping him. unless of course he becomes a package with KK to get us a really good right fielder. but hey if they're both doing as good as we would like then there's no reason to trade them anyway. besides if young doen't work out and asche is doing good there's no reason to trade for a 3rd baseman.
It's impossible that Young have 30 errors. The question with him is range. I'm a little hesitant to form too specific an image of how he'll do defensively without allowing for the benefit of some steady work at 3rd, but in general, I'd expect him to be relatively good on balls he gets to. To commit 30 errors, you need to have very good range, and an inaccurate throwing arm.
Didn't agree with any of your predictions, but should they all come to fruition, the Phils will be a solid contender. So I hope you're right..
Dom Brown will make the All-Star team this year and bat about .309 with 28 homers.
Ben Revere will bat over .300 and lead the league in steals, while playing immense defense.
Ryan Howard will be back full-force, with 44 homers, 128 RBI's and a .282average.
Darrin Ruf will hit 26 homers , drive in 88 runs and bat .312.
Next year's 3b crop will have Michael Young, Youkilis (again), … Martin Prado (if you call him a 3b), Alberto Callaspo, and Wilson Betemit ………….. there are at least some options there for 1-year-deals if Asche isn't ready for MLB
Kyle Kendrick has been pretty good the past two years.. I'd love to see him have a breakout season, giving the Phillies the confidence to run him out there every 5th day with a chance to win
If that's what there is to choose from and Asche isn't ready just give me Frandsen. He's not going to be great, but grandpas Young & Youkilis do nothing for me and I doubt Prado or Callaspo sign a one year deal, and there's a reason Betemit, for his career, averages about 230 PA a year, and it's not because he's good.
I predict a big year from Freddy Galvis.
Various injuries to Utley, Young and Rollins will force Freddy into something like 400 ABs, in which he actually shows he's capable of batting at the major league level. Not that he'll add much with his bat, but it'll be good enough. Expect line of .250/.300/.420, with stellar defense, which makes him a passable daily player at the major league level, especially facing righties, against whom he shows a significant platoon advantage.
I was more than impressed with how Galvis played at 2B last year … i'd love to see him hit the slash lines you put out: .250/.300/.420 !
Me too,although the unspoken downside here is that Utley, Rollins and Young all miss significant time.
Also, let's drop that SLG down to like .400, to be a little more realistic.
Through nearly 60 games in Venezuela he's batting .300/.351/.432, so we can't really expect him to match that against major league pitchers.
i"nto something like 400 ABs, in which he actually shows he's capable of batting at the major league level."
hmmmmmm….I believe I'll take the under on 335 plate appearances. Not that I'd throw out risk management thinking if I really made a wager on that, but being as it's the optimistic time of year, I'd guess he gets more like 250, and I might even add if that. We'll see.
I've been saying for awhile now that if both Utley and Howard play for a full year that the Phillies will win 90 games and get to the playoffs. Of those two, I think Chase will have the bigger year….at least by the standards that we as a fanbase expect. But I fully expect Howard to hit 30+ bombs and drive in 100+ runs. … which is fine by me.
90 wins (and I think that's at the top end of what this team is capable of) is no guarantee of a playoff spot. Tampa Bay won 90 games last year and was on the outside looking in, and it would have had them in third place in the NL East last year.
The thing is, their offense really didn't change after Utley and Howard returned last season. The big difference between the first half and the second half was that the pitching staff dramatically improved over the 2nd half. See this: http://www.thegoodphight.com/2013/1/8/3850240/what-do-we-make-of-the-phillies-95-win-pace-in-the-second-half-of-2012
Never said it was a guarantee…nothing is. But I DO think that, while it may seem as though 90 wins is at the top end, as you say, that it's very possible. And, you can't discount the fact that your #3 and #4 hitters being out of the lineup until June and July (late July for them BOTH to be in there) had a major impact.
No, I don't disagree, 90 wins is certainly possible. A little BABIP luck, both from their hitters and pitchers, a relatively injury-free year, and some HR/FB luck and they can win 90 games.
I'm not afraid of the Braves… they have a couple of young guys in Freeman and Heyward who are going to be very good but their rotation consists of Medlen (very good), Hudson (ehh), Minor, Maholm and three other guys who have proven nothing at the big league level. They just don't do it for me and BJ Upton is not the savior. The Nats are clearly the team to beat right now but they're young and under a lot of pressure. Their lineup is really good but LaRoche regresses and without him, they don't really have an RBI "fear" guy. Their rotation is really strong… again, clearly the team to beat but anything can happen.
"their rotation consists of Medlen (very good), Hudson (ehh), Minor, Maholm and three other guys"
The Braves have a 7-man rotation?!
Check their depth chart… they have seven names listed. It's a pick one of three guys (none of which should scare anyone unless Julio Teheran figures things out).
"The Nats are clearly the team to beat right now but they're young and under a lot of pressure."
Couple months ago, I read a post by a guy who federal law should require they post under the name of looney tune. Guy said Washington might fall victim to complacency. Now this particular foool, though I'm no closer to inside their heads showed what I perceive as a misunderstanding of the Washington club.That ain't no set up for complacency roared the crowd, strike 3, the umpire said.
And not that this point is even on the same side of laughable, but I do think there's a misconception implied. The under a lot of pressure has truth in it, although one could flip a coin as to wheteher they are under more pressure than a good number of teams around The Game. Essentially, they still have nucleus beyond this year, and don't appear strapped for cash if they need to add.
But the point I might contest more is that they are young. There's some valuble experience on the books for several of their young players that applies to the more proper perspective of experience than age.
Under pressure? Yes. But not in a lot of unique ways. Young? Not to my way of thinking.
That said, they aren't a lock division pick to me. Favorites, but not locks.
"That said, they aren't a lock division pick to me. Favorites, but not locks."
Care to revise your statement, sir?
Perhaps. The Nats just inked Raffy Soriano for 2 years, 28 mil. Those boys sure are going after it.
The Nats you say? Don't you mean the Boras's? Holy conspiracy Batman!
Michael Young did not have to leave Texas. I think he wanted to come here to prove a point. I also believe that his presence/attitude win energize the club.
He came here because Texas had no place for him to play.
My pick is Josh WIllingham. I realize that they haven't actually traded for him yet, but let's not let minor details get in the way. I expect a big year from Josh when he gets here.
Not quite related, but here's some good news – fangraphs article talking about Roman Quinn being a better prospect than the highly touted speed demon Billy Hamilton. http://www.fangraphs.com/blogs/index.php/roman-quinn-a-better-billy-hamilton/
So maybe Roman Quinn will have a big year. 😛
I expect a big year from Brown its now or never for Brown in this town. As for all the articles in the papers stating how inexperienced and disappointing our OF is going to be not sure I agree I'm actually excited to see what Brown, Revere, and Ruf can do..It's been awhile since this organization has handed the keys to a position over to a minor leaguer..I feel a healthy Brown will have a productive season and Ruf has shown he can hit throughout the minors the past 2 seasons and winter ball I think it will carry over into the majors defense is going to be the issue there
A big year is relative I have my hopes for guys like Ruf and Brown. For Brown to have a big year it gave to consist of avg to above average defense and play most days no matter who is pitching with an avg of .270-.300 23-28 HRs 80-100 RBIs Ruf just has gone decent in the field .265-.280 15 HRs 75 RBIs and show he can play every day. But the two I expect to have good years are Doc and Howard because I think they are going to be healthy and have something to prove that they are still elite
'm also expecting Dom Brown to break out into a solid corner outfielder this season. But I think the key to it all will be Doc. If he can get close to 2010/2011 form, then we're in good shape –and even if our lineup is banged up at times– solid pitching can hold us up. However, if Doc doesn't bounce back, odds are that what whatever Howard, Utley, J-roll, and Brown do won't matter. We won't get a playoff spot with a bad version of Doc, KK, and Lannan starting 3 out of every 5 games.
Your point about Doc is well heeded. Regardless of how well the offense does (I think Bart was probably the most optimistic but his post was strictly offensive if you will), without pitching the Phils will not be serious contenders. Doc, Lee, Hamels all need to win in double figures with KK and the bottom of the BP keeping pace and keeping games close enough for the offense to strike.
My big hope is that Howard will hit 40 (+) hrs again with a decent BA, Ruf, Revere and (gulp) Brown do solidly stack up in the OF, Utley, Young and Jimmy have average years for them – which coupled with a decent staff would give us the 90 (+) wins and at least a WC
Lets just get it started already..
I see Darin Ruf coming back and having much of the success he had at the end of last year
I see Darin Ruf coming back and continuing the success he had at the end of last year. A .280 something average with 30+ HR and 100+ RBI
I think people need to realize that if Ruf hit 30 HRs last year, that would've been good for 10th overall in the NL ………
especially if he's part of a platoon, I think we need to limit expectations for him a little, as he won't get as many ABs as some people think, unless he proves early that he can handle RHP ……….he doesn't have much experience above the AA-level …..so i'm a little surprised to see so many people basically expecting to see him produce at an ALL-STAR level
Agreed! I don't get where all these lofty expectations for Ruf are coming from. I mean, they're even more extreme than those who expected JMJ to replicate his 2011 and Francisco to be the next Werth… Both of them had more experience in the majors than Ruf… yet somehow we're expecting Ruf to be amazing, ROY, etc.
Wouldn't say it's impossible, but folks here need to recalibrate their expectations when it comes to Ruf.
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Franken to discuss safety issues at Minn. school
Three weeks after the elementary school shootings in Newtown, Conn., Sen. Al Franken visited an Eagan middle school to discuss school safety and mental health issues.
Franken met with education officials at Dakota Hills Middle School on Monday to discuss changes to keep children in Minnesota safe. That discussion included perimeter security around schools, lockdown drills and beefing up the presence of mental health professionals.
The Minnesota Democrat says Congress is looking at many issues regarding school safety and mental health in the wake of the Newtown tragedy.
One priority for Franken is making sure potential mental health issues are caught and treated early. Franken is a member of the education committee and says he's pushed for more funding for school counselors since he joined the Senate in 2009.
Copyright 2013 by The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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"Love men, slay error; without pride be bold in the truth, without cruelty fight for the truth."
~ Augustine of Hippo, prescribing sincerest love for the erring with keen repugnance for the error to which they cling, anticipating the very definition of true civic tolerance, as detailed in the article Religious Toleration.


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ONU chapter of Tau Beta Pi inducts Kenny
Robert Kenny, vice president and general manager with General Cable, was inducted into the Ohio Iota chapter of Tau Beta Pi at Ohio Northern University as an eminent engineer during a ceremony held Nov. 4. Kenny graduated from Ohio Northern with a Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering in 1988. Eighteen ONU undergraduates also were initiated into the Ohio Iota chapter, which was founded in 1973.
Kenny has been vice president and general manager of data communications cables for General Cable since June 2007. In October 2009, he assumed the additional responsibility for leadership of the company's Telecommunications Team. Kenny has more than 20 years of experience in the wire and cable field, holding several senior-level management positions in technology, marketing and general management with Belden and ADC/Krone. Prior to joining General Cable, Kenny was the global business and technology manager for DuPont's Cabling Solutions Division, where he was instrumental in creating several premise cable patents.
Kenny is recognized as a technology and commercial leader within the communications industry and has presented on the subject in more than 25 countries. In 2009, the Wire & Cable Manufacturers' Alliance (WCMA) named him as the recipient of its 2009 Distinguished Career Award. He has been a part of key innovations within the wire and cable industry and currently is named on more than 20 U.S. patents.
General Cable, headquartered in Highland Heights, Ky., is a leader in the development, design, manufacture, marketing and distribution of copper, aluminum and fiber optic wire and cable products for the energy infrastructure, construction, retail, telecommunications and OEM markets. With annual revenues exceeding $6 billion, General Cable is one of the largest wire and cable manufacturing companies in the world. It operates 46 manufacturing facilities in 23 countries and employs 13,000 associates.
The eminent engineer category of Tau Beta Pi membership is used for candidates who were not initiated as undergraduates, who earned a degree from a recognized engineering college more than 10 years ago and who have achieved distinction in the field of engineering. Eligibility is based upon their attainments as a practicing engineer; he or she is the type of professional person all undergraduates should strive to emulate.
Tau Beta Pi was founded in 1885 to mark in a fitting manner those who have conferred honor upon their alma mater by distinguished scholarship and exemplary character as undergraduates in the field of engineering, or by their attainments as alumni in the field of engineering, and to foster a spirit of liberal culture in the engineering colleges.


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Species You Didn't Know Existed
In celebration of the International Year of Biodiversity, we will showcase a newly discovered or less well-known species or group every week during 2010.
December 14, 2010: Glomeremus orchidophilus
Many plants depend on animal pollinators such as bees and bats. The relationships between plants and their pollinators are close and intricate, and plants often develop complex structures to attract them. Crickets and their relatives (e.g. locusts) can be voracious herbivores, sometimes causing important damage to crops. They have never before been known to be active pollinators, although some incidental pollination is known to take place when crickets feed on nectar or pollen, and some pollen transfer occurs. A newly described cricket species from the island of Reunion was seen actively and repeatedly pollinating an orchid (Angraecum cadetii). Researchers wanted to know which species was pollinating this endemic orchid, and set up cameras to shoot the orchids during the night. They observed a cricket visiting flowering orchid patches every night, and described what they observed as follows: [crickets were] "...probing deeply into the orchid spur, the head totally hidden in the centre of the flower, and visiting the majority of 'fresh-looking' flowers within reach." (Hugel et al. 2010) . The crickets were never observed eating any part of the plant but rather orchid pollen packets became stuck to the heads of the crickets, which were then transferred to other flowers. This orchid loving cricket was aptly named Glomeremus orchidophilus.
To learn more:
- New cricket species filmed pollinating orchids on BBC News
- Hugel et al. 2010. Glomeremus species from the Mascarene islands (Orthoptera, Gryllacrididae) with the description of the pollinator of an endemic orchid from the island of Réunion. Zootaxa 2545: 58–68
December 8, 2010: Anaerobic animals
Several kinds of organisms- including bacteria, protozoans, and some protists- can live their whole lives in the absence of oxygen. However, until now, no multicellular animal was thought to be able to tolerate anoxic conditions for more than brief periods. A team of scientists working in the deep L'Atalante Basin in the Mediterranean discovered 3 new species of Loriciferans , living in permanently anoxic ecosystems. By finding organisms in different life stages in the same site, they were able to infer that they do live their whole lives in anoxic conditions. Using a variety of biochemical and microscopy techniques, the team was also able to show that these animals were metabolically active in an anoxic environment and that they have a specific set of adaptations that allow them to live in the extreme conditions of this deep, anoxic ecosystem. This is the first report of a multicellular animal able to live without oxygen, and suggests that more animal species can be found in environments where we previously thought they could not survive.
To learn more:
- Picture of Loriciferans on Science News
- Danovaro et al. 2010. The first metazoa living in permanently anoxic conditions. BMC Biol. 2010; 8: 30.
- Anaerobic metazoans: No longer an oxymoron
November 30, 2010: Stenolemus bituberus
Some predators stalk and ambush their prey once they (the predators) come within striking distance. Others use complex strategies to lure the prey into coming within their range. For example, some fireflies mimic the light signals used by females of other firefly species to lure the males which become their prey. Stenolemus bituberus, an insect that preys on spiders, can do both. They can slowly approach unsuspecting spiders until they get close enough for an attack. But they also engage in "deceptive communication", misleading the spiders to come closer. Web-building spiders respond to vibrations in their webs to detect and locate trapped insects. S. bituberus also approach a spider's web and mimic the vibration patterns of struggling insects, causing the web's owner to come to inspect what seems like a fresh capture, only to become prey themselves. This "aggressive mimicry" precisely mimics the vibrations made by prey, and is different from the vibration patterns made by male spiders, leaves, or insects only moving their wings.
To learn more:
- Assassin bug luring, striking and killing a spider on YouTube
- Picture of Stenolemus bituberus on Science.com article ScienceShot: How Spider Assassins Mimic Prey
November 16, 2010: Leiolepis ngovantrii
A scientist visiting a restaurant in Vietnam noticed a talk full of lizards that all looked strangely similar to each other. Lizards in this genus are dimorphic, meaning that males and females have distinct external features, so he suspected this group of animals as unique. Scientists from the University of Kansas later discovered that this new species is composed entirely of females that reproduce asexually. Asexual reproduction is rare in vertebrates, but it is known to occur in several species of fish and reptiles. When they analyzed their DNA, they found evidence that this new species is a hybrid of closely related species living in this area. Hybridization is also not uncommon in nature, especially when closely related species overlap.
[Contributed by S. Harte]
To learn more:
- Picture of Leiolepis ngovantrii from National Geographic article New Self-Cloning Lizard Found in Vietnam Restaurant
- Grismmer & Grismmer. 2010. Who's your mommy? Identifying maternal ancestors of asexual species of Leiolepis Cuvier, 1829 and the description of a new endemic species of asexual Leiolepis Cuvier, 1829 from Southern Vietnam. ZOOTAXA Issue: 2433 Pages: 47-61
November 8, 2010: Red alert: Wallabicoris ellae and Curalium cronini
[Text contributed by Laura Allen of the American Museum of Natural History ]
Despite their bright coloration, these two insect species were only recently known to entomologists. Identified by Randall T. Schuh , the George Willet Curator of Invertebrate Zoology at AMNH, the new discoveries represent the vast unknown diversity of true bugs the order Hemiptera. The bright red species above was captured in a UV light trap near Gainesville, Florida and named Curalium cronini after the latin word for "red coral" and J. Eric Cronin, the collector. The bug is only 1.5 mm long. Entomologists hope to observe it—as challenging as that may be—alive in the wild.
The carmine-speckled bug above, Wallabicoris ellae, is a comparative giant at 5.5 millimeters long. Schuh found the bug crawling on a shrub with purple wildflowers while scouring the Western Australian outback for new species. Western Australia hosts an immense variety of wildflowers—perhaps more than 12,000 species. The bugs that inhabit them appear to be quite diverse as well: most of the bug species were found only on a single type of plant.
To see more creatures recently discovered by AMNH scientists, watch the new Bio Bulletin, In Search of Wild Variety, produced by the AMNH Science Bulletins program.
October 26, 2010: Spiroplasma sp.
Last week's species was affected by a parasitic castrator – a kind of parasitic interaction that results in strongly negative effects over their host's reproduction, and therefore it can be predicted that natural selection would favor mechanisms to escape the devastating effects of parasitic castration. Spiroplasma is a genus of bacteria whose species are often found in insects or plants. A species of Spiroplasma is transmitted maternally (i.e. infected mothers produce infected offspring) in the fruit fly Drosophila neotestacea . This fruit fly is often infected with a parasitic castrator nematode that renders infected female D. neotestacea completely sterile, and causes infected males to have low mating success. A recent study showed that Spiroplasma -infected flies are protected from the sterilizing effects of the nematodes. The bacteria appear to block the growth of the parasitic nematode. This fly-bacteria association is becoming more common through time, perhaps because of its protective effect.
To learn more:
- Jaenike et al. 2010. Adaptation via symbiosis: recent spread of a Drosophila defensive symbiont. Science. 2010 Jul 9;329(5988):212-5.
October 19, 2010: Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus
Parasitic castration is a type of host-parasite interaction in which the outcome is that the reproductive capacities of the host (i.e. the individual being parasitized) are blocked or severely reduced. Infected hosts have no energetic expenditures on reproduction and have a longer lifespan, providing the castrator with a long-lived home that provides it (a single parasite individual is usually all it takes to produce castration) with extra resources. By modulating the host's reproductive output, parasitic castrators modify their population ecology (for instance the hosts' population density), change their behavior, lifespan, and can even create evolutionary pressures (for example by favoring hosts that reproduce early in life). Most known castrators affect invertebrate hosts such as crustaceans and snails. However, a recent paper describes that infection of the five-lined cardinalfish (Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus) with a single isopod (Anilocra apogonae; a crustacean) results in a lower chance of females developing ova at all, or had smaller or more immature ova. Infection also interfered with the males' capacity to mouthbrood. Parasitic castration might be more common in vertebrates than previously thought.
[Thanks to M. McCaffrey and S. Harte]
To learn more:
- Fogelman RM, Kuris AM, Grutter AS. Parasitic castration of a vertebrate: Effect of the cymothoid isopod, Anilocra apogonae , on the five-lined cardinalfish, Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus . Int J Parasitol. 2009 Apr; 39(5):577-83.
- Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus , Fivelined cardinalfish, on Encyclopedia of Life
- Anilocra apogonae Bruce , 1987A on Encyclopedia of Life
October 13, 2010: Anisognathus lacrymosus yariguierum
Of the approximately ten thousand known bird species in the world, over 1,900 are found in Colombia, making it the country with the highest bird diversity in the planet- for comparison, the number of bird species that spend at least part of their lives in the United States is under 900. Using morphometric, DNA, and song analyses, scientists at the Universidad de Los Andes in Bogotá discovered a previously unknown subspecies, and named it Anisognathus lacrymosus yariguierum in honor of a Native tribe that once lived in the area. This bird lives in the páramos, a unique type of high mountain ecosystem in Northern South America, currently under threat from encroachment and climate change. Scientists hope to use this discovery (and the other known 583 bird species in this ecosystem) to support the creation of a new protected area. Although several new bird species and subspecies have been discovered in Colombia in recent years, this is the first new tanager , a group of birds that is considered relatively well known. This finding confirms that we are still far from cataloguing the Earth's biodiversity, and that we are likely losing species before they are known to science.
To learn more:
For a full report (in Spanish), a look at a distribution map, and a recording of the bird's song, click here.
October 5, 2010: Unknown marine biodiversity
In the year 2000 an international group of scientists designed a strategy to assess the world's marine life, and try to find answers to the questions: What did live in the oceans? What does live in the oceans? What will live in the oceans? As planned, they released their findings in 2010, after more than 540 expeditions involving close to 3000 scientists from 80 countries. This unique initiative, the Census of Marine Life, discovered at least 6000 species previously unknown to science, but their results suggest that there could be tens or even hundreds of millions- the census is discovering potential new species at a much faster rate than their capacity to describe them. They also report that they found life everywhere they looked in the oceans, including places "where heat would melt lead, seawater froze to ice, and light and oxygen were lacking."
An image gallery from this project can be found here.
To learn more:
- Making Ocean Life Count from Census of Marine Life
- A marine life encyclopedia, The New York Times
- A plenitude of wonders, The New York Times
- Discovering the ocean's microscopic world, BioBulletins, American Museum of Natural History
September 29, 2010: Danionella dracula
A new species of fish was described in 2009, from specimens collected in Myanmar in 2007. Related to the common aquarium-dweller zebrafish, D. dracula has several unique morphological characteristics (the title of the scientific paper that described the species is "Spectacular morphological novelty in a miniature cyprinid fish, Danionella dracula n. sp."). It was described as "miniature and highly developmentally truncated cyprinid fish". The largest known individual is only 16.7mm long, which is about half the size of its closest known relative. Compared to the zebrafish, 44 bones or parts of bones do not develop in D. dracula, making it "one of the most developmentally truncated vertebrates" (Britz et al., 2009), and its skeleton is described as having an overall larval appearance. Uniquely among this group of fishes, male D. dracula have a series of tooth-like bone projections that resemble fangs. The scientists naming the species were inspired by "Count Dracula in Bram Stoker's novel".
To learn more:
- Britz et al. Spectacular morphological novelty in a miniature cyprinid fish, Danionella dracula n. sp. Proc. R. Soc. B 22 June 2009 vol. 276 no. 1665 2179-2186
- Picture of Danionella dracula on National Geographic article New 'dracula' fish discovered
September 22, 2010: Wolbachia
Wolbachia is a genus of bacteria, whose species are maternally inherited (i.e. infected mothers beget infected offspring), intracellular symbionts of nematodes and arthropods. It has been estimated that Wolbachia species infect up to 70% of the world's insects (itself the most speciose group on the planet), thereby being potentially the most widespread reproductive parasites on Earth. Wolbachia has evolved several strategies that increase its transmission efficiency, including: male killing, feminization (infected males develop as females), inducing parthenogenesis (infected females reproduce asexually – no male involvement is required), and cytoplasmic incompatibility (makes uninfected males unable to reproduce with infected females, and even creates a reproductive barrier between males and females infected with different strains). Mutualistic Wolbachia strains have key roles in the development of some of their nematode hosts, including the causative agents of lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis, which implies that targeting bacteria, can help control diseases caused by a nematode. Wolbachia, therefore, has important roles in the development, modification of sex ratios, and reproductive isolation of many nematode and arthropod species. Research is underway to understand the seemingly vast ecological and evolutionary significance of Wolbachia.
To learn more:
- Genome Sequence of the Intracellular Bacterium Wolbachia . PLoS Biol 2/3/2004: e76.
September 14, 2010: Proteus anguinus
Proteus anguinus is a blind salamander endemic to caves in southern Europe. Known as Olm, P. anguinus is the only species in its genus and the only known Eropean vertebrate that is exclusively cave-dwelling. Olms are pale (internal organs can be seen through the skin, yet they have retained the capacity to produce skin pigments if exposed to light), slender and have small and poorly developed but light-sensitive eyes. They are entirely aquatic and unlike other amphibians, metamorphosis is absent in the olm. Instead, they retain larval characteristics (such as gills) throughout their lives. Olms are long lived (they can live for more than 50 years), and can survive without food for up to 10 years. Because they spend their lives in dark habitats, olms have developed acute senses to evaluate chemical, pressure, motion, and electrical signals. Although little is known about the abundance of this species, it is currently considered vulnerable, because of its limited range and the impact of human activities on the quality and quantity of subterranean aquifers.
To learn more:
- Proteus anguinus, cave salamander , on Encyclopedia of Life
- Olm (Proteus anguinus) on EDGE of Existence
August 31, 2010: Microhyla nepenthicola
The smallest known frog species known to date was recognized as a new species on August 19, 2010 following an expedition to Sarawak. Although individuals of Microhyla nepenthicola had been seen before, they were thought to be the juveniles of another species. Adults of M. nepenthicola are only 10.6- 12.8mm (just over a third of an inch) in length – the whole adult body is about the size of a pea. Miniaturization creates a special set of challenges. One of them is that there is higher area to volume ratio, which means that smaller individuals in terrestrial environments tend to desiccate faster. M. nepenthicola compensate for this risk by living in humid microhabitats – they are mainly nocturnal, live in association with a species of pitcher plant (Nephentes ampullaria) and remain inactive on drier nights.
To learn more:
- M. nepenthicola's call from Conservation International article on Microhylid Frog
- Old World's smallest frog is discovered in Borneo
- Das, I., Hass, A. New species of Microhyla from Sarawak: Old World's smallest frogs crawl out of miniature pitcher plants on Borneo (Amphibia: Anura: Microhylidae). Zootaxa 2571: 37–52
August 24, 2010: Hyperparasites
Parasitism is the most common lifestyle in the planet- more species engage in some form of parasitic exploitation than there are free-living ones (see this blog to learn more about parasite biodiversity). Given this level of diversity, it is not surprising that parasitic exploitation takes many forms. Parasitoids are organisms that spend a key part of their life cycle living in or on another which it exploits for nutrients and sometimes also for protection (there are indications that some parasitoids can manipulate their host's behaviors so they start protecting them). Unlike parasites, parasitoids spend the other parts of their life cycles as free living species, and always kill their hosts (although they can also cause death, parasites can coexist with their hosts indefinitely without causing mortality). Hyperparasites further complicate this relationship: they are parasitoids of parasitoids. In this relationship a free-living insect is the host for a primary parasitoid, which in turn is the host for a hyperparasite. Hyperparasites appear to be restricted to 3 taxonomic orders: Hymenoptera (wasps, bees, and ants), Diptera (flies) and Coleoptera (beetles). As if this fourth trophic level relationship was not complex enough, hyperparasites have evolved a variety of different strategies; for example, some are facultative (able to be hyperparasites or primary parasitoids), and some are indirect (attacking the parasitoid by means of attacking the free-living host).
Hyperparasitism is a complex and highly evolved relationship with important consequences for ecosystems and biological control programs.
To learn more:
- Parasitic Wasps & Aphids on National Geographic TV
August 17, 2010: Lutra sumatrana
The hairy nosed otter is the rarest of the five otter species living in Asia. Thought to be extinct the late 1980s, it has subsequently been spotted occasionally in Vietnam, Malaysia, Cambodia, and Indonesia. In 2010, a camera trap spotted an individual in Borneo , where the last known hairy nosed otter was a road killed specimen found in Brunei in 1997. The type specimen was collected in Sumatra – which explains its species name. Its common name comes from it having hairs in the mist part of the nose. It is currently classified as endangered and it is believed to be extinct throughout most of its range. Habitat loss and degradation, exploitation for meat and use in traditional medicine are the main threats against this extremely rare species.
To learn more:
- Rarest otter discovered in Sabah, Borneo
- Lubis, R. 2005. First Recent Record of Hairy-Nosed Otter in Sumatra, Indonesia.
- IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 18(1): 14 - 20. http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/12421/0
August 10, 2010: Himantura chaophraya
The giant freshwater stingray Himantura chaophraya, was formally described in 1990 (although it was known for years by then) from 3 specimens collected in the Chao Praya river in Thailand – hence the species name – and is native to large rivers throughout Southeast Asia and northern Australia. Weighing over 500 kg, it is one of the largest freshwater fishes in the world. Besides its large body size, H. chaophraya is characterized by projecting snout ending in a triangular tip, small eyes and mouth, and a large serrated spine in the tail. Little is known about its ecology or natural history, but biometrical analyses of collected specimens suggest that there may be more than one phenotypically distinct population. The IUCN classifies this species as vulnerable due to its isolation along river basins, and the interaction among factors threatening freshwater species in that region of the world, such as habitat destruction and alteration. Although it is not a direct target for fishermen, it is often accidentally caught in fishing nets.
[Species contributed by Dr. Martha M. Hurley]
To learn more:
- Giant Freshwater Stingray on National Geographic TV
- Monkolprasit S, Roberts T. 1990. Himantura-chaophraya, a new giant fresh-water stingray from Thailand. Japanese journal of ichthyology 37(3): 203-208
July 6, 2010: Grimpoteuthis sp.
Octopi species in the genus Grimpoteuthis are among the rarest members of the Order Octopoda (the taxonomic category that includes all octopi). Because they live in the deep ocean, and because they have fragile bodies, they are a difficult group to study. They are found in all oceans living at depths of at least 750 meters, but some species are found at 7,500 meters. Grimpoteuthis sp. are believed to be able shed the uppermost layer of skin at will. These species are sometimes referred to as "Dumbo octopi" because they have a pair or prominent fins that extend from the top of their bodies. They swim by moving the fins, pushing with their arms, pushing water through their funnel, or by using all three methods at one time. Remarkably little is known about their ecology, reproduction, behavior, or conservation status.
To learn more:
- More recent image of Grimpoteuthis umbellata from Smithsonian Magazine article Creatures of the Deep!
- Video of Dance of the Dumbo Octopod Decoded from Smithsonian Magazine
- Animal Diversity Web
- Collection data in the Global Biodiversity Information Facility
- Grimpoteuthis bruuni on Encyclopedia of Life
- Grimpoteuthis challengeri on Encyclopedia of Life
June 23, 2010: Lamellibranchia sp.
The deep ocean is a relatively nutrient-poor environment. Here, natural hydrocarbon vents provide nutrients and create the conditions in which some species can live and aggregate. In the depths of the Gulf of Mexico, off the coast of Louisiana, scientists discovered a kind of tubeworm with an extremely slow growth rate. These tubeworms, classified in the genus Lamellibranchia, take between 170 and 250 years to reach a length of 2 meters, making them the most long-lived non-colonial marine invertebrate known to science. The worms appear to grow episodically, with growth spurts interspersed with periods of slower growth. Throughout their long lives they provide substrate and nutrients to a variety of other species in that ecosystem. The consequences of the Gulf oil spill on species such as Lamellibranchia sp. are still unknown, but the damage to other species is already significant.
To learn more:
- Berquist, D.C. et al. 2000. Longevity record for deep-sea invertebrate. Nature 403: 499-500
- Boetius A (2005) Microfauna–Macrofauna Interaction in the Seafloor: Lessons from the Tubeworm. PLoS Biol 3(3): e102. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030102
June 16, 2010: Upis ceramboides
Upis ceramboides, or the roughened darkling beetle, is an elongated tenebrionid living in the boreal forests of Asia, Europe, and North America. They are found overwintering under the bark of dead standing trees above the snowline. Because of that, they are commonly exposed to extreme ambient temperatures, which are often below -55°C (-67°F). The beetles remain frozen during most of the boreal winter, which lasts about 6 months. To survive this long period of freezing without tissue damage, force water out of their cells (thereby avoiding sharp ice crystals), and produce an antifreeze compound unlike that of other freeze-tolerant plant and animals, which are protein based. The antifreeze in U. ceramboides is the first known antifreeze in nature that contains little protein, and is made up predominantly of xylomannan, a type of sugar.
To learn more:
- Walters et al. 2009. A nonprotein thermal hysteresis-producing xylomannan antifreeze in the freeze-tolerant Alaskan beetle Upis ceramboides . PNAS December 1, 2009 vol. 106 no. 48 20210-20215
June 9, 2010: Osmia avosetta
A recent paper by a team led by Jerome Rozen of the American Museum of Natural History describes the unique nests of the bee Osmia avosetta. Nests of O. avosetta were found in 2009 in Turkey and Iran. The nests are made of chambers that are lined by 2 layers of flower petals that sandwich a layer of mud. Female O. avosetta dig a main tunnel and a cavity, and then collect large pieces of petals to make the exterior layer. Because a female can use a wide variety of flowers, these cells can be quite colorful. When the outer envelope is finished, a thin layer of mud is applied. After the mud sets, a new layer of petals is applied to line the cavity completely. Females then deposit a mixture of pollen and nectar on which they lay their eggs, before carefully closing the cells by folding the petals at the top.
To learn more:
- Rozen et al. 2010. Nests, petal usage, floral preferences, and immatures of Osmia (Ozbekosmia) avosetta (Megachilidae, Megachilinae, Osmiini), including biological comparisons with other osmiine bees. (American Museum novitates, no. 3680)
- Image of Osmia avosetta on Discoverlife.org
- Osmia in the Encyclopedia of Life
[Suggested by S. Harte]
June 1, 2010: Tachybaptus rufolavatus
T. rufolavatus, the Alaotra Grebe, is the first confirmed bird extinction since 2008. A medium-sized bird incapable of long distance flight, the Alaotra Grebe's range was limited to a small area in eastern Madagascar. Last sighted in 1985, the species was declared extinct in May 2010. Birds with some characteristic of the species were sighted in 1986 and 1988, but these individuals were thought to be hybrids with a closely related migratory species. Habitat loss, hybridization, and the combined impacts of entanglement in monofilament fishing nets, and the introduction of a carnivorous fish, caused this species' extinction. Human actions, such as those that drove T. rufolavatus to extinction, threaten many species of all taxonomic groups in all of the world's ecosystems. Many of them are unknown to science and are examples of species we will never know existed.
May 25, 2010: Swima bombiviridis
A team of scientists at the Scripps Institution of Ocenaography recently described a previously unknown genus of worms living in deep waters in the Pacific Ocean. The team used remote controlled vehicles to find a new genus, of which the type (what they considered a "typical" organism for that group) is Swima bombiviridis. Species in the Swima genus appear to not be closely related to other known species, which means they represent a major evolutionary branch within their group (the Cirratuliformia , a kind of polychaete worm). S .bombiviridis, along with 4 other species in the genus, release bioluminescent "bombs" as part of their defensive behaviors (they are thought to distract predators and allow them to escape). The bombs are modified gills that can be cast off when under stress, and they will illuminate with green bioluminescence for several seconds after being released. Each individual carries up to 8 of these bombs. This bomb-releasing behavior is also new to science.
To learn more:
- Swima worm on YouTube
- Osborn, K.J. et al. 2009. Deep-Sea, Swimming Worms with Luminescent "Bombs". Science, Volume 325, Issue 5943, pp. 964.
- Bombardier Worm , International Institute Species Exploration of Arizona State University
- Scientists Discover Bioluminescent 'Green Bombers' from the Deep Sea , from Scripps Institution of Oceanography / University of California, San Diego
May 18, 2010: Magnetotactic bacteria
Magnetotactic bacteria are a very heterogeneous group of prokaryotic organisms belong to many species (in fact, they form a very diverse group) that have in common a unique organelle, called a magnetosome, that aligns the cell along magnetic field lines. Magnetosomes contain magnetic crystals of iron oxide or sulfide in shapes that differ among bacteria species. Magnetotactic bacteria in the Northern and Southern hemispheres have opposite predominant migration directions, having evolved to align themselves with respect to the Earth's magnetic field in each hemisphere. These bacteria live in chemically-stratified water columns, and their alignment according to the Earth's magnetic field is thought to aid in keeping them within regions of appropriate oxygen concentrations.
To learn more:
May 11, 2010: Craseonycteris thonglongyai
Kitti's hog-nosed bat or the bumblebee bat is the smallest bat species, and one of the smallest mammals in the world- their body length ranges from 22 to 26 mm (1.1 to 1.3 in), and their body mass is around 2 g (0.07 oz). As one of their common names implies, they have distinctive pig-like snouts with crescent-shaped nostrils. They are so distinctive morphologically, that it is classified as the only species in its family. They are found in very small groups (their whole population might be just a couple of hundred individuals) living in limestone caves in Thailand and Burma (Myanmar). Little is known about their reproduction or ecology, but their teeth suggest an insectivorous diet. This species is rare, and due to its narrow range (their whole known range is 8 caves), and anthropogenic pressures on its habitat, is considered vulnerable by the IUCN .
To learn more:
- Hill, J. E., Smith, S. E. Craseonycteris thonglongyai . Mammalian Species, No. 160, (Dec. 3, 1981), pp. 1-4
- Animal Diversity Web
- C. thonglongyai's page in the Encyclopedia of life
May 5, 2010: Kiwa hirsuta
K. hirsuta, also known as the Yeti crab, Yeti lobster or furry lobster, was discovered in 2005 living in near hydrothermal vents (around 7,200 feet deep) in the Pacific Ocean- 900 miles south of Easter Island in the South Pacific. This species is so unique in its morphology and genome that it was classified as the only known species in its (new) genus and (also new) family. The name "Kiwa" comes from the goddess of shellfish in Polynesian mythology. As is generally the case with species living in environments with little visible light, K. hirsuta lacks pigmentation and has very small eyes, which may be non-functional. Its most prominent morphological attribute is a large quantity of light-colored setae in its thoracic leg and claws , which are so abundant that it resembles fur (its discoverers described them as "extremely setose"). They are around 8 inches long and are observed at densities of 1-2 individuals per every 10 square meters of the basalt that surrounds hydrothermal vents. It was discovered by an international team diving on a research submarine.
To learn more:
- WHOI: The Yeti Crab on YouTube
- E. Macpherson, W. Jones & M. Segonzac (2006). "A new squat lobster family of Galatheoidea (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura) from the hydrothermal vents of the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge". Zoosystema 27 (4): 709–723.
April 27, 2010: Turtle epibionts
A diverse fauna lives on the surface of sea turtles. Many invertebrate species make their home on the skin, plastron (the ventral portion of a turtle's shell), and carapace (the dorsal surface of the shell) of all known sea turtle species. These include several species of barnacles and crustaceans, and in some locations, turtles can host over a dozen different epibiont species. The term epibiont is used for species that use the turtles as a substrate only, and are considered to be generally harmless. External parasites or ectoparasites, on the other hand, take away some of the host's resources and cause some level of damage (which can in some case be severe). Whether epibionts can cause damage to some individuals still needs to be researched. Ongoing research about turtle epibionts includes learning about their location on the turtle's bodies and their genetic diversity. Scientists at the American Museum of Natural History 's Center for Biodiversity and Conservation have found that most of the green sea turtles they study at Palmyra Atoll have at least one epibiont species, including Gammarid and Tanaid crustaceans (see pictures below), and are working to identify them and learn more about their ecology and natural history.
To learn more:
- "Turtle Hitchhikers," by Brandon Schneider, Yale Scientific Magazine, Summer 2005, issue 78.4, article 383.
- Turtle Epibiont Project
April 20, 2010: Tyrannobdella rex
Leeches are annelids (worms whose bodies are segmented or formed by "rings"- anellus in Latin- a group also including earthworms) best known for feeding on blood, although not all species are haematophagous. Blood-feeding leeches attach to the body of a host (including humans) and feed until engorged, at which point they detach, normally causing little harm. Some leeches attach to body orifices, causing a condition known as orificial hirudiniasis. As part of their feeding strategy, they have evolved anesthetic and anticoagulant compounds in their saliva, some of which can have medical applications. Leeches are also used in reconstructive surgery and pain and wound management.
A new genus and species of leech was described this week, after being found feeding in the nose of a nine year old girl in rural Peru, and later associated to three previous cases. This leech is unique because it has a single jaw with very large teeth. Phylogenetic analyses show that this new species belongs to a group of leeches specializing in feeding from the mucosal cavities of mammals, and this discovery has helped scientists understand the evolutionary origin of this very specialized feeding strategy.
This species was described by a team of scientists, including Anna Phillips , Alejandro Oceguera-Figueroa , and Mark Sidall from Leech Lab at the American Museum of Natural History .
To learn more:
- Phillips AJ, Arauco-Brown R, Oceguera-Figueroa A, Gomez GP, Beltrán M, et al. (2010) Tyrannobdella rex N. Gen. N. Sp. and the Evolutionary Origins of Mucosal Leech Infestations. PLoS ONE 5(4): e10057. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010057
April 5, 2010: Ophryotrocha craigsmithi
This week's species is one of many that specialize in what is called whale-fall habitats. When a whale dies, its corpse drops to the bottom of the ocean where it becomes a resource to a wide variety of scavengers. A single whale corpse can host a diverse faunal community for many years. Worms in the genus Ophryotrocha are known to live in organically rich environments. They are polychaetes, a class of annelid worms characterized for having a pair of protrusions in each body segment, out of which many bristles (called chaete) grow. O. craigsmithi was found in a minke whale carcass off the coast of Sweden, and collected with a remotely-operated submersible vehicle. Although polychaetes are very common marine organisms, and the genus Ophryotrocha has been known for more than a century, O. craigsmithi was only discovered in 2009. The biodiversity in this genus, as in much of the deep ocean is still in need of further study.
This species was named after Professor Craig R. Smith from University of Hawai`i at Manoa, who studies the ecology of marine sediments including whale-falls.
To learn more:
- Three new species of Ophryotrocha (Annelida: Dorvilleidae) from a whale-fallin the North-East Atlantic (PDF)
- Photo: New Worms Eat (and Eat and Eat) Only on Dead Whales
March 30, 2010: Thermus aquaticus
Last week's species was an extremophile (an organism adapted to living in conditions that are not traditionally considered as life-supporting) adapted to life inside of cans of hair spray. This week's species, Thermus aquaticus is a thermophile – it lives and thrives in very hot environments. T. aquaticus was discovered in the hot springs of the Lower Geyser Basin on Yellowstone National Park, can live in water as hot as 175°F (80°C). Themophilic organisms have been a source of novel molecules with important applications in biomedical research. T. aquaticus is best known for being the source of an enzyme that can copy DNA and is stable at high temperatures. This enzyme, called Taq polymerase is used in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a commonly used procedure in biochemical research and medicine. DNA strands separate from their normal coil structure when heated, making each strand "readable". However, most enzymes do not work at those temperatures. The discovery of the Taq polymerase allowed for a laboratory procedure whereby DNA can be heated and copied. T. aquaticus and its relatives have also been the source of many other thermostable enzymes.
To learn more:
- NCBI Taxonomy browser
- Innis et al. 1988. DNA sequencing with Thermus aquaticus DNA polymerase and direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction-amplified DNA. PNAS December 1, 1988 vol. 85 no. 24 9436-9440
March 23, 2010: Microbacterium hatanonis
Up to now, the focus of "Species you didn't know existed" had been on animals. We are still discovering new species, and learning about their ecology and behavior. Almost by any metric, we remain largely ignorant about the most basic information about most animal species, even those that are larger-bodied and terrestrial. It should then be no surprise that microbial biodiversity is still an important source of species we didn't know existed. Some microbes are described as being "extremophiles", meaning that they thrive in extreme environmental conditions. Our species of the week was discovered living inside cans of hairspray. It is an aerobic (uses oxygen) and rod-shaped bacterium that forms yellow colonies when cultured in the lab. Researchers found it to be sufficiently distinct in its genetic material, its morphology, physiology and metabolic requirements, to suggest it has had a distinct evolutionary history and is thus a species new to science. The study describing the species for the first time was only published in 2008, and little else is known about it. There is no evidence suggesting it has any negative effect on hairspray users.
To learn more:
- Bakir MA, Kudo T, Benno Y. 2008. Microbacterium hatanonis sp. nov., isolated as a contaminant of hairspray. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2008 Mar;58(Pt 3):654-8.
March 16, 2010: Caecilians
Although resembling snakes or large earthworms, caecilians are in fact a group of amphibians, that is, they are most closely related to frogs and salamanders. They are blind or nearly blind, have no auditory openings, lack external limbs (and were once classified as belonging to the order Apoda , meaning without limbs ), and have a distinct pattern of skin folds across their body, which contributes to their earthworm-like appearance. According to a new taxonomic revision by Dr. Darrel Frost (American Museum of Natural History) and collaborators, caecilians belong to the order Gymnophiona, and we currently know over 170 species belonging to 33 genera and 6 families. They have a pantropical distribution (but are absent from Madagascar), and are mostly oviparous (i.e. egg-laying) with aquatic larvae; some species however are ovoviviparous (i.e. the eggs remain in the mother's body and the young are born live, although they develop in an egg). Mothers in one caecilian species, Boulengerula taitanus, form a thick and nutritious layer of skin cells from which the young feed (see this video). Caecilians tend to be burrowers and live inside networks of tunnels, but a few species are aquatic – their habitat preferences make them hard to see and study, and they remain among the least well-known major vertebrate group. Six caecilian species appear as having some level of threat in the IUCN Red List, but given our lack of knowledge about this group, this is likely an underestimation.
To learn more:
- Baby Caecilians Feeding on YouTube
- Encyclopedia of Life: Caecilia, common caecilians
- Frost et al. (2006) The Amphibian Tree of Life. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 297: 1-370
March 9, 2010: Saola (Pseudoryx nghetinhensis)
Known to science only since a 1992 survey expedition to Vietnam, the saola is the first large mammal to be discovered since 1936- when the kouprey (Bos sauveli), a buffalo relative was discovered in nearby Cambodia. The saola belong to the Family Bovidae, which includes antelope, buffalo, bison, cattle, goats and sheep; however, it is the only known species in its genus. These large (adults weight about 90 kg and are about 150 cm in length) antelope-like creatures have distinctive facial markings, a black stripe extending from the shoulders, and a stripped tail. Both males and females have horns. The saola have a very restricted range and inhabit only in certain areas in 6 provinces in Vietnam and 3 in Lao PDR. Very little is known about this species' ecology, reproduction or behavior. However, it is now listed as critically endangered due to habitat loss and hunting pressure.
[Species suggested by Meg Domroese of the Center for Biodiversity and Conservation]
To learn more:
- World Wildlife Fund - Saola
- Encyclopedia of Life: Pseudoryx nghetinhensis, Saola
- Van Dung et al. 1993. A new species of living bovid from Vietnam. Nature 363 , 443 - 445 (03 June 1993); doi:10.1038/363443a0
- Kemp, N., M. Dilger, N. Burgess, C. Dung. 1997. The saola Pseudoryx nghetinhensis in Vietnam- new information on distribution and habitat preferences, and conservation needs. Oryx, 31/1: 37-44.
March 2, 2010: Canthon aff. quadriguttatus
Dung beetles remove freshly deposited dung and eat it or use it to lay their eggs in dung "brood balls". Dung removal results in a variety of important ecosystem functions including nutrient cycling, seed dispersal and control of pests and parasites. The Neotropics contain a large number of dung beetle species, even though Neotropical forests do not have abundant populations of large vertebrates to provide dung. As a result, Neotropical dung beetles have to compete intensely for dung, an ephemeral but irreplaceable resource. Scientists have discovered an unusual competition strategy in the Neotropical dung beetle Canthon aff. quadriguttatus (Olivier): they live attached to the tail or genital region of the primate species whose dung they use. By living on the monkeys, they are guaranteed quick access to their dung, to which they attach as it is being evacuated or immediately after. After consuming the dung, they climb back on the monkeys. From a distance, the presence of these beetle aggregations make the monkeys appear to have shiny objects around their tails.
[Species suggested by Elizabeth Nichols of the Center for Biodiversity and Conservation]
To learn more:
- Jacobs J, Nole I, Palminteri S, Ratcliffe B. 2008. First come, first serve: "sit and wait" behavior in dung beetles at the source of primate dung. Neotrop Entomol 37(6):641-5.
- The Scarabaeinae Research Network
February 23, 2010: Tree kangaroos
Unlike their better-known relatives, tree kangaroos have hind and forelimbs of approximately the same size (this is what a normal kangaroo looks like). They also have long cylindrical tails, and are much smaller (adults are around 10-15 kilograms of body weight, depending on the species).
All tree kangaroo species (10-14) belong to the Genus Dendrolagus – a word derived from the Greek words for "tree" and "hare". They live in Papua New Guinea and Queensland and most species spend the majority of their lives in trees (although some species are mainly terrestrial), coming down to the ground only occasionally. They are particularly agile in trees, where they are known to leap, jump and hop – but they spend as much as 60% of their time sleeping. Like all kangaroos, they are marsupials – females have pouches to carry the joeys. They are herbivorous and have complex stomachs with fermentation chambers, which enable them to process plant matter. Tree kangaroos have primitive immune systems, which make them quite susceptible to infection by the kinds of pathogens that cause tuberculosis in humans, and to immunosuppresion caused by stress. Of the 14 species listed by the IUCN list of threatened species , four are critically endangered, three are endangered and four are vulnerable, with habitat loss and hunting pressure listed as the main threats against them.
To learn more:
February 16, 2010: Furcifer labordi
Furcifer labordi, a species of chameleon from the arid regions of Madacasgar, has a unique life history: it spends most of its life in the egg as a maturing embryo. In fact, its entire lifespan (about a year) is shorter than the time it takes most other chameleon species to reach maturity – using current average life expectancy in the United States, if humans had this kind of life history, pregnancy would last around 52 years.
F. labordi embryos develop inside the eggs for 8-9 months, after which follows growth and sexual maturation, courtship, mating and egg laying. Eggs hatch at the start of the rainy season in November. Hatchlings quickly grown into juveniles and by January, they reach sexual maturity. By February or March, females deposit the eggs, after which the entire adult population senesces and dies – this is the shortest lifespan ever recorded in a terapod (4-limbed vertebrates). The only time of the life cycle in which more than one age class is alive is the short period between egg laying and the time the adults die – for the rest of the time, the entire population is composed of one single cohort.
Scientists know of no other species of terapod with this kind of life history, which is found in some ephemeral insects such as the mayflies. Because they are closely related to other chameleons that do not have this kind of life history, F. labordi can help us understand key aspects of the mechanisms responsible for aging and longevity.
Dr. Christopher Raxworthy of the American Museum of Natural History is a co-author of a recent paper that describes F. labordi's life history.
To learn more:
- Kristopher B. Karsten; Laza N. Andriamandimbiarisoa, Stanley F. Fox, and Christopher J. Raxworthy (2008-07-01). " A unique life history among tetrapods: An annual chameleon living mostly as an egg". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105 (26): 8980–8984. doi:10.1073/pnas.0802468105
[Species suggested by Dr. Richard Pearson of the Center for Biodiversity and Conservation]
February 9, 2010: Tardigrades
Tardigrades, also known as water bears or moss piglets, are a little-known phylum of microscopic animals containing about 1000 species- but it is estimated that as much as a few thousand species have yet to be described. They are widely distributed throughout the world and can be found in a variety of terrestrial, freshwater and marine environments, and are most commonly found in mosses and fresh water. Adults are tiny (0.5- 1.2 millimeters long), transparent and have four segments with 8 legs. They are reported to have a small and constant cell number and are famous for cryptobiosis: a dehydrated tardigrade (called a tun) can survive for years without water and can withstand extremely high pressure, radiation, high temperatures and freezing. Watch a video of a tardigrade walking, and click on the links below to learn more about tardigrades.
To learn more:


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November 29, 2012 - December 6, 2012
Rosemary Anderson
Rosemary Anderson, a longtime area resident, died on Tuesday, November 27, 2012 at the Catskill Regional Medical Center in Harris. She was 69.
Funeral services were at Ramsay's Funeral Home, 275 S. Main St., Liberty. Burial will follow at Pine Hill Cemetery in Middletown, NY.
Memorial contributions may be made to Roscoe Nursing Home, 420 Rockland Rd., Roscoe, NY 12776.
Lauren Decker
Lauren Decker of Dingmans Ferry, PA died Sunday, November 25, 2012. He was 76.
Memorial donations may be made to a hospice or cancer research fund.
Linda J. Dirie
Linda J. Dirie of Youngsville, NY, a lifelong area resident, died Sunday, December 2, 2012 at the Roscoe Rehab & Nursing Center, Roscoe, NY, after a long illness. She was 61.
Services will be held at 11 a.m. on Thursday, December 6, 2012 at the Stewart-Murphy Funeral Home, Jeffersonville, NY, with Virginia Bossley officiating.
Burial will be in the Presbyterian Cemetery in Youngsville.
Memorial contributions may be made to the United Reformed Church of Youngsville or to the Jeffersonville Presbyterian Church.
Charles W. Flynn
Charles W. Flynn of Honesdale, PA, died on November 26, 2012 at Wayne Memorial Hospital. He was 86.
A mass of Christian burial was celebrated on Friday, November 30 at St. Mary Magdalen Church, Honesdale.
Interment followed with full military honors at St. John's Cemetery, Erie St., Honesdale.
In lieu of flowers, memorial contributions can be made to Dyberry Day Camp, PO Box 1121 Honesdale, PA 18431 or St. John the Evangelist Parish, 414 Church St. Honesdale, PA 18431.
Jean L. Hoffman
Jean L. Hoffman, a lifelong resident of North Branch, NY, entered into eternal rest on December 1, 2012 at Catskill Regional Medical Center. She was 69.
Friends may call Thursday, December 6, 2012 from 2 to 4 p.m. and 7 to 9 p.m. at Stewart-Murphy Funeral Home, Jeffersonville, NY.
Services will be held at 11:30 a.m. on Friday, December 7, 2012 at the funeral home.
Burial will be in the North Branch Methodist Cemetery.
Al Huber
Al Huber, a former resident of Damascus, PA, peacefully passed away on November 23, with family members around him.
Al's entire life exemplified his philosophy of giving from the heart. Always extraordinarily generous of spirit, he directed that his body be donated to a medical school for research to benefit others.
Because he preferred never to be in the limelight, Al requested that there be no memorial service. The family will gather privately to reminisce and celebrate his life.
Margaret Jenks
Margaret Jenks, a lifetime resident of Port Jervis, NY passed away Tuesday, November 27, 2012, at home, with her family by her side. She was 84.
Prayers were offered Friday, November 30 at the Knight-Auchmoody Funeral Home, Inc., 154 E. Main St., Port Jervis, followed by a mass of Christian burial at St. Mary's R.C. Church, Port Jervis. Rev. George Hafemann was the celebrant. Interment will take place at St. Mary's Cemetery, Port Jervis.
Memorial contributions may be made to St. Mary's R.C. Church, 46 Ball St., Port Jervis, NY 12771.
Ralph Skinner
Ralph Skinner of Honesdale, PA, died Saturday evening, December 1, 2012 in the Wayne Memorial Hospital, Honesdale after an illness. He was 92.
Funeral services and Christian burial were held on Wednesday, December 5, 2012 in the Arthur A. Bryant Funeral Home 1228 North Main Street, Honesdale, PA 18431.
Interment was Wednesday in St. Mary's Cemetery, Honesdale.


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Twilight FTW! :D Just kidding
LOTR trilogy has to be extended edition
original star wars trilogy
Ip man (donnie yen)
36th chamber of shaolin :D
Clare and Francis
paul and hot fuzz
The Sandlot
Talladega Knights, the Ballad of Ricky Bobby. Horrible movie. I love it so much.
NARC (2002) Ray Liotta & Jason Patric. Written & Directed by Joe Carnahan.
Originally Posted by Nathan.
A new movie I've recently watched and I seem to watch in again, and again which is:
Seven aka Se7en, good movie.
Hell Yea! SE7EN is the shit!
The Amazing Spider Man
-Star Wars
-Big Lebowski
Rush Hour 1
paranormal 4
Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory(original)
Memoirs of a Geisha
Breakfast Club
All the Mission Impossible movies
Paranormal Activity 4
Advent Children, all the Pirates of the caribbean, all the fast and the furious.
Any movie involving Liam Neeson/Gerard Butler
21 Jump Street and The Hangover! It's hilarious
Lethal Weapon franchise, Not too old for that Shi
Originally Posted by AsumaSarutobi
Lethal Weapon franchise, Not too old for that Shi
HANDS DOWN... right on!
anyof the 168 john wayne moives out or the canonballs movies
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Dordt College encourages all Christians to take an active role in culture and to use the fine arts as a response of praise to God and in service of those around them. The fine arts events that take place on Dordt College each semester bring together a fine array of talent from the local area and across the country.
Dordt College is pleased to showcase its own students as well as professional artists in the areas of visual arts, music, and theater arts.
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Home List of Titles 16S rRNA analysis of isolates obtained from Gram-negative, filamentous bacteria micromanipulated from activated sludge
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.3/232406
- Title
- 16S rRNA analysis of isolates obtained from Gram-negative, filamentous bacteria micromanipulated from activated sludge
- Author(s)
- Bradford, Debbie; Hugenholtz, Philip; Seviour, Elizabeth M.; Cunningham, Mitchell A.; Stratton, Helen; Seviour, Robert J.; Blackall, Linda L.
- Abstract
- Individual filaments of the Gram negative, bulking filamentous morphotypes Eikelboom Type 0092, Type 0411, Type 0803 and Herpetosiphon sp. were identified in activated sludge mixed liquors and specifically isolated by micromanipulation. Although their isolation and partial phenotypic description have previously been reported, we sought them to determine their phylogenetic position and to compare our data with the previous descriptions. Direct cell lysis procedures and the polymerase chain reaction were used to obtain their 16S rRNA genes. These were sequenced and the data were analysed to phylogenetically place the filaments into their respective lines of descent in the domain Bacteria. Type 0803 is a member of the Rubrivivax subgroup of the beta proteobacterial subclass; Herpetosiphon sp. belongs in the Chloroflexus subdivision of the green non-sulfur lineage and its sequence is most similar to that of N. aurantiacus; while Type 0092 and Type 0411 belong in the Flexibacter-Cytophaga-Bacteroides phylum. The contemporary 'identification' of these organisms is ambiguous and relies on subjective morphological criteria and staining reactions. However, the sequence data reported here are being examined for morphotype-specific regions to be exploited for RNA-directed, DNA probes for rapid, unequivocal, in situ identification of each filament type.
- Publication type
- Journal article
- Source
- Systematic and Applied Microbiology, Vol. 19, no. 3 (Oct 1996), pp. 334-343
- Publication year
- 1996
- FOR Code(s)
- 0603 Evolutionary Biology; 0605 Microbiology
- Keyword(s)
- Activated sludge; Bacterium isolation; Bulking; Cytolysis; Gram negative filaments; Phylogeny; Polymerase chain reaction; RNA 16s
- Publisher
- Urban und Fischer Verlag
- 0723-2020
- Publisher URL
- Copyright
- Copyright © 1996 Gustav Fischer Verlag.
- Peer reviewed


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Bennington man accused of failing to comply with sex offender registryMarch 02,2013BENNINGTON — A Beech Street man is facing a felony charge after police said he failed to comply with the terms of the sex offender registry earlier this year.
Richard Pinsonneault, 31, of Bennington, was arraigned in Bennington criminal court on Monday on a felony count of failing to comply with the sex offender registry for five consecutive days and a misdemeanor count of first offense of failing to comply with the sex offender registry.
In an affidavit, Detective Anthony Silvestro said Pinsonneault was obligated to comply with the sex offender registry based on a conviction for sexual assault in Bennington criminal court in April 2007.
Silvestro said Pinsonneault gave the Vermont Sex Offender Registry an address on Union Street in December but said he learned Jan. 24 from Bonnie Goode, coordinator of the registry, that Pinsonneault was no longer living at that address.
According to the affidavit, Pinsonneault admitted to Silvestro on Feb. 4 that he was no longer living on Union Street and had been living on Beech Street for more than two weeks.
Silvestro said that Pinsonneault told him during an interview at the Bennington Police Department on Feb. 5 that he "simply forgot to send the registry a change-of-address form."
Pinsonneault, who pleaded innocent Monday, was released without bail.MORE IN This Just InMONTPELIER A new report from a commission that studied the cost, availability and quality of... Full StoryVermont fish hatchery changes focus, looks inland
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Event #302C
June 16-20, 2003
San Diego, CA
This course meets the needs of defense industry acquisition managers in today's dynamic environment, providing the latest information related to:
Taught by the Defense Acquisition Univeristy (DAU), the course uses the same acquisition policy information provided to DoD students who attend DAU courses for formal acquisition certification.
The course was held in San Diego, CA at the Doubletree Hotel San Diego Mission Valley.
PROCEEDINGS in PDF Format:
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Swank's story is reminiscent of her Oscar-winning role in "Million Dollar Baby" -- a woman waiting tables while training to become a champion boxer, a goal that she will not let not happen.
Swank was born in Nebraska to a secretary and traveling salesman. At the age of 6, her family moved to a trailer park in Washington state. Here, she described much of her upbringing as feeling like an "outsider".
At 13, her parents divorced and she and her mother moved to LA for her acting aspirations. They lived out of their car until they scraped enough money to get an apartment.
She dropped out of school and started supporting the household with acting spots on shows like "Evening Shade" and "Growing Pains." Swank was very athletic throughout school and used this ability to land her breakthrough role in 1994's "The Next Karate Kid."
Our No. 1 rags-to-riches celeb went from one extreme to another ...
No. 1: Oprah Winfrey
The Queen of Media also proves to be the mother of all rags to riches stories, growing up poor (back when poor was really poor) and working her way to the top heights of wealth, power, and influence.
Winfrey hails from the deep south -- rural Mississippi -- born to a teenage mother. Later, she lived with her grandmother, who made dresses for her out of potato sacks.
Oprah and her mother moved to inner-city Milwaukee when she was 9, where she endured sexual abuse from her extended family. She ran away at 13 and became pregnant at 14, but her baby died shortly thereafter.
That same year, she was sent to live with family friend, Vernon Winfrey, in Tennessee. Here, things turned around for young Winfrey. She did well in school, became a student leader and started her career in media.