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Skip to comments.The Antifederalists Were Right
Posted on 05/22/2010 3:40:40 AM PDT by RogerFGay
September 27 marks the anniversary of the publication of the first of the Antifederalist Papers in 1789. The Antifederalists were opponents of ratifying the US Constitution. They feared that it would create an overbearing central government, while the Constitution's proponents promised that this would not happen. As the losers in that debate, they are largely overlooked today. But that does not mean they were wrong or that we are not indebted to them.
In many ways, the group has been misnamed. Federalism refers to the system of decentralized government. This group defended states rights the very essence of federalism against the Federalists, who would have been more accurately described as Nationalists. Nonetheless, what the so-called Antifederalists predicted would be the results of the Constitution turned out to be true in most every respect.
The Antifederalists warned us that the cost Americans would bear in both liberty and resources for the government that would evolve under the Constitution would rise sharply. That is why their objections led to the Bill of Rights, to limit that tendency (though with far too little success that has survived to the present).
Antifederalists opposed the Constitution on the grounds that its checks on federal power would be undermined by expansive interpretations of promoting the "general welfare" (which would be claimed for every law) and the "all laws necessary and proper" clause (which would be used to override limits on delegated federal powers), creating a federal government with unwarranted and undelegated powers that were bound to be abused.
One could quibble with the mechanisms the Antifederalists predicted would lead to constitutional tyranny. For instance, they did not foresee that the Commerce Clause would come to be called "the everything clause" in law schools, used by centralizers to justify almost any conceivable federal intervention. The 20th-century distortion of the clause's original meaning was so great even the vigilant Antifederalists could never have imagined the government getting away with it.
And they could not have foreseen how the Fourteenth Amendment and its interpretation would extend federal domination over the states after the Civil War. But it is very difficult to argue with their conclusions from the current reach of our government, not just to forcibly intrude upon, but often to overwhelm Americans today.
Therefore, it merits remembering the Antifederalists' prescient arguments and how unfortunate is the virtual absence of modern Americans who share their concerns.
One of the most insightful of the Antifederalists was Robert Yates, a New York judge who, as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention, withdrew because the convention was exceeding its instructions. Yates wrote as Brutus in the debates over the Constitution. Given his experience as a judge, his claim that the Supreme Court would become a source of almost unlimited federal over-reaching was particularly insightful.
Brutus asserted that the Supreme Court envisioned under the Constitution would become a source of massive abuse because they were beyond the control "both of the people and the legislature," and not subject to being "corrected by any power above them." As a result, he objected to the fact that its provisions justifying the removal of judges didn't include making rulings that went beyond their constitutional authority, which would lead to judicial tyranny.
Brutus argued that when constitutional grounds for making rulings were absent, the Court would create grounds "by their own decisions." He thought that the power it would command would be so irresistible that the judiciary would use it to make law, manipulating the meanings of arguably vague clauses to justify it.
The Supreme Court would interpret the Constitution according to its alleged "spirit", rather than being restricted to just the "letter" of its written words (as the doctrine of enumerated rights, spelled out in the Tenth Amendment, would require).
Further, rulings derived from whatever the court decided its spirit was would effectively "have the force of law," due to the absence of constitutional means to "control their adjudications" and "correct their errors". This constitutional failing would compound over time in a "silent and imperceptible manner", through precedents that built on one another.
Expanded judicial power would empower justices to shape the federal government however they desired, because the Supreme Court's constitutional interpretations would control the effective power vested in government and its different branches. That would hand the Supreme Court ever-increasing power, in direct contradiction to Alexander Hamilton's argument in Federalist 78 that the Supreme Court would be "the least dangerous branch."
Brutus predicted that the Supreme Court would adopt "very liberal" principles of interpreting the Constitution. He argued that there had never in history been a court with such power and with so few checks upon it, giving the Supreme Court "immense powers" that were not only unprecedented, but perilous for a nation founded on the principle of consent of the governed. Given the extent to which citizens' power to effectively withhold their consent from federal actions has been eviscerated, it is hard to argue with Brutus's conclusion.
He further warned that the new government would not be restricted in its taxing power, and that the legislatures war power was highly dangerous: "the power in the federal legislative, to raise and support armies at pleasure, as well in peace as in war, and their controul over the militia, tend, not only to a consolidation of the government, but the destruction of liberty."
He also objected to the very notion that a republican form of government can work well over such a vast territory, even the relatively small terrority as compared with today's US:History furnishes no example of a free republic, anything like the extent of the United States. The Grecian republics were of small extent; so also was that of the Romans. Both of these, it is true, in process of time, extended their conquests over large territories of country; and the consequence was, that their governments were changed from that of free governments to those of the most tyrannical that ever existed in the world.Brutus accurately described both the cause (the absence of sufficient enforceable restraints on the size and scope of the federal government) and the consequences (expanding burdens and increasing invasions of liberty) of what would become the expansive federal powers we now see all around us.
But today, Brutus would conclude that he had been far too optimistic. The federal government has grown orders of magnitudes larger than he could ever have imagined (in part because he was writing when only indirect taxes and the small federal government they could finance were possible, before the 16th Amendment opened the way for a federal income tax in 1913), far exceeding its constitutionally enumerated powers, despite the constraints of the Bill of Rights. The result burdens citizens beyond his worst nightmare.
The judicial tyranny that was accurately and unambiguously predicted by Brutus and other Antifederalists shows that in essential ways, they were right and that modern Americans still have a lot to learn from them. We need to understand their arguments and take them seriously now, if there is to be any hope of restraining the federal government to the limited powers it was actually granted in the Constitution, or even anything close to them, given its current tendency to accelerate its growth beyond them.
That's a great article!!! Brutus was certainly right. Thanks for posting!
The framers of the Constitution did not foresee the possibility of an anti-American president who would need to be removed immediately by an impeachment originating from among a majority of the populace, not the House of representatives. Now we see the flaw.
Robert Yates a Yankee I can agree with!
One of the most insightful of the Antifederalists was Robert Yates, a New York judge who, as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention, withdrew because the convention was exceeding its instructions. Yates wrote as Brutus in the debates over the Constitution. Given his experience as a judge, his claim that the Supreme Court would become a source of almost unlimited federal over-reaching was particularly insightful.
History furnishes no example of a free republic, anything like the extent of the United States. The Grecian republics were of small extent; so also was that of the Romans. Both of these, it is true, in process of time, extended their conquests over large territories of country; and the consequence was, that their governments were changed from that of free governments to those of the most tyrannical that ever existed in the world.
-- Robert Yates
We have to post the entire Anti-Federalist papers on Free Republic!
Good read thank you for posting.
Anti-Federalist Bump!
Patrick Henry - "The rights of conscience, trial by jury, liberty of the press, all your immunities and franchises, all pretensions to human rights and privileges, are rendered insecure, if not lost, by this change, so loudly talked of by some, and inconsiderately by others."
Also, the necessity of a virtuous electorate to the continuance of our republic was widely discussed at the time. An immoral people will elect dirtbags. We've got the government we deserve, not the one designed by our Framers.
We now live in a color coded anti-white male feminized society that has been rubber stamped by the Supreme Disappointment. A Constitution not followed is worse than no Constitution at all. This state of affairs breeds contempt for the government in the intelligent, and a sentimental belief in the phony protections it was supposed to have in the weak minded. As such, the Constitution now provides a fig leaf for the naked aggression of the socialist statist agenda.
Also, why do we look to the failed systems of the past to point to the way it should be? And I don't see any suggestion of a better way proposed. 50 independent states without an elected central system is called Europe. Ours has been the most successful system yet, and all it needs is a few patriots with balls to set it right again! It is not irreparable; it is in need of some serious house-cleaning and return to the Founders' guiding intentions.
" did not foresee the possibility of an anti-American president "
Unfortunately, the "all we gotta do is get rid of Obama" solution is a non-solution which completely misses the point...
Obama did not spring whole from the Earth brandishing his terrible swift sword to bring about the ruination of our once-great nation — he is merely the culmination, the current manifestation, of a process which, the author of this article says - correctly, IMO - traces its roots to flaws in the original Constitution, and began in earnest with the 14th amendment....
The removal of the current claque is necessary, but only as a step towards addressing the core problems that brought us to this sorry state...
/my $0.02
FReeper Book Club: The Debate over the Constitution, Federalist #21
A Publius/Billthedrill Essay | 20 May 2010 | Publius & Billthedrill
We will post two threads per week, every Monday and Thursday, starting February 1, for 55 weeks. Again, we will use the keyword freeperbookclub to mark these threads.
What is old has become new again. Its time to explore federalism and the philosophy of the Framers. The lessons of 1787 are just as valid today.
The thing that gets me is how the power hungry mobsters can use the Antifederalist criticisms as a plan. The intent was well documented as well as what not to do. We have to contend with the fact that what's been done wrong was done knowing it to be wrong.
-- Thomas Jefferson
That's a tagline.
Something left out of these threads is that some powerful people had a personal interest in the continuance of the anarchy under the Articles. Most prominent were southern planters with pre-war debts to English creditors. Without a federal judiciary, these debts could not be collected in accordance with the peace treaty.
Author Unknown
With all honesty, the Anti-Federalists were correct. When studying the Anti-Federalist while attending Georgetown, their main problem was - "organization". They were not as organized as Hamilton, Madison ,and Jay -
"The Federalists".
Rarely are the Anti-Federalist discussed in Constitutional Law classes. Anti- Federalist books should be read time and time again by Conservatives.
In 1988, I was privileged to be asked to write the Introduction to the reprint of Robert Yates' Secret Proceedings and Debates of the Convention to Form the US Constitution. Judge Yates was the leading Anti-Federalist, and sought to defeat the Constitution in Philadelphia, and later in the New York Ratification Convention.
That lengthy Introduction pointed out that the ratification nearly failed in both Virginia and New York. Most importantly, it pointed out that the claims of the Anti-Federalists were coming true not in their time, but in ours.
Though it was written almost a quarter century ago, I stand by every word of that. And, BTW, it was not just the Anti-Federalists who feared an over-reaching federal judiciary. Thomas Jefferson called it "the most dangerous branch," and gave his reasons.
John / Billybob / Ben
Always remember - People may die, but ideas live for ever. The philosophies from the Ancient Greeks are still with us and the Marxist(Liberals) prove daily their ideas are not new, but they progressively push their agenda in order to get those old ideas in place.
Study James Madison - he is the one who read and researched the older philophies of John Locke and others. Study John Locke's writings on Social Contract. My students are taught about all of these men and their ideas.
Most of all, the time has come for the Conservatives to be as "dogmatic" as the Marxist. The question is - "Do we Conservatives believe our ideas and agenda are greater than that of the Marxist"? Are Conservatives willing to do whatever has to be done to win in the end?
" restore the necessary common sense and good judgment to an electorate willing to have such a man for their president. The problem is much deeper and far more serious than Mr. Obama, who is a mere symptom of what ails us. "
While it's virtually, and morally, impossible to 'legislate common sense', it would be possible to mitigate the power of the fools by returning, somehow, (and exactly 'how', I must leave to those smarter than I..) to the system which limits, if not eliminates, the ability of the populace to vote largesse for itself from the public coffers....
I see freedom of the press as protecting a right to publish and not some profession or industry.
And extolling the virtues of the Anti-federalist ideas ignores the simple fact that they came up with absolutely nothing. They never produced a document, an "Anti-federalist Constitution", either before, during, or after the adoption of the Constitution. What prevented them from holding their own Constitutional convention, even after the Constitution actually went into effect and proposing their own, better document?
I'm reminded of Churchill's statement: "No one pretends that democracy is perfect or all-wise. Indeed, it has been said that democracy is the worst form of government except all those other forms that have been tried from time to time."
So it is with the Constitution: the worst organizational document, except for all the others proposed. The only other document that was ever come up with was the Articles of Confederation, and its flaws were what led to the Constitution.
In the end there are two types of Anti-federalists:
1) those that have come up with something better,
2) the critics, whiners and complainers.
So far there are no Anti-federalists who qualify for 1).
Perhaps it is long past time for Anti-federalists to actually come up with a document.
"The anti-federalists also got a lot wrong."
Exactly!! The US Constitution is a brilliant document. It works well....when followed.
Our decay is spiritual and moral. This is the root of our problems.
Ya see, that's the kind of thinkin' ya get when people actually study real history, instead of "social studies"! Lucky the libs are taking care of that! (I don't really need the /s tag, do I?)
In fact, although they didn't explicitly mention the possibility that you site, the anti-Federalists DID see the flaw.
All of the problems originated long before Obama. He is nothing more than a symptom of it...a figurehead.
I agree with your post, except for one part. I don't think we would be 50 independent countries. I think we would be 13 colonies reconquered by Britain.
The problem of our having an electorate which allows tyranny because it is capable of electing "liberal" Democrats in general and Barak Obama in particular is, IMHO, the problem of transcending the emotional appeals of Sophists. It should be recalled that the answer to an opponent who claims superior wisdom is not to get into a "he said, she said" contest with them but to adopt the stance of the philosopher. The philosopher does not claim superior wisdom, but claims only to love wisdom. That constitutes a challenge to the sophist to stick to facts and logic.
It is common, even on FR, for people to accept the premise that Fox News Channel is conservative and that other journalism is "objective." A recent example, and my response, follows:
Democrats are cowards for refusing to go on Fox. They would be glad to, if they had facts and logic rather than showmanship behind their snake oil, but they don't - so they stay away from the exposure. The trouble with going on Fox is that you will be asked the second question. If you have the facts and logic to back up your case, that's no problem. Conservatives do have facts and logic behind their cases; it is their defining characteristic.and then turn around and call republicans stupid for going on any of the other networks.
Journalism as we know it did not exist until the era of the Civil War. Prior to that, newspapers were fractiously independent of each other, and didn't accept claims that competing newspapers' reporters were objective. In fact, the newspapers of the pre-Civil War era were more like National Review than like The New York Times. Most were weeklies, and some had no deadline at all and just went to press when the printer decided he was ready. More than modern "hard news," they were about the opinions of their printers. Presses of that ilk naturally were ordinarily associated with political parties. The whole paper was what we'd now think of as an editorial page - and the printers couldn't and didn't try to make that a secret. That was the milieu when the First Amendment was written and ratified.Its hypocritical and pathetic.What changed that?
The telegraph. The telegraph, and the Associated Press. Suddenly the printer had available to him a font of news stories to which his readership could not be privy before he printed them. A wonderful thing for the printer of a paper! But, at a price. It was expensive in money, and the printer needed to get value out of his AP newswire. How to do that, when the printer didn't employ, didn't even know, the reporters who produced the cornucopia of newswire stories? How to vouch for the veracity of the stories? Simple - you simply launch a propaganda campaign to the effect that all reporters are objective!
Here's a news flash for you: journalists actually aren't objective! How do I know? Well, you can do a lot of ponderous research, such as (A Measure of Media Bias (research shows Drudge/Fox centrist, NYT far liberal) ), to prove it - but you need not expect that journalists will do anything but stonewall the results, no matter how thorough the research might be. Far simpler to just be direct - journalists are not objective because they say that they are objective. Simple - the only way anyone can even attempt to be objective is to start your analysis with an up-front declaration of your own interest in the question you are analyzing. If you are arguing that more roads should be built, you declare up front if your father-in-law would be the one to build them, and you would even declare your ownership of a car which would be more useful if there were more roads. Declaring your own objectivity is the precise opposite of that, so you should take it for granted that journalists who never declare anything but their own "objecitivity" are not merely not objective, they are heavily biased.
What is the inherent bias of journalism? Simple again - journalists are biased in favor of the notion that journalists are heroes. In Mark Steyn's expression, they are cardboard heroes - great at attacking "dastardly villains" such as bankers who actually pose no threat, but impotent and cowardly in the presence of actual villains such as ruthless terrorists who'll behead you for crossing them. Cowards who boast that "you never argue with someone who buys ink by the carload" - and then pick on some poor defenseless schlub precisely because he can't effectively argue back, and wouldn't hurt a fly anyway.
How does that bias of journalism play into politics? Simple again - "liberal" politicians are those who cooperate with journalists and essentially exist in symbiosis with them. You can tell that by the way journalists give them positive labels. Americans favored liberalism - which was a word for the advocacy of liberty - so journalists began to call politicians in symbiosis with them "liberals." The meaning of the word "liberal" was inverted in the 1920s, according to Saffire's New Political Dictionary. Journalists also, alternatively, call politicians in symbiosis with them "progressives." What American doesn't favor progress? And as to the label applied to "liberals'" opponents, well, I'll believe that "conservative" is intended as a positive label as soon as you convince me that marketers don't want to label their products New!
Ann Coulter has pointed out that if she goes on a book tour and is put on TV, journalists always "balance" her with one (usually more than one) "liberal" commentator to argue with her. in addition to the "objective journalist" him/herself, who will always attack as well (the usual result is that Ann has to really fight to get a word in edgewise - and as quick-tongued as she is, that's saying something). If a "liberal" goes on a book tour, when have you ever seen him/her "balanced" by a conservative? When have you ever seen him/her attacked by the "objective" journalist?
In reality "objective" journalists are sophists - and, in the original sense of the term, conservative politicians and analysts are philosophers.
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/news/2518098/postsNot only is there no hypocrisy involved in advocating that conservative politicians go on Fox but keep the "objective" journalist at arm's length, it is IMHO actually pathetic to think that they are obligated to do otherwise.
A constitutional revival, IMHO, must begin with the recognition - first by the courts, and then by the public - that the government is not a safe repository for the judgement of what is, and what is not, "objectivity." With all that that implies for the authority of "Campaign Finance Reform" and the "Federal Communication Commission."
"If ever a man debauched a nation, George Washington debauched the United States." That's not journalism. That's opinion, boldly stated. And that's what the early American press largely deal it.
It was as raucous as the supermarket tabloids today. All the surviving early newspapers are available in the Madison Building, across the street from the Jefferson Building, main building of the Library of Congress.
John / Billybob / Ben
You're probably right. I am guilty of optimism in my weaker moments. Can't wait for November so I can assess just how much trouble we are in.
Earlier threads:
FReeper Book Club: The Debate over the Constitution
5 Oct 1787, Centinel #1
6 Oct 1787, James Wilsons Speech at the State House
8 Oct 1787, Federal Farmer #1
9 Oct 1787, Federal Farmer #2
18 Oct 1787, Brutus #1
22 Oct 1787, John DeWitt #1
27 Oct 1787, John DeWitt #2
27 Oct 1787, Federalist #1
31 Oct 1787, Federalist #2
3 Nov 1787, Federalist #3
5 Nov 1787, John DeWitt #3
7 Nov 1787, Federalist #4
10 Nov 1787, Federalist #5
14 Nov 1787, Federalist #6
15 Nov 1787, Federalist #7
20 Nov 1787, Federalist #8
21 Nov 1787, Federalist #9
23 Nov 1787, Federalist #10
24 Nov 1787, Federalist #11
27 Nov 1787, Federalist #12
27 Nov 1787, Cato #5
28 Nov 1787, Federalist #13
29 Nov 1787, Brutus #4
30 Nov 1787, Federalist #14
1 Dec 1787, Federalist #15
4 Dec 1787, Federalist #16
5 Dec 1787, Federalist #17
7 Dec 1787, Federalist #18
8 Dec 1787, Federalist #19
11 Dec 1787, Federalist #20
12 Dec 1787, Federalist #21
Over here!
Publius has a biweekly thread on the Federalist papers.
All the surviving early newspapers are available in the Madison Building, across the street from the Jefferson Building, main building of the Library of Congress.
It would be fascinating if they were on the WWW!
With the nomination of Rand Paul, the neo-confederates are feeling their oats.
Go back even earlier than Locke, and read Hobbes..(leviathan, et al)..Madison was certainly the cerebral member of the bunch, but Adams (John) was also well read and understood well the lessons of history.....he has taken a rough rap from history, however, primarily due to his early loyalty to King George.
I do tend to agree with much the antt-federalists argued about, although it is clear that the Federalist group never considered the possibility, and eventuality, of life-long politicians, such as we have today..it was dismissed as folly...after all, what kind of person would want to make a career of that?? As such, the Federalists were proven to be right on most of their concerns.
As Franklin so eloquently said, when asked what they had accomplished in the continental congress..."a republic, if you can keep it"
Great article.
The antifederalists were certainly right—the central government behemoth we now have is undeniably authoritarian and is supra-constitutional. It has been a slow but inexorable march to tyranny, with occasion periods of sharp racheting up of central government power (e.g., King Lincoln, FDR, LBJ, Ohaha).
May the Lord's grace preserve our nation and return us to the limited government our forefathers thought they were bequeating us.
The real problem for the modern analyst is that both sides had very good points, and they weren't often arguing about the same things. Hamilton's case for a strong central government was bolstered by the strong historical suggestion that those nations without one tended to have their futures dictated by those who had one. The anti-Federalists replied that even were this the case, the proposed Constitution contained in it the seeds of a despotism with potential expressions of power that would be abusive and in excess of that necessary to maintain independence in a hostile world.
Where the anti-Federalists seemed to be at their best was in the arena of enumerated powers, more specifically how best to ensure that the government would not exceed them. Hamilton insisted that the very structure of the Constitution made it impossible for the government to exceed them - the government had, in his view, no possible way to do so. The anti-Federalists thought this approach the political equivalent of fairy-dust and with two centuries of hindsight we can hardly disagree. That was, however, one argument for the existence of a Bill of Rights, an argument shared by thinkers on both sides of the debate. But not Hamilton, who pointed out that such a Bill would tend to imply that those rights enumerated were the only ones the people possessed, a point of view which those same two centuries of hindsight will also uphold. That the very ones specified in such a Bill of Rights would also be encroached upon was not something either side cared to contemplate, although those two centuries of hindsight sometimes make us with that they had.
Great stuff. It is a bit questionable how much influence the furious debate in three New York newspapers that is the Federalist Papers had on the ultimate ratification, but there really isn't anything quite like them for articulating the point-counterpoint that had already taken place in the writing of the Constitution. That there even is a Bill of Rights is largely a consequence of this controversy.
What amazes me personally is how timely and relevant these same issues continue to be two centuries later. We're still fighting about the same things, and perhaps this is one secret to the Constitution's longevity. Even long-lived things can be killed by determined enemies. Sometimes they can be kept alive by equally determined friends.
All are encouraged to join Publius and me for a twice-weekly discussion of the Federalist Papers and the anti-Federalist replies. Every little bump helps.
Jacquerie: The anti-federalists also got a lot wrong.
Could you point out a few or is that an oblique reference to the Articles of Confederation? Does it strike you as ironic that many of the anti's arguments are the same ones we hear from consertatives today? Even so, revisionist histories have left us with little meat to actually chew on when considering the pros and cons of the Articles. Historians would have us believe the Articles were a complete and total failure, which is patently false. Did the Federalists, who of course wanted an overbearing NATIONAL government hoodwink the anti delegates into believing the convention had been called to tweak the Articles? Can you say "budding progressives"???
The Articles were treaties between sovereign states, not a government.
In the north, the deadbeats of Shay's rebellion were demanding the state inflate the currency and allow debtors to pay off debts in whatever they had on hand (corn, pigs, whatever).
A corrupt southern aristocracy which had refused to sell off British property in lots even the middle class (what existed of a middle class in the south) could afford were getting out of their debts by running to judges. Everything the colonies had fought for in the Revolution was about to turn into mob rule and a fractious economic race to the bottom as each state positioned itself fight other states.
The Federalists stopped all that from happening...for a while. Delegated powers were not enough to stop centralization but it did postpone it for generations.
The real error, the original sin of the Constitution, was allowing for purposes of representation, slaves to be counted as 3/5ths of a person. That allowed the corrupt aristocracy Jefferson represented which had allied itself with an ignorant underclass and a venal press to wipe out what the federalists had created. Fisher Ames, a Federalist who was critical to the ratification of the constitution and who drafted the first amendment wrote in 1805:
Federalism was therefore manifestly founded upon a mistake, on the supposed existence of sufficient political virtue, and on the permanency and authority of the public morals. The party now in power committed no such mistake. They acted upon what men actually are, not what they ought to be . . .They inflamed the ignorant; they flattered the vain; they offered novelty to the restless; and promised plunder to the base. The envious were assured that the great should fall; and the ambitious that they should become great . . . we are descending from a supposed orderly and stable republican government into a licentious democracy . . .The Federalists weren't the problem. The Jeffersonians were. Look at what Ames wrote. He's describing the Democratic party of today.
Thanks for your reply. I have gone back further. Some of the ideas from the left go as far back as Ancient Greece. One of my passions is studying history. The other passion is studying and understanding Constitutional Law. :)
Thanks Again!
Ridiculous. First, the antifederalists (the real federalists) had a document--The Articles of Confederation.
Second, the delegates in Philly were sent to the convention to fix the Articles by adding a few specific powers--they weren't supposed to create a new system. In other words, the antifeds had already offered their ideas and sent delegates to act on those ideas.
Third, The antifeds didn't create a constitution because they were against consolidating the government. They believed in a union of states--not a single, unified, consolidated, supreme government.
Finally, they didn't hold a convention after ratification because they had lost the political battle. Most antifeds followed Patrick Henry's example. Once the Constitution was ratified, they accepted it and moved on.
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Police: Woman charged in knife assaultJanuary 18,2013MANCHESTER A Virgil Road woman was charged with a felony count of domestic assault on Thursday after police said she had charged another woman with a knife during an argument Tuesday even though a 2-year-old child was between her and the other woman.
Annette Crooks, 38, of Manchester, pleaded innocent in Bennington criminal court Thursday to a felony charge of first-degree aggravated domestic assault and a misdemeanor charge of reckless endangerment.
In an affidavit, Cpl. James Blanchard of the Manchester Police Department said he had been called to a Virgil Road home on Tuesday around 5 p.m. Blanchard said he spoke with a woman who told him that Crooks had come after her with a knife during an argument.
The woman said her 2-year-old was between her and Crooks at the time. Blanchard said Crooks admitted to having the knife during the argument with the woman but denied the child was between them.Crooks said she was angry at the other woman because she made a comment to her about an abortion.
Crooks was released without bail Thursday.MORE IN This Just InWASHINGTON Long-term U.S. Full StoryMONTPELIER The Vermont attorney generals office says drug companies have complied with a state... Full StoryMOUNT HOLLY At its meeting next week, the Mount Holly Select Board will consider an ordinance... Full Story
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subset: commoncrawl


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yeahhhh paulo x lucy ~~
yeahhhh paulo x lucy ~~
you know that is a good thing to know the facts before declaring someone guilty?
****** was removed because she was a fan Character, and the owner want her out of the comic.
McKaila and Stew xD
Really kizuma was a Fancharacter? Didnt know that. Now that makes sense (I really didnt understood why taeshi killed her).
Wait... (looking last drawing) WTF?
wow you're kind of a jerk
taeshi, thats kind of harsh. i agree it waz ignorant and, well, rude, but i dont think she was trying to b meanspirited. Kinda like a sour joke that wasn't taken in th context it waz aimed for.
Don't worry, ****** "died" a good chef... even though she didn't really cook much, last time I checked. xD
****** is a stupid character for idiots
@ Taeshi: I'm the real jerk I advertised your comic but after the forum rule change about porn I took them down.
Anon: if the person is gonna be a jerk I'll be a jerk.
RiskAstley: It was beneficial in the long run and if people don't wanna visit because of the porn-rule, they can crab.gif
so in the end it doesn't matter
Yay! Another ****** fan! She was also my fave character. Nice art! =3
lol mike at ten, ahahah at 12 and yay for kızuna!!!! :3 i miss her alot too
but she was sort of an idiot though, taeshi could have made her just move away lol


text: My DD is10 days old today... When my milk came in my breasts were hard and swollen... Very engourged. Now they are softer and do get firmer when it is time to feed but does that mean my supply is dwindling or that my body is just regulating.. She had 3 dirty diapers and several wets yesterday. However when I move my Brest from her mouththere is milk there. Hopefully my supply isn't going down. With my son I pumped a lot more. So any help would be great!! Sorry for any spelling issues on my iPhone.


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Studio Arts MAJORS
Annual Major's presentations
Each spring semester Loyola Studio Arts faculty members meet individually with our majors to assess their progress and provide advice to help with their future growth as artists. Students organize their visual work to date in a Power Point presentation and create an artist statement and biography. For approximately ten minutes students present and discuss their work, then they take notes while the studio faculty members provide feedback to them. Students then write a one page, minimum, response discussing what they took away from the experience and consider where they see room for improvement and future focus. This document is sent by email to the Studio Arts Director, who compiles and maintains a collection of data about each major. From year to year the students' presentations become more complete, and the process provides practice for them to create professional materials and present themselves as artists in public. We strive for students in the Visual Arts/Studio major to be able upon graduation to pursue professional work within the field of fine arts and to continue along the path of an exhibiting artist.
To this end we work toward majors' ability to:
1. gain familiarity with the concepts and materials of the visual arts and be able to communicate and analyze the significance of their own work and the works of others.
2. acquire technical skills in drawing, painting, printmaking, mixed media art, three-dimensional art, and digital technology.
3. master creative and manual skills required for solving two- and three-dimensional design problems.
4. become able to conduct a critical dialogue between their personal work and the larger art historical tradition.
5. achieve a sound preparation for entering the professional work force or pursuing graduate study.
Spring Semester, 2013 Majors' Presentations will occur on Tuesday, February 12 and February 19 beginning at 5:30 p.m.


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"I've been a podcast listener for over two years. It's really been a blessing and helped me grow from a cafeteria Catholic to a real one."
"We do not worship, we do not adore, for fear that we should bow down to the creature rather than to the Creator, but we venerate the relics of the martyrs in order the better to adore Him whose martyrs they are."


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Comments: I had loved the Kayano. I had the 14, 15, and 16..... I really liked the 16. Just replaced with the 18. I never had the 17. I am not happy with the 18. It lacks the cushion and stability of the others. My ankles and bottoms of my feet hurt. I have run a number of short runs 3 to 4 miles and two long runs, 10 plus and I am not in love......I am not in like, either. Unless the 19 is a marked improvement, I will be switching models.....
From: Dara, Las Vegas, Nevada
Comments: LOVE this shoe! I was fitted at a specialty running store and this is definitely a great supporting shoe, easy on the knees and joints. I would recommend this to anyone needing a great shoe with awesome support and longevity.
From: Brigid, San Jose, Ca, USA
Comments: I am not happy with the 18's. Gave it 3-weeks and that was too long. I will be returning these. I love the 17's...some things don't need improving.
From: Denise, Midlothian, TX, USA
Comments: Stick with the Kayano 17. The Kayano 18 provides no support in the upper. They're cut the weight so much that they are no longer stability shoes. I'm going to stick with 17 until they are no longer available, then I'll move to a different brand. Asics ruined their flagship shoe!
From: Stephanie, Tampa, FL, USA


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Create New Account
Register an Entity
Maintain & Challenge
User Dashboard
Maintained Records
Subscribed Records
Bulk Actions
Global Markets Entity Identifier (GMEI) Utility
COMING SOON - The GMEI Utility will have a new look and feel!
The GMEI Utility will be launching an updated website to further enhance and streamline the registration and data update processes.
The Global Markets Entity Identifier (GMEI) utility is DTCC's legal entity identifier solution offered in collaboration with SWIFT. The GMEI utility is a pre-Local Operating Unit of the Global Legal Entity Identifier System (GLEIS).
The GMEI utility creates and assigns globally accepted Legal Entity Identifiers (LEIs) in a standard format (ISO 17442). The system validates the accuracy of the associated reference data and stores all the information in a public database free for all to use and redistribute. The information afforded by the GMEI utility is a critical tool for helping regulators and market participants understand exposures, enhance market transparency and manage systemic risk.
Among the key functions the GMEI utility supports are:
an entity:
The registered entity will be visible on the GMEI utility staging database once registration is completed.
The record will then undergo review by the validation team, who will update the Record State.
Upon completion of the validation review, an LEI will be assigned and the results listed on the GMEI utility portal.
Users requesting an LEI on behalf of a client or other party must obtain that party's authorization prior to registering on their behalf.
existing LEI registrations:
Search the full set of LEI registrations that have completed validation and have an assigned LEI.
Search the full set of LEI registration requests that are awaiting LEI assignment on our staging database.
Add filtering criteria to make your search results more relevant.
Maintain or Challenge
an LEI record:
Users should return to the GMEI utility portal and maintain the records they have registered any time the reference data changes and at least once per year.
Users can challenge any data associated with any record whether or not they registered it.
Users can access files at no cost. Files can be accessed directly through the portal or via the FTP interface.
Thirty days of GMEI issued database files are available, in standard GMEI and Common File formats.
Staging database files are also available.
About the Global Markets Entity Identifier Utility
DTCC and SWIFT have developed the GMEI utility to support the global assignment of legal entity identifiers for use in regulatory reporting.
Read More...
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© 2014 Business Entity Data B.V.


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A new study suggests that women now think a fifth date is the ideal date for sex and not the third
. What do you think the ideal numbered date is for first time sex?
What a stupid question.
Sex isn't an obligation. Date 1 or 100, it depends on the person.
Just because some goof takes you out and you have fun with them a few times doesn't mean it's drop yer pants time.
if you are going to cite "studies," please don't use ones administered by private sector dating websites that are published in the DM. Especially when hundreds of scholars have spent their careers studying exactly this kind of thing, why not cite those? Done griping on this, gender politics and slut shaming discourses, have at it. I say do it whenever you want to!ReplyCancel
There shouldn't be an "ideal date" for sex. Whenever both parties are on the same page, that is when it should occur. I actually think women don't do themselves any favors creating arbitrary benchmarks for when things should take place. If I were a guy, I would see that as "playing games" and it would be a turn-off. That's just me.ReplyCancel
First date. Weeds out the nots :).
Just kidding! Chemistry decides. Faster/slower depending on chemistry IMO!ReplyCancel
An Entern just picked up a new romantic interest and is on date 2.5, now incredibly frustrated.
The answer is – no one who's ever actually had sex with a fellow live human gives a shit what anyone else's pretend date number is. Boink or don't.
Karen FTW!ReplyCancel
I have no idea as I've never actually been on a date. Been with my husband since I was 18, and we never went on dates, just got together.ReplyCancel
As long as Blowies are doled out on dates 3 & 4, then sex on the 5th date is OK.ReplyCancel
First date, I don't wanna suffer their female bullshit longer, I prefer different holes everyday. Happily females these days are liberal and agree with me.ReplyCancel
LOL @Count. I assume that with you, there IS no fourth date without a BJ on the third.
I can't imagine having sex on the first date anymore. When I was 20 and stupid, okay. But now? Not a chance. Beyond that, I dunno. Yeah, when both people want to.
I give thanks every day of my life that I'm married and don't have to deal with this shit.ReplyCancel
I hope Max agrees with you Erik. Be sure to let him order the lobster.ReplyCancel
I think it's different for everybody.ReplyCancel
@CeeKay: Yeah, kinda. I'm friggin old at 39. I'm not investing an extended period of time to figure out sexual compatibility.ReplyCancel
If you're willing to date divorced moms, like I am, it's first date almost every time. Too much hassle getting a sitter to wait longer.ReplyCancel


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Town to share solar energy grants
WAITSFIELD Nine communities, from Waitsfield to Shrewsbury, will receive a portion of the $440,000 in solar energy grants announced Tuesday.
The grantees include Berlin and a second Mad River Valley community, Warren.
During another stop on his summer solar tour, Gov. Peter Shumlin discussed the grants, and the need to move away from fossil fuels during a tour of Northern Reliability, which specializes in developing electrical systems for large-scale solar projects.
There is no question in my mind that, if more states would do what Vermont is doing getting off our addiction to oil, moving to renewables our kids and our grandkids would live on a more prosperous, livable planet, Shumlin said. We cant move fast enough to stop doing energy the way we were and start doing energy the way we are here in Vermont.
The announcement came on the grounds of Northern Reliabilitys test center, in the shadow of four solar panels nicknamed Larry, Moe, Curly and Shemp. Among other projects, Northern Reliability is studying ways to improve the storage of electricity generated by solar during the day.
All told, the states Clean Energy Development Fund awarded $442,750 in grants to create 500 kilowatts of new solar energy, including $80,000 to the town of Waitsfield to install a 102-kilowatt, 330-panel solar project at the town garage to power the towns municipal buildings.
When completed, Waitsfields town office will be the second in the state to be net zero, meaning the energy consumed by the building will be no more than the amount of energy generated on site. Hartford has the first net-zero town office in Vermont.
Valerie Capels, town administrator for Waitsfield, said the site has been cleared and installers will break ground on the project any day now.
With Waitsfield businesses Northern Reliability and Aegis Renewable Energy and SunCommon from Waterbury the Mad River Valley region is one reason why Vermont has the greatest number of solar energy jobs per capita of any state in the country.
The boon of energy renewables in the state of Vermont has really resulted in a boon of local, skilled jobs in the Mad River Valley, said Christopher Badger, energy coordinator for the town of Waitsfield.
Other grant awards include:
$125,000 to the Thetford School Board for a 141-kilowatt project at the elementary school.
$80,000 to the town of Warren for a 141-kilowatt project near the elementary school.
$32,500 to the town of Strafford and the Newton School for a 65-kilowatt project.
$31,250 to the Shrewsbury Mountain School for a 25-kilowatt project.
$20,000 for the town of Berlin to install a 16.8-kilowatt array on the roof of the town office.
$15,000 to the town of Sharon for a 12-kilowatt net-metered project.
$13,750 to the United Church of Thetford for a 15-kilowatt array.
@Tagline:josh.ogorman @rutlandherald.comMORE IN Vermont NewsMONTPELIER Rep. Peter Welch, D-Vt. Full StoryVermont Attorney General Bill Sorrell plans to join the U.S. Full StoryAs Rutland prepares to welcome Syrian refugees to its community, some are continuing to voice... Full Story
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Proxy adviser to oppose Barclays' bonuses
Pirc, one of Europe's largest shareholder advisory groups, will advise investors to reject Barclays' remuneration proposals at the bank's AGM later this month.
Over the coming months, UK shareholders are set to vote for the first time on European rules forcing banks to seek approval to pay staff bonuses up to double their fixed pay. Barclays is set to kick off proceedings for UK banks on April 24.
But Pirc, which advises pension funds and fund managers with combined assets of over £1.5 trillion, said in a client note seen by Financial News that, due to concerns around the Barclays' approach to the bonus cap, shareholders should not approve the motion to increase bonuses.
It will also recommend clients vote against the bank's remuneration report and policy.
Barclays, like many other banks, has said it will introduce role-based allowances to mitigate the effects of the cap. Allowances are paid on top of an employee's fixed salary and will be added to the total amount shareholders can agree to double for bonus payments.
Pirc argues this "has the effect of increasing the fixed portion and therefore mitigating the reduction in bonuses envisaged by the EU regulations". It added that the "approval of this resolution will result in the bonus cap being some four times base salary, which is considered excessive".
A spokesman from Barclays declined to comment.
Although the opposition may not be enough to vote down changes at the AGM, it is unlikely to be welcome news for Barclays, which has been in the firing line of late after increasing pay despite a poor year for the bank in 2013. In announcing its full-year results in February, it revealed a 10% rise in the group bonus pool to £2.4 billion, despite posting a 32% fall in underlying pre-tax profits.
Much of the bonus pot was directed towards Barclays' investment bank, especially the former Lehman Brothers franchise in the US. Barclays paid around 270 of its US employees over £1 million last year – more than double the amount in Europe, according to its annual report published in early March.
In the report, Sir John Sunderland, chairman of the board remuneration committee, said the bank was "acutely aware of public sentiment and of the challenge of presenting shareholders with an increased pool in a year where profits have fallen" but concluded that the bonus pool was "warranted".
Barclays is also set to restructure its investment banking arm in the coming months, according to people familiar with the situation. However, one leading UK asset manager said: "It made no sense to increase bonuses when you are just going to cut headcount a few months later."
Despite the Pirc note, some large UK shareholders have indicated they will still approve the two-for-one bonus measure for Barclays and other UK banks such as Standard Chartered and HSBC.
Robert Talbut, chief investment officer of Royal London Asset Management, a Barclays shareholder with £75 billion under management, said: "We are in principle in favour of allowing the two for one [bonus cap], and we are likely to support it for all the banks.
"Without allowing it we believe these banks would be at a severe competitive disadvantage. We also want to make sure fixed costs are boosted as little as possible."
Iain Richards, head of governance and responsible investment at Threadneedle Investors, said: "I would be very surprised if there were significant opposition to the 2-for-1 bonus structure. The people who will oppose it will be the people who oppose all bank pay because they can't accept it all."
He added: "I would say that the CRD framework has given the banks a unique opportunity to revisit their pay packages. We will be looking for whether they have grasped this nettle. You always get the argument, 'well Goldman Sachs is paying this or that'. If people ever had the chance to break out of the 'let's hide behind the market' argument, well, this is it."
--with additional reporting from firstname.lastname@example.com


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Professional Candle Making Supplies Since 1972
Summer Fruit & Jasmine BBW Type Fragrance Oil Fragrance Oil
A unique blend of grapefruit and guava, mingled with juices of sparkling citrus fruits. A touch of gentle jasmine captures the heart of this refreshing Bath & Body Works Type fragrance.
Not gel compatible.
Not gel compatible.
- Good for Paraffins and Natural Waxes
- Skin Safe
- Phthalates Free
Product Description
All designer or brand name fragrance "Types" are Trademarked names and are the exclusive property of the original manufacturers. Summer Fruit & Jasmine is a Trademark of Bath & Body Works, Inc.
People Who Bought This Item Also Bought
Shipping Information
To see shipping costs, proceed to checkout to get up-to-date rates. Orders are shipped by UPS or FedEx. View the Shipping Information page for more details.


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BEGIN:VCALENDAR VERSION:2.0 PRODID:-//184.108.40.206//NONSGML kigkonsult.se iCalcreator 2.16.1// CALSCALE:GREGORIAN METHOD:PUBLISH X-WR-CALNAME:Artswego X-WR-CALDESC:The Performing Arts at Oswego pages and the content within are produced by ARTSwego\, a collaboration of students\, faculty and administ ration\, whose goal is to support the presentation of cultural programs fo r the campus and community. X-FROM-URL:http://oswego.edu/arts X-WR-TIMEZONE:America/New_York BEGIN:VTIMEZONE TZID:America/New_York X-LIC-LOCATION:America/New_York BEGIN:STANDARD DTSTART:20171105T020000 TZOFFSETFROM:-0400 TZOFFSETTO:-0500 TZNAME:EST END:STANDARD BEGIN:DAYLIGHT DTSTART:20170312T020000 TZOFFSETFROM:-0500 TZOFFSETTO:-0400 TZNAME:EDT END:DAYLIGHT END:VTIMEZONE BEGIN:VEVENT UID:http://oswego.edu/arts/?post_type=ai1ec_event&\;p=967&\;instanc e_id= DTSTAMP:20161211T121103Z CONTACT: DESCRIPTION:
Two Gallery Exhibits
\nClosed March 15 -24\, 2014 for spring break
\nOPENING RECEPTION: Friday\, Mar ch 14 • 5-7 PM
\nNorth Gallery: Generations IV: A Ma ster of Arts in Teaching
\nThe MAT-Art program\, based on th e teaching artist model\, will display the artwork of public school art te achers\, their students and the Oswego MAT-Art student teachers who worked with them. Thus\, three generations of artists will be featured.
\n< strong>South Gallery: Spring MA Exhibition
\nGraduating Mast er of Arts degree students show an extensive body of work reflecting a con centration in either graphic design or studio art as well as a strong comm itment\, understanding and obvious accomplishment in visual art.
< strong>Tyler Art Gallery Hours: 11:30 AM-3:00 PM\, Tuesday-SaturdayDTSTART;TZID=America/New_York:20140314T113000 DTEND;TZID=America/New_York:20140417T150000 LOCATION:Tyler Hall Galleries SUMMARY:Generations IV: A Master of Arts in Teaching & Spring MA Exhibition URL:http://oswego.edu/arts/ai1ec_event/generations-iv-mat-spring-ma-exhibit s/?instance_id= END:VEVENT END:VCALENDAR


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"I wish it was longer," said Barker, vice chairperson of the event and a skin cancer survivor herself.
The six-hour event will be held Saturday at the Goliad County Courthouse Square beginning at 6 p.m.
The ceremony will include honorees Deborah Gamblin, Andy and Romana Garcia, Dwight Michael, Nancy Rader and Amanda Sparks. Memorials will be held for Stella Davis, Eloisa Garcia, James L. Johnson Sr. and Dennis Pesek.
The ceremony will begin with the invocation by Rev. Sharon Stewart, Presentation of Colors by Cub Scout Pack #64 and the National Anthem by Morafley, which includes band members Jeff and Rick Moon returning to their hometown of Goliad.
The honorees and families of the memorials will be given time to speak. A survivor lap around the courthouse will follow. A wagon provided by Billy and Karley Howe will be available to take those who require assistance.
The survivor/caregiver lap will follow and be followed by the team lap.
Local survivors may have received an invitation to the survivor dinner, which is sponsored by and held at the Empresario Restaurant at 7 p.m. Guests are asked to RSVP to JoAnn Ybarbo if they plan on attending the dinner. Those who did not receive an invitation and are cancer survivors may register for themselves and a caregiver at the event. There will be a table set up for survivor registration and T-shirt pickup near the band starting at 5 p.m.
The luminary ceremony will be held at dusk. There will be a table set up before the event for those wanting to donate a luminary to be lit for a loved one.
Music will be provided throughout the night by County Line, Hall Pass and Morafley. Zumba fun is from 9:30 to 10:15 p.m. Dr. Daniel Garza's staff will be holding a bean bag toss, washer toss, goldfish game, go fish and a duck pond all night for a small donation.
Goliad High School athletes will provide hot dogs from 5 to 6 p.m. for a small donation. Movies and have nail painting will be from 7 to 8 p.m., S'mores from 8 to 9 p.m. and a high-heel race lap will begin at 9 p.m. The athletes will also hold bra pong from 10 to 11 p.m.
The Gold Star 4-H Club will have a cake walk beginning at 8 p.m. and the Stampede 4-H Clubwill have its basketball hoops game at 10 p.m.
Barker wished to thank this year's sponsors:
County Line Entertainment (in loving memory of Doug Hillyer), International Power-Coleto Creek, Goliad County Chamber of Commerce, Empresario Restaurant (Jill and Steve McKinney), Goliad Knights of Columbus, Select Energy Services, Don Jose Restaurant (in loving memory of Jose Juarez), Goliad Presbyterian Church, Grace Funeral Home, Goliad Advance-Guard, Whataburger, Peterson Paraiso & Cattle Co., Kenneth and Pat Edwards, Highway Garage (in loving memory of "Raymond" T. Vargas), Steve & Christy Paulsgrove, Coastal Bend Real Estate, American Bank, H-E-B, James Young Insurance, E. J. Bammert, Kirby and Debby Brumby and Patricia Light.
This year's teams are:
The American Bank, Boot Scootin' Wranglers (Stampede 4-H), Coleto Creek Cancer Busters, Friends for Life, Golden Cure (Gold Star 4-H), Goliad First United Methodist Church, Goliad High School, Kickin' Cancer Crew, Lakewood 4-H Bigmouths, Oma's Army, Raymond T. Vargas Memorial, St. John's Lutheran Church, Team Survivors and Weesatche ASK'M 4-H.
For more information, visit the Goliad County Relay For Life facebook page or relayforlife.org/goliadcotx.


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Hello Everyone,
o.k. we are about to start solids at 8 months. I have been doing some reading. Some sources say that it would be beneficial to add small amounts of canola or flexseed oil to baby food b/c it's supposed to be healthy. Other sources strictly warn against the practice of adding any cold pressed oils until the baby is at least 1 year old. Does anyone understand the science behind either recommendation? What have others been doing?
Thanks for your feedback!


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iHerb Customer Reviews
Savings of: £5.45 (27% off)
Posted by Reviewer3226958 on Mar 14, 2011
I love this product!
Posted by Reviewer1013331 on Mar 15, 2011
good but I like can and spoon
Pretty Good
Posted by Reviewer1544707 on Apr 15, 2011
This a very good for what it is meant to do.
Posted by Reviewer1676712 on Apr 19, 2011
I like to use maca although when you use this product you shouldn't take it too much, because if you do that your stomach will be like a balloon :D
Posted by Reviewer1056148 on Apr 07, 2009
Strange taste- a little hard to get used to- but seems to be a good product.
Posted by Reviewer3045001 on Feb 22, 2009
Posted by Reviewer2752297 on Jun 07, 2008
Unknown, haven't tried this brand yet, but I have been very satisfied with a similar brand of Maca Powder called Maca Magic, hope this one is just as good.
Items 71-77 of 77 total
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We found that the drugs we had enjoyed using, that had helped us get by, had taken control of us. In moments of clarity we realized that we needed to stop, but we could not. Here we have found a way and today we are free to enjoy life more than ever.
Few, if any, of us became a member, stopped using and lost the desire to use without attending recovery meetings regularly. It is that simple. "The therapeutic value of one addict helping another is without parallel." The new member reminds long-time members of the consequences that hound addicts who continue to use. And, those with recovery offer hope to new members, when they honestly share that they were once enslaved by addiction and found freedom in the fellowship and through the process of taking the Twelve Steps to recovery.
To begin the process get yourself to a meeting, call the Hot Line number 1-800-317-3222 to talk to a recovering addict. Our Hot Line is the front door to recovery. Give yourself a break and try a new way to live.
To introduce visitors to the principals of Narcotics Anonymous, and as a reminder to members, most meetings in the Free State Region begin with members reading selections from IP #1, "Who, What, How, and Why".
Click the image to read it. Reprinted from the White Booklet, "Narcotics Anonymous", NA Fellowship-approved literature, Copyright © 1976, 1986 by Narcotics Anonymous World Services, Inc. All rights reserved.
Click the Free State logo to the left to go to members area. That is where members will find documents that they may want. – Geographically, the Free State Region of Narcotics Anonymous includes all of Baltimore, all of Eastern and Northern Maryland, all of Delaware, and the northernmost tip of Virginia's eastern shore. Our Region consists of 10 unified Areas containing over 800 meetings. As stated in Tradition Five, our primary purpose is to carry the message to the addict who still suffers.


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I read a lot of blogs. I subscribe to a lot more blogs than I have time to read. Sound familiar? If you're like me, you don't have time to read everything you want (if you do, please tell me your secret). In an effort to reduce the chaos of life, I do two weekly article roundups: one for technical things and one for small business things.
Here's a roundup of the most interesting tech articles I found this week. Enjoy!
ICANN opens the domain floodgates – There were a ton of articles on the new top-level domains (TLDs) this week. Kind of exciting but not really useful for small businesses. Unless you have $185,000 lying around. And another $25,000 per year to maintain it.
Useful Resources, Tools and Services for Web Designers – An extremely comprehensive list. One of the reasons I love Smashing Magazine!
Five Useful Interactive CSS/jQuery Techniques Deconstructed – The five are: Extruded Text Effect, Animating A Background Image, Mega Dropdown, Animated Slideshow Navigation, and Animated Icons. Complete with explanations, code samples, and demos!
What Kind of Maintenance Do I Need to Do on My Windows PC? and What Kind of Maintenance Do I Need to Do on My Mac? – Great suggestions for both Mac and PC.
Popuload for Adobe Photoshop – This is a really fun idea! Have you ever had to sit and wait for Photoshop to process something? During these times I usually pull up my browser and try to read a quick article. Popuload is an RSS reader for inside Photoshop! Whenever the loading/processing bar appears in PS, Popuload appends a window with your RSS feed content for the duration of the processing time. Only for Mac, so I'll still have to pull up my browser for now.
If you enjoy these Roundups please share with your friends!
Have a great weekend!
Tags: CSS, jquery, mac, maintenance, pc, photoshop, popuload, resources, smashing magazine, TLDs, tools


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5 August 2011
Ladies and Gentlemen,
In selecting the foods we offer and eat, we do so out of need to nourish and a love of life and everything in this magnificently ordered universe. We make loving decisions in choosing food, how it's acquired, its handling and distribution, by always referring back to the question, "What will best encourage life?" We focus on primary sources of contamination or degradation of food in protecting it. As the oldest natural and organic food company in the United States and Canada we have considerable experience, practice, and knowledge in this. Focused will and firm persistence is demanded. Opposition to pursuit of purity shadows us and creatively works to wear down our resolve. Vigorous faith in the correctness and necessity of this goal keeps us going.
Nature is the great provider. We simply have to keep man's meddling and tampering with it to a minimum. Shortsightedness and laziness are always involved in adulteration and imitation of food, almost as common is greed. Flimsy arguments are used in trying to hide this.
Eden Foods encourages everyone to be knowledgeable, questioning, actively involved food buyers, as we are. There is great need for civil society to become caring about and involved in the kind of food that industry feeds us. The social, political, medical, mental, and spiritual damages of big agribusiness should not be allowed to continue, but they do. The criminal destruction of water, air, and food quality is only possible while society remains apathetic.
Ignorance is bliss. Knowledge is responsibility. Genetically engineered flora designed to encourage or make toxins that kill life and poison the environment is insane. Disinformation, societally pervasive and perpetrated with enormous funding, is only continued because we accept it. Truth in advertising is long gone. Government agencies meant to look after the peoples' well-being are diverted from this with disinformation and very big money to serve the misguided corporate interests of the funders, socially subjugating us in monoculture.
Help us encourage cultural diversity and purity in food, agriculture, air, water, and land use.
Wisdom is love in discerning.
Please become involved with us in discerning and determining what is appropriate food for humanity.
Michael Potter, President


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A Kailua man is lucky to be alive after the B-1 Bomber he was flying in crashed and burned in a Montana field.
Captain Chad Nishizuka was one of four airmen from Ellsworth Air Base that was ejected before the plane made impact according to the Rapid City Journal.
Nishizuka's brother Reid, also from Kailua, died in April when he was piloting an MC-12 aircraft that crashed near Kandahar Airfield in Afghanistan.
Investigators are still trying to determine the cause of Monday's crash.
"Air combat command will commission a safety investigation board and we will investigate the cause of the aircraft crash," said Col. Kevin Kennedy a 28th Bomb Wing Commander. "We have to make sure we understand what happened and if we can prevent a future occurrence we will do so."
Ranchers who watched the plane go down say it broke apart in midair.
Kailua family nearly hit twice with military crash disasters
A Kailua man is lucky to be alive after the B-1 Bomber he was flying in crashed and burned in a Montana field.
Copyright 2013 by KITV All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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Despite those beyond-appreciated Christmas checks (Nana – I owe you one), a holiday season's worth of shopping naturally left my finances in a not-so-glamorous place. But sticking to a shiny new budget doesn't have to mean sacrificing style – especially when it comes to the shoe rack. Behold: Our Joy Under $100: Shoes by Price Boutique.
Our Joy Under $100: Shoes by Price Boutique opens Tuesday, January 8, at 11AM ET.
By Sarah Stanley, Staff Writer
Not a Member and like The (Style) Guide? You'll love Rue La La. Join now.


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Score +111
Thread DetailsLast Edited by bailey327 May 24, 2011 at 05:43 PM
Please post any new printable coupons or any changes to those already listed, and we'll add them to the wikis. Making changes to the wikis can cause the wiki to crash or a loss of data.
The wikis are updated by the three wikibees, the talented tagteam of: bailey327, hollygolightly & tn_native
Printable Thread Special Posting Format!!
FORMAT ~~ To help decrease the time it takes to keep up this thread -- when posting a new printable coupon, please use our standard format:
Theraflu, $1, Print 90210
Martha White, 55¢/2, Print (dir)
Nexcare, $1/2, Print (FB)
Scotch Tape, 50¢ Print PDF exp 7/31/11
*Include zip used if it's couponsDOTcom, smartsource, redplum, etc, and if it's not a direct link to the coupon.*
-To make a link only appear as one word like "Print", in the Edit box, type your description. Then type the word, "print", doubleclick on that word "print" to highlight it only, and then click on the Attachment 474881 icon (Insert Link). Then in that popup box, paste in the actual url address and click OK.
Coupons.com (C)
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-Problems printing Bricks coupons, see this thread by alanisrox69
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-Coupon Barcode Basics thread hereby mahgobbi
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2,690 Comments
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I'm not sure if this should be added to the wiki because you have to click Our Kitchen and watch a video:
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text:
My little one is 12 weeks, and I have struggled with OALD and have always had a more plentiful supply on my right side than my left. My left tends to run on the normal to low side. I have block fed in blocks of 4 hours between feedings only on the right side since she was 3 weeks old. That seemed to work very well until last week.
I suddenly got extremely engorged on my right side within a matter of hours, for no other reason that I can determine other than I ate some mini-wheats and perhaps they acted as a galactagogue. My breast was refilling to extremely painful rock hard fullness an hour after being emptied at a feeding! My letdown was so strong on the right side that I was spraying almost 4 feet while I was nursing on my left side! Absolutely ridiculous! I was having to pull my daughter off during letdowns on that side, otherwise she choked horribly, as you can imagine.
I upped it to a 6 hour block between feedings on the right side. I didn't see much improvement in 2 days, so I went up to 7 hours and started using cabbage leaves, ice packs, and sage & mint tea.
Within 2 more days, my supply on my right was under control. I still felt some fullness, but not uncomfortable.
However, this week it is back again. I've upped my block to only feeding on my right side every 8+ hours and resumed cabbage, ice, and tea. No change after almost 2 days again. My breast sprays really strong constantly if she nurses on that side, so I've had to resort to pumping and bottle feeding every feed on my right side to protect her from choking so badly. I've gone to only pumping 3oz or less every 12 hours from that side to see if that will get things under control.
Does anyone have any tips for anything else I can try? Taking an antihistamine has been suggested, but I don't want to kill the supply on my left side! What can I do? I'm tired of being so painfully engorged on my right side and not being able to nurse my baby!


text:
Solty Rei
Heavy Hearts
Episode 14 | TV-14
Alone once more, Roy turns inward, facing destiny at the bottom of a bottle. But Solty needs him now more than ever. As she wanders the streets alone, Roy must decide to gather his strength or suffer forever.
Official Site: www.funimation.com/shows/solty-reiHide Details


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Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi 1869-1948
Indian philosopher and political leader.
Gandhi was one of the most admired and influential religious and political leaders of the twentieth century. Using methods of Satyagraha (nonviolent resistance), he led the movement that ultimately achieved Indian national independence from Great Britain in 1947. During his lifetime Gandhi published numerous works on a variety of topics from practical guidebooks for daily living to spiritual works and philosophical essays. His autobiography, subtitled "The Story of My Experiments with Truth," comprises the chief account of his development of such concepts as Satyagraha and chronicles his spiritual quest for truth.
Biographical Information
Gandhi was born into a Hindu family of the Vaisya (merchant) caste in Porbandar, Kathiawar, where his father was a government minister. In 1888 he traveled to England to pursue legal studies. Returning to India in 1891, Gandhi established a law practice and in 1893 accepted a case representing an Indian in South Africa. He remained there for more than twenty years, establishing an ashram religious community) and championing the cause of Indian indentured servants and other Indian nationals who suffered racial prejudice from white South Africans. He organized his first civil disobedience campaign in South Africa in 1906. In 1914 Gandhi returned to India and rose to prominence as the leader of the movement for Indian national independence. As in South Africa, Gandhi established an ashram and undertook many human rights causes, including opposition to the "untouchability" of lower caste Hindus. In addition he established the newspaper Young India (later renamed Harijan) and contributed essays on such topics as land reform, Indian textile manufacture, village industry, and education reform. When his crusade in protest of legislation that prohibited organized political opposition to the British government erupted in violence in 1919, Gandhi ended the campaign and embarked on a widely publicized fast in order to return to nonviolent means of achieving his political aims. Throughout the 1920s and 1930s Gandhi developed a social and economic philosophy that supported his efforts for Swaraj (Indian home rule). Key events of the period include the Salt March of 1930, in which he led a group of several thousand followers on a 200-mile trek to the sea in protest of a salt tax imposed by the British government, and the Roundtable Conference of 1931, a series of discussions held in London on the future of India. Gandhi was imprisoned numerous times as a result of his civil disobedience but continued to work for a peaceful end to British colonial rule and Indian national unity. While Indian political freedom was granted in 1947, factions within the country were unable to resolve their differences and the subcontinent was partitioned into India and Pakistan. In January 1948 a fast by Gandhi motivated Hindu and Moslem leaders to end the continuing violence between religious sects. He was assassinated soon afterward by a Hindu extremist who opposed Gandhi's tolerance for other religious groups.
Major Works
Gandhi was a prolific writer who published works in a variety of genres, including essays, poetry, letters, philosophy, and autobiography, and his works are chiefly noted for revealing the development of his religious philosophy, social program, and political technique of Satyagraha. As outlined in An Autobiography; or, The Story of My Experiments with Truth, Gandhi's ideas derived from traditional Hindu beliefs as well as from aspects of Christianity and other religious faiths. Gandhi also credited the philosophy of nonviolence advocated by the Russian novelist Leo Tolstoy, the anti-industrial social theories propounded by the English philosopher John Ruskin, and the principles delineated by Henry David Thoreau in his essay "Civil Disobedience" as contributing substantially to the formation of his thought. Based on Hindu concepts of ahimsa (innocence), satya (truth), and brahmacharya (self-discipline), Gandhi's teachings advocated such practices as vegetarianism, celibacy, and poverty. His social and economic program included collectivism, home industry, and the redistribution of agricultural land. Gandhi's seminal argument for Indian independence from Great Britain is contained in "Hind Swaraj; or, Indian Home Rule," an essay that originally appeared in the journal Indian Opinion. His writings have been meticulously collected by the Indian government and now comprise more than eighty volumes.
Critical Reception
Through his long public career Gandhi became one of the most influential spiritual and political leaders of the twentieth century, and his ideas have been adapted and implemented throughout the world in various social and political situations such as the struggle against apartheid in South Africa, the civil rights movement led by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., in the United States during the 1960s, and the campaign for democracy in Eastern Europe and Russia during the 1980s. Gandhi's legacy in India, where he acquired the honorific title "Mahatma" (great soul), continues to provide ideals for individual spiritual improvement as well as for social advancement and political equality.
Principal Works
An Appeal to Every Briton in South Africa (essay) 1894
The Indian Franchise: An Appeal (essay) 1894
"Hind Swaraj; or, Indian Home Rule" (essay) 1909; published in journal Indian Opinion
Speeches and Writings of Mahatma Gandhi (essays and speeches) 1917
A Guide to Health (handbook) 1920
An Autobiography; or, The Story of My Experiments with Truth. 2 vols. (autobiography) 1927-29
Satyagraha in South Africa (autobiography) 1928; revised edition, 1950
From Yeravda Mandir (letters) 1933
Cent per Cent Swadeshi; or, The Economics of Village Industries (nonfiction) 1938
Christian Missions: Their Place in India (nonfiction) 1941
Constructive Programme: Its Meaning and Place (essay) 1941
Economics of Khadi (nonfiction) 1941
The Indian States' Problem (nonfiction) 1941
Women and Social Injustice (nonfiction) 1942
Non-Violence in Peace and War. 2 vols. (philosophy) 1942-49
Gandhiji's Correspondence with the Government, 1942-44 (letters) 1945
The Gospel of Selfless Action; or, The Gita According to Gandhi (philosophy) 1946
Dehli Diary (meditations and speeches) 1948
Bapu's Letters to Mira (letters) 1949; also published as Gandhi's Letters to a Disciple, 1950
Satyagraha: Non-Violent Resistance (philosophy) 1951
Sarvodaya (philosophy) 1954
The Removal of Untouchability (nonfiction) 1954
Truth Is God (philosophy) 1955
S. Radhakrishnan (essay date 1939)
SOURCE: An introduction to Mahatma Gandhi: Essays and Reflections on His Life and Work, edited by S. Radhakrishnan, George Allen & Unwin, Ltd. revised edition, 1949, pp. 13-39.
[In the following excerpt, Radhakrishnan discusses the religious basis of Gandhi's politics.]
The greatest fact in the story of man on earth is not his material achievements, the empires he has built and broken, but the growth of his soul from age to age in its search for truth and goodness. Those who take part in this adventure of the soul secure an enduring place in the history of human culture. Time has discredited heroes as easily as it has forgotten everyone else; but the saints remain....
(The entire section is 6073 words.)
John Middleton Murry (essay date 1939)
SOURCE: "The Challenge of Gandhi," in Mahatma Gandhi: Essays and Reflections on His Life and Work, edited by S. Radhakrishnan, George Allen & Unwin, revised edition, 1949, pp. 424-33.
[Murry is considered one of the most significant English critics of the twentieth century. Anticipating later scholarly opinion, he championed the writings of Marcel Proust, James Joyce, Paul Valéry, D. H. Lawrence, and the poetry of Thomas Hardy through his positions as founding editor of the Adelphi, editor of the Athenaeum, and as a longtime contributor to the Times Literary Supplement. In the following essay, he discusses Hind Swaraj.]
I do not think that any...
(The entire section is 2928 words.)
George Orwell (essay date 1949)
SOURCE: "Reflections on Gandhi," in Partisan Review, Vol. VI, No. 1, Winter, 1949, pp. 85-92.
(The entire section is 3639 words.)
E. M. Forster (essay date 1949)
SOURCE: "Mahatma Gandhi," in Mahatma Gandhi: Essays and Reflections on His Life and Work, edited by S. Radhakrishnan, George Allen & Unwin, revised edition, 1949, pp. 386-88.
[Forster was a prominent English novelist, critic, and essayist whose works reflect his liberal humanism. His most celebrated novel, A Passage to India (1924), is a complex examination of personal relationships amid the conflicts of the modern world. Although some of Forster's critical essays are considered unsophisticated in their literary assessments, his Aspects of the Novel (1927), a discussion of fictional techniques, is regarded as a minor classic in literary criticism. In the following...
(The entire section is 863 words.)
Arthur Koestler (essay date 1969)
SOURCE: "Mahatma Gandhi—Yogi and Commissar: A Re-valuation," in The Heel of Achilles: Essays 1968-1973, Hutchinson of London, 1974, pp. 221-54.
[A Hungarian-born English novelist, journalist, and popular philosopher, Koestler was a respected figure in twentieth-century intellectual life. In the following excerpt, which was originally published in 1969, he discusses what he calls the "disastrous aspects of Gandhi's life and philosophy. ']
(The entire section is 11197 words.)
Nirmal Kumar Bose (essay date 1971)
SOURCE: "The Theory and Practice of Sarnodaya," in The Meanings of Gandhi, edited by Paul F. Power, The University Press of Hawaii, 1971, pp. 79-89.
[In the following excerpt, Bose discusses the development of Gandhi's principle of Sarvodaya and its continuing application in Indian society.]
It was in South Africa that Gandhi first read Ruskin's Unto This Last. The book led to an immediate transformation in his way of life. Later he prepared a paraphrase of the book in Gujarati and published it in Indian Opinion which he had founded in South Africa to help the cause of satyagraha. The Gujarati version bore the title of "Sarvodaya." Literally, the...
(The entire section is 3468 words.)
Glyn Richards (essay date 1982)
SOURCE: "The Concept of Truth," in his The Philosophy of Gandhi: A Study of His Basic Ideas, Curzon Press, 1982, pp. 1-16.
[In the following excerpt, Richards focuses on truth as the central concept of Gandhi's philosophy.]
The concept of Truth (Satya) is fundamental to the thought of Gandhi. It is not without significance that the sub-title of his autobiography is 'The Story of my experiments with Truth', and his whole life might well be interpreted as an attempt to live in accordance with or an existential quest for Truth. Followers of Gandhi explicitly maintain that he was essentially a practical man with no concern for metaphysics or philosophical speculation, yet...
(The entire section is 5688 words.)
Margaret Chatterjee (essay date 1983)
SOURCE: "The Impact of Christianity on Gandhi," in Gandhi's Religious Thought, University of Notre Dame Press, 1983, pp. 41-57.
[In the following excerpt, Chatterjee examines the influence of Christianity on Gandhi's religious thought as well as the differences between Christianity and Hinduism .]
Gandhi's first impressions of Christianity were shaped by the aggressive evangelical style of missionaries of a bygone era in his home town. Several decades were to pass before this style was replaced by something more kindly, less arrogantly self-righteous. During his student days in London, Gandhi studied the New Testament and met a number of fine people among Quakers and...
(The entire section is 7643 words.)
Raghavan Iyer (essay date 1986)
SOURCE: An introduction to The Moral and Political Writings of Mahatma Gandhi, Vol. I, edited by Raghavan Iyer, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 1986, pp. 1-12.
[In the following excerpt, Iyer presents an overview of Gandhi's teaching.]
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was too modest to be comfortable with the title of 'Mahatma', and too candid to be readily understood by his contemporaries. Throughout his life he saw himself and his ideas distorted or oversimplified by others. Patiently, he kept on affirming and amplifying his ideals so that those who cared might comprehend. Politically, he sought to touch people's hearts so as to awaken their faith both in themselves and in...
(The entire section is 4364 words.)
Mark Juergensmeyer (essay date 1987)
SOURCE: "Saint Gandhi," in Saints and Virtues, edited by John Stratton Hawley, University of California Press, 1987, pp. 187-203.
[In the following essay, Juergensmeyer considers Gandhi's lasting public image within the traditional Christian and Indian views of saintliness.]
In a reminiscence entitled "Saint, Patriot and Statesman," Henry S. L. Polak writes that when he first visited Gandhi he felt that he was "in the presence of a moral giant, whose pellucid soul is a clear, still lake, in which one sees Truth clearly mirrored." Writing in the same anthology, Gandhii as We Know Him, published in 1945, the Indian poet Sarojini Naidu unleashes a burst of...
(The entire section is 7060 words.)
Further Reading
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi.: A Bibliography. New Delhi: Orient Longman, 1974, 379 p.
Annotated list of books about Gandhi that was compiled to commemorate the centenary of his birth.
Andrews C. F., ed. Mahatma Gandhi: His Own Story. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1930, 350 p.
Includes material from The Story of My Experiments with Truth, from Gandhi's writings in the Navajivan, and from his Satyagraha (Soul-Force) in South Africa.
Green, Martin. Tolstoy and Gandhi, Men of Peace: A Biography. New York: Basic Books, 1983, 319 p....
(The entire section is 1325 words.)