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On October 18th, OpenBSD celebrated its 11th birthday and ten years of punctual biannual releases. Now it's time for OpenBSD version 4.0, which includes tons of new drivers for wireless, network, and storage chips. Discover what's new and what battles developers must face daily to access documentation and support new hardware.
Warning: Federico Biancuzzi interviewed nearly 20 developers and assembled this long interview under the influence of Humppa-style music!
What is new in OpenBSD 4.0 for wireless drivers?
Damien Bergamini: Five new drivers for WLAN devices have been committed in OpenBSD 4.0. These drivers support the following chipsets:
acx(4) : TI ACX100/ACX111
pgt(4) : Conexant/Intersil Prism GT Full-MAC
rum(4) : Ralink Technology RT2501USB
wpi(4) : Intel PRO/Wireless 3945ABG
uath(4): Atheros AR5005UG/AR5005UX USB2.0
All these drivers require firmwares that are not freely redistributable, with the exception of
rum(4) for which Ralink Technology has allowed us to redistribute the necessary firmware files under a BSD-style license.
uath(4) was imported just before the release and is pretty much work in progress so don't expect too much from it for the moment. Work on it is slow as it is based on reverse-engineering efforts (there is absolutely no documentation for it, not even in the form of a Linux driver).
OpenBSD is the first open-source operating system to have support for the Intel PRO/Wireless 3945ABG and the Atheros USB2.0 adapters without the need for blobs.
zyd(4) driver (for ZyDAS ZD1211 chipset) didn't make it into 4.0 due to some remaining issues in the TX path that we were unable to fix in time for the release. These issues are now fully understood so we'll have a working
zyd(4) driver very soon now.
A lot of changes have been made to our generic 802.11 layer and to the existing drivers (e.g.
ral(4)) to improve interoperability when operating as an access point with a mix of 802.11b and 802.11g client stations).
The rate control algorithm that was used in
ural(4) (AMRR) has been made generic and is now part of net80211. It is used by other drivers like
acx(4), and the upcoming
ifconfig(8) can now report the received signal strength as a percentage thanks to work done by Reyk Floeter.
New developers are being involved in wireless development now which is very encouraging for the future of wireless support in OpenBSD.
I read that this release includes some new Gigabit Ethernet drivers for chips made by Marvell/SysKonnect and Broadcom. I thought these vendors didn't give away documentation, so what happened?
Mark Kettenis: OpenBSD 4.0 has a new
msk(4) driver for the Marvell Yukon 2 Gigabit NICs. These are not radically different from the older SysKonnect NICs supported by the
sk(4) driver; Marvell basically replaced the DMA engine while keeping other parts of the chip the same. Still it took me quite a bit of time to produce a working driver because Marvell doesn't give us documentation. It took me hours of staring at the Linux sky2 driver before I grasped how the new bits worked. Figuring out how interrupts worked was especially hard since Linux does its interrupt handling in a completely different way now. An Open Source really isn't a substitute for proper documentation of the hardware. I can see why Marvell is reluctant to release documentation; the hardware is full of bugs and the list of errata would be embarrassingly long.
Brad Smith: These vendors do not give away documentation and the situation has not changed. For the Broadcom chipsets, what has changed is that Broadcom as of 6 months ago has provided FreeBSD with a
bce(4) driver for their new NetXtreme II family of Gigabit chipsets.
Within days of the driver being committed Theo de Raadt made contact with the Broadcom engineer whom wrote the driver, David Christensen; 2 weeks later he was able to provide Theo and I with engineering samples. With assistance from Reyk Floeter the driver was ported over to OpenBSD as
bnx(4), though with a somewhat rough implementation of the bus_dma code and having some known issues at that time, but it was work in progress.
Two weeks later Marco Peereboom managed to get a hold of a new Dell server in his lab, which happened to pose a set of the PCI Express NetXtreme II chipsets. This, in combination with the fact that the chipset will be very common soon, peaked his interest in trying to assist me with resolving the major remaining issue with the bus_dma code in the TX path. We had 2 testing and debug sessions and Marco was able to come up with the minimal set of bus_dma changes to get the driver going. There were still known issues at this point, but it provided us with a driver that was very much useable by the time the release rolled around.
Since the release improvements have been made in the TX path code to make the driver more robust under heavy UDP transmit traffic load and making the driver use the
loadfirmware(9) framework, so that the firmware bloat can be removed from the kernel.
Although this is a fairly decent vendor driver for a change, it is no substitute for having the proper hardware documentation.
pf(4) now supports Unicast Reverse Path Forwarding (uRPF) checks for simplified ingress filtering. What does this mean, in concrete terms?
Damien Miller: uRPF verifies that the source address of packets received on a network interface matches the routing table. It can be used to filter packets that arrive from unexpected directions, such as ones with spoofed source addresses.
It is similar to the "antispoof" keyword that exists in
pf.conf(5) already, but antispoof only works for directly connected networks whereas uRPF works for networks one or more hops away, at the cost of being a little more permissive.
A good description of uRPF can be found in RFC3704. Our uRPF implementation is what they call "Strict RPF" and suffers from the main limitation that they describe: it does not work properly when asymmetric routes are present. It would be cool to have an implementation of "Feasible Path RPF", but that would require a higher degree of cooperation with the routing daemons than presently exists.
You have enabled adaptive timeouts by default in pf. Why?
Henning Brauer: We have had that feature--adaptive timeouts--in pf for a long time. The more the state table grows to its limit, the shorter the timeouts, aka, the more aggressive we time out old states. Since no new states can be established when the state table is full, you really don't want your state table to fill up. Adaptive timeouts help a lot here, and timing out old states in that case is way better than preventing new connections. Thus, following the "sane defaults" paradigm, we have enabled adaptive timeouts by default. The parameters for adaptive timeouts are calculated relative to the state table limit.
It seems that you developed some features that let
dhcpd(8) interact with pf. Could you tell us more?
Chris Kuethe: PF/dhcpd integration was motivated by the fact that we have an open wireless network at the University of Alberta that was suffering from users camping on addresses, and ill-maintained machines spreading viruses. It was the spread of worms that we most wanted to control. Infected machines easily generate several thousand states, several hundred complaints at the abuse desk and often slow the network to a crawl. And it's just rude to allow an infected machine off your net.
PF's "overload" table is a partial solution to this. Excessively chatty machines would have their states torn down and would be placed into a table whose members were denied further network access. Unfortunately there was no easy mechanism to remove an address from the table automatically, which would lead to a fairly quick denial of service. I remedied this by making it possible for
dhcpd to remove an address from the "overload" table when it was leased to a new hardware device.
Second, we found that
dhcpd was abandoning a significant part of our address space because machines were somehow camping on an address--using that address without properly leasing it. To discourage this behaviour, I made
dhcpd add abandoned addresses to a table and remove them from that table when the address was properly leased. Machines in the "campers" table can be redirected to a web page instructing the user to use DHCP and have further connectivity denied until they do use
dhcp. As soon as an address is leased, it is removed from the overload table.
Users of these features are cautioned against placing too much trust in hardware or IP addresses as they can be easily changed with
ifconfig. PF/
dhcpd should be treated as a nuisance mitigation technique; it doesn't completely solve the problem of infected machines, but it does help in keeping you from getting completely swamped when the next worm comes racing through.
Can you explain the new
carp(4) group demotion feature? How can it improve reliability, and how does it interact with applications?
Marco Pfatschbacher: If you are running
carp(4) on multiple interfaces and one of the interfaces fails, you want the remaining interfaces to be taken over to the backup host, which avoids routing one part of your traffic into a blackhole. Initially we were just bumping the advertisement skew on all
carp(4) interfaces to a value of 240 in case of an error. In response to this, a backup host running in preempted mode would take over all
carp(4) interfaces of the failed master.
In more complex setups however, this all-or-nothing behaviour is not always optimal. To allow more control of which
carp(4) interfaces fail over together, we converted the global demotion variable into an interface group attribute. Thus one can move interfaces that combined provide one service into a separate group.
Additionally the value of the demotion counter has been added to a previously unused field of the
carp(4) protocol header. This allows us to act smarter in cases of multiple errors: Each error condition (e.g., a link failure) increases the demotion counter and the host with the lowest error count will become master.
We also made the group demotion counter accessible to userland, such that system daemons can control
carp(4) demotion.
bgpd(8) can now hold back a
carp(4) takeover until it has synced its routing table.
sasyncd(8) [similarly] prevents
carp(4) from preempting until it has received the complete SA's from the current master.
The current value of the demotion counter can be get/set via:
ifconfig -g group-name. To look at the default group "carp", for example:
$ ifconfig -g carp
carp: carp demote count 0
A lot of work has been done on
ipsecctl, and it now completely supersedes
ipsecadm. What features does it offer?
Christian Weisgerber:
ipsecctl(8) features an intuitive configuration syntax, similar to
pf(4), and sensible defaults. Our motto was that "IPsec should not be an enigma that is only usable by the ultra elite." In addition to ESP tunnels,
ipsecctl(8) now allows setting up AH, transport mode, and also over IPv6--the full gamut of IPsec, everything you could do with
ipsecadm(8), but in a more accessible manner.
ipsecctl(8) will take care of configuring
isakmpd(8) for you, making dynamic keying as simple as static setups and eliminating in virtually all cases the need for a cumbersome
isakmpd.conf(5) file. Dynamic IKE support and USER_FQDN IDs have been added for the benefit of roaming users. The documentation has been overhauled with an eye towards explaining the most common setups at the beginning. It has been our goal to make setting up an IPsec gateway with OpenBSD as painless as a filtering firewall.
sasyncd(8) has been better integrated with
isakmpd(8) and
carp(4), providing for robust IPsec failover.
What's new in bioctl and storage drivers?
David Gwynne: We've actually had a surprisingly large amount of work on storage in this release. For starters the behemoth that is pciide has had support for the following chipsets added:
One of the more fun additions in this release (in my opinion) is the new sdmmc support that Uwe Stuehler did. I think it's fun because he's completely emulating SCSI in the driver for the flash cards you plug in. Because of that he didn't have to write his own block device support since it just piggybacks the /dev/sd devices. It also means that the flash cards automatically take advantage of the work that has been done in the SCSI midlayer for hotplugging. It only took about 500 lines of code to make all that work. My guess is he'd need several thousand lines of his own code to do the same thing without the SCSI emulation.
For those of you who are in need of some more serious hardware for your storage needs, we have three brand new SCSI/RAID drivers:
mfi(4): LSI Logic MegaRAID SAS controllers
arc(4): Areca SATA RAID controllers
mpi(4): LSI Logic Fusion-MPT controllers
mfi is the successor to the ami controllers, and to be honest it does improve on the older generation quite a lot. Also, from what I can tell, Marco Peereboom managed to write the driver before any hardware was realistically available for purchase.
arc(4) driver was written after I had asked for ciss controllers to work on and someone sent me one in case I got bored with ciss. Instead of getting bored with ciss I got a bit distracted with arc. This hba has the simplest code path for performing IO that I have ever seen. If anyone is looking for hardware that performs well and has a reliable driver, I have to recommend this one because of its simplicity.
mpi(4) is actually a replacement for the
mpt(4) driver. The mpt driver suffered several problems. The most annoying was its size and complexity. It was about 10 thousand lines of code spread over half a dozen files, which in turn made it hard to deal with other problems it had. For example, the old mpt driver doesn't support SAS hardware (only SCSI and Fibre Channel, and the FC stuff extremely poorly), it wasn't 64bit or endian clean, its bus_dma usage was borked, and it was lacking support for proper use of RAID volumes. I decided it would be easier to write a driver from scratch than to pull mpt apart, clean it up, put it back together again in a sane fashion, and then add support for the SAS hardware and fix RAID on it. So I spent most of c2k6 working on mpi, and now we have a driver that is about a third of the size of mpt, runs perfectly on any machine with working PCI, supports more hardware, and works with RAID volumes.
bioctl itself hasn't changed that much in this release, i.e., the userland tool looks the same as it did in the last release. What's new is the fact that there are now four drivers in 4.0 that support bioctl. In 3.9 and 3.8 we only had support in
ami(4) but now we add
arc(4), and
ciss(4) to the list. This is cool because it validates what we've been saying all along: RAID controllers don't need magical vendor tools to be manageable. For the tasks that people care about it is possible to provide a generic tool to do them with, and we prove it in 4.0.
pciide(4) now supports a lot of new chipsets made by NVIDIA, ATI, VIA, Promise, and others. How did you develop these drivers? Did you have any problem getting documentation?
Jonathan Gray: For most of the chips they act in a rather similar manner to either older revisions or other chips so it is mainly a matter of matching on new devices. The additional Promise support came from NetBSD with some further changes; it still needs quite a bit of additional work before it is really solid though. NVIDIA and ATI don't release standalone SATA/IDE chips, they release them as part of other south bridge chips that integrate a variety of slower IO devices. Getting documentation on NVIDIA/ATI/SiS/ULI south bridge chips is near impossible from what I can make out. Promise/Highpoint do not release documentation on their chips either, but at least the motherboard chipset manufacturers are slowly moving to a common interface (AHCI).
What advantages does the use of PKCS #5 PBKDF2 provide while generating keys with
Ted Unangst: PKCS #5 PBKDF2 is a method to turn a user's passphrase into a secure key. Previously, whatever passphrase the user entered was used directly as the key. This opened the door for a number of attacks. For instance, someone could precompute how a block of all zeroes would encrypt with every word in the dictionary.
The new
-K option fixes this in two ways. First, the passphrase is combined with a random salt. This prevents precomputation. Further, the salt and the passphrase are essentially hashed together many times. This slows down the cracking attempt (after the disk and salt are stolen) by increasing the effort required to guess each password. For example, assume an attacker did not precompute anything, but could guess 100 passphrases per second against
vnconfig -k. That's about 40 minutes to guess all of /usr/share/dict/words. If we use an appropriate value of
-K that requires 5 seconds to compute the key, it would take closer to about 2 weeks.
A lot of modern systems don't include a serial port anymore, so we have to use USB-to-serial adapters. This release includes three new drivers for various chips. What should we keep in mind when we buy such an adaptor and want to use it with OpenBSD?
Jonathan Gray: Basically whatever you buy is going to work now; there are a few minor exceptions such as the Keyspan adapters, and the MosChip hardware, but they aren't really that common. I've only heard of one device with the MosChip serial chip so far and someone is sending me one so I can write a driver. Not all of the drivers support all types of flow control, most support sending a break; generally this is due to no documentation from the vendor in the case of things like the Arkmicro driver.
A USB serial port does not replace the function of a normal serial port; you can't use them for kernel debugging for example. It is generally the sort of thing people use to manage groups of machines from central points. It is nearly impossible to know which chip you're getting when buying a USB serial device, so normally you buy/test one from a supplier, then get as many as you need, typically going for the cheapest one you can find.
It seems that the installer now supports host-specific files for easy customization. Can you tell us more?
Chris Kuethe: For some time now, the installer would search for a siteXX tarball along with the standard sets (baseXX, etcXX, ...) and if it was found, would allow the user to extract the contents of the tarball into the root of the newly installed filesystem. If this tarball installs an executable named /install.site or /upgrade.site (depending on whether an install or an upgrade is being done) the installer will chroot into the destination filesystem and run that executable. This can be used to pre-populate the system with packages, non-packaged applications, configuration information, etc.
Under certain circumstances that is insufficient. Or put another way, there are times when installed systems need host-specific changes. If these changes can be placed into a tarball named something like siteXX-hostname it becomes very easy to replicate or restore configurations for a large number of systems, over the network.
Kenneth R. Westerback: Alex Holst has been working on a system for maintaining large numbers of customized OpenBSD installs for a while. During c2k6 Michael Knudsen (as I recall) brought his work to my attention again and I finally took a close look at his toolset. When I got back from c2k6 I realized that it would be trivial to greatly simplify his efforts with a simple extension to the install scripts. This was the addition of a new set we eventually decided to call siteXY-<hostname>.tgz. Since the install scripts will always know the hostname early in the install or upgrade process, this was basically a free way to find a customization file for any host. As with all the existing sets, the install and upgrade scripts will list this set if found in the directory specified to hold sets. The sets for other hosts will not appear to clutter up the display. siteXY-<hostname>.tgz will be the last set installed and is marked for installation by default.
Now, if someone installs OpenBSD, then customizes their installation, those changes can be captured as siteXY-<hostname>.tgz and uploaded to the set directory for easy application in the case of disaster recovery. Fancier tricks are possible, like giving your host a "role" as a hostname for initial installs, e.g., "newdnsserver" which would find a customization file for that role. In this case you would have to manually change a few bits to change to a real hostname and then create a new siteXY-<hostname>.tgz to preserve the final configuration for future use.
I'm sure our user community will come up with even more imaginative uses as time passes. I would encourage those interested in creating and maintaining large number of customized OpenBSD installs to check out Alex's ongoing work with
siteXYtools. Google will find it.
You developed
prebind, a secure implementation of prelinking that is compatible with address space randomization. How does it work, and how does it compare with prelinking?
Dale Rahn: Prebind was developed because someone at my work had pointed out how much time a QT application on an embedded device spent in the dynamic linker before startup. I have maintained the ELF dynamic linker for quite a while and had implemented a symbol cache previously to reduce this startup time, but realised that it still didn't compare to prelinking.
One of the significant security features in OpenBSD is address randomisation (aka ASLR). Prelinking as implemented in Linux removes the randomisation feature so it would not be compatible with OpenBSD's security goals.
Since I was also using a Zaurus quite a bit, I realized how long some large applications took to start up. With some research I found that the data stored during the caching of the symbol lookup in the existing code could be saved as library and symbol index. As long as the library hasn't changed, the index information could be used to do a symbol lookup without ever having to do a symbol lookup.
Much like how prelinking works, there are "common" relocations to most libraries and there are "fixup" relocations necessary for some binaries i.e., binaries that override specific functions like
malloc or that link with a different library which causes overrides like pthreads. However those fixups tend to be rather limited in number.
I have been intending to write a formal paper and present it at some conference, however have not had the available time to do that so far. This means that I don't have handy speed comparison numbers to show how much faster it is; however the amount of time spent performing relocations dropped by a factor of at least 10.
To configure
prebind it is necessary to be able to write to all of the binaries to be set up as well as all of the libraries which the binary references, typically root.
The default mode is to replace the prebind data found on any programs or libraries touched during the processing; this makes it necessary to be run in the same invocation on all binaries in the system which are to be configured for
prebind. Prebinding can also be performed in "merge mode" where existing prebind data does not get modified on libraries so that if a single binary is added to the system, it is not necessary to rerun
prebind on the entire system, only the new files will be touched.
If an application uses
LD_LIBRARY_PATH to locate its libraries either by the user setting it or if the application sets it in a script before running the main binary e.g., Firefox. If
prebind cannot locate all of the necessary libraries it will not prebind the binary. This can be worked around for Firefox by adding Firefox's extra directory to the library search path using
ldconfig (then it can be removed for normal operation).
Like prelinking,
prebind does not improve the
dlopen speed; the symbol lookup cache still exists, but it is not possible to predict which symbols will be present in the loading application to precalculate the prebind data.
The prebind code appears to be fairly robust at the current time; only a couple issues which remain are that are concerning.
If a single library that a prebound binary touches is modified (prebind data stripped, library replaced) then the binary will disable the prebind optimisation and perform normal symbol loading. This would then require all binaries to have
prebind run on them again after any library change.
Currently there is no provision to configure the prebind data on a subtree, e.g., a system tree that has not yet been installed. Hopefully this will be fixed in the near future. At that time the possibility of OpenBSD shipping with prebind enabled by default will exist.
The prebind functionality has been incorporated into
What's new in the ports framework and in pkg_* tools?
Marc Espie: In 3.9,
pkg_add over
scp had big issues:
pkg_add was starting one separate
scp per package, and due to some legacy issues with the way
scp works, those processes tended not to die, and to gobble all available processes.
So, instead, we used the same technique that
rsync uses:
pkg_add opens one single communication channel over SSH, and then uses it to transfer all information it needs. No more rogue processes. Added bonus: it's currently the fastest way to update packages over the network, because there is one single connection, instead of fleeting connections you need to tear up/restart. With decent network, it's as if you were updating packages locally.
Nikolay Sturm: With OpenBSD 4.0 we will improve our support for stable packages. First, there's a policy change. Until now I only backported security fixes to stable; after some discussions I was convinced that it is desirable to backport more changes, so that our users see even less reasons for mixing stable and current packages.
Second, with 4.0 we will provide stable packages for amd64 as well. Fabio Cazzin of NS3 kindly grants us access to a stable build machine. This is, however, an experiment and we'll have to see if it works out.
GNU RCS has been replaced with OpenRCS. Who worked on it? What advantages does it provide over GNU RCS?
Ray Lai: Joris Vink, Niall O'Higgins, Xavier Santolaria, and I worked on OpenRCS. It is compatible with GNU RCS, minus some missing functionality such as branch checkins. We hope to complete the missing functionality soon.
The main advantage OpenRCS provides is security. Throughout its development we have kept security in mind, identifying insecure patterns and eliminating them. As a side effect, our code is clearer and simpler.
Aside from that, our goal has mainly been compatibility with GNU RCS. Once this has been achieved, we may enhance OpenRCS with features, though we are more likely to work on enhancing OpenCVS.
Why doesn't this release come with X.Org 7.0?
Matthieu Herrb: Because it's a pretty big change, and we were not ready in time to include the new modular X in 4.0. Building and testing ports needs time to find and fix problems that can happen. We'll switch to the new modular X shortly so that there's a full release cycle to find and fix remaining issues.
Do you like the way the X.org developers split the system into smaller modules?
Matthieu Herrb: I'm not fond of it, but it's done now and we will work with that. The modular X has some advantages that should make development easier. In particular you won't need to rebuild all of X to try a patch or to apply an errata.
I noticed two interesting log entries: "Widen the aperture used for legacy vga space on macppc, needed for Mac Mini ATI graphics cards" and "Add
sysctl_int_lower() API, consequence of which is that root can now lower the
machdep.allowaperture variable without rebooting." Please tell us more.
Matthieu Herrb: Older OpenBSD/macppc releases did not limit the address space that was accessible though the aperture driver. It is now enforcing more strict limits, but this had to be done by trial/error, as the X drivers need to poke at various addresses to check if there's an x86 BIOS available or not and other assorted things. This is a step forward in protecting the hardware from malicious code that could be injected into the X server.
In 3.9 and before, the
allowaperture variable was completely readonly if securelevel > 0. It can be decreased to restrict hardware access by X if the user decides that he doesn't need X after all.
The new release allows X.org to run without privileges when using the
wsfb driver. How does that work?
Matthieu Herrb: This is for hardware running
wsfb where X doesn't need hardware access (Zaurus and Sparc only). There were a few stupid things requiring root during X startup. Now the only thing that needs root on these platforms is opening the default log file (/var/log/Xorg.0.log), but you can use the
-logfile option if X doesn't have any privilege to specify a file in your home dir, i.e.:
chmod 755 /usr/X11R6/bin/Xorg
startx -- -logfile ~/X.log
Post 4.0, this will be extended to other platforms able to run using the
wsfb driver (alpha, macpcc, sparc64 and soon i386 and amd64, using VESA BIOS calls).
What is the status of sparc64 systems?
Jason L. Wright: The GENERIC kernel is capable of running on Ultra 1, Ultra 2, and Ultra 3 class processors now. There are still problems with some of the Ultra 3 based systems, however.
schizo(4), the host bridge, appears to be fairly buggy as evidenced by the Linux/OpenSolaris workarounds. Unlike Linux and Solaris, the only documentation or errata we have for these chips is the Linux/OpenSolaris source code. This is NOT documentation and has slowed progress. We tried getting documentation from Sun; might as well have been yelling at a wall, so we do the best with what we have.
The Ultra 3 is still running without its L1 data-cache enabled. The L2 (aka E-cache) and the L1 instruction-cache is enabled. Performance isn't optimal, but the U3s, even with L1 data cache disabled are still the fastest sparc64's supported.
Besides dealing with the
schizo(4) bugs and the disabled D-cache, the next major hurdle is support for the Cassini Ethernet controller found on many Ultra 3 systems. Work for this will begin when I finish my move to Idaho (most of my stuff is offline in anticipation of the move).
As far as Niagra goes, I'm not that worried about it. We need SMP support on sparc64 before Niagra is a concern. I would, however, love the opportunity to play with the Fujitsu processors... mmm, full register window set...
There have been improvements and new features supported in the drivers that manage CPU speed control, Intel SpeedStep, and AMD PowerNow in particular. What can we do now? And did you work on this using publicly accessible documentation?
Gordon Willem Klok: Well one thing that we can do now is scale the processor frequency and voltage on AMD's eight generation processors such as the Athlon64, Turion and Opteron this was added for 3.9 to the i386 architecture, 4.0 extended this support to the amd64 architecture. There has also been a lot of progress made with enhanced speedstep; Dimitry Andric has made some big strides in supporting newer Intel processors where they are no longer publishing the model specific p-state data. Support for processor scaling on the Zaurus was added, there were a lot of reliability fixes for the Pentium 4 clock control driver and the powernow variant found on the seventh generation athlon/duron.
For the most part AMD and Intel publicly document the mechanisms for frequency and voltage scaling. From the driver writing perspective these mechanisms are fairly straightforward; you plug values that correspond to the desired combination of frequency and voltage into a register specific to the model of the CPU. The rub is that increasingly ACPI is the "proper" mechanism for retrieving what values correspond to each state and what states each CPU supports.
While ACPI support is being worked on for OpenBSD it isn't ready so we rely on whatever legacy method is available. Unfortunately in the case of AMD this method is deprecated; many BIOS vendors don't include the requisite table so even though every modern amd64 processor supports Powernow in many cases we simply can't use it. In the case of Intel for a given CPU model, the supported states and the magic numbers that we need to plug into the register used to be gathered from a data sheet and written into the driver. These values are no longer spelled out explicitly in the data sheet and only seem to be available to BIOS writers under NDA.
How does OpenBSD 4.0 interact with VMWare, Xen, and other virtualizers? What about the VT features in recent AMD/Intel CPUs?
Anil Madhavapeddy: OpenBSD 4.0 will work normally using hardware virtualisation under Xen 3.0 and VMWare, using VT/SVM from Intel and AMD CPUs. It does not have any special guest tools support however.
Para-virtualisation support for running OpenBSD as an "enlightened" guest OS under Xen 3.0 is currently under development (it was sponsored as a Google SoC project, and development continues). It boots multi-user using a ramdisk, and sources available online.
What is your opinion on these virtualization technologies from a security standpoint? I have already seen some talks about rootkits that bypass the OS and put themselves between the CPU and the OS. Is there anything that OpenBSD plans to do to fight it?
Otto Moerbeek: A large problem with virtualization is added complexity: more code and more configuration. This makes your setup harder to audit and maintain. I already heard of systems where admins were reluctant to apply patches to the host OS, since it ran so many guest systems and they were afraid to take the host OS down. Of course you cannot expect any virtualization layer to protect you from security bugs in the host OS.
It also adds an attack vector: with real hardware, bad guys can try to use bugs in hardware, kernel, OS provided userland, and applications to gain access. With virtualization, they get a whole new layer to attack.
Virtualization can be useful for test setups and can provide isolation between applications, but it is certainly not a magic way to increase overall security.
As OS developers we cannot do a lot to provide extra protection. From our point of view, virtualization just provides an alternative execution environment for our kernel. The kernel has to rely on certain mechanisms, like page protection and the distinction between supervisor and user mode. If the kernel cannot trust the execution environment, all is lost.
Reading the changelog, I found this note: "A large amount of memory leak plugging in various system utilities inspired by Coverity reports, as well as ruling out of hypothetical NULL dereferences," and I saw a lot of fixed memory leaks. Is this something common, or did you run a new checker that helped you spot them?
Otto Moerbeek: This work has been done using Coverity reports on other platforms. We share quite some code with the other BSDs, so Coverity reports from those might apply to us as well. Based on the reports we saw, we hand checked other parts of the source tree as well, to find similar patterns. That resulted in some more fixes. Coverity does not publish specific reports for OpenBSD (yet).
When auditing code, we use various simple tools like
grep(1) to hunt for various bug patterns. We also use
lint(1), which was much improved lately, mostly by Chad Loder, Theo De Raadt and myself. But the most important tools are eyes and brains.
Federico Biancuzzi is a freelance interviewer. His interviews appeared on publications such as ONLamp.com, LinuxDevCenter.com, SecurityFocus.com, NewsForge.com, Linux.com, TheRegister.co.uk, ArsTechnica.com, the Polish print magazine BSD Magazine, and the Italian print magazine Linux&C.
Return to O'Reilly SysAdmin
Copyright © 2009 O'Reilly Media, Inc.


text:
We asked Assistant Professor Albert Chen to explain level design
If Game Development covers how games are made and Game Design determines what the game is and how it is played, Level Design is about defining the moment to moment experience for the player. It includes planning and creating the actual spaces that the player travels through and orchestrating heart-pounding encounters and events that happen along the way.
Can students learn level design at Cogswell?
This past summer term, we offered a six-week Special Topic – Intro to Level Design Workshop. This intensive course introduced students to the fundamentals of 3D level design for 1st person shooters. By using Unreal Tournament 3′s level editor to build playable multiplayer levels, students were able to experience the level design process first-hand. They also learned the theories behind competitive multiplayer map creation to control play balance, intensity and flow.
In Spring, we will offer an Advanced Level Design course. Check the Spring schedule when it is released in early October.
Want to learn more about our Game Art, Game Development, or our Digital Art and Animation programs?
Visit the Cogswell College website or better yet, arrange a tour of our campus and see where you can begin your career in video games.
-Michael Martin, Dean of the College

subset: commoncrawl


text:
ECS | CeRTS | IWAS | Teachers
| Students | Administrators
| Student Assessment
| IL Learning Standards
| Programs | Forms
| Glossary Skip
over navigation
October 1, 2003
Springfield, Ill. -- The State Board of Education today released
the names of 223 school districts throughout the state that
will receive funds through the Closing the Gap
(CTG) technology grant initiative. The non-competitive grant
program, now in its third year, helps schools to close
the gap by enhancing and expanding the districts
community-based technology plans.
Both students and teachers need technology-based resources
to prepare for the future, said State Superintendent
of Education Robert E. Schiller. These funds provide
schools with the opportunity to purchase the necessary resources
to meet standards set forth by the State Board of Education.
Districts must have an approved technology plan in place
and provide matching funds. The specific amount of the grant
is based on a formula that takes into account the wealth of
a district and the number of students with the district receiving
a base amount. The more than $5.5 million in grants being
awarded are funded through the Technology for Success Program,
administered by the State Board.
CTG funds allow schools to purchase hardware, software, supplies
and materials, online resources, etc. and provide professional
development opportunities for teachers. All districts, university
laboratory schools, state charter schools and area vocational
centers were eligible to participate.
Since its inception the programs accomplishments include:
The link below takes you to a list of districts that will
receive grants for the 2003-2004 school year.
Illinois State Board of Education
100 North First Street
Springfield, IL 62777


text:
Compliance staff on top during Asia bonus season
The global financial crisis may have dampened bonus payouts across the banking sector, but there is one role that is rapidly becoming an exception, especially in Asia: compliance.
Once relegated to a dimly-lit corner, compliance staff have become highly-sought after and increasingly prominent as banks have had to get to grips with a slew of post-crisis reforms, and as a series of scandals from rate-rigging to money-laundering have put senior management on high alert. Compensation is rising to reflect this.
Keith Pogsen, managing partner, financial services at Ernst & Young in Hong Kong, said: "The big hiring on the street is for regulation and compliance people. Demand is pushing up salaries."
Mark O'Reilly, managing director, Asia Pacific, at financial services recruitment firm Astbury Marsden in Singapore, said: "In an environment where bonuses have generally come down significantly, the exception to that rule is in compliance. These skills are in highest demand."
According to headhunters, senior compliance staff in Hong Kong and Singapore can expect to receive up to 50% or more of their base salary this bonus season, compared with around 25% in previous years, as banks look to retain these skills. Bonuses in Asia are usually announced around Chinese New Year.
O'Reilly said: "There are not many compliance guys, especially in Asia: they're a finite commodity."
Mark Enticott, managing director of banking recruitment firm Ambition in Hong Kong, said: "The banks are very focused on not losing their compliance staff. You're seeing three to four months' bonus for a junior, and six to eight months if you're senior."
Post-crisis regulation has driven demand for compliance staff globally, but the shortage of skills is most acute in Asia because the talent pool is shallower than in New York and London, said headhunters. Daren Miller, managing director at recruitment firm Carraway Group in Hong Kong, said: "The problem is the Asian and Chinese banks just don't have the risk, legal and compliance culture."
Compliance roles at the big investment banks also demand a wide mix of skills and expertise, including knowledge of both local Asian regulations and of US and European rules that are increasingly encroaching into the Asia region, said headhunters.
Recruiters report that compliance salaries in Hong Kong and Singapore have risen by around 25% while Enticott said he saw increases as high as 35%. The head of compliance at a multinational financial services firm in Hong Kong could earn between HK$1.1million and HK$1.7million (£86,000 and £ 132,000) a year, and between SG$165,000 and SG$250,000 (£78,000 and £119,000) in Singapore, according to figures published this month by recruitment firm Hays Group.
Pogsen said there was room for salaries to rise further: "I'm not sure that salaries are at the right level for the risk these people are taking on. It used to be the case that this was a fairly benign job, and you'd never end up in court. Now it is mission critical and very stressful. Psychologically, you could argue that the head of compliance should be the second highest paid person at the bank."
-- write to email@example.com


text:
Stroller Policy
For the comfort of our guests, Newport Aquarium accommodates strollers most hours, but not all.
Please click on the stroller calendar for a complete schedule, or call ahead to see if strollers are permitted at the time you plan to visit.
Backpacks and baby carriers are available on loan in the lobby free of charge for children under 30 pounds. Wagons are not permitted at any time.
Note: Newport Aquarium reserves the right to adjust these restrictions at any time without advance notice to best meet the safety and comfort needs of our guests.


text:
Press release - AB Volvo
The number of votes in AB Volvo has changed due to the conversion of a total of 9,518,830 Series A shares to a total of 9,518,830 Series B shares. The conversions were implemented with the support of the opportunity for Series A shareholders to request conversion of Series A shares to Series B shares, which was entered in the Articles of Association at the 2011 Annual General Meeting.
Today, March 28, the last trading day of the month, there are a total of 2,128,420,220 registered shares in AB Volvo. Of these 535,457,770 are Series A shares and 1,592,962,450 Series B shares. The number of votes in the company amounts to 694,754,015.00 based on the number of registered shares.
March 28, 2013
Reporters who want more information, please contact Kina Wileke, +46 31 323 72 29 or
+46 765 53 72 29.


text:
I've attended two weddings this year where the bride and groom decided to move away from the traditional guest book and mix it up a bit with a Wish Tree. The Wish Tree is a Dutch wedding custom where guests are given a piece of paper, either shaped like a leaf or made of card stock. The guests write their wishes to the bride and groom and then hang it on the tree. This creates a gorgeous centerpiece and the tree is placed at the entrance to the reception to wow your guests right when they walk in.
I got to assist in assembling a Wish Tree when I worked with Maxine Andrew of Instead of You at an event in September. I loved being a part of putting this together and seeing how it looked all aglow with the crystals sparkling and the heartfelt wishes hanging from each branch. …
After the wedding you can create a scrapbook with the wish cards. You could even find pictures of the guests who wrote each one and place it next to their wish.
Helpful hint: give yourself plenty of time to assemble the Wish Tree. It must be done onsite and can't be moved once it's assembled. The one in these photos took about two hours to complete from wrapping the crystal garland inside each hurricane to laying out the wish cards for the guests to hang. It takes some time, but the wow factor is huge.
— Denise Martinez, Director of Vendor Sales
Posted by Denise on Oct 18, 2015.
Filed under DIY Wedding Ideas, Real Weddings, Receptions, Stuff We Love, Trend Watch, Wedding Ideas
While I've lived in the Bay Area for 30 years, I took my very first trip to Lake County only recently when I rented a house on Clearlake for a much-needed family vacation. Now that I've finally visited, though, I'm already starting to wonder when I can return to this peaceful region north of the wine country. Of course I managed to scout out some ideal wedding ceremony, reception and rehearsal dinner sites while there. A couple of my new favorite places:
Makiivka Estate: Owner Jan Attard's mission to create a taste of old Europe amongst California's vineyards has already been achieved in their lovely ranch house, but I learned there are even bigger plans for this property. Situated on a picturesque stretch of organic farmland near Lakeport, Makiivka Estate will soon boast a reflecting pool, a spa and an olive grove for outdoor ceremonies. Proceeds from events will benefit an orphanage in Makiivka, in the Ukraine. Jan refers to this location as her "passion in progress," and I'm confident that this passion of hers will quickly become the highly sought-after wedding venue she envisions.
Terrill Cellars: If you get a thrill finding places off the beaten path, you might be just as drawn to Terrill Winery as I was. The Tuscan-style grounds include an adorable 22-seat chapel right next to their tasting room. Guests can stay in nearby Kelseyville, where we found a charming vacation rental with sunset views overlooking the entire lake.
I imagine that saying your vows in a place as quiet and natural as Clearlake can be a spiritual experience. If you've discovered some of your own wedding locations in this region, let me know so I can have a good excuse to go back.
Posted by Allison on Aug 18, 2014.
Filed under Ceremony, Honeymoons and Travel, Locations, Receptions, Rehearsal Dinner
I rarely go to weddings (maybe it's because most of my social circle is either already married or never going to be), but a year ago a friend invited me to one.
As my friend's date I wasn't obligated to bring a gift, but I'd I'd been told the bride and groom liked to cook, so I got them a few of my favorite kitchen gadgets from Sur La Table as a wedding present. I put my present on a table with dozens of other gifts, and hoped that it wouldn't get lost in the pile.
I was fairly certain that soon after the wedding I would receive a thank-you note for my modest-but-thoughtful-and-super-practical gift. Alas, the postman never brought one. Months passed, and I wondered…Did the couple not like my gift? Had it disappeared? Been regifted? Eventually I just forgot about it altogether.
Until yesterday, that is. I flipped through my mail and was surprised to see the long-awaited thank-you note. Oh it was beautiful, all right—handwritten, very personal. But I have to say I had mixed emotions: Sure, it was great to know that my gift had been received and, in fact, "loved." But I couldn't help feeling that I shouldn't have had to wait an entire year to learn that my present hadn't been disliked, lost or regifted after all.
Actually, Emily Post states that thank-you notes should be written within 3 months of the receipt of the gift.
Moral of the story: Honor your guests—don't wait a year to send out your thank-you notes!
To find the wedding invitation and thank-you note designers we love see Wedding Invitations.
Posted by Jan on Apr 07, 2013.
Filed under Expert Advice, Invitations, Vera Wang


text:
Classic Limos is the Classic Car Choice of Celebrities and California's Largest Vintage Wedding Car Company
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Since my only job at our dealership is spoiling our VIP customers, I think I know a thing or two when evaluating another company's service. I definitely know the difference between an average limousine company, and an outstanding one. With that in mind, let me share my opinion of your company's service last night. On a scale of 1 to 10, I would give your gorgeous Packard limo, your extremely professional chauffeur, and all of your many service details, a rating of a billion! My wife and I were simply "blown away" with how incredibly special your company made us feel, for what we thought was going to be a simple dinner (at French 75) in Laguna Beach. After your chauffeur dropped us off, my wife said to me, this ranks as one of the three most special evenings of our entire marriage! Wow! You talk about money well spent! Why any one would choose another limo company over yours is beyond me. Classic Limos has raised the bar to a whole new level. Based on my own experience, and your outstanding reputation, we would like your company to be the only official limousine service we recommend to our VIP customers.
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text:
Wayne Earley, the Honesdale Borough zoning officer whose licensure has been under the scrutiny of The Wayne Independent for weeks, was dismissed by the borough council with a vote of six in favor and one abstention. No member voted against it.
The March 12 motion to fire Earley came from board member Bob Jennings, who brought allegations against Earley nearly one year ago. The reason given for the dismissal was Earley's alleged lack of proper licenses, for the disorder of his recordkeeping and for some alleged missing files.
Furthermore, Earley for a time also acted as the zoning inspector for the neighboring Texas Township while holding the office for Honesdale, with a complex mingling of the two municipalities' records. Kelly Services, Inc is now conducting an examination of the two municipalities' records.
Earley claims that the allegations are false and has been advised by council not to speak publicly since he may have to go to litigation over the matter. He was not present at the meeting.
In setting the stage for the dismissal, Honesdale Borough Chairman F.J. Monaghan read a statement concerning a response received from Director of Labor and Industry Julia Hearthway after inquiry about the legitimacy of Earley's licenses.
The statement, which was quite long, stated in part: "In 2007, [Earley]completed certification for all building code officials, all residential inspections, accessibility inspections/plans examiner through the International Code Council," Monaghan said. "These were accepted by the Department of Labor and Industry (L&I) by August of 2007 as a building code official, residential electrical inspector, residential plumbing inspector and accessibility inspector/plans examiner."
But other licenses were not in compliance. Monaghan said that the borough was still working on why the residential mechanical and residential building inspector certifications, which Earley completed in September of 2007, were not recognized until December of 2010. "We cannot find a record of these documents having been submitted prior to December 2010 when the issue was raised by Mr. Jennings," he said.
After the meeting, Monaghan was asked if the borough's investigation through L&I was a moot question and would not be continued, to which he answered, "Yes." Asked further if the borough had evidence of Earley's licensing problems from a source other than The Wayne Independent, he declined to answer.
A week ago, after hearing from the director of the L&I for a second time that the current Honesdale Borough zoning officer's licenses were seriously faulty, the Wayne Independent called for his dismissal.
Earley had many irregularities in his licensure. According to Christopher Manlove of L&I, Earley did not have a legitimate license to review residential applications from between April 2007 to July 19, 2007. Further, Manlove said that Earley was not permitted to perform residential, electrical, plumbing, or energy inspections between April 9, 2007 and August 5, 2007.
He said Earley was also not permitted to perform residential
building inspections or residential mechanical inspections between April 9, 2007 and December 8, 2010. Further, his licensure indicated that he was not permitted to perform building, electrical, mechanical, plumbing, or energy inspections or plan reviews for commercial construction since April 9, 2009.
Additionally, Manlove said that two earlier complaints about Earley were received and investigated but the agency found no wrongdoing.
According to state officials, when the state adopted the new Uniform Construction Code (UCC) in April of 2004, it gave zoning and code officials a grace period in which to obtain certification. For commercial certification, Earley and his colleagues had until April 9, 2009 to get certified. For residential certification they had until April 9, 2007.
As to penalties, Manlove said the law states that upon conviction, a building inspector could be sentenced to pay a fine no more than $1,000. Each day that a violation is not corrected is considered to be a separate violation.


text: Plants of The Ranges Many plants in the Kimberley are specifically adapted to life in the ranges. The rock fig has long roots that seek moisture in the crevices. The kapok bush has adapted to life on the hill sides by losing its leaves in the dry season to reduce moisture loss. The boab and the red-flowered sticky kurrajong are two other distinctive plants of the ranges that employ the same adaptation to the Kimberley's contrasting seasons. However, it is the hardy spinifex that can grow on the thinnest of soils on the rocky ranges. Its cylindrical spine-like leaves reduce water loss from transpiration, and the hummock growth form, mulches the ground surface. The fires that frequently ravage the grasslands of the Kimberley are often constrained by the ranges where there is less vegetation to provide fuel. Most Australian and Kimberley plants have adapted to fire, regenerating from insulated trunks, underground tubers and woody seeds that germinate after fire. Rainforests Of the more than 20 types of rainforest found in Australia, three are found in the Kimberley. Rainforests are distinguished by a profusion of vines and plants only found in rainforest communities. In Western Australia, tropical rainforest is only found in the Kimberley, and only where there is adequate rainfall, and humidity. Small patches of monsoon rainforest are sprinkled along the northwest coastline between Broome and Kununurra in a belt less than 150 kilometres wide. They are distinguished from "evergreen" jungles in that they are mostly leafless (deciduous) during the dry season, "raingreen" during the wet season, and less tall than "evergreen" rainforest. They are often described as semi-deciduous vine thickets. Trees and Soil The woodland community usually has two or three dominant trees, which vary with the type of soil. With many different types of soil over the extensive range of tropical woodland, many types of trees can be found. Most common on the sandy soils of the East Kimberley are the woollybutt , with its smooth, white upper trunk and fibrous, brown stocking at its base. On the sandplains of the West Kimberley, the wattles (acacias) form dense thickets of pindan vegetation. Where there is an emergent tree layer of eucalypts and grevilleas, these thickets are called "pindan woodland". Learn about the TOP 20 plants in El Questro Wilderness Park (PDF)


text:
Florida junior QB Jeff Driskel has signed a baseball contract with the Boston Red Sox but remains committed to focusing on football.
The Heisman Trophy has named five finalists for the award -- Louisville QB Lamar Jackson, Clemson QB Deshaun Watson, Oklahoma QB Baker Mayfield, Michigan LB Jabrill Peppers and Oklahoma WR Dede Westbrook.
A pair of NFL scouting evaluators told NFL Media Insider Ian Rapoport that they see LSU junior RB Leonard Fournette as a better pro prospect than Los Angeles Rams RB Todd Gurley.
Ole Miss redshirt junior WR Damore'ea Stringfellow has declared for the 2017 NFL Draft.
Oklahoma redshirt junior QB Baker Mayfield was named the winner of the Burlsworth Award.
Georgia Southern head coach Tyson Summers announced that he won't retain co-offensive coordinators David Dean and Rance Gillespie.
LSU junior RB Leonard Fournette will enter the 2017 NFL draft.
Western Kentucky named Nick Holt interim coach.
Louisiana-Lafayette RB Elijah McGuire has accepted an invitation to play in the East-West Shrine Game.
Penn State redshirt senior LB Nyeem Wartman-White will enter the 2017 NFL Draft rather than take advantage of one more year of eligibility.
Michigan junior C Mason Cole is leaning towards returning to school for his final season of eligibility.
Western Kentucky coach Jeff Brohm will be Purdue's next head coach, according to Pat Forde of Yahoo.


text:
by Anton Shilov
Following recent resignations of top engineers and managers from Advanced Micro Devices, the world's second largest supplier of x86 microprocessors lost its general manager responsible for development of client products, which accounted for around 80% of sales of the chip designer.
Chris Cloran left AMD effective Monday to pursue other interests, according to a report in the WSJ. Lisa Su, senior vice president and general manager of global business units, will serve as interim general manager of the client business while the company is looking forward for a new executive.
The step down of Chris Cloran from AMD is rather hard to overestimate, even though it may not be a major blow for the company. Mr. Cloran joined AMD as vice president of mobile division in November, 2003, and was responsible for all the progress that AMD has achieved on the highly-competitive market of microprocessors for notebooks, which means expanding market share from less than ~1% in 2003 to 17% - 18% in 2011.
Patrick Moorhead, a former AMD executive who now runs the research firm Moor Insights & Strategy, said businesses accounting for about 80% of AMD's revenue had reported to Mr. Cloran.


text:
TCL > July 2013 Issue > William K. Ris (1915–2003)
About the Author
Donald L. Cook has been with the firm of Wood, Ris & Hames, P.C. for forty-one years. He has served as a shareholder and is now of counsel. For the first thirty-one of those years, he practiced law with William Ris—firstname.lastname@example.com. Cook thanks Ris's two sons, Fred Ris of Denver and Will Ris of Washington, DC, for their invaluable assistance and input.
William Krakow Ris was a gentleman of average size, but he was a giant of a man. He was born June 15, 1915, died December 5, 2003, and packed more into those eighty-eight years than seems possible. This writer had the privilege of working with him for thirty-one of those years and always had difficulty keeping up with him.
Early Life
William (Bill) Ris was the fourth of six children born to Reinhart and Anna Ris. Born in Dubuque, Iowa, Bill readily took to skinny-dipping in the Mississippi River and developed a lifelong affinity for the writings of Mark Twain. His father, a hardware merchant, lost the family home in the Great Depression, and the Ris clan decamped to Denver in 1930 to seek better fortunes, living initially in a series of rental houses in North Denver.
Despite the relocation, Bill continued with the Boy Scouts and rose to the rank of Eagle Scout. After graduating from North High School in 1933, he commuted to the University of Denver for a year, making do with the savings from a newspaper route. The award of a $25-per-quarter scholarship allowed him to transfer to the University of Colorado (CU) at Boulder—a move that would significantly change his life.
College Years
In those days, a baccalaureate degree was not required to enter the law school, and thus Bill matriculated there after two years in the College of Arts and Sciences, receiving his "Ll.B." (as he preferred to spell it) degree in 1939. When a change to JD was offered in the early 1970s, he declined, believing (like many others of his generation) the latter title to be presumptuous; as he said, "we wore the Ll.B. as a badge of bygone honor."
Three significant relationships developed in his college years. His previous scouting activities had led to an introduction to the Stapp family, who owned and operated a summer resort on a private inholding deep in the Roosevelt National Forest west of Ward. Bill started working at Stapp's Lake Lodge right out of high school. He washed dishes, bussed and waited tables, chopped wood for the lodge's fireplaces, and did whatever general chores were required to keep the well-heeled guests in wilderness comfort.
At Stapp's Lake, Bill attracted the attention of Frederic Putnam Storke (1892–1973), a professor at CU Law School. Professor Storke, one of the many tubercular patients who had sought Colorado's climate in the early decades of the 20th century, persuaded him to transfer to CU and offered him accommodation in his home at 11th and Baseline in return for a variety of domestic chores. Bill became part-time caretaker of Fred and Mary Storke's son, served guests at their cocktail and dinner parties, and then provided entertainment at the piano. Professor Storke became a lifelong friend and mentor, as well as employer and classroom instructor.
Patty Savage Nash (1916–2012), a history major and the niece of three maiden sisters in the Storkes' social circle, attracted Bill's attention and vice versa—to their lasting joy. Patty received her BA in 1938 (Byron White was a classmate) and returned to her father's cattle ranch near Guffey, teaching junior high school in Florence for two years while awaiting Bill's graduation, bar examination, and work establishment. He graduated from CU Law School with the class of 1939, ranking first in his class, and was elected to the Order of the Coif.
Marriage and WWII Disruption
Bill and Patty married in Cañon City on December 28, 1940. After a short honeymoon trip along the Gulf Coast in a car whose use he had bartered for some legal services, the couple returned to Denver, renting rooms at 944 Ogden Street. He went to work at $75 per month for Lowell White (1896–1983), an established Denver attorney with an office on the seventh floor of the Equitable Building.
That day of infamy intervened. Following basic training, he boarded a ship for Australia and, within a month of his arrival, he wound up in New Guinea. Soon afterward, he was told to report to the Inspector General's Office. This gave him a promotion to Corporal and some work with legal overtones. It also gave him access to a typewriter, and he wrote lengthy letters home about daily activities. Because he couldn't say anything more specific than he was someplace in New Guinea, there was much news on food, laundry, and diverse vermin. On March 5, he reported that dinner included "chili with no meat or beans but plenty of grease floating on a little tomato sauce. . . ."
As 1944 progressed, Bill became increasingly connected with the work of the Judge Advocate General's (JAG) office and made application for JAG Officer Candidate School (OCS). When the Warrant Officer in the JAG office was shipped out due to health issues, Bill became the de facto Warrant Officer. In September, he was summoned to the Adjutant General's office. With no preamble, he was told to raise his right hand, take the oath, sign it, and get fingerprinted. Thus, he officially became a Warrant Officer. There would be no more doing laundry nor bathing in the river. The food was substantially more to his liking, although he had to pay 75¢ per day at the officer's mess.
In early 1945, he was accepted at the JAG OCS School, which occupied much of the University of Michigan's Law School facilities. He completed the course, became a commissioned officer, and was invited to stay on to teach. After he established himself, Patty joined him. When they learned that they were expecting their first child, they decided it would be best for Patty to return to the extended family support network in Denver. Fred was born there in February 1946.
In the meantime, Bill had persuaded CU to give him enough credit for his JAG training to receive a BA degree from CU the same month he graduated from the JAG School. However, it took him a few decades to convince his "1946 classmates" that he wasn't interested in their reunions. He was discharged from the Army and returned to Denver in late 1946. William, Jr. (Will) was born in October 1947 and would complete the family.
Law Practice
In 1947, Bill began working with Ted Wood in the Equitable Building. This was the start of a friendship and association that lasted twenty-seven years until Ted's death in 1974. Early on in that affiliation, they added another returning war veteran from the Tenth Mountain Division, Gene Hames. Wood, Ris & Hames, P.C. still exists today and is now celebrating its 65th anniversary.
Mechanical and Procedural Challenges
Among Bill's reminiscences, he mentioned the firm's first copy machine, which used a thin opaque paper that crumbled with age and especially if left in the sun. Dictating machines also were typically a challenge. They consisted of large, bulky cassettes with reels of thin wire moving quite rapidly from side to side. They had a tendency to fail at the most inopportune times, requiring a call for service not only to splice the wire, but also to untangle a rat's nest of wires, both of which had to be done before the machine could be shut off. Eventually, Bill became quite proficient in repairing the machines himself.
Bill further recalled that court was quite different in the 1940s and 1950s. The Code of Civil Procedure, a throw-off of common law practice and procedures, was in effect. From a defense standpoint, one never filed an Answer to a Complaint in the first instance. Usually, the first pleading to be filed was a General Demurrer. After a hearing on that (it was generally overruled), a Special Demurrer would be filed. After that was heard and denied, Motions to Strike and To Be More Specific would be filed and argued. Only after such motions had been heard and denied would an Answer be filed. And those were the good old days.
Bill was on the Colorado Bar Association (CBA) Board of Governors and served on the CBA Executive Committee for many years, which culminated in his being elected CBA President for the 1962–63 term. He was one of the architects of the Colorado Judicial Merit Selection System and, during his presidency, he traversed the state stomping for such reform. In 1966, a voter-initiated constitutional amendment was adopted, removing judicial retention from the political arena. Bill later was appointed to the Colorado Commission on Judicial Qualifications, serving from 1973 to 1977, including one term as president. He was an initial appointee by the Supreme Court to the newly formed Civil Jury Instruction Committee, on which he served from 1964 to 1977.
Surprisingly, Bill still found time for other legal-related activities. He was a member of the Denver Law Club and served as the organization's president from 1956 to 1957, in addition to being the pianist for several renditions of the Law Club Show during the annual bar convention at the Broadmoor Hotel. He was a Regent of the American College of Trial Lawyers, a life member of the Fellows of the American and Colorado Bar Foundations, and a member of the International Association of Insurance Counsel.
In 1987, Bill was recognized for his lifetime accomplishments when he received the Award of Merit from the Denver Bar Association. The award is the association's highest honor and is presented "on the basis of outstanding service to the Association or to the legal profession or rendered in the interest of the improvement of the administration of justice."
Exemplary Reputation Before Bench and Bar
As was typical of the 1940s and 1950s, Bill practiced in many legal specialties, including real estate, estate planning, and general business. He was involved in one murder trial, which he always said was one too many. Judge Robert W. Steele appointed him to defend the accused and Bill emphatically declined, stating that he knew nothing about criminal law. According to Bill, Judge Steele's clerk told Bill that the accused was as "nutty as a fruitcake," and that Bill would get him off on a directed verdict of not guilty by reason of insanity. The only evidence the prosecution presented was testimony from a psychiatrist from the Colorado Psychopathic Hospital. Bill made the not-guilty-by-reason-of-insanity motion, and Judge Steele granted the motion.
The bread and butter of Bill's practice was insurance defense work. There were only a few firms representing insurance companies at that time; thus, Wood, Ris & Hames in general and Bill in particular became specialists in that area, handling everything from rear-end auto accidents to Johns Manville asbestos litigation. In the early years, there were very few insurance defense attorneys outside Denver, so Bill handled many cases throughout the state, using local counsel whenever possible. A case in Hugo created a problem because there were no local attorneys in the small Lincoln County statutory town. Bill needed help with the jury selection and approached the town sheriff, who was more than happy to give his two cents, because he had been after the plaintiff for some time. The jury was out eight minutes before returning a verdict in favor of the defense.
The most notorious case that Bill was involved with was Keyes v. School District No. 1, the Denver school desegregation case. It was brought initially on a pro bono basis by Denver's largest law firm, and the 1969 ruling by Judge William Doyle was against the School Board.1 William Berge, president of the Board of Education, approached Bill about taking over the case in the appellate process. Bill attempted to politely decline, because the case did not conform with his personal views. However, he eventually relented and reluctantly became lead counsel for the School Board.
It was to be a very stressful and time-consuming endeavor. In 1971, the Tenth Circuit affirmed Judge Doyle's district court ruling,2 and an appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court ensued. Bill orally argued the case on October 12, 1972 before a panel of eight justices. Justice Byron White recused himself because he and Bill were classmates and friends from CU days. (As an aside, Bill was among the few people who knew that Justice White hated the nickname "Whizzer.") In June 1973, the Supreme Court essentially affirmed the previous holdings in a 7–1 decision, which generated four individual opinions—from Justices William Brennan, William Douglas, Lewis Powell, and William Rehnquist (dissenting).3 The School Board was ordered to desegregate the entire system, root and branch.
That was hardly the end of it. The district court was to supervise the desegregation plan, and such supervision lasted more than twenty years. Though Bill didn't see the case through to the final discharge in 1995, he did participate in many proceedings with Judge Doyle and subsequently Judge Richard Matsch (whom he greatly admired). All in all, this was a very difficult and tense time in his life.
During his early 60s, Bill decided that he would retire from trying cases at age 70. He wanted more time to travel, and he also didn't want to have to worry about practicing law past his prime. Many of his clients were not entirely happy with his decision, but he spent several years transitioning them to other members of the firm.
Even before retirement, he had started to indulge his taste for seeing new things, which included heavily researched trips to Europe. When China was opened to general tourism, he and Patty were among the first to visit and they made a point of getting as much off the beaten path as allowed. There, his pure white hair (acquired in his 40s) was the source of much interest and astonishment. On a trip to the Soviet Union, Bill sampled caviar at the amazing price of $3, not realizing until the bill arrived that the tariff was per gram. He took this as a joke on himself; his general good nature and sense of humor wore well.
Macular degeneration and hearing loss did not deter Bill's optimism and good nature. When he was diagnosed with colon cancer, he was the best of patients, "radiating dignity" as one of his son's high school classmates put it. After a short struggle, he died at Denver Hospice at age 88. In his practical style, he had long since prepaid all mortuary and funeral arrangements. His cremains, and now Patty's, are interred at St. Luke's church.
Though he may be gone, Bill Ris certainly is not forgotten. He left his mark on his adoptive state, and the legal profession is in a better place because of him. His legacy is firmly implanted in Colorado's legal profession.
1. Keyes v. School District No. 1, 393 F.Supp. 279 (D.Colo. 1969).
2. Keyes v. School District No. 1, 445 F.2d 990 (10th Cir. 1971).
3. Keyes v. School District No. 1, 413 U.S. 189 (1973).


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The average cost for a Vacuum Pump Replacement is between $333 and $566. Labor costs are estimated between $158 and $200 while parts are priced between $175 and $366. Get a personalized estimate based on your location and specific car. Estimate does not include taxes and fees.
Vacuum Pump Replacement Cost for Chevrolet Express 2500
Vacuum Pump Replacement Estimate (National Average)
Validated estimate range for national average.
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Parts & Labor Breakdown
Labor: $158 - $200
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When the vacuum pump fails, the brake system will require much more force to stop the vehicle. Also, the A/C and climate control may lose some or all of its functionality.
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Happy Earth Day! With so much recent public attention on issues of climate change, particularly how human actions impact the environment and how these changes in turn affect our health, we wanted to highlight the work Tribes are doing to protect the environment with the support of the Administration for Native Americans.
Since 1990, ANA has been able to support Tribes and Tribal consortia with funding to strengthen Tribal government capacity to identify, plan, develop and implement environmental programs. The Environmental Regulatory Enhancement (ERE) program is designed to bolster regulatory efforts in a manner that is consistent with a Tribe's cultural preservation and natural resource management priorities.
Tribal identity, culture, and traditions are intimately tied to the land and animals. For example, many eastern Tribes have kinship systems (clans) that are named after animals (wolf, bear, turtle, etc.), and in the Southwest, for the Dine, the traditional way to introduce yourself is to name where you were born, your clans, and your parents and grandparents. The connection to the land is strong in Native cultures, and desecration of the land is felt spiritually. Because we all depend on water to survive, protecting water resources is often a high priority for the communities we serve as well.
Therefore, for many Tribes protecting the natural resources, such as water and wildlife, is integral to protecting their culture and traditions.
For example, the Pacific Northwest depend on salmon for subsistence and economic benefit, and one of our current grantees, the Confederated Tribes of the Siletz, is currently researching the unique salmon breeding and rearing grounds in the Siletz river Basin in order to create regulations to protect the ecosystem the salmon need to reproduce.
Most of the ERE projects funded are to develop ordinances, regulations, or laws to protect the environment. For example, ANA is currently funding the Tonkawa Tribe of Indians in Oklahoma for their Tonkawa Tribe Water Resources Project. As part of the project, the Tribe will protect tribal water rights by implementing regulation of water use and water quality within the tribal jurisdiction, and by identifying off-reservation factors that affect the tribe's water supply and future growth.
Since 2006, ANA has been conducting impact evaluations on approximately 70 percent of our ending grants, and over the last six years we have visited 47 ERE projects. We gather both qualitative and quantitative data during impact visits, which we use to improve our own service delivery to better assist our grantees, and to share the stories of our grantees with other Native communities and the public. For instance, over 1,000 individuals received some type of professional development training as a result of ANA ERE funding, and 54 environmental codes or regulations were developed, 33 of which were implemented during the project periods.
During impact visits, we also ask grantees to identify beneficiaries of their projects and describe how they benefited. Some examples of beneficiaries reported by ERE grantees visited in 2012 include Tribal environmental departments (which can now make data-driven decisions, have built staff capacity and infrastructure, and generally know more about what's going on on their land in terms of harvest management), and Tribal members (who benefit from protecting long-term subsistence food supplies, and now have more of a voice in state-Tribal discussions). Grantees reported an increased awareness of regulations and environmental issues among the general community as well, in addition to increased recycling, greater awareness of sustainable hunting practices, and access to wildlife expertise. These benefits also extend to the environment, as ANA projects are addressing specific problems such as poaching, burning tires, animal control, and land and water pollution.
This month, ANA will publish the ERE funding opportunity announcement for 2013, available both at grants.gov and the ANA website. We look forward to being able to provide an opportunity for more Tribes and Tribal consortia to develop legal, technical, and organizational capacities for protecting their natural environments.
Lillian Sparks, a Lakota woman of the Rosebud and Oglala Sioux Tribes, is the Commissioner of the Administration of Native Americans. Miss Sparks was confirmed by the United States Senate as the Commissioner on March 3, 2010, and was sworn in on March 5, 2010. She has devoted her career to supporting the educational pursuits of Native American students, protecting the rights of indigenous people, and empowering tribal communities.


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Your search ' activities hunting outdoors 73 grid 100-200' did not match any products.
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activities hunting outdoors 73 grid 100-200'
Fall is on it's way and college football kicks off this weekend! Millions will be wearing their teams colors and getting to stadiums early to tailgate and cheer their team on.
Take a look at what The Outdoor Cook, Gary House from cooking-outdoors.com has come up with. These dogs are unique and will certainly draw some attention and praise from your friends while leaving your palate happy.
Outdoor Cooking's newest employee, Andrea, loves to get outdoors every chance she gets
We started off the weekend with blue skiesââ¬Â¦.OK, partly blue skies, but nevertheless, we were all so EXCITED to be up in the mountains for our first big camping trip of the year.{C}{C}{C}{C}{C} We had the best camping spot on the mountain, in my opinion. We were on top of a ridge that looked out into more mountains, topped with fresh green pines. The sun glistened off the stream below, caused by all the mountain snow run off. It was beautiful.
I donââ¬â¢t know about you, but one of the best parts of hunting is getting out and exploring some lightly trodden back country.
Standing on top of a mountain in the early morning offers some amazing views and fresh air.
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I am preaching on the Triumphal Entry (from Lk. 19:28-44). It must be this passage for a school assignment.
I am looking for the general flow of the passage. I am kind of thinking about doing something with Christ as Prophet, Priest, and King. He functions a lot like a prophet in the sense that He weeps over Jerusalem's destruction and, as a priest, gives His life as our mediator.
Feel free to throw out some ideas and change my direction entirely if need be .


text: Case | HBS Case Collection | March 2001 (Revised March 2016) Charlene Barshefsky (A) James K. Sebenius and Rebecca Hulse Describes the challenges former U.S. Trade Representative Charlene Barshefsky faced while negotiating a trade agreement with China to improve its domestic intellectual property rights enforcement. After briefly describing Barshefsky's past experience with trade negotiations, this case discusses the history of U.S.–China trade relations and analyzes Ambassador Barshefsky's strategy in coalition building in the United States and abroad. Keywords: Trade; International Relations; Copyright; Negotiation Style; Negotiation Tactics; Alliances; Business and Government Relations; China; United States; Citation:Sebenius, James K., and Rebecca Hulse. "Charlene Barshefsky (A)." Harvard Business School Case 801-421, March 2001. (Revised March 2016.) View Details CiteView DetailsEducatorsPurchase Related


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Aggie Reps
The USU Alumni Association is excited to announce the new Aggie Rep program. For several years, the Alumni Association has worked with chapters in specific regions. However, chapters limited the ability of alumni to get involved. Additionally, chapters limited the Alumni Association's ability of providing opportunities for continued growth and involvement.
As a result, Aggie Reps are being selected throughout the United States and will be asked to represent USU in their communities and neighborhoods.
What are Aggie Reps?
Who are Aggie Reps?
How do I become an Aggie Rep?
For more information visit our FAQ page.


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Mrs. Jureczki was born August 19, 1916 to Leon and Florence Olenick Kyrish in Panna Maria. She attended school in Panna Maria. Louise married Gilbert Jureczki October 9, 1948 in Panna Maria and they made their home in San Antonio. Gilbert passed away on June 21, 1983 and Louise moved to Karnes City. She was a Catholic by faith and member of St. Cornelius Catholic Church.
Survivors include her sister-in-law Christine Kyrish, six nieces and nephews and many great nieces and nephews.
Preceded in death by her parents; brothers, Ed, Henry and Joe Kyrish; sisters Bridgid Kyrish, Berna Pieprzyca, Rose (Jack) Lawrenson; nephews Henry Kyrish, Jr., LeRoi Kyrish and niece Florence Dugi.
Visitation began at 5 p.m., Friday, Feb. 15 at Rhodes Funeral Home Chapel in Karnes City, with a rosary at 7 p.m. that evening.
A funeral Mass was celebrated at 10 a.m., Saturday, Feb. 16 at St. Cornelius Catholic Church in Karnes City.
Funeral services were entrusted to Rhodes Funeral Home, Inc.


text: Christian Dior, Charming Mini Boston in Lilac Satin € 610 Price Plus shipping and delivery New to our shop Buy now With each direct purchase Auctionata donates 5% of the purchase price to Straßenkinder e.V. >Buy it now Make an offer Our sales team will negotiate with the seller on your behalf. During negotiations the item remains on sale. >Place a counteroffer


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Old Town Moore
Moore was founded during the land-run of 1889. The early settlers came on train, horseback, wagons, and some, on foot. According to local historians, the town's original name was "Verbeck" as designated by the railroad company. However, a railroad employee named Al Moore, reported to be either a conductor or a brakeman, lived in a boxcar at the camp and had difficulty receiving his mail. He painted his name - "Moore" - on a board and nailed it on the boxcar. When a postmaster was appointed, he continued to call the settlement Moore. When the town incorporated in 1893 the name was legalized. The original town site comprised a small area bounded by the present NE 3rd Street on the north and SE 4th Street on the south; the eastern limit was situated about one and a half blocks east of the railroad and the western edge about two and a half blocks west of the railroad. The original town site became known as Old Town. Thus the name Old Town. While the name is the same, the downtown we have now is much different than a hundred years ago.
Old Town, downtown Moore, is undergoing a revitalization. Both public and private dollars are being invested in Old Town. We intend to use this portion of the website to keep you,the citizens, informed about what is going on in Old Town and the improvements being made to make the Old Town district a destination for citizen and visitor alike.


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STERLING, VA -- Almost 300 hungry prospects showed out at Dulles Sportsplex for the Northern Virginia version of the Riddell All-American Showcase on Saturday evening. Elite talent from Maryland, V...
QBs RBs: Riddell All-American Training Camp N. Virginia Showcase
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Sara Cardine
Stories by Sara Cardine
Life imitates art
Timeless themes bear fruit for modern audiences in 'The Grapes of Wrath' at A Noise Within
Gearing up
Altadena mother swaps wheelchair for bicycle to ride for neuromuscular disorder
Special delivery
Aveson Charter students set out to end hunger, one box at a time
Beauty marks
Local style experts give tips for beauty trends to try and avoid in 2013
Bug off!
Local health hubs offer vaccines, tips to combat a burgeoning flu bug this season
You're covered
All arguments aside, 'Obamacare' means big changes to health care, insurance
Speaking frankly
AIDS Service Center's peer-to-peer program takes message of prevention to the streets
Spreading the Word
Author explores history, appeal of peanut butter in "Creamy & Crunchy" at Vromans Tuesday
Home improvement
Rose Parade Grand Marshal Jane Goodall brings message of stewardship, conservation as Tournament makes efforts to go greener
Stamp of approval
Pasadena illustrator Paul Rogers brings Santa to life on 2012 Forever Holiday stamp
'This is life'
South Pasadena priest sees rare cancer diagnosis as learning, teaching opportunity
Up, up and away
Two Pasadena World AIDS Day events aim to raise awareness of, eradicate virus
The ride of his life
Two-day fundraiser at Cycle Annex to benefit South Pasadena priest, triathlete with rare cancer
Beyond their years
Two PCC students and autism advocates prove age is just a number when it comes to realizing dreams
¡Viva los muertos!
Pasadena celebrates life with Day of the Dead


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The student body of the pastoral counseling and spiritual care department is both ethnically and spiritually diverse. This multicultural aspect informs not only the department, but also the counseling field as a whole. It also seeks to bring a greater understanding of the counseling movement to underrepresented groups and cultures. The global focus of the pastoral counseling department has been a highlight of the program since its inception in 1976. If you are an international student or are interested in studying abroad, please read more about the international focus of the U.S. based National Board of Certified Counselors International (NBCC-I).
Our student body consists of approximately 400 students from 48 states and 30 foreign countries. An estimated 10 percent of our students are international students, which is the highest international student representation within Loyola. The age of our students ranges from 21-70 with a median age of 42. The student body is 29 percent male and 70 percent female.
The student body is also representative of many diverse spiritual affiliations which include several world religions and philosophical movements. These vast spiritual experiences cross cultural lines, bring a multicultural aspect to the department, and enhance the curricular experience.


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Spontaneous combustion…??
Weird! Where was that?
marie Dogbreeding and had a traggic day witnessed how the global toys look Face like massive long thic neck face size...
Wrestling with reality at kink.com
Hesam pictuers and gallery
Hesam only pictuers and gallery sending my.
talal hi
Angry white man arrested for threatening Pelosi looks the part
panfu.com im scard there might be a rappis out there ill kill him then like i hurt stuff oh srry


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By Gary Mitchell
FARWELL — Through Financial Peace University, the average family eliminates $5,300 in debt while saving $2,700, according to its founder, Dave Ramsey.
"Financial Peace University is a series of 13 biblically based, life-changing personal finance lessons," Ramsey said. "The course shows people how to apply proven, common-sense principles in their 'real world' that allow them to walk in financial peace."
Ramsey's Financial Peace University will be coming to First Baptist Church of Farwell, first for an orientation session at 5 p.m. (CDT) Sunday, said the Rev. Randy Mullin, pastor of First Baptist of Farwell.
"This orientation is just a come-get-acquainted session," he said. "The full 13-week course will begin at 4 p.m. (CST) on Nov. 2. The cost per family is $90 and includes all the materials, workbooks and tapes."
Ramsey is the author of the book, "Financial Peace." He is also the host of "The Dave Ramsey Show," a talk-radio show dedicated to answering callers' financial questions.
By age 26, Ramsey said he had accumulated more than $4 million in real estate. He then lost his entire portfolio and virtually everything he owned. Since then, he said he has rebuilt his financial life, "based on Scripture."
"Personal finance has more to do with behavior than with financial knowledge," he said. "Financial Peace University provides both the knowledge and environment to permanently change personal financial behavior in a way that brings long-term prosperity and financial security."
According to Ramsey's office, a Financial Peace University course "hasn't been offered in this area," Mullin said.
"So this will be a groundbreaking event," he said. "We're really looking forward to his coming here. Everything he does is biblically based. He presents solid principles of common-sense money management, and he teaches others the lessons he learned the hard way."
Child care will be available during the orientation session as well as during the 13-week course, Mullin said.
For information, call the church office at 481-3202.


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EZproxy VUG Enhance Server Security
Join EZproxy Senior Product Manager Don Hamparian on How You Can Enhance the Security of your EZproxy Server. Hear questions, tips and suggestions in this open forum discussion with your colleagues. You'll also hear a preview of EZproxy 5.5 which includes improved support for libraries using "out-of-the-box" Shibboleth configurations.
This event has passed.
Start Date
20 October 2011
End Date
20 October 2011


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Pipe Wrap
Click here for Submittal Sheet for Spiral Pipe Wrap (N27 Revised 1016).pdf
Reflectix® Reflective/Bubble products for pipe wrap applications are the clear winner in terms of ease of installation and two strong benefits; an R-2.0 and the reduction of condensation on cold pipes. There are a variety of product configurations available. The product does not create fibers or dust that would require protective garments or a respirator. The rolls are a very friendly size and can easily be molded or cut to your specific application.
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Reflectix® products are thoroughly tested at either nationally approved, independent laboratories or leading universities. Tests are performed to current American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards when a standard exists. To obtain a copy of our Product Testing Specifications, please refer to our website Literature Tab above. The documents are also available by e-mail at firstname.lastname@example.com or call 800-879-3645.
Federal Trade Commission Fact Sheet:Installation Instructions:
When utilizing the SPW product, spiral wrap the product overlapping a minimum of 1/2 inch. Securely tape the seams with a Reflectix® Foil Tape (goal is an air-tight, snug seam seal).Important:
When utilizing the BP product, cut into 2 or 4 wide strips. Then, follow the directions above for the SPW product.
Additional Resources:
F14 - Solutions for the HVAC Pro (Revised 0616).pdf


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You purchased this item onView this order
YumEarth, Organics, Vitamin C Pops, Assorted Flavors, 12.3 oz (349 g) (Discontinued Item)
- You earn loyalty credit for every order you place at iHerb!
- Loyalty credit is equal to 10% of the value of your order, excluding shipping charges.
- Your loyalty credit will be applied towards your next order as soon as your current order has shipped.
- Your loyalty credits are valid for up to 60 days from the date of your last purchase.
Shipping Weight:?1.29 lbs (0.59 kg)Shipping WeightThe Shipping Weight includes the product, protective packaging material and the actual shipping box. In addition, the Shipping Weight may be adjusted for the Dimensional Weight (e.g. length, width & height) of a package. It is important to note that certain types of products (e.g. glass containers, liquids, fragile, refrigerated or ice packed) will often require protective packaging material. As such, these products will reflect a higher Shipping Weight compared to the unprotected product.
- Product Code: YUE-01319
- UPC Code: 810165013193
- Package Quantity: 12.3 oz (349 g)
- Dimensions: 3.5 x 5.2 x 7.2 in, 0.9 lbs (0.41 kg)
- No Artificial Colors
- No Artificial Flavors
- Made with Real Fruit Juice
- 50+ Pops Approx.
- USDA Organic
- Each Pop Only 22 Calories
- Gluten-Free
- 100% Daily Vitamin C
- Fat- Free
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- Kosher
- No High Fructose Corn Syrup
- 100% Daily Vitamin C Per Pop
- Certified Organic by Oregon Tilth
Flavors Include:
- Pomegranate Pucker
- Wet-Face Watermelon
- Strawberry Smash
- Googly Grape
- Very Very Cherry
- Perfectly Peach
- Razzmatazz Berry
- Mango Tango
YumEarth was born out of our commitment to feed our families a diet rich in delicious healthful foods that are free of chemicals. YumEarth tastes much better because we choose real fruit extracts and planet friendly ingredients grown on sustainable family farms to sweeten our lives and yours.
YumEarth. Good for us. Good for Mother Earth.
Other Ingredients
We're Proud of Our Planet Friendly Ingredients
Organic evaporated cane juice, organic brown rice syrup, non-gmo citric acid (from beet sugar, -not corn), natural flavors, organic black carrots, organic black currants, organic apple, organic carrot, organic pumpkin, ascorbic acid.
- Certified Organic
- No Artificial Dyes
- Tree Nut-Free
- Real Fruit Extracts
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- 100% Vegan
- Gluten-Free
- Peanut-Free
- Soy-Free
- Diary-Free
- Fat-Free
- Egg-Free
Flavor assortment may vary.
|Supplement Facts
|Serving Size: 17 grams (approx. 3 Pops)
|Serving Per Container: 17
|Amount Per Serving
|%Daily Value*
|Calories from Fat
|Total Fat
|0 g
Saturated Fat
|0 g
|Trans Fat
|0 g
|0 mg
|0 mg
|Total Carbohydrate
|17 g
|Dietary Fiber
|0 g
|17 g
|0 g
|Vitamin A
|Vitamin C
*Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet. Your daily values may be higher or lower depending on your calorie needs.
맛도 여러가지.. 애들 주기 좋아요..
Posted by 5574067425829329176 on Mar 06, 2015
워낙 유명한 제품이라.. 비타민 씨 팝으로 따로도 나오네요.. 어차피 맛은 오리지날 팝이랑 비슷한데, 왜 따로 비타민 씨 용으로 만든 건지.. 받는 애들은 누구나 다 좋아해요..
oh so yum!
Posted by 4634053040030261280 on Feb 14, 2015
these are soon yummy, all flavours are just awesome. Got for me and my little one as a vitamin top up, but its hard to stop at one!!
Ligthly sour sweets
Posted by vibirca on Jan 26, 2015
Great taste with different flavours.
Posted by monicamsanchez on Dec 04, 2014
Stán muy ricas, saben muy bien
very good product
Posted by 4875510254163870943 on Nov 11, 2014
i am totally satisfied with this product