text:
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Data Warehousing
SLUCOR's secure network offers high-capacity servers for reliable storage and prompt retrieval of research project data. Under license agreements, our data warehouse maintains claims and registry data from clients that include government healthcare resources and commercial health plans.
In addition to data storage, SLUCOR assists its clients with software selection and database design for data management needs.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Enrolment Services
Key dates for fall term
Oct 3/13
For the full list of academic and important dates, including information on six week courses and drop deadline dates, refer to the Academic & Related Dates in the online Undergraduate Academic Calendar. Dates are listed by term.
October 22 - Second 6-week courses begin
October 25 - Fall Convocation (all ceremonies held in Waterloo)
November 4 - Last day to drop course(s) or withdraw from 12-week course(s) without failure and for possible tuition adjustment (tuition charge assessed at 55% of course rate)
November 12 - Pick your courses for winter term by this date or we have to charge you a late registration fee
December 2 - Make-up Monday lecture for Thanksgiving, lectures end
December 3 & 4 - Study days
December 5-18 - Final examination period. Remember, students are advised not to make travel commitments during this time period
December 16 - Tuition due for winter term
December 24 - Co-op work term ends
December 24-January 1 - University closed
January 6 - winter term lectures begin, co-op work term begins


text:
Jakarta Commons is a Jakarta subproject that creates and maintains independent packages unrelated to any other framework or product. The packages are a collection of components that serve small, useful purposes in their own right, and are usually server-centric.
The first installment of this series divided these components into five categories and described the Web and Trivial categories. The second article covered the XML and Packages categories. This article describes the final category, Utilities. Note that these categorizations are purely for organizational reasons.
The Utilities category contains the BeanUtils, Logging, DBCP, Pool, and Validator components.
Summary: Provides utilities for working with dynamic JavaBeans.
Where: Main Page, Binaries, Source.
Source Code:
Download the source code for the example application. This .zip file contains:
When: When your application requires dynamic access to JavaBeans without any knowledge of pre-compiled accessors and modifiers. The JavaBeans must conform to the naming design patterns in the JavaBeans specification.
Example Applications:
SubBean.java require
commons-logging.jar, and
commons-collections.jar in the
In dynamic Java application development environments, it is not always
possible to know ahead in time about the various getter and setter methods for
your JavaBeans. Even when you might know the names of the methods, you may
find it cumbersome to write a
setXXX or
getXXX method
to set or get each and every property of a bean. Consider the case of almost identical beans being transferred from one application layer to
another. Do you call
bean1.setXXX(bean2.getXXX()) for each and
every property? You could, but you don't have to. BeanUtils does it for you!
BeanUtils helps the developer with dynamic JavaBean creation, modification, and
BeanUtils can act on JavaBeans that satisfy the following conditions:
getXXX and
setXXX methods. For Boolean properties,
isXXX and
setXXX are allowed. These properties can be
read/write only, which means that only get or only set for a property is
allowed, too.
class associated with your JavaBean.
Let us start with a simple example.
To get and set simple properties, use the
PropertyUtils.getSimpleProperty(Object bean, String name) and
PropertyUtils.setSimpleProperty(Object bean, String name, Object value) methods, respectively, as shown below with the help of
AppLayer1Bean.java and
AppLayer2Bean.java as our test JavaBeans.
PropertyUtils.setSimpleProperty(app1Bean, "intProp1",
new Integer(10));
System.err.println("App1LayerBean, stringProp1: " +
PropertyUtils.getSimpleProperty(app1Bean, "stringProp1"));
Why would you use these methods, when you could just as simply get (and set)
the values of these beans by calling the methods directly on the beans
app1Bean.getStringProp1() or
app1Bean.setIntProp1(10))? You may not always know the names of
these properties in advance in your code, and therefore may not know the right
methods to call. These property names might come from variables set by another
process or an external application. So, for example, if you accessed the name
of the property of a bean and stored it in a variable, you could pass the
variable name to
PropertyUtils. This reduces a dependency on the
developer to know the right method names in advance.
What happens when the properties are not simple data types? For example,
your bean might have a collection or a map as a property. In these cases, use
PropertyUtils.getIndexedProperty or
PropertyUtils.getMappedProperty. Indexed properties require you to
pass the index of the value within the collection that you want to get or set.
Mapped properties require you to pass the key of the value you want to get or
set. For example:
app1Bean, "listProp1[1]", "New String value 1");
System.err.println("App1LayerBean, listProp1[1]: " +
PropertyUtils.getIndexedProperty(app1Bean, "listProp1[1]"));
Notice how, for indexed properties, the value of the index is passed within square brackets. The example above sets the value at index 1 of the list
in the bean
app1Bean to
New String value 1, while the
line after that retrieves the same value at index 1. An alternate way of doing
the same thing is to use the methods
PropertyUtils.setIndexedProperty(Object bean, String name, int index,
Object value) and
PropertyUtils.getIndexedProperty(Object bean,
String name, int index), where the index is passed as a method parameter.
Similar methods exist for mapped properties where you pass the key, not the
index, to get and set mapped values.
Finally, your bean might itself have other beans as properties. What happens
when you want to get or set the property of the bean that is contained as a
property within your primary bean? Use the
PropertyUtils.getNestedProperty(Object bean, String name) and
PropertyUtils.setNestedProperty(Object bean, String name, Object
value) methods, as shown below.
// accessing and setting nested properties
app1Bean, "subBean.stringProp",
"Hello from SubBean, set via Nested Property Access");
PropertyUtils.getNestedProperty(app1Bean, "subBean.stringProp"));
As you can see, the contained bean's property is accessed via a dot nomenclature.
You can use a combination of nested, mapped, and indexed properties to any
depths you like. To use a combination of these different property-access methods,
PropertyUtils.getProperty(Object bean, String name) and
PropertyUtils.setProperty(Object bean, String name, Object value).
For example, this would allow you to make method calls such as:
PropertyUtils.setProperty(app1Bean, "subBean.listProp[0]",
"Some Value");
This combines nested and indexed property access into one call.
BeanUtils is often used when dynamically accessing the request parameters
for a web-based system. In fact, BeanUtils arose out of a need to transfer the
request parameters dynamically into system JavaBeans in the Struts project. A user-filled form
is transferred into a
Map in code, where the parameter names form
the keys and the parameter values are the values from by the user, and a simple
BeanUtils.populate transfers these values into a system bean.
Finally, BeanUtils provides a one-step method to copy values from one bean into another:
// let's copy app1Bean to app2Bean
BeanUtils.copyProperties(app2Bean, app1Bean);
In this package, there are several other useful methods that I have not covered here. BeanUtils is one of the better-documented components. I encourage you to have a look at the Javadocs for this package for descriptions of the rest of the methods.
Summary: Wrapper library around a set of popular logging implementations.
Where: Main Page, Binaries, Source.
When: When your application requires more than one logging implementation, or you anticipate such a need in the future.
Example Application:
commons-logging.properties requires
commons-logging.jar in the
CLASSPATH. Requires
log4j.jar, in certain cases.
Logging enables your applications to debug and trace their behaviors at any
point in time. Logging is an integral part of any application, so there are
many third-party logging implementations that eliminate the need for you to
write your own logging API. In fact, even the JDK comes with a prebuilt logging
API. With such a plethora of choices (
log4j, JDK, Logkit, et cetera), the choice
of a particular logging API to use within your own application comes down to
selecting the one that best suits your requirements. However, a case can be
made for instances where the choice of a logging API may not be compatible
within applications, either because of company requirements or incompatibilities
with existing architecture. The idea of the Logging component is to wrap the
requirement of logging within a set of standard APIs where the underlying
implementation can change or differ. The developer simply uses this API to make
the log requests. The API decides, based on available logging architectures, to
direct these logging calls to the appropriate handler. Thus, the Logging
component, as far as the developer is concerned, is independent of any
particular logging implementation.
If you are familiar with using log4j (also see this log4j article), using Commons-Logging should not be a problem. Even if you are not familiar with it, using Commons-Logging requires you to import two classes,
create a static instance of a
Log, and log away. The relevant code
bits are shown below:
import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
public class LoggingDemo {
private static Log log = LogFactory.getLog(LoggingDemo.class);
// ...
An interesting thing happens when you call
A process of discovery is started to find the required Logging implementation,
according to the following scheme. Note that irrespective of how the desired
implementation is found, it should be a class that implements the
Log interface and is available in the
Commons-Logging comes prebuilt with
(which simply swallows all messages), and a
Commons-Logging looks for a configuration file called
commons-logging.properties in the
CLASSPATH. This
file must define, at the minimum, the property
org.apache.commons.logging.Log, and it should be equal to the fully
qualified name of one of the implementations of the
Log interface
listed above.
If a configuration file cannot be found with the right property above,
Commons-Logging looks for a system property called
If there is no system property with the above name, Commons-Logging looks
log4j classes in the
CLASSPATH. By the simple act of finding
these classes in the
CLASSPATH, Commons-Logging assumes that you
are using
log4j. However, note that
log4j still needs to be configured for its
properties in its own log4j.properties file.
If none of the above is found and if the application is running on JRE 1.4 and above, the application defaults to using the JRE1.4's logging mechanism.
Finally, if none of the above is valid and the application is not running
on JRE 1.4 and above, the application uses a built-in
which writes everything to
Once the desired logging implementation has been obtained, you can start logging within your environment, based on your rules and degree of severity of your log messages. Using a standard API abstracts from the underlying mechanism and the same call is translated into implementation-specific calls.
Related Reading
Jakarta Struts Pocket Reference
The supplied demo file simply prints an information message and tells you
which logging implementation was used to do so. Try running this file in different
environments, for example, run the file on its own without specifying any
properties, and you will default to Jdk14Logger. Run it by specifying the system
property as
and you will see that
SimpleLog is used to print the message.
Finally, try putting Log4 classes in the
CLASSPATH. If you have
set the correct configuration for
log4j in a log4j.properties
file, you will get the message created with
Summary: A library that allows you to maintain a pool of objects.
Where: Main Page, Binaries, Source.
When: Whenever you need to maintain a pool of object instances.
Example Applications:
PoolDemo.java and
MyObjectFactory.java require
commons-pool.jar and
commons-collections.jar in the
Pool serves the purpose of defining a set of interfaces for object-pooling mechanisms. It also provides some general-purpose pool implementations and some base classes that you could use to create your own pooling architecture.
Object pools may not be new to most developers. Many developers have, at some time or other, used a database pooling mechanism for access to databases. Object pools allow you to instantiate a set of objects within a pool as part of configuration and startup, allowing for shorter response times when these objects are actually needed within your application. These objects can be returned to the pool once they've been used, remaining available to any other calling application.
The Pool component allows you to create Object (Instance) pools without tying you to one particular implementation. Several implementations are provided with the component, and you can create your own, if so required.
Three types of base classes make up the Pool component:
ObjectPool, an interface that defines and maintains a pool,
ObjectPoolFactory, responsible for creating instances of
ObjectPool, and
PoolableObjectFactory, which defines
a set of lifecycle methods for instances to be used in the
ObjectPool. A variation on these classes is the
KeyedXXX interface. This interface allows you to create several
object pools for different types of objects, only differentiated with the help
of a
Key. In a way, the
KeyedXXX interface is a
Map implementation of the normal
As stated before, there are several generic implementations prebuilt within
the Pool component. One of these is the
GenericObjectPool, and I
will illustrate its usage with the help of an example.
Create a
PoolableObjectFactory. This factory defines how
your objects are created, destroyed, and validated.
import org.apache.commons.pool.PoolableObjectFactory;
public class MyObjectFactory implements PoolableObjectFactory {
private static int counter;
// returns a new string
public Object makeObject() {
return String.valueOf(counter++);
public void destroyObject(Object obj) {}
public boolean validateObject(Object obj) { return true; }
public void activateObject(Object obj) {}
public void passivateObject(Object obj) {}
Notice that we are creating a pool of
String objects with an
incrementing number, and that our validations always return true. You can
implement the other methods, if required.
Using this PoolableObjectFactory, create a
GenericObjectPool, using default values for
maxIdle, and so on.
// create a GenericObjectPool using MyObject factory and default
// values for the maxActive, maxIdle etc.
GenericObjectPool pool = new GenericObjectPool(new MyObjectFactory());
Borrow an object from it.
System.err.println("Borrowed: " + pool.borrowObject());
Return it.
You can use various methods to find the state of the pool.
// so what's the number of active (borrowed objects) ?
System.err.println("Active objects: " + pool.getNumActive());
The example file
PoolDemo.java contains the full source code.
Summary: Database Connection Pooling, based on the Pool component.
Where: Main Page, Binaries, Source.
When: Whenever access is required to a relational database.
Example Application:
DBCPDemo.java requires
commons-pool.jar, and
commons-collections.jar in the
CLASSPATH. You will also require access to a database and the JDBC drivers for accessing that database. The example application tests connection to a MySQL server using the MySQL JDBC driver. Note that you will require the nightly version of the binaries, as the official release does not contain some of the required classes. Finally, when this example is run, make sure that you set the system property for the JDBC driver you are using (
DBCP provides a database-connection pooling mechanism based on the Pool component. Its usage is slightly more involved than regular connection pooling mechanisms, as the idea was to provide a generic architecture available as a pseudo-JDBC driver. However, since we have already covered the basics of the Pool component, understanding the usage for DBCP should be easier.
Create a
GenericObjectPool class:
GenericObjectPool pool = new GenericObjectPool(null);
Recall from the discussion on the Pool component that the
GenericObjectPool requires a
PoolableObjectFactory to
create the instances of our
Objects that need to be pooled. This,
in DBCP's case, is provided by the
PoolableConnectionFactory as
shown below:
Create the
DriverManagerConnectionFactory cf =
new DriverManagerConnectionFactory(
"jdbc:mysql://host/db", "username", "password");
PoolableConnectionFactory pcf =
new PoolableConnectionFactory(
CF, pool, null, "SELECT * FROM mysql.db", false, true);
Now, all we need to do is to create and register the
new PoolingDriver().registerPool("myPool", pool);
We are now ready to get connections out of this Connection Pool. Note that
it has been created with default values for
maxIdle, et cetera. You can set these properties to what you
require while creating the
GenericObjectPool class in step 1 above.
DBCPDemo.java gives the
complete example.
Summary: API that combines commonly used validations of user input.
Where: Main Page, Binaries, Source.
When: Whenever you need to validate JavaBeans on a regular basis.
Example Application:
validation.xml require
commons-digester.jar, and
commons-logging.jar in the
If you have developed a web application using Struts before, you've come across the Validator package. It makes the job of performing validations on user input quite easy, and provides a single interface for locale-specific error messages. However, Validator is not just of use in web applications — it can be quite easily used at other places where JavaBeans are used.
Validator allows you to define validations for your user input fields, provide internationalization support in form of locale-specific error messages, and create custom Validators. There are several prebuilt validators that you can use, and you can create your own if the custom validators do not serve your purpose.
Validation rules and validation methods are defined using XML files. (The definitions can be in one or many files. It is a good idea to separate them, though.) The validation methods file defines the validators to be used and names the class that actually implements the validator. This class does not need to implement any specific interfaces or extend another class. It should simply conform to the definition, as specified in the method file.
Let us construct a validator of our own that simply checks if a
String property of a bean contains a specific character
import org.apache.commons.validator.*;
public class MyValidator {
public static boolean validateContainsChar(Object bean, Field field) {
// first get the value of this bean property as a string
String val = ValidatorUtil.getValueAsString(bean, field.getProperty());
// now return true or false based on the presence of the '*' sign
return ((val.indexOf('*') == -1) ? false : true);
ValidatorUtil class provides useful methods to get the
values of bean properties as easily manipulable
String values.
This validator now needs to be defined in an XML file:
<!-- This defines the validator methods that we are implementing -->
<validator name="containsStar"
methodParams="java.lang.Object, org.apache.commons.validator.Field" />
Notice that we define the exact method structure, including the parameters that it expects. To use this validator in a method of your own, follow these steps:
Add the validator rules that we want to implement in the XML file above:
<!-- This defines the validator rules -->
<!-- This checks if the form bean's name property implements
the containsPercent method -->
<form name="myFormBean">
<field property="name" depends="containsStar">
<arg0 key="myFormBean.name" />
As you can see, all validation rules are enclosed in the
formset element, following which the form for which the
validations are to be performed is listed with the individual validations. In
our case, we want the
name property of
myFormBean to
be validated so that it passes the
containsStar validation (so
that it contains the character
Create a
Validator and initialize it, based on the XML
// load the validator xml files
InputStream in = getClass().getResourceAsStream("validator.xml");
// create a ValidatorResources
ValidatorResources resources = new ValidatorResources();
// and load resources in
ValidatorResourcesInitializer.initialize(resources, in);
// now create the Validator
Validator validator = new Validator(resources, "myFormBean");
validator.addResource(Validator.BEAN_KEY, bean);
Validate the bean:
// finally validate
ValidatorResults results = validator.validate();
The results of the validation are passed as an instance of
ValidatorResults. It contains a hashmap of individual
ValidationResult objects for each property for which validation
was requested.
Process the
// the result object may contain the results of validation on other form
// properties as well. For each property we can get the result individually
ValidatorResult result = results.getValidatorResult("name");
// and for each property, we can check for individual validations
// for example, did the name property pass the containsStar validation?
"Contains Star validation passed for \'name\' property?" +
On each
ValidationResult instance, we can query whether it
passed or failed a particular validation. For example, in the code above the
result instance for the
name property is queried for
containsStar validation by the code
Validator is quite useful in web applications, as it reduces the repetitive
task of validations to be performed on user input by providing a set of
prebuilt Validators. These include, but are not limited to, range checking,
limitations on types and sizes of input values, and email and locale testing.
Further, you can extend and create your own
Validators to add to
this list.
This concludes the third and final installment of coverage of Jakarta Commons. Although these articles covered only the basics of each component, I hope that they have given enough information for you to start exploring them further. Good Luck!
Vikram Goyal is the author of Pro Java ME MMAPI.
Return to ONJava.com.
Copyright © 2009 O'Reilly Media, Inc.


text:
Police have blocked off the 2800 block of Campbell Street where a baby has been found dead in the back of a garbage truck.
Police said a worker on the trash truck saw the baby among the trash in the back of the truck and called police.
Police are trying to determine where along the trash truck's route that the baby was picked up. Police said they are investigating the baby's death as a homicide.
No other details were immediately available.


text:
Category:Treasure Hunting
"You can say Expert Treasure-hunter instead of Burglar if you like. Some of them do. It's all the same to us."
Glóin the Dwarf to Bilbo Baggins,
The Hobbit, J.R.R. Tolkein
Favored Quote of Don Keith
This website is intended for people fighting treasure hunters all over the world. The information is the product of Dr. Filipe Castro's efforts to fight treasure hunters over the last two decades.
Why Treasure Hunting Is Morally And Financially Bankrupt
1. Treasure hunting has nothing to do with archaeology
Archaeologists and treasure hunters cannot work together. Just as astronomers and astrologists cannot work together, or evolutionary biologists and creationists cannot work together.
We do different things, we have different objectives, we use different methods, and most importantly, we work under different ethical standards.
A more detailed rationale... Treasure Hunting Frequently Asked Questions
2. More often than not, the "treasure" is in the investor's pockets
A famous story of a treasure hunter is that of a South African citizen who bathed in champaign and washed his socks with beer while "raising money" in Europe to salvage the "treasure" of the Grosvenor. And although the information is not easily available, there are frequent accounts of investors who lost their money in treasure hunting ventures.
There are many types of treasure hunters; to try to divide them into categories would be a difficult and futile enterprise. However, there seems to be a wide consensus that among the treasure hunting community there is only a small, silent minority, largely unnoticed by the general public, whose work is to find and rescue precious cargoes. The larger, noisier majority of treasure hunters advertises its treasures in the press long before they have been found. They specialize in the hunt for the savings of potential investors. It is reminiscint of P. T. Barnum and his favorite saying: "a sucker is born every minute".
In fact, most treasure hunters live of the money of their investors, sometimes lavishly, sometimes miserably. Treasure hunting very rarely returns a profit to the investors.
As Peter Throckmorton said, treasure hunting is "The world's worse investment".
- Why Are Treasure Hunters Not Profitable? - An Investor's Check List
3. Treasure hunters destroy the world's cultural heritage forever
If the objective of an underwater excavation is profit, it is impossible to do good archaeology. This is simply a matter of logics: since investors want a good return on their investments, a for-profit company that would loose time or incur extra costs to excavate carefully a particular site, or to preserve an artifact without market value, would not last long in the market. Common sense dictates that such company would be naturally replaced by a company that would be more efficient at extracting and selling the treasure.
That is why treasure hunters cannot tell the truth about what they do.
That it is nearly impossible to know what treasure hunters do is always obvious. They are often soft spoken entrepreneurs, surrounded by aristocrats with political connections and rich friends. Antiques are an expensive hobby. Listening to many of them it is difficult to imagine what they actually do. But let us not fool ourselves.
As J. Richard Steffy, the renowned nautical archaeologist and MacArthur fellow, has put it, ships carried merchandises and ideas. If carefully studied, shipwrecks can yield precious insights about the lives and minds of our ancestors. Shipwrecks are precious archaeological resources. They are a fragile, non-renewable resource under the constant threat of looters, trawlers, chemical decay, and treasure hunters.
Ships were among the most complex machines built by men through time, and their archaeological remains constitute an important part of the world's cultural heritage. Shipwrecks should belong to all of us and deserve to be protected from destruction by short-term profiteers such as treasure hunters. Too many ships have been destroyed by salvage companies looking for valuable artifacts, fuelled by an avid antiquities market that does not ask questions about the provenience of artifacts.
Auction catalogs are often the only information remaining after a ship has been torn apart by treasure hunters in search for artifacts with market value. Keep in mind: most shipwrecks destroyed by treasure hunters never yield enough artifacts to justify even a catalog. After being destroyed they are simply forgotten.
- Why not sell a few artifacts? An article by Jane Waldbaum Working With Vintage Collections
George F. Bass' article The Man who Stole the Stars
4. Hiring archaeologists is just a marketing strategy
Shame and political pressure are changing the way treasure hunters operate. Traditionally assuming their activity as purely profit seeking, treasure hunting companies are now trying to separate themselves from their land counterparts - pot hunters and grave robbers - and advertise themselves under euphemistic designations such as "commercial archaeologists".
Without changing the way they operate, they are changing their image, stating their mission differently, hiring public relations specialists and archaeologists that do not mind lending their names to such ventures.
Working for treasure hunters is against most professional ethical codes.
But that is not all. Archaeologists working for treasure hunters cannot publicly assume their participation in the destructions they witness and must involve themselves in webs of lies, half-truths, and intentionally complicated situations, in which nobody ever understands who is in charge or when, in order to dilute their responsibility and move on, doing waht they do: renting their names to make possible the destruction of the Humanity's underwater cultural heritage.
Case Study
Arqueonáutica, Centro de Estudos was created as a non-profit organization around the National Museum of Archaeology in Lisbon, by Francisco Alves, Octávio Lixa Filgueiras, and other scholars to promote and protect the Portuguese underwater cultural heritage. For the projects developed in the early 1990s it stands as a very good example of cooperation between scholars and avocationals. During the period 1993-95, when the Portuguese government issued legislation allowing for the sale of artifacts of archaeological excavations, Arqueonáutica played a central role in aggregating all the voices that opposed treasure hunting in Portugal. The legislation was frozen in 1995 and repealed in 1997. Arqueonáutica must not be confounded with Arqueonautas SA., the treasure hunting company created during the same period.
Treasure Hunting - The Portuguese Case Study 1993-1995
Advisory Council for Underwater Archaeology
International Convention for the Preservation of the Underwater Cultural Heritage
ICOM Code of Ethics for Museums
Treasure Hunting: Selected Texts
Colapinto, John, "Secrets of the Deep," The New Yorker, April 7, 2008.
Throckmorton, Peter. "The World's Worst Investment: The Economics of Treasure Hunting with Real Life Comparisons," in Toni Carrell, ed., Underwater Archaeology Proceedings of the Society for Historical Archaeology Annual Meeting, 1990.
Kiesling, Stephen, Walking the Plank: A True Adventure Among Pirates. Ashland, Or.: Nordic Knight Press, 1994.
Watson, Peter, Sotheby's : the inside story. New York: Random House, 1997.
Watson, Peter, and Cecilia Todeschini, The Medici conspiracy : the illicit journey of looted antiquities, from Italy's tomb raiders to the world's greatest museums. New York: Public Affairs, 2006.
Bass, George F. "After the Diving is Over," Underwater Archaeology Proceedings, Toni Carrell, ed., Society for Historical Archaeology, 1990, 10-13.
Bass, George F. "The Men Who Stole the Stars," INA Newsletter, Vol. 15, No. 2, 11.
Castro, Filipe. "Treasure Hunting", [1]
Draper, Robert. "Indian Takers," Texas Monthly, March, 1993, 104-107, 121-124.
Elia, Ricardo. "Nautical Shenanigans [review of book Walking the Plank]," Archaeology, Vol. 48, No. 1, January-February, 1995, 79-84.
Haldane, Cheryl. "The Abandoned Shipwreck Act," INA Newsletter, Vol. 15, No. 2, 9.
Renfrew, Colin, Loot, Legitimacy and Ownership. London: Duckworth, 2000.
Throckmorton, Peter. "The World's Worst Investment: The Economics of Treasure Hunting with Real Life Comparisons," Underwater Archaeology Proceedings, Toni Carrell, ed., Society for Historical Archaeology, 1990, 6-10.
United States Senate. Public Law 100-298 [S. 858], Abandoned Shipwreck Act of 1987, April 28, 1988 (Courtesy of Calvin R. Cummings).
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FAQs about Peace Corps in Belize
|FAQs about Peace Corps
For information see Welcomebooks
- 1 How much luggage am I allowed to bring to Belize?
- 2 What is the electric current in Belize?
- 3 How much money should I bring?
- 4 When can I take vacation and have people visit me?
- 5 Will my belongings be covered by insurance?
- 6 Do I need an international driver's license?
- 7 What should I bring as gifts for Belizean friends and my host family?
- 8 Where will my site assignment be when I finish training and how isolated will I be?
- 9 How can my family contact me in an emergency?
- 10 Can I call home from Belize?
- 11 Should I bring a cellular phone with me?
- 12 Will there be e-mail and Internet access? Should I bring my computer?
How much luggage am I allowed to bring to Belize?
Most airlines have baggage size and weight limits and assess charges for transport of baggage that exceeds those limits. The Peace Corps has its own size and weight limits and will not pay the cost of transport for baggage that exceeds these limits. The Peace Corps' allowance is two checked pieces of luggage with combined dimensions of both pieces not to exceed 107 inches (length + width + height) and a carry-on bag with dimensions of no more than 45 inches. Checked baggage should not exceed 80 pounds total with a maximum weight of 50 pounds for any one bag.
Peace Corps Volunteers are not allowed to take pets, weapons, explosives, radio transmitters (shortwave radios are permitted), automobiles, or motorcycles to their overseas assignments. Do not pack flammable materials or liquids such as lighter fluid, cleaning solvents, hair spray, or aerosol containers. This is an important safety precaution.
What is the electric current in Belize?
Although 220-volt electricity is available for large appliances, all homes and offices have 110-volt outlets.
How much money should I bring?
Volunteers are expected to live at the same level as the people in their community. They are given a settling-in allowance and a monthly living allowance, which should cover their expenses. Often Volunteers wish to bring additional money for vacation travel to other countries. Credit cards and traveler's checks are preferable to cash. If you choose to bring extra money, bring the amount that will suit your own travel plans and needs.
When can I take vacation and have people visit me?
Each Volunteer accrues two vacation days per month of service (excluding training). Leave may not be taken during training, the first three months of service, or the last three months of service, except in conjunction with an authorized emergency leave. Family and friends are welcome to visit you after pre-service training and the first three months of service as long as their stay does not interfere with your work. Extended stays at your site are not encouraged and may require permission from your country director. The Peace Corps is not able to provide your visitors with visa, medical, or travel assistance.
Will my belongings be covered by insurance?
The Peace Corps does not provide insurance coverage for personal effects; Volunteers are ultimately responsible for the safekeeping of their personal belongings. However, you can purchase such insurance before you leave. If you wish, you may contact your own insurance company; additionally, insurance application forms will be provided, and we encourage you to consider them carefully. Volunteers should not ship or take valuable items overseas. Jewelry, watches, radios, cameras, laptops, and expensive appliances are subject to loss, theft, and breakage, and in many places, satisfactory maintenance and repair services are not available.
Do I need an international driver's license?
Volunteers in Belize do not need an international driver's license because they are prohibited from operating privately owned vehicles. Most urban travel is by bus or taxi. Rural travel ranges from buses and minibuses to trucks and lots of walking. On very rare occasions, a Volunteer may be asked to drive a sponsor's vehicle, but this can occur only with prior written permission of the country director. Should this occur, the Volunteer may obtain a local driver's license. Your U.S. driver's license will facilitate the process, so bring it with you just in case.
What should I bring as gifts for Belizean friends and my host family?
This is not a requirement. A token of friendship is sufficient. Some gift suggestions include knickknacks for the house; pictures, books, or calendars of American scenes; souvenirs from your area; hard candies that will not melt or spoil; or photos to give away.
Where will my site assignment be when I finish training and how isolated will I be?
Peace Corps trainees are not assigned to individual sites until after they have completed pre-service training. This gives the Peace Corps staff the opportunity to assess each trainee's technical and language skills prior to assigning sites, in addition to finalizing site selections with their ministry counterparts. If feasible, you may have the opportunity to provide input on your site preferences, including geographical location, distance from other Volunteers, and living conditions. However, many factors influence the site selection process and the Peace Corps cannot guarantee placement where you would ideally like to be. Most Volunteers live in small towns or in rural villages and are usually within one hour from another Volunteer. There is usually at least one Volunteer based in each of the district capitals and five to eight Volunteers in Belize City.
How can my family contact me in an emergency?
The Peace Corps' Office of Special Services provides assistance in handling emergencies affecting trainees and Volunteers or their families. Before leaving the United States, instruct your family to notify the Office of Special Services immediately if an emergency arises, such as a serious illness or death of a family member. During normal business hours, the number for the Office of Special Services is 800.424.8580, extension 1470. After normal business hours and on weekends and holidays, the Special Services duty officer can be reached at 202.638.2574. For nonemergency questions, your family can get information from your country desk staff at the Peace Corps by calling 800.424.8580.
Can I call home from Belize?
It is relatively easy to call the United States. Phones are available in almost all parts of the country, and the connections are good. However, international calls are expensive.
Should I bring a cellular phone with me?
Most volunteers elect to not to bring a cellphone with them to Belize, although most of the country has cell coverage and service (though it is expensive compared to U.S. rates). If you choose to bring a cellphone, bring one that uses a SIM card and remember that the chip in your phone will need to be reprogrammed by the local service provider to work on its system.
Will there be e-mail and Internet access? Should I bring my computer?
Internet and e-mail access is available through Belize Telecommunications Limited—the only Internet service provider in Belize—wherever there is telephone service. But it is expensive. The Peace Corps office in Belmopan has computers with Internet access that are available for Volunteer use.


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Soft Gold Embellished Sandal
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Neutral gold metallic thong bejeweled with prong-set crystals and silver bugle beads. Man-made upper; non-skid rubber sole. Imported.
- Feels as beautiful as it looks.
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Thomas Smith M '02 was named social science/world language division head at John Hersey High School in Arlington Heights, IL. Smith has taught social science courses for 15 years at John Hersey, Prairie Ridge High School in Crystal Lake, IL, and Elk Grove High School. He holds a bachelor's degree in secondary education from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, a master's degree in curriculum and instruction from North Central and a master's degree in educational leadership from Northeastern Illinois University.
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Spending a weekend at the track with the Dodgee Drag Paks
When it was announced that Chrysler would be returning to the factory wars of drag racing back in 2008, nobody was quite sure how it would work out. Blending the past with modern touches had resulted in the return of the Challenger, and the new Drag Pak version of that body design would be the first race-only package Chrysler had built since the 1968 Hemi Darts and Barracudas. The cars were delivered unfinished, to deliberately let the owners build them to their specifications, and Chrysler filed paperwork with NHRA regarding the engine legality, offering the 5.7, 6.1, and later 7.0.
For Jeff Teuton, and the family and crew out of Southland Dodge's Louisiana-based race team, racing the new cars has been a labor of love. Based out of Houma, the Teutons have been noted campaigners in the Chrysler sportsman ranks for decades; stepping into the latest iron was a natural.
"To date, I've probably done more with these Drag Paks than anyone else," says the dealership owner and long-time sportsman racer. "We did development for some of the first ones, and I did some of the race work on the prototype V-10 as well. We've run a bunch of them."
The V-10 was the latest version, using a specially-tuned Viper engine installed into the Challenger body. Released as a drag-only package as well, it arrived just as Ford and GM got serious again, and began doing package Mustangs and Camaros that were supercharged. As a result, the factory wars are back, so we traveled to Gainesville, Florida, last March to watch how a weekend of racing a multi-car sportsman team works.
On hand at the NHRA Gatornationals were three of the five Drag Paks that the team owns. Jeff was in the blue car in Super Stock, and driver Kevin Helms was in both the red car in Factory Stock, and the V-10 car in Super Stock. The V-10 had formerly been slated for Factory Stock as well, but due to its lack of competitiveness against the supercharged competition, it was instead classed into SS/DA. Classed in A and B categories, Factory Stock is a recently-devised, heads-up class that NHRA runs at specific national events. Following Gainesville, the rules were revised to move the V-10s away from the supercharged cars into FS/B with additional weight.
The 2010 blue car is well-traveled, having won Stock Eliminator at Indy back in 2011 using a Magnum engine. It again made a highly visible statement at Indy last year, when it was driven by young Joseph Teuton, and went almost up on the back bumper several times. This was in Factory Stock trim, using a Gen II 426 engine and weight removed. Here in Florida, the blue car was a little tamer. "Right now, it's got a 12-year-old 360 crate engine in it that we used to run in Top Stock," laughs Jeff. "It's not too fast, but it'll go rounds; just right for a 70-year-old!"
One thing about the legality of the all the Drag Paks are their diversity. With the fuel-injected old school 360, Jeff says the blue car will fit into three Super Stock GT classes based on car weight; swap in 5.7 or 6.1, it will go into three regular Super Stock classes based on the weight changes. Put a 426 aluminum crate engine in it, and it will run in Factory Stock/B, which has a 3,350 pound minimum, with engines between 400-450 cid (and a 392 engine would get to run on a 3,250 pound minimum, since it is under 400 cid).
Meanwhile, the 2010 red car driven by Helms, who is a noted bracket racer and a full-time employee of the team, was in FS/B at Gainesville, using the 426 crate engine. After swapping out the differential before Valdosta, the car did several big wheelies before it settled down; it clocked 140 mph before the weekend was over. This car and combination can run in three classes in Stock as well –AA, BB, CC – but the 426 combo is not legal in the Super Stock GT categories.
"It would be able to fit in there if they made the weight break a little lighter, to run GT/AA on the 8.00 pound weight-break, it would need to weigh over 3,700 pounds," Kevin told us. "Get something down to about 6.00 or so, and we could do something."
Since all of these various legal V-8 combinations between the cars can be swapped out, and since they all use fuel injection due to the modern body design, dialing the combinations in is part of the process. John Morris, the team's race mechanic, has worked with Jeff for 30 years, and told us about some of the effort that goes into the change.
"We will decide what classes to run before we leave home. If we change from, say, the 6.1 to the 5.7, we only need to hook things up and flash the computer; it takes a few minutes," he told us. "But if we are going to the 360 crate engine or a 426 from that 5.7, we reinstall a whole different computer because we have different fuel system manufacturers – FAST, AEM and Big Stuff – for each engine combination."
John also makes sure things stay running. At Gainesville, Kevin's fresh engine actually tore up an SFI-certified flexplate on Thursday; nobody else had the unique unit for the late-model Hemi at the track, but another Florida, racer named Mac Reeves had one and agreed to meet Kevin in Ocala, with it that afternoon. As a result of the breakage, Kevin was not able to get to the FS/B class final against David Barton's Challenger, but was able to have a car to race the rest of the weekend after they put it in overnight. First thing Friday morning, the car was running much better; so much so, in fact, that Kevin lost on a double breakout and his weekend was over.
Jeff was having his own share of frustrations. Part of the challenge at this point in the season was not being able to test much before this race, though the team had run at the NHRA point race in Valdosta, Georgia, prior to coming to the Sunshine State. "One day, we were ready to go to No Problem Raceway in Belle Rose, and had to go back to the shop to fix the generator on the truck. It was only going to take a couple of minutes. Meanwhile, the street outside the shop gets blocked for a Mardi Gras parade! So we lose another day; that's the sort of year it's been." Says Jeff
The blue car was in GT/HA and went rounds at Valdosta, before it broke a differential in the third round; the team worked to change it, but it was late enough in the event, that the clock ran out and they were wheeling it out of the trailer when Super Stock began running down the track again. Now, running in GT/IA at the Gators, the car shifted down into first gear during class eliminations due to a faulty chip used in the transmission, though Jeff won the class when his opponent was a no-show.
The first-second shift can be done using a solenoid. Unfortunately, an rpm-based fuse that holds the solenoid closed in second gear had fried. Jeff wisely lifted as the engine rpm went sky-high. Once the problem was found, a heavy-handed hammer made sure that particular chip would not create problems again. "What do you do?" he shrugs. "That's never happened before."
Ready for action, he won the opening round of eliminations, but, like Kevin, fell to a double-breakout (both racers below their dialed index number) in round two on Saturday. As Kevin had been taken down in the V-10 in round one, the team was packing up by Saturday afternoon.
"We wanted to have our A game here, but it just didn't work out," Jeff says. "We've got a lot of promises, but we've also got no parts for our A-game yet. Our real problem has been the lack of parts; we have supported Mopar and tried to get what we need, but there was a lot of stuff that just started arriving. We have some things we want to change, like the adjustable roller-rocker arms, so we can remain competitive, but not having that available before the season started makes it frustrating for us. But we'll be back."


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Advanced Micro Devices at present is not able to compete in terms of pure performance against Intel Corp.'s Core i7-series "Sandy Bridge" microprocessors, according to benchmark results, but with its next-generation Bulldozer-based chips the company fully aims to fight.
With its FX-series AMD Zambezi desktop processors the Sunnyvale, California-based company plans to fully compete against Intel Core i-family of high-performance central processing units. A document from AMD seen by X-bit labs claims that AMD FX-series central processing unit (CPUs) powered by the Bulldozer micro-architecture will be fully able to rival Core i7 2600-series chips.
Among the advantages that are mentioned by the AMD documents that X-bit labs has happened to see are "more overclocked cores", "more cores dual graphics, OpenCL and GPU" compute and others. By the end of the year the firm expects over 10% of its desktop products to be based on the Bulldozer micro-architecture and be in the AM3+ form-factor.
AMD Orochi design is the company's next-generation processor for high-end desktop (Zambezi) and server (Valencia) markets. The chip will feature eight processing engines, but since it is based on Bulldozer micro-architecture, those cores will be packed into four modules. Every module which will have two independent integer cores (that will share fetch, decode and L2 functionality) with dedicated schedulers, one "Flex FP" floating point unit with two 128-bit FMAC pipes with one FP scheduler. The chip will have shared L3 cache, new dual-channel DDR3 memory controller and will use HyperTransport 3.1 bus. The Zambezi chips will use new AM3+ form-factor and will require brand new platforms.
The Sunnyvale, California-based chip designer plans to introduce AMD 900-series chipsets compatible with Zambezi processors in Q2 2011. The Bulldozer processors, Radeon HD 6000 "Northern Islands" discrete graphics cards and AMD 900-series core-logic sets will power AMD's next-generation enthusiast-class platform code-named Scorpius.
AMD did not comment on the news-story.
Tags: AMD, Bulldozer, Phenom, 32nm


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|From the Diary of James P. McPherson, entry dated June 8, 1862
On June 10th, 1850, McPherson noted that he removed a splinter from the foot of 13 year-old Isabella McDonald, daughter of John & Janet McDonald. Although her father, was often mentioned in the J. P. McPherson's diary, Isabella was not mentioned again until this June 1862 entry:
8 -- Sun. Married Lindsay Wright & Isabella McDonald. At T. Adamsons afternoon.
The 1860 Federal Census for Verona listed the 24 year-old Scotsman Linzy Wright as working as a day laborer for the McDonald's neighbor, John Eddy. When the young couple married in 1862, Wright was 26 years-old and his bride, 24 years-old. The Wrights later made their home in Bridge Creek, Eau Claire, Wisconsin.


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Thomas Masaryk, MD,served as Head of Neuroradiology at Cleveland Clinic from 1989 - 2008. He is also Professor of at the Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University.
He is board-certified in diagnostic radiology with a certificate of added qualification (CAQ) in Neuroradiology and a career-long interest in cerebrovascular disease and stroke. He pioneered cerebrovascular imaging with magnetic resonance (MRA), optical coherence tomography, and most recently cone beam CT utilizing amorphous silicon, flat panel X-Ray detectors for diagnosis of acute subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Additionally he has more than twenty years of experience performing cerebrovascular therapeutic procedures, and he has been at the forefront of innovations in aneurysm coiling, avm embolization and the emergent treatment of acute stroke.
Dr. Masaryk has been consistently named one of the country's top doctors by Woodall/ White since 1998. He has a joint appointment in the Cleveland Clinic's Department of Neurosurgery, and he was named teacher of the year in 2001. The Cleveland Clinic's neuroscience departments are consistently ranked within the top 10 in the nation in U.S. News & World Report magazine's survey of America's top hospitals.
A frequent invited lecturer at national and international medical meetings, Dr. Masaryk has received grant support from the NIH, authored more than 150 scientific papers on cerebrovascular disease and has authored or contributed to 15 books. He is also a native of Northeastern Ohio.
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Wheeling Casino continues to push for fee break
WHEELING – Jim Simms said the Legislature needs to lower the $2.5 million annual fee for table gambling, but time is running short because bills must pass out of committees by the end of this week.
"Our clock hits midnight at the end of this session," said Simms, president and general manager of Wheeling Island Hotel-Casino-Racetrack. "We need relief now in order to keep these table games running."
Simms has repeatedly said his company may not renew its table gambling license in July if the fee is not adjusted in some way because the Wheeling facility is on pace to run its tables at a $1 million operating loss in 2013 – which does not even include paying the $2.5 million fee. He said the track has 105 employees whose jobs are directly tied to table gambling.
Senate President Jeff Kessler, D-Marshall, has introduced a bill that would reduce the annual $2.5 million fee to $1.5 million for three of the state's four racetracks – Wheeling Island, Mountaineer Casino Racetrack & Resort and the Mardi Gras West Virginia Casino & Hotel (formerly Tri-State Racetrack) near Charleston. He said his bill would not lower the fee for the Hollywood Casino at Charles Town Races in West Virginia's Eastern Panhandle.
"Right now, Wheeling Island is paying the same fee for 40 tables as another track that has four times as many," Kessler said.
Each facility that pays the required fee can have as many table games as it chooses to offer, and that would remain the case under Kessler's legislation.
According to the West Virginia Lottery Commission, the Wheeling track generated about $5.3 million worth of revenue from table gambling from July 1 through the end of February. During the same time period, the Eastern Panhandle track saw about $104.7 million from table gambling – nearly 20 times as much as the Wheeling facility.
"We are not raising their fee – we are just not lowering it, either," Kessler said of the Charles Town facility.
Prior to Kessler introducing his bill, Sens. Rocky Fitzsimmons, D-Ohio, and Jack Yost, D-Brooke, joined others to sponsor legislation that would reduce the annual fee from $2.5 million to $1 million for all four casinos – a $500,000 annual difference from Kessler legislation. This bill would also reduce the tax rate on table games from 35 percent to 25 percent, while cutting the number of annual greyhound and thoroughbred racing days from 210 to 150.
"That bill has a lot more bells and whistles on it," Kessler said of the Fitzsimmons and Yost legislation. "This is more laser-focused on reducing the table gaming fees."
Fitzsimmons said he "just wants to see debate on the issue."
"The intent is to get something that can be considered, discussed or amended," he said. "What is fair? As different locations become less profitable, we may want to look at a sliding scale with different fees based on how much volume there is."
Fitzsimmons and Yost have introduced another bill that would establish a committee to study the effects of out-of-state competition, but this would not result in any actual changes until the committee would deliver its report on Jan. 1, 2015.
"I have not given up on an immediate solution," Fitzsimmons insisted. "The study is a parallel matter because we need to consider the long-term impacts."
Simms, who begins his new job at a casino is southwest Ohio next week, said his successor at the Wheeling Island facility has not yet been chosen, noting he will maintain a role in overseeing the operation until a new president and general manager takes charge.
"There is no time for studying the problems at Wheeling Island," Simms said. "We may be the first ones having this problem in the state, but if Penn (National Gaming Inc.) enters the Youngstown area, Mountaineer will feel it, too."
Mountaineer General Manager Chris Kern said he supports legislation to reduce table gambling fees for the state's casinos, after his facility also saw revenue losses during 2012.


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Older adults make up the fastest growing segment of the U.S. population, and as they retire and live longer on fixed incomes, the demand for quality, affordable, accessible housing in close proximity to services and other amenities will only increase. Public policy should support a variety of housing options for older adults, including those that allow them the choice to age in their homes and communities. This fact sheet identifies public policy challenges to aging in place, and offers solutions to these challenges.
Click here to download fact sheet (PDF)


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Explore the Entrepreneurship.org Resource Center to find resources. Designed with entrepreneurs in mind, our resource center allows you to find materials to grow great ideas.
The U.S. Congress enacted IRC Section 409A in the midst of corporate scandals that saw highly-paid executives receive deferred compensation payments while other employees lost their retirement savings. Public and private companies must comply for deferred compensation to keep preferential tax treatment status. This article outlines the risks of not complying and what compensation is involved.
As you are determining the right executive compensation program, you might find this tool helpful in establishing and communicating an overall compensation philosophy for your company.
This document is a sample executive employment agreement covering base salary, incentive bonus, equity incentives, benefits, termination, restrictive covenants, intellectual property, and more.
This tool was designed to assist an entrepreneur who set up a bonus system that keyed off the company's EBITDA. By having a bonus program tied to EBITDA, top team members were forced to think like an owner thinks about expenses, opportunities, and investment.
To champion change and guide your organization to new levels of growth, management team members and employees must be willing to follow your lead. The Leadership Scorecard allows for reflection and feedback on how you lead your team.
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Lange Named New Head Coach at Pfeiffer
from press release
MISENHEIMER, N.C. - Pfeiffer University is pleased to announce that Jason Lange has been named as the head coach of the Falcons' men's lacrosse team. Lange comes to Pfeiffer from Mars Hill College, where he served as the defensive coordinator for the Lions for four years. In his most recent season with Mars Hill, the Lions ended their season with a record of 11-3, the best in program history.
During his entire career at Mars Hill, Lange assisted in leading the Lions to three consecutive Deep South Conference regular season championships. The Lions were also ranked in the top 10 nationally in goals against average in 2010 and 2011 (6.43 and 7.47 per game, respectively). The goals against average of 6.43 in 2010 was also the best in program history. In 2010, the Lions' man-down unit ranked number one in the country, killing off 83.9 percent of opponent's man-up opportunities.
Lange has coached five All-American selections, 22 all-conference players, three conference player of the year recipients, and one conference freshman of the year winner. He has also had three players drafted into the National Lacrosse League, and one player that signed with a Major League Lacrosse team.
Before becoming an assistant coach at Mars Hill, Lange was a defenseman for the Lions from 2004-09. During his collegiate lacrosse career, the team won a Deep South Conference tournament championship in 2008 and the regular season title in 2009. In the summer of 2009, Lange represented the USA at the Berlin Open in Germany and led the team to a championship game appearance. Lange graduated in December of 2009 with a Bachelor's degree in physical education and a minor in coaching.
When asked about Jason Lange, Vice President of Athletics/Athletic Director Bob Reasso said, "We are really happy to have Jason take over our lacrosse program. We have a history of success in lacrosse and we believe that Jason is the right coach to continue that tradition and to move the program to another level. We had a great pool of candidates, but it was clear to us right away that Jason was the right choice for us."
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To save time, I'll give you a backround in a nutshell. My son is 6 weeks old, perfectly healthy, great delivery, great baby. He didn't latch on in the hospital, I was given a nipple shield, nursed until he was two weeks old and developed a breast infection due to the nipple shield not allowing proper stimulation-complete draining of the breasts, amongst other problems. We stopped nursing for a couple weeks, after I developed a hospital grade fever, and felt like breastfeeding was keeping me away from my child(someone else had to come take care of him while I was sick). At 5 weeks old, I noticed my son latching on to my arm, so I offered him the breast and BAM he latched! I am now pumping every 1.5 hours during the day, and 4-6 hours at night, getting about 6-8 oz a day(when I first started relactating about a week ago, I was only getting 1 oz/day). This is in addition to nursing him until he gets frustrated(about 5 minutes) on each breast before each bottle, every 3-4 hours. AND, nursing him to sleep(usually just suckling, but sometimes will get a letdown) in between his feedings.
My problem is, when it is time for him to eat his bottle(every 3-4 hours) he is very reluctant to nurse. He suckles, pops off, crys, trys again, whines and cries while sucking. It usually involves 10 minutes of me nursing, calming him down( I think because he doesn't get breastmilk within the first few seconds) and trying again. I am thinking this is because my breasts are not full enough, but I am not sure. I finally experience the opposite breast leaking, when I feel a let down while nursing him, but unlike when we breastfed the first two weeks of his life, I do not leak milk when it is time for him to eat. I would like some advice that helps show that when I finally can nurse him exclusively(when I begin to make enough milk again) that it will not be a constant struggle!
Thank you!


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Welcome to the Rehabilitation Services Administration (RSA) Budget Home page. Here you will find information about the President's Budget request for ED and RSA, including a program-by-program description of the request, accompanied by tables showing program amounts (appropriations levels) and state grant allocations. The following information on FY 2004-2005 appropriations for the Department of Education is available:
- FY 2005 Appropriations
Table-- shows the amounts provided for the programs and activities
of the Department of Education in the FY 2005 Appropriations Act.
- State Tables
-- by program and by state -- show FY 2005 allocations under
formula-allocated and selected student aid programs. To navigate the PDF tables,
use the "Bookmarks" feature of the Adobe Acrobat Reader.
- Full text and legislative history of FY 2004 and FY 2005 appropriations bills are available on the Library of Congress "Thomas" Web site.
The Budget History Table of the Education Department since FY 1980 in PDF shows President's budgets and enacted appropriations for the major programs of the Education Department. The table also identifies Department totals for discretionary and mandatory spending. Spending for discretionary programs is determined in the annual appropriations process. In contrast, spending for mandatory programs is usually a function of the authorizing statutes creating the programs and generally is not affected by appropriations laws. To learn more about discretionary and mandatory spending in the Education Department, please see our description of the Department's Budget Process and Calendar.


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Sold 3 to a pack
Disana's 31.5" x 31.5" Organic Cotton Muslin Flat diapers are woven from the softest organic cotton. The simple design allows for easy folding to fit baby sizes newborn to toddler. There are many folding techniques to achieve the perfect fit your your baby (click here for an example of various folding techniques). You will love how absorbent the soft cotton muslin fabric is as it quickly soaks up wetness and spreads it throughout the diaper.
The Disana Organic Cotton Muslin Flat diapers are easy to launder and are very popular with homesteaders. When unfolded these diapers are a single layer which lends to quick laundering. They are easy to wash and line dry.
These flat diapers will require a diaper cover. You will also need diaper fasteners such as diaper pins or Snappis.
Care and Use...
Prewash 3-5 times prior to first use and for everyday laundering, washes on hot, tumble dry or can be hung to dry. Avoid fabric softeners and dryer sheets as they will coat diapers making them less absorbent.


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Cilantro Recipes
These pretty, pungent green leaves punch up the flavor in Mexican food and other cilantro recipes including cilantro chicken and cilantro pesto.
Cilantro is a must in Latin American and Asian cooking, where it's chopped into salsas or cooked into curries. Its fragrant leaves come from the same plant as coriander seeds, but their flavors are quite different. Cilantro's distinctive taste has been described as everything from fresh and clean to zesty and tangy.
The Basics
Coarsely chopped cilantro adds fresh flavor to dressings, dips, sauces, stews, vegetables and chicken dishes. It also makes a pretty garnish.
Sold in bunches, cilantro will last longer if left uncut. So cut off only the amount you will need. And don't overchop, or the tender leaves will turn black.
To keep it fresh even longer, place the bunch, stem side down, in a glass with an inch or so of water. Cover with a plastic bag, secure with a rubber band and store in the fridge. It should stay fresh for up to a week if you change the water every other day.
Cilantro Recipes
Festive Shrimp Tarts
These Festive Shrimp Tarts always get rave reviews. I've made them well in advance and they're still party perfect later!
—Sheri Mosely Clermont, Florida
Salsa for a Crowd
When planning your next fiesta, look no further than this hearty, pretty salsa. Succulently seasoned with coriander, cumin, garlic and cilantro, your crowd will definitely say, "Ole!"
—Betsy Sams, Jamesville, New York
Spicy Sweet Potato Chips & Cilantro Dip
This cool, creamy dip is a great partner for spicy chips. They're made for each other!
—Libby Walp, Chicago
Shredded Pork Burritos
Pork roast is slow-cooked with savory and sweet ingredients, including a can of cola, to create tender, Shredded Pork Burritos.
—Katherine Nelson, Centerville, Utah
Chicken Enchilada Verde Pizza
You'll need to grab a knife and fork for this loaded, irresistible Chicken Enchilada Verde Pizza. One bite and you'll be hooked!
—Michael O'Brien, Madison, Wisconsin
Cilantro Pesto
Feel free to make this simple Cilantro Pesto ahead of time and freeze it." This brightly colored pesto tastes as fresh as it looks!
—Karen Deaver, Babylon Village, New York
Cilantro Chicken
If you like cilantro, you will definitely like this Cilantro Chicken dish. It adds great flavor to the chicken along with the tangy lemon juice and caramelized onions.
—Mary Pipkin, Melba, Idaho


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Home List of Titles 'I will never allow any of my children to choose it': Ghanaian bank managers' views about public relations
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.3/54797
|Download PDF (Published version) (Adobe Acrobat PDF, 1 MB)
- Title
- 'I will never allow any of my children to choose it': Ghanaian bank managers' views about public relations
- Author(s)
- Kwansah-Aidoo, Kwamena; Owusu-Hemeng, Barbara
- Abstract
- Tymson & Lazar (2002) argue that all organisations exist with the approval of society (tacit or otherwise), and for that reason organisations need to act in ways that ensure that this approval is always there and not jeopardised in any way; that is, put in danger of being withdrawn. Agreeing with such a proposition means that the way organisations act and how these actions are seen and interpreted by stakeholders and the public, is a matter of importance. This also implies that organisations cannot afford to leave a communication vacuum between themselves and their publics, including the immediate communities in which they operate. This premise makes (organisational) communication one of the key strategic functions of any organisation that not only wants to continue to exist, but also wants to succeed. It also means that the key person in charge of communication in any organisation should be in a position to shape the organisation's decisions and actions. In this way, organisational strategy will consider stakeholder interests and communication strategy will involve not only what is said, but more importantly what the organisation does. Research in different settings, including Australia, UK and Canada has revealed that two-way symmetric communication used strategical1y can improve many dimensions of business performance and give organisations competitive advantage. These competitive advantages include, among others, a friendly business climate, improved national standing, good corporate image, reduced conflict with stakeholders, less or favourable government regulation, increased employee productivity and employee satisfaction. For an organisation to enjoy the benefits mentioned above, however, it must come to terms with the changing meaning of organisational communication and make the effort to embrace two-way symmetric communication between itself and stakeholders, which should be managed by the professional public relations practitioner who would be skilled in the art of communication management. Not only that, it also requires that organisations come to an understanding that the public relations role and the public relations manager are singularly and jointly crucial to an organisation's strategic management and must therefore be willing to allow the public relations manager to be part of the organisation's dominant coalition. This paper reports findings from a study which looked at the way top managers in one of Ghana's banks viewed and understood the public relations function and their preparedness to admit the public relations practitioner into the bank's dominant coalition.
- Publication type
- Journal article
- Source
- Asia Pacific Public Relations Journal, Vol. 7, no. 1 (2006), pp. 155-176
- Publication year
- 2006
- Keyword(s)
- Africa; Bank employees; Bank managers; Career choices; Ghana; Public relations
- Publisher
- Deakin University
- 1440-4389
- Publisher URL
- Copyright
- Copyright © 2006 Deakin University. The published version of the paper is reproduced here with the kind permission of the publisher.
- Full text
- Peer reviewed


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The top five are
- Sioux Falls, South Dakota (13.7 years between accidents)
- Fort Collins, Colorado
- Flint, Michigan
- Warren, Michigan
- Hunstville, Alabama
- Jersey City, New Jersey
- Glendale, California
- Elizabeth, New Jersey
- Washington, District of Columbia
- Newark, New Jersey (5.2 years between accidents)
For a good place to live, try the interior of the country. Sioux Falls has already been noted by having good disaster response. So when you do get into a bad accident the emergency services will have no problems communicating your need for help to the ambulance.


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First Wind, a U.S.-based wind energy company, announced Monday that construction of its Kawailoa Wind project has been completed and commercial operations have begun.
It is located on Kamehameha Schools' Kawailoa Plantation lands on Oahu's North Shore.
First Wind says the 69 megawatt wind project will be able to generate enough clean and cost-competitive wind energy to power the equivalent of approximately 14,500 homes on the island.
At full output, it has the potential to meet as much as five to ten percent of Oahu's annual electrical demand and avoid the burning of about 300,000 barrels of oil each year.
"This is, by far, the single largest wind energy project in Hawaii's history," said Lt Gov. Brian Schatz. "We should all be pleased and proud that we are making good progress towards more affordable, sustainable energy. We've got more work to do, but this is an important moment in our efforts towards a clean energy future."
The Kawailoa project is First Wind's second project on Oahu and fourth in the Hawaiian islands.
"We are proud to complete work on our Kawailoa Wind project, which represents our fourth project in Hawaii to achieve commercial operations over a six-year period," said Paul Gaynor, CEO of First Wind. "Hawaii has shown true leadership in its aggressive clean energy goals and First Wind has strived to support this vision by developing new sources of cost-competitive renewable energy. Now with our Kawailoa project online, First Wind's combined projects on Oahu and Maui have the capacity to generate enough clean energy to serve over 40,000 businesses and homes in local communities throughout Hawaii."
Late last year, the Hawaii Public Utilities Commission approved a power purchase agreement between First Wind and the Hawaiian Electric Company, which serves more than 400,000 Hawaii customers.
Hawaii state law mandates 70 percent clean energy for electricity and surface transportation by 2030, with 40 percent coming from local renewable sources. Kawailoa Wind will significantly advance the state's progress toward these goals.
"Wind power is an important clean energy resource for Hawaii and one of the keys to breaking our dependence on imported oil. Kawailoa Wind will provide the people of Oahu with clean, locally-produced energy for decades to come," said Dick Rosenblum, Hawaiian Electric Company president and CEO.
Now generating clean energy for the island's electrical grid, the Kawailoa Wind is expected to reduce oil consumption by about 300,000 barrels of oil on Oahu per year, which in turn would reduce emissions of carbon dioxide by more than 134,000 tons on an annual basis.
As with its other projects on Maui and Oahu, First Wind developed a Habitat Conservation Plan for Kawailoa Wind, working with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Division of Forestry and Wildlife of the Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources. The HCP is a wildlife conservation effort that includes research funding and actions to protect and minimize incidental harm to federally listed species in the vicinity of the wind energy project.


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Susan Storcel is director of the Cook County Child Protection Mediation and Facilitation Program in Chicago. Before being appointed, she worked for the Office of the Cook County Public Guardian for more than 13 years in the disabled adult and juvenile divisions. As a staff attorney in the juvenile division, she represented abused, neglected and dependent children. She serves on a variety of committees focused on child welfare and child protection issues, including the Illinois Child Death Review Team and the Court Culture Implementation Team.
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