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Special Needs Trust
This is a difficult post to write. I had been sitting on it for several months, trying to decide best how to convey the emotions I am feeling.
A few weeks ago, I was asked by a stranger if I had been in a car wreck, as I was wearing my neck brace. I replied that I was in a train wreck, and I was distracted by another person before I could finish my thought. He later asked where the train wreck took place, and I apologized for misleading him, and said I should be so lucky.
When I was first diagnosed with ALS last spring, I was overcome with grief, and spent many hours over the next month sobbing and screaming in rage. Eventually, life took over again, and I set all that aside for a while. After all, I still had two young daughters to help raise.
Most of my initial fears have come to pass. I remember the initial struggles lifting Sabina, just a few short months after her birth, before we even knew that there was anything close to serious going on. By January of last year, I was not even able to pick her up at all. Fortunately, she began crawling soon after, and had figured out how to crawl into my lap when she wanted me to hold her. I am so happy now when she climbs up on my lap to have me read a story to her or to watch a YouTube video.
And Ashlin has been very understanding and helpful through this whole process. As I have been unable to give hugs for several months, she came up with a method where she pulls my arms behind her back. I just about cried the first time that she did that. The last couple of months have been difficult, as I am no longer able to turn the pages of books when I read to her. At first, she went through a period when she didn't want me to read to her at all. But then she spoke with Gwen about her feelings about it, and now she turns the pages for me.
Sadly, however, I know that the worst is yet to come. I will be visiting with the ALS clinic soon in order to get a power wheelchair. At the same time, we need to expand our bathroom to accommodate it, and put in a ramp in the back. And yet, that transition does not feel particularly big for me. Much more difficult has been the fact that I need artificial ventilation in order to breathe at night already. Or that I am unable to play frisbee anymore.
Aaron Welch with Advomatic recently set up a Special Needs Trust in my name. This unique trust allows us to use funds contributed by outside sources (we are legally not allowed to contribute to it), while protecting my eligibility to receive care-giving assistance through the state. The funds can be used to support my needs beyond what I will eventually receive from Medicare/Medicaid.
Basically, at some point down the road, I will be on disability and eligible for Medicare. The good news is that this happens almost automatically for a patient with ALS, due to some lobbying in the last couple of decades. As my needs increase, however, I will need more care and will need to become eligible for an attendant care program in PA, for which the income and asset allowance is almost nothing.
If and when I choose artificial, invasive ventilation, I will require 24 hour care. At that point, I would also need to be Medicaid eligible. This is where things get extremely challenging financially. For example, with attendant care / Medicaid, not only do I need to be basically destitute, but the state looks back over 5 years, and if they see that I have given any money to anyone in that time frame, they assume that I am trying to scam them, and dock the time, adding several months or more to the time before I would be eligible.
Based solely on the odds, there is a 50% chance that I will die in 1 to 2 years, although it's a little more complicated than that. There are two predominant flavors of ALS: bulbar onset (the brainstem) and limb onset. Mine is the limb, which makes it only slightly more likely that I may live for another 3 or 4 years instead.
I want to point out that I am doing everything humanly possible to beat those odds. When they talk about the life expectancy of ALS patients, however, they are really talking about the "survivability", which is the point when a patient would require invasive ventilation to survive. Most of the 10% who will go on to live a decade or more have reached this point and are locked-in as well, trapped in their completely paralyzed bodies.
We have done what we can to protect what assets we do have. We have been consulting with an attorney as the information is very complex and we want to protect the future for our children as best as we can. We know that major purchases are down the road, such as medical and communications equipment, home modifications, a wheelchair, and an accessible van, all of which will be in the tens of thousands of dollars. The cost to support a patient with ALS in the later stages can run easily up to $100,000 a year or more. The funds in the Trust can help support me while I am alive. After I die, the funds remaining in the Trust will go to my wife, Gwen, to help raise our children.
For those who wish to contribute, we have set up a bank account for the Trust. We have set up a PayPal account as an option to contribute. For a one time donation, click on the Donate button. To make a recurring monthly donation, you can select the amount you wish and click Subscribe. Alternatively, we can accept checks for the Trust; contact me for more information if interested in sending a check.
I am angry at this stupid disease. I know from my time with Elisabeth Kubler-Ross so many years ago that this is a natural part of the grieving process, and that eventually I will enter the acceptance phase. I even look forward to that.
But my daughters, Ashlin (8 years old) and Sabina (2 years old), will not have the benefit of the acceptance of my death when it happens. I am being robbed of my time with them, of watching them grow up. It is hard enough to know that I will most likely not be around to watch Ashlin graduate. To know that Sabina will most likely not have any more than a fleeting image of her father from early memories makes me cry.
To add insult to the injury, I am quickly losing my ability to participate in their lives, even now, becoming simply a spectator. What I would give to be able to pick up a frisbee and toss it to my daughters.
I want to thank everyone for all your ongoing support and care. This slow-moving train wreck is more than any family should have to endure.
Thank You!
Aaron, thank you for having the strength to be even more open and vulnerable by reaching out for help. We are definitely all in your debt, and hopefully we can give back in some small way, financially as well for those of us that are able. Thank you for helping us do it by teaching us so poignantly about your experience and asking so eloquently. I'm sorry that this is happening to you and your family. It's not fair. We are all holding you in our hearts, and looking forward to continuing in community with you.
keep on keepin on!
Aaron, sad news.
But I've used enough stuff with your name on it that it merits a contribution to you and your family. (The fact that it's always awesome helps too!)
Anyway.....you, my friend, should be proud of such a great family and a veritable shit-ton of achievements.....
Before I was a programmer I was a caregiver and have a decent amount of experience with caring for someone with ALS. It's real easy to say from this side of the fence (I know) but I guarantee that there is still joy and fun to be had.
Do what it takes to make yourself laugh.
Getting sick of all the advice yet? (I'll stop ;-)
Anyway, life's for the living, death's for the dead, etc.
Hang in there. There will be plenty of good things to come too. No shit.
Very sorry to hear this, will do all I can
I'm broke until the end of the week, but I'll definitely donate then and am spreading the word to other Drupal folks I know.
Help from your martial arts family
Everyone from your martial arts family at Jose Johnson's wants to help. In the past, friends of mine have held fundraisers to benefit trusts. We would like to organize a sub and sandwich sale to benefit your trust. Please contact me, or have Aaron Welch contact me, so we can set something up. We will be here to help you with anything you need.
Warm regards,
Renee Coonradt
I own your book and have
I own your book and have always felt distraught reading about your situation. This post makes it even more so.
One thing I wanted to ask you the last time you posted about a couple of months ago. It's a long shot, but, have you ever considered that this condition may have been triggered by a vaccine? From what I have read on the web, this seems possible.
If you can, in fact, think back to a vaccine event, this would be an adverse reaction and there is a vaccine compensation programme in the United States, although very hostile and unfriendly towards the vaccine injured. The NVIC site (nvic.org) would have more information about how to go about this.
Personally, I will do what I can to help financially.
I admire your courage and strength of mind. May these qualities never desert you in your struggle.
Aaron, please investigate the
Aaron, please investigate the work of Dr. Rashid Buttar of North Carolina. He seems to have had a lot of success treating and curing people with neurodegenerative ailments.
Flu vaccine?
Aaron, did you ever take a flu vaccine? Genuine stories abound on the internet about people who developed ALS within weeks or months after a flu shot. Here is one I came across searching the issue for you. Sounds genuine to me.
Pro-vax people always shoot down such stories, of course. I am not being either pro or anti-vax; just trying to help you in some way.
Perhaps you will find it worthwhile to pursue this line of investigation.
Words fail.
Thanks for letting us help
Thanks for posting this and giving us the opportunity to do what we can to help.
Aaron, thanks for being bold
Aaron, thanks for being bold and reaching out to the community to share your very personal story. I have not been able to pick up my children for hugs since last fall (had surgery, am getting better) and it's so difficult to not be able to interact with loved ones the way you'd like. Thanks for all your work on Drupal. Our family is thinking of you.
A book to consider
I would never recommend this book if I didn't have first-hand experience that the processes do actually work. I certainly have never faced a challenge like ALS, but the co-author of this book is one of the few (only) cases of a person with ALS that was healed. This book is not for the skeptical and it will stretch anyone who can only consider rational thought and explanation for the world. But, it works, it has worked for me on physical and emotional sickness, so I simply offer it as a potential ray of hope in a dark time.
This is not a hokey self-help book and it is not a religious book, although the author professes Christianity.
All the best,
The Healing Codes by Dr. Alex Lloyd
The Healing Codes
You have a beautiful family.
You have a beautiful family. I wish I could donate more. This could be any one of us, and though I haven't had the pleasure to meet you, this seems to hit home for me.
Good luck for you and your family :)
It's so easy for me to keep
It's so easy for me to keep forgetting about your condition. I remember when you first told me 2 years ago, apologizing for not supporting enough in the Media issue queue. When we spoke together in Chicago you were weak but not very noticeably... To see it all happen so fast is kinda hard to comprehend. I'm sorry I haven't been in touch.
It's so easy to forget how precious everything we have is and how easily it could be any of us. I just go on through life, one sacrifice after another, easily forgetting what is important, forgetting how to be the man I should be. It takes a lot of courage to reach out and ask for help and thank you for doing so. There are a lot of people who want to.
It's cliched, but the way you fight this, the way you are dedicated to your family and your community and your craft is an inspiration. It inspires me to make the most of the time I've got and to be of service. Thank you for that gift.
Lots of love to you, Gwen and the girls.
Thank you Aaron
Hi Aaron,
I don't have much to say other than I have a couple of daughters, one of which is just 1 year old, and I just get a gut wrenching feeling every time I think of your situation. I am angry at your disease, and you can bet I will keep doing what I can for you and your family every chance I can afford to.
Thanks for all you have done,
Donation is en route. . . .
We here in WNY are rooting for you. I've already checked out via the PayPal form and of course am sending plenty of supportive wishes.
-John in Buffalo
Community Support
Aaron, you have contributed so much to Drupal and the entire Drupal community over the years. This is an opportunity for the Drupal community to give back to one of it's own. I have made my donation and I hope other will too!
Thank you for sharing
Thank you Aaron for taking the time again to share your thoughts and journey, even though I must imagine sharing it publicly must be painful. Your work that you have put into your family, your friends, your work, and Drupal media is and will forever be something I personally aspire to be and it was an honor to be able to spend time with you in Denver. We'll be sure to be spreading the news making sure everyone knows your story, what you had to say. I hope we can give back the same to you and your family that you've given the Drupal community and your friends.
Your a Real Inspiration
Hi Aaron,
Meeting you at DrupalCon Denver, and especially working with you during the Media code sprint was my personal highlights there. Knowing what you are going through is hard to watch, life can be so unjust. But I am also glad to read that you are fighting this, if anyone can beat the odds its you. I'm sure I can speak for the whole Drupal community and say that we are all behind you in this fight.
Unfortunately I am not able to help you financially as I'm going though my own troubles at the moment. However, as soon as that changes I will make a contribution. I would also like to second Alex suggestion about making recurring donations possible, its a great idea.
Hope to see you around for many many years to come,
Dear Aaron,
So nice to see you, greet you, hug you last month in Virginia Beach. Sorry the time was so short.
Your moving letter speaks from the heart, and your words to us and to your daughters will stay with us forever.
Thank you for being you.
blessings from Europe,
Aaron, I've thrown in a few
Aaron, I've thrown in a few bucks. I can't make a massive dent, but all oceans are made up of a large number of drops... At the very least, it's a doff of the cap in gratitude for all your hard work for us.
As someone who lost a parent at a very early age, I can't say that certain aspects of life have been easy, but I know this much - if you can do one thing for your children for the future, if possible do make some sort of record that expresses how much you care for them and love them despite their (later) mistakes - it's so important to know that someone, somewhere loves you unconditionally. I do hope I'm not pointing out the obvious or being patronising with that, but I know that such a (past) gesture would be helping me out of a difficult place right now, when I didn't even get a chance to say goodbye.
I wish you and yours all the best, and feel free to contact me if there's anything I can do. Keep on fighting, you're a good and strong man.
last lecture
I can hardly imagine what you're going through, but would respectfully make one small suggestion here, and that is to not wait on making a 'last lecture' video. Make several. Your thoughts will change some over time, and your physical condition will deteriorate as well. Make more videos now for your daughters to see in the future, and do as many as you can, as banal as they may seem to you right now (perhaps nothing does seem that way any more?). I know I'd want as much footage/audio/video from someone, however trivial it may be. And having more video of you now before the ventilators and such become part of your life will be easier for them to watch later.
Again, I can't begin to put myself in your shoes, but thank your for being so public about this, and thank you for your drupal work. You've made the world a better place for countless individuals and companies through your contributions, and I hope many of us can help make a small different to you and your family in the coming months via donations.
Thank you
Thank you for all of your contributions to the Drupal community. Hopefully, there are enough donations to see you through this financially and enough left over to help your children.
recurring donations
Hey Aaron!
First of all, thank you for sharing your story, and I'm sorry that I didn't see you in Denver (Amy had a medical emergency) and haven't been able to make it out to Harrisburg yet!
I was wondering if it would be possible to setup a recurring donation via paypal? We are planning to donate, but I think we could donate a good deal more if we could do so on an automatic monthly basis.
I hope to make it up to see you soon!
The Society for Venturism has chosen me as the recipient of its charity for this year, to hopefully offer me cryonic preservation when the time comes. And this month, Longecity, an excellent forum for the discussion of issues related to extending the lifespan of humans, has offered up a matching grant of up to a thousand dollars to help out! So help out! Please.


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Address 5372 Circus Lane
El Paso, Texas 79912
United States
El Paso, Texas 79912
United States
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A. Harrison Barnes is a well-known attorney throughout the United States. As a member of the Malibu community, Harrison is committed to serving the needs of Malibu residents and businesses in legal matters.

subset: commoncrawl


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A lot of good advice so far. From my own experience I really think the advice that sleep training equals better sleep habits as an adult is false. When DS1 was a baby he was an okay sleeper once he was asleep, but getting him to sleep was rough. We spent many, many hours rocking or walking him around to get him to sleep. We never did any kind of sleep training, no matter how exhausting it was at the time, and no matter how much my MIL tried to push us to do it. We just responded to his cues and let him sleep with us when he needed to and fed him at night. He is an excellent sleeper now, goes to bed at 9pm without a big fight, wakes up at 7am (when we come and get him out of bed), still takes a 2 hour nap. DH on the other hand, was sleep trained by CIO from a very young age and he has pretty bad sleep habits. My brother and I both have very good sleep habits and my mother refused to let us CIO. So, just from what I've seen, I just don't buy it.
And I also think of people I know from other cultures, like some of my friends from the Middle East, and they let their kids sleep with them for awhile, but they don't all have kids that grow up to be insomniacs.


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Apartment ARKADIA 7 LUX
Maximální počet hostů4
Počet místností1
Velikost68 m²
Floor No.(with elevator)
- Kuchyně
- Pračka / sušička
- Televize
- Balkón/terasa
- Internet/WiFi
- Výtah v budově
Accommodation summary
|Zygmunta Słomińskiego, 01-001 Warsaw, Polsko
|Typ nemovitosti
|Ident. objektu
|Acceptance rate
|Response time
|A few hours
|Calendar updated
|6 days ago
Kitchen: dishwasher, electric cooker, refrigerator, microwave,
Bathroom: shower, wc, washbasin,washing machine
Bedroom: double bed-160x200,
Living room: Sofa 200x60, sofa bed 160x200 TV, cable tv, table, chairs, stereo CD, Desk, Chest of drawers, computer (laptop), cable internet and wi-fi, Wardrobe
And: desk, cable tv, internet, stereo, iron , ironing board, vacum cleaner, kettle, hair drier
Service included: fresh towels, linen
Domovní řád
Check in: 16:00 - 20:00
Check out: 11:00
Water, gas and electricity: included in the price
Pets: yes, if agreed with the owner
Smoking: not allowed
Additional conditions: Arrival / departure before 9 a.m. or after 9 p.m. requires an additional payment of 120 PLN
Guests shall not exceed the maximum number of persons agreed in the booking
Key/Breakage deposit 400PLN
|Cena za týden
|447 €
|Cena za měsíc
|1447 €
|Příjezd po
|Check-in before
|Odjezd před
|Stornovací podmínky
Ohodnoďte tomuto hostiteli i další ubytování
Great flat.
Beautiful flat In the very heart of Warsaw, it's difficult to find parking places around this place and if you find one during the week its necessary to pay for it (Parking-meter 08:00 -18:00), Saturday and Sunday for free.
Also beware of a 100Euro (400PLN) CASH caution that is not mentioned on Wimdu.
-Center of the city.
-Old Building.
-If neighbors have party you will hear them.
-No lift nor access to wheel chairs.
Nice clean apartment, friendly helpful staff – warmly recommended!
We had wonderful days in this beautiful apartment in Podwale Street in the heart of Warsaw!
The apartment is cozy, very comfortable and is in a beautiful backyard. We can only recommend it!
The host cancelled the booking, this review is automated.
Spent last summer almost a week in this apartment. Really nice apartment. modern and luxurious. Situated in the southern part of Warsaw near a forest so really quiet. Mind only the private hospital on the otherside of the street so sometimes at night a ambulance would pass by. The appliances all good, comfortable beds and sofa, a balcony you can play volleyball on (sooooo big) and above all: everything was clean and neat.
All necessary shops are really next door. Connection to the city centre via bus and metro. We travelled to the old city, from door to the metrostation ("ratusz") it took us 20 mins, so it was approx 3 times faster than by car.
There's a parking lot in the private underground garage. Mind that tall cars could have a problem when carrying a roof box due to the low ceiling in this garage. Like we did :)
Service by P&O was simply great, and if there was anything (in our case a bathroomcloset door was not great) just a simple phonecall and they were very helpfull.
Next time we need an apartment we probably willl end up again in this one.
Nice stay and good support from host. Within walking distance of city centre and I used the nearby shoppingcenter a lot. I used the kitchen many times but the equipment could need an upgrade.
Overall a very nice stay!
...everything was ok...
Good experience, all went smoothly. Apartment nice, good location.
It was a very nice place to stay in Warsaw. The agent from the renting company was very nice, he did not disturb us at all and he helped me when i needed a translator in order to arrange for parking my car. The appartment is nice and clean.
The host cancelled the booking, this review is automated.
- Ověřenou kvalitu ubytování
- Prověření každého hostitele
- Bezpečné platby prostřednictvím SSL šifrování


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« Back
"Iran's Foreign Policy towards Iraq and Syria"
New Faultlines Emerging in Central Eurasia Global Implications
Journal Article, Turkish Policy Quarterly, volume 6, issue 2
Summer 2007
Author: Kayhan Barzegar, Former Associate, Project on Managing the Atom/International Security Program, 20102011; Former Research Fellow, Project on Managing the Atom/international Security Program, 20072010
Belfer Center Programs or Projects: International Security; Managing the Atom; Science, Technology, and Public Policy
This paper investigates the roots of Iranian foreign policy toward Iraq and Syria after the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Because of its geo-strategic location, political-cultural characteristics and energy sources, Iran is a pivotal state in shaping the international politics of the Middle East. Since the September 11th events, Iran has increasingly had impact on the issues such as regional crises in Afghanistan, Iraq and Lebanon as well as the war against global terrorism, which are currently the most significant agenda items of international security. The author argues that Iran's foreign policy towards Iraq and Syria is primarily geopolitical, oriented at building a secure environment at its borders, for strategic-pragmatic purposes.
For more information about this publication please contact the ISP Program Coordinator at 617-496-1981.
Full text of this publication is available at:
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Shocking college sports scandals
Published On: Nov 09 2011 02:42:09 PM PST Updated On: Mar 12 2012 11:05:13 AM PDT
Take a look at a list of notable college sports scandals.
The views expressed are not those of this company or its affiliated companies. By posting your comments you agree to our Terms of Use.


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Final trial begins in NJ schoolyard killingsThe Associated Press | October 05,2012AP PHOTO
Shalga Hightower, right, is consoled by family friend Cathy Rainey, at Hightowers Newark, N.J. home, as she talks about her daughter, Iofemi Hightower, 20, who was killed in an execution-style shooting of four young friends in a schoolyard late Saturday night.NEWARK, N.J. In a dramatic opening statement Thursday, the attorney for the final defendant in a schoolyard triple-murder case quoted Shakespeare at times and knelt in front of the jury to re-enact a victim begging for her life as he sought to portray his client as a hapless bystander who had simply wanted money to go to the movies for his birthday.
It was supposed to be a movie, not murder; a birthday sleepover with two friends, not this, Attorney Michael Robbins said of his client, Gerardo Gomez, who stands accused of participating in the execution-style killings of three college-bound friends in a Newark schoolyard on the night of his 15th birthday, Aug 4, 2007.
Who could have expected that Gerados 15th birthday would be one hed never forget; that would leave him with such grief and such pain, Robbins said during opening statements in Superior Court in Newark.
The portrayal of Gomez as a bystander under pressure from older acquaintances who were avowed members of the MS-13 street gang, as well as mention that Gomezs birthday had somehow been ruined, upset James Harvey, whose son, Dashon Harvey, was one of those killed.
I will never forget that day as well, he said. Because thats the last day I spoke to my son, or saw my son.
Along with Harvey, family members of victims Iofemi Hightower and Terrance T.J. Aeriel have attended nearly every court appearance over the past five years. A fourth victim who survived the attack but was sexually assaulted and shot in the head is not being named by The Associated Press because of the nature of the crimes. She has testified against several of the defendants and is expected to take the stand in Gomezs trial.
Three of the six defendants were convicted at trial and are serving multiple life sentences. Two pleaded guilty, one to reduced charges. Gomez faces life in prison if convicted of murder and felony murder.
The slayings sent shockwaves through Newark, jump-starting anti-crime measures such as the installation of surveillance cameras that were credited with decreasing violent crime in the states largest city.
First Assistant Prosecutor Thomas McTigue detailed the brutality of the crimes in his opening statement, describing how the six men and boys happened upon the four friends who were hanging out listening to music and drinking sodas and swarmed around them like predators and their prey.
McTigue described how, in addition to the sexual assault, they had slashed one victim repeatedly with a machete, and another with a blade, before making three of them kneel in front of a wall and shooting each in the head at close range.
All four victims were 20 or younger, and either attending or planning to attend Delaware State University that fall. The six accused in the killings were young as well, including Gomez, who is being tried as an adult.
This is a case of children killing other children, and killing them with shocking violence, McTigue said.MORE IN Wire NewsUNIVERSAL CITY, Calif. Full StoryTroubling as the details of the McLaren Report were, a news item out of Russia earlier this week... Full Story
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"Well you know, we all want to change the world..."
Google the word "revolution." Your first result might be the Wikipedia entry, which provides a useful place to begin exploring this wide-ranging concept. The entry opens with a definition: "A fundamental change in power or organizational structures that takes place in a relatively short period of time."
Straightforward enough—but go back to your Google results. You might expect to see mention of the recent overthrows in Egypt and Libya, say, but no. The second result that I got led to information, not about spontaneous overthrow of oppressive governments, but about an anti-parasitic medication for dogs and cats made by multinational pharmaceutical giant Pfizer. ("The revolution for cats!") Also right up there in the top ten I found the "Revolution Ice Centre," over in Scranton, where one can play in a hockey league or learn how to execute a perfect double axel.
The Ancient Romans, in their sparse and laconic way, referred to revolution with the euphemistic term "res novae" (literally, "new things") while the Chinese phrase commonly rendered as "Cultural Revolution" is supposedly better translated as "Agonizing Reappraisal."
Steve Jobs, the recently departed and much-mourned co-founder of Apple, has been hailed for being a "revolutionary"—but Ho Chi Minh was condemned for being one. The term has been used to describe historical figures ranging from Spartacus to Fidel Castro, George Washington to Ayatollah Khomeini, Che Guevara to, well, Ron Paul, not to mention artists and musicians like Salvador Dali, Frank Zappa and Prince.
The term "revolutionary product" yields more than 1.5 million hits. Make it "revolutionary new product" and that number becomes 12 million.
In this kind of context, it's worth asking: what the heck do we mean by "revolution," anyway? What do we expect from it? Why do we long for one?
Perhaps the best definition I've come across doesn't use the word at all. It's from an article by Stewart Brand called "Theory of Game Change," and it was included in the first "New Games Book," written a generation ago in 1976.
"You can't change a game by winning it," writes Brand, "or by losing it or refereeing it or spectating it. You change a game by leaving it, going somewhere else, and starting a new game. If it works, it will in time alter or replace the old game."
This, I think, is what the people who as I write these words are occupying Wall Street (see www.adbusters.org/campaigns/occupywallstreet [2]), and the people avidly following their progress and following their example in cities and towns across the country (see occupytogether.org) are looking for. On the other side of a revolution, we want new ways of interacting, different goals, different values. We want a new game: one that is more fun to play.
All too frequently, what we call "revolutions" are nothing of the sort. One group just replaces another and gets to play the oppressor for a while. Too often, people expect a revolution to change everyone else, while leaving themselves to be as they were. And as history shows, such "revolutions" don't stick very well.
What Brand suggests, and what I believe, is that a real revolution is more like a migration. Something inside says, "Time to move." It isn't imposed from outside. It comes from within. That revolution, the one that begins within the human heart, is I believe quite literally unstoppable.
So look inside: has it begun?


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The new Volvo FMX
Volvo FMX Classic
The new Volvo FM
Volvo FM Classic
* With dual front axles (FAA20/FAA21).
Centrally mounted, semi-undermounted and undermounted towbars for centre-axle trailers. Towbars can be fitted at intervals of 25 mm.
Aluminium or steel tanks in volumes from 150 to 900 litres. Maximum fuel volume is 1,480 litres for a 4×2 tractor.
Certified installation permits up to 36 tonnes load. An ISO fifth wheel with L-shaped profiles at different heights is included in the range, offering considerable freedom of choice. The flange-mounted fifth wheel is a low-weight variant since it does not require any attachment plate. The fifth wheel's height above the chassis is from about 140 mm. Integrated lubrication and trailer connection indicator is available as option for specific variants.
Active steering system with torque overlay. Delivers more steering force at low speeds, reduces steering kicks and keeps the steering wheel straight forward when braking on split friction. The steering wheel returns automatically to neutral position both when driving forward and when reversing.
Available for tractors and rigids 4×2, 6×2, 6×4, 8×2 or 8×4 with single front axle.
Available in several configurations – fixed with single or dual wheels, self steered or actively steered. Axle load: 7.5, 9.5 or 10 tonnes.
Available in fixed and actively steered variants for both tractors and rigids. Axle load: 7.5 or 9 tonnes.
In addition to the EBS Standard package, EBS Medium adds the following features.
EBS Status Control
EBS status monitoring via the TEA2+ vehicle electronic system and Volvo Tech Tool.
Hill Start Aid
The brakes are only released once there is sufficient engine torque to propel the vehicle forward.
Lining Wear Analysis
Brake lining warning – calculates the remaining mileage available with the current brake linings.
Automatic Parking Brake Release
The parking brake is released when the driver pushes the accelerator pedal and a gear is selected (only I-Shift gearbox).
In addition to the program packages there are the following options:
Stretch Brake
Enables the driver to request pulse braking of the trailer. The brake is then automatically activated and the risk of jack-knifing is minimised. Only for rigids.
ESP (Electronic Stability Program)
The brake stability system applies the brakes individually on each wheel, thereby providing stability for the entire vehicle combination and counteracting jack-knifing, rollover and trailer swing. ESP fulfils the legislation of Electronic Vehicle Stability Control.
Emergency Brake Light
When panic braking from speeds above 50 km/h, the brake lights flash with four flashes per second.
Hydraulic retarder
Gearbox-mounted compact retarder with a max effect of 440 kW.


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Our eight rooms with a total of 461 sqm of event space offer you space for a maximum of 120 persons and come with partial daylight and dimming options as well as air-conditioning.
Free wireless internet is also available throughout the entire hotel premises.
Our experienced team will help you to successfully stage your seminars, conferences, workshops, and press conferences and is happy to assist you during the entire event.
Ms. Alexandra Kubicek
Tel.: +43 1 404 46 62 or -63
Fax: +43 1 404 46 64


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view full screen
Reversible Seamless Tank
Style: 570102973
Out of Stock
Soft, seamless cami has a sleek silhouette with absolutely no lines and a dual neckline for multiple options—wear it with a rounded V-neck or deep scoopneck.
- Reverses front to back, so you can wear it two different ways.
- Close stretch fit.
- V-neck: 5" deep. Scoopneck: 5.75" deep.
- 95% nylon, 5% spandex. Machine wash. Imported.
- Hits at mid-hip (24" from shoulder).
Read more… Read less…


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I am like the quietest guy on the train, which I don't get to use nearly enough.
This really isn't the train because it is Metra, which means the line you are riding has a definite start and a finish, kind of like an elongated carnival ride that isn't scary, although some of the passengers can be.
I haven't checked all of the schedules of all the lines, but the most you can be on this carnival ride is about two hours. Which is a long time if you are commuting. Having lived in Harvard, the last stop on the Northwest Line, and Woodstock, the second to last stop, for more than 30 years, I know of what I speak. It's about an hour and a half from start to finish, but the time breezes by.
But Metra isn't a real train like Amtrak, which connects you to the entire country, even the entire world if you happen upon an airport.
I can literally walk from our house in Woodstock to London, and actually walk less than a mile on either end of the trip. I can walk from our house in Woodstock to my parents' house in Fort Madison, Iowa, of all places, without walking more than a mile on either end.
Metra takes me to A Governor Who Wasn't Imprisoned Transportation Center, which is across the street from Union Station, where I can board Amtrak, and catch a train that stops in Fort Madison, just blocks from my parents' house. No cars, just feet.
Real trains roll across vast expanses of countryside, scenery you can soak in from the passenger seats, looking out clear windows, not the greenish, Oz windows of Metra cars. Real trains have sleeping quarters and showers. You can fall asleep on Metra.
And I have fallen asleep on Metra, a number of times. Twice in the past year, I have slept through the Woodstock stop where I need to get off, ending up at the last stop in Harvard, about 15 miles away. Thankfully, my wife is patient with me, and the drive back from Harvard is always a nice one. But it's not one that I would like to make often, or ever again, under those circumstances.
But when you are quiet, you can fall asleep easily. Despite my best efforts to stay awake in that 10-minute trip from the Crystal Lake stop to Woodstock, I have dozed off.
I've often thought about getting a placard to hang around my neck with "Woodstock" written on it in block letters, hoping that one of my fellow passengers would wake me up, saying, "Don't you want to get off in Woodstock?" It seems pathetic, but I'd be willing to tip.
The other day, I happened to board one of Metra's "quiet cars," where cellphones, loud music or loud conversations are frowned upon. It's a self-policing system.
But the train was not moving, and I had two phone calls to return. One was to voicemail. The other was a quick call to my insurance agent about whether we had installed a railing on our front steps. I was done. The train had yet to move.
But a guy in a loud red shirt, who was wearing expensive headphones around his neck – he wasn't going to hear anything but his music – got up and reminded me that I was on a quiet car. I knew that, but the rules don't roll until the train rolls. I told him as much, but did not ask him to cover up his long-sleeved shirt that was screaming red.
Another guy – a distinctive, slender man with white hair, wearing tasteful, black-rimmed glasses and muted clothing, who was doing paperwork in the last seat of the upper deck – did the same thing about an hour into the trip, reminding another customer who made a call that calls are not allowed on quiet cars.
I was directly across from him, and his voice was barely audible. The distinctive guy was half a car away. The guy on the phone quickly ended his call.
It's good to know and follow the rules, but the distinctive guy was a Noise Nazi. And he chose a seat next to the speakers that announced the next stop. Irony. Whatever.
Then I noticed he had taken off his shoes, and he was resting his feet on the seat in front of him. As much as I wanted to play conductor or Gucci Gestapo, I kept it to myself, thinking, "What a hypocrite." Here he's telling an otherwise quiet guy to get off the phone because of the rules, yet there he was, propping his sweaty, dirty socks on a seat that someone else would sit on, and risk getting athlete's butt.
It's unlikely the conductor would see him, so he was safe. I'm the quiet guy, and I'm not going to raise a ruckus.
• Dick Peterson, who lives in Woodstock, is a mental-health advocate, freelance writer and former Northwest Herald Opinion Page editor. He can be contacted at email@example.com.


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Planned Giving
Estate and Planned Giving at Biblical Seminary
Planned giving donors are responsible for much of the seminary's growth — now and in the future. Planned giving provides several ways that donors can support and invest in Biblical Seminary, such as charitable trusts and charitable gift annuities and through estate planning.
There are several different types of plans available in planned giving. Many provide wonderful benefits for Biblical donors. They can increase your income and supply generous tax savings while helping the seminary prepare godly men and women for service.
For additional information:
To receive brochures, individual proposals, or other information about the Seminary's Planned Giving Program, please contact:
Thomas D. Skinner, CFRE
Biblical Theological Seminary
200 North Main Street
Hatfield, PA 19440
Telephone: 800.235.402
Fax: 215.368.7002
Thank you for considering a gift to Biblical Seminary.


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Shouldice tapped to head Vermont Teddy BearBy Bruce Edwards
STAFF WRITER | January 03,2013It didnt take William Shouldice IV long to get back into the retail business this time as head of the Vermont Teddy Bear Company.
Shouldice was named president and CEO of the Shelburne company on Wednesday by The Mustang Group, a Boston private equity firm.
The announcement came two days after he officially stepped down as president and CEO of The Vermont Country Store. In June, Shouldice announced he would leave the Manchester mail order company at the end of 2012 after seven years on the job.
At Vermont Teddy Bear, he replaces former president John Gilbert, who left the company last summer.
Shouldice, 48, said Wednesday he wanted to remain in Vermont working for a company with a solid product and a solid reputation in the community and Vermont Teddy Bear fit that bill.
He said his focus will be on emphasizing the quality of the companys Vermont-made products.
We need to keep that in the forefront, Shouldice said in a telephone interview. I think thats extremely important to the business and to the brand but its more important I think that people understand the value Vermont brings to products and product development.
His priorities also include carrying on the Vermont tradition of exemplary customer service and placing an increased emphasis on community involvement.
Cairn Cross, a member of The Mustang Group board and a partner in Fresh Tracks Capital in Shelburne, said the company approached Shouldice after he announced he was leaving The Vermont Country Store.
One of the things we were looking for was someone with deep experience in Vermont and particularly experience in a direct-to-consumer company, Cross said. And so that narrows it down pretty quickly, as you can imagine.
He said one impression he was left with Wednesday when Shouldice was introduced to employees was that the person the company hired as president is a real people person.
Cross said one challenge for the company will be to stay on top of the changes in technology and consumer buying habits.
You need not just to have a Web presence you need to have a mobile web presence, he said. You need to be able acquire customers and market to them across a ton of different online and mobile platforms.
Because its business is seasonal, Vermont Teddy Bear has at times struggled in the past. But Shouldice said the privately held company remains profitable.
He said one component to its future success will be the companys ability to develop new products and keep operating costs in check.
Were going to be putting together a long-range strategic plan for the company and the future is bright, he said.
In an interview later Wednesday, Shouldice said he had accomplished everything he set out to do at The Vermont Country Store. In addition, he said the next generation of the Orton family was ready to take the reigns of the business.
Before being named by the Orton family to head The Vermont Country Store, Shouldice was president and CEO of the Orton Family Foundation.
Shouldice also has experience in the public sector, having served as secretary of the Agency of Commerce and Community Development and as former executive director of the Rutland Economic Development Corp.
Vermont Teddy Bear Company is the largest maker and seller of teddy bears by mail order and Internet.
Started in 1981, the company makes handcrafted teddy bears at its 100,000-square-foot Shelburne factory. The factory, which produces 300,000 bears a year, is also a popular tourist attraction.
The company employs 180 year round employees and has as many as 900 employees during peak holiday periods.
The company also owns Calyx Flowers, a high-end flower company, and PajamaGram, which sells pajamas as creative and playful gifts.
@Tagline:bruce.edwards @rutlandherald.comMORE IN Vermont NewsMONTPELIER Rep. Peter Welch, D-Vt. Full StoryVermont Attorney General Bill Sorrell plans to join the U.S. Full StoryMONTPELIER Gov. Full Story
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Our environmental work is not limited to the trucks; production is an equally important part of a sustainable company. Our overall goal is to create a production process that is sustainable in its entirety; from our plants, to our dealers. And over the years we have successfully lead the development within several aspects of vehicle manufacturing.
The complete picture
As a part of this environmental approach we have focused on making sure that our production methods, factories and transports to and from our plants are continuously improved regarding the environmental impact.


text: Does anyone know how much water a toddler should be drinking a day? Or is there some website or link to find out? Ds drinks water in between meals and has milk/formula w/meals and is breastfeeding about 5 times a day. I don't know if I should limit his water intake, or just let him drink as much as he wants. He doesn't normally drink juice, and he eats plenty of solids, so I am not worried about that interferring w/his eating habits, I just am wanting some sort of reference or guide, to know how much water he needs a day.


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WHAT IS IT? For 2014, Alias made some major improvements to their A1 line, thanks to valuable input from the Geico Honda team. The new gear is light, breathable and attractive.
WHAT'S IT COST? $129.95 (pant), $49.95 (jersey).
CONTACT? www.aliasmx.com or (760) 930-1712.
WHAT STANDS OUT? Here's a list of things that stand out with the 2014 Alias A1 gear.
(1) Pant. The Alias A1 riding pant has been vastly improved over last year. It has a more usable sans-a-belt system that will tighten the waist by up to 2 inches. There is also elastic behind the sans-a-belt straps that will loosen the waist by 2 inches. The A1 pant does weigh a bit more than last year, but it's because Alias beefed up the pant with more leather in the high-wear area of the inner knees and used a thicker, more pliable material that works with the movement of the body. The Spandex sections have been enlarged and reshaped for a better overall fit.
(2) Jersey. The Alias A1 jersey is made from a moisture-managing polyester that feels light and breathable. The jersey has mesh panels in the armpits for ventilation, but Alias did away with last year's stomach mesh panel. The collar and cuffs have been beefed up, and, with the tapered sleeves, the jersey is less likely to roll up in a crash. The sizing and tailoring are spot-on.
(3) Comfort. The MXA wrecking crew took a liking to the A1 jersey immediately. The material was supple and nonrestrictive. The jersey was comfortable, and the tapered arms kept the jersey in place when we were riding. The A1 pant has a 3/4-length mesh lining. Last year, MXA test riders had issues with our knee braces catching in the mesh, but for 2014, Alias used a tighter weave that has stopped the snagging. Another issue we had last year was that the thighs were tight on some riders' legs. For 2014, Alias widened the thighs and tapered the ankles for a snugger fit (helped by an elastic stretch panel on the cuff).
(4) Durability. The 2014 A1 knee panels are both longer and wider, offering more heat protection than the previous version. The jersey's resilience eliminated any concerns about durability.
(5) Options. The Alias A1 gear comes in six color variations, two of which are Geico Honda team replicas. The pant comes in waist sizes 28–40. The A1 jersey comes in sizes small to XXL.
WHAT'S THE SQUAWK? We would like to see more ventilation in the jersey, but we won't mind this oversight when riding in colder weather.
The Alias A1 gear has been vastly improved since last year and can now compete for the top spot in the gear wars.


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The jury has reached its final verdicts, but the court case for James Dorsey will go on.
In fact, the judge may dismiss one of the two guilty verdicts Dorsey received Monday.
Click here to watch Paul Drewes' report.
Jury deliberations in the Dorsey case lasted just as long as his one day trial.
The 22-year-old Oahu man admitted he had been driving drowsy when his truck hit two Honolulu Police officers along Farrington Highway in September of 2011.
The crash killed Eric Fontes. The jury found Dorsey guilty of negligent homicide in the third degree.
They determined Dorsey did not have a negligent state of mind in causing the death of Fontes, and so reduced it from the original second-degree charge.
For severely injuring officer Herman Scanlan, the jury found Dorsey to be negligent.
That created a problem, according to Judge Glenn Kim, because there was just one accident -- which means those verdicts are inconsistent with one another.
"Clearly inconsistent and both can't stand. One of them is going to have to be dismissed, that is what I think," said Judge Kim.
The judge ordered attorneys to submit arguments over which verdict should stay.
Now, after getting two guilty verdicts, the prosecuting attorney said she has a difficult decision to make.
"The jury came back with guilty verdicts on both counts. Officer Fontes passed away and officer Scanlan was seriously injured as a result of this crash. I don't think, at this point, we should have to choose which officer gets their day in court," said deputy prosecutor Kristine Yoo.
Kim gave attorneys ten days to decide. In the meantime, the verdicts are on hold.
Dorsey will have to wait until Nov. 6 for the judge's final decision. So will officer Scanlan and the family of officer Fontes.
"The family has been waiting patiently for this day. It is bittersweet because they got their partial justice, now they will have to wait to see it all the way through," added Yoo.


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The main task of the Committee is to propose Board members for election by the Annual General Meeting ("AGM"). The Committee must orient itself on the Company's strategy and future challenges to be able to assess the competence and experience that is required by the Board. In addition, the Committee must consider independence rules applicable to the Board of Directors and its committees.
The Nomination Committee also makes the following proposals, for resolution by the AGM:
The AGM has adopted an Instruction for the Nomination Committee that includes the tasks of the Nomination Committee and the procedure for appointing its members. The instruction applies until the General Meeting of shareholders resolve otherwise.
The Nomination Committee, appointed in accordance with the Instruction for the Nomination Committee, consists of:
Shareholders who wish to submit proposals to the Nomination Committee are welcome to contact the Nomination Committee. Proposals shall be submitted in due time before the Annual General Meeting to ensure that the proposals can be considered by the Nomination Committee.
Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson
The Nomination Committee
c/o The Board of Directors Secretariat
SE-164 83 Stockholm
Exhibit 1 to the Nomination Committee's Proposal
Exhibit 2 to the Nomination Committee's Proposal


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Justice Department Extends New Privileges To Gay Marriages
By editor • Feb 8, 2014
Originally published on February 8, 2014 6:34 pm
Attorney General Eric Holder has directed the Justice Department to give same-sex married couples "full and equal recognition." This means they will now have spousal privileges in federal courts. NPR's Arun Rath speaks with justice correspondent Carrie Johnson about the policy shift and what it means for same-sex couples.


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In 1998, the Florida Constitution was amended, calling for a "high-quality system of free public schools" and stating that education was a fundamental value of the people of Florida.1 Recently, during his State of Education address, Florida Governor Jeb Bush proclaimed that in terms of education, the state has "emerged as a model for the rest of the nation…[and is] leading the nation in innovative and common sense reforms." 2
In reality, however, Florida has consistently been failing its commitment to public education at the expense of its school children. Since 1998, Florida has continued to rank near the bottom in terms of adequately funding its public schools. By 2003, according to Education Week's annual report card, Quality Counts, Florida ranked 46 out of 50 states and received a grade of D+ for adequately funding its public schools.3
Despite these failings, according to a Palm Beach Post editorial, Florida's Department of Education, following the lead of the governor and state legislature, "has reversed its priorities, giving special attention to every type of school except the traditional public school that teaches the great majority of Floridians."4 Florida's heedless rush to privatize education has severely compromised the quality of its public education. In fact, the state's short-sighted public policy threatens to leave many children behind and fails miserably to live up to its own constitutional commitment to provide an equitable and quality education to all school children.


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This computer world article by Lucas Mearian discusses a new survey from CDW, showing patients trust their doctors but not electronic health records. And Many respondents don't even trust themselves with their own records!
See the full article: U.S. patients trust docs, but not e-health records, survey shows
Sadly, patients should not trust their doctors unless they know their doctors' electronic health records systems do not sell their personal health information.
The public has no idea that many electronic health systems sell their data. Even doctors may not realize the EHR systems in their offices or in hospitals sell patient data. Many claim to sell "de-identified" data, but it is very easy to re-identify health data.
This practice of selling health data was banned in the stimulus bill but has not been implemented in federal regulations, so it continues unabated.
Worse, the proposed regulations are directed ONLY at the use of health data for marketing, NOT at the health data mining industry that sells real-time, sensitive, detailed patient data profiles to corporations, government, and anyone who can pay for it.
The point of the ban on sale of health data without consent was to end the daily sale of every American's prescription records from all 54,000 pharmacies, to end the sale of health data from electronic health systems and data exchanges, and to end the sale of health data by all the other organizations that are part of the healthcare system food chain like: insurers, state governments, labs, data warehouses, data management companies, the data analytics industry, business associates, secondary and tertiary data users, etc., etc.
See a brief TV investigative story about one EHR vendor that gives the software to doctors for "free" because its business is selling the patient data: http://www.ktvu.com/news/24278317/detail.html


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P.E.O. Sisterhood
P.E.O. Sisterhood was founded by seven college friends on Jan. 21, 1869, at Iowa Wesleyan College in Mount Pleasant, Iowa, and is a philanthropic and educational organization interested in bringing to women increased opportunities for higher education.
There are 71 chapters in New Mexico and three in Clovis. Chapter AY of Clovis was organized in 1974.
Chapter AY will be hosting a Founder's Day luncheon for all three Clovis chapters— G, AB and AY — on Jan. 22 at First United Methodist Church in Clovis to celebrate P.E.O.'s origins.
Chapter AY is proud to announce the initiation of four new members for the year: Gladys Birdsong, Linda Waller, Kay Shaw and Ann Shuckman.
One of Chapter AY's educational gifts are new book donations in memory of Virginia Lee to Clovis-Carver Public Library
Information: www.peointernational.org.
—Submitted by P.E.O. Sisterhood


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3 hurt in explosion in fire Vt.May 07,2013MORRISVILLE Police say three Vermont firefighters were injured when a tank of welding gas exploded during a fire that destroyed a home and art gallery in Morrisville.
The fire was reported late Friday evening and when firefighters arrived the Foundry Street building was engulfed in flames.
The Morrisville Fire Department called for assistance from departments in Hyde Park, North Hyde Park and Elmore.
The firefighters injured by the explosion of the acetylene tank were treated for minor injuries and released from the hospital.
The building was considered a total loss.
Investigators concluded that the fire originated on the back side of the residence where tools and other items were stored. The exact cause of the fire is undetermined.MORE IN This Just InMONTPELIER — FairPoint Communications is being purchased by Illinois-based... Full Story
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text: Congrads on your 2011 Championship!!!! I just wanted to let you know that my father-in-law has congestive heart failure and the doctor wanted him to go to the hospital and get some fluid drawn off his chest. He wouldn't go until he finished watching you receive the championship trophie and that is what you call conmittment. I feel that may make him your biggest fan.


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Freedom, openness, security -- these principles lead OpenBSD development. The song for this release, Blob!, and the new artworks that promote them.
This release, like every OpenBSD release, contains OpenBSD and its source code. It runs on a wide variety of hardware. It contains many new features and improvements. OpenBSD attempts to convince vendors to release documentation and often reverse-engineers around the need for blobs. OpenBSD remains blob-free. Anyone can look at it, assess it, and improve it. If it breaks, it can be fixed.
Federico Biancuzzi interviewed OpenBSD's team of Blob-Busters and discussed new features of OpenBSD 3.9 along with freedom (and quality!) threats.
You have been fighting against binary-only drivers and firmware for years. Would you like to share some success stories?
Jonathan Gray: With such discussions you have to be careful to define the terms involved. Firmware does not run on your computer, it runs on the device in a separate address space. Things like PCMCIA, CardBus, and USB devices may seem really small but even these have a processor, and that is where the firmware is run. Traditionally, these devices have come with the firmware already on a ROM ready to go. In recent years, some devices have moved away from this model and required the firmware to be loaded into the device at runtime before it will work. This saves vendors some amount of money required to make the hardware.
The burden of dealing with the firmware is then put into the hands of the operating system. To have hardware just work we need to be able to include this firmware in OpenBSD. What we ask vendors for is the right to freely distribute the binary images required to make their products work. Atmel, Ralink, Zydas, and others have been really helpful in this regard; while others, like Intel, don't seem terribly keen on letting people use their hardware. You can do an install over wireless with a Ralink wireless device, this is something you can't do with the current Intel situation with Intel wireless devices. You have to read their license agreement and manually locate and download the correct firmware for your device before anything will work. The person responsible at Intel had their details listed in our documentation, the phone number has since been changed.
Drivers that are binary-only or contain a binary-only portion (binary blob) run on the computer, in the computer's memory. They typically run at the most privileged security level possible due to their requirements to talk to system memory and the like. This gives them access to anything on your system, and if they screw up it can be a disaster. These drivers are unportable and typically limited to a handful of architectures. With drivers that have full source available, people can see what the driver is doing and make corrections as required, this is something that can't be done with drivers that contain binary components. People who use binary drivers become dependent on the vendors who provide them for fixing bugs and if a vendor decides to drop the driver, you're out of luck. Not running the latest hardware with the latest approved software? Sorry, too bad.
There aren't any drivers in OpenBSD with binary-only components, this is quite a contrast to pretty much everyone else out there. We ask that vendors allow us to distribute their firmware freely and do not require source code for it.
Traditionally, 99% of Ethernet drivers in OpenBSD have been based on the efforts of Bill Paul in FreeBSD to support pretty much every kind of Ethernet device under the sun. So, naturally there was a point where Bill asked NVIDIA for documentation to the onboard Ethernet in their nForce products, and it would appear they turned him down as he moved onto working on other things. Sometime later, some other people did what is depressingly more and more common in FreeBSD, they included a driver that is a thinly-veiled wrapper around a binary blob. They even had to get a license specific to FreeBSD to distribute it. This is a horrific scenario we would never consider doing in OpenBSD.
Sometime later, I had access to a machine with nForce Ethernet and started writing a driver with full source code even though we still did not have documentation. Some information as to how the thing works was derived from a reverse-engineered Linux driver. Damien Bergamini later came on board to help get it working in time for 3.9.
This kind of thing is happening all the time, we spend large amounts of time trying to get vendors to give us documentation and rights to distribute their firmware so that their hardware will function as something more than expensive paper weights.
OpenBSD 3.9 has had lot of work done to support management sensors (fans, temperature, power, etc.). Did you have any problem finding the docs to write appropriate drivers? Do they use standard protocols, or each manufacturer reinvents the wheel on his own? How do you handle hardware bugs or "improvements" to the standard made by a single manufacturer?
Marco Peereboom: This is really exciting stuff and was written by lots of people. Jordan Hargrave wrote the bulk of the IPMI code and shared his previously written ESM stuff with David Gwynne. Mark Kettenis, Alexander Yurchenko, and Theo de Raadt (many others worked on it but they did the bulk of the work) revamped the I2C stuff and we now support most I2C devices.
The I2C devices are well documented, however, that doesn't mean that everything is hooked up as expected. Vendors use those parts in different ways and sometimes that results in unexpected behavior. Theo and Mark did an amazing job working around most of the hardware issues and improvements as you call them.
IPMI is a standard, but there are vendors out there that have reading comprehension issues. Due to this we still have some quirks that need to be addressed.
Overall, we still need to improve the sensors framework itself. Currently, it's a little tedious to maintain a farm of servers. There are some developments but nothing concrete yet. I do expect this to get a lot of attention in the near future so look out for some innovation in this area.
Can you elaborate on where the sensors framework is heading in the future?
David Gwynne: The main goal of the sensors framework is to support as many different environmental sensors as possible and provide a uniform interface on top of them.
Currently, we have about 30 drivers in the tree for a wide variety of hardware on a variety of different architectures. Sensors are everywhere. The devices we support range from simple I2C and ISA devices all the way up to the sensors on SCSI enclosures and the management controllers found in servers. Despite the differences between all these sensors they are all part of the same framework and they all appear in the same way to the user. Most of these drivers were written in the last six months.
Due to the prevalence of sensors in most modern hardware and the new drivers in 3.9, a lot of people will be pleased to discover that they can now see the state of their sensors simply by going
sysctl hw.sensors.
Our goal in the future is to keep expanding this device support and to refine the user interface to it. For example, there is a small daemon called sensorsd that is currently in the tree and part of 3.9, but it is ugly and hard to configure. We're hoping to replace it in this development cycle and provide a default configuration that just works. If we can do this we can enable it by default.
Some of the more intelligent hardware is integrated with a hardware watchdog, but the watchdog API and the sensors framework don't fit together well on the same hardware. Some of the same hardware also has the ability to log events. I intend to work on these two areas in the future as well.
Is there anything new on bioctl side?
Marco Peereboom: Unfortunately, no one worked any more on this and I got sidetracked working on IPMI and ACPI. We did get lots of good feedback from the community. I am hoping to work some more on this for this release.
apmd now supports automatic performance adjustment for CPUs which provide this feature. How does it choose how much and how often change the CPU frequency?
Nikolay Sturm: The idea is very simple, apmd needs to figure out when the CPU is busy and then raise its frequency to get maximum performance. Once the CPU is idle again, the frequency can be lowered to save energy and reduce the noise level.
In practice however, this is more complicated. First, you need a good metric. Some people believe the system's load is that metric, but that's wrong. The load is just the average number of processes running plus the ones wanting to run. This does not tell us anything about the actual CPU usage.
The kernel actually measures where the CPU spends its time, regular userland processing, nice userland processing, kernel processing, and interrupt handling. Another counter measures the amount of time the CPU is idle. And this is the correct value to look at.
Unfortunately, this opens a new can of worms, as you are free to look at these counters as often as you want. The more often you look and possibly adjust the CPU frequency, the better your overall performance but the less stable your CPU becomes.
One of the reasons that made me implement this feature was that other tools were adjusting the CPU frequency multiple times per second, so it was jumping around all the time.
Having a background in physics, I prefer stable systems, so I watched my computer doing stuff and trying to figure out a good-enough time scale for apmd's measurements. It turned out looking once a second was enough to still get decent performance, but does not change the frequency too often, because CPU-intensive tasks normally last either much shorter or much longer.
Figuring out how much to change the frequency was simple, as we can only set the frequency to certain discrete values, the amount of which varies from CPU to CPU. On average however, we have four or five values. In order to get decent performance, going up in 50% steps and down in 20% steps was considered acceptable.
This way, a CPU-intensive task will take about two seconds to bring the CPU to full speed, but when it does a little I/O in between, reducing CPU usage, the frequency is not dropped too much, so it can happily work on.
Bob Beck: The automatic performance mode Nikolay describes above can be enabled in two ways.
apmd -A starts apmd in automatic performance adjustment mode. In this mode, the performance adjustment is done only when the system is running on battery power, or if the battery charge is low. Otherwise, the CPU is left to run at full speed.
apmd -C starts apmd in cool running performance mode, which will adjust the CPU speed regardless of the power connection status.
What is the status of the G5 port?
Mark Kettenis: The iMac G5 is perhaps the best supported model now; Xorg works out of the box, and even the built-in ambient light sensor works. The only things that don't work are FireWire and the built-in Airport Extreme. It's difficult to support the Airport Extreme because Broadcom refuses to give us documentation for it.
Support for the various PowerMac G5 models isn't complete. We haven't tested all models, but it seems the dual core G5's don't work at all. On the dual CPU models, the onboard SATA controller doesn't work yet, but you can always hook up an USB disk to those. The single CPU models might just work.
The Xserve G5 also has the onboard SATA controller problem.
Although the G5 is a 64-bit CPU, OpenBSD runs in 32-bit mode. It runs the same kernel and userland as the older G3/G4 machines supported by macppc. But if the kernel detects a G5, you'll automatically get the W^X protection that the CPU provides.
Do you prefer this CPU over x86 ones? How many features of this architecture do you plan to support now that Apple dropped it?
Mark Kettenis: The x86 architecture is just plain ugly because of all the legacy code it needs to support, although the IBM 970FX/MP (the CPU Apple calls G5) has its dark corners too.
We have no plans for dropping support for the macppc platform. We still support the mac68k platform that runs on Apple machines with a Motorola 68000 CPU, the CPU used by Apple before they switched to PowerPC.
For now, Apple is still selling G5 machines. And when they stop doing that, PowerPC won't be dead. IBM's new Cell Broadband Engine is PowerPC-based and might end up in interesting and affordable machines in the near future.
Does OpenBSD 3.9 work on Intel-based Macs?
Mark Kettenis: No, but since I (and a few other developers) have one now, 4.0 probably will. ;-)
Part of the rthreads implementation has been included in the kernel, but it is not built by default. What type of development road map should we expect?
Ted Unangst: Signal handling and scheduler modifications are the next big steps. After that, whatever refinement is necessary to make the system robust.
Signal handling is rather difficult because signals are sent to the process, but the actual delivery is done to a thread. Each thread can set its own signal mask, and it's the kernel's job to find a recipient. Some signal actions, however, like suspend and continue, should be sent to all threads, since you don't want only one thread to stop.
GENERIC kernel now includes multicast routing. How does it work?
Esben Norby: Multicast routing has been around for a very long time, but not that many people use it. I think there are several reasons for the small usage of multicasting in general. Multicasting (the ability to send the same packets from one source to several receivers) lacks a killer application. That killer application could be video streaming, radio streaming, etc.
I've been using (video streaming) the multicast routing stuff with OpenBSD for a couple of years now, but at this point it is time to clean up the whole multicast mess.
The only thing new about multicast routing in 3.9 is the ability to enable it via
sysctl, no more recompiling kernels. :-)
Before multicast routing can be used a multicast routing protocol must be present. Currently, base only supports DVMRP with the
mrouted(8) daemon. Mrouted(8) is old, scary, and weird and only supports DVMRP. More modern multicast routing protocols exist like PIM. DVMRP is not bad per se, I use it in a medium-sized network (about 50 routers).
Currently, work is ongoing to improve the multicast routing protocol situation. In multicast routing, the routing table is a bit different and the forwarding function acts different. The multicast routing table not only contains the outgoing direction, but may contain several outgoing directions. For example, a packet arrives on interface 1 and the destination is 22.214.171.124 (address in the special Class D range), the packet is forwarded out on interface 3, 4, and 7 because hosts on those interfaces (or other multicast routers on behalf of hosts) have requested interest in that particular group.
What is the current status of the trunk interface?
Reyk Floeter: The trunk interface has been introduced in the previous 3.8 release with basic functionality and some initial problems. Many internal changes, like VLAN-size MTUs (if supported by the physical ports) and some new functionality are available in the 3.9 release.
The most important improvement for the 3.9 release is proper multicast support. Now, it's possible to use CARP and PFSYNC on a trunk device without limitations. Personally, I use this on redundant firewalls with additional layer 2 redundancy -- redundant firewalls, redundant network interfaces and even redundant network switches connected to the firewalls thanks to trunk in the new failover mode.
The trunk failover mode is an alternative mode to the initial round-robin interface scheduler. Instead of distributing the traffic to the connected trunk ports, only one active interface is used at the same time. If the first active interface (the master port) fails, the next active interface will be used. The failover mode does not gain any performance but works great for layer 2 redundancy without the requirement of trunk support by the network switches (mcbride even tested it with simple hubs!).
What's new in hostapd?
Reyk Floeter: hostapd has been heavily improved for the 3.9 release. I did some cleanup and implemented some nice new features. An important internal change is the internal handling of wireless nodes. I modified hostapd and the entire net80211 framework in OpenBSD to use collision-proof and fast red-black trees instead of the hash tables before. This is a proactive security improvement, which also fixes some problems in the net80211 framework.
Furthermore, the daemon now supports multiple wireless interfaces and I extended the event rule syntax to allow interface-specific rules. With the benefit that the daemon now handles roaming between internal interfaces correctly.
While playing with mrouted, the multicast router daemon, I figured out that hostapd missed a configuration option to define a higher multicast TTL. Now it's possible to forward hostapd messages to other, non-local network segments. This is very cool for remote Wireless Intrusion Detection Systems (WIDS) using hostapd as a real-time sensor. Another advantageous feature in conjunction with WIDS is the new
rate keyword for event rules. It allows to detect flooding attacks (like the void11" 802.11 deauthentication attack I released some years ago) and works similar to the
max-src-conn-rate option in PF.
What's the status of ipsecctl in 3.9?
Hans-Joerg Hoexer: The main goal for 3.9 was to improve the interaction with
isakmpd(9). For example, reyk@ added pre-shared secret authentication. Moreover, with 3.8, it was still necessary to use an isakmpd.policy file in certain situations, this limitation is now gone.
Markus@ added support for tunneling using IP in IP. This does not provide any security mechanisms but allows [you] to setup easy tunneling without using
gif(4) interfaces.
Small improvements include support for transport mode when using manual keying, using interface names when specifying addresses, and a more relaxed syntax. For example, it does not matter anymore in which order you specify source and destination address.
A new version of FTP proxy has been included. Why?
Camiel Dobbelaar: The new FTP proxy (previously known as pftpx) has a couple of advantages.
It handles the passing of all data connections automatically via anchors. The user only has to setup the anchors and the rules for the control (port 21) connections, which is simple enough. With the previous proxy, the user had to setup rules for all possible data connections as well, which could be quite hard with non-standard configurations.
Lots of FTP clients expect data connections to have the same IP addresses as the control connection. If they have an FTP session with server X, they refuse data transfers to/from proxy Y for security reasons. The new proxy [uses] the NAT features of PF to make sure that the addresses are always the same and should therefore satisfy all FTP clients. The old proxy did not have NAT tricks at its disposal, making some clients fail in mysterious ways.
Those are the biggies. Other advantages are that it handles IPv6, the extended FTP modes, and that PF queuing can be used for data connections.
HTTP proxy authentication support has been added to
netcat. When should we use this feature? Is this a first step toward a proxy framework for PF?
Damien Miller: No, it is a useful tool for making connections out from behind proxies through, especially SSH connections. For example, adding this to your ~/.ssh/config will make
ssh connect through an authenticating HTTP proxy:
ProxyCommand nc -x proxy:8080 -P proxyuser -X connect %h %p
Not all proxies allow connections to port 22 where OpenSSH usually listens. You can always make it listen on another, high-numbered port to work around this.
It seems there are no new features in PF this time. What's going on?
Henning Brauer: Well, we don't hack on PF because we hack on PF, we solve problems or add features we miss. There weren't any big problems to solve or features we miss.
I saw that you bumped PF state, byte, and packet counters to
u_int64_t. Why?
Henning Brauer: Consistency, since they were 64 bit in most places already, and overflow concerns. The u_int32_t counter we had before could wrap around. While that has no bad consequences for PF, it might lead to wrong data in accounting systems and the like using this information from PF.
What type of work have you done on Apache?
Henning Brauer: Lots of cleanup. Pretty boring to do, not visible for the end user. Except that we might have fixed a bug or two while doing so.
TRACE was disabled. Why? Is there anything else that you would like to disable or remove from the codebase?
Chad Loder: TRACE was disabled because there have been two Apache vulnerabilities related to this feature: VU#867593 and CAN-2005-2088.
We looked at various ways to support disabling TRACE using configuration options. I asked around on the mailing lists if anyone uses TRACE, nobody does, so we just decided to rip it out entirely. Nobody has complained yet, so I'm pretty sure nobody was using it.
Where has
libresolv gone?
Henning Brauer: It only ever was a stub with nothing in it, because some software incorrectly assumed it always had to link libresolv. We found that these days the stub libresolv just confused some configure script.
I saw that the in-base libpcap was updated with most features of a recent version from tcpdump.org. Why didn't you just import the latest version?
Damien Miller: The tcpdump.org libpcap has a heap of portability goop in it, so we just took the important bits of the new API and implemented those, based on the tcpdump.org sources. The API is good, but there is too much abstraction in the tcpdump.org sources, so we cleaned it up a little.
Pretty much anything recent that previously needed an updated libpcap should compile against the in-tree one now.
Why did you choose to compile system libraries with debugging symbols? How much does this approach increase RAM usage? What about performance?
Henning Brauer: The added debug symbols help debugging issues, since now we get tracebacks with function names instead of addresses (that can change). It does not increase RAM usage at all and does not have performance impacts. It just costs some space on the hard disk.
What persuaded you into auditing the whole source tree to fix the wrong uses of
Otto Moerbeek: It all started after Pedro found a filesystem bug that happened because an element was removed from a list twice. The list was implemented using the macros from sys/queue.h. Now, I was more or less aware that it was easy to use these macros in a wrong way, but the test program Pedro made showed that it was really easy for the data structures to become corrupt: a linear list could become circular, for example. This caused a hang, because the kernel was busy running though the list trying to find the end.
So, we did a few things: one, improved the manual pages and included a warning for various things developers should not do; two, audited the source tree for wrong usage of the queue macros; and three, introduced strict versions of the macros that detect wrong usage [at] run-time. The strict macros are not enabled by default, but both developers and others are encouraged to run with them.
All this enabled us to find real bugs and fix them.
The default value for the X Aperture sysctl is now off. What's so evil in modern video cards?
Matthieu Herrb: Loic Duflot demonstrated in an excellent paper [PPT slides] at CanSecWest that the hardware access privileges that the X server is granted by the aperture driver can be abused to gain access to kernel privileges (allowing to bypass the security level settings for example).
The X server paradigm of "userland drivers" exposes all hardware features to userland. Some of these features (Loic used the Pentium System Management Mode, but there are probably dozen of other similar features for this purpose) can be used to bypass the memory protection and thus provide the X server with full control of the kernel.
OpenBSD developers went through the effort of privilege separating the X server as its own user, but it doesn't help at all for this issue. We've also tried to design a better protection scheme with the current X design, but it appears to be almost impossible. The X server needs to be redesigned to not require direct access to hardware.
We think it is a very urgent matter for true security will never be achieved otherwise. For the time being the only advice we could give to OpenBSD users who want their system to be secure is to keep
allowaperture=0 and not use the X server on those systems.
Also note that other systems have no protection at all against this attack.
I remember that just before releasing 3.8 you had to disable the new behavior of your implementation of
free() that returned SIGSEGV when accessing a freed area. You had to do this because too many ports were instable (crashing). Does 3.9 enable it by default?
Otto Moerbeek: I first have to make a correction: we do unmap unused memory, but not very aggressively. There are too many programs containing "use-after-free" bugs that would stop working if we unmapped unused memory all the time.
Apart from some code cleanup, the
malloc implementation did not change for 3.9; it has been proven to be very solid. Its stricter checking and randomizations features enabled us to find evil bugs in all kinds of software. And, of course, these mechanisms also provide extra protection against heap overflow bugs that could potentially be exploitable.
While many buffer write overflows have been solved in a lot of software, read beyond end of buffer bugs are still quite common. To be able to catch these as well as use-after-free bugs, we hope to make our
malloc even more strict in the future, but these steps have to be taken very carefully; if our
malloc becomes too strict -- even while staying within boundaries defined by POSIX -- too many programs and users will suffer. But if we do it right, in the end everybody will gain: bugs will be found and fixed.
What's new in
pkg_add and other
pkg_* tools?
Marc Espie: A lot!
pkg_add -u (updates) now works. Specifically because
pkg_add can recover from most FTP errors now. And the full code was activated.
There is also an interactive mode,
-i, that you will want to turn on most of the time. Instead of aborting,
pkg_add will ask questions when it can't find the correct answer. This goes from simple things like:
pkg_add -i screen
asking you which screen package you want, to more complicated stuff, to making sure you want to perform potentially dangerous operations.
There is also Nikolay's work to let you grab packages through FTP, when available, instead of building them from the ports tree. You just have to set
FETCH_PACKAGES for that.
Aside from that, there have been hundreds of bug-fixes in fringe cases. The package tools cope much better with a wide variety of error conditions: if the md5 of installed files do not match,
pkg_delete will leave you with a stub package instead of simply reporting it did not remove the package.
pkg_add -u will update packages when they depend on stub library packages, instead of leaving them around.
pkg_add will refuse to install packages with INSTALL scripts if it finds you the relevant partition is mounted noexec, etc.
In short, we do think that package updates are ready for production uses. Most of the ports developers have been using it for months by now.
A new tool called
sdiff was introduced in the 3.9 release. Could you explain what it does and how it works?
Ray Lai:
sdiff is visual comparison tool that displays two files side-by-side, with differences marked. An interactive mode can be used to merge changes, prompting the user at each difference.
One use of
sdiff is to merge updates to configuration files. Configuration files are often customized for each machine. Over time, vendors add new options or change defaults in configuration files.
sdiff can pull in vendor updates while keeping local customizations.
This implementation of
sdiff is new, but
sdiff already exists on many Unix systems. In fact, there was an
sdiff in previous versions of OpenBSD, but was removed from OpenBSD when the GNU
diff utilities were replaced by BSD ones.
OpenBSD and OpenSSH have been in the news lately with an appeal for donations. Could you please describe what happened?
Ray Lai: The costs of producing OpenBSD have been increasing, while the income generated has been decreasing. The percentage of people choosing to download through FTP instead of buying CDs has increased dramatically. While the number of OpenBSD and OpenSSH users has been increasing, the total number of CD sales has been decreasing!
New hardware is always needed to improve support and to replace or upgrade the infrastructure. Due to cooling requirements and electrical consumption, running this new hardware increases the already monstrous electric bill, currently at $100 per week.
The project's growth is fueled by hackathons, yearly events where developers come together and code for a week straight. OpenBSD only pays for accommodation. Tickets and other travel expenses like food are paid by the developers themselves. OpenBSD tries to pay for the tickets of poorer developers, but has very limited resources to do so. Many new developments came from hackathons, including SMP support for AMD64, SSH tunneling, improved 802.11 wireless networking, and PF.
Hackathons have been so successful that mini-hackathons have taken place, concentrating on specific areas of OpenBSD, such as the ports tree or PF development. More of these are planned in the future, so please make it possible!
David Gwynne: I agree with Ray, the hackathons are important for the project because it speeds the whole process up. A lot of OpenBSD development relies on discussion between the developers which is usually done via email. For example, at last year's hackathon I remember pascoe and krw being annoyed by mjc with lots of SCSI/umass interaction issues. There were some real fixes in both layers that improved things that a lot of people were complaining about.
The hlt hlt bug was also found and fixed at the hackathon. I'm not sure it would have been found in any other environment. Because the developers were all in the same room the discussion was sped up. Email just can't compete with a face-to-face conversation. As a result, everyone's issues were raised and discussed in minutes rather than the hours it takes to get email back from people all over the world in a variety of time zones. I'm sure that the fix to the hlt hlt issue would have taken months without the hackathon. Instead it was fixed in a day.
The hackathons also give us an opportunity to really focus. [For example], marco did a lot of hard work on figuring out how to interact with ami hardware at the last hackathon. Without this foundation bioctl might still be in development. ;)
These are just a few examples that show how the hackathons are a good investment for the community.
Federico Biancuzzi is a freelance interviewer. His interviews appeared on publications such as ONLamp.com, LinuxDevCenter.com, SecurityFocus.com, NewsForge.com, Linux.com, TheRegister.co.uk, ArsTechnica.com, the Polish print magazine BSD Magazine, and the Italian print magazine Linux&C.
Return to the BSD DevCenter.
Copyright © 2009 O'Reilly Media, Inc.


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Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.3/43977
- Title
- M31 globular clusters: colors and metallicities
- Author(s)
- Barmby, Pauline; Huchra, John P.; Brodie, Jean P.; Forbes, Duncan A.; Schroder, Linda L.; Grillmair, Carl J.
- Abstract
- We present a new catalog of photometric and spectroscopic data on M31 globular clusters (GCs). The catalog includes new optical and near-infrared photometry for a substantial fraction of the 435 clusters and cluster candidates. We use these data to determine the reddening and intrinsic colors of individual clusters, and we find that the extinction laws in the Galaxy and M31 are not significantly different. There are significant (up to 0.2 mag in V-K) offsets between the clusters' intrinsic colors and simple stellar population colors predicted by population synthesis models; we suggest that these are due to systematic errors in the models. The distributions of M31 clusters' metallicities and metallicity-sensitive colors are bimodal, with peaks at [Fe/H] approx -1.4 and -0.6. The distribution of V-I is often bimodal in elliptical galaxies' globular cluster systems, but it is not sensitive enough to metallicity to show bimodality in M31 and Galactic cluster systems. The radial distribution and kinematics of the two M31 metallicity groups imply that they are analogs of the Galactic 'halo' and 'disk/bulge' cluster systems. The globular clusters in M31 have a small radial metallicity gradient, suggesting that some dissipation occurred during the formation of the globular cluster system. The lack of correlation between cluster luminosity and metallicity in M31 GCs shows that self-enrichment is not important in GC formation.
- Publication type
- Journal article
- Source
- Astronomical Journal, Vol. 119, no. 2 (Feb 2000), pp. 727-747
- Publication year
- 2000
- Keyword(s)
- Galaxies; Globular clusters; M31; Star clusters
- Publisher
- University of Chicago Press
- 0004-6256
- Publisher URL
- Copyright
- Copyright © 2000 The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.
- Additional information
- Work reported here based on observations made with the Multiple Mirror Telescope, a joint facility of the Smithsonian Institution and the University of Arizona. Some of the data presented herein were obtained at the W. M. Keck Observatory, which is operated as a scientific partnership among the California Institute of Technology, the University of California, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The Observatory was made possible by the generous support of the W. M. Keck Foundation. This publication makes use of data products from the Two Micron All Sky Survey, which is a joint project of the University of Massachusetts and the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the National Science Foundation.
- Peer reviewed