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Drug ordinance back on table
BUCKHANNON – The city of Buckhannon's methamphetamine abatement ordinance is back on the table.
But this time it's being called the "drug/controlled substance contamination abatement ordinance" because its scope has been expanded to include any "controlled substance that leaves a residue" and is harmful to human health, triggering abatement, City Attorney Dave McCauley said at Council's Thursday meeting.
Council tabled the ordinance in January at the recommendation of McCauley. On Thursday, however, the city attorney presented a revised draft to council, which adopts not only the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's guidelines for methamphetamine laboratory cleanup, but also the state of West Virginia's guidelines for clandestine drug laboratory remediation.
According to the ordinance, once it has been established that methamphetamine "or other controlled substance contamination exists" within a property, the city and state Department of Health and Human Resources officials will declare the property uninhabitable.
The ordinance requires the owner of the property to pay "all costs and expenses associated with any and all inspections, laboratory testing, controlled substance contamination abatement, re-inspection, compliance certification and any and all other activities either required herein or naturally resulting here from."
The ordinance goes on to explicitly state that the city of Buckhannon "shall have no responsibility whatsoever to pay for any costs or expenses" related to restoring the property to a habitable state.
"In addition to the EPA guidelines, this ordinance would also adopt everything and anything the state of West Virginia has done since 2007 when they first started to come up with some standards about meth contamination abatement," McCauley told council members.
"Instead of Mr. Clemens (Rich Clemens, city zoning officer) being the bad guy and be going out and boarding places up and putting signs up and the whole bit, he will be working in tandem and in cooperation with Brandon Lewis' office, which is with the state remediation folks."
Lewis is a chemist with the state Department of Health and Human Resources' Clandestine Drug Laboratory Remediation Program Division.
McCauley explained that the ordinance, if passed on first reading by Council at a regular meeting on May 1, would be applicable to not just meth, but also other drugs that leave residue harmful to human health.
"We're not limiting it to just methamphetamine; it's any drug that could produce health problems," he said. That could include marijuana or any drug that spurs contamination abatement, McCauley added.
One "potentially controversial" section of the ordinance calls for the establishment of a registry "of all persons determined to have been responsible for creating or contributing to the creation of meth or other controlled substance residue that prompts meth or controlled substance contamination abatement" within any building or structure in the corporate limits of the city of Buckhannon.
"This is one thing Brandon Lewis had proposed this to the state Legislature that they decided to table – but we are implementing it if you adopt this ordinance," McCauley said.
Any person listed on the registry would remain on it for a period of 10 years, the city attorney said; however, council may adjust that time period if they so desire, he said.
"This is a little bit different from the sexual offense registry. If you are on that registry, you are on that registry for the rest of your life," he said. "We don't want to have someone be labeled as a drug abuser or a manufacturer for necessarily their entire life."
"If they're manufacturing meth, there's a good chance their life span isn't going to be 10 years anyway," Councilman Ron Pugh commented.
Councilman Tom O'Neill, who expressed concerns about the implementation of the registry, posed a hypothetical question to McCauley.
"So if I were (living) in a place and a buddy of mine is responsible for cooking meth, then I'll get put on the registry because I was the renter?" O'Neill asked.
"There's that potentiality," McCauley replied.
"We might want to look at that," O'Neill said.
McCauley said establishing a registry is a response to area landlords being very "fearful" and wondering how to identify would-be drug users.
"The idea with the registry is to help those folks," McCauley said. "We're trying to be empathetic with all property owners but especially landlords who have a little less control about what goes on in premises once they rent it out to somebody else. So at least if we have this list of folks who have violated the Buckhannon ordinance we'll be able to share those names publicly so that they can take appropriate action to protect themselves."
"We're trying to heighten the awareness of landlords to be more vigilant in who they rent to while also providing them information once we have it," McCauley added. "It makes sense."
Anyone convicted of an offense under the ordinance will be fined up to $500 for each day of noncompliance, the ordinance states.
The first official reading of the ordinance is slated for May 1 to afford Council members, the public and members of the Upshur County Landlords' Association an opportunity to review it.
The ordinance is posted online at www.buckhannonwv.org, and copies are also available for review at City Hall, 70 E. Main St.
Contact Katie Kuba by email at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Digital daredevil takes canyon jumping one step further with giant rope and incredible visuals.
Watch: Insane canyon swinging caught on camera
Published On: Feb 28 2013 10:15:24 AM CST Updated On: Feb 28 2013 10:24:26 AM CST
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The Pentax K-5 II arrives with just a handful of improvements over its predecessor, and it's launched with a virtually identical Pentax K-5 IIs sibling. But why? Read on to find out in our full review.
Pentax K-5 II Review
But wait – there's more. In addition to a new flagship body, Pentax has released a further Pentax K-5 IIs model alongside, identical in all areas save for the lack of an anti-aliasing filter in front of the sensor. This idea mirrors the launch of the Nikon D800/D800E pair last year, and is potentially useful to photographers who only tend to work within specific genres.
Pentax K-5 II review – Features
The Pentax K-5 II is virtually unchanged in specification from that of the Pentax K-5. The new model still has a 16.28MP APS-C CMOS sensor at its heart, which operates across an ISO range of 100-12,800. This can be expanded up and down to equivalent settings of ISO 51,200 and 80 respectively, which compares favourably with its peers.
As has been the case with previous Pentax models, and somewhat unconventionally, a choice of two Raw formats are provided alongside the default JPEG mode: Adobe's DNG format and Pentax's proprietary PEF type, with the former being particularly useful if you already use a Raw-supporting Adobe program.
The Pentax K-5 II's main change is its SAFOX X autofocus module, which is said to offer "the broadest autofocusing EV range in its class". The camera's specifications reveal it to have a working range of -3 EV to +18 EV at ISO 100, which is a two-stop improvement over the previous SAFOX IX system. In practice, this means the camera should be able to achieve focus in even lower light than before, which will no doubt interest live music photographers.
The new system still bears 11 points as before, with nine of these points being cross-type to sense details in both vertical and horizontal orientations. While it's impressive to see the majority of these points being cross-type, some may consider only 11 to be too few for a company's flagship model.
Another change to the Pentax K-5 II comes with the camera's LCD, which now sees a gapless design between the display and the tempered outer panel. This, Pentax claims, helps to reduce internal reflections, and with the anti-glare film on the outer panel helps to improve visibility. The screen measures 3 inches in size and has a 921k-dot resolution, which is the standard expected for such a model.
Just above the Pentax K-5 II's LCD lies the pentaprism viewfinder, which boasts an approximate 100% coverage of the scene – this is impressive for a model of the K-5 II's mid-range billing. And, in addition to its capable core specification, the Pentax K-5 II sweetens the deal with a collection of additional features, such as an intervalometer for time-lapse photography, together with an electronic level and a multiple-exposure option. Pentax has also provided options for processing Raw images in camera (before saving the results as TIFF files, which is welcome to see), as well as basic trimming of movie files.
The Pentax K-5 II and Pentax K-5 IIs each shoot full HD video at 25fps, as well as standard HD video at 30 and 25fps, and VGA footage at the same frame rate. The camera records Motion JPEG files and saves them into the .AVI format, and has a mono mic on board (with a port for stereo microphones). Image stabilisation can also be used while recording.
Pentax K-5 II review – Design
Whether the Pentax K-5 II is an attractive model or not is subjective, but one thing that's difficult to dispute is its utilitarian design. The grip is substantial and rubbered, while the command dial at its peak travels freely when turned. As is typically the case with Pentax DSLRs, all buttons press positively into the body and clear labelling is used throughout.
The Pentax K-5 II's top-plate display lamp, which as on other models is accessed by turning the power collar around the shutter-release button, has cleverly been twinned with a depth-of-field preview function, while the mode dial on the other side of the top-plate has a space-saving metering pattern collar at its base.
The body is constructed principally from magnesium alloy and stainless steel, with the same weather-sealing and dust protection as the Pentax K-5. In order to make the camera fully weatherproof it needs to be used in conjunction with a weather-resistant optic, which in Pentax's line is denoted by the WR moniker.
Sadly, given its carbon-copying of the Pentax K-5, some of the more annoying idiosyncrasies have also made the transition, such as the unnecessarily stiff focus-pattern selector control on the rear, as well as the painfully small flash-sync port plug which is not only awkward to remove but, on account of it not being attached to the body as on other models, easy to lose too.
Furthermore, the Pentax K-5 II's mode dial features a locking button in its centre, which needs to be depressed for the dial to turn. For some this is a welcome addition, for others it may be considered an annoyance. Either way, the dial itself is not only a little on the small side, but it's bunched so close to the flash that those with larger fingers may find turning it to be somewhat fiddly.
Pentax K-5 II review – Performance
The 18-55mm WR kit lens moves rapidly when focusing, which is not only conducive to fast AF times but also means the lens spends less time hunting through its range when faced with more problematic subjects. Slightly offputting is the loud whirring of its motor as it focuses; the 18-135mm lens, which is also available as part of a kit with the Pentax K-5 II is a more discreet performer.
As one of the Pentax K-5 II's improvements is said to be its focusing system. It's welcome to find that in low light the camera indeed continues to focus, even finding it against very low-contrast subjects. The success rate here is obviously helped by enabling the AF assist light too, but even with this disabled the camera managed to find focus against barely-lit subjects (lit, for example, by nothing more than candlelight) in a couple of seconds or so. As may be expected, choosing the Auto Area AF also generally helps to find focus quicker than if a single point is selected, although this will depend on where on the subject the point lies.
A comparison with the previous Pentax K-5 shows both AF systems to hesitate slightly in low light (particularly without the AF assist lamp), but generally for the Pentax K-5 II to acquire focus in marginally better time, with less hunting.
In short, its overall focusing performance is impressive and clearly improved, and a benefit for those photographers regularly working in low-light conditions.
The other main change from the Pentax K-5 is the LCD screen. Comparing the two models again validates Pentax's claims with regards to the newer model; although both screens show reflections, those from the Pentax K-5 II display are less obvious, and because of this the screen does show slightly better contrast. Again, the difference isn't particularly significant, but it is still noticeable.
The camera's sensor-based image stabilisation system is also clearly effective. Pentax states it provides a three EV stop advantage (the effectiveness of such systems does depend in large part on technique, and also lessens as subject distance decreases), although during the test it was possible to capture acceptably sharp images beyond this point
The camera's video quality is better than expected. On both its full HD (25fps) and standard HD (30fps) settings, footage is fluid and richly detailed, with only finer details causing some aliasing artefacts, (which is true of many cameras). The metering system responds swiftly but smoothly to changes in the scene, and sound is recorded clearly, although control over audio settings – beyond the on and off controls offered – would be appreciated.
The sensor-based image stabilisation system may also be used in movies, and when employed it has a noticeable effect on the stability of footage. When panning, however, it's best to disable this, because when a pan is finished the system does have a tendency of readjusting itself, producing an effect where the frame jumps a little to one side.
One of the more impressive things about the camera is the range of post-capture options available, particularly as many of these are still nowhere to be found on some of the Pentax K-5 II's peers. The ability to delete Raw and JPEG versions of an image independently from one another is perhaps the most useful, and being able to preview captured images in different colour and white balance options is also beneficial. These are simple, helpful features, but it's remarkable how few cameras actually offer them.
Image Quality
Pentax K-5 II review – Image Quality
Colour and White Balance
The little to complain about the camera's Auto White Balance system when used in natural light, as it rarely strays from that what's expected. Now and again it delivers slightly warm results under daylight, but even at night, under various fluorescent sources the camera reproduces scenes accurately. Indoors, under a mixture of artificial and natural light, some inconsistencies between frames becomes noticeable, but then the Pentax K-5 II is not alone in this respect.
While a common observation of some of Pentax's previous DSLRs has been a tendency towards underexposure, the Pentax K-5 II follows its predecessor in delivering a more consistent performance, although unexpected under- and overexposure was still noticed.
The Pentax K-5 II is available as part of two kits, with either 18-55mm or the 18-135mm lenses. While the latter provides a useful 27-202mm equivalent focal length, chromatic aberration at its tele end is noticeable even when images are viewed at small sizes (although correction for JPEGs is provided in-camera), and corner and edge softness is also noticeable. Stopped down, the 18-55mm lens delivers pleasing details.
While some texture can be observed in images taken at as low as ISO 200 in overcast conditions, this can be easily rectified in post-production. The better resolution of the Pentax K-5 IIs means that even when noise obscures details, they are less obscured than on the Pentax K-5 II.
Raw vs JPEG
As expected, JPEGs see a slight boost to contrast over Raw files, with details better defined and colours more appealing. The lateral chromatic aberrations which were frequently noticed during this review were also lessened by the processing in JPEGs.
Pentax K-5 II review – Verdict
That the Pentax K-5 II is a minor upgrade on the Pentax K-5 is not necessarily a bad thing, as the Pentax K-5 was an impressive model in itself. Its headline improvement of a more sensitive AF system is minor although combined with the changes to the LCD screen and the lower launch price (£250 less) it's unquestionably a better proposition than the Pentax K-5. Still, it would have been nice to see small kinks ironed out in this latest release, such as the stiff focus selection dial, and perhaps improvements made to image noise.
It's certainly welcome to see the Pentax K-5 IIs arrive at the same time too. Although testing does indeed show it to have a higher resolution than its sibling, as we have seen this isn't always an entirely positive attribute – in other words, there's a good reason for each camera to exist alongside the other.
So which do you buy? If you tend to alternate between a range of different subjects, you're perhaps safer with the Pentax K-5 II, knowing that it will still provide good image quality with a lower risk of aliasing. If, however, you tend to stick to landscapes and other natural subjects where man-made subjects feature infrequently, the Pentax K-5 IIs is worth the extra outlay.
Pentax K-5 II review – Comparison
We take a closer look at three of the Pentax K-5 II's rivals to see how it fares and see if there are better models out there for your money.
Both cameras feature a 16.28MP APS-C sensor, so here they are tied (although the lack of an anti-aliasing filter in the K-5 IIs gives it a resolution advantage over the K-5).
The K-5 II and K-5 IIs are said to benefit from the removal of the gap between the LCD and the outer panel, helping with visibility. This difference is small but it's definitely there.
The same pentaprism viewfinder with approximately 100% coverage has been used in both the K-5 and the K-5 II, so here the two cameras are tied.
AF system
The SAFOX X AF module inside the K-5 II is similar to the K-5's SAFOX IX module, although it is more sensitive in lower light and has improved AF tracking.
Both cameras feature an APS-C sensor, although the Canon EOS 60D just squeezes in a little more: 18.1MP versus the 16.28MP of the K-5 II.
While the extra 110k dots or so of the EOS 60D's screen over the 921k display on the K-5 II makes little difference in practice, the 60D's side articulation does make it more flexible.
Both cameras feature large, bright pentaprism viewfinders, although the EOS 60D's 96% (approx.) coverage is behind the 100% (approx.) coverage offered by the K-5 II.
AF System
Both cameras offer nine cross-type points as part of their AF system, although the K-5 II has a further two single-orientation points to make 11.
Both cameras use an APS-C sized sensor – the Sony sensor being marginally smaller – although it's the A65 that has the resolution advantage, with 24.3MP next to the K-5 II's 16.28MP
While the displays on both the K-5 II and the A65 measure three inches and have 921k dots, the articulation of the latter camera's display makes it better suited to a variety of shooting positions.
The viewfinders on both cameras offer an approximate 100% coverage of the scene, although the A65 has an EVF while the K-5 II has an optical viewfinder. Here it's more down to personal preference.
AF System
The A65's 15-point system only features three cross-type points, while the K-5 II's system sees nine cross-type points out of a total of 11. Both systems have their pros and cons, so it's a draw again.
While the Pentax K-5 II does indeed present a few advantages over its rivals (as well as its predecessor), it is bettered by other cameras in a number of areas. As an all-rounder it does well, but if you regularly shoot at awkward angles, or plan on making enlargements, you may be better off with either the Sony A65 or the Canon EOS 60D. Those shooting in low light may also appreciate the A65's EVF. Other models to consider in this price range include Nikon's D5200 and Sony's A77.


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Before you start
This tutorial is for developers interested in collecting and publishing documents based on a standardized XML format. In this case, we use the Text Encoding Initiative's TEI P5, a format widely used by academics, archivists, and librarians worldwide for archival and research purposes. While some hands-on Drupal experience is recommended, we introduce fundamental Drupal concepts and walk you through the basic steps of installation. Drupal experience, therefore, is not essential. After you complete the tutorial, you will have learned how to install Drupal and how to configure the Content Construction Kit (CCK) and XML Content modules to enable various content types that can be input in XML, validated against your custom schema, and published according to the specifications defined in your stylesheets.
About this tutorial
The sample site covered in this tutorial demonstrates how to publish documents that strictly adhere to custom XML standards using the Drupal content management system.
Although Drupal is not the only option (not even the only free and open source option) to implement a system that enables publication of TEI documents, it is one of the most widely used platforms, running hundreds of thousands of sites worldwide, making it both mature (well tested) and well supported by the community.
Because TEI P5 XML is one of the most widely used published standards for academic, archival, and research purposes, it is the format we chose for this tutorial. Other XML standards with available schemas, such as DocBook or DITA XML, can be used where we implement TEI, assuming that you make the necessary changes.
Among the driving factors for many who choose TEI XML (including the authors) for archival and research purposes are the range of data types supported by the TEI's Guidelines for Electronic Text Encoding and Interchange (that is, TEI's markup standard) and the active, ongoing development of the standard by the TEI community. We therefore consider TEI markup to be one of the best choices for describing, displaying, and retaining documents, offering powerful and flexible display capabilities when it is leveraged together with any number of the available free and open source XML tools.
Drupal CMS—Drupal is freely available and can be downloaded from http://drupal.org/download. This tutorial uses Drupal version 6.
You need a web server or web host with PHP installed and access to a database in order to install Drupal and make your site available to the public across the web. We used Apache and MySQL. Although it is beyond the scope of this tutorial to take you through the selection of a web hosting provider or installation of a local web server and database, you can find that many inexpensive web hosts support the installation of Drupal and provide access to databases such as MySQL or PostgreSQL.
In addition to Drupal itself, you also need to download a few Drupal modules to enable the publishing features described in the rest of the tutorial:
- The XML Content module to enable uploading, enforcement, and guidance with regard to the site publisher's chosen XML features.
- The Content Construction Kit (CCK) module for Drupal to enable custom types of Drupal content, in this case the addition of an XML content type defined by the site publisher.
- You might also wish to choose a Drupal theme that enables you to change the appearance of your site.
TEI Roma—TEI Roma is a web-based tool for generating custom XML schemas that the publication module described in the tutorial uses to enforce the standards chosen by the site publisher.
See Resources for links to all the tool downloads.
Getting started with Drupal
The Drupal CMS is one of the most popular and well-supported content management systems in the world and is constantly being improved and enhanced by its large collection of community-contributed modules. Its security and stability have been proven over years on the Internet, which makes it a strong choice for those who collect and publish archival content on the web. In this section you begin setting up the Drupal environment.
Installing Drupal and its modules
After you download the Drupal package from Drupal's site, you need to uncompress the archive and upload it to your web server. Although methods for performing this step vary, we used the free FTP client program FileZilla to FTP the Drupal files to our web host, as illustrated in Figures 1 and 2.
Figure 1. Upload Drupal to your web server
The filename of the Drupal installation usually includes the version number (for example, in this case, it's 6.19). For the purposes of this tutorial, we are going to install Drupal to the root of our website, digarch.org. For that reason, we upload only the contents of the downloaded Drupal folder to the web root directory of our website.
If you wish to install the publication site outside of your root website directory, you need to upload the entire drupal-6.19 folder to the chosen location on your site. Then, simply rename the folder containing the Drupal installation to reflect the address you want to appear on the web, changing drupal-6.19 to journal, for instance, if you want the publication to appear as yoursite.com/journal. From this point on in the tutorial, the directory that contains all the Drupal files is referred to as [DRUPAL_HOME].
Read the INSTALL.TXT file that is included in the root of the Drupal installation to ensure that you meet all the requirements for your specific web hosting environment. We briefly cover the basic installation and configuration here.
Creating the settings for your site
After you upload all the Drupal files to the chosen location on your website, you need to create the required settings file for your site. The easiest way to do this is to locate the default.settings.php file (which should be located in the [DRUPAL_HOME]/sites/default directory; see Figure 2) and rename it to settings.php. You also need to grant Drupal access to your database. Consult your database's documentation or your web host's instructions to complete this part, as the process varies considerably from installation to installation.
Figure 2. Rename the default.settings.php file to settings.php
With these steps complete, Drupal's online installer can make the rest easy for you; just browse to your site and follow the onscreen instructions.
Installing the CCK and XML content modules
If you have prior experience with Drupal, you will be happy to see that installing the modules recommended in this tutorial is achieved in the same manner as most other Drupal modules:
- Download the necessary files from the modules' project pages (see Resources).
- Content Construction Kit (CCK)
- XML Content
- Move the entire directory containing the module's files (usually the directory name is the same as the module name) to your Drupal site in the [DRUPAL_HOME]/sites/all/modules directory, creating this directory if necessary
After you upload the modules, browse to the Modules section of Drupal's administration panel (Administer > Site Building > Modules). To enable each module, checking the box next to the components for each module that you installed, as in Figure 3. (Selected modules include Content, Content Copy, Content Permissions, Fieldgroup, Node Reference, Number, Option Widgets, Text, and User Reference for the CCK and XML Content for the Content Filters.)
Figure 3. Enable Drupal modules
Don't forget to click the Save configuration button at the bottom of that page, or the modules are not enabled.
After you save your configuration changes, you receive a confirmation dialog noting that they were saved, and in this case an additional message (see Figure 4) asking you to configure some field permissions. These permissions pertain to the CCK module; it needs to know what kinds of users on your site have permission to edit the existing and future content on your site.
Figure 4. Dialog window prompting field permissions configuration and confirming configuration save
The permissions configurations in Drupal are quite powerful and are, for the most part, beyond the scope of this tutorial. As you are still logged in as the administrator for your site, no further permissions modifications are necessary for you at this time. Suffice it to say that if you wanted to, you could allow authenticated members of your site (or even anonymous users) to submit, edit, and otherwise maintain content on the site, down to the individual fields of a Drupal node. This latter part will probably make more sense when you create an example of a new content type as you move along in this tutorial.
Using the CCK module to create a custom content type
Because you've installed and enabled the CCK module in Drupal, you're ready to create new, custom content types that differ from the built-in content types for Drupal nodes such as page and story. This process of creating a new type allows you to treat the content, permissions, and forms for creating your custom content site differently from the other useful Drupal built-in types that you continue to use for the other, general-use sections of your site that (for good reason) are not necessarily composed in standards-based XML.
Here, we go over the creation of a custom content type that is based on TEI XML, and we call the new content type the TEI XML Document type because that's the basic and probably the most common implementation of TEI XML. We should add that digital publications often have several custom content types that allow for different forms of content, including audio interviews, video presentations, and other multimedia forms, with accompanying textual transcripts. It's possible as well, using precisely the same steps that we describe later for the TEI XML Document type, to create these content types and to enable XML input for their textual components.
The first step in creating a new content type is to navigate to the content management menu of the Administer section and choose Content Types (Administer > Content management > Content types). On that page, you see a link to add a new content type. When you click Add content type, you see something that resembles Figure 5.
Figure 5. Create a new content type
To identify the new content type, enter a Name, Type, and Description. We filled in a human-readable version of the new content type's name,
TEI XML Document—a name that's useful for us and others who might be contributing to our site—and a general description of the content type. The machine-readable version of the content type name,
Document, is, as it says on the page, used for constructing URLs, site links, and so on, that do not allow the spaces and punctuation that we humans are so fond of.
Click the Save content type button to create your new content type in Drupal. You will see the human-readable name you assigned to the new type in the confirmation dialog as in Figure 6.
Figure 6. Dialog window confirming creation of TEI XML document content type
You are almost ready to add site content, but first, you have to finish configuring the other module that you installed and enabled previously (the XML Content module). Then you can configure your TEI XML Document type to use and enforce standards-based XML as its underlying content.
Creating a new input format to use the XML Content module
With the XML Content module enabled, it's time to configure Drupal to use it. You have to add a new input format to let Drupal know that, in addition to its default input formats (usually Filtered HTML and Full HTML for most content node types), you want to include a TEI XML input type that uses your newly installed XML Content module to filter and administer it.
Navigate to the Add Input Filter screen in the administration panel (Administer > Site Configuration > Input Formats) and click Add input format (see Figure 7). In this case, name the input format TEI XML, as it is your intention to limit created or contributed content of your newly created TEI XML Document type to content that is both well-formed XML and valid according to the TEI standards-based XML schema that you create later in the tutorial.
Figure 7. Add XML as an input format
You've configured Drupal with the necessary modules, created the new TEI XML content type, and added XML as an input format. Next, create a schema to validate your XML documents and configure the schema within the XML Content module.
Creating an XML schema
Now that you have set up Drupal and the necessary TEI XML modules, it's time to support XML content by developing schemas that validate your XML.
Why schemas matter
The general definitions of whichever version of XML you are using describe well-formedness, that is, the actual syntax and layout that might be used to create a viable, machine-readable XML document. XML itself is meant to be nearly infinitely flexible. You can make up syntactically valid, well-formed XML using elements and attributes that no one has seen before. While this ability is indeed essential in making XML universally useful, very often specific applications of XML require that only certain elements, attributes, and values are used. Although there are a number of ways to accomplish this task, schemas are regularly employed in this context to ensure and enforce continuity among documents within a community or collection.
XML schemas are machine-readable technical descriptions of what constitutes valid XML documents according to the rules described within the schema. The rules might be strict or lax, and they are compiled arbitrarily by document authors or designers.
In the site we are creating, we plan to allow only a certain subset of all the elements available within TEI XML markup. This constraint allows us to prepare the necessary XSL and CSS display aspects more accurately, as we can ensure that there are no unexpected tags or attributes in the materials. TEI P5 XML is already a strictly defined XML application, but we can further streamline the available options for our documents by using a TEI markup validation tool provided by the TEI Consortium: TEI Roma.
Using TEI Roma
TEI Roma initially gives several options as starting points for creating a TEI schema. You can create a customized validator based on some of the most commonly used applications of TEI, as in Figure 8.
Figure 8. Create an XML schema
We use a plain, unadulterated version of TEI Lite, a subset of TEI P5 that contains most of the commonly used elements needed for describing documents in a digital format, though you can use any version of TEI produced by Roma with the XML Content module as described in the text that follows.
One important consideration to note is that Roma gives multiple format options in the delivery of your custom schema. Although the XML Content module handles several formats as well, you need to be sure to select a compatible one when you tell Roma to output your file. We have found that the RELAX NG (see Figure 9) format (XML syntax) works well with the XML Content module's validator and is a powerful and portable format if you need to use your schema for other purposes, so we use it for the rest of this tutorial (see Resources).
Figure 9. Select a schema format
After you download the schema file from Roma, upload it to the appropriate location on your website using the same methods that you used to upload Drupal and its modules. We place the file in the XML Content module's expected location in the sites/all/modules/xmlcontent directory.
You now need to update the XML Content module's validator to indicate that you've included a custom schema for it to validate all incoming XML content against. Navigate to the Input Formats section of Site Configuration in your Drupal administration console (Administer > Site configuration > Input formats > TEI XML). As in Figure 10, in the Schema File Pathfield, type in the filename and extension of the file you just uploaded (as provided by Roma in this case): teilite.rng.
Figure 10. Configure the schema in the XML Content module
After you upload the teilite.rng file containing the custom schema you created and have enabled the schema validation in the input filter configuration settings, you are ready to begin uploading or creating TEI-compliant XML content on your site.
Creating TEI XML content in Drupal
Now that you've developed a schema and configured it in your Drupal installation, you add an XML document to your site and validate it against the schema.
Creating TEI XML content
Creating TEI XML content in Drupal can now be undertaken in the usual Drupal manner:
- Navigate to Create Content in your navigation links.
- Choose TEI XML Document (the custom content type that you created in Figure 5—the page and story content types are Drupal's built-in types).
- Give your document a title.
- In the Body section of the Document form, create your TEI XML content or paste it in from a different editor.
- Below the Body section where you added your XML content, open the Input format display and select the TEI XML format, as indicated in Figure 11.
Figure 11. Select XML as the document input format
The main difference in the content creation process now is that when you preview or submit your content of the TEI XML Document type, the XML Content module uses the XML schema you assigned to the input filter earlier to do the following:
- Validate the XML content in the Body field against your schema
- Ensure that it is well-formed XML
If well-formedness or validation errors are present, you receive messages that can help you debug the input so that it validates. The validator first checks for well-formedness and reports any fatal XML errors as illustrated in Figure 12. The example lists three fatal errors: mismatched opening and end tags for p and div elements, data that ends prematurely in a div tag, and data that ends prematurely in a pb tag.
Figure 12. Example of well-formedness validation errors
If the document contents are well-formed XML, it runs the validation checks against your uploaded custom schema and reports any errors as in Figure 13. The example lists three validation errors: Expecting element publicationStmt, got sourceDesc; Element fileDesc failed to validate content; and Element teiHeader failed to validate content.
Figure 13. Example of schema validation errors
If the content is well-formed and validates against the schema, it is automatically saved in Drupal and is publishable (or published immediately if the publication settings were checked accordingly in the Add Content screen).
Although we are using TEI XML as an input format primarily for a Drupal content type labeled TEI XML Document, there are no restrictions to define how XML format is to be used in a site. After you add and activate the XML Content module, XML is an input format option for every other content type your site is customized to publish. And using the XML filter (Home > Administer > Site configuration > Input formats > TEI XML filter), you can adjust the XML Content module settings to permit, require, or preclude content in XML by content type and by user permission, as in Figure 14. [Roles options for TEI XML include authenticated user (selected) and anonymous user (not selected). Filters options include XML Content XSLT filter (selected) and HTML corrector, HTML filter, Line break converter, and URL filter (all unselected)]
Figure 14. Enable XML input by user type
Although the XML Content module specifies well-formedness and schema validation constraints for XML documents, none of the functionality you normally expect for the Drupal content type you are working with and have permissions for (for example, page content types allow for revision information, comment settings, authoring information, and publishing options) is affected by the addition of the module. For more information about these roles and their effects on content, look at the developerWorks series on Exploring Drupal V6, particularly Part 2 in this case (see Resources).
You just customized Drupal so that an XML document can be added and validated on your site. Now you're ready to consider how to display it using XSLT and CSS.
Rendering XML content
Although you now have content in the system that you know adheres to the subset of elements that you have preselected in your validation schema, you have not yet told Drupal how to display the information. As it is, the content shows on the screen, but elements unknown to any visitors' web browsers are simply ignored. Some of the richer and more interesting metadata in the document (that's why we chose the TEI XML format to begin with, right?) is not represented on-screen in any discernible way to readers, though it is available if one views the source of the page.
CSS and XSLT
To convey as much of the content's metadata to the user as possible, predefined styles are often employed to represent some of the metadata visually to users who view the content in a web browser.
Two kinds of styling are available to provide additional information to clients viewing the documents on your site:
- XSLT—An XML technology that can take XML content as input and transform it into different XML for output based on custom rules provided in the stylesheet. XSLT can be client-side (that is, the data is transformed on the user's computer in his or her web browser) or server-side (that is, the data is transformed on the web server before it is passed to the client).
- CSS—a client-side technology, CSS provides information to the browser of a web user. The CSS information tells how to represent elements in a page's source code that meet certain criteria when the browser displays a web page to a user.
CSS and XSLT are not mutually exclusive and, in fact, are regularly used together. We employ both in our site to represent TEI XML documents more richly than those that are provided by the default installation and configurations.
The XSLT functionality we employ is provided by the XML Content module, which is configurable in a manner analogous to the configuration of its schema validation: Create a custom XSLT stylesheet, upload it to the site, and enable it in the input filter configuration area (Administer > Site configuration > Input formats > TEI XML). Provide the stylesheet filename, myTei.xsl, and path in the XSLT Script File Path field (see Figure 15).
Figure 15. Configure a stylesheet in the XML Content module
The TEI stylesheets
You can use any valid XSL stylesheets to render your XML content with the XML Content module. The structure, elements, and attributes defined and allowed by the XML schema you created and implemented with the XML Content module ensure that the document structure is known and predictable. This quality is critical in creating a stylesheet that renders the display version of the document on your site appropriately.
If you aren't familiar with XSL stylesheets, or perhaps even if you are, you might wish to start with a base model for transforming the TEI document using XSLT. The TEI Consortium maintains a rather large set of XSL stylesheets designed specifically for transforming TEI documents into other formats, from different flavors of (X)HTML to Open Office and Microsoft® Word formats. Of course, for the purposes of this tutorial, we focus on transforming the TEI input document to XHTML output that is integrated into a Drupal site.
The TEI stylesheets are, in fact, a collection of numerous, linked individual XSL stylesheets containing hundreds of functions for transforming and rendering most of the expected structure and elements found in standard TEI document implementations.
In addition to providing downloadable versions of the TEI stylesheets, the Consortium also provides and maintains a web interface called Stylebear that creates a customized implementation of the Consortium's TEI stylesheets. It creates a "master" stylesheet for the collection that contains values for variables used throughout the stylesheets.
Creating and customizing the TEI stylesheets
Upon visiting the Stylebear site, you can find a web form with many, many fields. Links above each section point to the section's documentation. At a glance, you likely are able to get a sense of the immense flexibility and comprehensiveness of both TEI and the TEI stylesheets. For the purposes of this tutorial, we do not cover Stylebear in great detail because it is designed to create stand-alone output versions of TEI documents (and we, by contrast, implement a system to integrate and publish many TEI documents in an existing website with a built-in content management system and all its attendant features).
Figure 16 provides a screen capture of the information we entered to create a base set of stylesheets for us to work with. That information includes fields to enter department, homeLabel, homeURL, homeWords, institution, parentURL, parentWords, searchURL, alignNavigationPanel, bottomNavigationPanel option, feedback URL and other details.
Figure 16. Create a stylesheet
Look through the other sections of Stylebear to see the other options afforded by the tool, including options to insert your own JavaScript, CSS, or HTML elements into the output to be created by the Stylebear-modified TEI stylesheets (in Section 14, Hooks). You can also adjust textual content, such as a copyright message (in Section 9, Internationalization), for example.
The output file from Stylebear is named myTei.xsl by default. Keep this name and upload the file to your web server. Once again, the default directory location for our custom files used by the XML Content module (that is, the XML schema and the XSL stylesheet, but not the XML content) is [DRUPAL_HOME]/sites/all/modules/xmlcontent, and this is the location that you use. The myTei.xsl file simply contains default values for variables it supplies to the stylesheets that it imports from the TEI website. For performance, security, and stability reasons, download a copy of the complete sets of stylesheets from the TEI website and install them in your own Drupal instance.
Installing the TEI stylesheets
You can download the TEI stylesheets from the TEI's SourceForge repository. After you download the stylesheets, uncompress them and upload them to your Drupal installation. We recommend that you keep them in the same location as the other XML-related files (such as your schema and custom stylesheet, [DRUPAL_HOME]/sites/all/modules/xmlcontent), and that's the practice we follow here. We named the directory on our server that contains all of the .xsl files in their respective nested directories Stylesheets.
Because the TEI stylesheets files we use reside on our server, we need to modify myTei.xsl with a relative link to the copy of them on our website instead of pointing to the Consortium's site. Although this can be done within the Stylebear tool, we usually reserve the change until after we've located the place on our server that we'd like to keep them. We also make a couple of other changes to the XML lines noted in the content that follows. The first few lines of the myTei.xsl document produced by Stylebear are provided in Listing 1.
Listing 1. Modify the stylebear stylesheet
<xsl:stylesheet xmlns:tei="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform" exclude-result-prefixes="#default tei xsl" version="1.0"> <!-- XSLT stylesheet to generate HTML version of TEI document. Written by the TEI XSL generator (Sebastian Rahtz, email@example.com) Created on 28 Nov 2010--> <xsl:import href="http://www.tei-c.org/release/xml/tei /stylesheet/xhtml2/tei.xsl"/>
As shown in Listing 1, we change the import element to point to our local versions of the
stylesheets we downloaded by modifying the
href attribute using a relative path to point to the master TEI stylesheet—that is, the stylesheet that imports all the other needed stylesheets from the bundle downloaded from the TEI Consortium:
<xsl:import href="Stylesheets/xhtml/tei.xsl"/>.
Modifying the XSLT version attribute
At this point, you might have noticed that in addition to changing the filepath in the href attribute from remote to local, we also changed the xhtml2 to xhtml. If you run the default output of a stylesheet created with Stylebear, you are likely to see many errors in the resulting output page. By default, Stylebear takes advantage of many new features in XSLT 2.0 (thus the xhmtl2 moniker for the default set of stylesheets and the version number of 2.0); however, the PHP XML libraries employed by Drupal and the XML Content module do not support them, at least not at the time this tutorial was written. A couple of quick and minor modifications in myTei.xsl, though, can rectify the situation:
- Modify the version attribute in the first element (xml:stylesheet) to read 1.0 instead of 2.0.
- As noted, the path in the address whence the stylesheet imports the rest of the XSL rules content should also be changed from /xhtml2/tei.xsl to /xhtml/tei.xsl to tell the stylesheet to import the XSLT 1.0 version of the TEI stylesheets (also provided by the TEI Consortium in the downloaded bundle) instead of the default XSLT 2.0 version.
After you install, modify appropriately, and enable the stylesheets, all of the content that is entered by way of the TEI XML input filter that you defined are transformed from the native TEI XML input into an XHTML version that web browsers can display and interpret more readily.
Getting valid XHTML
Although doing all of the above should rid the resulting output page of any displayed processing errors, and might even render the page without visible problems, it likely does not result in valid XHTML on the page without further modification.
As mentioned, the TEI stylesheets that we have employed are made to be stand-alone, yet we use them to render only a portion of a complete HTML page. In other words, the TEI stylesheets are designed to output a complete (X)HTML document given TEI XML input, yet in our case, most of the page rendered on our website is being created by our content management system, Drupal, and only the custom content portion (node body in Drupal terminology) within the page is transformed and rendered using the XSLT stylesheets. This approach results in a full HTML document appearing inline within the HTML document created by Drupal. Because an HTML element is not allowed to be nested within another HTML element directly in XHTML, our site page fails validation until we modify our stylesheets to create content only from our content, not the surrounding boilerplate material required of a stand-alone (X)HTML document.
To avoid this issue, you must make some adjustments to the stylesheets, including some overriding functions in the main XML document. Most of the HTML elements placed around the content by the TEI stylesheets are created when the stylesheet first encounters the main TEI element. Therefore, we override that functionality by providing a new XSLT template that calls only the child templates that the original called (so the cascading functionality provided by that element is still present), but the surrounding tags are suppressed.
You can find the original template functionality in textstructure.xsl in the XHTML directory of the TEI stylesheets, but Listing 2 shows what we use to override it by including it after the xsl:import in the myTei.xsl stylesheet.
Listing 2. Override stylesheet functionality
<xsl:template match="tei:TEI"> <xsl:call-template name="teiStartHook"/> <xsl:call-template name="javascriptHook"/> <xsl:call-template name="bodyHook"/> <xsl:call-template name="bodyJavascriptHook"/> <xsl:call-template name="startHook"/> <xsl:call-template name="simpleBody"/> <xsl:call-template name="stdfooter"/> <xsl:call-template name="bodyEndHook"/> <xsl:call-template name="teiEndHook"/> </xsl:template>
You can probably see that now when the stylesheet encounters the root TEI element of the TEI document, it simply calls the other XSL templates and hooks linked in the stylesheet bundle, but does not create an entirely new HTML document.
You might wish to remove some of the other functions, depending on the documents and TEI features that you work with in your source documents. Although an in-depth discussion of all of the features within the TEI stylesheets is well outside the scope of this tutorial, the TEI stylesheets are well documented internally and on the TEI website.
Using custom XSL stylesheets
Using the TEI Consortium-provided TEI stylesheets is by no means a requirement and, in many circumstances, might not be the best or most expedient method. You might wish to design and implement your own XSLT stylesheets, particularly if the TEI documents you publish contain a small or very predictable subset of TEI elements. To implement custom stylesheets, you can simply create an XSL stylesheet, upload it to your server, and adjust the path of the XML Content module to the stylesheet in the configuration section.
Advantages of using the TEI stylesheets
As you've seen, it is easy to override the XSL functions contained in the stylesheets bundle without losing the base functionality provided from years of updates and improvements by the stylesheets' maintainers. In addition to basic conversion of TEI-specific elements to loosely corresponding or representative HTML elements, the stylesheets often provide good visual renderings and even assign class attributes to the HTML elements that provide yet another method for you easily to customize the visible aspects of the underlying TEI markup with a technology that is usually considered easier to master than XSL, and in fact, one that you might already know: CSS.
Using CSS to style and render the published TEI content
Like most modern website design frameworks, Drupal themes make extensive use of CSS to provide the visible variation in the site, from typography and font matters to page layout and image placement.
CSS accomplishes this by using selectors. Selectors are aspects of elements on the page that the stylesheet uses to identify page items to render in specific ways. They can be element names themselves (such as p or div), or they can be attributes (such as class or id). Although CSS is also outside the scope of this tutorial, it would be well worth the time invested to check out a tutorial devoted to it if you are not already familiar with the technology (see Resources for a link).
The important point here is that the TEI stylesheets provide selectors for many of the common TEI elements by assigning a class attribute to a span element that surrounds the content of a corresponding TEI element. This probably sounds more confusing than it is. Let's look at an example.
The following is a relatively common element and construction in a TEI document:
The output from the TEI stylesheets results in the following XHTML:
<i><span class="foreign">sic</span></i>.
You can see that not only does it provide a basic rendering for the TEI XML
<foreign> tag (it italicizes it using the
<i> xhtml tag), it also wraps it in a
<span> with an attribute that contains the name of the TEI
element. Although by default, the
class="foreign"> won't cause any difference in the browser display, the
construction has provided you with a selector that you can use to control the style
for all
<foreign> elements within your published TEI
document through your CSS stylesheet.
Your CSS stylesheet can have any number of items added to style the desired TEI items so that you can display any aspect of the metadata contained in the TEI document in a way that you feel is appropriate.
Now that you've considered how to use XSLT and CSS to render your XML documents, you're ready to publish.
Publishing XML documents
At this point, because you have installed and configured the necessary modules in Drupal, created a new TEI XML Document content type, configured TEI XML as an input type, and configured a schema and stylesheet within the XML Content module, you are ready to publish.
Now, when a richly encoded XML document is added in the document body field (as shown in Figure 17) and the document is published (as shown in Figure 18), the data and metadata marked up in the XML document is effectively rendered.
Figure 17. Add an XML document in the XML document body field
Figure 18 shows the published document.
Figure 18. Image of rendered, human readable text published in Drupal
Because we created and configured the schema and stylesheet to be used with the XML documents published on our site, we defined the XML elements and attributes accepted by our site. When an XML document is submitted, it is automatically validated for well-formedness and for schema compliance. And when a document is submitted, validated, and accepted for publication, our stylesheet prescribes its display format.
Our Drupal customization also affords us crucial levels of flexibility and granularity in determining which Drupal node types are to be written in TEI XML and which of users of our site can (and can't) input in XML.
This tutorial illustrated how to customize a Drupal installation to support the publication of TEI (or other) XML documents. You should now be prepared to install Drupal and to configure the XML Content and CCK modules and to create content types that support and validate XML input.
- Exploring Drupal V6 Martin Streicher, developerWorks, August-September 2009: Get an introduction to Drupal in this three-part article series.
- XSL stylesheets for TEI XML: Explore this set of XSLT 2.0 specifications to transform TEI XML documents to XHTML, to LaTeX, to XSL Formatting Objects, to and from OOXML (docx), to and from OpenOffice (odt), and to ePub format.
- Drupal.org: Find documentation, add-on modules, and other resources, and to connect with others in the Drupal community.
- Text Encoding Initiative (TEI): Learn about the TEI consortium that collectively develops and maintains a standard for the representation of texts in digital form.
- Guidelines for Electronic Text Encoding and Interchange: Stay current with the latest information on TEI's markup standard.
- Display XML with Cascading Stylesheets, Part 1: Using stylesheets to display XML (Uche Ogbuji, developerWorks, November 2004): In this tutorial, explore basic techniques on how to use CSS to present XML in web browsers.
- Understanding RELAX NG (Nicholas Chase, developerWorks, December 2003): Explore the concepts behind RELAX NG in both its XML and compact forms in this tutorial. RELAX NG uses XML syntax, and enables developers to create most of the same rules as the W3C XML Schema language, but with a greatly simplified syntax.
- XML Matters: Kicking back with RELAX NG (David Mertz, developerWorks, February-May 2003): Review this three-part series on RELAX NG schemas, including its compact and XML syntax.
- XML Matters: TEI - the Text Encoding Initiative (David Mertz, developerWorks, September 2003): Look at Text Encoding Initiative, an XML schema devoted to the markup of literary and linguistic texts. TEI allows useful abstractions of typographic features of source documents, but in a manner that enables effective searching, indexing, comparison, and print publication—something not possible with publications archived as mere photographic images.
- XML area on developerWorks: Get the resources you need to advance your skills in the XML arena.
- My developerWorks: Personalize your developerWorks experience.
- IBM XML certification: Find out how you can become an IBM-Certified Developer in XML and related technologies.
- XML technical library: See the developerWorks XML Zone for a wide range of technical articles and tips, tutorials, standards, and IBM Redbooks. Also, read more XML tips.
- developerWorks technical events and webcasts: Stay current with technology in these sessions.
- developerWorks on Twitter: Join today to follow developerWorks tweets.
- developerWorks podcasts: Listen to interesting interviews and discussions for software developers.
- developerWorks on-demand demos: Watch demos ranging from product installation and setup for beginners to advanced functionality for experienced developers.
Get products and technologies
- Drupal: Download Drupal core files, and extend your site with modules, themes, translations and installation profiles. This tutorial uses Drupal version 6.
- Drupal XML Content module: Save XML inside the body of any node type and have it display differently with XSL, or when validated against a preconfigured schema.
- The Drupal Content Construction Kit: Add custom fields to nodes using a web browser.
- TEI Roma: Try a web-based tool for generating custom XML schemas.
- TEI's SourceForge repository: Download the TEI stylesheets.
- The Stylebear: XSL stylesheet maker: Experiment with a web interface that creates a customized implementation of the Consortium's TEI stylesheets.
- RELAX NG: Get a schema language for XML.
- FileZilla: Get an open source FTP client program.
- Apache web server: Get the open-source HTTP server that provides HTTP services observing the current HTTP standards and works on modern operating systems including UNIX, Microsoft Windows, Mac OS/X and Netware.
- MySQL: Try a popular open source database.
- DB2 Express-C: Get a free version of the IBM DB2 database server, an excellent foundation for application development for small and medium business.
- IBM product evaluation versions: Download or explore the online trials in the IBM SOA Sandbox and get your hands on application development tools and middleware products from DB2®, Lotus®, Rational®, Tivoli®, and WebSphere®.
- XML zone discussion forums: Participate in any of several XML-related discussions.
- The developerWorks community: Connect with other developerWorks users while exploring the developer-driven blogs, forums, groups, and wikis.
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text:
Home List of Titles Specific detection of enterovirus 71 directly from clinical specimens using real-time RT-PCR hybridization probe assay
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/1959.3/81707
- Title
- Specific detection of enterovirus 71 directly from clinical specimens using real-time RT-PCR hybridization probe assay
- Author(s)
- Tan, Eng Lee; Chow, Vincent Tak Kwong; Kumarasinghe, Gamini; Lin, Raymond Tze Pin; Ian M. MacKay; Sloots, Theo P.; Poh, Chit Laa
- Abstract
- Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the main causative agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in young children. Infections caused by EV71 could lead to many complications, ranging from brainstem encephalitis to pulmonary oedema, resulting in high mortality. Thus, rapid detection of the virus is required to enable measures to be implemented in preventing widespread transmission. Based on primers and probes targeting at the VP1 region, a real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) hybridization probe assay was developed for specific detection of EV71 from clinical specimens. Quantitative analysis showed that the assay was able to detect as low as 5 EV71 viral copies and EV71 was detected from 46 of the 55 clinical specimens obtained from pediatric patients suffering from HFMD during the period from 2000 to 2003 in Singapore. This study showed that the single tube real-time RT-PCR assay developed in this study can be applied as a rapid and sensitive method for specific detection of EV71 directly from clinical specimens.
- Publication type
- Journal article
- Source
- Molecular and Cellular Probes, Vol. 20, no. 2 (Apr 2006), pp. 135-140
- Publication year
- 2006
- FOR Code(s)
- 0304 Medicinal and Biomolecular Chemistry; 0601 Biochemistry and Cell Biology
- Keyword(s)
- Enterovirus 71; EV71; Hand, foot and mouth disease; HFMD; Quantitative real-time hybridization probe assay; Rapid detection
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- 1096-1194
- Publisher URL
- Copyright
- Copyright © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
- Peer reviewed


text:
Police in North Spokane are investigating a stabbing that left a man with 19 stab wounds in the back and neck.
Police say the man was walking to a north Spokane Walgreens to buy a soda when he was stabbed.
He then went to his friend, Penny Chenoweth's house in the 100 block of N. Dalton just after 5 p.m. Tuesday.
Chenoweth says she heard someone screaming outside and when she opened the door, she saw her friend laying on the porch, bleeding profusely.
"He looked up at me and goes 'Penny' and I grabbed him and he was all bloody. Me and the lady across the street took him into the house, he was stabbed pretty bad," Chenoweth said.
Police are investigating but are hampered by the fact that they don't have a good description of the suspect and they don't know where the stabbing happened.
They don't know if this attack was random or if the victim and suspect knew each other.
The victim's identity hasn't been released yet. He's being treated at local hospital. Police say his injuries are non-life threatening.
If you have any information about the shooting, please call Crime Check at 456-2233.


text:
Program Office: Rehabilitation Services Administration (RSA)
CFDA Number: 84.904A
Program Type: Direct appropriation
Also Known As: HKNC, Helen Keller National Center for Youths and Adults Who Are Deaf-Blind
The center provides services on a national basis to individuals who are deaf-blind, their families, and service providers through a national headquarters center with a residential training and rehabilitation facility and a network of 10 regional field offices. The National Center and regional field offices provide referral, employment and independent living skills training, counseling, and transition assistance for individuals who are deafblind, and technical assistance and training for service providers. In FY 2010, the center served 72 adult training clients and provided specialized short-term training to 26 clients at its headquarters programs. In addition, the center reported that in FY 2010 regional programs served 1,478 consumers, 441 families, and 881 organizations and agency service providers, with a broad spectrum of services, including consultation, referral, training, and individualized services related to independent living and employment.
The program provides training and counseling to individual consumers and training and technical assistance to service providers. The program also supports short-term training for youths in high school, a service project for elderly deaf-blind persons, a national parent and family services project, and an international internship program for professionals in the field of deafblindness.


text:
The play is a set in New England at the Barnsley Inn, which is supposedly haunted by a knife-throwing poltergeist named Marco.
A group of tourists on a Ghosts and Ghouls tour get stranded at the 18th-century inn due to a storm, and slowly but surely, they get bumped off one by one as they try and discover who the murderer is and who's the next victim.
Garcia said, "I've had numerous people tell me it was a great show with superb acting.
"I am very proud of this year's production and thankful for all the patrons who attended this year."
The play was held at the Coastal Bend College Gertrude Jones Auditorium and ran from Thursday, April 25, through Saturday, April 27.
And I'm sure Garcia and many of the other actors are gearing up for their next foray on the theater stage.
That is, if any of them actually survived this production.
Paul Gonzales is the entertainment writer at the Bee-Picayune and can be reached at 358-2550, ext. 116, or at firstname.lastname@example.com.


text:
Gaiam plans to take TV division public
- published_in
- Today's News
The news came as part of the Louisville-based company's 2013 year-end earnings report.
Gaiam (Nasdaq: GAIA) reported net income for the year of $401,000 on revenue of $155.5 million, the revenue figure marking a 22 percent increase compared with 2012. Diluted earnings per share were 2 cents after a loss of 57 cents per share a year earlier.
Gaiam TV streams videos of yoga and fitness, health and longevity, and spiritual growth, among other topics, to its subscribers in more than 100 countries. Gaiam TV generated 2013 revenue of about $5.7 million, a figure the company expects to "at least double" in 2014.
The earnings release noted that Gaiam could at any time before the spinoff is complete abandon or change the terms of the transaction.
"Gaiam TV continues to gain traction with consumers seeking quality conscious media content," Gaiam's chairman Jirka Rysavy said in the earnings release. "The separation of Gaiam TV will allow the Gaiam brand to focus on yoga, fitness and well-being. At the same time, our board of directors believes that the business and shareholders will benefit from Gaiam TV operating as a standalone business."
In October, Gaiam sold its nonbranded entertainment media distribution business, GVE, to Los Angeles-based film distribution company Cinedigm Corp. for $51.5 million. Also in the fourth quarter, Gaiam discontinued its direct response television (DRTV) marketing operations.
In 2008, the company spun off its solar division, Gaiam Energy Tech, into a separate publicly-traded company. That company, Real Goods Solar, has since been rebranded as RGS Energy. In September, Gaiam sold $2 million worth of shares in RGS Energy.
Along with year-end results, Gaiam also released its fourth-quarter earnings. Revenue was $50.8 million for the quarter ended Dec. 31, up from $45.6 million for the same period a year earlier. The company did, however suffer a net loss of $7.3 million in the fourth quarter, or about 31 cents per share.
"The 2013 full year organic revenue growth of 22 percent reflects the successful execution of our strategic operating priority to focus our resources on delivering consistent growth in our core Gaiam-branded businesses, which include yoga, fitness and wellbeing," Gaiam chief executive Lynn Powers said in the earnings release.
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text:
Please don't let it be my darling Ben. If it is, he can't be my imaginary boyfriend anymore.ReplyCancel
No it says celebrity not actor.. that's what I'm stuck on.ReplyCancel
Michael JordanReplyCancel
Jay ZReplyCancel
Like the Beckham guess but at this point would she care??ReplyCancel
Michael Jordan is the King of strip clubs.. I'm ma going with mj for 2000 Alex.ReplyCancel
Rahm Emanuel, mayor of Chicago, brother or Ari, Amigo of ObamaReplyCancel
Since its "former celeb" i agree with jordan out of all the guesses.ReplyCancel
What about Robin Thicke?ReplyCancel
&VeraC. Enty describes him (often) as A- List, about to be B List foreign born one hit wonder. LolReplyCancel
I don't disagree with that description, but we all know if Enty is anything, he's inconsistent!ReplyCancel
why do people think Posh is so miserable just because she doesn't look like a cuddly teddy bear in pap photos – they got 4 happy looking kids and Becks ain't doing that aloneReplyCancel
I have noticed that once or twice.ReplyCancel
Lap dances are where all the good deals get cut.ReplyCancel
I love Posh too! The only reason she doesn't smile in photos is bc she doesn't like how hers looks. I saw her smile a few times and did think it looked odd. She just seems really cool to me, and who couldn't love her after the reveal about her giving money to the street performer? AND she married Becks before he was David Beckham, AC Milan superstar underwear model God. So I think their marriage works for them.ReplyCancel
I know documentary/reality tv things are edited etc to portray what is wanted but if you ever see any of the documentary/reality type shows Posh & Becks have done either individually or together, Posh gives off such a great image & personaltiy. So different from her usual image people seem to have of her, great sense of humour! Loads of them are on Youtube.ReplyCancel
I hope it's not Becks and Posh. For some reason I really like them together and they have really cute kids who seem so happy (and I'm not a kid lover so this is really saying something coming from me). I watched that reality show that Posh did a few years back and actually really liked her (even though I know it is edited, scripted, etc.).ReplyCancel
Posh is amazing and I love her
This could be so many people I have no clue
MJ is a known cheater
Does he have kids with wife #2?ReplyCancel
Bob Barker, come on down…ReplyCancel


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Dr. Young is Professor of Medicine and Executive Dean, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University and Chairman of the Cleveland Clinic Endocrinology & Metabolism Institute. He is also a Physician Director for the Philanthropy Institute and a Medical Director of the Kaufman Center for Heart Failure. He holds the George and Linda Kaufman Chair and is the Study Chairman of the NIH, FDA, and CMS Interagency Registry for Mechanical Circulatory Assist Support (INTERMACS). He holds a joint appointment in the Cleveland Clinic Multi-organ Transplant Center. Dr. Young is certified as a Diplomat of the American Board of Internal Medicine as well as the subspecialty of Cardiovascular Disease and holds a active medical licensure from the states of California, Illinois, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Texas.
Dr. Young spent his early years in the San Francisco Bay area and then attended the University of Kansas, where he received his Bachelor of Arts degree with Honors in Biology and was a resident of Stephenson Scholarship Hall. He matriculated to Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas, where he was awarded his Medical Doctor degree cum laude in 1974 and was elected to the Alpha Omega Alpha medical honor society. Dr. Young remained in Houston at Baylor Affiliated Hospitals where he completed his clinical training, subsequently joined the faculty and was named Professor of Medicine with tenure in 1992. During this time, he was the Clinical Coordinator and Scientific Director for Dr. Michael E. DeBakey's Multi-organ Transplant Center at The Methodist Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine.
Dr. Young relocated to Cleveland and the Cleveland Clinic in 1995 where he was named Head of the Section of Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Medicine in the Department of Cardiovascular Disease. In 1998 Dr. Young and his surgical colleague Patrick McCarthy, MD, created the Kaufman Center for Heart Failure at Cleveland Clinic.
Dr. Young's research activities began during his residency and fellowship training while he was a Lipid Research Clinic (LRC) physician. He subsequently focused his efforts on heart failure, mechanical circulatory support, and cardiac transplant therapeutics, including early experiences with dopamine receptor agonists, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin receptor blockers, many new immunosuppressants and a variety of parenteral inotropes and vasodilators. He has collaborated extensively with his basic science research associates, focusing on translational research related to the molecular biology of cardiac remodeling, allograft arteriopathy and transplanted heart rejection.
Dr. Young has participated in more than 150 clinical trials as an investigator and served as the U.S. Principal or Co-Principal Investigator for the HOPE, RESOLVED, SPICE, VMAC, MIRACLE-ICD, RED-HF, ACCLAIM, ONTARGET, TRENSCEND and CHARM multi-center clinical trials. He has published more than 550 manuscripts and several textbooks. Professionally, Dr. Young gains the greatest satisfaction from his contributions to the development and administration of donor organ procurement programs, his efforts to secure recognition for the emerging cardiology subspecialty of 'heart failure and cardiac transplant medicine, and his collaborations with basic and clinical scientists.
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The following items are required for graduate admissions to Wright State:
A photocopy of your passport information page, as well as the page showing your photo, name and birth date are required with your application
Online Application form
A nonrefundable $40 application fee. No processing of the application will be done until the fee is paid
A complete, official academic record from each college, or university previously attended (individual semester transcripts). A certified English translation must be attached to official foreign transcripts or mark sheets
Official confirmation of a bachelor's degree
Official results of the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) score of minimum 79(IBT) or the International English Language Testing System (IELTS) scores (minimum band 6) or the Pearson PTE score of 57 or higher or Satisfactory completion of LEAP LEVEL 4 TOEFL Waiver Track.
Official GMAT or GRE tests (if required for the program)
Letters of recommendations (if required for the program)
Evidence of sufficient financial resources to support the student through the first year of studies (financial statement form, current official bank statement in US dollars). See the financial requirements page for more information.
Statement of Objectives (if required by program)
Note: You must submit the copies of your required supporting documents using our Document Upload System. This system can be accessed by logging into WINGS Express. We no longer accept emailed, faxed, or mailed copies of your documents, test scores, personal statements and reference letters. Please keep in mind that official test scores must come directly to Wright State from the testing service.
Uploading Documents: Navigate to wings.wright.edu. Sign in and then navigate to WINGS Express. Once in WINGS Express, go to the "Student and Financial Aid" tab. Proceed to the "Admission" tab to check your application status. Here you will find a list of missing documents. On this page there is a link to "Document Upload". On the "Document Upload" page is a list of instructions about types and file sizes of documents which may be uploaded. If you are unable to logon to WINGS/WINGSExpress, please contact CATS to get your login information at Phone Support: (937) 775-4827 or 1-888-775-4827.
Note: If the applicant is being sponsored, the financial statement form must be accompanied by an affidavit of support and a bank statement provided by the sponsor, indicating the amount of money available to the applicant for the purpose of studying at Wright State University. If the applicant has been offered a graduate assistantship or fellowship, the department must submit a letter indicating the conditions of the offer and the dollar amount the student will receive in addition to tuition remission.
Please review addtional application requirements that are specific to your program: List of Programs.


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What is in this article?:
- Vilsack says Congress should do its job, let farmers do theirs
- Stifling growth in rural America
• The one time Iowa Governor specifically urged Congress to end the sequester, give government agencies a budget, then rapidly get along with the business of passing a workable five-year farm plan that will allow farmers to do their job.
U.S. SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE Tom Vilsack is urging all Americans to force politicians to do their job.
Secretary of Agriculture Tom Vilsack received a thunderous ovation from a standing room only crowd at the recently completed Commodity Classic when he admonished the U.S. Congress to, "Forget about your party, forget about the people who paid for your last campaign, forget about your next campaign, and just do your job."
The one time Iowa Governor specifically urged Congress to end the sequester, give government agencies a budget, then rapidly get along with the business of passing a workable five-year farm plan that will allow farmers to do their job.
"In a modern, Democratic society this (sequestration) should not happen. The short-term damage and potential long-term damage is too great to risk," Vilsack said.
Vilsack said the USDA has some major challenges to tackle in the next few years, including a renewed emphasis on agricultural research. Even in tough budget times, the Obama administration understands the dire need to invest more heavily in agriculture, he said.
"Here in Florida, the multi-billion dollar citrus industry has a serious problem with citrus greening that has put some areas of the state virtually out of the business. A USDA research team recently found commonly occurring dead bacteria that kills the insect that vectors citrus greening disease. That's just one example of the kind of research we need to invest in as a nation," Vilsack added.
Over the past few years, he said agriculture has been one of America's best investments. In each of the past four years, agriculture has set a record for farm exports. "This year would likely set another record, but the inaction of our Congress puts that record in jeopardy," Vilsack said.
"By cutting already skin tight budgets with further furloughs and other forms of budgetary cutbacks we risk stopping the momentum that agriculture has built over the past few years. We will have fewer trade missions and fewer people out in the world selling agriculture," he said.
"Last year, in one of the worst droughts since the Dust Bowl era, U.S. corn growers still produced the fifth largest corn crop on record. That should tell the general public and more importantly our political leaders that American farmers can cope with adversity.
"What American farmers need is for Congress to do their jobs, so we can do ours," Vilsack said, creating another resounding round of approval from the huge crowd of grain farmers in the audience.
"Thanks primarily to U.S. grain farmers, the percentage of foreign crude oil used by Americans dropped to 45 percent, down from 62 percent just a few years back. The increase in oil from renewable resources has created thousands of jobs and hundreds of new rural industries that simply didn't exist when our country depended so heavily on foreign oil.


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This study is provided by ICPSR. ICPSR provides leadership and training in data access, curation, and methods of analysis for a diverse and expanding social science research community.
ABC News Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) Coup Poll, August 1991 (ICPSR 9757)
Principal Investigator(s): ABC News
This survey focuses on issues related to the military takeover in the Soviet Union and the removal of Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev from power. Respondents were asked if they approved of the way George Bush was handling the situation in the Soviet Union, whether the events in the Soviet Union posed a major threat to world peace, whether the economic and political reforms in the Soviet Union would continue under the new leaders, whether the new leaders could be trusted to honor the Soviet Union's international treaties, how likely it was that the Soviet Union would go back to hard-line communism, and whether the people who took power in the Soviet Union would be able to remain in power over the long term. Respondents were also questioned about whether the United States should cut long-range nuclear missiles, scale back sales of wheat to the Soviet Union, and help the republics that wanted to break away from the Soviet Union. They were also asked if they thought the Cold War would start again. Background information on respondents includes political alignment, age, sex, and state/region of residence.
Access Notes
One or more data files in this study are set up in a non-standard format, such as card image format. Users may need help converting these files before they can be used for analysis.
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Study Description
ABC News. ABC NEWS UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS (USSR) COUP POLL, AUGUST 1991. Radnor, PA: Chilton Research Services [producer], 1991. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2007-09-18. http://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR09757.v1
Persistent URL: http://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR09757.v1
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Scope of Study
Subject Terms: Bush Administration (1989-1993), Bush, George H.W., Cold War, communism, demographic characteristics, economic reform, foreign policy, Gorbachev, Mikhail, international agreements, leaders, military coups, nuclear weapons, presidential performance, public opinion, reform, Soviet Union, treaties
Geographic Coverage: United States
Time Period:
- 1991-08-20
Date of Collection:
- 1991-08-20
Universe: Adults aged 18 and over living in households with telephones in the 48 contiguous United States and the District of Columbia.
Data Types: survey data
Data Collection Notes:
A weight variable is included that must be used in any analysis. Telephone exchanges have been recoded to blanks for reasons of confidentiality.
Sample: Households were selected by random digit dialing. Within household, the respondent selected was the adult living in the household who last had a birthday and who was at home at the time of the interview.
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telephone interviews
Original ICPSR Release: 1992-05-12
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If you know what type of item you are interested in buying, our product shops can present relevant offerings to you with just one click of your mouse. The ease of finding a gift or giveaway has never been simpler than with our one-stop online stores, which provide you with an array of top-selling, high quality items from your chosen category. In a society where convenience is extremely important, you should opt to conduct business with companies that make your life as a consumer less stressful and this is precisely the reason why we developed our exclusive online storefronts. Because whether you have a preconceived notion of a gift or giveaway idea or would rather your options open, our product shops are an ideal place to begin your search.


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The tablet PC category expanded its role in the mobile PC market, with shipments of 72.7 million units, accounting for 25.5% of mobile PC shipments in 2011, according to the latest NPD DisplaySearch report.
The year-over-year shipment growth rate for tablets in 2011 is expected to reach 256%, as strong tablet shipments in Q3 2011 appeared to be a prelude to equally vigorous demand in Q42011. Introductions of significantly competitive new devices in Q4 2011, strong demand for incumbents, and additional distribution channels have been catalysts for accelerated tablet PC shipment growth, NPD claims.
Tablet PC shipment growth is happening as NPD DisplaySearch has slightly lowered its notebook PC shipment forecast. Notebook PC shipments in 2011 are now expected to reach 187.5 million units, up 12% year-over-year, but slightly less than the previous forecast of 188 million. Mini-note PC shipments are expected to reach 25.2 million units, up 20% year-over-year. Overall mobile PC shipments in 2011 are projected to reach 285.4 million units, up 31% year-over-year.
"In the short term, tablet PCs will be the growth accelerant in the overall mobile PC market, as macroeconomic factors and hard drive motor supply issues impact the market for notebook PCs. In the longer term, notebook PC shipments will bounce back as ASPs continue to decline, Windows 8 launches, and new form factors, such as ultrabooks, continue to emerge," said Richard Shim, senior znalyst at NPD DisplaySearch.
By 2017, notebook PC shipments are forecast to reach 432 million units, and tablet PC shipments are projected to reach 383.3 million units. Ultrabooks are an emerging form factor that is expected to contribute to demand in later years of the forecast. Demand for ultrabooks will be driven by consumer interest in sleek design and convenience like instant-on and long battery life. For the next two years, the premium price points of Ultrabooks will temper demand, and there may be some supply limitations in production of displays thin enough for Ultrabooks."
Tablet PC shipments will be driven by increasingly powerful multi-core processors, mature operating systems, growing application libraries, and higher resolution panels. NPD DisplaySearch forecasts that tablet PCs with 250 to 300 pixel per inch panels will make up nearly 25% of shipments in 2012.
Mobile PC shipments into emerging regions are growing, with 2011 shipments projected to be 138 million units, up 48% year-over-year, and increasing to 452.8 million by 2017. Mobile PC shipments into mature regions are estimated to reach 147.5 million units in 2011 and grow to 371.6 million units by 2017.
Mobile PC shipments will be up in late 2012 and 2013 with the introduction of Microsoft's Windows 8 operating system and new mobile processors from Intel.
Tags: Apple, iPad, Galaxy Tab, Samsung


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WEST MIFFLIN, PA – The Allegheny County Airport Authority will recognize Steelers President Daniel M. Rooney at the opening ceremony for the 75th anniversary Air Fair at Allegheny County Airport in West Mifflin, PA. The ceremony is at 9:30 am, Saturday, September 9, 2006, on the stage near the Terminal Building.
Rooney has been an avid pilot for many years and bases his aircraft at Allegheny County Airport. As a business and civic leader, Rooney is also well known for his love of aviation. A frequent flyer, he has logged hundreds of hours as a pilot. He first became interested in flying when, as a child, he watched his father, as a passenger, landing in a float plane. Later, Rooney took piloting lessons and he grabbed the opportunity to own his first plane when Steelers former Head Coach Chuck Noll was selling his V-tail Bonanza BE35.
One of his earliest memories of Allegheny County Airport is the time when his Uncle, also named Dan Rooney, who was a Franciscan priest was leaving on a flight to be a missionary in China. Rooney was only six at the time and he thought of his Uncle Dan as the hero of the family. He remembers his Uncle's mission as such a courageous and generous act especially during a period of conflict between China and Japan.
"Because of his life long love of aviation and his position as a leader in the community, we wish to recognize Mr. Rooney at the 75th Anniversary of Allegheny County Airport. He serves as an excellent role model to others who have the passion for piloting and have made it a part of their lives. The private aircraft operator is the backbone of general aviation today. Allegheny County Airport depends on the continued support of individuals who choose piloting as an avocation," explained Kent G. George, Executive Director, Allegheny County Airport Authority.
The Air Fair at Allegheny County Airport is Saturday, September 9 from 9:30 am to 6:00 pm, and Sunday, September 10 from 9:30 to 5:00 pm. It is a festival of vintage and military aircraft. There will be a paper airplane contest sponsored by Corporate Air, on each day beginning at 11:30 in front of the terminal building. Children are encouraged to take part and all participants will get a prize. Music, food, puppet shows are all part of the festivities. More information on the event is at www.FlyPittsburgh.com.


text: I have just started to exclusively breastfeed I was pumping and am trying to get two month old back on the breast. I have had some great ups and downs for the past three days but I feel like I have regressed in knowing what my baby needs. prior to feeding on the breast i knew exactly how much she was getting and therefore better understood what her cries meant. her diapers are fine but i cant help but think? is she getting enough to eat. Im not sure if she is hungry or tired. For example she just ate about 1 hour ago for about 5-8 minutes and i burped her soon after she spit up we played for about 20 minutes and i tried to give her the second breast she would not latch and now she has fallen asleep. Did she go to bed hungry. I am just not so sure i know whats going on with her anymore, Im hoping things will be better as the days pass and I will be as confident as I was before. Any suggestions she also has not had a bm since sat? could she possibly be constipated wile being breast fed. ....TRYING TO FIGURE THIS MOM THING OUT