text:
Smith–Waterman algorithm
The Smith–Waterman algorithm performs local sequence alignment; that is, for determining similar regions between two strings or nucleotide or protein sequences. Instead of looking at the total sequence, the Smith–Waterman algorithm compares segments of all possible lengths and optimizes the similarity measure.
The algorithm was first proposed by Temple F. Smith and Michael S. Waterman in 1981.[1] Like the Needleman–Wunsch algorithm, of which it is a variation, Smith–Waterman is a dynamic programming algorithm. As such, it has the desirable property that it is guaranteed to find the optimal local alignment with respect to the scoring system being used (which includes the substitution matrix and the gap-scoring scheme). The main difference to the Needleman–Wunsch algorithm is that negative scoring matrix cells are set to zero, which renders the (thus positively scoring) local alignments visible. Backtracking starts at the highest scoring matrix cell and proceeds until a cell with score zero is encountered, yielding the highest scoring local alignment. Because of its cubic computational complexity[disambiguation needed] it often cannot be practically applied to large-scale problems and is replaced in favor of less general but computationally more efficient alternatives such as (Gotoh, 1982) [2] and (Altschul and Erickson, 1986).[3]
A matrix is built as follows:
- = Strings over the Alphabet
- is a similarity function on the alphabet
- – is the maximum Similarity-Score between a suffix of a[1...i] and a suffix of b[1...j]
- is the gap-scoring scheme
- Sequence 1 = ACACACTA
- Sequence 2 = AGCACACA
To obtain the optimum local alignment, start with the highest value in the matrix (i,j). Then, go backwards to one of positions (i − 1,j), (i, j − 1), and (i − 1, j − 1) depending on the direction of movement used to construct the matrix. This methodology is maintained until a matrix cell with zero value is reached.
In the example, the highest value corresponds to the cell in position (8,8). The walk back corresponds to (8,8), (7,7), (7,6), (6,5), (5,4), (4,3), (3,2), (2,1), (1,1), and (0,0),
Once finished, the alignment is reconstructed as follows: Starting with the last value, reach (i,j) using the previously calculated path. A diagonal jump implies there is an alignment (either a match or a mismatch). A top-down jump implies there is a deletion. A left-right jump implies there is an insertion.
For the example, the results are:
- Sequence 1 = A-CACACTA
- Sequence 2 = AGCACAC-A
(1) One motivation for local alignment is the difficulty of obtaining correct alignments in regions of low similarity between distantly related biological sequences, because mutations have added too much 'noise' over evolutionary time to allow for a meaningful comparison of those regions. Local alignment avoids such regions altogether and focuses on those with a positive score, i.e. those with an evolutionarily conserved signal of similarity. A prerequisite for local alignment is a negative expectation score. The expectation score is defined as the average score that the scoring system (substitution matrix and gap penalties) would yield for a random sequence.
(2) Another motivation for using local alignments is that there is a reliable statistical model (developed by Karlin and Altschul) for optimal local alignments. The alignment of unrelated sequences tends to produce optimal local alignment scores which follow an extreme value distribution. This property allows programs to produce an expectation value for the optimal local alignment of two sequences, which is a measure of how often two unrelated sequences would produce an optimal local alignment whose score is greater than or equal to the observed score. Very low expectation values indicate that the two sequences in question might be homologous, meaning they might share a common ancestor.
The Smith–Waterman algorithm (SWA) is fairly demanding of time: To align two sequences of lengths m and n, O(mn) time is required. Smith–Waterman local similarity scores can be calculated in O(m) (linear) space if only the optimal alignment needs to be found, but naive algorithms to produce the alignment require O(mn) space. A linear space strategy to find the best local alignment has been described.[4] BLAST and FASTA reduce the amount of time required by identifying conserved regions using rapid lookup strategies, at the cost of exactness.
An implementation of the Smith–Waterman Algorithm, SSEARCH, is available in the FASTA sequence analysis package from [4]. This implementation includes Altivec accelerated code for PowerPC G4 and G5 processors that speeds up comparisons 10–20-fold, using a modification of the Wozniak, 1997 approach,[5] and an SSE2 vectorization developed by Farrar[6] making optimal protein sequence database searches quite practical. A library, SSW, extends Farrar's implementation to return alignment information in addition to the optimal Smith-Waterman score.[7]
Accelerated versions[edit]
Cray demonstrated acceleration of the Smith–Waterman algorithm using a reconfigurable computing platform based on FPGA chips, with results showing up to 28x speed-up over standard microprocessor-based solutions. Another FPGA-based version of the Smith–Waterman algorithm shows FPGA (Virtex-4) speedups up to 100x[8] over a 2.2 GHz Opteron processor.[9] The TimeLogic DeCypher and CodeQuest systems also accelerate Smith–Waterman and Framesearch using PCIe FPGA cards.
A 2011 Master's thesis [10] includes an analysis of FPGA-based Smith–Waterman acceleration.
In a 2016 publication [5], a very efficient implementation was presented. Using one PCIe FPGA card equipped with a Xilinx Virtex-7 2000T FPGA, the performance per Watt level was better than CPU/GPU by 12-21x.
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and the US Department of Energy's Joint Genome Institute implemented an accelerated version of Smith–Waterman local sequence alignment searches using graphics processing units (GPUs) with preliminary results showing a 2x speed-up over software implementations.[11] A similar method has already been implemented in the Biofacet software since 1997, with the same speed-up factor.[12]
Several GPU implementations of the algorithm in NVIDIA's CUDA C platform are also available.[13] When compared to the best known CPU implementation (using SIMD instructions on the x86 architecture), by Farrar, the performance tests of this solution using a single NVidia GeForce 8800 GTX card show a slight increase in performance for smaller sequences, but a slight decrease in performance for larger ones. However the same tests running on dual NVidia GeForce 8800 GTX cards are almost twice as fast as the Farrar implementation for all sequence sizes tested.
A newer GPU CUDA implementation of SW is now available that is faster than previous versions and also removes limitations on query lengths. See CUDASW++.
Eleven different SW implementations on CUDA have been reported, three of which report speedups of 30X.[14]
In 2000, a fast implementation of the Smith–Waterman algorithm using the SIMD technology available in Intel Pentium MMX processors and similar technology was described in a publication by Rognes and Seeberg.[15] In contrast to the Wozniak (1997) approach, the new implementation was based on vectors parallel with the query sequence, not diagonal vectors. The company Sencel Bioinformatics has applied for a patent covering this approach. Sencel is developing the software further and provides executables for academic use free of charge.
A SSE2 vectorization of the algorithm (Farrar, 2007) is now available providing an 8-16-fold speedup on Intel/AMD processors with SSE2 extensions.[6] When running on Intel processor using the Core microarchitecture the SSE2 implementation achieves a 20-fold increase. Farrar's SSE2 implementation is available as the SSEARCH program in the FASTA sequence comparison package. The SSEARCH is included in the European Bioinformatics Institute's suite of similarity searching programs.
Danish bioinformatics company CLC bio has achieved speed-ups of close to 200 over standard software implementations with SSE2 on an Intel 2.17 GHz Core 2 Duo CPU, according to a publicly available white paper.
Accelerated version of the Smith–Waterman algorithm, on Intel and AMD based Linux servers, is supported by the GenCore 6 package, offered by Biocceleration. Performance benchmarks of this software package show up to 10 fold speed acceleration relative to standard software implementation on the same processor.
Currently the only company in bioinformatics to offer both SSE and FPGA solutions accelerating Smith–Waterman, CLC bio has achieved speed-ups of more than 110 over standard software implementations with CLC Bioinformatics Cube[citation needed]
The fastest implementation of the algorithm on CPUs with SSSE3 can be found the SWIPE software (Rognes, 2011),[16] which is available under the GNU Affero General Public License. In parallel, this software compares residues from sixteen different database sequences to one query residue. Using a 375 residue query sequence a speed of 106 billion cell updates per second (GCUPS) was achieved on a dual Intel Xeon X5650 six-core processor system, which is over six times more rapid than software based on Farrar's 'striped' approach. It is faster than BLAST when using the BLOSUM50 matrix.
There also exists diagonalsw, a C and C++ implementation of the Smith–Waterman algorithm with the SIMD instruction sets (SSE4.1 for the x86 platform and AltiVec for the PowerPC platform). It is licensed under the open-source MIT license.
Cell Broadband Engine[edit]
In 2008, Farrar[17] described a port of the Striped Smith–Waterman[6] to the Cell Broadband Engine and reported speeds of 32 and 12 GCUPS on an IBM QS20 blade and a Sony PlayStation 3, respectively.
See also[edit]
- ^ Smith, Temple F. & Waterman, Michael S. (1981). "Identification of Common Molecular Subsequences" (PDF). Journal of Molecular Biology. 147: 195–197. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(81)90087-5. PMID 7265238.
- ^ Osamu Gotoh (1982). "An improved algorithm for matching biological sequences". Journal of molecular biology. 162: 705. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(82)90398-9.
- ^ Stephen F. Altschul & Bruce W. Erickson (1986). "Optimal sequence alignment using affine gap costs". Bulletin of Mathematical Biology. 48: 603–616. doi:10.1007/BF02462326.
- ^ Miller, Webb & Myers, Eugene (1988). "Optimal alignments in linear space". Computer Applications in Biosciences (CABIOS). 4: 11–17.
- ^ Wozniak, Andrzej (1997). "Using video-oriented instructions to speed up sequence comparison" (PDF). Computer Applications in Biosciences (CABIOS). 13 (2): 145–50.
- ^ a b c Farrar, Michael S. (2007). "Striped Smith–Waterman speeds database searches six times over other SIMD implementations" (PDF). Bioinformatics. 23 (2): 156–161. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btl582. PMID 17110365.
- ^ Zhao, Mengyao; Lee, Wan-Ping; Garrison, Erik P; Marth, Gabor T (4 December 2013). "SSW Library: An SIMD Smith-Waterman C/C++ Library for Use in Genomic Applications". PLoS ONE. PLoS. 8 (12). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0082138. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
- ^ FPGA 100x Papers: [1], [2], and [3]
- ^ Progeniq Pte. Ltd., "White Paper - Accelerating Intensive Applications at 10×–50× Speedup to Remove Bottlenecks in Computational Workflows".
- ^ Vermij, Erik (2011). Genetic sequence alignment on a supercomputing platform (PDF) (M.Sc. thesis). Delft University of Technology.
- ^ "GPU Accelerated Smith–Waterman". SpringerLink.
- ^ "Bioinformatics High Throughput Sequence Search and Analysis (white paper)". GenomeQuest. Retrieved 2008-05-09. Archived May 13, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ "CUDA Zone". Nvidia. Retrieved 2010-02-25.
- ^ Rognes, Torbjørn & Seeberg, Erling (2000). "Six-fold speed-up of Smith–Waterman sequence database searches using parallel processing on common microprocessors" (PDF). Bioinformatics. 16 (8): 699–706.
- ^ Rognes, Torbjørn (2011). "Faster Smith–Waterman database searches with inter-sequence SIMD parallelisation". BMC Bioinformatics. 12: 221. doi:10.1186/1471-2105-12-221. PMC 3120707. PMID 21631914.
- ^ Farrar, Michael S. (2008). "Optimizing Smith–Waterman for the Cell Broadband Engine".
External links[edit]
- JAligner — an open source Java implementation of the Smith–Waterman algorithm
- B.A.B.A. — an applet (with source) which visually explains the algorithm.
- FASTA/SSEARCH — services page at the EBI
- UGENE Smith–Waterman plugin — an open source SSEARCH compatible implementation of the algorithm with graphical interface written in C++
- OPAL — a JavaScript implementation of algorithms such as Needleman–Wunsch, Needleman–Wunsch–Sellers and Smith–Waterman
- diagonalsw — an open-source C/C++ implementation with SIMD instruction sets (notably SSE4.1) under the MIT license
- SSW — an open-source C++ library providing an API to an SIMD implemention of the Smith–Waterman algorithm under the MIT license


text:
Cat Adoption Team volunteers don't just love cats, they put their love of cats into action.
Over 450 volunteers belong to a CAT community that works every day to help homeless cats and kittens and end needless feline euthanasia.
CAT volunteers come from diverse backgrounds and contribute their time, skills, and talents in areas as varied as socializing cats one-on-one to raising awareness at outreach events. They are adolescents, senior citizens, and all ages in between. They make new friends, learn new skills, and are an essential component to CAT's ability to save lives.
Volunteer Requirements
"Volunteering for CAT is the most rewarding experience I've had. I always leave the shelter after volunteering with a huge smile on my face. I highly recommend volunteering to anyone!" Lynn H., Volunteer
If you wish to volunteer to fulfill court-ordered community service; please see our mandated service page for details.
Check out all the ways you can volunteer to help save lives at CAT.
Current volunteers may use the VIC program to schedule, change, or log hours for volunteer shifts. New volunteers will receive VIC Log On information after attending Volunteer Orientation and completing the follow-up interview.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Dr. Jayne Kalmar
Associate Professor, Kinesiology & Physical Education
Contact InformationEmail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Phone: 519-884-0710 ext.2033 | lab 519-884-0710 ext.3334
Office Location: Bricker Academic Building, BA508
Office Hours: By appointment. Please email to set up a time.
Academic Background
Postdoctoral Fellowship, Spinal Cord Research Centre, University of Manitoba (2005-2008)
PhD (Biology), York University (November 2005)
MSc (Kinesiology), York University (September 1998)
Dr. Kalmar is currently recruiting MSc Students interested in 'Neural Activation of Muscle'.
Please click here for more information ...
Research Interests:
The purpose of my NSERC-funded program of research is to determine how spinal reflex circuits integrate input from the brain and peripheral sensory receptors to maintain optimal voluntary drive to muscle during fatigue. I am also interested in the inhibitory pathways that modulate the excitability of the primary motor cortex during fatigue. This research is significant because until we understand the central mechanisms that modulate muscle output in healthy people, we cannot fully understand the mechanisms of impaired motor function in injury, aging, and disease.
Current Funding:
NSERC Discovery Grant: Spinal and Supraspinal Mechanisms of Fatigue
Vandenberk MS, Kalmar JM. (2014) An evaluation of paired motor unit estimates of persistent inward current in human motor neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology. 2014 Feb 12. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 24523524.
Powers KC, Cinelli ME, Kalmar JM, (2014) Cortical hypoexcitability persists beyond reported symptoms following a sport-induced concussion, Brain Injury (in press)
Powers KC, Kalmar JM, Cinelli ME. (2014) Dynamic stability and steering control following a sport-induced concussion. Gait Posture. 39(2):728-32.
Powers KC, Kalmar JM, and Cinelli ME. (2014) Recovery of static stability following a concussion. Gait Posture. 39(1):611-4.
Sharples S.A. and Kalmar J.M. (2012) Modulation of cortical excitability and interhemispheric inhibition prior to rhythmic unimanual contractions. Journal of Neuroscience Methods 30;210(2):178-86.
Kalmar J.M. (2012) Caffeine. Encyclopedia of Exercise Medicine in Health and Disease Mooren, F.C. & Skinner, J.S. (Eds.) Justus-Liebig-University Gießen: SpringerReference. pp.145-147.
Cahill F., Kalmar J.M., Pretorius T., Gardiner P.F., and Giesbrecht G.G. (2011) Whole-body hypothermia has central and peripheral influences on elbow flexor performance. Exp Physiol 96:528-538.
Kalmar, J.M., Button, D.C., Gardiner, K., Cahill, F., Gardiner, P.F. (2009) Caloric restriction does not offset age-associated changes in the biophysical properties of motoneurons. J. Neurophysiol. 101(2):548-57.
Button, D.C., Kalmar, J.M., Gardiner, K., Marqueste, T., Zhong, H., Roy, R.R., Edgerton, V.R., and P.F. Gardiner (2008) Does elimination of afferent input modify the changes in rat motoneurone properties that occur following chronic spinal cord transection? J. Physiol.(Lond.) 586(2):529-44.
Button, D.C, Kalmar, J.M., Gardiner, K., Cahill, F., and P.F. Gardiner (2007) Spike-frequency adaptation of rat hindlimb α-motoneurones J. Appl. Physiol. 102(3):1041-1050.
Kalmar, J.M., C. Del Balso, and E. Cafarelli (2006) Increased spinal excitability does not offset central activation failure. Exp. Brain Res. 173(3):446-57.
Kalmar, J.M., E. Cafarelli (2006) Central excitability does not limit postfatigue voluntary activation of quadriceps femoris. J. Appl. Physiol. 100:1757-1764 (article selected for editorial comment, see J. Appl. Physiol. 100:1749-1750)
Kalmar, J.M. (2005) The influence of caffeine on voluntary muscle activation. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 37(12): 2113-2119. (Symposium proceedings, Invited Review)
Kalmar, J.M., and E. Cafarelli (2004) Caffeine: A valuable Tool to Study Central Fatigue in Humans? Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 32(4): 143-147. (Invited Review, artwork selected for cover)
Kalmar, J.M., and E. Cafarelli (2004) Central fatigue and transcranial magnetic stimulation: Effect of caffeine and the confound of peripheral transmission failure. J. Neurosci. Meth. 138: 15-26.
Walton, C.C., Kalmar, J.M., and E. Cafarelli (2003) Caffeine increases spinal excitability in humans. Muscle Nerve 28: 359-364.
Walton, C.C., Kalmar, J.M., and E. Cafarelli (2002) The effect of caffeine on self-sustained firing in human motor units. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 545(2): 671-679.
Kalmar, J.M. and E. Cafarelli (1999) Effects of caffeine on neuromuscular function. J. Appl. Physiol. 87(2): 801-808.
Additional Information
Courses Taught
KP122 - Biodynamic Aspects of Physical Activity
KP220 - Human Physiology
KP425 - Neuromuscular Function in Exercise


text:
Dr. Rajiv Shah led the efforts of nearly 10,000 staff in more than 70 countries around the world to advance USAID's mission of ending extreme poverty and promoting resilient, democratic societies.
Under Dr. Shah's leadership, USAID applied innovative technologies and engaged the private sector to solve the world's most intractable development challenges. This new model of development brings together an increasingly diverse community—from large companies to local civil society groups to communities of faith—to deliver meaningful results.
Dr. Shah led President Obama's landmark Feed the Future and Power Africa initiatives and has refocused America's global health partnerships to end preventable child death. Feed the Future, alone, has improved nutrition for 12 million children and empowered more than 7 million farmers with climate-smart tools they need to grow their way out of extreme poverty. In April 2014, USAID launched the U.S. Global Development Lab to harness the expertise of the world's brightest scientists, students, and entrepreneurs. At the same time, the newly formed Private Capital Group for Development forges a more strategic relationship between private capital and development.
Dr. Shah also managed the U.S. Government's humanitarian response to catastrophic crises around the world, from the devastating 2010 Haiti earthquake to Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines to the Ebola epidemic in West Africa.
Through an extensive set of reforms called "USAID Forward," Dr. Shah worked with the United States Congress to transform USAID into the world's premier development Agency that prioritizes public-private partnerships, innovation, and meaningful results. He currently serves on the boards of the Overseas Private Investment Corporation and the Millennium Challenge Corporation, as well as participates on the National Security Council.
Previously, Dr. Shah served as Undersecretary and Chief Scientist in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, where he created the National Institute for Food and Agriculture. Prior to joining the Obama Administration, he spent eight years at the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, where he led efforts in global health, agriculture, and financial services, including the creation of the International Finance Facility for Immunization.
He is a graduate of the University of Michigan, the University of Pennsylvania Medical School, and the Wharton School of Business. He regularly appears in the media and has delivered keynote addresses before the U.S. Military Academy, the National Prayer Breakfast, and diverse audiences across Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. Dr. Shah was awarded the Distinguished Service Award by Secretary of State Hillary Clinton. He has served as a World Economic Forum Young Global Leader, been named to Fortune's 40 Under 40, and has received multiple honorary degrees.
He lives in Washington, D.C. with his wife Shivam Mallick Shah and three children and has given up mountain climbing for family bicycle rides.
- Thank you for arranging this meeting to discuss the important issues raised in your letter from August 28, 2015.
- USAID agrees with MENR that spatial planning is a critical issue for wildlife security, particularly given Kenya's context of devolution to county levels and rapid development trajectory. Therefore, we are willing to support MENR to develop the National Wildlife Conservation and Management Strategy and the preparation of three pilot county spatial plans for Kajiado, Narok, and Taita Taveta.
Wildlife trafficking has become a global issue that is threatening our world's biodiversity as well as national security. It has been proven that wildlife trafficking is linked to other transnational crime - - such as human trafficking, drugs and arms - - and terrorists are using wildlife as a source to fund their activities. It is an urgent matter that we have to address. It is everybody's responsibility to help stop illegal wildlife trade - - across ASEAN, Africa and beyond.
The United States is proud to stand with countries around the world, including those represented here tonight, to combat wildlife trafficking and protect natural resources. Like everyone here tonight, the United States, under President Obama's leadership, strongly believes the slaughter of thousands of animals and the murder of park rangers trying to protect these species must be stopped.
- I am pleased to join you today in this third annual summit on social work eduation.Vietnam's reforms and rapidly developing economy over the past 20 years has given the people of Vietnam many good things. Poverty has been significantly reduced and many families can achieve comforts and experiences that were hardly imaginable before. In many ways this country is a true success. During the same period, however, Vietnam has been increasingly confronting a range of familiar social issues associated with modernization, rural-urban migration, and other pressures on familie
Good morning and thank you for the opportunity to speak to such an inspiring group of people determined to build a bright future for Zimbabwe. When I received this invitation, the name "The Space" struck me as an appropriate title for why we are here – to create space for people to discuss innovative ideas for development. This is often where the best ideas originate, when we provide space for creative and committed people, like you, to come together and discuss the key topics of the day.
When I became the U.S. Ambassador to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, I knew that the issues of territorial disputes, food security, and human rights would feature prominently in my new role. What I have found during my time in the region, however, is that there is another very serious issue that sews a common thread among each of these issues: the degradation of marine and coastal ecosystems due to overfishing and illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing.
We at USAID are proud to partner with NASA on SERVIR because we – and the development community more broadly – are just scratching the surface of how geospatial information can be applied to address a wide range of development challenges. As SERVIR has already been doing in Eastern and Southern Africa and across the Hindu-kush Himalaya region, SERVIR-Mekong will help governments and other key decision-makers in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam take advantage of NASA's publicly available satellite imagery and geospatial analyses.
As many of us gathered here are aware, both the U.S. and the Philippines are founding members of the Open Government Partnership (OGP). Broadly, the OGP is an international platform for more meaningful engagements and dialogues between the government and the people it serves. It is a global standard for promoting accountability, transparency, citizen engagement and use of technology to strengthen governance. We are all here because we believe in the power of transparency, accountability, participation, and inclusion in transforming the direction of development.
Despite inspiring global progress in ending preventable maternal and child deaths, we need to continue our collaboration to accomplish this goal within a generation. This is the reason you have traveled from around the globe to India: You are here to advance our common commitment to helping mothers and babies who are dying due to circumstances that we can prevent. You came here to learn from one another, refine strategies for reaching this ambitious yet attainable goal, and then to turn this knowledge into targeted work in countries and communities around the world.
The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) is pleased to support this communications planning workshop for our LGU partners in the Province of Sulu.This workshop will help participating LGUs formulate their own communications plans to guide their advocacy and outreach efforts in engaging constituents, and establish a feedback mechanism between the local government and residents.
Last updated: April 15, 2016


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(Springfield) State Superintendent Robert E. Schiller
Thursday announced that overall performance on state assessments
continue, especially among Hispanic, low income and black
students in the areas of reading, mathematics, writing
and science, however, he said he remains concerned about
flat performance by high school students in nearly all
areas, except social science.
When we look at the gains that our black, Hispanic
and low income students have made since 2001, it is remarkable,
Schiller said. We are seeing steady and significant
improvement which again illustrates that our students
are succeeding and our schools certainly are not failing
At a Springfield news conference, Schiller released the
statewide aggregate scores on the 2004 Illinois Standards
Achievement Exam (ISAT), given to elementary school students;
the Prairie State Achievement Exam (PSAE), given to high
school juniors; the Illinois Measure of Annual Growth
in English (IMAGE), which measures the progress of students
with limited English proficiency in attaining English-language
reading and writing skills, and the Illinois Alternate
Assessment (IAA), designed for students with Individualized
Education Programs for whom all other state assessments
are inappropriate, even with accommodations, because of
their disabilities.
Six-year assessment data for Illinois elementary school
students show an upward trend in mathematics in all grades
tested, and over the past four years there is a continued
narrowing in the achievement gap in many subjects and
grade levels for black, Hispanic and low-income students.
A snapshot of performance:
These results are a very important tool,
Schiller said. Noting the decline in Social Science
in both fourth and seventh grade, it begs the question,
should we put an increased emphasis on History and Geography?
Schiller explained how the assessments support our states
education foundation: The Illinois Learning Standards,
which were adopted in 1997. State assessments are aligned
with the Illinois Learning Standards and measure student
achievement against those standards and inform the public
about how Illinois children are learning. For students
to do well on state assessments, their curriculum must
be aligned with the state standards.
State Board Chair Dr. Janet Steiner, noted that the assessment
data allows us to appreciate the gains that all students
are making, and the State Board is particularly proud
of the narrowing of the achievement gap. Programs
like the 21st Century Grants and Summer Bridges which
target students in need through after school and summer
school programs really do make a difference. We consistently
see the positive impact of using our resources on students
who are struggling but want to learn, Steiner said.
The most recent state test was given in April. Elementary
school students are tested in reading, writing and mathematics
in grades three, five and eight and in science and social
science in grades four and seven. Eleventh graders are
tested in reading, writing, math, science and social science
as part of the PSAE, which also includes the ACT test
and two ACT Work Keys assessments.
The test results from reading and math are used to comply
with the requirements of the federal No Child Left Behind
Act and are used to calculate Adequate Yearly Progress
(AYP) as required under the law. The AYP results are used
to identify Title I schools that must offer school choice
and Supplemental Educational Services.
School districts this week got their first look at their
performance data as part of the second data verification
window. Schools previously reviewed their demographic
and enrollment data and in the next few weeks will finalize
the assessment information that will be used to create
the State and local school report cards to be released
this fall.
The complete data charts for all grades and subjects
tested can be viewed at: http://www.isbe.net/pdf/2004_assessment_results.pdf
Audio clips are available at:
Illinois State Board of Education
100 North First Street
Springfield, IL 62777


text:
- This offseason, Mr. Hammond seems more "all over the place" with his moves than any other time. Something like "she loves me, she loves me not."
- Getting Teague (spelling?) would have been a nice move.
- Bye-bye Gooden = Bye-bye "happy ball?" Only time will tell.
- Don Carlos - Where is coach Skyles when the Bucks need him?
- Monta - Hasta la vista, baby.
- Pachulia - The player the Bucks should have kept instead instead of Gads.
- "Mayo-naise" - Reminds me of Richard Gere... Don't know how he can co-exist with Jennings (playing together). The way I see it, Mayo needs a point, point guard not a shooting point guard.
- Prince - The Bucks will miss your defensive intensity. It is a terrible thing how one player used so incorrectly, on a consistent basis.
- Where is Samuel D. in all of this offseason "chaos?" (Don't worry, be happy.)
- What else?
- Where's Scraaaaaaaaaaaaazy when the team needs him???!!! Must make sure the Bucks "bust some more moves."
What do you think? Does the acquisition of Pachulia mean that the Bucks will have a more straight/consistent rotation at center and PF? (Sanders and Pachilia playing strictly center and Henson and Mr. Flop playing strictly the four?
P.S. - By the way, the Bucks have officially lost about 1.5 or more of their "power-ratio." (For the ones that remember what the "power-ratio" means.)


text:
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Cardiac Device Management
Leon Levinski, MD
Because the heart has an internal electrical system that controls the rhythm of the heart, devices such as pacemakers, defibrillators (ICDs) and other cardiac resynchronization devices can be used to ensure a person's heart rate remains normal. An ICD contains a pacemaker to manage the heart's rhythm and a defibrillator which can shock the heart when it is beating at a dangerously fast rate to restore a more normal rhythm.
The Cardiac Device Management department provides follow-up care for patients with implanted pacemakers, defibrillators (ICD) and cardiac resynchronization devices.
Complex Valve Clinic
Vijay Iyer, MD
The Complex Valve Clinic provides diagnostic services and a wide range of medical, percutaneous and surgical options for the treatment of valve disorders/disease.
One of the newest and most exciting new valve procedures used to treat aortic stenosis is called transcatheter aortic valve replacement or TAVR. This exciting procedure provides an option to patients previously deemed inoperable.
TAVR is a minimally invasive procedure, in which an artificial aortic heart valve is attached to a wire frame and guided through the femoral artery by catheter or directly through the chest, to the heart. Once in place, the wire frame enlarges, which allows the new valve to pump the blood appropriately.
Patients must meet a specific set of criteria to be eligible for TAVR.
General Cardiology Clinic
Carina Alfaro-Franco, MD
Stanley Fernandez, MD
Susan Graham, MD
Joseph Paris, MD
Sridhar Vijayasekaran, MD
The Heart and Lung Center's highly skilled, experienced medical cardiologists are dedicated to the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of heart disease.
As a part of the Buffalo General Medical Center team, they have access to the very best diagnostic technology, cutting-edge treatment options and the areas finest clinicians.
Heart Failure Center
Susan Graham, MD
The term "heart failure" is used when the heart is unable to pump enough blood. Nearly 6 million Americans suffer from heart failure, which can not only impact one's quality of life, it can limit the length of life. Identifying patients who are either at risk or in the earliest stages of heart failure provides the greatest opportunity for limiting further damage.
The Heart Failure Center is dedicated to diagnosing heart failure and counseling patients about medication, diet modification and other lifestyle changes that can improve their condition.
Pulmonary Hypertension Clinic
William Gibbons, MD
The Pulmonary Hypertension Clinic provides comprehensive diagnosis and treatment of patients with pulmonary hypertension (high blood pressure in the heart and lungs). The goal of treatment is to either slow the progress of the condition or sometimes even reverse heart and lung damage.
Syncope Consultation & Tilt Table Testing
Donald Switzer, MD
Syncope is the temporary loss of consciousness, often described as fainting or passing out. While there can be many causes, it most often occurs when blood pressure is too low and the heart rate doesn't pump enough oxygen to the brain.
Syncope is a common condition that affects men and women of all ages-with and without heart problems.
Diagnostic testing will determine if syncope is due to heart issues.


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5 Strategies for Holiday Travel Procrastinators
Just days before Thanksgiving and roughly a month before Christmas, we don't feel it's a reach to say holiday travel bargain hunters are tracking an extinct species. Deals? There are no deals. You're lucky if there are open seats out there getting more expensive by the moment.
You say JetBlue
You have some holiday travel options, but none meet even the most forgiving definition of "good." Shut off those fare alerts and don't expect any deals or discounts in the pages that follow. With the help of the folks at FareCompare and SmarterTravel
Fly on the holiday
Maybe you misjudged the calendar or just flat out forgot. Either way, you haven't booked a ticket and breaking your loved ones' hearts isn't an option.
The good news is that some tickets are still available. The bad news? They're roughly the cost of a large family's Thanksgiving dinner.
If you have frequent-flier miles to use, now is the time. There are going to be last-minute redemption fees, but would your rater pay full price? Also, consider flying on Thanksgiving Day. You'll miss the parade unless you're on a flight with DirecTV


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Fayette schools closed Wed. and Thurs., Coweta schools closed Wed.
Fayette County public schools will be closed Wednesday and Thursday and Coweta County public schools will be closed for students and staff on Wednesday. Both systems will close due to winter weather conditions forecast for the local area.
Fayette schools spokesperson Melinda Berry-Dreisbach said schools will be closed for students and staff on Wednesday and Thursday. All extra-curricular activities for the two-day period have also been cancelled.
Coweta schools spokesman Dean Jackson said schools will be closed for students and staff on Wednesday and extra-curricular activities are also cancelled
As for school closings on Thursday in Coweta, Jackson said in the event of additional Coweta County School System weather-related closings or delays, information will be shared with students, parents and the community through the school system's website, through the local and Atlanta media outlets, and through the school system's automated calling system. For updates on the status of Coweta schools, please visit our website at www.cowetaschools.org.


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"Your online radio shows have aided me in my journey back to the Church this past year. No matter which program I listen to, I am bound to learn more concerning our beautiful teachings and traditions."
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"In order to restore in the world the reign of Jesus Christ, nothing is as necessary as the holiness of the clergy."


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With ErieSecure Home®, we'll look out for your home and belongings. With this policy1, ERIE offers:
You can expand your protection beyond the standard ErieSecure Policy with higher limits and additional coverages by choosing one of three surprisingly affordable endorsement bundles:
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1ErieSecure® is not available in North Carolina. See individual policies for specific coverage details. Certain terms and limitations may apply. Refer to our disclaimer.
2Guaranteed Replacement Cost requires home improvements over $5,000 to be reported within 90 days—not available with all policies. Coverage of costs to comply with laws or ordinances is subject to limits. Depreciation may be deducted until repair or replacement is made. Talk to your ERIE Agent for more information.


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Dear members,
Thank you, NarutoBase Staff
Next story arc...naruto and sasuke take the chunnin exams, they need a third member though, and as we all know kabuto is still a gennin as well, i think we might have a pretty good team of gennin on our hands.
Naruto sasuke and as well have cross the level of chuunin now. So this story doesn't makes any sense.
Even kabuto have already mastered techniques greater than ocrochimaru.
Repeating story won't makes sense. Sorry dude
Originally Posted by kyuubi no jinchuriki
Naruto sasuke and as well have cross the level of chuunin now. So this story doesn't makes any sense.
Even kabuto have already mastered techniques greater than ocrochimaru.
Repeating story won't makes sense. Sorry dude
This was meant as a joke, they are obviously all exceptional ninja that would be considered jounin or higher ranked.
I don't know dude... Those Genin from the sand might get so scared they piss. If that shit got in Sasuke's eyes, no more Sharingan for him...
lol Naruto taking the chunnin exam now. I feel bad for the guy who faces him during the rank matches.
Forest of death my ass in this island he is surrounded by giant Gorillas, giant squids, giant everything. The forest of death is like a trip to the botanical gardens.
It would be funny if being hokage meant you had to be chunnin or higher
Naruto is technically Jounin rank, He goes on S-class missions, those are assigned to jounin or kage.
He can't actually leave the village by himself being a jinchuriki and all so his leader ship skills are questionable but he's a quick learner at lots of things, maybe that's one of his hidden skills.
I do think that at some point in time Naruto will be made a Chuunin, or Jonin. According to the third Hokage, the tournament is only to display your ability to certain judges who then decide who is worthy of becoming chuunin.
That being said, I think that the Hokage, could promote Naruto without the need of such a tournament. At the very least, she should be able to recommend Naruto to the Lord of the Fire country, and get him a promotion anyway.
Given he is one of the top tier shinobi in the series, I think its only right to promote him.
Sasuke is a missing Ninja and so is Kabuto until they pay back their debt to society or are pardon they will not be taking exams, as For Naruto in the war The kages and jonins can recommend Him for a field promotion from seeing Him in action.
Forum Rules


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Just Say Yes (JSY) to Fruits and Vegetables - Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Education
(Formerly Food Stamp Nutrition Education)
FAU Control # 0902170844
Issued by New York State Department of Health, Division of Nutrition, Bureau of Nutrition Risk Reduction
Schedule of Events
|Questions Due
|October 8, 2009
|Letter of Interest Due
|September 30, 2009
|Updates Posted
|October 15, 2009
|Applications Due
|October 23, 2009
Contact Information
- Patricia Jordan, MS, RD, CDN
Public Health Nutritionist II
Bureau of Nutrition Risk Reduction
Division of Nutrition
Riverview Center
150 Broadway, Floor 6 W
Albany, New York 12204-2719
Phone: 518-402-7390
Fax: 518-408-5061
E-mail: email@example.com
- Request for Applications (PDF, 620KB, 40pg.)
- Questions and Answers (PDF, 215KB, 8pg.)
- Just Say Yes (JSY) Curriculum (PDF, 567KB, 19pg.)


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Reward Points on this item:5
Availability: Discontinued Item Discontinued. Cannot Ship.
A balanced, multiple mineral formula that contains 9 key minerals in easily assimilated forms. Minerals are necessary for proper composition of body fluids, the formation of bone and blood, the maintenance of healthy nerve function and regulation of muscle tone including the muscles of the cardiovascular system.
These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
Supplement Facts:
Accidental overdose of iron-containing products is a leading cause of fatal poisoning in children under the age of 6. Keep this product out of reach of children. In case of accidental overdose, call a doctor or poison control center immediately. If pregnant or nursing, consult your health care practitioner before taking this product.


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"I have listened to Catholic Answers Live for many years now. The show is informational, inspirational, faith building, and funny. I have been in the process of conversion for many years, and now at age 60, I will be joining the Catholic Church. The show and speakers have been my tutor and guide, and I am deeply grateful to all."
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"If I have written anything erroneous, I submit all to the judgment and correction of the Holy Roman Church, in whose obedience I now pass from this life."
~ Thomas Aquinas; philosopher, theologian, author, Doctor of the Church, patron of Catholic universities, colleges, and schools; on the Real Presence


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That being said, this new thread will be *Pinned and Locked* so there will be no posting in it. If there is a store or seller that you would like to add to the list, just PM me, and I will take care of it. Likewise, if a store goes out of business, or their contact info or address changes, PM me and I will see to it.
So, without further adieu..
Hong Kong Toy Shops
Words from Graham...
Below is a list of some of the best known places in Hong Kong for purchasing Macross toys and other Japanese toys. This list is not all inclusive and there are many other interesting out of the way store to be found. Other Hong Kong based members, such as Neova and Valk009, please feel free to post additional information.
1. Sino Centre which is at 582-592 Nathan Road in Mong Kok district. This centre is a great place for Japanese toys, magazines, CD's and bootleg anime DVDs. There are two small shops selling Japanese toys on the ground floor and a couple more in the basement level including a branch of Animate and aslo a couple of small garage kit shops. The 1st to 4th floors mostly sell VCDs/DVDs. To get to Sino Centre, take the MTR (subway) to Mong Kok station and take exit 'E' which puts you about two minutes walk away along Nathan Road.
2 Just around the corner from Sino Centre is another must-visit mall called CTMA centre. this is situated near the end of Sai Yeung Choi Street South. make sure to visit all the upper floors as well as the basement as there are about six or more shops selling Japanese toys including Superman Toys and Ant Shop. Note, many of the shops especially the ones in the basement do not open until early evening.
3 There is also another branch of Animate (selling toys/ books/magazines/some garage kits) on Nelson street in Mong Kok. Sorry, I can't remember the shop number, but Nelson street is not that long anyway (nearest MTR exit: D).
4. Also, make sure to check up the basement and 1st to 3rd floors of the 111 Richmond Center in Argyle Street also in Mong Kong (next to a McDonalds). Lots of cool toys and hobby shops there with a great selection of toys, gashapon and resin kits to be found, but most shops don't open until around 4pm or 6pm.
5. Your next stop should be the Cauesway Bay district of HK Island. Take the MTR (subway) to Causeway Bay station to get there (take the MTR Victoria Park exit). First stop should be the Causeway Bay Centre located on Sugar Street. Again make sure to check out all the floors especially the basement as there are lots of cool toy and model shops to be found. Like most hobby shops, they don't open til late afternoon though. Also on Sugar Street, there is a place called Toy Mart, which is like a huge warehouse selling old toys. It's on the 16th Floor of an office building, but they have a sign on the street in front of the building and Sugar street is a short street, so it's not difficult to find. Great for older Japanese & US toys and models.
6.Next up should be the Oriental 188 Centre on Wanchai Road in Wanchai distict also on HK Island. Lots of great toy and hobby shops.
7. There is also one shop in Tai Koo Shing (Hong Kong island, same MTR station name). The shop is located on the 2nd floor opposite the JUSCO department store building (there is a flyover from JUSCO leading to the toy store). The store stocks a lot of Gundam related stuff, gashapons and does have quite a good selection of garage kits (mainly older ones though).
8. Another place worth visiting is perhaps a shopping centre in Kwai Fong (Kowloon side, same MTR name). There is a shopping centre right next to the station with 4 floors and has a handful of toy and game shops!
9. Lots of shop in Mongkok around Dundas Street between Nathan Road & Waterloo Road. Toys/hobby shop, Airsoft gun shop, RC hobby shop. There are so many of them in that area, just look around.
- 2 great model shops along Sai Yee Street North of Argyle Street (Richmond Center), also in Mongkok.
- There is a really awesome warehouse-esque shop on the 14th floor of Sino Centre, see Graham's first post for how to get there.
-2 shops @ Pilkem Street (and Parkes Street) & Austin Road. It's on the North side of Kowloon Park. Quickest way to get there is Nathan MTR stop exit "C2"
- As for models, you should check out Universal Models for their extensive lineup. Many shops in HK, see website http://www.universal-models.com/
10. Shum Shui Po. It has many small hole in the wall places filled with hidden goodies. Comics, toys, other more ahem... adult toys too. tongue.gif Happy hunting.
11. Games Workshop/Citadel Paints - in Wan Chai. Its on QUEENS' ROAD.
Exit A2 I think, go through the alley across from the MTR station, head towards Queens's Road and its near the Italian Restaurant there. Go past that and look UP, its on the 2nd floor.
Final words from Graham...
Generally speaking, the smaller hobby shops will open either late afternoon or early evening whether they are in Mong Kok, Causeway Bay or elsewhere. Of couse, this is not a hard and fast rule and some of the smaller shops do open earlier at around lunchtime, you just have to find which ones by trial and error.
Japan - Including Yahoo Sellers who will ship internationally
Words from Shawn...
1. Your best bet here is probably Rinkya. The process can be a bit daunting, and confusing, but I have shopped there and everything went smoothly despite the lags in communication etc due to involving a third party.
2. http://openuser5.auc...s...=0jp&mode=1
3. Here is the Macross search(keep hitting next 20 on the bottom right are of the pages)
4. Here's another one, and they accept paypal and speak english (something even rarer). I'd have even more except I went throught the favorites and deleted them a month or so ago.
5. Here are some searches too...
Macross Models
Macross Toys
Valkyrie Search
Takatoku Search
6. Another one...
7. Here's another one. They even accept paypal.
8. Same for this guy. He's got a ton of cels from various Macross stuff and like every Gundam, along with Cyborg 009 (among others)


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The monthly Photography Club of Old York Road Temple-Beth Am will meet at 7 p.m. Photographers of all levels and skills are welcome. Call 215-886-8000.
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Sherrie Turetsky, director of the School of Early Learning at Old York Road Temple-Beth Am, will lead a weekly one-hour "Mommy & Me" class.
For more information call 215-886-0650.
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"Eat food. Not too much. Mostly plants." These are the first words of Michael Pollan's In Defense of Food: An Eater's Manifesto. Scott Brick narrates these opening sentences with slowly paced emphasis and a nicely modulated deftness, with a hint of coyness. The coyness is Pollan's. For what else can one eat but food? And why does eating need a manifesto? Pollan answers that we increasing do not eat food (whole food) but rather consume processed "food products". We are in "The Age of Nutritionism". Pollan's In Defense of Food is a richly developed polemic against the unhealthful food culture that the ideology of nurtitionism represents. The book is as well a de facto manual for growing and eating our way out of it.
Brick is a compelling spokesman for Pollan's argument. He brings to In Defense of Food a voice in the baritone-to-tenor range, with an always on-the-mark sonic focus matched with a point of expressive emphasis that constantly shifts, as Brick makes his flawless and fluent runs up and down and within his octave ranges. Brick's doing all of this can only be achieved by natural talent, disciplined training, and smart reading joined by a mastery of a quite large array of narrative and expressive skills.
It is very likely that somewhere in some academic haven there are specific concepts and a precise language that could quantify and describe what goes on with Brick's narrative voice. In the end, though, it all comes down to art. Using, with apologies, an extended metaphor, that of jazz: Brick picks up his axe (saxophone), fingering the notes and changing the octaves with the keys; with his fine set of chops (lips) applies the pressure onto the sax's mouth piece and reed, and, modulating the breath and applying nuances of feeling and expression, blows -- that is, in jazz-speak -- plays. The well-argued and passionate polemic that is In Defense of Food is, in this audio production, a show piece showcasing Scott Brick's narrative range and dexterity. David Chasey
In looking toward traditional diets the world over, as well as the foods our families-and regions-historically enjoyed, we can recover a more balanced, reasonable, and pleasurable approach to food. Michael Pollan's bracing and eloquent manifesto shows us how we might start making thoughtful food choices that will enrich our lives and enlarge our sense of what it means to be healthy.
©2008 Michael Pollan; (P)2008 Penguin Audiobooks
"[Narrator] Scott Brick brings the necessary energy, pacing, and articulation to what promises to be one of this year's most popular and provocative titles.... Brick carries this manifesto against nutrition science and food manufacturers with the voice of indictment - unflinching, unflagging, and fired by conviction." (AudioFile)
"Life and Death"
After years of surging insulin resistance and the accompanying host of metabolic disorder symptoms (high cholesterol, high triglycerides, high blood sugar) I now follow the simple rules in this book. I still eat meat but a tiny fraction of what I ate for my first 50 years. I eat mostly plants, not too much. I avoid packaged, processed food. I've lost 100 pounds, LDL went from 285 to 83 and my insulin resistance has vanished. This book has saved my life, seriously.
"If your looking for a Diet book read this first!"
Many nutrition books aspire to show you insight on your body chemistry and its link to the food you eat. Fortunately this is not a book on nutrition, this is a book on "nutritionism". Most of this book explores the food industry and how the media, government, and nutritionists have corrupted what humans have been doing correctly for thousands of years, namely eating real FOOD. While Michael Pollan does show some points on what processed food is doing to our body, he mainly focuses on the misinformation we generally receive about food. He concludes with some diet advice a little more detailed than just "eat food&". The best part about his advice is it makes sense, common sense. It will make you say "I already knew that" but at the same time say "so why have I not been doing it?". This is the first book I have read(heard) by Michael Pollan but I plan on reading(hearing) more. The only downside you may find is the reading by Scott Brick. I have heard many books read by him and I am used to his style and actually enjoy it, but I can see some people finding it distracting. This is an EASY 5 stars, no reason not to buy it. (and no I'm not getting paid to say that lol)
This is the most down to earth (pardon the pun;-) and sensible diet book I have ever listened to. At the end, I thought "I can do this" and still enjoy my food. Scot Brick's dramatisation and pausing at just the moments when I needed to consider an important point, really made the listening easy and enjoyable. Bravo! Bravo!
"Lovely follow-up to An Omnivore's Dilemna"
This is a very informative, easy-to-listen-to book. An Omnivore's Dilemna is an excellent account of the writer's exploration of how food gets from the farm to the plate, and this book answers the question he most often received after publishing the first, "What should we eat?" Very pratical, realistic and soundly written, he discusses the nature of the food industry and food itself. Enjoyable and worthwhile.
A great followup to The Omnivore's Dilemma. Kudos to Pollan for his smart, high-quality research and clean writing. Kudos to Brick for a near-perfect narration.
"Good book, but read The Omnivore's Dilemma first"
I enjoyed the book, but if you haven't read The Omnivore's Dilemma, read it first - not as a prequel, but just because it's a more in depth discussion of our industrialized food system and how it's failing us. You may not be convinced of this by In Defense of Food, but you will be by The Omnivore's Dilemma.
If you have The Omnivore's Dilemma, this book is a bit like preaching to the choir, but still well worth the read.
Also, I hate to "dis" the narrator, but he distracts from the book. I've heard his narration of other books and enjoyed them, but they were all fiction. He put a little too much drama into his reading of this non-fiction book about food.
"good book but terrible narration"
I really don't want to give this or any book a bad review because I'm usually not in the habit of criticizing others, but Michael Pollan's book which, I would enjoy if I read, was not so pleasant to listen to because of the overly exaggerated tone of the narrator. I'm sure Scott Brick is wonderful with fiction, but non-fiction with a continues sarcastic tone is really too much. For what it's worth, I recommend buying the book.
"Excellent, both text and performance"
This book, "In Defense of Food," is galvanizing, offering a holistic re-orientation to the whole realm of food and all that's involved in it.
Pollan gives us a useful new villain, "nutritionalism" (a term previously coined by another author), which is our (and more so, "the pro's" - researchers, dieticians, etc)tendency to want to think of foods in terms of individual nutrients - carbs, protein, fat, micronutrients (vitamins, minerals, co-factors, enzymes, etc), and the omnipresent calorie. This is inculcated through our whole culture, and Pollan suggests it is a BARRIER. He suggests that ESCAPING that fragmented, malfunctioning mindset is our salvation, and offers holistic means of achieving the health and dietary peace that evades us.
(One very little hitch in all this gitalong: Though at each point along the way, Pollan guides the reader such that his various recommendations seem feasible at each step, with the reader nodding in agreement that yes, this is something I could do - at the very end (the VERY end) he picks up a huge amount of speed and arrives at the finish line a bit breathless - with the reader - well, THIS reader - thinking um, I'm not sure about this, you left me in the dust a little ways back there! But... I guess that's another book.)
Otherwise, excellent: brilliantly conceived, creatively researched, beautifully written. And the reading is simply top-notch, the pairing of book & reader is a marriage made in heaven. Scott Brick's delivery is as articulate, as accurate, as brisk, and as bitingly accusatory as David Hyde Pierce, while being as soothing, helpful, hopeful and compassionate as the movement of the text demands.
It is a big topic Pollan has taken on, in terms of the technical scope of the material as well as the social reach of his analysis, and I think he's done a marvelous job, really hit the nail on the head, or very nearly so. I have his other book, "Omnivore's Dilemma" in my library and can't wait to get to it next.
"Phenomenal book"
Phenomenal book, I would strongly recommend it to anyone who is interested in living a healthy, happy and long life
I love learning, teaching, and exploring!
"New perspectives on eating"
I really enjoyed listening the this book, partly because Scott Brick is one of my favorite narrators. This book has given me a new perspective on what I should consider to be food and what I should be eating. So much of what we eat is processed "food" and the author tries to connect the change in the Western diet with the increased levels of obesity and other health problems we see in society. The author has certainly convinced me to check labels more closely and to eat more fresh, non-processed food.
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Madison's Roman Candle pizza coming to Whitefish Bay
The Roman Candle Pizzeria, which has three restaurants in Madison, Middleton and Fitchburg, will open its first Milwaukee-area location in Whitefish Bay in autumn.
The restaurant is projected to open in late September or in October at 133 E. Silver Spring Drive, in part of what formerly was Peabody's Interiors, said owner Brewer Stouffer. »Read Full Blog Post
Hom Wood-Fired Grill is now due in July at Bayshore
The second location of SURG's Hom Wood-Fired Grill now is expected to open in mid-July at Bayshore Town Center in Glendale, the restaurant group said Monday.
It initially was projected to open in early 2014. The first location is at 17800 W. Blue Mound Road, Brookfield, formerly 8-twelve MVP Bar & Grill. »Read Full Blog Post
New CDs in store this week
■Amatorski, "From Clay to Figures" (Crammed Discs). Belgian band, named after the Polish word for "amateur," has experienced an increasingly professional and international career; its latest disc, a continuation of its fondness for melancholy indie beauty, is getting a wide release.
■Beartooth, "Disgusting" (Red Bull). Columbus, Ohio, band formed by Caleb Shomo of the well-named Attack Attack! is following up its 2013 "Sick" EP with a debut LP that Shomo is hoping will be perceived as loose and fun, although its "screamo" subgenre leanings work against that. »Read Full Article
Bay View Gallery Night comes into its own
Bay View Gallery Night is making its downtown-based big brother look downright sleepy.
The bi-annual event, organized by Made in Milwaukee, seems to have come into its own, in many respects. Cars, bikes and people jammed the streets and sidewalks Friday night, particularly around the intersection of Kinnickinnic and Howell avenues. The Hide House, like the Marshall Building in the Third Ward during Gallery Night, was a home base of sorts, filled with artists' spaces and mobs of art lookers. »Read Full Article
Zendaya cancels headlining show at Wisconsin State Fair
Former Disney Channel star Zendaya has canceled her Aug. 2 Main Stage concert at Wisconsin State Fair, the fair announced Monday.
The fair said Zendaya had canceled the date and several others because of a scheduling conflict. »Read Full Article
Paste proclaims Summerfest app 'most user-friendly' among music festivals
Summerfest continues to get more national press coverage, but this time it isn't for the excellent lineup.
Paste last week declared the new Summerfest app the "most user-friendly" among music festival offerings. »Read Full Article
Top of the Charts: Iggy Azalea still 'Fancy' at No. 1
Last week Iggy Azalea made as big of a splash as a chart-topping newcomer could on the Billboard Hot 100. So, for an encore in week two she keeps things the same with her name at numbers one and two. Take a look at the video for her big chart debut and then jumb back through the years to see which songs were at number one this week in 2008, 1998, 1988 and 1978.
No. 1 hit June 9, 2014 »Read Full Blog Post
ZZ Top to play Milwaukee's Riverside Theater
Much-bearded blues rockers ZZ Top will play the Riverside Theater at 8 p.m. Oct. 7.
The sharp-dressed men have been regular visitors to Milwaukee, most recently at last year's Harley-Davidson 110th anniversary bash. »Read Full Article
Celebrity scientist Neil deGrasse Tyson speaking at Riverside Theater
Carl Sagan's heir apparent, Neil deGrasse Tyson, will give a presentation at the Riverside Theater Dec. 11, venue officials announced Monday..
Mentored by Sagan himself, Tyson, an astrophysicist and director of the Hayden Planetarium in New York, hosted the recently completed Fox miniseries "Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey," an update to Sagan's noted 1980 PBS program. »Read Full Article(17)
On Tap Today: Theater and movies
Hello, new week. Please be gentle.
If you're trying to ease into it, there are options out there. »Read Full Blog Post


text: I've been feeling very achey for the past two days...I'm also having some breast tenderness..I think I have a clogged duct or two. I've been taking vitamin C and putting heat on my breasts but I was wondering how long I should wait to call the doctor. I don't want to call too soon because I don't think I need antibiotics or anything. I don't have a fever yet. What do you think?


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Membership » Contributing Level
Contributing Level
Join or renew at the $125 Contributing Level and enjoy all the basic benefits, plus receive two special gifts.
Contributing Members Enjoy:
- Free, unlimited admission for three adults
- Free audio tour rental for three
- Invitations to exhibition previews and special events
- Early seating at events
- 20% discount in the Museum Store and Online Store
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- Subscription to the quarterly Member Newsletter
- Museum sketchbook
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100% of your membership dues is tax-deductible.
For questions, or to purchase a Gift Membership, contact our membership department at (626) 844-6990 or email us via the contact page.


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You purchased this item onView this order
Honey Gardens, Apitherapy, Raw Honey, 32 oz (908 g) (Discontinued Item)
- You earn loyalty credit for every order you place at iHerb!
- Loyalty credit is equal to 10% of the value of your order, excluding shipping charges.
- Your loyalty credit will be applied towards your next order as soon as your current order has shipped.
- Your loyalty credits are valid for up to 60 days from the date of your last purchase.
Shipping Weight:?4.54 lbs (2.06 kg)Shipping WeightThe Shipping Weight includes the product, protective packaging material and the actual shipping box. In addition, the Shipping Weight may be adjusted for the Dimensional Weight (e.g. length, width & height) of a package. It is important to note that certain types of products (e.g. glass containers, liquids, fragile, refrigerated or ice packed) will often require protective packaging material. As such, these products will reflect a higher Shipping Weight compared to the unprotected product.
- Product Code: HGS-00003
- UPC Code: 022318000039
- Package Quantity: 32 oz (908 g)
- Dimensions: 3.7 x 3.7 x 5 in, 2.7 lbs (1.22 kg)
- Farm Style
- Quality Seal
- US Grade A
- No Fillers
- No Preservatives
- Unfiltered Just Pure Raw Honey
Honey Gardens raw honey has never been heated or filtered and thus retains the beneficial traces of pollen, propolis and beeswax which the flower and bees have provided. Raw honey contains healthful naturally-occurring trace amounts of minerals, vitamins, enzymes and amino acids.
The color varies from almost white to a golden brown depending on which flowers the bees are gathering nectar from. Raw honey is a naturally occurring liquid when it comes out of the honeycomb and crystallizes within a few months. This pure raw honey is the culmination of an incredible amount of work by honeybees.
The flavor of honey may vary since the nectar is gathered from different flowers.
Other Ingredients
Raw honey.
Do not give to children under the age of 1 year old.
|Supplement Facts
|Serving Size: 1 Tbsp (21g)
|Servings Per Container: 43
|Amount Per Serving
|% Daily Value
|Total Fat
|0 mg
|Total Carbohydrates
|Less than 0 g
|*Percent daily values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet
Prefer a local operation for quality control reasons. -- No way to tell how frequently bees have collected nectar from GMO crops. -- "The honey comes from local beekeepers as well as beekeeping friends across the country and sometimes Canada. We use honey from beekeepers in Vermont, New York, Michigan and Montana.. Some of these beekeepers summer in the south and travel to provide pollination services for these crops."
Nice raw honey, totally worth the value!
Posted by 4663289905370910889 on Aug 17, 2014
Totally worth the value! Loving the natural taste too!
Bought as a gift
Posted by 4858857738135658836 on Jul 09, 2014
My family received this via mail as I bought this as a gift.They said it is delicious!
My favorite brand
Posted by HonestReviewsHere on Jun 21, 2014
I add a spoonful of this goodness to my hot cocoa every morning and evening to wake myself up and get all the health benefits. Also, since cocoa powder and honey are known to protect your skin, it is noticed my skin has much less irritation from laser hair removal since I started drinking these. I put it on my face twice a week too- it locks moisture into your skin. I've tried many brands and this one is my favorite so far due to its size, gl*ss container, and taste- best of all. My only gripe is it runs out too fast :)
Awesome honey!
Posted by 4719705897107651031 on Mar 19, 2014
A friend recommended me to take this honey after knowing that my throat infection persists for 2 weeks. It might not be a medicine but when taken spoonful daily, I do feel my throat getting better with less irritations. My family loves to mix this with water. Taste awesome!
Posted by Reviewer2195851 on Jan 03, 2014
This is a true raw honey it smells and taste better than any other honey.


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Husband to enter plea to charges of killing wife
Wife police officer in Wauwautosa
A decorated Iraq War veteran is scheduled to enter a plea to charges that he killed his wife, a suburban Milwaukee police officer.
Thirty-year-old Benjamin Sebena is set to be arraigned Thursday morning in Milwaukee. He's charged with first-degree intentional homicide in the Christmas Eve killing of Jennifer Sebena, also 30.
Jennifer Sebena was found dead of multiple gunshot wounds to the head, including wounds inflicted with her own police firearm.
Prosecutors said Ben Sebena acknowledged ambushing his wife while she conducted a pre-dawn patrol alone in Wauwatosa. The criminal complaint said he told investigators he was a jealous husband. However, police have declined to speculate on a motive.
Ben Sebena served two tours in Iraq with the U.S. Marine Corps. His attorney has not returned multiple messages seeking comment.
Copyright 2013 by The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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Elmer A. Sundby
Class Year:1952
Outstanding Alumni Award Winner 1997
Elmer Sundby taught at North Central from 1956-72 and served as a graduate lecturer on learning disabilities at the National College of Education in Evanston, Ill. He retired from the University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire where he was a professor and chair of psychology and assistant to the vice chancellor of academic affairs. He has been a member of the Wisconsin Annual Conference Board of Higher Education and Ministry and has been active in the United Methodist Church. As a visiting scholar at the University of Minnesota for one year, Sundby was also a Ford Foundation Fellow, named to Who's Who in the Midwest and cited as an Outstanding Educator in America. He is a member of many professional organizations and his contributions to the community include working with the Eau Claire Rotary Club and Eau Claire County Mental Health Association, mediating for the Eau Claire County small claims court and delivering books to shut-ins as a library volunteer.


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Mexico officials find mass grave east of capital
TLALMANALCO, Mexico Mexican authorities said Thursday that they have found a mass grave east of Mexico City and are testing to determine if it holds some of the 12 people who vanished from a bar in an upscale area of the capital nearly three months ago.
At least five corpses have been recovered so far from the grave in Tlalmanalco, Mexico City prosecutor Rodolfo Rios told Radio 88.9, and he said officials would run DNA tests to determine their identities. There are more bodies, but its a difficult recovery operation because of the terrain, he added.
Authorities say they found the bodies in an area near Rancho La Mesa Ecological Park in the state of Mexico.
The prosecutor called me and said that nothing is confirmed yet, said Leticia Ponce, whose son, Jerzy Ortiz, is among the missing and at one time was considered the target of the kidnapping. Were just waiting.
Officials have spent almost three months searching for the young bar-goers who vanished from the after-hours Heaven club at midday on May 26, just a block from Mexicos leafy Paseo de Reforma, the citys equivalent of the Champs-Elysees.
Prosecutors say the abductions are linked to a dispute between two rival drug gangs, one in Mexico Citys dangerous Tepito neighborhood, home to most of the abducted. The families of the disappeared, however, say they were not involved in drug trafficking.
Surveillance cameras showed several cars pulling up to Bar Heaven and taking the victims away. A witness who escaped the kidnapping told authorities that a bar manager had ordered the music turned off, told patrons that authorities were about to raid the establishment and ordered those inside to leave.
The cameras showed most of the 12 getting into cars outside and being taken away.
They have not been heard from since.
So far, six people have been arrested in the Heaven case, including club owner Ernesto Espinosa Lobo, known as The Wolf, who has been charged with kidnapping. Among the arrested are another bar owner, a driver and security guard.
One suspect is still a fugitive.
The bizarre disappearance resonated across the city of 9 million because many had come to believe it was an oasis from Mexicos cartels and drug violence.
A mass abduction of 12 mirrors crimes in drug-trafficking hot spots such as the western state of Michoacan, where 21 tourists disappeared, only to be found in a mass grave, or in Monterrey, where 17 kidnapped musicians were found dead in the bottom of a well.
City officials have insisted since the Heaven kidnapping that large drug cartels do not operate in the city. But the case has been a political liability, with local polls showing the public overwhelmingly opposed to how Mexico City Mayor Miguel Mancera has handled the case.
In another element of the case that is reminiscent of cartel warfare, one of the owners of the Heaven bar, Dax Rodriguez Ledezma, fled authorities only to turn up dead, his body dumped and burned in a rural area with that of his girlfriend and another friend.
Ricardo Martinez, an attorney for relatives of the missing, told The Associated Press earlier that state and federal officials had informed him that 13 bodies had been found on a ranch east of Mexico City. He said officials suspected they belonged to those who disappeared from the bar.
Martinez said a suspect in the Heaven case led officials to two graves containing the bodies.
Martinez said he was told there are 13 bodies because the family of one of the disappeared never reported the person missing.MORE IN Wire NewsUNIVERSAL CITY, Calif. Full StoryTroubling as the details of the McLaren Report were, a news item out of Russia earlier this week... Full Story
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Dead Island ReviewBy Miguel Concepcion - Posted Sep 08, 2011
When a buzz-generating game trailer has run its course, it's up to the final product to prove its worth. The sad truth is that the launch-day version of Dead Island doesn't feel like a final product. Yet those who are willing to suffer through the myriad glitches will enjoy a robust zombie-slaying experience.
The Pros
- Addictive combat
- Surprisingly expansive maps
- Detailed visuals
- Superb sound design
The Cons
- Very buggy
- Some areas are very difficult solo
- Underdeveloped story
Dead Island Review:
It's only been several months since Dead Island was unveiled with overly hyped media fanfare with an arguable gimmick involving somber music and CG zombie mayhem played backwards. Now, with the game's actual release, Dead Island joins the current wave of zombie-themed videogames where there's a greater emphasis on action and less on traditional survival horror. Moreover, it's an open world infested with the undead and the kind of sure-fire concept that we would have seen in a couple years had developer Techland not conceived of it first.
Undead immunity
What Dead Island might lack in gameplay originality, it certainly makes up for in shamelessly milking familiar zombie genre troupes. All you really need to know is you're among the survivors of a zombie outbreak and you're one of four playable characters who are mysteriously immune to the effects of bites from the infected. It's a fine justification for why you're the only ones going out in the open while everyone else is cowering in a lighthouse or church.
Much like the similarly-designed Borderlands, Dead Island does a great job focusing on exploration and combat with little story exposition of the playable characters. Yes, there are a few scenes where the foursome goes through the motions of dealing with the crisis, but all their backgrounds and motivation are only explained in the character selection screen.
Chop, shoot, chop
The game emphasizes melee weapons as the primary means of taking down zombies; in fact, firearms do not get introduced until the second act. It's hard to complain when the close-quarters combat gets addictive once you get the hang of it.
There's something satisfying about fearlessly watching a zombie charge down a hallway toward you and greeting it with a boot to the face. With your enemy dazed, the zombie is at the mercy of your weapon of choice. I found it particularly gratifying when I recognized openings of attacks and took down duos or trios of the undead with a seamless four-stroke right-left-right-left motion, especially with a heavily modified and enhanced wakizashi.
Fans of Fallout and Borderlands will enjoy the element of weapon discovery when looting them from rooms and people. All weapons feature randomly-generated stats, but stays in-sync, close to your current level. There's enough variety that I compulsively wanted to own one weapon type, from hammers to spades to pipes to even a frying pan. Yet, when things get truly serious by the third act, you might find yourself with a no-nonsense arsenal comprising of a katana, machete, wakizashi, shotgun, mototov cocktails, and other highly effective weapons.
The biggest motivator to stay alive is that you lose about 10% of your cash with each death, which can add up. It's something to be continually mindful about since repairing weapons after use costs money. One curious oddity is where that money goes since it's your character who's doing the repair work on the various workbenches laid throughout the game.
The full satisfaction of chopping off limbs and heads could not have been possible had it not been for Dead Island's excellent use of sound. The time put into each fleshy cut or juicy head stomp is reminiscent of the meaty sword slices from Samurai Shodown and the excessive sound effects in SOCOM 4's watermelon-inspired headshots. Zombies with their heads intact also have a lot to hoarsely scream and moan about, and Techland was sure to put enough variety in undead audio to minimize the repetitiveness.
Sound becomes an important factor and an unseen ally when you're playing alone. Imagine taking out a couple zombie cops in a sporadically-lit police station, only to hear additional undead moaning in your general vicinity. Worse yet, there's no radar, so your pulse increases as you try to take command of your immediate surroundings by making an anxious 360-degree turn, and it's all because you're trying to figure out where that moaning is coming from. If you're an audiophile looking for an experience that takes full advantage of a $100+ pair of gaming headphones Dead Island is one of the best headphone demo games this year.
While the abundance of sound effects give you an audio detail of your impending doom, the music only appears in select spots of the game. This makes an effective way to accentuate the many parts of the game that are devoid of a soundtrack, and a nice way to put the zombie noises in the forefront. There aren't any compositions as memorable as the piano tune from the infamous teaser trailer, but the in-game tracks work in conveying tension, sadness, and chaos when those respective moods are needed.
An island sized infestation
Even in 2011 we have not had that many true open world FPS experiences, especially when compared to Grand Theft Auto and the multitude of third-person free roaming games. Whereas the Detroit section of Deus Ex: Human Revolution was a satisfactory "enclosed" open world that was technically the size of a large mall, Dead Island's Banoi is freakishly large and, more importantly, believable.
For example, the resort portion of the game is very convincing, with the bungalows sensibly situated on and near the beaches while the numerous pools and outdoor bars are closer to the hotel. Very little time is spent in the guest room portions of the hotel, which makes sense due to the potential repetitiveness of exploring floor after floor. Instead the level designers took advantage of the often-labyrinthine design of the ground floor that many hotels have, particularly with the administrative office portions of the hotel. What many preview articles and trailers fail to convey is that the resort only takes up a quarter of the playable parts of Banoi; so it's an obvious blessing that the many key areas of the island have warp points and vehicular options, but hoofing it is the best way to grind.
Having said that, earning the ability to wield high-level weapons like a vicious electrified katana and having the bragging rights of reaching Level 50 are the primary motivators to grind. Since there are over 70 side missions, a dozen never-ending supply-run missions, and nearly 50 main story missions, you can get to level 40 without any out-of-the-way grinding, provided you take on every zombie and hostile human in your path. And what a bloody path it can get. Time away from any non-refuge will respawn the undead in areas you've previously cleared, and every encounter is winnable since opponents are always around your current level. It's the groups of four or more zombies you have to worry about if you're playing solo.
In our zombie-saturated pop culture landscape, if you're going to go the route of giving zombies visible blood and gore in a video game, you're pretty much obliged to go all out. It definitely pays off in Dead Island, especially when getting the satisfaction of surviving a scrum of half a dozen undead with nary a scratch and taking a couple seconds to admire your messy handiwork.
Unfortunately, this degree of detail also extends to all other visual aspects of Dead Island, pushing the game's performance to questionable levels. The PlayStation 3 version is especially laughable, where graphical assets are still busy loading detail even after the exiting the prior loading screen.
Bug infection
Furthermore, Dead Island has a lack of polish. Having waited 24 hours after launch for the much publicized "day one" patch, the laundry list of bug fixes still hasn't been implemented at the time of this review. While I didn't encounter any issues that prevented me completing the story, it was disappointing to experience statistical glitches, side missions that could not be completed, inventory issues, and respawns that would put me hundreds of meters away from my last death. There have also been reports of save file glitches, although I did not encounter this myself. The unpatched version of Dead Island is so bug riddled that there are even positive glitches such as the bug that would respawn me to my mission goal as long as I died near it, letting me bypass the zombies who killed me seconds ago.
Four to get ready
When it comes to the multiplayer, there's the welcome convenience of the drop-in/drop-out ease for up to three other players. This is one of those co-op multiplayer playthroughs that benefits greatly from having headset communications. For example, side-missions can be presented at a moment's notice and it's great to quickly discuss whether to take on that new mission or focus on another previously accepted assignment.
Dead Island doesn't feature any competitive multiplayer, but there really is more than enough worthwhile content in the game as is. In fact, Dead Island's last act might feel unnecessary to some gamers. It's the kind of added experience where had the game originally ended a couple hours sooner, it would not be knocked for being short. Dead Island is one of the reasons why there seems to be an editorial piece every month touting the virtues of shorter games.
So much about Dead Island feels rough around the edges that it almost feels preplanned. That's not to say unusually large detail-intensive first-person experiences should get a free pass on quality and polish. The scope of the map design, the overall combat, and the multiplayer experience are all worth checking out. The initial version of the game demands an extra dose of patience and bit of risk taking as everyone waits for the announced patch to appear, provided it fixes the aforementioned issues.
It's hard to blame Techland for ambitiously trying to stand out in a market that has more than its share of zombie-themed releases. What you can blame them for is in rushing a product that clearly would have benefitted from a month long delay and couple more passes by Techland's QA team. Besides, the pre-release buzz alone would have ensured that Dead Island wouldn't have gotten lost in the October/November holiday shuffle had it been released at that time.


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By Gianna Banner 12:56am, February 1, 2013
Highlights of St.E vs. Sallies boys basketball and Patton InterviewSt. Elizabeth's Andre Patton and Sheldon Sorrell secured an upset when they sank free throws in the final seconds to push the Vikings past sixth-ranked Salesianum for a 50-46 victory.
When the two teams met earlier in January, Sallies earned the 69-57 win. Thursday's game began just like the previous meeting.
The Sals lead early on, when Brian O'Neill, who finished with 10 points, scored off the rebound to give Sallies the early 9-8 edge.
The Vikings (8-6) snuck by the Sals for the 25-23 lead going into the half, after Ryan Cason sank one of his three 3-pointers. Cason finished with 11.
Sallies (11-3) opened the third with a 10-0 run. St. E did not score until Patton found his way to the free throw line with a little more than a minute remaining in the quarter.
The Vikings were down by 10 points in the final quarter, when Nick Perugino fought his way to the basket for a tough lay up to put the Sals up 39-29.
The Vikings would not count themselves out because St. E's top scorer heated up.
Patton, who averages almost 26 points per game, knotted the game at 46 after he pushed his way through defenders to get a bucket. He tried the same strategy on the next possession, but was fouled with 32 seconds. He made both to give the Vikings the first lead since the half 48-46.
Patton finished with 20 points. Sorrell added 10.
Perugino tried to win the game with a 3, but his shot would not go.
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August 2, 2001: The Hubble telescope has captured an image of an unusual edge-on galaxy, revealing remarkable details of its warped dusty disk and showing how colliding galaxies spawn the formation of new generations of stars. The dust and spiral arms of normal spiral galaxies, like our own Milky Way, appear flat when viewed edge-on. This Hubble Heritage image of ESO 510-G13 shows a galaxy that, by contrast, has an unusual twisted disk structure, first seen in ground-based photographs.
The strong warping of the disk indicates that ESO 510-G13 has recently undergone a collision with a nearby galaxy and is in the process of swallowing it. Gravitational forces distort the structures of the galaxies as their stars, gas, and dust merge together in a process that takes millions of years. Eventually the disturbances will die out, and ESO 510-G13 will become a normal-appearing single galaxy. In the outer regions of ESO 510-G13, especially on the right-hand side of the image, the twisted disk contains not only dark dust but also bright clouds of blue stars. The blue stars indicate that hot, young stars are being formed in the disk. Astronomers believe that the formation of new stars may be triggered by collisions between galaxies, which compresses interstellar clouds.