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Colloidal gold
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Colloidal gold is a sol or colloidal suspension of submicrometre-size nanoparticles of gold in a fluid, usually water. The liquid is usually either an intense red colour (for particles less than 100 nm) or blue/purple (for larger particles).[1][2] Due to the unique optical, electronic, and molecular-recognition properties of gold nanoparticles, they are the subject of substantial research, with applications in a wide variety of areas, including electron microscopy, electronics, nanotechnology,[3][4] and materials science.
The properties of colloidal gold nanoparticles, and thus their applications, depend strongly upon their size and shape.[5] For example, rodlike particles have both transverse and longitudinal absorption peak, and anisotropy of the shape affects their self-assembly.[6]
- 1 History
- 2 Synthesis
- 3 "Green Chemistry" based methods
- 4 Electron microscopy
- 5 Medical research
- 6 See also
- 7 References
- 8 Further reading
- 9 External links
Known, or at least used (perhaps proceeding by accident without much understanding of the process) since ancient times, the synthesis of colloidal gold was crucial to the 4th-century Lycurgus Cup, which changes color depending on the location of light source.[7] Later it was used as a method of staining glass.
During the Middle Ages, soluble gold, a solution containing gold salt, had a reputation for its curative property for various diseases. In 1618, Francisci Antonii, a philosopher and member of the medical profession, published a book called Panacea Aurea, sive tractatus duo de ipsius Auro Potabili[8] (Latin: gold potion, or two treatments of potable gold). The book introduces information on the formation of colloidal gold and its medical uses. About half a century later, English botanist Nicholas Culpepper published book in 1656, Treatise of Aurum Potabile,[9] solely discussing the medical uses of colloidal gold.
In 1676, Johann Kunckel, a German chemist, published a book on the manufacture of stained glass. In his book Valuable Observations or Remarks About the Fixed and Volatile Salts-Auro and Argento Potabile, Spiritu Mundi and the Like,[10] Kunckel assumed that the slight pink color of Aurum Potabile came from small particles of metallic gold, not visible to human eyes. In 1842, John Herschel invented a photographic process called chrysotype (from the Greek χρῡσός meaning "gold") that used colloidal gold to record images on paper.
Modern scientific evaluation of colloidal gold did not begin until Michael Faraday's work in the 1850s.[11][12] In 1856, in a basement laboratory of Royal Institution, Faraday accidentally created a ruby red solution while mounting pieces of gold leaf onto microscope slides.[13] Since he was already interested in the properties of light and matter, Faraday further investigated the optical properties of the colloidal gold. He prepared the first pure sample of colloidal gold, which he called 'activated gold', in 1857. He used phosphorus to reduce a solution of gold chloride. The colloidal gold Faraday made 150 years ago is still optically active. For a long time, the composition of the 'ruby' gold was unclear. Several chemists suspected it to be a gold tin compound, due to its preparation.[14][15] Faraday recognized that the color was actually due to the miniature size of the gold particles. He noted the light scattering properties of suspended gold microparticles, which is now called Faraday-Tyndall effect.[16]
In 1898, Richard Adolf Zsigmondy prepared the first colloidal gold in diluted solution.[17] Apart from Zsigmondy, Theodor Svedberg, who invented ultracentrifugation, and Gustav Mie, who provided the theory for scattering and absorption by spherical particles, were also interested in the synthesis and properties of colloidal gold.[6][18]
With advances in various analytical technologies in the 20th century, studies on gold nanoparticles has accelerated. Advanced microscopy methods, such as atomic force microscopy and electron microscopy, have contributed the most to nanoparticle research. Due to their comparably easy synthesis and high stability, various gold particles have been studied for their practical uses. Different types of gold nanoparticle are already used in many industries, such as medicine and electronics. For example, several FDA-approved nanoparticles are currently used in drug delivery.[19]
Generally, gold nanoparticles are produced in a liquid ("liquid chemical methods") by reduction of chloroauric acid (H[AuCl4]). After dissolving H[AuCl4], the solution is rapidly stirred while a reducing agent is added. This causes Au3+ ions to be reduced to Au+ions. Then a disproportionation reaction occurs whereby 3 Au+ ions give rise to Au3+ and 2 Au0 atoms. The Au0 atoms act as center of nucleation around which further Au+ ions gets reduced. To prevent the particles from aggregating, some sort of stabilizing agent that sticks to the nanoparticle surface is usually added. In the Turkevich method of Au NP synthesis, citrate initially acts as the reducing agent and finally as the capping agent which stabilizes the Au NP through electrostatic interactions between the lone pair of electrons on the oxygen and the metal surface. Also, gold colloids can be synthesised without stabilizers by laser ablation in liquids.[20]
They can be functionalized with various organic ligands to create organic-inorganic hybrids with advanced functionality.[11]
Turkevich method[edit]
The method pioneered by J. Turkevich et al. in 1951 [21][22] and refined by G. Frens in the 1970s,[23][24] is the simplest one available. In general, it is used to produce modestly monodisperse spherical gold nanoparticles suspended in water of around 10–20 nm in diameter. Larger particles can be produced, but this comes at the cost of monodispersity and shape. It involves the reaction of small amounts of hot chloroauric acid with small amounts of sodium citrate solution. The colloidal gold will form because the citrate ions act as both a reducing agent and a capping agent.
Recently, the evolution of the spherical gold nanoparticles in the Turkevich reaction has been elucidated. It is interesting to note that extensive networks of gold nanowires are formed as a transient intermediate. These gold nanowires are responsible for the dark appearance of the reaction solution before it turns ruby-red.[25]
To produce larger particles, less sodium citrate should be added (possibly down to 0.05%, after which there simply would not be enough to reduce all the gold). The reduction in the amount of sodium citrate will reduce the amount of the citrate ions available for stabilizing the particles, and this will cause the small particles to aggregate into bigger ones (until the total surface area of all particles becomes small enough to be covered by the existing citrate ions).
Brust method[edit]
This method was discovered by Brust and Schiffrin in the early 1990s,[26] and can be used to produce gold nanoparticles in organic liquids that are normally not miscible with water (like toluene). It involves the reaction of a chlorauric acid solution with tetraoctylammonium bromide (TOAB) solution in toluene and sodium borohydride as an anti-coagulant and a reducing agent, respectively.
Here, the gold nanoparticles will be around 5–6 nm.[27] NaBH4 is the reducing agent, and TOAB is both the phase transfer catalyst and the stabilizing agent.
It is important to note that TOAB does not bind to the gold nanoparticles particularly strongly, so the solution will aggregate gradually over the course of approximately two weeks. To prevent this, one can add a stronger binding agent, like a thiol (in particular, alkanethiols), which will bind to gold, producing a near-permanent solution. Alkanethiol protected gold nanoparticles can be precipitated and then redissolved. Some of the phase transfer agent may remain bound to the purified nanoparticles, this may affect physical properties such as solubility. In order to remove as much of this agent as possible, the nanoparticles must be further purified by soxhlet extraction.
Perrault method[edit]
This approach, discovered by Perrault and Chan in 2009,[28] uses hydroquinone to reduce HAuCl4 in an aqueous solution that contains 15 nm gold nanoparticle seeds. This seed-based method of synthesis is similar to that used in photographic film development, in which silver grains within the film grow through addition of reduced silver onto their surface. Likewise, gold nanoparticles can act in conjunction with hydroquinone to catalyze reduction of ionic gold onto their surface. The presence of a stabilizer such as citrate results in controlled deposition of gold atoms onto the particles, and growth. Typically, the nanoparticle seeds are produced using the citrate method. The hydroquinone method complements that of Frens,[23][24] as it extends the range of monodispersed spherical particle sizes that can be produced. Whereas the Frens method is ideal for particles of 12–20 nm, the hydroquinone method can produce particles of at least 30–300 nm.
Martin method[edit]
This simple method, discovered by Martin and Eah in 2010,[29] generates nearly monodisperse "naked" gold nanoparticles in water. Precisely controlling the reduction stoichiometry by simply adjusting the ratio of NaBH4-NaOH ions to HAuCl4-HCl ions within the "sweet zone," along with heating, enables reproducible diameter tuning between 3–6 nm. The aqueous particles are colloidally stable due to their high charge from the excess ions in solution. These particles can be coated with various hydrophilic functionalities, or mixed with hydrophobic molecules for applications in non-polar solvents. Interestingly, in non-polar solvents the nanoparticles curiously remain highly charged, and self-assemble on liquid droplets to form 2D monolayer films of monodisperse nanoparticles.
Nanotech applications[edit]
Bacillus licheniformis can be used in synthesis of gold nanocubes.[30] Researchers have synthesized gold nanoparticles with sizes between 10 and 100 nanometres. Gold nanoparticles are usually synthesized at high temperatures, in organic solvents and using toxic reagents. The bacteria produce them in much milder conditions.
As pointed out before, the precise size control with a low polydispersity of spherical gold nanoparticles remains difficult for particles larger than 30 nm. In order to provide maximum control on the NP structure along with synthetic straightforwardness, Navarro and co-workers used a 'one-pot' protocol, relying on a modified Turkevitch-Frens procedure. The method consist in the addition of sodium acetylacetonate (Na(acac) allowing the complexation and reduction of Au3+ to Au1+) immediately followed by the addition of sodium citrate (reduction of AuI to Au0). For this experiment, sodium acetylacetonate purity is really important. The concentration of sodium acetylacetonate directly impacts the nuclei numbers inducing a size evolution of the gold core up to 90 nm with a narrow size distribution. Practically, the tetrachloroaurate and sodium citrate concentration are fixed to 0.30 mM and 0.255 mM (ratio sodium citrate to gold: 0.85). In these conditions, and without sodium acetylacetonate, the obtained nanoparticles precipitate immediately. The concentration of sodium acetylacetonate can be tuned from 0.33 mM to 1.0 mM. The addition of the Na(acac) and sodium citrate to the yellow boiling gold ions solution results in a colorless one indicating the complexation and reduction of AuIII to AuI. Within a few minutes, the solution turns light blue-purple, featuring the formation of the gold nuclei. The small crystalline structures will then diffuse over the solution allowing the growth of the final spherical particles.[31]
Another method for the experimental generation of gold particles is by sonolysis. The first method of this type was invented by Baigent and Müller.[32] This work pioneered the use of ultrasound to provide the energy for the processes involved and allowed the creation of gold particles with a diameter of under 10 nm. In another method using ultrasound, the reaction of an aqueous solution of HAuCl4 with glucose,[33] the reducing agents are hydroxyl radicals and sugar pyrolysis radicals (forming at the interfacial region between the collapsing cavities and the bulk water) and the morphology obtained is that of nanoribbons with width 30–50 nm and length of several micrometers. These ribbons are very flexible and can bend with angles larger than 90°. When glucose is replaced by cyclodextrin (a glucose oligomer), only spherical gold particles are obtained, suggesting that glucose is essential in directing the morphology toward a ribbon.
Block copolymer-mediated method[edit]
An economical, environmentally benign and fast synthesis methodology for gold nanoparticles using block copolymer has been developed by Sakai et al.[34] In this synthesis methodology, block copolymer plays the dual role of a reducing agent as well as a stabilizing agent. The formation of gold nanoparticles comprises three main steps: reduction of gold salt ion by block copolymers in the solution and formation of gold clusters, adsorption of block copolymers on gold clusters and further reduction of gold salt ions on the surfaces of these gold clusters for the growth of gold particles in steps, and finally its stabilization by block copolymers. But this method usually has a limited-yield (nanoparticle concentration), which does not increase with the increase in the gold salt concentration. Recently, Ray et al. demonstrated that the presence of an additional reductant (trisodium citrate) in 1:1 molar ratio with gold salt enhances the yield by manyfold at ambient conditions and room temperature.[35]
"Green Chemistry" based methods[edit]
Phytochemicals found in various plant sources have been utilized as a means of developing a more economical and environmentally friendly synthetic pathway in the formation of gold nanoparticles. In accordance to the principles of "green chemistry," these methods employ the use of nontoxic chemicals, marginal energy consumption, renewable materials, and environmentally benign solvents to minimize the use, disposal, and health repercussions of hazardous chemicals.[36] Additionally, these methods provide a more efficient synthetic pathway through a one-step process without the use of supplementary surfactants or polymers, capping agents, or templates to restrict agglomeration of the gold nanoparticles. This method is effective in producing well-defined gold nanoparticles since the phytochemicals perform a dual role as both a reducing agent of gold and as a stabilizer in the formation of a sturdy coating on the nanoparticles.[36] One "green" method that has been employed in the formation of gold nanoparticles utilizes the phytochemicals and polyphenols in Darjeeling black tea leaves, with water acting as a benign solvent at room temperature. The phytochemicals in the black tea reduce HAuCl4 to its salt and stabilize the aggregation of the gold atoms as the nanoparticle is formed. In addition to the "green" benefits of using black tea, the size of the nanoparticle is influenced by the concentration of the tea, and the absorbance and size of the gold nanoparticles formed can be easily determined using UV-Vis spectrometry abiding that an increase in λmax correlates to an increase in the size of the nanoparticle.[36][37] Other "green" methods that have been studied and employed include the use of Elettaria cardamomum (cardamom) and cinnamon in the synthesis of gold nanoparticles, as well as Syzygium aromaticum (cloves) in the formation of copper nanoparticles and table sugar in the formation of silver nanoparticles.[38][39][40][41][42]
Electron microscopy[edit]
Colloidal gold and various derivatives have long been among the most widely used labels for antigens in biological electron microscopy.[43][44][45][46][47] Colloidal gold particles can be attached to many traditional biological probes such as antibodies, lectins, superantigens, glycans, nucleic acids,[48] and receptors. Particles of different sizes are easily distinguishable in electron micrographs, allowing simultaneous multiple-labelling experiments.[49]
In addition to biological probes, gold nanoparticles can be transferred to various mineral substrates, such as mica, single crystal silicon, and atomically flat gold(III), to be observed under atomic force microscopy (AFM).[50]
Medical research[edit]
Drug delivery system[edit]
Gold nanoparticles can be used to optimize the biodistribution of drugs to diseased organs, tissues or cells, in order to improve and target drug delivery.[51][52] It is important to realize that the nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery is feasible only if the drug distribution is otherwise inadequate. These cases include drug targeting of difficult, unstable molecules (proteins, siRNA, DNA), delivery to the difficult sites (brain, retina, tumors, intracellular organelles) and drugs with serious side effects (e.g. anti-cancer agents). The performance of the nanoparticles depends on the size and surface functionalities in the particles. Also, the drug release and particle disintegration can vary depending on the system (e.g. biodegradable polymers sensitive to pH). An optimal nanodrug delivery system ensures that the active drug is available at the site of action for the correct time and duration, and their concentration should be above the minimal effective concentration (MEC) and below the minimal toxic concentration (MTC).[53]
Gold nanoparticles are being investigated as carriers for drugs such as Paclitaxel.[54] The administration of hydrophobic drugs require molecular encapsulation and it is found that nanosized particles are particularly efficient in evading the reticuloendothelial system.
Gold nanoparticles are also used to circumvent multidrug resistance (MDR) mechanisms.[55] Mechanisms of MDR include decreased uptake of drugs, reduced intracellular drug concentration by activation of the efflux transporters, modifications in cellular pathways by altering cell cycle checkpoints, increased metabolism of drugs, induced emergency response genes to impair apoptotic pathways and altered DNA repair mechanisms.
Tumor detection[edit]
In cancer research, colloidal gold can be used to target tumors and provide detection using SERS (Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy) in vivo. These gold nanoparticles are surrounded with Raman reporters, which provide light emission that is over 200 times brighter than quantum dots. It was found that the Raman reporters were stabilized when the nanoparticles were encapsulated with a thiol-modified polyethylene glycol coat. This allows for compatibility and circulation in vivo. To specifically target tumor cells, the pegylated gold particles are conjugated with an antibody (or an antibody fragment such as scFv), against, e.g. Epidermal growth factor receptor, which is sometimes overexpressed in cells of certain cancer types. Using SERS, these pegylated gold nanoparticles can then detect the location of the tumor.[56]
Gold nanoparticles accumulate in tumors, due to the leakiness of tumor vasculature, and can be used as contrast agents for enhanced imaging in a time-resolved optical tomography system using short-pulse lasers for skin cancer detection in mouse model. It is found that intravenously administrated spherical gold nanoparticles broadened the temporal profile of reflected optical signals and enhanced the contrast between surrounding normal tissue and tumors.[57]
Therefore, gold nanoparticles have the potential to join numerous therapeutic functions into a single platform, by targeting specific tumor cells, tissues and organs. Actually, Conde et al. reported the evaluation of the inflammatory response and therapeutic siRNA silencing via RGD-nanoparticles in a lung cancer mouse model. This study reported the use of siRNA/RGD gold nanoparticles capable of targeting tumor cells in two lung cancer xenograft mouse models, resulting in successful and significant c-Myc oncogene downregulation followed by tumor growth inhibition and prolonged survival of the animals. This delivery system can achieve translocation of siRNA duplexes directly into the tumour cell cytoplasm and accomplish successful silencing of an oncogene expression. Actually, RGD/siRNA-AuNPs can target preferentially and be taken up by tumor cells via integrin αvβ3-receptor-mediated endocytosis with no cytotoxicity, showing that can accumulate in tumor tissues overexpressing αvβ3 integrins and selectively delivered c-Myc siRNA to suppress tumor growth and angiogenesis.[58]
Gene therapy[edit]
Gene therapy is receiving increasing attention and, in particular, small-interference RNA (siRNA) shows importance in novel molecular approaches in the knockdown of specific gene expression in cancerous cells. The major obstacle to clinical application is the uncertainty about how to deliver therapeutic siRNAs with maximal therapeutic impact. Gold nanoparticles have shown potential as intracellular delivery vehicles for siRNA oligonucleotides with maximal therapeutic impact.
Recently, Conde et al. provided evidence of in vitro and in vivo RNAi triggering via the synthesis of a library of novel multifunctional gold nanoparticles, using a hierarchical approach including three biological systems of increasing complexity: in vitro cultured human cells, in vivo freshwater polyp (Hydra vulgaris), and in vivo mice models. The authors developed effective conjugation strategies to combine, in a highly controlled way, specific biomolecules to the surface of gold nanoparticles such as: (a) biofunctional spacers: Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) spacers used to increase solubility and biocompatibility; (b) cell penetrating peptides such as TAT and RGD peptides: A novel class of membrane translocating agents named cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) that exploit more than one mechanism of endocytosis to overcome the lipophilic barrier of the cellular membranes and deliver large molecules and even small particles inside the cell for their biological actions; and (c) siRNA complementary to a master regulator gene, the protooncogene c-myc, were bond covalently (thiol-siRNA) and ionically (naked/unmodified siRNA) to gold nanoparticles.[59]
Gold nanoparticles have also shown potential as intracellular delivery vehicles for antisense oligonucleotides (ssDNA,dsDNA) by providing protection against intracellular nucleases and ease of functionalization for selective targeting.[60][61] Recently, Conde et al. developed a new theranostic system capable of intersecting all RNA pathways: from gene specific downregulation to silencing the silencers, i.e. siRNA and miRNA pathways. The authors reported the development gold nanoparticles functionalized with a fluorophore labeled hairpin-DNA, i.e. gold nanobeacons, capable of efficiently silencing single gene expression, exogenous siRNA and endogenous miRNAs while yielding a quantifiable fluorescence signal directly proportional to the level of silencing.[62] This method describes a gold nanoparticle-based nanobeacon as an innovative theranostic approach for detection and inhibition of sequence-specific DNA and RNA for in vitro and ex vivo applications. Under hairpin configuration, proximity to gold nanoparticles leads to fluorescence quenching; hybridization to a complementary target restores fluorescence emission due to the gold nanobeacons' conformational reorganization that causes the fluorophore and the gold nanoparticle to part from each other.[63] This concept can easily be extended and adapted to assist the in vitro evaluation of silencing potential of a given sequence to be later used for ex vivo gene silencing and RNAi approaches, with the ability to monitor real-time gene delivery action.[64]
Photothermal agents[edit]
Gold nanorods are being investigated as photothermal agents for in-vivo applications. Gold nanorods are rod-shaped gold nanoparticles whose aspect ratios tune the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band from the visible to near-infrared wavelength. The total extinction of light at the SPR is made up of both absorption and scattering. For the smaller axial diameter nanorods (~10 nm), absorption dominates, whereas for the larger axial diameter nanorods (>35 nm) scattering can dominate. As a consequence, for in-vivo applications, small diameter gold nanorods are being used as photothermal converters of near-infrared light due to their high absorption cross-sections.[citation needed] Since near-infrared light transmits readily through human skin and tissue, these nanorods can be used as ablation components for cancer, and other targets. When coated with polymers, gold nanorods have been known to circulate in-vivo for greater than 15 hours half-life.[citation needed] Apart from rod-like gold nanoparticles, also spherical colloidal gold nanoparticles are recently used as markers in combination with photothermal single particle microscopy.
Radiotherapy dose enhancer[edit]
Following work by Hainfield et al.[65] there has been considerable interest in the use of gold and other heavy-atom containing nanoparticles to enhance the dose delivered to tumors. Since the gold nanoparticles are taken up by the tumors more than the nearby healthy tissue, the dose is selectively enhanced. The biological effectiveness of this type of therapy seems to be due to the local deposition of the radiation dose near the nanoparticles.[66] This mechanism is the same as occurs in heavy ion therapy.
Detection of toxic gas[edit]
Researchers have developed simple inexpensive methods for on-site detection of hydrogen sulfide H
2S present in air based on the antiaggregation of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Dissolving H
2S into a weak alkaline buff solution leads to the formation of HS-, which can stabilize AuNPs and ensure they maintain their red color allowing for visual detection of toxic levels of H
Gold nanoparticle based biosensor[edit]
see more information on biosensor: Biosensor
Gold nanoparticles are incorporated into biosensors to enhance its stability, sensitivity, and selectivity.[68] Nanoparticle properties such as small size, high surface-to-volume ratio, and high surface energy allow immobilization of large range of biomolecules. Gold nanoparticle, in particular, could also act as "electron wire" to transport electrons and its amplification effect on electromagnetic light allows it to function as signal amplifiers.[69][70] Main types of gold nanoparticle based biosensors are optical and electrochemical biosensor.
Optical biosensor[edit]
Gold nanoparticles improve the sensitivity of optical sensor by response to the change in local refractive index. The angle of the incidence light for Surface Plasmon resonance, an interaction between light wave and conducting electrons in metal, changes when other substances are bounded to the metal surface.[71][72] Because gold is very sensitive to its surroundings' dielectric constant,[73][74] binding of an analyte would significantly shift gold nanoparticle's SPR and therefore allow more sensitive detection. Gold nanoparticle could also amplify the SPR signal.[75] When the Plasmon wave pass through the gold nanoparticle, the charge density in the wave and the electron I the gold interacted and resulted in higher energy response, so called electron coupling.[68] Since the analyte and bio-receptor now bind to the gold, it increases the apparent mass of the analyte and therefore amplified the signal.[68] These properties had been used to build DNA sensor with 1000-fold sensitive than without the Au NP.[76] Humidity senor was also built by altering the atom interspacing between molecules with humidity change, the interspacing change would also result in a change of the Au NP's LSPR.[77]
Electrochemical Biosensor[edit]
Electrochemical sensor covert biological information into electrical signals that could be detected. The conductivity and biocompatibility of Au NP allow it to act as "electron wire".[68] It transfers electron between the electrode and the active site of the enzyme.[78] It could be accomplished in two ways: attach the Au NP to either the enzyme or the electrode. GNP-glucose oxidase monolayer electrode was constructed use these two methods.[79] The Au NP allowed more freedom in the enzyme's orientation and therefore more sensitive and stable detection. Au NP also acts as immobilization platform for the enzyme. Most biomolecules denatures or lose its activity when interacted with the electrode.[68] The biocompatibility and high surface energy of Au allow it to bind to a large amount of protein without altering its activity and results in a more sensitive sensor.[80][81] Moreover, Au NP also catalyzes biological reactions.[82][83] Gold nanoparticle under 2 nm has shown catalytic activity to the oxidation of styrene.[84]
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- ^ Haiss, Wolfgang, et al. "Determination of Size and Concentration of Gold Nanoparticles from UV-Vis Spectra." Analytical Chemistry 79.11 (2007): 4215–21. Print.
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- ^ Subhankari, Ipsa, and PL Nayak. "Synthesis of Copper Nanoparticles using Syzygium Aromaticum (Cloves) Aqueous Extract by using Green Chemistry." World 2.1 (2013): 14-7. Print.
- ^ KahkashanMazhar, AmbreenGull Muazzam, and Mohammad Ismail. "Novel and Cost-Effective Green Synthesis of Silver Nano Particles and their in-Vivo Antitumor Properties Against Human Cancer Cell Lines." Print.
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Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry Volume 25, Issue 4, pp. 295–305, 4 January 1977
- ^ Electron Microscopy, 2nd Edition, by John J. Bozzola, Jones & Bartlett Publishers; 2 Sub edition (October 1998) ISBN 0-7637-0192-0
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- ^ "Staphylococcal protein a bound to colloidal gold: A useful reagent to label antigen-antibody sites in electron microscopy", by Egidio L Romanoa and Mirtha Romanoa. Immunochemistry Volume 14, Issues 9–10, September–October 1977, pp. 711–715, doi:10.1016/0019-2791(77)90146-X
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- ^ Paclitaxel-Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles Jacob D. Gibson, Bishnu P. Khanal, and Eugene R. Zubarev J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 11653–11661 doi:10.1021/ja075181k
- ^ Conde, J.; de la Fuente, JM; Baptista, PV. "Nanomaterials for reversion of multidrug resistance in cancer: a new hope for an old idea?." Front. Pharmacol.2013. Vol 4 No 134.
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- ^ Sajjadi AY, Suratkar AA, Mitra KK, Grace MS. Short-Pulse Laser-Based System for Detection of Tumors: Administration of Gold Nanoparticles Enhances Contrast. J. Nanotechnol. Eng. Med.. 2012;3(2):021002-021002-6. doi:10.1115/1.4007245.
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Further reading[edit]
- Boisselier, E.; Astruc, D (2009). "Gold nanoparticles in nanomedicine: preparations, imaging, diagnostics, therapies and toxicity". Chemical Society Reviews. 38 (6). pp. 1759–1782. doi:10.1039/b806051g. - " This critical review provides an overall survey of the basic concepts and up-to-date literature results concerning the very promising use of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for medicinal applications."
- Conde, J.; Doria, G; Baptista, P (2012). "Noble Metal Nanoparticles Applications in Cancer". Journal of Drug Delivery. 2012 (6). pp. 1–12. doi:10.1155/2012/751075. - "This review provides insights of the available noble metal nanoparticles for cancer therapy, with particular focus on those already being translated into clinical settings."
- Conde, J.; Rosa, J; Lima, J.C.; Baptista, P.V. (2012). "Nanophotonics for Molecular Diagnostics and Therapy Applications". International Journal Photoenergy. 2012.
External links[edit]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Colloidal gold.
- Moriarty, Philip. "Au – Gold Nanoparticle". Sixty Symbols. Brady Haran for the University of Nottingham.
- Point-by-point methods for citrate synthesis and hydroquinone synthesis of gold nanoparticles are available here.


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In the Heart of the San Geronimo Valley
We invite you to share our Christian service and hospitality. We welcome people with varied life experiences and different faith stories — newcomers and long time residents; children, youth, families, singles, and seniors; occasional visitors and committed members. We offer group fellowship, as well as the peace of silent prayer.
What's Happening?
Share in our food hospitality
FREE Movie Nights
Sing Team for ages 7 – 12 years
Upcoming services include: Palm Sunday, March 20 at 11:00 am
Maundy Thursday at 7 pm, including communion
Easter Services at 6:30 am (outdoor Sunrise Service, casual) and 11:00 am, both followed by brunch


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GulfMark Offshore, Inc. (NYSE:GLF) announced that it intends to offer $300 million in aggregate principal amount of senior unsecured notes due 2022 for sale in a private offering. GulfMark intends to use the net proceeds from the notes offering, together with cash on hand, to fund its separately announced tender offer and consent solicitation for its existing 7.75% senior notes due 2014, to redeem any of the 2014 Notes not purchased in the tender offer, and to repay in full existing borrowings under its $200 million facility agreement.
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FORT WAYNE, Ind. (21Alive) -- Four area high schools were on alert Tuesday morning as police were responding to a note that was found indicating a bomb would go off at these schools at 7:45 a.m.
Northrop, North Side, South Side and Wayne high schools were mentioned in the note. According to police South Side H.S. was evacuated. The note was found at South Side high school.
All the buildings were searched by resource officers, staff and detectives. Classes resumed normal activity shortly after 8 a.m.
There was a bomb threat that referenced South Side, Wayne, North Side and Northrop. School officials and police... http://t.co/KddCbXusG8— FWCS (@FtWayneCommSkls) September 17, 2013
This is following a bomb threat Monday in Bluffton. Two teenage students were arrested later in the day in relation to the threat.
It is 21Alive's policy not to give bomb threats press coverage but because this particular threat involved multiple schools and follows a threat where there were arrests made, we felt we had to inform the public.
What are your thoughts CLICK HERE to leave us a "QUESTION OF THE DAY" comment.
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25 years of experience
25 years of experience
822 Stoneridge Dr
Bozeman, MT 59718 Phone number & directions
Bozeman, MT 59718 Phone number & directions
License & Identifications
A medical license is required for a doctor to practice medicine in a particular state. Requirements vary by state but most require, at a minimum, post-graduate training in the doctor's specific specialty. An NPI number is a national identifier unique to an individual health care provider and is managed by the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS).
Learn more about Dr. Phillip Seu:
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High Cholesterol Patient Education Your patient education guide for reducing high cholesterol (hypercholetserolemia) levels. HDL, LDL and triglycerides explained.Before Visiting Dr. Seu Learn More
Education & Awards
Dr. Seu graduated from The University of Texas at Galveston.
Home > Find a Phlebologist > MT > Bozeman Phlebologists > Dr. Phillip Seu, MD
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- Dr. Phillip Seu MD is a male Phlebologist, has 25 years of experience and practices in Phlebology.
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- Dr. Phillip Seu has 3 office locations.
Dr. Phillip Seu practices Phlebology near Bozeman, MT.
Additional practice locations include: Billings, MT and Cody, WY.
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Photo contest has 66 entries
The first-ever photo contest during Brady Days drew 66 entries last week.
Dan Connelly of Brady won the top prize, a people's choice best-of-show award for a winter photo of a cardinal in a tree.
Connelly also took first place in the nature category with the photo.
Other award winners were:
Outdoors—Boni Edwards, first and second, Bonnie Aubushon, third.
Faces—Marla Fattig, first, Marge Spencer, second and third.
Landscapes—Marge Spencer, first and third, Bob Golter, second;.
Nature—Nellie Furrow, second; Neal Mosser, third.
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- Barnes wins national championship buckle
- Training for emergency preparedness
- Gothenburg FFA members compete at state fair


text: KanCare National Meeting On Medicaid Managed Care To Include Focus On KanCare By Jim McLean • Sep 27, 2016 Megan Hart / Heartland Health Monitor Several Kansans are scheduled to meet Tuesday with federal officials and counterparts from across the country to discuss issues related to the privatization of state Medicaid programs. After Medicaid Cuts, Top Kansas Dentist Drops Two KanCare Insurers By Andy Marso • Sep 27, 2016 Courtesy John Fales The president of the Kansas Dental Association said he has stopped taking patients from two of the state's three KanCare insurance companies because of a 4 percent Medicaid reimbursement cut initiated by Gov. Sam Brownback's administration. John Fales, a pediatric dentist from Olathe, said Scion — the dental benefits manager for United HealthCare and Amerigroup — has told him it will implement the cut before it is approved by the federal Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Topeka Hospital To Close Two Clinics By Jim McLean • Sep 16, 2016 Stormont Vail Health of Topeka is closing two regional clinics because of financial pressures created by recent cuts in Medicaid reimbursements and the decision by state leaders not to expand the health care program. Stormont will close Cotton O'Neil clinics in Lyndon and Alma, according to a news release issued Thursday. The Lyndon clinic will close Dec. 31. The clinic in Alma will close Jan. 31, 2017. Psychiatric Care Proves Elusive For Kansans With Developmental Disabilities By Andy Marso • Sep 1, 2016 Andy Marso / Heartland Health Monitor Like most moms, Judy Talbot has photos and videos of her daughter on her smartphone. But some of the images Talbot keeps on her phone show her daughter smacking herself in the face repeatedly or strapped to a bed, writhing against restraints with bruises up and down both legs. "From her kicking," Talbot explained. Talbot's daughter, Jill, is 32 and has autism and post-traumatic stress disorder. Brownback To Seek Increase In Hospital Tax To Restore Medicaid Cuts By Jim McLean • Aug 18, 2016 File photo Facing increasing criticism from health care providers about recent cuts in Medicaid reimbursement rates, Gov. Sam Brownback said that he will attempt to restore the cuts by increasing a tax that hospitals pay. In a statement issued Wednesday afternoon, Brownback said he was forced to order a 4 percent cut in provider reimbursement rates in May after efforts to negotiate an increase in the surcharge failed. Kansas Community Mental Health Centers Report Issues With MCO Payments By Megan Hart • Aug 5, 2016 Andy Marso / Heartland Health Monitor The leaders of some Kansas community mental health centers say they are having trouble getting paid for some Medicaid services they believe their clients need. Brenda Mills, CEO of Family Service and Guidance Center, a Topeka-based community mental health center that serves children, spoke Thursday at a meeting of the Robert G. (Bob) Bethell Joint Committee on Home and Community Based Services and KanCare Oversight. KanCare Expansion Group Launches Campaign To Educate Voters By Jim McLean • Jun 24, 2016 Susie Fagan / KHI Supporters of Medicaid expansion are kicking off a campaign to mobilize Kansas voters on the issue. Federal tax rules prohibit the nonprofit Alliance for a Healthy Kansas from engaging in direct political activity, so the group is mounting a vigorous educational campaign through a series of community meetings across the state. Latest Kansas Revenue Shortfall Spurs Fear Of More Medicaid Cuts By Andy Marso • Jun 1, 2016 Andy Marso / Heartland Health Monitor Kansas tax collections for May fell short of projections by about $74 million, and legislators said Wednesday they fear that will mean more cuts to Medicaid. The May shortfall comes despite the state's revenue estimating group revising projections downward for the third consecutive time about six weeks ago. It wipes out the meager savings Gov. Sam Brownback created when he made cuts two weeks ago after the Legislature sent him a budget that didn't balance. Kansas Health Care Providers To Fight KanCare Cuts By Jim McLean • May 27, 2016 File photo Kansas health care providers will urge federal officials to reject Gov. Sam Brownback's proposed Medicaid cuts and may challenge them in court. The recently announced cuts would reduce state expenditures for KanCare, the state's privatized Medicaid program, by $56.3 million and trigger a loss of approximately $72.3 million in federal funds. Combined, the managed care organizations that administer $3 billion KanCare program and the health care and service providers they have contracts with would be forced to absorb more than $128 million in cuts. Families See Need For Better Communication In KanCare Program By Bryan Thompson • May 27, 2016 Bryan Thompson / Heartland Health Monitor State officials on Thursday wrapped up a series of public forums on the pending renewal of KanCare, the state's privatized Medicaid program. Federal approval for the five-year demonstration project expires at the end of 2017, and the Kansas Department of Health and Environment plans to apply for reauthorization by the end of this year. Forum organizers were looking for ideas about coordination of care, value-based payment systems and waiver integration. Proposed KanCare Network Changes Draw Skepticism By Andy Marso • May 24, 2016 Andy Marso / Heartland Health Monitor A proposal to reimburse some KanCare providers at a higher level based on patient outcomes drew skepticism from a crowd of hundreds who gathered Tuesday afternoon in a Topeka hotel ballroom. Tuesday's public meeting was the first in a series that state officials are hosting as they prepare to renew their federal application for KanCare, the state's $3 billion managed care program that privatized all Medicaid services under three insurance companies in 2013. Similar gatherings are scheduled Wednesday in Kansas City, Kan., and Wichita and Thursday in Pittsburg and Hays. Brownback Budget Cuts Include $56 Million From Medicaid By Megan Hart • May 18, 2016 File photo / Heartland Health Monitor This story was updated at 8:30 p.m. Gov. Sam Brownback trimmed more than $56 million from Medicaid in Kansas as part of larger budget cuts announced Wednesday, raising concerns that health care providers may decide not to take unprofitable patients. About $38.2 million of the $56.4 million in budget cuts comes from reducing reimbursements by 4 percent for providers who treat patients covered by KanCare, the state's privatized Medicaid program launched in 2013. The remaining $18.2 million comes from cuts in other areas of the Medicaid program. State Seeks Public Comment On KanCare As Contracts Come Up For Renewal By Andy Marso • May 10, 2016 State officials have scheduled five meetings to gather public comment on KanCare in advance of renewing contracts to administer the state's privatized Medicaid program. The contracts currently held by UnitedHealthcare, Amerigroup and Sunflower State Health Plan (a subsidiary of Centene) expire in 2018. Those private insurance companies serve as managed care organizations that operate KanCare. Susan Mosier, secretary of the Kansas Department of Health and Environment, said her agency wants to hear from the public on what to include in the next contracts. Registry Aims To Link Kansas Medicaid Patients, Personal Care Workers By Megan Hart • Apr 4, 2016 Courtesy Bill Stovall A statewide registry is in the works to make it easier for Medicaid patients to find qualified, reliable personal care workers. That's good news for Bill Stovall of Topeka and others like him who help direct care for their family members. Stovall has a long list of complaints against personal care workers who have cared for his sister in recent years, including punctuality problems and a lack of training. Feds Want Kansas To Come Up With Plan To Address Growing Medicaid Backlog By Andy Marso • Mar 11, 2016 File photo Federal officials are concerned about a growing backlog of Kansas Medicaid applications and have asked state leaders to provide regular updates about what they're doing to fix the problem. James Scott, associate regional administrator for the federal Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services sent a letter to Kansas Department of Health and Environment officials Feb 17, citing concerns about "recent reports" of the Medicaid application backlog in the state of Kansas." Scott asked KDHE to submit within 14 days a plan to correct the backlog. Kansas Nursing Homes Struggle To Cope With Medicaid Processing Backlogs By Andy Marso • Mar 4, 2016 Andy Marso / Heartland Health Monitor Judy Kregar is not a member of the Rotary Club in nearby Greensburg, but she decided to go when she heard Gov. Sam Brownback would be at the club's recent meeting. Kregar, the administrator of a small nursing home in nearby Bucklin, wanted to tell Brownback in person about the struggles some of her residents are having getting their Medicaid applications and annual renewals processed. Kansas Seeks Renewal Of KanCare Waiver By Steve Kraske & Lisa Rodriguez • Feb 16, 2016 Kansas is seeking a renewal of the Medicaid waiver for its KanCare program. As the federal government decides whether to grant the waiver, we discuss future ideas to streamline the program and how well it provides healthcare for the most vulnerable Kansans. Guests: Tim Wood is director of the Community Developmental Disabilities Organization for Johnson County. Kari Bruffett is the policy director for the Kansas Health Institute. Dan Margolies is KCUR's Health Editor. Senate Votes To Eliminate KanCare Inspector General By Andy Marso • Feb 4, 2016 Andy Marso / Heartland Health Monitor The state's $3 billion privatized Medicaid system has been without an inspector general for more than a year. The Kansas Senate unanimously approved a bill Wednesday that would eliminate the position. Problems With Medicaid Eligibility System Leave Kansans Without Care By Andy Marso • Feb 1, 2016 Andy Marso / Heartland Health Monitor Thousands of Kansans seeking Medicaid benefits are being forced to wait months because of continuing problems with a new computer system and a change in the state agency responsible for handling some eligibility determinations. Lawrence Hospital Details KanCare Complaints For Lawmakers By Jim McLean • Jan 25, 2016 Jim McLean / Heartland Health Monitor Officials from Lawrence Memorial Hospital returned Friday to the Statehouse armed with details about ongoing problems they're having with the companies that manage KanCare, the state's privatized Medicaid program. Kansas Legislators Walk Back On Lifetime Ban For Hepatitis C Drugs By Andy Marso • Jan 22, 2016 A panel of legislators Friday reversed their recommendation of a lifetime ban on hepatitis C drugs for Medicaid patients who don't comply with their treatment regimen. Members of the Joint Committee on Home and Community Based Services and KanCare Oversight walked back on the recommendation they made in December after hearing from Mike Randol, who heads the Kansas Department of Health and Environment's Division of Health Care Finance. Brownback Working Group To Tackle Rural Health Care Problems By Jim McLean • Jan 14, 2016 KHI News Service A key member of Gov. Sam Brownback's new rural health working group says he hopes the initiative is a serious effort to address problems facing rural providers, not an attempt to divert attention from a renewed push to expand the state's Medicaid program. Republican Rep. Jim Kelly represents Independence, the southeast Kansas community that recently lost its only hospital due to budget problems exacerbated by federal reductions in Medicare reimbursement rates and the state's rejection of Medicaid expansion. Kansas Efficiency Report Recommends Single Health Insurance Plan For State Employees By Jim McLean • Jan 12, 2016 Jim McLean / Heartland Health Monitor A tentative plan to save Kansas government more than $2 billion over five years relies heavily on proposed changes to the state employee health plan and Medicaid. The report, written by the New York-based consulting firm of Alvarez and Marsal under a $2.6 million contract with the state, includes 105 recommendations for "achieving major cost savings." KanCare Forum Explores Conservative Path To Medicaid Expansion By Mike Sherry • Jan 5, 2016 Mike Sherry / Heartland Health Monitor If policy makers in deep-red Indiana can do it, so can their equally conservative counterparts in Kansas. That was the dominant – though not unanimously held – message at a forum Tuesday at Johnson County Community College, where the topic was expanding the Kansas Medicaid program to cover as many as 150,000 additional Kansans. Lawmakers Consider Controversial Changes To Lower KanCare Drug Costs By Jim McLean • Dec 31, 2015 File photo / Heartland Health Monitor A legislative oversight committee has approved a controversial set of draft recommendations aimed at reducing the cost of drugs provided to Kansas Medicaid recipients. The joint committee that oversees the state's privatized Medicaid program known as KanCare this week tentatively approved recommendations that direct the Kansas Department of Health and Environment to develop policies aimed at slowing a steady increase in the $3 billion program's pharmacy costs. KanCare Company Raises Campaign Funds For Senate Republicans By Andy Marso • Oct 8, 2015 One of the three companies that administer KanCare co-hosted a fundraiser Wednesday for Republican members of the Senate Public Health and Welfare Committee, opening a new chapter in the state's move to privatized Medicaid. The three managed care organizations the state contracted with in 2012 receive nearly all their revenue in Kansas from state and federal tax dollars. One of the companies, Amerigroup, on Wednesday used some of that revenue to bolster the re-election campaigns of Republicans who control a committee charged with overseeing its performance. Lobbyist Lunches Rankle KanCare Critics By Andy Marso • Sep 16, 2015 Andy Marso / Heartland Health Monitor A group of case managers from Johnson County who work with Kansans with disabilities came to Topeka last month to air grievances about the state's "health homes" initiative. In the morning, several of them testified in front of the Robert G. (Bob) Bethell Joint Committee on Home and Community Based Services and KanCare Oversight. Kansas County Officials Uncover Discrepancies In Disability Waiting Lists By Andy Marso • Sep 8, 2015 Jillisa Washington The Kansas Department for Aging and Disability Services is reviewing a waiting list for developmental disability services after counties reported discrepancies between how many residents they have waiting and how many are on the state's list. There are more than 3,000 Kansans with intellectual and developmental disabilities (I/DD) on the KDADS waiting list for Medicaid-covered support services meant to allow them to remain in their homes and communities rather than live in institutions. Advocates Take Aim At KanCare Grievance Process By Dave Ranney • Aug 20, 2015 BigStock image Each month, according to the latest available data, roughly 225 KanCare beneficiaries file complaints about the care they've received or been denied. That's a small percentage, considering that more than 400,000 Kansans depend on the state's privatized Medicaid program. The numbers also show that all but a handful of the complaints are resolved within 15 days. State officials often cite the data when assuring legislators that KanCare, now in its third year, is meeting the needs of its beneficiaries. Children's Book Offers Fresh Take On Disabilities By Andy Marso • Aug 20, 2015 Andy Marso/KHI News Lt. Gov. Jeff Colyer was on hand Thursday for the unveiling of a book to educate children about interacting with people who have disabilities. "Darby Boingg Has an Adventure and Meets a Person with Disabilities" features Boingg, a wallaby with human characteristics, who meets Ian, a young man in a motorized wheelchair. Sunflower State Health Plan hosted the book signing at the Topeka and Shawnee County Public Library. The event featured author Michelle Bain and Ian Kuenzi, a Topekan with cerebral palsy who was her inspiration. Pages1 2 3 4 next › last »


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Featured Volunteer- Laura Frazier
Laura Frazier interned at CARE in the summer of 2011 and fell completely in love with all of the cats and people. Her work at CARE made her certain that animal husbandry was the career that she wanted to pursue. Now she returns to volunteer any time that she's home from school. After receiving her BA in Conservation and Wildlife Management this May from Delaware Valley College in Doylestown, PA Laura hopes to get a husbandry position at a zoo in the Dallas area to stay close to both of my families – her own and her CARE family. She also recently became the proud adopted mommy of the white tiger Consuela.
Laura is such an important part of CARE. She works tirelessly and with positivity and enthusiasm to help care for the animals as often as she can. She gives up her well deserved breaks from school to come help us out when we need it. We don't know what we would have done without her over the holidays when we were without interns to help clean, feed and care for the cats and lemurs. She really stepped up and lent a hand when we were short a few. Thanks Laura for being a part of our family and for continually showing your dedication!


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MSNBC Live with Tamron Hall 01/30/14
Bombing victim's mom: All sentencing options should be on table
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Weld makes not-quite-endorsement of Clinton
Kaine presses role for Congress on ISIS fight
Trump poll-watching call lands RNC in court
Michael Moore's appeal to Trump's voter base
The election is still unpredictable
Polls: Clinton Leads by 9 in NH; Tied in...
Trump surrogate Gingrich blasts Megyn Kelly
How Barbara Corcoran beat Trump
Victim of Trump housing discrimination speaks
Kaine: GOP needs to show it is not Trump
Clinton camp eyes Congress in final spending
Tim Kaine on the strong women in his life
2016 Debates
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Trump Jr. takes to radio to defend father
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How To Play In The Style Of Sean Kinney
How To Play In The Style Of Sean Kinney
Fans of Alice In Chains should love their new record The Devil Put Dinosaurs Here. This disc brings back the grungy vibe of the original band with all the metal heaviness their fans crave. Sean Kinney never disappoints and once again creates slamming parts for each song.
For the anthemic song "Hollow," Kinney plays two powerful grooves in 6/4. For the intro/chorus section he keeps the snare on 2, 4, and 6, but for the verse he gives the groove a heavier, slower, funkier feel by moving the snare part to 3 and 6 (halftime feel in 6) and varying the bass drum part.
Click here to watch a video drum lesson in which Nate Brown demonstrates how to play Sean Kinney's drum part on "Hollow."
"Phantom Limb"
This one sounds much like classic AIC. Kinney begins with a jungle tom pattern but quickly switches to a crashing cymbal part over bass notes that accent the e of 4. At the verse, he outlines a similar though sparser groove with the same syncopated (4) e kick drum accent.


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PWA Conference Kickoff
Join members of PWA and SEMA for the Emissions Lab ribbon-cutting ceremony and PWA Reception, hosted by the SEMA Garage in Diamond Bar, California.
Join members of PWA and SEMA for the Emissions Lab ribbon-cutting ceremony and PWA Reception, hosted by the SEMA Garage in Diamond Bar, California.
In partnership with Hyundai, the SEMA Garage is happy to introduce the all-new 2016 Hyundai Tucson compact Crossover Utility Vehicle. Featuring three vehicles spanning various trim package levels, the Tucson will be shown with both the 2.0L and the 1.6L Turbo engine, as well as FWD and AWD drivetrain.
For members who have joined the council recently, or who just want to stay in the know, a general membership open meeting on Thursday, November 6 will give another chance to connect over breakfast.
Witness the premier SEMA business competition that launches new automotive products and services.
Calling Female Professionals: The SEMA Businesswoman's Network (SBN) will again host the Gear-up Girl Networking event at this year's SEMA Show.
Exclusive for Manufacturers' Representatives, the MRN will host a collection of business-critical discussions moderated by industry experts.
Join a group of industry veterans in a discussion about challenges, opportunities and what might lie ahead in the business of restoration and car building.
Please join the YEN at the Hot Rod Power Tour to enjoy networking at the official "YEN Corral" at 5:00 p.m. during each stop.
SEMA's Young Executives Network (YEN) is excited to announce they will be hitting the road this summer for the third annual YEN Power Tour.
The SEMA Garage will be hosting the exciting and all new Scion compacts during a two day event on May 27th and May 28th.


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Best Medicine Show set for Jan. 29Written by Liann Cates
The Best Medicine Show, hosted by the School of Medicine Student Senate, begins at 7 p.m. Friday, Jan. 29 at the historic Alabama Theatre.
UAB-led research shows how methylating an RNA binding protein leads to alternative RNA splicing. Mutant enzymes are often found in blood cancers.
Karim Budhwani, a materials science and engineering (MSE) and biomedical engineering (BME) graduate student, presented to the Alabama Commission for Higher Education (ACHE) on December 4, 2015 in Montgomery, Ala.
A UAB study reconfirms that single-dose azithromycin remains an effective treatment for chlamydia, especially when drug adherence is an issue.
A 24-year journey leads one family to the UAB Undiagnosed Diseases Program for the answers they sought.
Yoder appointed interim chair Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative BiologyWritten by SOM News
Brad Yoder, Ph.D., professor in the Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, has been appointed interim chair of the department effective January 1, 2016.
The Odessa Woolfolk Community Service Award is presented each year to a faculty member who has rendered outstanding service to the Birmingham community.
The UAB Faculty Development Grant Program provides money for research, teaching and service related projects to enhance the effectiveness of UAB faculty members.


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Master Pancake Theater presents Conan the Barbarian
Its hard to be funny at ten in the morning, says John Erler, the mastermind behind Master Pancake Theater, as he struggles to wake up for his interview. (Sorry we woke you up, John.) We understand Erler, who was a member of Austins popular Mr. Sinus, is used to staying up late, sending up classic films in the style of Mystery Science Theater. That group disbanded, but Erler has put together a new set of movie mockers, now called Master Pancake Theater. Today Erler takes on Conan the Barbarian starring the Governator at Alamo Drafthouse Mason Park. Anything with Arnold Schwarzenegger in it has got to be a good, you know, easy laugh, says Erler. There are several great scenes featuring condensation glimmering on Arnolds pectorals. We know Houston loves its humidity, even when its centered around Austrian nipples.
Erler, along with the other Master Pancake resident, Joe Parons, and guest mockers Mac and David, two young students of comedy, will provide the commentary for the evening. The night also features a drinking game (remember, the Alamo Drafthouse serves drinks) and a live reenactment of Conans battle with Thulsa Doom, more games and free pancakes. Erler recommends showing up at around 6:30 p.m. for the preshow fun. The mockery begins at 7:30 p.m.
Thu., Sept. 13, 7:30 p.m.
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ER George Clooney to the rescue
Having watched "ER" for a good many years, particularly the first installments, I join a multitude of people who, when emergency strikes, want to have George Clooney for an attending physician.
After four trips to the emergency room this past year, I didn't have to fantasize for each fireman who appeared at our door at four o'clock in the morning was a dead ringer for the star.
Heart failure is serious and I could not breath because fluid was building in my lungs. Building in my lungs! I could not breath and my first question to those heroes who swooped in to keep me alive was, "Am I dying?" It was that bad.
I survived that one event and all others that have assailed me.
I have had no trips to an emergency room for two months, but, not missing the anxiety and the feeling of drowning, I have missed those handsome medics "dropping in." I feel left out.
Where are they? I was a good patient, an alive good patient, I must add, so don't I get a visit or two to see how I'm doing?
How foolish of me. They stay busy. Their work is never done. They rescue victims of car crashes, bicycle accidents, house fires, and stand by those who have fallen or, like me, need desperate care.
As Thanksgiving looms it is time for me to publicly give thanks to those medics who have whisked me off to emergency rooms, comforted me with oxygen and medical care as we sped across the waters to doctors and nurses who welcomed me with needles, a good bed and solutions to my heart problems.
Each moment of sheer terror has it's own foolishness. For example, as I was struggling for breath, I said, "These are not my best pajamas."
I could have been seriously inquiring about my will or making a last statement. But no, it was my attire I was considering in my foggy state of mind.
"What must they have thought?" I asked myself later. I realized later that they must have seen and heard such nonsense many times in their professional life. Terror does odd things to the mind.
(Obviously, I no longer struggle for breath. The test is watching me at Bainbridge Bakers chatting away non-stop, appearing to need no oxygen.)
Back to the pajamas.
The second time they came, we had moved to Vineyard Lanes, between breaths, I said, "These are my better pajamas." They replied, "You mentioned that last time."
Another George Clooney look-alike said on my third trip, "I just love your columns." Said I, attached as I was to oxygen, "Let me get you copies, " obviously a good hostess.
I theorize that my Mississippi background had emerged both times. Being a lady was my back-up position whenever horror strikes. I was a southern belle in distress who always evidenced good dress and graciousness even if struggling to live?
I was refrained from getting up.
I don't want readers to think I just called 911 to discuss my pajamas or reading habits. I repeat myself: Heart failure must be taken seriously.
The medics were wonderful, noble, kind and caring to me and to the husband who by the fourth visit needed a bit of care, too.
Nobody discusses what a service they give to the community and service they give. We hear the whine of the sirens and know they are on duty but we rarely hear what they have done.
We don't know what we would do without them, we say to each other, but do we say that to them?
Stories go untold. Children return to parents, grandmothers and grandfathers return to family, bicyclists take up their bicycles, and life goes on as it had before falls, accidents and near tragedies.
Have all these victims repressed their terror? Were they embarrassed when the trip to the hospital was unnecessary? Or, was it the Northwest Paul Bunyan model emerging, yelling, "Me, sick! No way!"
I was one of those who thought I was immune to emergency services, the female Babe the Blue Ox was in charge.
"That's what we do," the medics said to me, when I asked, "Maybe I shouldn't have called," as I struggled to breath.
I was stable on the last event because after three trips for medical care, I knew I would not die.
I was taken to the fire station, to change ambulances and listened as the medics decided how to service the three others who in those early hours of the morning, needed care.
They had to leave one ambulance on Bainbridge, "just in case."
They had to consider caring for events yet to come.
I can't recall the names of those that rode with me to Seattle, but if I recognize any of them in civvies, I will to tell him that they were George Clooneys to me, the George Clooney who saved lives.
I should say here that whatever the medics and the doctors did, I am on the road to health, not on the road to another emergency room, I hope.
Sally Robison is a Winslow artist and the author of "The Permanent Guest's
Guide to Bainbridge Island."
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Visit our new website!
New interactive tools, mobile and user-friendly design.
Explore picture books, find programs, get helpful tips and discover easy at-home activities to help your child get ready for reading.
Ready for Reading is a complete set of free programs, services, books, spaces and resources for children birth to age five designed to help get your child ready for reading.
Tips for parents
As parents, you are your child's first - and best - teachers and you play an important role in helping them get ready to read.
Activities that build language skills
Watch these short videos to learn about five types of activities that can build language skills and help your child become a reader.
Storytime at home
Your child loves to play, sing, and talk with you.
Enjoy storytime at home with your child:
Ready for Reading guide
Let's Get Ready for Reading
A fun guide full of easy, everyday family activities to help kids become readers.
Things to do at the library
Find great books to read
Check out our librarians' top picks from the First and Best list.
Find the latest books for kids of all ages:
Join us for storytime
Storytimes are library staff-led programs that feature songs, stories, rhymes, and activities for you and your child.
Find upcoming programs for kids and families.
Visit a KidsStop early literacy centre
KidsStops are fun, hands-on learning, discovery, and play spaces in libraries for children birth to age five.
Get help from library staff
For book recommendations, ideas, and support:
- Visit your nearest library branch
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CMO Today: Digital Media's TV Challenge
Here's your morning roundup of the biggest marketing, advertising and media industry news and happenings. Send tips, suggestions and complaints firstname.lastname@example.com.
Click here to read CMO Today in your email inbox daily.
THE PROBLEM WITH WEB VIDEOS IS THAT TV IS REALLY BIG STILL: ComScore reported that in February the audience for Web video in the U.S. was over 182 million users, which sounds awfully big. That is, until you look at TV's audience: 283 million people watch TV a month, according to a Nielsen report recently published in Adweek. Thus, some analysts are starting to question the theory that Web video companies can really snatch ad revenue from TV, reports WSJ's CMO Today. More in the full post.


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Telephone & Addresses
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John Schloss
04005 Biddeford ME
John Schloss
65789 Pomona MO
John Schloss, Palm Beach, US, Cocoanut Row
View John's social profiles and photos on Facebook, MySpace, and +40 Networks.
Yellow Page contacts
Financial & Insurance Experts
JOHN SCHLOSS - BrokerCheck
JOHN P. SCHLOSS is a broker at RAYMOND JAMES & ASSOCIATES, INC., BEACHWOOD, OH. View current licensing information on BrokerCheck.
Network Profiles
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USTA Leagues
Discover what 330,000 USTA League players already know and join the country's largest recreational tennis league – USTA League!
Concept Sketches by John Schloss on Prezi
by John Schloss on 26 July 2011 150. Comments (0). Please log in to add your comment. Report abuse. More presentations by John Schloss ...
John Schloss - BR Bullpen
... our Newsfeeds · Olympics · Blog: News and notes about B-R. You Are Here > Baseball-Reference.com > Bullpen > John Schloss - BR Bullpen. John Schloss ...
John Schloss // Portfolio - John Schloss
John Schloss // Portfolio. I graduated from the University of Colorado at Boulder with a double degree in Marketing and Geography, a minor in Atmospheric and ...
Management & Stakeholders
John P Schloss - Financial Advisors - FindTheBest
John Schloss has no reported FINRA disclosures. See below to view contact information, employment history, exam scores, education, and more details.
John Schloss | Steris Corporation | Email @steris.com
John Schloss is the Sr. Director, Tax and Assistant Secretary of Steris Corporation. Lead411's profile includes an email address, @steris.com, linkedin,...
Business Profiles
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Researchgate: John Schloss
Biddeford, United States
Researchgate: John Schloss
Huntington, United States
patentbuddy: John V Schloss
NEUROSYSTEC CORPORATION, Saugus, CA, US
Elance: John Schloss - Resume
I recently graduated from the University of Colorado at Boulder with a double degree in Marketing and Geography. I won two advertising/ design contests while ...
Private Homepages
In Memory of John Schloss
In Memory of John Schloss. This blog is for anyone who wants to post a eulogy in memory of John E. Schloss of Strawberry Point, Iowa.
John Schloss - YouTube
149 videos. Reviving the lost art of manliness. CHANNEL. SubscribeSubscribedUnsubscribe 237,107. John Schloss subscribed to a channel 3 weeks ago ...
John Schloss at University of Hartford - RateMyProfessors.com
Rating and reviews for Professor John Schloss from University of Hartford West Hartford, CT United States.
classmates: John Schloss
East Central High School, Tulsa, OK, 1965-1969
classmates: John Schloss
Westfield High School, Westfield, IN, 2005-2009
Course Details « Office of the Registrar
John Schloss, Making Beats: The Art of Sample-Based Hip-Hop Reading/Writing assignments: Short (300-500 words) weekly response papers to the readings ...
Evidence-Based Medicine Seminar - U-M Department of Psychiatry
John Schloss, M.D., M.S. & Gregory Dalack, M.D.; Conversion Disorder: The Initial Presentation Presented by Ed Deneke, M.D., Faculty Sponsor: Gregory ...
Bad news
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legacy.com: John Schloss
John L. Schloss Vancleave John L. Schloss, 63, of Vancleave, died Saturday, September 12, 2015 in Vancleave. Southern Mississippi Funeral Services is serving the Schloss
legacy.com: John Schloss
John L. Schloss, 63, died September 12, 2015. Southern Mississippi Funeral Services is serving the Schloss family. www.smfs.us (228) 872-3637
legacy.com: John Lee Schloss
John L. Schloss, 63, died September 12, 2015. Southern Mississippi Funeral Services is serving the Schloss family. www.smfs.us (228) 872-3637
findagrave: Schloss, John
12/23/1918 - 06/15/2007, Glendive (Dawson County, Montana)
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John Schloss (1918 - 2007) - Genealogy
Genealogy for John Schloss (1918 - 2007) on Geni with over 140 million profiles of ancestors and living relatives. Page updated July 3, 2014.
Andrés John Schloss - Genealogy
View Andrés John Schloss's genealogy family tree on Geni, with over 150 million profiles of ancestors and living relatives.
John Schloss - Records - Ancestry.com
Potential photos and documents for John Schloss. View All 10 Images · Clemens John Schloss. John Schloss · William John Schloss. John Schloss.
Edward-Schloss - User Trees - Genealogy.com
Family Tree Maker user home page for Edward-Schloss.
Books & Literature
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The Courts of the State of New York: Their History, Development, and...
Scott declined the office, and John Schloss Ho- bart, who had received the next largest number of votes, was declared elected to the office of associate judge.
Colonial Maryland Naturalizations - Jeffrey A. Wyand, Florence L....
The chief interest in this work rests with the naturalizations in Part III, which were compiled from Maryland's Provincial Court documents in the Hall of...
Die Kairo-Affäre: Thriller - Olen Steinhauer - Google Books
Ein grandioser Thriller über den ewigen Machtkampf in der arabischen Welt. Ein US-amerikanischer Diplomat wird in einem Budapester Restaurant vor den Augen...
The Reformation of the Image - Joseph Leo Koerner - Google Books
... Ernestine electors.21 Under Frederick the Wise and John, Schloss Hartenfels had played a secondary role to their Wittenberg residence, although even then it ...
Publications Authored by John V Schloss
A link between neurodegeneration and well-characterized enzymatic and non-enzymatic reactions that produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) from O(2) is well ...
MTR. OF CURTIN | Leagle.com
In the Matter of The Estate of Mary G. Curtin, Deceased. JOSEPH W. CRIBB, S. This decision involves the construction of the will of Mary G...
Video & Audio
Tesla Model S // My Dream Car - YouTube
The 100% electric Tesla Model S is my Dream car.
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A Right To The Sights - tribunedigital-thecourant
The salient points of Connecticut's topography, which make our state distinctive and attractive, are its ridgelines and shoreline. Sadly, both are disappearing...
Car Thieves Chased By Angry Owner - southburnett.com.au |...
Cody John Schloss, 18, pleaded guilty to unlawful use of a motor vehicle. Police prosecutor Sgt Pepe Gangemi said the resident heard his car ...
Vera Allen, 89, Acted in Film, In Theater and in Television -...
Miss Allen was married for 60 years to Malcolm Schloss, who died in 1981. She is survived by a son, John Schloss Jr., and two grandchildren.
Mountain Home News: Obituaries: John Schloss (01/31/14)
John Schloss. Friday, January 31, 2014. (Photo). John Stanley Schloss, 77, of Mountain Home, passed away peacefully on Jan. 29, 2014. A celebration of his ...
Reports & Statements
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Wikipedia: Betsy Ross – Wikipedia
John schloss sich der Pennsylvania-Miliz an und wurde 1775 bei einer Schießpulverexplosion tödlich verwundet, wonach Betsy das Geschäft allein übernahm.
Wikipedia: Jeffrey John – Wikipedia
John schloss sich der Society of Catholic Priests an. John wurde Chaplain am Brasenose College in Oxford und wurde 1984 zum Dekan am Magdalen College ...
Wikipedia: John de Vere, 13. Earl of Oxford – Wikipedia
John schloss sich dem Lancaster-Erben Heinrich Tudor an und führte dessen Heer 1485 in der siegreichen Schlacht von Bosworth, welche das Ende der Yorks ...
How to plot multiple measures on the secondary ... |Tableau Support...
Does anyone know how to plot more than one measure on the secondary axis? So far, I've only been able to plot 2 measures on the primary axis and one
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John P Schloss | Beachwood Financial Advisor
John Schloss had no reported disclosure events as of the most recent filing submitted to FINRA. This information may be verified by searching for this advisor's ...
Shalea Bridges & John Schloss - Wedding Registry
Shalea Bridges and John Schloss from Vermillion, SD have registered at for their wedding on August 31, 2013. Browse all their registries in one list.
John Schloss (@john_schloss) • Instagram photos and videos
john_schloss. 105 posts; 115 followers; 340 following. Follow. John Schloss Money Shots. Log in · Privacy · Terms. © 2015 Instagram, Inc.
IAPD - Investment Adviser Search
(705). IAPD provides information on current and former Investment Adviser Representatives. This individual is also known as JOHN SCHLOSS.
Landlord to avoid | Case Med Forum
Definitely second AVOID John Schloss. I've rented a number of "college properties" over the last few years and he's hands down one of the ...
How Low Can Your Logo » John Schloss
John Schloss. https://sites.google.com/site/schlossvertising/ · « back to the logo gallery. Terrible! 65. Enough Said. HAVE YOUR SAY. Chet Dugan.
John Schloss | Free Listening on SoundCloud
Listen to John Schloss | SoundCloud is an audio platform that lets you listen to what you love and share the sounds you create.. 3 Followers. Stream Tracks and...
John J Schloss PHD - Minister Brook Dr, Weatogue - Yalwa
ISIC-4 Code: 8049. John J Schloss PHD is located in the city of Weatogue. Address: 3 Minister Brook Dr Weatogue, CT 06089. US. Contact: male John Schloss ...
John Schloss - The Denver Egotist
Get more information on John Schloss at The Denver Egotist
dj john schloss Schadau | Switzerland Wedding Photography Team
Alpin Photo · Deutsch · Welcome · Porfolio · About US · A to Z Wedding · Compliments · Price & Services · Contact · ← dj john schloss Schadau ...
John Schloss - JD Breast Cancer Foundation
Why is JD Breast Cancer Foundation Important to You? I have supported this organization for several years because they meet a unique need ...
2008 Cleveland Masters Results
In the Mens 90+ Open, John Schloss and Eric "Who want's to be my partner" Miller from Cleveland, OH were the champs defeating last year's ...
ALL JAN2010 - aqwg284
August John SCHLOSS was born on 24 Jul 1890 in Qld, Australia. F, vi, Louise Maria SCHLOSS was born on 3 Jul 1892. M, vii. Henry August SCHLOSS was ...
HC 1024 Honoring Hans Lillevold, Carl Livingston, Jake...
2005 Session Bill
Harrison Honored for 10 Years as President
(l-r) Faculty members Humbert Lucarelli and John Schloss were each ... and John Schloss, associate professor of psychology in the College of ...
Morgan Spurlock on 'Inside Man', the Impact of 'Super Size Me',...
John Schloss, the brilliant John Schloss, who is the best manager of expectations of anyone, pre-Sundance said maybe we'll sell this to cable if ...
Meanwhile, At Aras an Uachtarain | Broadsheet.ie
... D. Higgins, Sabina Higgins, Alice Mary Higgins and Rose Schlossberg . Hot Edwin John Schloss' is hot. (Sasko lazarov/Photocall Ireland) ...
Memorial Page
Mike Bordanaro. Tim Horgan. John Schloss. Jim Bowling. Ronald "Boogalu" Hough. Dutch Scholtz. Rick Bradley. Jim Jenkins. Richard Simecek. Eddie Broome.
Nanoparticle Formulation of a Drug for Direct Inner Ear Therapy -...
There is currently no reliable therapy and no cure for tinnitus. NeuroSystec, in collaboration with basic and clinical scientists at the Kresge Hearing...
PGA League Mobile
John Schloss, 128,976.75. 67, Point Shavers Mike Gary, 123,657.00. 68, XDM40CAL Justin Krager, 113,989.00. 69, Buckeye Lake Duffer Dan Gartner ...
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We'll be upfront about it: this new Belgian trailer for The Amazing Spider-Man (via ComicBookMovie.com) is not drastically different than the US trailer that hit last week. You're not going to learn what happened to Peter Parker's parents or see Dr. Curt Connors transform into The Lizard, but it's still the better of the two trailers.
Coming in about 30 seconds shorter, this new trailer is more economical. There's less about Peter Parker's past and more about Spider-Man's present. There are a few new or longer snippets from some of the last trailer's action scenes, as well, but really this cut of the ad sells better because of what's not in it, as opposed to what is in it.
And just for contrast, here's the US version:
Blog post courtesy of Movies.com. Click here for more movie news and features! Also, check out their Amazing Spider-Man Countdown Column.