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Credit Suisse Rising Star makes supermarket swap
A rising talent in Credit Suisse's UK investment banking team has left to join supermarket giant Tesco, just six months after the Swiss bank's head of food retail equity research swapped the City for a role at Morrisons.
Anthony Leung, a director in UK investment banking who last year featured on Financial News's list of Rising Stars in the industry, is set to join Tesco in a strategy role, according to three people familiar with the move.
During his time at Credit Suisse Leung often worked closely with two of the group's best-known UK bankers: James Leigh-Pemberton, now at UK Financial Investments; and Sebastian Grigg, a vice-chairman of Credit Suisse's investment banking department for Europe, the Middle East and Africa.
He joined Credit Suisse in 2000 on graduation from the London School of Economics and later moved to Morgan Stanley for two years before returning to the Swiss bank in 2008. In recent years he has worked on transactions for Thomas Cook Group, Rio Tinto, and Glencore.
He joins Tesco at a challenging time for the UK retailer, which this week reported a third consecutive quarter of falling like-for-like sales.
Philip Clarke, chief executive of Tesco, said in a results statement: "The first quarter has also seen a continuation of the challenging consumer trends in the UK, reflecting still subdued levels of spending in addition to the more structural changes taking place across the retail industry."
Leung's departure has a familiar feel to it. Late last year, Andrew Kasoulis, Credit Suisse's then head of food retail equity research, left to join Bradford-based Morrisons. In 2010, meanwhile, Scilla Grimble, a former co-head of consumer products and retail coverage at UBS, joined Tesco and is now a director in corporate finance and treasury.
The move is also another example of well-regarded banker in their 30s making the switch to a corporate role. In April, Anya Weaving, a 37-year-old managing director at Bank of America Merrill Lynch, landed the role of chief financial officer at FTSE 250-listed oil and gas exploration group Soco International. Earlier in the year, Joe Seifert, an executive director at JP Morgan, moved to Essar Global, a holding company for all of the Essar Group interests, in a senior finance role.


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Vote for us in the 2015 Festival Awards
We're excited to announce Ibiza Rocks has been nominated for Best Overseas Festival at the Festival Awards 2015! This year we celebrated 10 years of Rocks with 4 huge weekly events, 65,000+ fans and 180+ acts heading to the magical isle of Ibiza. With unforgettable headline sets…Click here for more details »

subset: commoncrawl


text: Time lapses, anyone? 0x6a656666 posted:5/20/2010 8:24:02 AM Went out on the porch the other night at 3:15 AM or so--the woods wasn't making a sound. No crickets, birds, frogs, anything. Went out on the porch today at the same time, the woods was going crazy with noises. Same weather, both times. Someone suggested "time lapse." Ever have any yourself that didn't involve large quantities of alcohol? jaguarsky posted:5/20/2010 1:06:51 PM If there has been an intruder in the woods, person, domestic pet, or some other denizen out hunting, and an alarm was sounded by one or more of the night critters, it is quite common for every little thing to become silent so as not to become dinner by giving away their position. Happens all the time. Or, it could have been a time lapse, slip, warp, etc...As for having experienced such myself...Dude! I totally missed the 70's!! They tell me I had a wonderful time.0x6a656666 posted:5/20/2010 1:36:04 PM I was hoping to bank on the time lapse explanation. LOLtapuout4985 posted:5/21/2010 10:07:33 AM Once, when I was driving home at night, I had a time lapse of sorts. To my perception I went from being about 5 miles north of my house to about 15 miles southeast of my house in a town I had never driven to before all in a split second. The best explanation I could come up with without dipping into the paranormal was that I had fallen asleep, but some subconscious part of my brain was able to take over and keep me on the highway, but didn't have the understanding of what was going on to get me home. I guess it would be similar to sleepwalking. The road isn't straight and after about 8 miles or so I would have had to make a left turn at a T intersection. The problem with this explanation is that I'm exNavy and used to spend days on end on watch and working, so I've learned how to stay awake. I wasn't even tired that night as it was only shortly after sundown. The whole instance left me with a sick feeling.spiritech0 posted:5/21/2010 2:26:15 PM My wife has gone through time lapses while driving, and she still does. She tends to make more u-turns trying not to get lost than driving from point-A to point-B. I used to worry about her driving alone, but for the past five years, she's attributed her experience of "letting the car drive itself" to her guardian spirit - "Charlie". She says that he's the one that makes sure she doesn't get lost and end up in a ditch. She doesn't like to drive anyway. But she does tell me that time flies by like a tiny bug: you think you can follow it's path - then - poof! - it's like it blinked out of existence. I wouldn't bother with this website if I hadn't experienced weird phenomena, and so I have no reason to doubt her.hedotfan posted:5/25/2010 3:36:05 AM I was on a break in class, so I went to the student lounge to eat. it was 9:00 am. break is 10 minutes long. I ate for five minutes including the time it took to get down to the cafeteria(I keep close tabs with my cell phone clock so I'm not late for class, because there are penalties for being late) then left for the elevator, got on the elevator and went straight to the fourth floor. that took 3 minutes. the wierd thing: I should have got there 9:08. I got there at 9:13. there were five minutes of unaccounted for time. I went over it over and over and over again. it was so wierd.macros72 posted:6/1/2010 5:40:46 PM I can remember taking the dog for a walk on a sunny sunday evening and began to feel ill - flu bug - I leaned against an old stone wall for five or ten minutes deciding whether to continue the walk or go home. I headed back home. This short trip out and back took around 30 minutes. When i got home i was asked where I`d been - the clock said 9.15 pm. I had left around 7pm!!! I suppose the flu played with my senses too much. I suspect i must have walked slower than i normally would. I ended up bedridden for 3 days.Still puzzles me though as around 2 hours seemed too much. lisa caruso posted:6/9/2010 7:54:00 PM i was playing the sims at 12:23 am, i always have a habit of glancing at the time...anyways, i had been playing for about 45 minutes when i had to go pee. well, never in my life has it took me very long to pee, but when i got back to the living room to continue my game, the clock said 5:30 am. i was dumbfounded....i thought the clock somehow malfunctioned...so i checked other clocks and even the t.v. news for the time. all 5:30 am. i still didn't believe it so i went outside to see the beginning traces of dawn. i still, to this day do not know how i lost about 5 hours going to the bathroom. this is only one of many time lapses throughout my life.Hug-A-Bug posted:6/13/2010 12:11:46 AM I too had a driving w/o memory occurrence happen to me many yrs ago. It wasn't until recently that I studied brain waves and learned about the Theda wave (trance like state). I realize what happened. Theda waves are produced by doing repetitive chores/motions. This allows the person to relax, catch some zzzzzz's while the waking body preforms the task at hand. Please log in or become a member to add a post.


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Mahabharat of FDI: 10 Silliest Quotes
With the UPA winning the FDI vote in Lok Sabha and the debate still going on in Rajya Sabha, we present few gems as uttered by our ministers.
1. Sari-The New National Dress of Australia?
"I would welcome FDI. But only when the Murshidabad silks sarees will have a ready market in the Australia. When the Jaipur foot will be sold in Jamaica!"
-Derek o' Brien, Trinamool Congress
2. That's one BIG Potato
"Once the potatoes are harvested, maybe for my friends from BJP, they become American.If you want 24 inch potatoes for fries come to Ambala"
-Deepinder Hooda, Congress
3. Yes, That's Why this Decision was Taken
"The Washington Post had called the PM a tragic figure leading a deflated regime. Just 10 days after that came the government's FDI decision. Maybe you should send a thank you note to the WP!"
-Derek o' Brien, Trinamool Congress
4. Geography Questions
"Why is the DMK supporting FDI here and opposing it in Tamil Nadu? Is Tamil Nadu in Sri Lanka"
-M.Thambidurai, AIADMK
5. More Power to the Dhabas
"Many said KFC will drive the dhabas out of the market..Dhabas have driven out KFC.Don't underestimate Indian brands."
-Kapil Sibal, Congress
6. Hey Ram!
"Gandhiji would not have allowed FDI in retail.When Gandhiji set fire to foreign cloth, he said this was to benefit Indian weavers. I request Soniaji - there is Gandhi in your name."
-Mulayam Singh Yadav, Samajwadi Party
7. Is that a Threat?
"We do not want the government to fall, but if you don't roll back FDI in multi brand retail, we will roll back the government.You may win this battle, but we will win the war."
-Sharad Yadav, JD(U)
8. Now, History Lessons
"I come from Bengal, where Siraj-ud-daulah lost the Battle of Plassey. Quoting Tagore, I can say, 'they came as traders and became kings'. Does America want to do that too?"
-Saugata Roy ,Trinamool Congress
9. And Which Brand Owns Thums Up?
"Because of KFC, and McDonalds, Indian food chains like Bikaner & Haldiram improved.Despite the entrance of Coca Cola in India, local brand Thums Up is more popular."
-Praful Patel, NCP
10. Indian Companies Do this All the Time, is it?
"Will Wal-Mart care about the poor farmer's sister's wedding? Will Wal-Mart send his children to school? Will Wal-Mart notice his tears and hunger?"
-Sushma Swaraj, BJP


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Welcome to Friend-Codes.com – Your inofficial Source for Invitation CodesApril 13th, 2010
Beeing an addicted iPhone strategy player you are always forced to find new players to add to your team. There are several very successful games avaiable at Apple's App-Store, which require building up a team. But where can you find your team-mates? Confronted with this problem, I thought it might be helpful to have one page, where all the players can leave their codes and you can yours and collect codes from the others.


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bulldogz4eva, on 13 March 2012 - 07:33 PM, said:
After having my pet duck savagely mauled and murdered by a dog, don't think for a moment that I wouldn't shoot that mongrel if I got my hands on it. It's not always the cost of what the animal cost you to purchase it in the first place. Daisy was given to me, so technically she cost me no money. I am what you'd call a farmer, so am I a wanker for wanting that mongrel dog dead (The dog would be dead if I got my hands on it BTW). Sorry to seem pissy about it, but this is the exact mentality of our neighbours whose dogs used to be constantly out. My dog got mauled by their cross bred dog (dragged out from under her own fence while she was defending her boundary), few days later Daisy and several other pets had their yard invaded and they lost their lives. They "replaced" the ducks killed and paid Gypsy's vet bill, but what no one ever thought of was the psychological trauma Gypsy went through. She was never the same after that attack
Dog-owner - I'm sorry for your loss. The way he ended this is way over the top.
This post has been edited by Everythings Shiny: 15 March 2012 - 09:05 PM


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SlickEdit Academic Program for Colleges and Universities
"We selected SlickEdit as the editor of choice for various programs of study within the College of Engineering. SlickEdit's multi-platform and multi-language editing environment provides students and faculty with a flexible software development tool that complements our curriculum."
– Bill Scott
Director of Technology
Information Technology and
Engineering Computer Services
North Carolina State University
SlickEdit Academic Partner Program for Colleges and Universities
SlickEdit Inc. is proud to partner with the academic community. As part of our commitment to academic success, we provide qualified students, faculty, and accredited institutions of higher learning the award winning programming editor, SlickEdit, at a substantial cost savings.
The SlickEdit Academic Partner Program provides colleges and universities with the multi-platform enterprise edition of SlickEdit. The academic license is available in two forms:
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SlickEdit's award winning multi-language, multi-platform code editor will:
Join the community and become a SlickEdit Academic Partner
Integrating SlickEdit into your school's curriculum provides an effective and attainable way to offer high-quality, commercial-grade editing software to your students. SlickEdit enables students of computer science, electrical engineering and computer engineering to develop applications in C/C++, Java and many other languages on Windows, Linux and UNIX platforms.
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Dozens of students from the Phoenix School of Discovery helped in the recovery of Cracker Jack and on Monday he paid a visit to the school.
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Shine on this summer in 275 Central Skatter. These flat espadrilles are the perfect finish to your favorite skinny jeans.
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When I was in Afghanistan, one of the interpreters and several Afghan National Police I was with made their own yogurt by straining it and wanted me to try some. To my surprise they gave me a honey flavored yogurt with the consistency of what I knew as Greek yogurt. From that day one I wondered how strained yogurt became known solely as Greek yogurt in the United States.
I recently discovered the answer. No one should be surprised that the answer is in fact: business. In the early 2000s the Greek company FAGE expanded into the United States. FAGE was the first company to massively market strained yogurt in the United States. FAGE gave the yogurt "Greek" in its title, probably because Greek yogurt sounds more appealing than strained yogurt. FAGE became massively successful and now other companies are trying to cash in on what they consider to be Greek yogurt.
The Greek stereotyping of strained yogurt is part of its advertising appeal. How many Greek yogurt ads feature either ancient Greek ruins or images of beautiful Greek islands. The appeal has turned into a stereotype meant to be laughed at as well. However, I challenge anyone to imagine the below commercial with a disapproving secular Syrian Baathist, Afghan Muslim, or Hindu woman instead of an old Greek Orthodox woman. The commercial would be decrying as distasteful and hateful and pulled immediately.


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Dordt College News
Dordt's concrete canoe takes high honors
May 5, 2014
Dordt College's 2014 concrete canoe, named Prairie Fire, blazed its way to high honors this year at the annual Concrete Canoe Competition held by the American Society of Civil Engineers. The regional competition was held April 26, at the University of Iowa in Iowa City.
The Concrete Canoe Competition gives students an opportunity to work on a real-world engineering project that provides opportunities for management, teamwork, design, and construction.
The team took second place for their technical paper, third place for the presentation, and third final product. "We didn't finish in the top three overall—paddling in the wind proved to be quite difficult for us and brought our score down," said Engineering Professor Justin Vander Werff, Dordt's faculty advisor. "However, the team was very pleased with their performance, and I believe this is the first year we've finished in the top three of all the non-paddling categories." Joel Sikkema also served as a faculty advisor for this year's team.
Nine teams competed in this year's competition including Dordt College, Iowa State University, Minnesota State University-Mankato, North Dakota State University, South Dakota State University, University of Iowa, University of Minnesota-Duluth, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, and University of Wisconsin-Platteville.
Dordt College student participants include team captains and seniors Amanda Donnell and Emily Riihl; juniors Kim De Boer, Jonathan De Graff, Isaac De Jong, Adam Van Hal, and Austin Van Vuren; sophomores Brendan Conley, Kit Drennon, and Nathaniel Dyett; and freshmen Mark Brauning, Andrew Cammenga, Rebekah De Penning, Kelli Johnston and Stephanie Pausma.
"The students worked throughout the fall and spring semesters on various aspects of the design, construction, and finishing of the canoe, as well as on the display, paper, and presentation. The competition was a great culmination and celebration of another academic year of work well done," said Vander Werff.
Dordt College will host next year's Midwest Conference Canoe Competition.
Media Access: Download Word Version | High Resolution Image: 1


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SURPRISE, Ariz. (AP) — After converting 49 consecutive saves from 2011 to early 2012, pitcher John Axford has another streak going.
The Cleveland Indians closer went 18 for 18 on his Academy Awards picks.
Axford made the projections after the Indians' game Sunday on his Facebook page. Last year Axford was correct on 14 of his 15 Oscar selections; he picked Steven Spielberg as best director for Lincoln and Ang Lee won for Life of Pi.
"It was fun," Axford said yesterday. "I was following it online, not even watching it on TV. I was getting updates from people on Twitter. 'You're 3 for 3, 5 for 5.' It was pretty neat. By the time it got 14 for 14, I said, 'Wow, I picked 14 right last year.' It definitely got a little more intense after that. When it got 16 for 16, I assumed I had it locked."
There are 24 Oscar categories, and Axford said on Twitter he will predict them all next year.
Axford, who was born in Canada, received a bachelor's degree in film and television from Notre Dame.
"I hope he's as good when it comes to saves," Indians manager Terry Francona said.


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"I listen to Catholic Answers Live via the internet all the time. Your show is truly edifying! You always present our great Catholic Faith in a clear and concise manner. Indeed, you speak the truth in love. Thank you for all that you do. Keep fighting the good fight!"
~ Matt, Toronto, Canada
0 results
"Over their food and over their drink they render God thanks."
~ Aristides, Christian apologist; describing the Christian practice of "saying grace" before meals (c. A.D. 123); all the more impressive because his matter-of-fact description denotes a common practice and therefore one of much earlier origin.


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Monday: Tucumcari Public Schools Board of Education, Summer Retreat Meeting, 8 a.m., Holiday Inn, East Tucumcari Boulevard.
Monday: Rural Area Development, Water User COOP, monthly meeting, 6 p.m., Norton Fire Station.
Tuesday: Quay County ASAP Coalition Steering Committee will be offering training from 11 a.m.-noon in the Nara Visa Room, Tucumcari Convention Center. Following lunch, which will be provided, the Steering Committee will hold its monthly meeting. All interested persons are invited. For more information, call 461-4922.
Tuesday: Arch Hurley Conservation District Meeting 9 a.m.
Tuesday: Mesalands Community College Regular Board Meeting, 5:30 p.m., Room A214.
Wednesday: Altrusa board meeting, noon, Pow Wow restaurant.
Wednesdays ongoing: Alcoholic Anonymous Unity Group meeting from noon to 1 p.m. at 1424 S. Sixth St.
Wednesdays ongoing: Vintage Quilting Society meets 1 p.m. to 3 p.m. at the Senior Citizen's Building on Third Street. There is no cost. For information, call 461-6186 or 461-2342.
Wednesdays ongoing: Kiwanis regular meeting. Noon, K-Bob's Restaurant.
Friday: Tucumcari Senior High School Senior Parents, "Planning for Activities for Senior Week," 5:15 p.m., at the school library
Aug. 14: Quay County Commission regular meeting. 9 a.m., Quay County Courthouse.
Aug. 14: National Active and Retired Federal Employees Association Chapter 1387 meeting. Noon, K-Bob's Restaurant.
Aug. 15-19: Quay County Fair.
Aug. 16: Altrusa business meeting, including Card Party Planning and distribution of Yearbook, noon, Pow Wow restaurant.
Aug. 26: Saturday: Bluegrass Old Time Music Program, 7 p.m., Quay County Exhibition (Fair Barn). No admission charge.
Aug. 28: Quay County Commission regular meeting. 9 a.m., Quay County Courthouse.
Ongoing: The office of the Quay County ASAP Coalition at 109 E. Main St. will be open for high school and middle school students to use computers. Monday through Friday except for holidays. For information about summer time hours, call 461-4922.
Ongoing: Eastern Plains Head Start program accepts applications for enrollment in Head Start, a child development program for children ages 3 to 4. Educational activities, medical and dental care, nutritious meals and snacks, family assistance and special services for children with disabilities are provided at no charge to families. Applications for enrollment are available at 210 W. Center St. Call 461-1914 for information.
To list items in the calendar, call 461-1952 or e-mail firstname.lastname@example.com
The deadline is 10 a.m. the day before the paper comes out. Items must include event, time, date, location, contact number or they will not be published.


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Weight Room
The weight room is located within the Lomas Fieldhouse, adjacent to the right of the main entrance. The facility is open to all students and weight room-members during regular facility hours.
The weight room includes the following Cybex® International VR and VR2 models:
- 4-way neck machine
- Standard calf raise
- Rotary hipProne leg curl
- Leg extension
- Leg press
- Chest press
- Shoulder press
- Lateral raise
- Lateral pull down
- Torso rotationFly
- Abdominal crunch
- Olympic benches (flat and incline)
- Power racks
- Olympic platforms
- Rubber dumbells (5-100 lbs.)


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Please login first to complete purchase/ quotation request, view custom order reports, or create favorites list.
Don't have an account with us yet? Please set up an account to place order or obtain customer services.
6-JOE has similar absorption and emission spectra to those of rhodamine 6G, and is mainly used in automated DNA sequencing.


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PITTSBURGH, PA – (October 12, 2007) - Allegheny County Fire Fighters Local 1038, were honored with a plaque this week for their fundraising efforts in the Muscular Dystrophy Association's "Fill the Boot" Drive.
The firefighters raised $736, which sends one local child with Muscular Dystrophy to a week-long summer camp for young people with neuromuscular disease. This year, the funds will send 5-year-old Kendle Haught from Washington, PA, to summer camp.
"Kids wait all year for the camp. It's like Christmas," said Randi Minerva, District Field Representative for Muscular Dystrophy Association, Inc.
The camp provides a wide range of activities especially designed for young people who have limited mobility or use wheelchairs. Accessible activities range from outdoor sports such as fishing, swimming, boating and horseback riding, to less physically demanding programs like arts and crafts.
The kids are paired with counselors who help them with day-to-day activities, such as eating, showering and lift assistance. This past summer, Allegheny County Airport Authority firefighter Matt Eicher volunteered to be a counselor at the camp.
"It was a very positive experience and very humbling. The camp is just as enjoyable for the counselors as it is for the kids," said Eicher.
Gene Hillard, the Union President for Local 1038, also volunteered at the summer camp and helped raise funds. Hillard thanked all the people involved in helping to make the 2007 Boot Drive a huge success. Firefighters raised the money at Pittsburgh International Airport.
"Most of all, we thank those who took a second to reach into their pocket and donate to a future where ailments that prohibit many people from living normal, healthy lives will be a part of world history. Without each of you there would be no hope and no chance to succeed," said Hillard.


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Commission not following the law
Exactly what was feared would happen is happening at the Wood County Commission.
With no advance warning to the public, with no mention on an agenda, with no advance agenda item of intended action, the Wood County Commission Thursday threw the spirit, if not the letter, of the Open Meeting Law to the wind.
The commission spent money without the public having any knowledge any of those receiving money was even under consideration for funding, let alone how much was being spent, where it was coming from, when it was being given, why it was being given or who "invited" the individuals to appear before the commission for potential funding.
The county commission, as was feared would happen when two members strong-armed their way to reducing the number of meetings and weakening the agenda structure for the remaining meetings, is out of hand.
Whether the county commission's new leadership understands it or not, the commission cannot take action in an improper, secret manner. The commission cannot take action without the proposed action being presented to the public on an agenda. The commission certainly cannot spend public money without the public having prior knowledge so citizens can voice their opinions.
It is time for the county prosecutor as legal counsel for the commission and the state attorney general to step in and explain the facts of government to those on the commission who seemingly believe they can do whatever they wish, whenever the wish, however they wish and the public can learn about it only after the fact.
The public is ill-served by public officials who do not know the law, follow the law or seemingly care about the law.
The Wood County Board of Education is on a very slippery slope in attempting to alter its policy pertaining to what is a quorum for its public meetings.
Several members of the five-member board have proposed amending the policy to allow fewer than three members to be physically at a meeting for establishing a quorum to be able to conduct public business. The change would allow a total of three members at the meeting, including via a telephone connection when at least one person is present for there to be a legal quorum for the meeting to be held.
In essence, it means there could be one board member at the meeting and the other four members on a telephone conference call.
Some of the school board members say the change is necessary because board members often travel outside the area for their jobs.
The members obviously knew their jobs necessitated travel when they ran for the school board, which means if they didn't intend to attend meetings and fulfill their elected responsibilities they should not have sought office.
It is not in the best public interest for board members to conduct business outside the view of the public, thus not available for public comment, question and discussion.
It also leaves the issue open as to what security would be created to be sure the purported board member on the telephone actually is the board member, let alone if that board member might be under some duress influencing his comments and/or vote while on the telephone.
It also brings up the question if that physically absent board member should be paid for "attending" the meeting when he is teleconferencing his "presence."
There also is the issue of whether the proposed change in policy falls within state law pertaining to meetings of public bodies. Some would contend it appears the school board is attempting to tiptoe in the cracks by choosing to interpret the law in a way that favors members' personal agendas and wants.
It seems very logical the state law exists to guarantee public bodies meet in public, facing those who elected them and conducting their business before those who elected them in the public arena. Teleconferencing "attendance" at a meeting to create a quorum certainly would violate the spirit if not the intentions of the law.
Contact Jim Smith at email@example.com


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The Iowa Supreme Court says an administrative law judge must testify about whether pressure from a warden influenced her decision to punish an inmate who committed assault.
The court ruled Friday that Iowa Department of Corrections administrative law judge Deb Edwards must comply with a watchdog's subpoena to answer questions about her discipline of inmate Randy Linderman.
The department had limited Edwards' testimony in an investigation by the state ombudsman's office, arguing that judges cannot be questioned about their decision-making process.
Edwards had found Linderman guilty of assaulting a guard and imposed a 180-day loss-of-earned-time penalty, twice as harsh as state policy allowed.
The court says it is troubled by an e-mail sent by the Fort Dodge Correctional Facility warden to Edwards asking for stiff sanctions before her ruling.


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Peer-Reviewed Publications
Found 3 results[ Title]
Filters: Keyword is Humans and Author is Bull, Marilyn J [Clear All Filters]
Children with special health care needs: patterns of safety restraint use, seating position, and risk of injury in motor vehicle crashes." Pediatrics. 2009;123(2):518-23."
Children with special physical health care needs: restraint use and injury risk in motor vehicle crashes." Matern Child Health J. 2011;15(7):949-54."
Rear-facing car safety seats: getting the message right." Pediatrics. 2008;121(3):619-20."


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Montpelier may take Carr Lot by eminent domain
MONTPELIER The City Council will determine at a June hearing whether to acquire the Carr Lot by eminent domain and, if so, how much the city is willing to pay owner Allan Carr.
The council set the hearing for June 5 during its meeting Wednesday night. The parking lot is planned to be used as part of the citys proposed transportation hub as well as a continuation of the bike path.
Mayor John Hollar said the project has been in the works for at least 15 years and is coming close to a deadline to use $7 million in federal money that has been granted to the city. The city also voted in 2002 to borrow $800,000 for the project.
Hollar said the deadline for the federal money is the reason for the move to eminent domain, since negotiations for the city to purchase the parking lot have stalled. Hollar said the amount the city last offered is confidential until the June hearing, but he did say the city has offered Carr well over the appraised value of $800,000.
This is a significant project that the city has had in place for a very long time. It wouldnt be the first option for any of us to go the route of eminent domain, but given the values that are at stake here and the opportunities for the city we felt like this was a last resort that we needed to take, Hollar said, adding Carr is in Florida and has been notified of the citys plan by email.
Hollar said if the city does acquire the lot after the June hearing, it would take possession immediately and make Carr a final offer of compensation. If Carr declined the offer, the issue would head to court to determine the amount to be paid him, Hollar said.
If the city does take the lot, Hollar said, construction would not begin until after the legislative session next year since the state currently leases the parking lot from Carr.
At the hearing, Hollar said, Carr will have an opportunity to comment on the process, and the city is required by state law to make a determination of necessity to acquire the property.
The hearing will be held in City Council chambers in Montpelier.MORE IN Central VermontBRATTLEBORO Brooke Shields gift list is sweetening a Vermont family farms sale of maple syrup. Full StoryMONTPELIER City councils from Barre and Montpelier have placed the Central Vermont Public... Full StoryWoodstock After more than four hours of sometimes-tense courtroom arguments that raised serious... Full Story
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|Katrina Legacy
New Construction
Dillard University has continued its aggressive approach to rebuilding and transforming its campus with the construction of two new buildings: the Professional Schools and Sciences Building, and the Student Union and Recreation, Health and Wellness Center.
The recently completed Professional Schools and Sciences Building, a 130,000 square foot facility (pictured above), houses academic and research programs for the Schools of Business, Nursing, and Public Health, and the Department of Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM). The building's common entrance, the atrium, serves as a new focal point for community and student social interaction.
The soon-to-be completed Student Union and Recreation, Health and Wellness Center will span 55,000 square feet and include a conference center, banquet room, offices, and a variety of entertainment venues, including a movie theater, bowling alley, and fitness center. In addition, the building will house a full-service health clinic for both Dillard students, faculty and staff, and the greater Gentilly community, where Dillard is located. The health center will be the first facility of its kind in Gentilly since Hurricane Katrina.
Both new buildings are LEED®* registered (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design), furthering the university's commitment to environmental sustainability as it rebuilds and transforms.
*(LEED is a trademark owned by the U.S. Green Building Council.)


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State releases 2003 Illinois State Report Card
Reflects new information and all electronic gathering
Springfield, Ill. State Superintendent of Education Robert E. Schiller today released the 2003 Illinois State Report Card. The report card contains additional information from reports in previous years to reflect changes in the federal law stemming from the No Child Left Behind act. The State Report Card can be downloaded from the agencys website at: www.isbe.net
The State and individual school report cards now display a full presentation of data, by grade and by student subgroup, from the states limited English proficiency test. Results from the Illinois Measure of Annual Growth in English (IMAGE), is included in this years reports along with the Illinois Alternate Assessment (IAA) which tests for students with significant disabilities.
The state report includes a list of 581 schools designated as being in federal school improvement status, meaning those schools that have failed to make Adequate Yearly Progress for two consecutive years. The designation only applies to Title 1 schools. The number of these schools rose 10.4% from 2002. The numbers listed for each year indicate the number of years a school has been in school improvement.
Information about a schools Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) is also incorporated in the individual cards to be posted this week. The AYP reports are based on test scores, test participation rates and attendance rates (for elementary and middle schools) or graduation rates (for secondary schools).
The expanded document also now includes a full presentation of data from the states limited English proficiency test. It also includes disaggregated data that indicates teacher experience and credentials by high and low poverty schools.
For the first time, data for the School Report Cards was collected electronically. The change eliminates an inefficient paper process that required manual input of data from districts.
Summary of Report Findings
Comparing the 2002 data with this years, the number of students increased by less than a percent to 2,044,539 at 3,919 public schools. Demographically, there were slight changes for white student enrollment which dropped from 59.3 to 58.6%. African-American students dropped even less going from 20.8% to 20.7%. Hispanic enrollment however, increased by .8% now making up 17% of the student population.
High school graduation rates are more accurate this year, incorporating better reporting from the states large urban districts. The states graduation rate posted at 86 percent, moving .8 percentage points above the 2002 level and well above the 76.3 percent mark reported on the first school report cards in 1986.
Achievement results were released and discussed at the end of July. The results, as reported, were mixed:
The student attendance rate in the 2002-2003 school year was flat at 94 percent. Low-income enrollment rose to 37.9 percent, up from 37.5 percent the previous year and considerably higher than 29.1 percent reported in 1991.
The chronic truancy rate and the student mobility rate were down for 2002. Chronic truancy was down to 1.9 percent, just below the 2002 level of 2.0 percent and the high of 2.4 percent in 2000. Chronic truancy is defined as having 18 or more absences without valid cause in the previous 180 days of school. The mobility rate was down to 16.4 percent from the 2002 rate of 16.5 percent and lower than the 21.9 percent in 1990. Mobility rate is based on the number of times students enroll in or leave a school during the year.
The number of teachers in Illinois classrooms is up and student/teacher ratios are down. The overall number of teachers increased by about 3,000 to 129,068 - slightly improving student/teacher ratios. At the elementary level ratios dropped from 19.1 to 18.4; and at the secondary level from 18.3 to 18.2.
The state report also shows a wide variance in the percent of classes not taught by highly qualified teachers between high and low poverty schools. While low poverty schools report only one-half of 1% of classes are not taught by teachers who are highly qualified teachers, high poverty schools report 5.4% of these classes.
Data collected on teachers for the report indicate that the average teacher and administrator salaries are up 3% from 2002, generally consistent with, or slightly less than, the average Cost of Living Allowances over the past five years.
# # #
Illinois State Board of Education


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Tristan Pelitire, Cameron Ellerbee, Adam Aleman and Hilario Luna have already qualified for the national competition by meeting or exceeding the three lift qualifying total at recent national qualifier meet in San Antonio.
Coach Marcelo Garcia, associated with the Iron House Gym, will be taking the fifth possible member of the group, Dillon Torres, to the final national qualifier this weekend in Carrollton to try and earn a trip to Killeen.
"These guys have a deep passion to be the best they can be. They really train hard," said Garcia who, to date, is personally paying most of the expenses of the boys to make the trips.
"They're not just training as individuals. They want to put Beeville on the map for powerlifting, not just in the state but nationwide."
Pelitire lifts in the 165-pound class and will be highly seeded at the national meet. His 1,482.6-pound three lift total far exceeds the qualifying total for his weight class of 995.
"I want to be the strongest I can be. We get in five or six days a week of training," Pelitire said.
Those training sessions are under coach Garcia and the high school powerlifting coach Rudy Valerio's supervision, but are not connected with the Trojan athletic department.
Adam Aleman will compete in the super-heavyweight division and is also well over the qualifying total of 1,315 pounds with a three lift sum of 1,545 pounds on his best bench press, dead lift and squat.
Cameron Ellerbee will compete in the 275-pound division at the national meet and has also exceeded the qualifying total of 1,190 pounds by about 300 pounds. Hilario Luna will lift in the 132-pound class and has bested the qualifying total of 875 by over a hundred pounds.
Dillon Torres will compete at the last national qualifier in the 181-pound division.
"He has bettered the qualifying total of 1,135 with just his first lifts in each of the three lifts. He should make it to the national meet with ease," said Garcia.
The national meet, of course, will draw competitors from around the United States and will be open to all age groups. The Beeville boys will lift in age group competitions for a shot at a national title.
"There is a lot of hard work, discipline and dedication put into being a national competitor. These guys have exceeded all expectations," Garcia said.
Once Torres returns from his meet in Carrollton, the group will hold several fundraisers to help defray some of the expenses. Barbecue plates, T-shirts, car washes will be scheduled and the lifters will accept donations from those wanting to assist them in promoting Beeville.


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Is the Name of Creepy Helping or Hurting You?
All names are not equal. The names you use create your life experiences.
Find out how all the names you use and the energy they create have shaped your life in
free Name and Birth Date Report. Life can be better, find out how.
- The name Creepy creates a dual nature in that you can be very generous and understanding, but you can also be so candid in your expression that you create misunderstanding.
- You struggle with the requirement to soften your expression with tact and diplomacy and to consider the feelings of others.
- Difficulty in accepting advice or admitting that you may have made a mistake causes you to appear to be stubborn and set in your ways.
- Thus, you have too often created the wrong impression, and friendships have suffered.
- This name does offer creative talent where there is the opportunity for ingenuity and originality.
- You have a tendency, at times, to have too many ideas on the go, and thus your efforts are scattered and many things do not reach completion.
- You are inclined to do to excess the things you like to do.
- You have very intense feelings and find it difficult to maintain stability and happiness.
- If you allowed it, temper and self-pity could be problems.
- Tension could cause nervous disorders, or centre in the head bringing weaknesses in the eyes, ears, sinuses, or teeth.
Do You Want Something Better?
You have a unique inner potential. With your first breath, a spiritual essence and purpose became a part of you and gave you life, caused your heart to beat, and your systems to work, and activated your physical growth. Your particular date of birth determines your unique core purpose, the reason for your life, and the pathway you should follow for ultimate happiness.
Whether your inner potential fully expresses depends upon the names you use!
Are the Names You Use Holding You Back?
Find out how your life is influenced by all the names you have used. We will analyze your unique inner potential from your date of birth and the names you use in your free Name and Birth Date Report:
- Mental/personality strengths and weaknesses
- Material and financial success
- Key issues in your life that might be holding you back
- Personal happiness
- Ability to create long-term relationships
- Ability to fulfil your inner potential as measured by the date of birth
Why Request your Free Name Report?
The first step in improving your life is to understand why all the names you names use are such a compelling force. A free Name and Birth Date Report will show the effect of all the names you have used:
- first name
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- nicknames
- combined names
- legal names
- business signatures
- previous names
All the Names You Use Are Important
The reason for the form below being comprehensive is that all the names you use or have used have impacted your personality and have shaped the conditions in your life. For us to give you the best analysis, and for you to understand the full importance of this principle, complete all the names which apply to you. If you do leave something out you can revise your free Name and Birth Date Report later. We do not share or give this information to anyone.
Your free Name Report will be emailed to you within 5 minutes.
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We thank you for your interest and we look forward to talking with you further about the Kabalarian Philosophy after you have read your Name and Birth Date Report. If you require further assistance, please call our head office using our toll free number of 1-866-489-1188 (or 604-263-9551 outside of North America.)
Thought for the Day


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I would like to supplement one night time feeding with a bottle so that my husband and I can share the feeding and each get a block of sleep. I have enough milk that I can pump a bottle in the morning after feeding for use the following night.
My question is will my breasts become too engorged by skipping the night feeding? Will I have to wake up anyways to pump?


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Accelerating the pace of engineering and science
Expand all
Introduction to Stateflow
Designing Supervisory Control for Safety-Critical Systems
Programming LEGO with Stateflow
Introduction to Stateflow for Signal Processing and Communications Applications
Modeling and Simulation Made Easy with Simulink
Model-Based Design for Hybrid Electric Powertrain Systems
Mobile Robot Simulation for Collision Avoidance with Simulink
Vehicle Powertrain Simulation with Simscape Driveline
Hybrid Electric Vehicle Modeling and Simulation
Designing Displays using Model-Based Design
How to Develop Interactive User Interfaces for Simulink Using Altia Design
Embedded Code Generation for AC Motor Controllers
Designing Embedded Signal Processing Software for Medical Devices
Advanced HDL Code Generation for FPGAs Using MATLAB and Simulink
Modeling Control Logic and Event-Driven Systems with Stateflow and SimEvents
Introducing the New Simulink Editor
Five Reasons Why You Want to Adopt Simulink R2012b
Benefits of Using Modular Design with Stateflow
Stateflow Tutorials, Part 1: States and Transitions
Stateflow Tutorials, Part 2: Parallel Execution and Truth Tables
Stateflow Tutorials, Part 3: MATLAB and Simulink Functions
Stateflow Design Patterns: Schedulers and Flow Charts
Stateflow Design Patterns: Switch-Case and Reusable Flow Charts
From Rick Boldt, Stateflow Technical Expert
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Hi again ladies. Have 2 questions: 1) How long do you nurse for? My preemie is 15 weeks, 9 adjusted and she eats for 10 minutes on one breast (had forceful let down issue) MAX. Sometimes she falls asleep after 5 minutes, and I am doing everything except pouring cold water over her head to keep her up. She still wakes up every 2-3 hours to eat, sometimes 4, but is gaining weight and growing perfectly. Occasionally she wants the breast after 1 hour, 45minutes, but it's more because she wants to soothe (I've been using a pacifier, but it works 50% of the time).
2) I think #1 is related to the nursing to sleep pattern she's falling into. Anyone know a gentle way to break it or does it just stop on its own? I fear that my little one only associates eating with sleeping. She doesn't seem like she wants to eat until she is ready to fall asleep, and then I can only get her to nurse for the short time. I really want to put her down when she is awake but drowsy so she doesn't need me to fall asleep.
Is all this just normal with preemies and I need to giv her time? I am just trying to avoid starting a bad habit I won't be able to break later.


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On Saturday, September 14, Crawford competed in and took first place in the Big Cottonwood Marathon. She completed the 26.2 mile course in 2 hours, 46 minutes and 29 seconds.
But her victory and incredible time, which was just ticks from a pace worthy of Olympic qualifying, was no fluke. Crawford, a distance runner most of her life, beat everyone in the field of 4,000 competitors--including the men, as she won the overall event..
The Midway mother of two competes in several marathons a year--or as many as she can, she explained.
"It's really about the timing... when you choose an event to run in. You have to be selective when it comes to training time and after you figure in your regular life schedule."
From her first marathon in 2009 where she ran a 3:26, Crawford was looking to continue to shave time off her personal best and reach the huge benchmark of 2:50. Mission accomplished.
The Big Cottonwood Marathon was the 12th event Crawford has competed in and she has no plans of stopping anytime soon.
Next up for Crawford is the Boston Marathon. She has run in arguably the world's greatest marathon four times and looks to better her personal best, if not reach 2:43, the new Olympic Trials qualifying standard, in her fifth.


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"The work of priestly formation these days must involve a strong catechetical component since so many of our people have been deficiently formed. The resources you provide are allowing the Church to do a better job in preparing Catholics to know and defend their faith more effectively."
"The laws of Caesar are one thing, the laws of Christ another."


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Oven-baked risotto
Cook this simple storecupboard risotto in the oven while you get on with something else – the result is still wonderfully creamy
Nutrition and extra info
Nutrition: per serving
- kcal517
- fat20g
- saturates10g
- carbs63g
- sugars0g
- fibre2g
- protein22g
- salt3.38g
- 250g pack smoked bacon, chopped into small pieces
- 1 onion, chopped
Onions are endlessly versatile and an essential ingredient in countless recipes. Native to Asia…
- 25g butter
Butter is made when lactic-acid producing bacteria are added to cream and churned to make an…
- 300g risotto rice
Risotto rice
To create an authentic creamy Italian risotto, the use of specialist rice is imperative. It…
- half a glass of white wine (optional)
- 150g pack cherry tomatoes, halved
- 700ml hot chicken stock (from a cube is fine)
- 50g Parmesan, grated
Parmesan is a straw-coloured hard cheese with a natural yellow rind and rich, fruity flavour. It…
Heat oven to 200C/fan 180C/gas 6. Fry the bacon pieces in an ovenproof pan or casserole dish for 3-5 mins until golden and crisp. Stir in the onion and butter and cook for 3-4 mins until soft. Tip in the rice and mix well until coated. Pour over the wine if using and cook for 2 mins until absorbed.
Add the cherry tomatoes and the hot stock, then give the rice a quick stir. Cover with a tightly fitting lid and bake for 18 mins until just cooked. Stir through most of the Parmesan and serve sprinkled with the remainder.
Need more inspiration?
Visit our storecupboard recipe collection for other ideas when raiding the fridge, freezer and cupboards.
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Comments, questions and tips
Comments (318)
I managed to make this wrong, by attempting to halve the recipe and then putting in the full 50g of Parmesan. I only realised when I thought it was too strong and had to check the recipe after (I'm only new to cooking). Even so, it was still delicious (or rather, I can see how it would be delicious if made properly), and my boyfriend thought it was one of the best things he'd ever tasted.
Nice recipe if you can't be bothered with all the stirring with the usual method. However, 18 minutes is nowhere near long enough for the rice to absorb the stock and wine, it looked like soup rather than risotto! I found just under 40 minutes worked fine and you pretty much put anything you like in. Would definitely make again.
Just cooked this for my boyfriend and my Dad. It went down really well. I threw all sorts in, mushrooms, yellow pepper, chicken and it tasted lovely. Used 800ml of chicken stock and probably a bit more than half a glass of wine.. it also needed to be cooked for 30 minutes. Once you have everything in the pan, it's a simple case of putting in the oven, sitting back with a glass of prosecco and waiting for the magic to happen. Served with warm baguettes and more prosecco. What more could I ask for on a cold winter's night?
Made this quickly for lunch to try it out. Didnt have all the exact ingredients but it still worked. No bacon but added chooped mushrooms with the onion. No white wine so used Rose. No cherry tomotoes but used chopped salad tomatoes and some sundried tomatoes I had left in the fridge. It took a little longer in the oven but not too much. I think it turned out well and super easy. Definitely a basic receipe that you can swap and change depending on what you have in and what you fancy.
Questions (6)
Thank you for your query. Yes, halving the ingredients would definitely work. You'll need a small enough dish so the rice can be sufficiently covered with stock. We haven't tested for exact cooking times using a smaller quantity but don't recommend reducing the cooking time by much as the risotto rice needs sufficient time to cook. Try checking after 16 minutes and then again at 18 if it isn't ready. Let us know how you get on!


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Mar 2014
Umuganda – March 29th
Join SAME SKY to commemorate the 20th Anniversary of the Rwandan Genocide by participating in Umuganda, a tradition in Rwanda where millions come together to improve their communities. Come together in common purpose.
Make your neighborhood a better place and support people a world away. Take pride in loving your community…because we all live under the SAME SKY.
Do an act of service such as help pick up trash in your neighborhood, volunteer at a local soup kitchen, donate clothes to a homeless shelter, spend time at an elderly center, shovel snow or mow a neighbor's lawn, donate books to a local library, volunteer with friends at animal shelter, etc.
SHARE: Post your acts of service with us on Saturday March 29th 9am -12pm! Please be sure to use the hashtag #umuganda and tag @sameskybracelet
WHY: Make your neighborhood a better place and support people a world away … because we all live under the SAME SKY.
Other News
- Special Announcement from Donald J. Trump and Miss USA Erin Brady about the 2014 MISS USA® Competition
- The 2014 MISS USA® Competition Heats Up the Bayou June 8 on NBC (8-11 P.M. ET) LIVE from Baton Rouge River Center in Louisiana
- The Miss USA competition is headed to the bayou this year.
- Miss Universe wants girls and women to know their HIV status
- Meet the 2014 Miss USA Contestants
- Gabriela Isler's advice for aspiring queens: Be 'confident' and 'real'


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Introduction to the Leadership & Training Resource Centre (A division of Leopard Tree Retreat, previously Empowerment Concepts)
LTR was founded in 1997 to provide a vehicle to combine the experience and skills of its two Members – Neil Orr, Research Psychologist, and David Patient, Person Living with HIV, with a specific focus upon the psychosocial aspects of living with HIV, based upon research findings regarding long terms survivors and PNI (Psychoneuroimmunology).
However, it became apparent that such principles and methods were equally effective in non-HIV areas, including personal empowerment and leadership development in corporate settings.
Although LTR is well known for its' Wellness programmes (Positive Living, Peer Educator Revitalisation, Post Test Clubs, Wellness Clubs, Primary health, nutrition, HCT, treatment advocacy), as well as Emotional and Relational Intelligence workshops and trainings (Leadership Development and Personal Empowerment), its' reputation is founded upon its' ability to create, adapt and customise practical programmes for its' clients, which include corporate, government, and NGO's, in diverse settings.
Since 2009 (until end-2013) LTR has been involved in designing and implementing community empowerment programmes (Post Test Clubs; a.k.a. PTCs), and support group protocols for HIV-positive individuals (Wellness Clubs) for rural districts in the Free State, Eastern Cape, and North West Province, as a subcontractor for ITECH-South Africa (University of Washington), and under the auspices of the CDC, Atlanta.
LTR has been – and continues to be – involved with projects related to development of materials addressing gender inequality in rural youth, such as the Boys-To-Men and Girlz Talk programmes conducted by the University of Limpopo's Development, Facilitation and Training Institute (DevFTI).
LTR is currently involved in the development of implementation methods for the A-3B-4C-T HIV Prevention Model.
The approach and methods of LTR are influenced by The Integral Approach (method and design determined by prevailing group value systems), Neurolinguistic Programming (pragmatic change methodology), Psychoneuroimmunology research (seeking physical evidence for psychosocial change processes), and Complexity Theory.


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Elizabethan Prose Fiction
Elizabethan Prose Fiction
The Elizabethan period is primarily known for its drama and poetry rather than its prose fiction, particularly since the advent of the English novel proper does not occur for another century. However, critics have increasingly stressed the importance of prose fiction in the seventeenth century and its role in the development of the novel. Several factors have played an important role in the emergence of the Elizabethan romance. One of the most significant factors in the development of the romance—the most popular form of prose fiction in this period—was the translation of ancient Greek romances into the vernacular. The popularity of these stories influenced members of the university-educated class to create their own stories, albeit with the same Greek plots, pastoral settings, and emphasis on literary wit. The first important milestone of the age was John Lyly's Euphues: The Anatomy of Wit (1578). In this work Lyly developed euphuism, a style of writing which emphasizes rhythm over content and makes extensive use of alliteration, assonance, metaphor, and classical allusion. Many lesser authors imitated this style, which became a defining element of the period. In contrast to Lyly, Sir Philip Sidney in The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia (1590), generally thought of as one of the most significant and well-written romances of the time, attempted to create more natural dialogue. Despite this difference, for his plot, style, and setting Sidney is also indebted to Greek literature. Robert Greene, one of the most prolific writers of the period, took his plots directly from Greek romance as well. Sometimes basing his stories in part on his own experiences, Greene wrote more than twenty popular romances including Card of Fancy (1584). Thomas Nashe was influenced by a different source, the picaresque novels of Spain. In these stories the hero, or picaro, is a man of no social standing who is free to travel and engage in adventures. Nashe's most famous works are The Unfortunate Travelor or the Life of Jack Wilton (1594) and The Terrors of the Night (1594). Elizabethan society itself underwent numerous and significant developments during this period, including changes in the social structure of London, a rapid rise in literacy rates, a growing middle class, and the emergence of literate bourgeois tradesmen. These changes are reflected in the content and quantity of prose fiction that was produced during the seventeenth century. Aiming at the growing middle-class audience, many writers imitated best-selling authors and turned out formula romances. The works of the former tradesman Thomas Deloney, including The Pleasant History of John Winchomb in his Younger Years Called Jack of Newbury (1597), for example, were more realistic in plot and setting than other works of the period and probably, according to scholars, created a sense of familiarity among his readers. This focus on the emerging bourgeois class, both as an audience for and a subject of fiction, played a significant role in the emergence of the English novel in the eighteenth century.
Christopher J. Thaiss (essay date 1983)
SOURCE: "Origins and Developement of the Novel before 1740," in Critical Survey of Long Fiction: English Language Series, edited by Frank N. Magill, Salem Press, Inc., 1983, pp. 3013-21.
[In the following essay, Thaiss traces the development of the English novel from the late sixteenth century to the publication of Samuel Richardson's Pamela in 1740.]
The English-speaking world has long considered 1740, the year in which Samuel Richardson's Pamela was published, pivotal in the development of the novel, a broad term which for several centuries has been applied to many different forms of long fiction. Richardson's first novel remains a convenient landmark in the history of the form because, at least in England, it went further than any previous work in exploring an individual character's "sensibility," that wonderful mix of perception, culture, logic, sentiment, passion, and myriad other traits that define one's individuality. Pamela has been called the first intellectual novel, that subgenre in which most of the greatest novelists of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries have worked.
Nevertheless, while 1740 is an important date in the development of one type of novel, to see all earlier novels as primitive ancestors of Pamela would distort the history of this multivarious form. The novel followed substantially different lines of development in Spain, France, and England, three countries notable for their contributions to the early growth of this form in Europe. Moreover, different types of novels exist side by side in every period, each type appealing to a different taste, much as different types of the novel flourish today. Finally, certain earlier works have exerted as profound and lasting an influence on the novel in Europe as that attributed to Pamela.
The Novel in England, 1580-1740
Whereas the French novel underwent constant refinement during the century and a half preceding 1740, with French writers producing masterpieces at intervals throughout the period, the English novel flowered briefly before 1600, then lay dormant for more than a century until it was revitalized by Daniel Defoe. The seventeenth century in England produced but one work of genius in the form, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress (1678, 1684), a novel ignored by contemporary literary society because of its style and theme.
Though overshadowed by the unsurpassed drama of the Elizabethans, the 1580's and 1590's saw an outpouring of original fictional narratives, including one voluminous work and a host of shorter works in the pastoral and satiric modes. Like the French a decade later, English writers were heavily influenced by translations of the late Greek romances, as well as by the satires of the humanists, the pastorals of Sannizaro and Montemayor, and the tragic love novelle of Bandello. Other influential sources were the manuals of courtly behavior and noble ethics written by the Italians Baldassare Castiglione Il Cortegiano (1528, The Courtier) and Stefano Guazzo La civile conversazione (1547, The Civil Conversation). These inspired similar guides in England and provided a format of learned discourse imitated by writers of fiction.
The most distinctive feature of the English novels of that time is their commitment to moral improvement by the individual and by the state as a whole. Since, with the exception of Sir Philip Sidney, the principal novelists of that time were sons of the middle class, much of their writing was suffused with middle-class values: hard work, thrift, cautious ambition. As the period advanced, fictional works became more overtly addressed to the middle class, with more middle-class characters taking principal roles. In the 1580's, this bourgeois appeal typically took the form of the romance intended to instruct the upwardly mobile reader in courtly ways; later, satire held sway, a satire moved by the spirit of reform rather than the resigned contempt of the Spanish picaresques.
The most influential fiction early in this period was John Lyly's Euphues, the Anatomy of Wit (1579), actually less a novel than a moral handbook for wealthy budding scholars. In it, bright young Euphues exchanges academic arguments with wise old Eubolus on the issue of worldly experience versus the codified wisdom of the ages. Euphues fails to heed Eubolus' sage advice and decides to taste the world, only to become the emotional captive of Lucilla, a courtesan who strips him of his money and his dignity. A chastened Euphues vows to spend the rest of his life contemplating philosophy and warning the young. Euphues, the Anatomy of Wit was a continuing hit with a wide audience, and Lyly's peculiar style established a fashion that persisted for a decade. Called euphuism, this style features the culling of exotic lore from the pseudohistories of the ancients, primarily the Roman Pliny. In euphuistic argumentation, these strange bits are used as evidence for or against certain courses of action. That euphuism succeeded where other linguistic experiments such as marivaudage failed, shows the hunger of Lyly's audience for a mode of discourse that would make them appear learned.
Lyly's most enthusiastic follower was Robert Greene, a highly original novelist in his own right, who composed an amazing variety of euphuistic romances between 1580 and 1587. In such Greene works as Mamillia (1583), The Myrrour of Modestie (1584), Morando, The Tritameron of Love (1587), and Euphues His Censure to Philautus (1587), one can see most clearly the amalgamation of sources—Italian novelle, the Bible, Castiglione, Greek epic—in Elizabethan fiction. Unlike Lyly, however, Greene brings to these romances a spirit of comic realism that invests his characters with greater fullness and sympathy than Lyly's does. Greene's later romances (such as Menaphon, 1589, and Greene's Never Too Late, 1590) reject euphuism in favor of a some-what colloquial conversational style better suited to his more realistic characters.
When Greene turned away from Lyly in 1588, he was responding to the new fashion for pastoral love stories established by Sidney's huge romance, Arcadia, which had been circulating in manuscript since 1580, but which was not published until 1590 (revised in 1593). Arcadia, an aristocratic work similar to Honoré d'Urfé's L'Astree (1610), shows the blending of the Greek romances, with their pastoral and heroic elements, and the intensely emotional love pastorals of Sannizaro and the Elizabethan sonneteers, including Sidney himself. There is a good deal of the chivalric spirit present here, too, as knightly combats, with armor and emblems vividly described, are the primary means of settling disputes. Amid the shipwrecks, the kidnapings, the heroic rescues, and the seemingly endless love laments of the sexually frustrated heroes, Musidorus and Pyrocles, two genuinely sympathetic characters emerge, Amphialus and his wife, Parthenia. Theirs is a tragic tale, the Homeric conflict between a soldier's sense of duty and his regard for his wife, whose desire for his safety leads her to endanger herself and ultimately lose her life. The power of this story within the Arcadia derives from Sidney's almost Shakespearean refusal to take sides—his willingness to let the story unfold and allow the reader to judge. Had the novel's main plot, his heroes' often silly attempts to win the favor of a pair of princesses, been exchanged for a serious investigation of ethical issues, Sidney might have produced a work of the stature of Miguel de Cervantes' Don Quixote de la Mancha (1605, 1615).
Among the traits that limited Sidney as a novelist was his contempt for the common people, as shown in Arcadia in several episodes that caricature plebeians as stupid, greedy, and bestial. Since the future of publishing in England meant appealing to the powerful London middle class, it was inevitable that novels would emerge with middle-class heroes and heroines. Greene's later romances are of this category, as are the works of Thomas Deloney, a silk weaver, whose Jack of Newbery (c. 1596) and Thomas of Reading (c. 1597) feature romanticized artisan heroes within vividly authentic backgrounds of English town and rural life.
Deloney's contribution to English literary history has been much disputed by scholars of the twentieth century. Although some have considered him "an astonishing genius" and others have disregarded him entirely, most current critics and historians take a middle view of Deloney's significance as a prose writer. While not a genius, Deloney was one of the first English authors to write for and about the rising middle class. His perceptiveness of the prevailing literary climate, whether educated or merely fortuitous, was accurate, for his popularity among the middle class was unsurpassed. His works, within only a few years of their publication, were literally read out of existence. The twentieth century's debt to Deloney is substantial, for his portrayal of middle-class values, concerns, and language are the roots of the modern novel.
That Deloney became a spokesman for the middle class was only a portion of his accomplishment. Another reason for the popularity of his works was that they were written in prose. Prior to Deloney's time, written works were composed in verse or dramatic form, making the exploration of rising social issues a laborious chore. Less artificial, prose fiction better addressed such subject matter, and Deloney proved himself a more talented master of the form than most prose fiction writers of his time.
What makes Deloney's fiction outstanding are his skillful use of dialogue and his excellent characterizations. Presenting three-dimensional middle-class characters drawn from his hard-working colleagues, Deloney engages them in dialogue fit for the stage. Instead of the lofty language familiar only to kings and nobles, however, he captures the idiomatic speech and straightforwardness of the common people of his day.
Deloney's plot development is less remarkable, although it should not be dismissed lightly. Jack of Newbury, considered his most unified prose work, is a tale about a young man who works for a wealthy clothier and eventually becomes the master of the business when the owner dies, leaving the conscientious young Jack (known as John) to marry the widow. The majority of the work centers on John's adventures after his wife has died and he has become a wealthy man. Thomas of Reading is a less unified work, yet reaches a level of plot sophistication higher than that of Jack of Newbury. In it, King Henry I is made aware of the value of the clothing industry in England, and by deliberately supporting the clothiers, he enables them to raise their social positions. Such a change in social status was finally an attainable goal for the working class, and thus a tale of this type appealed to a wide audience.
While many of Deloney's characters typically grasp the beneficent hand of capitalism, Deloney does, however, ensure that they do not succumb to the snobbishness common to those who already enjoy aristocratic freedoms. After diligently earning their wealth, these protagonists liberally distribute it, thus allowing the entire community to prosper from their good fortune. Despite such indirect moralizing, Deloney was accepted as the militant spokesman for the middle class, and the political disjunction between his views and those of Sidney gives evidence of the social rift that would lead to civil war in the next century.
Already, class and religious tensions, the fires fanned by economic decline, were sparking sharp satires, some obviously political, others less partisan in their scourge of social abuse. In the latter group are Greene's tales of "connycatching" (1591-1592), which purport to expose the methods of actual thieves and con artists so that decent citizens may beware. These contribute to the development of fiction in England, because Greene's reproving tone is a thin veil for his real interest in exploring the romantic, sympathetic side of the criminal stereotype. Such characters as Ned Browne, Nan the whore, Laurence the cutpurse, and Cuthbert Connycatcher blend the picaros with the courageous imps of the medieval jestbooks. The candor and colloquial discourse of these stories created a fashion for rogue books that persisted through the seventeenth century and influenced Defoe.
Brilliantly capitalizing on the connycatching fad was Greene's boon companion, Thomas Nashe, one of literature's sharpest tongues and quickest wits. After achieving notoriety through vicious anti-Puritan pamphlets and personal attacks on literary foes, Nashe penned the age's premier satiric novel, The Unfortunate Traveller: Or, The Life of Jack Wilton (1594). Lacking the fellow feeling of a Lazaro, a Gil Blas, or even one of Greene's connycatchers, Nashe's Jack Wilton astounds the reader with the range of his amoral exploits and the depth of his depravity. He satirizes through deeds, not only words: he outcheats the greatest cheats, plots the deaths of murderers, tortures the heartlessly cruel. Though he makes a perfunctory repentance at the end of the novel, Jack is a thorough villain, who satirizes not from a sense of moral outrage but because his clever foes are so gullible or have the audacity to be as villainous as he. His attacks on Italy, for example, are inspired by the Italians' allegedly unquenchable thirst for vengeance, a trait which Jack has much reason to fear.
Just as outrageous as Jack's character is Nashe's cast of minor figures: King Henry VIII, Thomas More, Erasmus, and most other notables of the early sixteenth century. Jack spends a good deal of the novel as the servant of Henry Howard, the earl of Surrey, and together they romp through dangerous escapades. History as rewritten by Thomas Nashe is a pageant composed for Jack Wilton, poor in birth but inexhaustibly rich in wit. The plot and the person are incredible, but Nashe so deftly appeals to the cynical reader that it is easy to see this book as a realistic fiction rather than what might more accurately be described as a fantasy of revenge. The dark tragedies of Cyril Tourneur, John Webster, George Chapman, and Thomas Middleton in the Jacobean years partake of this same spirit and were surely influenced by The Unfortunate Traveller.
Because satiric fiction of the next decades returned to the pattern and subject matter of the connycatching works, prose writers who followed Nashe perhaps found his brilliance inimitable. The best of these writers, Thomas Dekker, presented collections of jests and stories carefully describing the shifts of London thieves and beggars in his The Bellman of London (1608) and Lanthorn and Candlelight (1608), both heavy-handed condemnations of the outlaws from the perspective of the outraged citizen demanding protection. Dekker affects neither Greene's sympathy nor Nashes's worldly-wise cynicism. Because his works create no real characters, they cannot really be said to be novels.
Just as the French religious wars of the sixteenth century precluded the growth of the novel in that country, so the strides in English fiction taken during the Elizabethan years were halted in the seventeenth century as the economy worsened and religious tensions increased. Though novel readers continued to demand reprints of Elizabethan fictions, no significant works in this genre were produced in the country until well after the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660. The appetite for novels during the first two-thirds of the century was satisfied by translations of contemporary French works, with L'Astrée and the heroic novels of Madame de Scudéry enjoying great popularity. Ironically, when the century did produce a great English novelist, John Bunyan, he was ignored by the readers of French novels because of his allegorical method and his Puritan views.
Bunyan's masterpiece, The Pilgrim's Progress, was partly written during his second imprisonment for unauthorized preaching, some six years after his first imprisonment (1660-1672), during which he had written his spiritual autobiography, Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners (1666), an intensely moving study reminiscent of Augustine's Confessions. It would be misleading to say that The Pilgrim's Progress was influenced by any literary source except the Bible, since the uneducated Bunyan is not known to have been familiar with any other of the seminal works noted earlier. This partly explains why Bunyan's style avoids affectations that make most fiction of this period undigestible for modern readers. Also, Bunyan wrote for an audience as simple as himself, one not demanding the veneer of learning applied by aristocratic writers.
If the Bible did influence Bunyan's masterpiece, one can find in Revelation the source for his use of the dream-vision framework, as well as such features as the castlelike heaven, the goal of Christian's journey. The allegorical hindrances the pilgrim encounters on his trek, such as the Castle of Despair and the Hill of Difficulty, seem original with Bunyan, though certainly the mode of the allegorical journey is familiar from Edmund Spenser's The Faerie Queene (1590, 1596), a work probably known to Bunyan. Undeniably original are Bunyan's characters, such as Timorous, Mistrust, and Talkative, who not only embody the vices for which they are named but who also talk as authentically as actual people in whom one recognizes these dominant traits. The arguments of these characters are so plausible that the reader sympathizes with Christian's frequent doubts about how to proceed and whom to believe. Moreover, Bunyan's characterizations are so concise, his observations so exact, that a character's presence for one or two pages is sufficient to keep him or her sharply defined in the reader's memory. Though Christian is accompanied by Faithful, for example, through only a small portion of Part I of The Pilgrim 's Progress, one builds up enough sympathy for this character to feel shocked when he is murdered by the citizens of Vanity Fair.
Bunyan as a novelist works so economically, so unself-consciously, that the reader quickly loses the sense of artifice, even though the work is in an unorthodox form. In other words, The Pilgrim's Progress is one of those rare works of fiction that readers usually do not regard as fiction because they apprehend it as truth. Passing directly into the cultural mainstream of the people without having been authorized, as it were, by literary society, Bunyan's allegory can be said to have influenced most English writers since the mid-eighteenth century, although its traces are often hard to mark because it has been so well assimilated.
Beginning just after the appearance of The Pilgrim's Progress, though in no way inspired by Bunyan's work, the novelistic career of Aphra Behn appealed to the aristocratic and city audience to which Bunyan gave no thought. Predictably, her novels and stories follow the French heroic pattern, with its idealized, beautiful characters and exotic settings. In her best work, Three Histories (1688), a collection which includes the notable Oroonoko: Or, The History of the Royal Slave, Behn adds a wrinkle which makes her heroic works irresistible: the stories purport to be true, and she includes sufficient London names and places to make the assertion believable. At a time when London society craved gossip about the fashionable, and saw the roman á clef as a way to satisfy that craving, readers preferred to accept the illusion of allegedly actual people performing impossibly heroic acts rather than explicit fiction attempting the accurate portrayal of reality. In Oroonoko, for example, a pair of African lovers (with ideal European aristocratic manners) are swept across continents and oceans from one harrowing scrape to another, until both are murdered. Despite the implausibility of the events, readers accepted Behn's claim that the incidents actually occurred.
Behn's popularity occasioned many imitators. In competition with them were the writers of sensational accounts of authentic voyages to exotic places. Both forms appealed to the taste, present in every age, for examples of individual survival or death in the midst of calamitous events. It was to suit this taste that the most famous adventure novel of modern times, Robinson Crusoe, was written. Drawing on numerous accounts of travelers' shipwrecks, isolation, and survival, Daniel Defoe created a study of the individual in collision with environment that surpassed in realism any previous English fiction, except perhaps The Pilgrim's Progress. Robinson Crusoe and Defoe's novel of the following year, Moll Flanders, created a fashion for realistic characterization that made possible the character studies of Richardson, Fielding, and their successors.
Firmly established as a journalist, political propagandist, and editor of popular periodicals, Defoe brought to the writing of Robinson Crusoe an unerring sense of public taste and a sure knack for the detail or turn of phrase that would convince the reader of the authenticity of a story. Though the central fact of the book, an Englishman's survival on an uninhabited island for twenty-eight years, is as improbable as many of Behn's turns of plot, Defoe makes the entire story plausible by his scrupulous attention to even the tiniest fact of Crusoe's existence. Where Behn or one of her imitators would have focused on the emotional trauma of shipwreck and isolation, Defoe, eminently practical in all his endeavors, focuses on the mundane how of existence: how to ensure a supply of meat when all the powder and bullets are gone, how to make a shovel without iron, how to bake bread without an oven. Nevertheless, Defoe does not slight Crusoe the moral and emotional creature: perhaps the greatest masterstroke of the novel is Defoe's first making the reader confront and gradually accept the narrator's aloneness, then presenting the fearsome truth that Crusoe is not alone. Though Defoe's sincerity as an ethical writer has often been questioned, there is nothing feigned about Crusoe's confused response to his savage visitors. Behn's Oroonoko has been called the first novel to make equality of the races an issue, but Crusoe's profound dilemma over his proper reaction to the Indians' cannibalism is a more authentic grappling with the issue than is Behn's portrait of the dark-skinned slaves as noble innocents.
Following the immediate success of Robinson Crusoe, Defoe wrote two sequels in the same year, one a series of further adventures and the other Crusoe's reflections on his miraculous life. Meanwhile, Defoe's prolific imagination was at work on a new project, the "private history" of a London woman, who, originally a poor orphan, grows up to lead an exciting, inevitably scandalous life before finally achieving security and station. Moll Flanders differs in plot and setting from Robinson Crusoe, but the psychological authenticity of this purportedly true memoir is brought about by standard Defoe methods. Where Crusoe lovingly recounts his ingenious solutions to minute logistical problems, Moll recalls verbatim the coolly calculated speeches, the nuances of dress and gesture, that had been either her making or undoing in romantic affairs. These are Moll's tools of survival just as surely as Crusoe's odds and ends are his, and Defoe, through his everlastingly coy narrator, convinces the reader that her predicament within society is perhaps more precarious than Crusoe's without. Moreover, one accepts the extremity of her situation because she, like Robinson, wastes few words bewailing it, instead moving immediately from the recognition of disaster to the search for means to survive. One does not pity Moll; rather, one sees oneself in her plight and soon comes unconsciously to share her values.
The reader accepts Moll's authenticity as an autobiographer because she is neither more nor less conscious of her motives than one would expect her to be. She is intuitively ethical, knowing that her need for money does not justify her thievery, especially from people no better off than she is; nevertheless, she is not so aware of herself as to realize that her panic-stricken repentance in Newgate is not real. Neither she nor Defoe is hiding tongue in cheek when she vows to live honestly, then immediately lies. When, at the end, Moll, rich and secure, says that she and her husband (the fourth of five, but the only one surviving) will spend the rest of their days in penitence, the reader can stand back and chuckle. With the realization that it would be useless to demand that the protagonist be more introspective, the reader understands that Defoe has established Moll's character to be the child of a society where money is everything and only the rich can afford to be morally precise. The greatness of the novel is that Defoe never mentions this point; the closest Moll comes to this is to say that a woman without a dowry is lost, and that a woman without looks or a dowry is truly lost.
The irony of the novel is that Defoe, in his Preface, would have the reader believe that Moll Flanders is a story of despicable deeds fervently repented, rather than one of inevitable deeds and a sprinkling of penitent words. With his eye on the prejudices of his audience, he could not bring himself to say that Moll could not repent because society could not forgive, and because it was really society that needed repentance. He, like his flesh-and-blood heroine, dared give the lie to his public time and again, in one "true" history after another, but he, like she, dared not take off the mask.
Louise Schleiner (essay date 1989)
SOURCE: "Ladies and Gentlemen in Two Genres of Elizabethan Fiction," in SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500-1900, Vol. 29, No. 1, Winter, 1989, pp. 1-20.
[In the essay below, Schleiner discusses the depiction of gender and maturation in Elizabethan fiction.]
Elizabethan prose fiction presents rich materials for study of the relationship of gender to genre. Its courtly tales are masculinist to the core—John Lyly's Euphues: the Anatomy of Wit (1578), and its sequel Euphues and his England (1580), popularized a distinct Bildungsroman plot pattern, imitated in numerous works of the 1580s and 90s, that takes young aristocrats through a set of episodes depicting maturation into proper patriarchal masculinity. Its romances, by contrast, commonly use the device of gender disguise to explore the natures of both maleness and femaleness through depictions of adolescent maturation. The present essay will show that these two different modes of portrayal of maturation into gender identity are generically definitive for these two kinds of Elizabethan fiction.1
Such a study responds to at least two calls for feminist work: Annis Pratt's for a "mode of new feminist criticism which will describe the psycho-mythological development of the female individual in literature"2 and Sandra M. Gilbert's for study of "the nexus of genre and gender, … the secret intersections of sexuality and textuality"; indeed, Gilbert sees such work as the central enterprise, that which, "most succinctly, feminist criticism wants": "to decode and demystify all the disguised questions and answers that have always shadowed the connections between textuality and sexuality, genre and gender, psychosexual identity and cultural authority."3
When Pyrocles of Sidney's romance Arcadia censures men who malign love and women with "those kinds of bitter objections (as, that lust, idleness, and a weak harte, should be, as it were, the matter and forme of loue)," he is referring not just to any misogynists but particularly to "counselors" in the line of Lyly's Eubulus (meaning "good counsel"), who in the Euphuist courtly works explicitly define the received models of dominant masculinity and submissive femininity, for the instruction of weak-kneed youths and unruly young ladies.4 The generally more positive portrayal of women and love in Elizabethan romance, by contrast, was the fictional world's counterpoise to Euphuist misogyny—thus the genres of courtly fiction and prose romance (usually pastoral) ideologically correlate with, respectively, the "attack" and "defense" treatises that together comprised the "debate on women" characterized by Linda Woodbridge as "the formal controversy."5 Substantially the same gender stereotypes inform both genres, and in both the authors are often fascinated—in the one case negatively, in the other positively—by a trait of the Renaissance "new-fangled" woman: female wit. Women as well as men, in these works, often have potent, nimble minds and witty tongues; but the two genres contrast in their evaluations of how well female wit can be accommodated to proper femininity.6
Woodbridge's Women and the English Renaissance, so learned and wide-ranging in its treatment of the age's drama and prose treatises, has only a little to say about prose fiction. Lisa Jardine has treated gender disguise (which must be distinguished from transvestism7) more thoroughly, again focusing on drama.8 The present essay, as well as describing the linkage of gender and genre, supplements Woodbridge's and Jardine's accounts of Renaissance English portrayals of woman by describing prose fiction's treatment of gender roles. After all, it was prose romance that supplied most of the theater's gender-disguise plots, and such fiction, with its vastly expansive moralizing digressions, can clarify matters that are ideologically not so clear on stage.
When a lady donned pageboy clothes, what particular concept of aristocratic maleness was she assuming? And when a young man donned the Amazon wig, in what did his new femaleness consist? It is in Euphuist courtly fiction and its counterpoise genre, prose romance, that we get the clearest answers. Besides Euphues and its sequel, the works drawn upon in roughly the first half of this essay (the part on courtly fiction) are Austen Saker's Narbonus (1580), Brian Melbancke's Philotimus (1583), Robert Greene's Mamillia (1583 and 1593),...
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Origins And Influences
Martin Hume (essay date 1905)
SOURCE: "The Picaresque and Peripatetic Novels in England," in Spanish Influence on English Literature, Eveleigh Nash, 1905, pp. 156–83.
[In the following essay, Hume argues that the development of the novel form in Spain had a direct influence on the development of the picaresque and peripatetic novel in England.]
… The special reason why the Spanish new realistic fiction should have been forced to adopt for its medium the representation of squalid scenes and thievish, cunning adventurers, is to be found in the invariable rule of reaction or revulsion when anything is carried to an undue extreme. The tone of...
(The entire section is 26175 words.)
Style And Structure
Walter F. Staton, Jr. (essay date 1958)
SOURCE: "The Characters of Style in Elizabethan Prose," in The Journal of English and Germanic Philology, Vol. LVII, No. 2, April, 1958, pp. 197-207.
[In the essay below, Staton discusses the doctrines of literary style popular in England during the sixteenth century and their application in the works of such writers as Sir Philip Sidney, John Lyly, Robert Greene, and Thomas Nashe.]
"Before we come to the precepts of garnishing an oracion, we thinke good, bryeffly to shewe you of the three kyndes of stile or endyghting, in the whych all the eloquucion of an oratoure is occupied. For that there be three...
(The entire section is 24136 words.)
Further Reading
Alwes, Derek B. "Elizabethan Dreaming: Fictional Dreams from Gascoigne to Lodge." In Framing Elizabethan Fictions: Contemporary Approaches to Early Modern Narrative Prose, edited by Constance C. Relihan, pp. 153-67. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1996.
Considers the role of dreams in Elizabethan fiction, concentrating on the works of Thomas Nashe, George Gascoigne, Thomas Lodge, and Sir Philip Sidney.
Ashley, Robert and Moseley, Edwin M. "Introduction." In Elizabethan Fiction, edited by Robert Ashley and Edwin M. Moseley, pp. vii-xx. New York: Rinehart, 1953.
Discusses the development...
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|Artist: Linard, Jacques 1 of 1
Still Life: The Five Senses with Flowers, 1639
Jacques LinardFrench, 1600-1645
Oil on canvas
21-1/2 x 26-3/4 in. (54.6 x 68 cm)
Norton Simon Art Foundation, from the Estate of Jennifer Jones Simon
© Norton Simon Art Foundation
Not on view
In Paris, Linard associated with a group of Protestant artists who specialized in still-life painting. Among them were some of the leading painters in this genre, including Louise Moillon and Paul Liegeois. Although his style reveals the influence of the Flemish school, particularly Jan Brueghel, his works are also imbued with the elegance characteristic of French painting in this genre.
The allegory of the five senses was perfectly suited to the symbolic intent of 17th-century still lifes. In these emblematic arrangements, one or more objects signify each faculty. The flower arrangement connotes smell; sight pertains to the mirror, and taste to the pomegranate, lemon and cup of wine. An ivory flageolet, or flute, represents hearing, whereas touch is indicated by the playing cards, dice and shaker.
The painting's emblematic possibilities are not limited to the senses, however, as sophisticated viewers would have recognized additional meanings. Card-playing and other games, as well as music, were considered transient pleasures. The flowers in the precious Chinese bowl might call attention to the passing of time and the fragility of youth. The mirror, which frequently appears in still lifes (its Latin root is mirari, or "to gaze"), likely underscores the theme of vanity. By extension, if one reads the red wine as a symbol of Christ's sacrifice and death, the birch box as a symbol of his sepulcher and the split pomegranate as a reference to his resurrection, the composition betokens the Passion of Christ.
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|Artist: Linard, Jacques 1 of 1


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Press Release from the Office of State Senator Craig Estes, District 30
For Immediate ReleaseDecember 5, 2011 512-463-0130
AUSTIN -- In an effort to enhance the quality of life in rural Texas, Agriculture Commissioner Todd Staples today announced the formation of a nine-member Texas Rural Health and Economic Development Advisory Council. The council is tasked with identifying rural policy priorities and reviewing the effectiveness of existing rural programs. The council also is responsible for developing a Rural Policy Plan to be submitted to the Texas Legislature on or before Dec. 1, 2012.
"Twelve percent of Texas' population lives in rural areas where there is demonstrated potential for creating jobs, advancing technology and improving health care services and careers," Commissioner Staples said. "By exploring these and other opportunities, we will attract and nurture the talent and resources needed to improve our rural communities while also benefitting the state's overall economy and quality of life."
According to state law, Texas Lt. Governor David Dewhurst and House Speaker Joe Straus have appointed State Senator Craig Estes and State Representative Chuck Hopson respectively.
"Addressing rural Texas health needs requires strong local leadership and collaboration across multiple stakeholders within rural communities," said Sen. Estes.
"I am honored to be a part of this advisory council and look forward to working with this group to do what is best for rural Texas," said Rep. Hopson.
In addition to Sen. Estes and Rep. Hopson, the council is comprised of: Polk County Judge John Thompson; Raymondville Mayor Orlando Correa; Uvalde City Councilman Jay Carnes; Childress City Manager Bryan Tucker; Sul Ross University Director of Nursing Education Program Donna Kuenstler; Advocacy and Communications Director Don McBeath of the Texas Organization of Rural and Community Hospitals; and Brady Community Development Director Kathi Masonheimer.
The council's Rural Policy Plan will include strategic initiatives for economic and community development; rural health care improvements; and recommendations for the use and allocation of Community Development Block Grant funding, which is used to make improvements in rural communities.
The council will create a Rural Health Task Force from within the council's membership, which will look for ways to expand and improve access to health care in rural areas, and offer recommendations for legislation and program development or revision.
The first meeting is being planned for January 2012.


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