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Administrative Assistant: Job Duties, Career Outlook, and Educational Requirements
Research what it takes to become an administrative assistant. Learn about education requirements, job duties, average wages, and job outlook to find out if this is the career for you. Schools offering Administrative Assistant degrees can also be found in these popular choices.
Career Information At a Glance
Administrative assistants perform a variety of tasks that help organizations and businesses operate efficiently. Information about education and training requirements, duties, and employment for administrative assistants is listed in the following table.
|Education Required
|High school diploma
|Training Required
|Short-term training on the job
|Key Responsibilities
|Answer phone calls, organize files, prepare documents, write and edit materials, and schedule appointments
|Voluntary certification is available
|Job Growth (2012-2022)
|12% (for all secretaries and administrative assistants)*
|Mean Salary (2014)
|$34,500 (for all secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical and executive)*
Source: *U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
What Will My Job Duties Entail as an Administrative Assistant?
As an administrative assistant, you'll distribute and file company documents and memos, as well as compose and proofread reports and letters. You'll also greet visitors, arrange meetings with colleagues or clients, record and type board-meeting minutes, order supplies and distribute incoming correspondence. Other aspects of your job might include making and receiving telephone calls and organizing travel arrangements on behalf of employers. You may maintain and use office equipment, such as fax machines, scanners and photocopiers. You'll most likely use computers on a daily basis, utilizing desktop publishing and spreadsheet programs, overseeing e-mail correspondence and working with bookkeeping software.
What Can I Expect the Career Outlook to Be?
Nearly four million people worked as administrative assistants and secretaries in 2012, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). From 2012 to 2022, the BLS indicated that job opportunities for this group would grow about 12%, which was faster than the expected national average for all jobs (www.bls.gov). You could anticipate more jobs to exist in growing industries, such as education, healthcare and construction. Career opportunities were also projected due to administrative assistants leaving the field for professional positions. The mean annual wage for secretaries and administrative assistants (except legal, medical and executive) in May 2014 was $34,500, per the BLS. In the same year, executive secretaries and executive administrative assistants made an annual mean income of $53,590.
What Education Do I Need?
You might acquire the skills to become an administrative assistant by attending a vocational college and completing a 1-year certificate program. Training will be given in areas such as word processing, spreadsheets and office applications.
Employers may seek administrative assistants who've acquired college degrees and specialized computer technology training; this is particularly true for those hiring senior and executive-level administrative assistants. If you decide to obtain a bachelor's degree, make sure your program of study closely relates to the industry you'd like to work in. Otherwise, you can enroll in an associate's degree program in office administration.
Such programs can take two years to complete, and they offer such degrees as an Associate of Applied Science in Office Administration. Your classes may include accounting, office procedures, office software applications, records management and writing. If you'd like to become a specialized administrative assistant and work in a legal firm or medical facility, you may need additional training courses to learn legal and medical terminologies. You might obtain additional, on-the-job training once hired.
You can enhance your professional image by becoming certified. The certification process also builds your skills and job knowledge and demonstrates your competency to potential employers. The International Association of Administrative Professionals offers examinations leading to the Certified Administrative Professional (CAP) credential, which requires applicants to have 2-4 years of experience (www.iaap-hq.org). The 3-part examination covers knowledge of organization and planning, information distribution, records management, document production and communication, among other topics.
To continue researching, browse degree options below for course curriculum, prerequisites and financial aid information. Or, learn more about the subject by reading the related articles below:


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via - Business Insider.
Communities7 communities
Lovely Prem TalluriownerGeneral -
Target 5000+ #Students in a single event with "THE TECH FEST" which is going to be held on 30th & 31st July at JNTU University, Kukatpally, Hyderabad..
Register a #stall with your company/brand name, come with few brouchers, pamphlets etc. Deal directly with the targeted students in your stall and convert into ur lead...
------------------- Event Details -----------------
Event Name : The Tech #Fest 2016
Venue : JNTU University, Kukatpally, Hyderabad
Stall Price : 10,000/- (2x2 Size with Fabricated Stall)
Date : 30th & 31st Jul 2016
: 5,000+ Attendees (Students, Speakers, Mentors)
For more details, check this link http://www.bookmystall.in/hyderabad/the-tech-fest-2016.html
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Too big for toys? Never! There's always something cool for even the biggest kids. Whether it's a fun game, an awesome ride, or an amazing activity, we've got them covered. And you'll be surprised at how fast they become kids again!
The Easy Flyer is designed for the kite enthusiast who wants zero percent frustration and one hundred percent fun! With simple assembly, and no-hassle flying, this beauty is the easiest kite to fly!
Measures approximately 90" long x 46" wide.
These swashbuckling tattoos are even cooler in the nighttime! Ten colorful temporary tattoos include an extra-special touch of luminosity that makes them glow in the dark. Easy to apply and remove, they include a variety of styles that will suit adventure-loving pirates of all ages.
Includes 8 tattoos.
Tattoo booklet, 2 pages.
The Zombie Pirate has emerged from his watery grave to reclaim his buried treasure. Is anyone brave enough to stand in his path? Or is he simply a lost soul looking for a friend? You get to decide the story with this cool figure from Papo!
Papo toys lead the way to worlds full of wonder with beautifully crafted, hand-painted figurines. There's something for everyone!
Measures approximately 4" tall.
Arrrgh Matey! Sail the high seas with this popular pirate style hat in high quality, detailed, latex skull and crossbones. This pirate hat is classic with its gold trim, red headband (attached), and skull-and-crossbones detail. Get ready for your next sea-faring adventure with this great accessory!
Features a secret pocket, and Velcro size adjuster. Designed to fit heads, up to approximately 21.5" in diameter.
Ahoy there! A Bluecoat Soldier has discovered a marooned pirate living among the ruins of his fortified shipwreck, along with a stash of stolen treasure. Launch a surprise attack! Fire the spring-loaded cannon and blast the swaggering pirate's hideout to smithereens, then recover the treasure and put the rogue behind bars where he belongs! Enjoy swashbuckling adventures with the LEGO® Pirates Shipwreck Defense, featuring a pirate's shipwreck hideout with a hinged port side for realistic cannon-impact effect. Combine with LEGO® Pirates Treasure Island (#70411) sold separately for an even bigger pirate adventure!
Includes 2 minifigures with assorted weapons (a Bluecoat soldier and a pirate); pirate shipwreck hideout featuring a fireplace with hidden treasure, collapsing port side, mast with crow's nest, flag, bottle, and paddle; spring-loaded cannon with torch and flame, gun, pistol, and cutlass.
Shipwreck hideout measures approximately 1" long x 4" tall x 4" wide.Spring-loaded cannon measures approximately 2" long x 1" tall x 1" wide.
Contains 84 pieces.
LEGO® and the LEGO® logo are trademarks of the ©2015 LEGO® Group.
These exciting Matryoshka Nesting Dolls certainly are not from the nineteenth century, although their ancestors first appeared back then! Originally inspired by souvenir dolls from Japan , the name Matryoshka comes from a popular Russian female name of the time, Matryona or Matriosha. The name Babushka, meaning Grandmother, is also often used for these dolls. Well these Macro-Matryoshkas certainly are not your Grandmothers Babushkas!! But be careful, assembling and disassembling our Matryoshkas can become highly addictive.
Largest doll measures approximately 4.5" tall.
Defeat the zombies and save your brains...on the Pirate Seas! Includes a Pirate Zombie figure, Snapdragon figure and K'NEX parts to build a small Pirate Ship. Use your finger to flick the fireball out of Snapdragon's mouth to defeat Pirate Zombie! Easy to follow building instructions included.
Includes 52 pieces.
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text: John M. Guaragna Partner [email protected] vCard Austin T: _+1_ 512_ 457_ 7125 F: _+1_ 512_ 721_ 2325 Overview Experience Credentials Insights Email Print PDF + Share John Guaragna focuses on litigation and counseling regarding various technology and intellectual property related matters. John has successfully represented clients at trial in antitrust, patent and trademark matters in district courts throughout the United States, as well as in the International Trade Commission and the Federal Trade Commission. John's recent experience includes defending Oracle, Silicon Labs, KLA-Tencor, Box, NIKE, Starwood, HomeAway, Blackboard, Sonim and others in various intellectual property matters. He has significant experience in the Eastern District of Texas where he is admitted to practice and has handled over 80 patent infringement matters, including dozens of cases involving multiple defendants and joint defense coordination. Additionally, John has extensive experience relating to industry standard-setting and the intersection between patent law and antitrust law, including a three-month antitrust trial before the Federal Trade Commission. John also has handled various trademark, trade secret, copyright and indemnity disputes.


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Sales Senior Officer (Engineering) (50-60K) (JO-160906-109182)
RGF HR Agent Recruitment (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
Work Outline:Responsible for Sales Engineering tasks/ Business Development task
Duties & Responsibility:
- Thai nationality, male or female, age 35-45 years
- Bachelor's Degree in Engineering in mechanical or related fields
- Proven customer account management (sales experience 5year+)
- Sales experience in project in high value product (solution) or machine
- Excellent in communication / negotiation / presentation
- Have a driving license
- Have experience in refrigeration / air conditioning area
- Have project management knowledge
Languages skills
- English: Business Level
Workplace Area: Bangkok
Working Hour: 8:30 – 17:30 (Mon –Fri)
About the Benefit
Salary: 50,000-60,000 THB/ Month
- Social Insurance
- Accidental and Health insurance OPD/IPD
- Provident Fund
- Monetary assistance
- OT Allowance
- Transportation Allowance
- Bonus
About the company
Business Type: Engineering
*** Please submit your resume with recent photo, your current & expected salary, and reference:Sales Senior Officer (Engineering) (50-60K) (JO-160906-109182)
*** Any query regarding this Job or application method, please call Tel. 02-021-0333
RGF HR Agent Recruitment (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
Sukhumvit Road, North Klongton Sub-District, Vadhana District, Bangkok 1011
Tel: 02-021-0333
Website : www.rgf-hragent.asia/en/thailand
jobsDB จะส่ง ใบสมัครของคุณไปยัง RGF HR Agent Recruitment (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
RGF HR Agent Recruitment (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
RGF stands for RECRUIT GLOBAL FAMILY, a global brand of Japan's largest recruiting and information service company, Recruit Holdings Co., Ltd.
They created this brand out of our commitment to take on a new challenge to leverage on Recruit Group's more over 50 years of industry experience and business network in Japan, to provide new opportunities to their clients across the region.
RGF HR AGENT takes charge of RGF's business entity in general recruitment services. We provide total human resource services to clients at every stage of staff placement. At the same time, we assist job-seekers in various ways to find the right job according to their individual preferences and experiences.
Their company's status as the Japan's #1 market share holder in human resource, temporary staffing, and job advertisement field makes it possible for them to provide high quality total human resource management services not only in Japan but across the region. RECRUIT = RGF will continue to take up the challenge to be the #1 recruitment agency in Asia, beyond national boundaries.
ตำแหน่งงานอื่นๆ ของบริษัทนี้
พบข้อมูลหรือรายละเอียดงานผิดปกติ? แจ้งประกาศงานไม่เหมาะสม
คีย์เวิร์ด: Sales Senior Officer sales


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Executive Appointments
Carolyn Feinstein
Chief Marketing Officer
File sharing brand Dropbox has announced the appointment of Carolyn Feinstein as its new chief marketing officer.
Oct 19, 2016 -- The Drum
Chris Spadaccini
Head of Marketing
HBO has found a new marketing head. The cable network has promoted Chris Spadaccini into the role of executive vice president of consumer marketing.
Oct 17, 2016 -- Hollywood Reporter
Talking Rain
Brian Kuz
Chief Marketing Officer
US soft drinks producer Talking Rain has appointed Brian Kuz to the role of chief marketing officer.
Oct 17, 2016 -- Just Drinks
Axis Bank
Asha Kharga
Head of Marketing
Asha Kharga, marketing head of Brooke Bond & Lipton, Hindustan Unilever has joined Axis Bank as their head of marketing.
Oct 13, 2016 -- Economic Times
A+E Networks
Melissa Madden
Head of Marketing UK & International
Melissa Madden has been named Head of Marketing UK & International at A+E Networks.
Oct 12, 2016 -- Advanced Television
State Street Global Advisors
Stephen Tisdalle
Chief Marketing Officer
State Street Global Advisors (SSGA), the asset management business of State Street Corporation (NYSE:STT), today announced that it has strengthened its senior leadership team by adding Stephen Tisdalle as chief marketing officer.
Oct 11, 2016 -- Business Wire
GE Appliances
Rick Hasselbeck
Chief Marketing Officer
Rick Hasselbeck has left the beauty business to serve as chief marketing officer of GE Appliances.
Oct 10, 2016 -- Twice
Zoe's Kitchen
Casey Shilling
Chief Marketing Officer
Zoe's Kitchen, Inc., (NYSE: ZOES) announced that Casey Shilling has been named the Company's Chief Marketing Officer.
Oct 10, 2016 -- Street Insider
Steven Feuling
Head of Marketing Services
Bloomberg Media is expanding its marketing services capabilities with the hire of Steven Feuling.
Oct 7, 2016 -- MediaPost
Lisa Arthur
Chief Marketing Officer
E-discovery software provider kCura today hired Lisa Arthur as Chief Marketing Officer.
Oct 6, 2016 -- CMS Wire
Mitek Systems
Kalle Marsal
Chief Marketing Officer
Mitek (NASDAQ: MITK) announced the appointment of Kalle Marsal as its new Chief Marketing Officer (CMO).
Oct 4, 2016 -- Street Insider
L'Oreal, India
Shalini Raghavan
Chief Marketing Officer
L'Oreal India has appointed Shalini Raghavan as the Chief Marketing Officer for its Consumer Products Division (CPD).
Oct 4, 2016 -- Times of India
Ovo Energy
Adam Rostom
Chief Marketing Officer
Energy brand Ovo, which specialises in smart meters, has made major changes to its marketing team. Today (3 October) it announced the appointment of Dyson's Adam Rostom as chief marketing officer and The Guardian's Katie Thompson as comms director.
Oct 3, 2016 -- Marketing Week
Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles
Sarah Cox
Head of Marketing
Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles has appointed Sarah Cox as its Head of Marketing.
Oct 3, 2016 -- Motor Trade News
Victoria Grey
Chief Marketing Officer
Victoria Grey has left her CMO position at hyper-converged vendor HyperGrid to take on a chief marketing officer role at traditional storage array vendor Nexsan.
Oct 3, 2016 -- The Register
Rose Menker
Vice President of Marketing
Stewart has hired Rose Menker as Vice President of Marketing. In this role, she will drive business growth by leveraging customer insights, creating and executing customer segmentation and marketing strategies to enhance the customer experience.
Sep 29, 2016 -- Business Wire
Old Navy
Jamie Gersch
Chief Marketing Officer
Just in time for the holiday season, Jamie Gersch will leave her post as Charlotte Russe CMO to return to Old Navy late October as CMO of the Gap-owned apparel chain.
Sep 28, 2016 -- Retail Dive
Sachin Batra
Chief Marketing Officer
Chinese handset maker ZTE said that it has appointed Sachin Batra as the Chief Marketing Officer of its Indian operations
Sep 28, 2016 -- Telecom ET
Mike Volpe
Chief Marketing Officer
More than a year after Mike Volpe was fired from HubSpot, the Cambridge marketing tech company he helped build as its fifth employee, he's taking on a full-time job as chief marketing officer once again. This time, it's for Cybereason, a Boston cybersecurity startup with Israeli roots that Volpe says is growing faster than HubSpot for the size and state it's currently in.
Sep 28, 2016 -- Bostinno
National Hockey League
Heidi Browning
Executive Vice President and Chief Marketing Officer
In effort to continue extending its brand throughout the nation, the National Hockey League today named Heidi Browning as its new executive vp and chief marketing officer, effective Oct. 10.
Sep 28, 2016 -- Ad Week


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Position Summary:
Located in Berkeley, California, Annie's, Inc. holds the Natural/Organic leadership position across brand banners Annie's Homegrown (macaroni & cheese, crackers, cookies, cereal, fruit snacks) and Annie's Naturals (dressings, condiments, BBQ sauce, flavored olive oils). The company has a long history of making great tasting, high quality, simple foods and a long standing commitment to sustainable business practices. Annie's products are distributed nationally, across channels including grocery, natural, mass merchandisers and club stores. Our mission is to cultivate a healthier, happier world by spreading goodness through nourishing foods, honest words and conduct that is considerate and forever kind to the planet. Our employees strive to live our mission and contribute to a better planet.
We are seeking a Sustainability Analyst who will play a key role in leading internal, data-driven sustainability initiatives while also supporting the Director of Sustainability with external and supply chain-focused programs. This person will perform environmental and financial analysis, research and analysis, and will lead employee engagement projects. The role requires a love for numbers and spreadsheets, digging into the details and interpreting the data. The Sustainability Analyst reports to the Director of Sustainability and will work internally as well as with external participants such as consultants, vendors and other stakeholders.
Key Responsibilities
• Collect, analyze and interpret sustainability data and metrics for internal initiatives at the company, including company GHG emissions, water, waste, etc. and coordinate data collection from other departments. Development of reporting systems, as needed.
• Identify additional opportunities for measurement based on industry best practice and develop systems for implementation.
• Support reporting efforts to share sustainability performance results against key metrics.
• Perform research, review and analysis for special projects.
• Track and maintain data for our packaging as it relates to sustainability impacts. Analyze changes and make recommendations for improvements to reduce our packaging footprint.
• Manage outreach with packaging suppliers to collect packaging data; identify challenges and opportunities for packaging (primary, secondary and tertiary) systems from a sustainability perspective.
• Build and expand upon existing employee education program, which includes an internal education series focused on sustainability issues; includes identifying and scheduling speakers (internal and external), organizing and coordination for event, and tracking results.
• Design and manage employment engagement programs to encourage employees and other stakeholders to integrate the Annie's Sustainability Framework into their daily job activities.
• Support Sustainability Director with additional projects as requested, including research on trends and best practices and coordinating activities for supply chain partners.
Requirements/Skills for Analyst:
• Bachelor's Degree in a related field required, MBA or relevant graduate degree preferred. A minimum of 2 years of experience working on corporate responsibility/sustainability issues within a consumer products company or as an advisor/consultant.
• Strong analytical skills with ability to track, measure and identify business improvement solutions. Excellent attention to detail. Demonstrated expertise with numbers and spreadsheets. Results oriented with an ability to operate multiple projects.
• Demonstrated business analysis, financial analysis, and administrative skills including proficiency with Word, Excel, Outlook, PowerPoint, and SharePoint.
• Experience with and/or passion for working within the organic foods industry. Knowledge of industry marketing research resources and ability to distill substantial and complex data into key insights and relevant takeaways.
• Excellent interpersonal, written and verbal communication skills and outstanding relationship building skills at all levels of the organization, including senior executives. Strong ability to collaborate across the organization and drive a shared agenda that recognizes and supports business needs.
• Proven ability to work in a fast-paced, changing environment, and effectively manage and meet multiple, simultaneous deadlines with minimum assistance while maintaining a sense of humor.
• Ability to travel up to 15%.
Human Resources


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RUBBLE MASTER Welcome! to our world
RM Xperience Days 2016
29 September - 1 October 2016
RM Headquarters Linz
Visit us and Xperience the world of RM!
feria international de bogotá 2016
26 - 30 September
Carrera 37 No. 24-67 Bogota
Trade Fair of Bogota
Visit our RM business partner Partequipos at stand 2708 Pavilion 19-23 Colombia
RM Xperience Days 2016 ON-SITE RM PRODUCT DEMO
During the RM Xperience Days 2016 more than 400 customers and partners from all around the world joined a gigantic live product demo.
In an impressive choreography, all RM compact crushers demonstrated why it is worth deciding for a RUBBLE MASTER.
RM at bauma Munich 2016
RUBBLE MASTER was THE attraction at bauma Munich/Germany – the world's leading trade fair and most important exhibition for the construction industry.
We had an extremely successful exhibition: new dealers, new customers, new products and plenty of sales!
RUBBLE MASTER crushes C&D waste
See how the RM 80GO! recycles C&D waste.
RM Xperience Days 2016
RM celebrated its 25-year success story together with over 400 guests. Visitors were captivated by the numerous highlights, including the premiere of the RM 120GO! live in action in front of an audience. Xperts Xchange gave dealers and customers the opportunity to discuss and share their experiences with each other.
Big surprise from RM and ADG
RUBBLE MASTER and the African Development Group made it a day to remember for students at the Government School in Bota Land. The two companies sponsored RM backpacks with school items for the best students in every class.
RM celebrates the past and the future!
July 1 was devoted to the 25-year anniversary and the vision of the future. RM welcomed its suppliers to the first RM Suppliers' Day and then went on to celebrate together with them and RM employees the 25-year anniversary with a whole host of highlights.
Global market leader RM draws the crowds at bauma
The RM innovations such as Spec2App, the new RM 120GO! impact crusher and GO! SMART were just some of the highlights at the RM stand at bauma 2016. We were delighted about the countless visitors and the opportunity to celebrate the RM innovations together with both our existing and potential customers.
New Business Partner for RM
888 Crushing and Screening Equipment is the new RM Business Partner for the Australian market. The professionalism and focus on customer service and customer satisfaction of both companies are the cornerstone for a successful partnership.
"Service works perfectly."
"Sincerity, reliability, punctuality and precision are the most important values for our company. And we also find them at RUBBLE MASTER. RM Service works perfectly. The RM service technicians are all extremely competent and are with us fast, by the following morning at the latest. We hardly have any downtime and if there are any major repairs then we use a replacement machine." – Hannes Staber, (left) Managing Director of Staber Drautalkies, Carinthia/Austria
RM in 1st place at FH Steyr
"How can mobile apps and social media contribute to the future business success of RUBBLE MASTER?" – A team of students from FH Steyr University answered this question from RM at this year's InnoCamp36. The challenge is to come up with answers and put forward solutions within 36 hours.
RM Xperience Days 2015
RUBBLE MASTER presented a number of new technical developments to its customers and sales partners at the RM Xperience Days in Linz in the middle of September. The


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Changing lines is routine for hockey teams, so it's baffling when players are unable to get on and off the ice properly. Occasionally there are some issues, but in the video above, Finland's hockey team looked like it had never changed lines before.
[YouTube, h/t Reddit Hockey and Puck Daddy]


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Independent, owner-operated, global and close to you.
MOORE STEPHENS is an international network of independent, owner-operated independent auditing, tax and consultancy firms that was founded in London in 1907. Around 350 leading independent auditing and tax consultancy firms work together today in this network, with nearly 20,000 employees located in 630 cities and 98 countries around the world.
In Germany, we provide successful support to our clients from small and mid-size businesses on a very personal level – with all the advantages of a local firm. We profit from the many years of experience, diverse contacts, international know-how and specializations within our network.
What else sets us apart? We're nice. Because our clients are too. This is manifest in our open style of communication, uncomplicated way of collaborating and solution-oriented approach.
- The Nice Network
- Your benefits
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- Career
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- Case studies


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The tests, which started this month, are taking place in northern Virginia, Philadelphia, Minneapolis and San Francisco and San Jose, Calif. About 5,000 items will be available for the same-day service.
The program follows Wal-Mart's launch in April 2010 of same-day grocery delivery in San Jose. That was also tested in San Francisco over the past year.
Wal-Mart Stores Inc., based in Bentonville, Ark., operates more than 4,000 stores in the U.S.


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Honolulu News
Local news for Honolulu, HI continually updated from thousands of sources on the web.
24 Celebrities Who Tragically Lost A Child
Fracking: Progress or Poison?
Same Sex Marriage: It's Officially Legal
Honolulu news is powered by NewsRank™
Updated: Sat Oct 22, 2016 07:04 pm
Copyright © 2016 Topix LLC


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Edward Minor, who went missing in the District days ago, has been found safe.
Police say Minor, 76, was found Saturday by Prince George's County police at 41st and Rhode Island Avenue in Maryland.
© WJLA | Portions are © Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or distributed.
WJLA is the local ABC affiliate for the greater Washington DC area. From our studios in Arlington, VA ABC7 covers national and local news, sports, weather, traffic and culture and carries entertainment and sports programming. WJLA serves Alexandria, Springfield, Annandale, Tysons, Reston, Ashburn, Centreville and Manassas, Virginia and Bethesda, Rockville, Gaithersburg, Silver Spring, Wheaton, Beltsville, Greenbelt, Bowie, College Park, Largo, Crofton, Annapolis, Hyattsville and Takoma Park, Maryland, and all the communities in between.


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How to write an essay academically.
7.16 STYLISTIC TIP #1: CONSIDER YOUR AUDIENCE Your target audience ❑ I can how to write an essay academically hardly believe that age might be better off making a change of view or the basis. It's appropriate to reorder the table verbally.
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text:
Beef Barley Soup With Thyme
|Beef shanks
|4 Pound (Meaty Crosscuts, About 1 Inch Thick)
|3⁄4 Teaspoon
|Black pepper
|3⁄4 Teaspoon
|All purpose flour
|1⁄4 Cup (4 tbs)
|Vegetable oil
|3 Tablespoon
|Cold water
|8 Cup (128 tbs)
|1 Pound, sliced to make 6 cups
|3 Large, thinly sliced to make 1 1/2 cups
|Yellow onion
|1 Large, chopped to make 1 1/2 cups
|Stalk celery
|1 , chopped to make 1/2 cups
|3 Clove (15 gm), minced
|Beef stock/Low-sodium beef broth
|3 Cup (48 tbs)
|Chicken stock/Low- sodium chicken broth
|3 Cup (48 tbs)
|Low sodium whole tomatoes
|14 Ounce (1 Can, Undrained)
|Medium pearl barley
|1⁄3 Cup (5.33 tbs)
|Bay leaf
|Chopped fresh thyme leaves/1/4 teaspoon dried thyme leaves
|1 Teaspoon
|Minced parsley
|1⁄4 Cup (4 tbs)
1. Season the beef shanks with the salt and pepper, then coat with the flour, shaking off any excess. In a 6-quart Dutch oven, heat 2 tablespoons of the oil over moderately high heat. Add the beef shanks and cook, turning occasionally, for 10 minutes or until evenly browned. Add the water, increase the heat to high, and bring to a boil. Lower the heat, cover partially, and simmer for 1 1/2 hours, skimming the surface occasionally.
2. In a large heavy skillet, heat the remaining 1 tablespoon of oil over moderately high heat. Add the mushrooms, carrots, onion, celery, and garlic and saute for 5 minutes.
3. To the Dutch oven, add the vegetables, beef and chicken stocks, tomatoes and their juices, barley, bay leaf, and thyme. Raise the heat to high and return to a boil, stirring to break up the tomatoes. Lower the heat and simmer, uncovered, for 45 minutes or until the beef is tender.
4. With a slotted spoon, transfer the beef to a cutting board. When cool enough to handle, cut the meat into bite-size pieces and return to the soup, discarding the bones. Reheat the soup until steaming. Discard the bay leaf and stir in the parsley.
Recipe Summary
Rate It
Nutrition Rank
Nutrition Facts
Serving size
Calories 593 Calories from Fat 265
% Daily Value*
Total Fat 30 g45.6%
Saturated Fat 9.7 g48.3%
Trans Fat 0 g
Cholesterol 102.4 mg34.1%
Sodium 711.8 mg29.7%
Total Carbohydrates 26 g8.7%
Dietary Fiber 4.3 g17.1%
Sugars 6.7 g
Protein 55 g109.7%
Vitamin A 99.5% Vitamin C 24.3%
Calcium 9.7% Iron 37%
*Based on a 2000 Calorie diet


text:
Pack Attack: Part Six #3 - HotHouse
Models: Kris Anderson, Brian Bonds, Marc Dylan, Jimmy Durano and Spencer Fox
Film: Pack Attack 6
Studio: Hot House
The pack has been patient enough - they want to get it in! Spencer steps up to fuck Marc's ass first, plowing the muscular bottom with all 10 inches. With Marc's hole occupied Kris shoves his giant cock down Marc's throat. Meanwhile Brian helps Jimmy get ready for his turn at Marc's hole with a juicy blow job. While Brian impales himself on Jimmy's monster-cock Kris and Spencer bury their bones in both Marc's holes. As soon as Spencer pulls out Jimmy jumps up and shoves his rock-hard tool in the bottom's big round ass. In the background all hell breaks loose; Brian gets his cock sucked by Spencer while Kris eats Spencer's ass - the gangbang has exploded out of control!


text:
Australian rules football
|Highest governing body
|AFL Commission
|Football, footy, Aussie rules
|First played
|May 1859 in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
|Registered players
|1,247,610 (2015)[1]
|Full contact
|Team members
|22 (18 onfield)
|Mixed gender
|Single (at senior level)
|Demonstration sport, 1956 Melbourne Olympics
Australian rules football, officially known as Australian football,[2] but also called Aussie rules, football or footy[3] (and in some regions marketed as AFL after the Australian Football League),[4] is a contact sport played between two teams of eighteen players on an oval-shaped field, often a modified cricket ground. The main way to score points is by kicking the oval-shaped ball between the two tall goal posts. The team with the highest score by the end of the match wins unless a draw is declared.[5]
During general play, players may position themselves anywhere on the field and use any part of their bodies to move the ball. The primary methods are kicking, handballing and running with the ball. There are rules on how the ball can be handled: for example, players running with the ball must intermittently bounce or touch it on the ground. Throwing the ball is not allowed and players must not get caught holding the ball. A distinctive feature of the game is the mark, where players anywhere on the field who catch a ball from a kick (with specific conditions) are awarded possession.[6] Possession of the ball is in dispute at all times except when a free kick or mark is paid. Players can tackle using their hands or use their whole body to obstruct opponents. Dangerous physical contact (such as pushing an opponent in the back), interference when marking and deliberately slowing the play are discouraged with free kicks, distance penalties or suspension for a certain number of matches, depending on the seriousness of the infringement. Frequent physical contests, spectacular marking, fast movement of both players and the ball and high scoring are the game's main attributes.
The sport's origins can be traced to football matches played in Melbourne, Victoria in 1858, inspired by English public school football games. Seeking to develop a game more suited to adults and Australian conditions, the Melbourne Football Club published the first laws of Australian football in May 1859, making it the oldest of the world's major football codes.[7][8]
Australian football has the highest spectator attendance of all sports in Australia,[9][10] while the Australian Football League (AFL), the sport's pre-eminent and only fully professional competition, is the nation's wealthiest sporting body.[11] It culminates in the annual AFL Grand Final, currently the highest attended club championship event in the world. The sport is also played at amateur level in many countries and in several variations. The game's rules are governed by the AFL Commission with the advice of the AFL's Laws of the Game Committee.
- 1 History
- 2 Laws of the game
- 3 Structure and competitions
- 4 Women's Australian football
- 5 Global reach
- 6 Cultural impact and popularity
- 7 Australian Football Hall of Fame
- 8 See also
- 9 References
- 10 Bibliography
- 11 External links
There is documented evidence of "foot-ball" being played sporadically in the Australian colonies in the first half of the 19th century. While the exact rules of these games are unknown, they were most likely forms of folk football, and share no causal link with Australian rules football.
In 1858, public schools in Melbourne, Victoria, are first recorded organising football games inspired by precedents at English public schools.[13] The earliest recorded match, held on 15 June of that year, was between Melbourne Grammar School and Scotch College on the St Kilda foreshore.[14][15]
On 10 July 1858, the Melbourne-based Bell's Life in Victoria and Sporting Chronicle published a letter by Tom Wills, captain of the Victoria cricket team, calling for the formation of a "foot-ball club" with a "code of laws" to keep cricketers fit during winter.[16] Born in Australia, Wills learnt a nascent form of rugby football whilst a pupil at Rugby School in England, and returned to his homeland a star athlete and cricketer. His letter is regarded by many historians as giving impetus for the development of a new code of football today known as Australian football.[17]
Two weeks after Wills' letter, his friend, cricketer Jerry Bryant, posted an advertisement for a scratch match at the Richmond Paddock adjoining the Melbourne Cricket Ground.[18] This was the first of several "kickabouts" held that year involving members of the Melbourne Cricket Club, including Wills, Bryant, W. J. Hammersley and J. B. Thompson. Trees were used as goalposts and play typically lasted an entire afternoon. Without an agreed upon code of laws, some players were guided by rules they had learned in the British Isles, "others by no rules at all".[19]
Another significant milestone in the sport's development was a match played under experimental rules between Melbourne Grammar School and Scotch College, held at the Richmond Paddock. This 40-a-side contest, umpired by Wills and Scotch College teacher John Macadam, began on 7 August and continued over two subsequent Saturdays, ending in a draw with each side kicking one goal.[20] It is commemorated with a statue outside the Melbourne Cricket Ground, and the two schools have competed annually ever since in the Cordner-Eggleston Cup, the world's oldest continuous football competition.[21]
The theory that Australian football was derived from Gaelic football emerged in the early 20th century, despite the fact that Australian football was codified almost 30 years before the Irish game.[22] There is no archival evidence in favour of a Gaelic origin, and the style of play shared between the two modern codes was evident in Australia long before the Irish game evolved in a similar direction.[23][24] Since the 1980s, the theory that Australian football comes from the Aboriginal game of Marn Grook has also gained attention.[25] It is claimed that Wills, growing up amongst Aborigines in Victoria, may have seen or played Marn Grook, and used elements from the game when formulating the laws of Australian football. This is purely speculative, and according to biographer Greg de Moore's research, Wills was "almost solely influenced by his experience at Rugby School".[26]
First rules[edit]
A loosely organised Melbourne side, captained by Wills, played against other football enthusiasts in the winter and spring of 1858.[27] The following year, on 14 May, the Melbourne Football Club officially came into being, making it one of the world's oldest football clubs. Three days later, Wills, Hammersley, Thompson and teacher Thomas H. Smith met near the MCG at the Parade Hotel, owned by Bryant, and drafted ten simple rules: "The Rules of the Melbourne Football Club". These are the laws from which Australian football evolved.[28] The document was signed by the rule-framers and three other club office bearers: Alex Bruce, T. Butterworth and J. Sewell.[29] The club's stated aim was to create a code that was suited to the hard playing surfaces around Melbourne, and to eliminate the roughest aspects of English school games—such as "hacking" (shin-kicking) in Rugby School football—to ensure that working men had less chance of being injured.[30] "The new code was as much a reaction against the school games as influenced by them", writes Mark Pennings.[31]
The rules were distributed throughout the colony; Thompson in particular did much to promote the new code in his capacity as a journalist.[32] Australian football's date of codification predates that of any other major football code, including soccer (codified in 1863) and rugby union (codified in 1871).
Early competition in Victoria[edit]
Following in Melbourne's footsteps, Castlemaine, Melbourne University and Geelong also formed football clubs in 1859. While many early teams from Melbourne and provincial Victoria participated in one-off matches, most had not yet formed clubs for regular competition.
The first Australian rules football trophy, the 1861 Challenge Cup, was won in 1862 under Melbourne's rules by University over Melbourne. The competition continued into the 1860s with the addition of other teams from Melbourne's suburbs. Two further competitions, the South Yarra Challenge Cup (which had evolved from the Caledonian Games) and "Second Twenties" were held in the 1860s and 1870s.
With input from other clubs, the Melbourne rules underwent several minor revisions in the early 1860s, thus establishing a uniform code known as "Victorian rules".[33] In 1866, the "first distinctively Victorian rule", the running bounce, was formalised at a meeting of club delegates chaired by H. C. A. Harrison,[34] an influential pioneer who started playing in 1859 at the invitation of Wills, his cousin.[35] Behind posts, introduced at this time, are believed to have come from Geelong. In 1869, a 100-minute time limit was used for the first time. Previous to this, winners were decided in a number of ways, but most commonly the first side to kick two goals.
The relationship with cricket primarily came out of co-existence and many of football's founders were cricketers. As a result, the sport shares some terminology (i.e. "umpires" and "boundary"). However cricket authorities did not initially allow football on their grounds and in the early years football was played primarily in parks. While football was allowed on the MCG as early as 1859, it was not regularly played there until the late 1870s when cricket authorities saw an opportunity to capitalise on the rapid growth of Australian football, and soon most grounds in Victoria expanded to accommodate the dual purpose—a situation that continues to this day.
Football matches between 1859 and 1899 were played in a 20-per-side format.
Spread to other colonies[edit]
As "Victorian rules" gained roots in other Australasian colonies—beginning with South Australia (1860), Tasmania (1864), Queensland (1866), and New Zealand (1871)—it came to be known as "Australian rules" or "Australasian rules". In 1877, the sport's first governing bodies, the South Australian Football Association (SAFA) and the Victorian Football Association (VFA), formed on 30 April and 17 May respectively. The game was introduced to New South Wales in 1877 and Western Australia in 1881, where it took hold during the colony's gold rushes.
By the 1880s, Australian football had become the prevailing football code in Australia's southern and western colonies, and experienced a period of dominance in Queensland,[36] where, like in areas of New South Wales, it struggled to thrive, largely due to the spread of rugby football, regional rivalries and the lack of strong local governing bodies. In the case of Sydney, denial of access to grounds, the influence of university headmasters from Britain who favoured rugby, and the loss of players to other codes inhibited the game's growth.
In 1879, the first intercolonial match took place in Melbourne between Victoria and South Australia, and clubs began touring the colonies. By this stage, the sport had become the first code of football to develop mass spectator appeal, with important matches drawing world record attendances for sports viewing.[37] New rules such as holding the ball led to a "golden era" of fast, long-kicking and high-marking football in the 1880s, a time which also saw the rise of professionalism, particularly in Western Australia and Victoria, and players such as George Coulthard achieve superstardom.[38] Australian football was now widely referred to as "the people's game".[38]
Emergence of the VFL[edit]
In 1896, delegates from the strongest and wealthiest VFA clubs—Carlton, Collingwood, Essendon, Fitzroy, Geelong, Melbourne, St Kilda and South Melbourne—met to form a breakaway professional competition and in 1897, the Victorian Football League (VFL) was born. The VFL's popularity grew rapidly and by 1925, with the addition of Hawthorn, Footscray and North Melbourne, had become the most prominent league in the country and would dominate many aspects of the sport.
Effects of the two world wars[edit]
Both World War I and World War II had a devastating effect on Australian football and on Australian sport in general. While scratch matches were played by Australian "diggers" in remote locations around the world, the game lost many of its great players to wartime service. Some clubs and competitions never fully recovered. Between 1914 and 1915, a proposed hybrid code of Australian football and rugby league, the predominant code of football in New South Wales and Queensland, was trialed without success.[39][40] World War I saw the game in New Zealand go into recess for three quarters of a century. In Queensland, the state league went into recess for the duration of the war. VFL club University left the league and went into recess due to severe casualties. The WAFL lost two clubs and the SANFL was suspended for one year in 1916 due to heavy club losses. The ANZAC Day clash is one example of how the war continues to be remembered in the football community.
Interstate football and the ANFC[edit]
The Australian National Football Council's primary role was to govern the game at national level to facilitate interstate representative and club competition.
The ANFC ran the Championship of Australia, the first national club competition, which commenced in 1888 and saw clubs from different states compete on an even playing field. During this time, the Port Adelaide won a record four national club championships. Although clubs from other states were at times invited, the final was almost always between the premiers from the two strongest state competitions of the time—South Australia and Victoria—and the majority of matches were played in Adelaide at the request of the SAFA/SAFL. The last match was played in 1976, with North Adelaide being the last non-Victorian winner in 1972. Between 1976 and 1987, the ANFC, and later the Australian Football Championships (AFC) ran a night series, which invited clubs and representative sides from around the country to participate in a knock-out tournament parallel to the premiership seasons, which Victorian sides still dominated.
With the lack of international competition, state representative matches were regarded with great importance. The Australian Football Council co-ordinated regular interstate carnivals, including the Australasian Football Jubilee, held in Melbourne in 1908 to celebrate the game's bicentenary.[41] Due in part to the VFL poaching talent from other states, Victoria dominated interstate matches for three quarters of a century. State of Origin rules, introduced in 1977, stipulated that rather than representing the state of their adopted club, players would return to play for the state they were first recruited in. This instantly broke Victoria's stranglehold over state titles and Western Australia and South Australia began to win more of their games against Victoria. Both New South Wales and Tasmania scored surprise victories at home against Victoria in 1990.
Towards a national competition[edit]
The term "Barassi Line", named after VFL star Ron Barassi, was coined by scholar Ian Turner in 1978 to describe the "fictitious geographical barrier" in Australia's footballing landscape, separating large parts of New South Wales and Queensland which predominately followed rugby from the rest of the country, where Australian football reigned.[42] This description prompted the first suggestions of regular interstate club competition and of establishing a national Australian football league.[43]
By 1971, the way the game was played had changed dramatically due to innovative coaching tactics, with the phasing out of many of the game's kicking styles and the increasing use of handball; while presentation was influenced by television.[44]
In 1982, in a move that heralded big changes within the sport, one of the original VFL clubs and now struggling, South Melbourne, relocated to Sydney and became known as the Sydney Swans. In the late 1980s, due to the poor financial standing of many of the Victorian clubs, the VFL pursued a more national competition. Two more non-Victorian clubs, West Coast and Brisbane, began playing in 1987. In their early years, the Sydney and Brisbane clubs struggled both on and off-field because the substantial TV revenues they generated by playing on a Sunday went to the VFL. To protect these revenues the VFL granted significant draft concessions and financial aid to keep them competitive. Each club was required to pay a licence fee which allowed the Victorian-based clubs to survive.
The VFL changed its name to the Australian Football League (AFL) for the 1990 season, and over the next decade, three non-Victorian clubs gained entry: Adelaide (1991), Fremantle (1995) and the SANFL's Port Adelaide (1997), the only pre-existing club outside Victoria to join the league. In 2011 and 2012 respectively, two new non-Victorian clubs were added to the competition: Gold Coast and Greater Western Sydney. The AFL, currently with 18 member clubs, is the sport's elite competition and most powerful body.
Following the emergence of the AFL, state leagues were quickly relegated to a second-tier status. The VFA merged with the former VFL reserves competition in 1998, adopting the VFL name. State of Origin also declined in importance, especially after an increasing number of player withdrawals. The AFL turned its focus to the annual International Rules Series against Ireland in 1998 before abolishing State of Origin the following year. State and territorial leagues still contest interstate matches.
Although a Tasmanian AFL Bid is ongoing, the AFL's focus has been on expanding into markets outside Australian football's traditional heartlands. The AFL regularly schedules pre-season exhibition matches in all Australian states and territories as part of the Regional Challenge. The AFL signaled further attempts at expansion in the 2010s by hosting home-and-away matches in New Zealand, followed by China.
Laws of the game[edit]
Both the ball and the field of play are oval in shape. No more than 18 players of each team are permitted to be on the field at any time.
Up to four interchange (reserve) players may be swapped for those on the field at any time during the game. In Australian rules terminology, these players wait for substitution "on the bench"—an area with a row of seats on the sideline. Players must interchange through a designated interchange "gate" with strict penalties for too many players from one team on the field. In addition, some leagues like the AFL have each team designate one player as a substitute who can be used to make a single permanent exchange of players during a game.
There is no offside rule nor are there set positions in the rules; unlike many other forms of football, players from both teams may disperse across the whole field before the start of play. However, a typical on-field structure consists of six forwards, six defenders or "backmen" and six midfielders, usually two wingmen, one centre and three followers, including a ruckman, ruck-rover and rover. Only four players from each team are allowed within the centre square (50 metres (55 yd)) at every centre bounce, which occurs at the commencement of each quarter, and to restart the game after a goal is scored. There are also other rules pertaining to allowed player positions during set plays (that is, after a mark or free kick) and during kick-ins following the scoring of a behind.
Match duration[edit]
A game consists of four quarters and a timekeeper officiates their duration. At the professional level, each quarter consist of 20 minutes of play, with the clock being stopped for instances such as scores, the ball going out of bounds or at the umpire's discretion, e.g. for serious injury. Lower grades of competition might employ shorter quarters of play. The umpire signals time-off to stop the clock for various reasons, such as the player in possession being tackled into stagnant play. Time resumes when the umpire signals time-on or when the ball is brought into play. Stoppages cause quarters extend approximately 5–10 minutes beyond the 20 minutes of play. 6 minutes of rest is allowed before the second and fourth quarters, and 20 minutes of rest is allowed at half-time.
The official game clock is available only to the timekeeper(s), and is not displayed to the players, umpires or spectators. The only public knowledge of game time is when the timekeeper sounds a siren at the start and end of each quarter. Coaching staff may monitor the game time themselves and convey information to players via on-field trainers or substitute players. Broadcasters usually display an approximation of the official game time for television audiences.
General play[edit]
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Games are officiated by umpires. Before the game, the winner of a coin toss determines which directions the teams will play to begin. Australian football begins after the first siren, when the umpire bounces the ball on the ground (or throws it into the air if the condition of the ground is poor), and the two ruckmen (typically the tallest players from each team) battle for the ball in the air on its way back down. This is known as the ball-up. Certain disputes during play may also be settled with a ball-up from the point of contention. If the ball ever goes out of bounds (beyond the oval boundary line around the edge of the field), a boundary umpire will stand with his back to the infield and return the ball into play with a throw-in, a high backwards toss back into the field of play.
The ball can be propelled in any direction by way of a foot, clenched fist (called a handball or handpass) or open-hand tap but it cannot be thrown under any circumstances. Once a player takes possession of the ball he must dispose of it by either kicking or handballing it. Any other method of disposal is illegal and will result in a free kick to the opposing team. This is usually called "incorrect disposal", "dropping the ball" or "throwing". If the ball is not in the possession of one player it can be moved on with any part of the body.
A player may run with the ball, but it must be bounced or touched on the ground at least once every 15 metres. Opposition players may bump or tackle the player to obtain the ball and, when tackled, the player must dispose of the ball cleanly or risk being penalised for holding the ball. The ball carrier may only be tackled between the shoulders and knees. If the opposition player forcefully contacts a player in the back while performing a tackle, the opposition player will be penalised for a push in the back. If the opposition tackles the player with possession below the knees (a low tackle or a trip) or above the shoulders (a high tackle), the team with possession of the football gets a free kick.
If a player takes possession of the ball that has travelled more than 15 metres (16 yd) from another player's kick, by way of a catch, it is claimed as a mark (meaning that the game stops while he prepares to kick from the point at which he marked). Alternatively, he may choose to "play on" forfeiting the set shot in the hope of pressing an advantage for his team (rather than allowing the opposition to reposition while he prepares for the free kick). Once a player has chosen to play on, normal play resumes and the player who took the mark is again able to be tackled.
There are different styles of kicking depending on how the ball is held in the hand. The most common style of kicking seen in today's game, principally because of its superior accuracy, is the drop punt, where the ball is dropped from the hands down, almost to the ground, to be kicked so that the ball rotates in a reverse end over end motion as it travels through the air. Other commonly used kicks are the torpedo punt (also known as the spiral, barrel, or screw punt), where the ball is held flatter at an angle across the body, which makes the ball spin around its long axis in the air, resulting in extra distance (similar to the traditional motion of an American football punt), and the checkside punt or "banana", kicked across the ball with the outside of the foot used to curve the ball (towards the right if kicked off the right foot) towards targets that are on an angle. There is also the "snap", which is almost the same as a checkside punt except that it is kicked off the inside of the foot and curves in the opposite direction. It is also possible to kick the ball so that it bounces along the ground. This is known as a "grubber". Grubbers can bounce in a straight line, or curve to the left or right.
Apart from free kicks, marks or when the ball is in the possession of an umpire for a ball up or throw in, the ball is always in dispute and any player from either side can take possession of the ball.
A goal, worth 6 points, is scored when the football is propelled through the goal posts at any height (including above the height of the posts) by way of a kick from the attacking team. It may fly through "on the full" (without touching the ground) or bounce through, but must not have been touched, on the way, by any player from either team. A goal cannot be scored from the foot of an opposition (defending) player.
A behind, worth 1 point, is scored when the ball passes between a goal post and a behind post at any height, or if the ball hits a goal post, or if any player sends the ball between the goal posts by touching it with any part of the body other than a foot. A behind is also awarded to the attacking team if the ball touches any part of an opposition player, including his foot, before passing between the goal posts. When an opposition player deliberately scores a behind for the attacking team (generally as a last resort, because of the risk of their scoring a goal) this is termed a rushed behind. Before the start of the 2009 season, there was no additional penalty imposed for rushing a behind, compared to any other behind. However, for the start of the 2009 season[45] a new rule was announced[46] awarding a free kick against any player who deliberately rushes a behind.
The goal umpire signals a goal with two hands pointed forward at elbow height, or a behind with one hand. The umpire then confirms the signal with the other goal umpire by waving flags above their heads.
The team that has scored the most points at the end of play wins the game. If the scores are level on points at the end of play, then the game is a draw; extra time applies only during finals matches in some competitions.
As an example of a score report, consider a match between Essendon and Melbourne with the former as the home team. Essendon's score of 11 goals and 14 behinds equates to 80 points. Melbourne's score of 10 goals and 7 behinds equates to a 67-point tally. Essendon wins the match by a margin of 13 points. Such a result would be written as:
And said:
- "Essendon, eleven-fourteen, eighty, defeated Melbourne ten-seven, sixty-seven".
Additionally, it can be said that:
- "Essendon defeated Melbourne by thirteen points".
The home team is typically listed first and the visiting side is listed second. The scoreline is written with respect to the home side.
For example, Port Adelaide won in successive weeks, once as the home side and once as the visiting side. These would be written out thus:
- "Port Adelaide 23.20 (158) defeated Essendon 8.14 (62)."[48]
- "West Coast 17.13 (115) defeated by Port Adelaide 18.10 (118)."[49]
Structure and competitions[edit]
The football season proper is from March to August (early autumn to late winter in Australia) with finals being held in September and October.[50] In the tropics, the game is sometimes played in the wet season (October to March).[51] Pre-season competitions in southern Australia usually begin in late February.
The AFL is recognised by the Australian Sports Commission as being the National Sporting Organisation for Australian Football.[52] There are also seven state/territory-based organisations in Australia, most of which are now either owned by or affiliated to the AFL.
Most of these hold annual semi-professional club competitions while the others oversee more than one league. Local semi-professional or amateur organisations and competitions are often affiliated to their state organisations.
The AFL is the de facto world governing body for Australian football. There are also a number of affiliated organisations governing amateur clubs and competitions around the world.[53]
For almost all Australian football club competitions the aim is to win the Premiership. The premiership is always decided by a finals series. The teams that occupy the highest positions on the ladder after the home-and-away season play off in a "semi-knockout" finals series, culminating in a single Grand Final match to determine the premiers. Typically between four and eight teams contest the finals series. The team which finishes first on the ladder after the home-and-away season is referred to as a "minor premier", but this usually holds little stand-alone significance, other than receiving a better draw in the finals.
Many suburban and amateur leagues have a sufficient number of teams to be played across several tiered divisions, with promotion of the lower division premiers and relegation of the upper division's last placed team at the end of each year. At present, none of the top level national or state level leagues in Australia are large enough to warrant this structure.
Women's Australian football[edit]
The level of interest shown by women in Australian football is considered unique among the world's football codes.[54] It was the case in the 19th-century, as it is in modern times, that women made up approximately half of crowds at Australian football matches—a far greater proportion than soccer and the two rugby codes.[55] This has been attributed in part to the egalitarian character of Australian football's origins in public parks where women could mingle freely and support the game in various ways.[56]
In 2015, over 280,000 females played in organised games across Australia.[1] The AFL Women's National Championships is women's football's state of origin competition. On the back of the inaugural AFL Women's Draft in 2013 and a series of exhibition matches at the MCG, the AFL stated that, by 2020, it would like to establish AFL Women's, a semi-professional, nationally televised women's league.[57] A surge in viewing interest and participation in women's football prompted the AFL to push the founding date of the competition to 2017.[58]
Global reach[edit]
Australian football is played at an amateur level in various countries throughout the world. Twenty countries participated in the Euro Cup and 23 countries have participated in the International Cup with both competitions prohibiting Australian players. Over 20 countries have either affiliation or working agreements with the AFL.[59] There have been many VFL/AFL players who were born outside Australia, an increasing number of which have been recruited through initiatives such as the Irish experiment and more recently, international scholarship programs.
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the game spread with the Australian diaspora to areas such as New Zealand and South Africa; however this growth went into rapid decline following World War I. After World War II, the sport experienced a small amount of growth in the Pacific region, particularly in Nauru, where Australian football is the national sport, as well as Papua New Guinea and New Zealand.[60]
Most of the current amateur clubs and leagues in existence have developed since the 1980s, when leagues began to be established in North America, Europe and Asia. The sport developed a cult following in the United States when matches were broadcast on ESPN in the late 1980s.[61] As the size of the Australian diaspora has increased, so has the number of clubs outside Australia. This expansion has been further aided by multiculturalism and assisted by exhibition matches as well as exposure generated through players who have converted to and from other football codes. In Papua New Guinea, New Zealand, South Africa, Canada, and the United States there are many thousands of players.
A fan of the sport since attending school in Geelong, Prince Charles is the Patron of AFL Europe. In 2013, participation across AFL Europe's 21 member nations was more than 5,000 players, the majority of which are European nationals rather than Australian expats.[62] The sport also has a growing presence in India.[63]
The AFL became the de facto governing body when it pushed for the closure of the International Australian Football Council in 2002. The Australian Football International Cup, held triennially in Melbourne since 2002, is the highest level of international competition.
International rules football[edit]
The similarities between Australian football and the Irish sport of Gaelic football have allowed for the creation of a hybrid code known as international rules football. The first international rules matches were contested in Ireland during the 1967 Australian Football World Tour. Since then, various sets of compromise rules have been trialed, and in 1984 the International Rules Series commenced with national representative sides selected by Australia's state leagues (later by the AFL) and the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA). The competition became an annual event in 1998, but was postponed indefinitely in 2007 when the GAA pulled out due to Australia's severe and aggressive style of play.[64] It resumed in Australia in 2008 under new rules to protect the player with the ball.
Cultural impact and popularity[edit]
Australian football is a sport rich in tradition and Australian cultural references, especially surrounding the rituals of gameday for players, officials and supporters.
Australian football has been an inspiration for writers and poets including Manning Clarke, Bruce Dawe and Philip Hodgins.[65] Paintings by Arthur Streeton (The National Game, 1889) and Sidney Nolan (Footballer, 1946) helped to establish Australian football as a serious subject for artists.[66] Many Aboriginal artists have explored the game, often fusing it with the mythology of their region.[67][68] Statues of Australian football identities can be found throughout the country. In cartooning, WEG's VFL/AFL premiership posters—inaugurated in 1954—have achieved iconic status among Australian football fans.[69] Dance sequences based on Australian football feature heavily in Robert Helpmann's 1964 ballet The Display, his first and most famous work for the Australian Ballet.[70] The game has also inspired well-known plays such as And the Big Men Fly (1963) by Alan Hopgood and David Williamson's The Club (1977), which was adapted into a 1980 film, directed by Bruce Beresford. Mike Brady's 1979 hit "Up There Cazaly" is considered an Australian football anthem, and references to the sport can be found in works by popular musicians, from singer-songwriter Paul Kelly to the alternative rock band TISM.[71] Many Australian football video games have been released, most notably the AFL series.
Australian football has attracted more overall interest among Australians (as measured by the Sweeney Sports report) than any other football code, and, when compared with all sports throughout the nation, has consistently ranked first in the winter reports, and most recently third behind cricket and swimming in summer.[72][73] Over 875,000 fans were paying members of AFL clubs in 2016, which is equal to one in every 28 Australians.[74]
In 2006, 615,549 registered participants played Australian football in Australia.[75] Participation increased 7.84% between 2005 and 2006.[75] The Australian Sports Commission statistics show a 64% increase in the total number of participants over the 10-year period between 2001 and 2010.[76] In 2008 there were 35,000 people in 32 countries playing in structured competitions of Australian football outside of Australia.[77]
Many related games have emerged from Australian football, mainly with variations of contact to encourage greater participation. These include kick-to-kick (and its variants end-to-end footy and marks up), Auskick, rec footy, 9-a-side footy, masters Australian football, handball and longest-kick competitions. Players outside of Australia sometimes engage in related games adapted to available fields, like metro footy (played on gridiron fields) and Samoa rules (played on rugby fields).
Australian Football Hall of Fame[edit]
For the centenary of the VFL/AFL in 1996, the Australian Football Hall of Fame was established. In that year 136 identities were inducted, including 100 players, 10 coaches, 10 umpires, 10 administrators and six media representatives.[78]
The elite Legend status was bestowed on 12 members of the Hall of Fame in 1996: Ron Barassi, Haydn Bunton Sr., Roy Cazaly, John Coleman, Jack Dyer, Polly Farmer, Leigh Matthews, John Nicholls, Bob Pratt, Dick Reynolds, Bob Skilton and Ted Whitten.
The following thirteen members have been promoted to the status of "Legend" since 1996: Ian Stewart (1997), Gordon Coventry (1998), Peter Hudson (1999), Kevin Bartlett (2000), Barrie Robran (2001), Bill Hutchison (2003), Jock McHale (2005), Darrel Baldock (2006), Norm Smith (2007), Alex Jesaulenko (2008),[79] Kevin Murray (2010),[80] Barry Cable (2012),[81] and Tony Lockett (2015).
See also[edit]
- Australian football at the 1956 Summer Olympics
- Australian rules football attendance records
- Australian rules football positions
- List of Australian rules football clubs
- List of Australian rules football terms
- ^ a b c Phelan, Jennifer (13 October 2015). "Women's participation soars in 2015", AFL. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
- ^ "About the AFL: Australian Football (Official title of the code)". Australian Football League. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
- ^ "History website". Footy.com.au. Archived from the original on 19 February 2010. Retrieved 19 February 2010.
- ^ Connolly, Rohan (22 March 2012). "Name of the game is up in the air in NSW". The Age. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
- ^ In some special situations such as Grand Finals or other knockout tournaments, if the score is tied, either extra time or a rematch the following week is required to get a result.
- ^ 2012 Laws of the game Section 14, page 45
- ^ History Official Website of the Australian Football League
- ^ Wendy Lewis, Simon Balderstone and John Bowan (2006). Events That Shaped Australia. New Holland. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-74110-492-9.
- ^ "4174.0 – Sports Attendance, Australia, April 1999". Abs.gov.au. Retrieved 19 February 2010.
- ^ "4174.0 – Sports Attendance, Australia, 2005–06". Abs.gov.au. Archived from the original on 14 March 2010. Retrieved 19 February 2010.
- ^ "The richest codes in world sport: Forget the medals, these sports are chasing the gold" (8 May 2014). Courier Mail. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
- ^ First Australian Rules Game, Monument Australia. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
- ^ Pennings 2012, p. 8.
- ^ "St Kilda Historical Society Aug–Sep 2008." (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 February 2012. Retrieved 19 February 2010.
- ^ The Melbourne Book – A History of Now. Published 2003. Hardie Grant Books. South Yarra. ISBN 1-74066-049-8. pg. 182
- ^ de Moore 2011, pp. 86–87.
- ^ Blainey 2010, pp. 19–22.
- ^ Pennings 2012, p. 14.
- ^ Blainey 2010, pp. 23–26.
- ^ Ken Piesse (1995). The Complete Guide to Australian Football. Pan Macmillan Australia. ISBN 0-330-35712-3. p303.
- ^ Paproth, Daniel (4 June 2012). "The oldest of school rivals". The Weekly Review Stonnington. Retrieved 19 June 2013.
- ^ Collins, Tony (2011). "Chapter 1: National Myths, Imperial Pasts and the Origins of Australian Rules Football". In Wagg, Stephen. Myths and Milestones in the History of Sport. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 14. ISBN 0-230-24125-5.
- ^ Blainey 2010, pp. 187–196.
- ^ Hibbins & Ruddell 2009, p. 8.
- ^ Flanagan, Martin (22 May 2011). "Searching for marngrook". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
- ^ de Moore 2011, pp. 322–323.
- ^ Pennings 2011, p. 15.
- ^ Pennings 2012, p. 11.
- ^ Pennings 2012, p. 19.
- ^ Hibbins & Ruddell, pp. 14–15.
- ^ Pennings 2011, p. 9.
- ^ Hibbins & Ruddell 2009, p. 7.
- ^ Hibbins & Ruddell 2009, pp. 18–20.
- ^ Hibbins & Ruddell 2009, pp. 22–23.
- ^ Coventry 2015, pp. 16–17, 20.
- ^ Pramberg, Bernie (15 June 2015). "Love of the Game: Aussie rules a dominant sport in early Queensland", The Courier-Mail. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
- ^ Blainey 2010, pp. 107–108.
- ^ a b Pennings 2013.
- ^ "Football in Australia". Evening Post, Volume LXXXVIII, Issue 122,. New Zealand. 19 November 1914. p. 8. Retrieved 3 December 2009.
- ^ "Football amalgamation". Evening Post, Volume LXXXIX, Issue 27. New Zealand. 2 February 1915. p. 8. Retrieved 3 December 2009.
- ^ "A False Dawn". AustralianFootball.com. 20 August 1908. Retrieved 19 February 2010.
- ^ Marshall, Konrad (26 February 2016). "Where do rugby codes' strongholds turn to rules? At the 'Barassi Line', of course...", The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
- ^ Referenced in Hutchinson, Garrie (1983). The Great Australian Book of Football Stories. Melbourne: Currey O'Neil.
- ^ WICKS, B. M. Whatever Happened to Australian Rules? Hobart, Tasmania, Libra Books. 1980, First Edition. (ISBN 0-909619-06-9)
- ^ AFL rules on deliberate rushed behinds
- ^ All clear for rushed behind rule | Herald Sun
- ^ "Essendon v Melbourne". AFL Tables. 2 April 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2016.
- ^ http://www.footywire.com/afl/footy/ft_match_statistics?mid=1845
- ^ http://www.footywire.com/afl/footy/ft_match_statistics?mid=1851
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ "Bombers soaring on the Tiwi Islands". worldfootynews.com. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
- ^ "Australian Institute of Sport – Australian football". Ais.org.au. Retrieved 19 February 2010.
- ^ "International – Official Website of the Australian Football League". Afl.com.au. Retrieved 19 February 2010.
- ^ Flanagan, Martin (12 March 2011). "Balance a key to great game", The Age. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
- ^ Hess, Rob (2000). "'Ladies are Specially Invited': Women in the Culture of Australian Rules Football". In Mangan, J. A.; Nauright, John. Sport in Australasian Society: Past and Present. Psychology Press. pp. 111–141. ISBN 978-0-7146506-0-9.
- ^ Browne, Ashley (2008). "For Women, Too". In Weston, James. The Australian Game of Football: Since 1858. Geoff Slattery Publishing. pp. 253–259. ISBN 978-0-9803466-6-4.
- ^ Lane, Samantha (27 March 2013). "AFL sees the light on women's footy", The Age. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
- ^ "160 years on, women's Aussie Rules league gets the nod" (20 April 2016), Daily Mail Australia. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
- ^ AFL International Development Archived 21 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine.‹The template Wayback is being considered for merging.›
- ^ Roffey, Chelsea (30 July 2008). "Team Profile: Nauru Chiefs". Afl.com.au. Retrieved 19 February 2010.
- ^ Delaney, Tim; Madigan, Tim (2009). The Sociology of Sports: An Introduction. McFarland. pp. 284–285. ISBN 078645315X.
- ^ "The Prince of Wales becomes Patron of AFL Europe". princeofwales.gov.uk. 25 October 2013. Retrieved 3 November 2012.
- ^ Rith Basu, Ayan Paul (2 November 2015). "Soccer city gets a taste of Aussie football". Retrieved 3 November 2015.
- ^ Haxton, Nance (3 January 2007). "Sounds of Summer: International Rules Series". PM, ABC Radio National. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
- ^ Alomes, Stephen (2007), "The Lie of the Ground: Aesthetics and Australian Football", Double Dialogues, Deakin University (8), ISSN 1447-9591, archived from the original on 2 June 2015
- ^ McAullife, Chris (1995). "Eyes on the Ball: Images of Australian Rules Football", Art & Australia (Vol 32 No 4), pp. 490–500
- ^ Heathcote, Christopher (August 2009). "Bush Football: The Kunoth Family", Art Monthly (Issue 222).
- ^ Angel, Anita (23 November 2009). "Looking at Art" Archived 23 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine.‹The template Wayback is being considered for merging.› , Charles Darwin University Art Collection & Art Gallery. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
- ^ Rielly, Stephen (30 December 2008). "Cartoonist William Ellis Green spoke to AFL tribe", The Australian. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
- ^ Douglas, Tim (30 August 2012). "Ballet's former glories show footy's left its mark", The Australian. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
- ^ Worrell, Shane (3 April 2010). "Modern footy not in tune", Bendigo Advertiser. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
- ^ Media Release, Sweeney Sport report for 2006–07 Archived 27 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine.‹The template Wayback is being considered for merging.›
- ^ Derriman, Philip (22 May 2003). "If you can kick it, Australia will watch it". The Sydney Morning Herald.
- ^ Bowen, Nick (25 August 2016). "The membership ladder: Hawks overtake Pies, Dons slide". AFL. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
- ^ a b Niall, Jake (20 June 2007). "More chase Sherrin than before". Real Footy. Archived from the original on 4 February 2009. Retrieved 19 February 2010.
- ^ "Participation in Exercise, Recreation and Sport Survey 2010 Annual Report" (PDF). pp. 34–35. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 October 2011.
- ^ Curtis, R. (11 May 2008). "Pacific nations bemoan AFL neglect". The Sunday Age (Melbourne).
- ^ "AFL Hall of Fame and Sensation". Getaway.ninemsn.com.au. Retrieved 19 February 2010.
- ^ "Legends – Official Website of the Australian Football League". Afl.com.au. Retrieved 19 February 2010.
- ^ "Murray a Legend, six inducted". afl.com.au. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
- ^ Green, Warwick (14 June 2012). "Barry Cable elevated to Legend status". Herald Sun. Retrieved 27 June 2012.
- Blainey, Geoffrey (2010). A Game of Our Own: The Origins of Australian Football. Black Inc. ISBN 9781863954853.
- Coventry, James (2015). Time and Space: The Tactics That Shaped Australian Rules and the Players and Coaches Who Mastered Them. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-7333-3369-9.
- de Moore, Greg (2011). Tom Wills: First Wild Man of Australian Sport. Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-1-74237-598-4.
- Hess, Rob (2008). A National Game: The History of Australian Rules Football. Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-07089-3.
- Hibbins, Gillian; Mancini, Anne (1987). Running with the Ball: Football's Foster Father. Lynedoch Publications. ISBN 978-0-7316-0481-4.
- Hibbins, Gillian (2008). "Men of Purpose". In Weston, James. The Australian Game of Football: Since 1858. Geoff Slattery Publishing. pp. 31–45. ISBN 978-0-9803466-6-4.
- Hibbins, Gillian (2013). "The Cambridge Connection: The English Origins of Australian Football". In Mangan, J. A. The Cultural Bond: Sport, Empire, Society. Routledge. pp. 108–127. ISBN 9781135024376.
- Pennings, Mark (2012). Origins of Australian Football: Victoria's Early History: Volume 1: Amateur Heroes and the Rise of Clubs, 1858 to 1876. Connor Court Publishing Pty Ltd. ISBN 9781921421471.
- Hibbins, Gillian; Ruddell, Trevor (2009). ""A Code of Our Own": Celebrating 150 Years of the Rules of Australian Football" (PDF). The Yorker (39).
- Pennings, Mark (2013). "Fuschias, Pivots, Same Olds and Gorillas: The Early Years of Football in Victoria" (PDF). Tablet to Scoreboard. 1 (1).
External links[edit]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Australian rules football.
|Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Australian Rules Football.
- Australian Football League (AFL) official website
- Australian Football: Celebrating The History of the Great Australian Game
- Laws of Australian Football
- Australian Football explained in 17 languages – a publication from AFL.com.au
- Reading the Game - An Annotated Bibliography of Australian Rules Football


text:
Vittoria - Sondrio
Set close to the historic center of Sondrio, Hotel Vittoria features modern guestrooms with free Wi-Fi Internet access. Start your day with a rich breakfast buffet complete with homemade cakes, served between 7 AM and 11 AM.
The rooms have a private balcony and a range of modern comforts including a high-speed Internet connection and an LCD TV with satellite channels. The bar is open all day and is ideal for an afternoon tea, aperitif, or post-dinner cocktail.
The Vittoria hotel is well connected by the SS38 to Lake Como and Milan on one side and Wipp Valley (l'Alta Valle) on the other. It features free parking, complimentary wireless Internet connection, and 2 conference rooms which can hold up to 60 delegates.
Vittoria - Sondrio
Hotel Info: 1-877-214-4288from $82
- Double Room
- Single Room
- Double Room Single Use
- Triple Room
Also popular with travelers from the USA
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 40 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 5 floors
- Check-in time noon-midnight
- Check-out time is 11 AM
- Express check-in
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
Travelling with others
- Children (5 years old and younger) stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding
- No cribs (infant beds)
- Babysitting/childcare *
- Pets stay free (dogs only)
Extra people
- Roll-away beds available, charges may apply*
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Free WiFi in rooms
- Free train station pickup
- Free self parking
- Area shuttle *
In the hotel
- Free breakfast
- Bar/lounge
- 24-hour room service
- Bicycle rentals nearby
- Hiking/biking trails nearby
- Ski lessons available nearby
- Business center
- Number of meeting rooms - 2
- Conference space
- Meeting rooms
- 24-hour front desk
- Concierge services
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Laundry facilities
- Luggage storage
- Multilingual staff
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Elevator/lift
- ATM/banking
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Designated smoking areas
- In-room accessibility
In the room
- Air conditioning
- Minibar
- Coffee/tea maker
- Bathrobes
- Soundproofed rooms
- Balcony
- Private bathroom
- Shower only
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer
- Satellite TV channels
- Desk
- Free WiFi
- Phone
- Daily housekeeping
- In-room safe
Vittoria - Sondrio's small print
Also known as
- Vittoria Sondrio
All guests, including children, must be present at check-in and show their government-issued photo ID card or passport.
Cash transactions at this property cannot exceed EUR 2999.99, due to national regulations. For further details, please contact the property using information in the booking confirmation.
Mandatory fees
You'll be asked to pay the following charges at check in or check out:
- A tax is imposed by the city: EUR 2 per person, per night. This tax does not apply to children under 16 years of age.
Optional extras
Babysitting/childcare is available for an extra charge
Area shuttle service is offered for an extra charge
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.


text:
Brewster Rockit by Tim Rickard
- January 23, 2013
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Comments (20) (Please sign in to comment)
Hey that's still more than usual.
I guess the bio-meter's scale doesn't have negative numbers .
The numbers have to right. With Brewster's low intelligence, he must have a lot of curiosity. After all, nature abhors a vacuum.
With 2% Sincerity he should get out of Science and into Politics.
No, wait, in Politics that much Sincerity would be a liability.
Perhaps Religion.
Or he could be a lawyer … no … still too much sincerity.
And the right hand we don't see has crossed fingers.
"Science" falsely so-called needs a major reality check about how much sincerity it has compared to those it looks down on. On the whole it has no more and no less within its proper domain than does any other human institution. The common thread – human nature – remains the same. It simply expresses itself in different ways.
> on the whole, I mean to say, even what is really science in human hands has no more and no less sincerity…
Too late.
In spite of all the invective I'm going to receive from certain people, I think science requires just as must faith as religion
Only if you accept as fact (despite our being utterly unable to prove it through observation or experiment) that the universe operates according to consistent laws that work the same across all time and all space.
Of course, in Science we call that a "postulate"; only in religion is it called "faith."
I think Dr Mel broke it.
Dr. Mel can't go into politics or religion. Who ever heard of evil megalomaniac politicians or clerics?
@Alain Harper, @pcolli, etc:
Science is a "body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting previous knowledge".
It is a method. We use it to test. We let reality speak for itself. We use it to continuously update and correct our knowledge.
The scientific method is the reason you're able to read these words, sent from thousands of miles away, on an illuminated tablet.
See, I knew loads of people would tell me I was wrong – but I stand by my statement.
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With Instructables you can share what you make with the world, and tap into an ever-growing community of creative experts.
I wanted to investigate controlling the digital outputs on a Arduino from a webpage so I decided to build a simple setup to Turn a LED on and ...
First off we need to configure the web server this is done by calling the Ethernet libraries, setting the Mac Address, IP Address and Server Port. then in ...
In the Void Loop we define client then check that the web server is connected and available the get it to display some HTML. The first lot checks ...
Now all that is left is to read the input from the HTML Form and turn the led on or off. When you select one of the radio ...
How to use Arduino Mega 2560 as Arduino ispby tsillen
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text:
Choir Accepting Applications for the 2016 Bachert Scholarship
Applications are now being accepted for the Coshocton Community Choir's 2016 Bachert Scholarship. Named for Barbara Bachert, one of the choir's most generous benefactors, the scholarship has been presented annually since 1988 to a Coshocton County high school senior or a current/former member of the Coshocton Community Choir to enable further musical study. The $1,000 scholarship is presented in honor of a retired county music teacher who has contributed to the cultural life of the Coshocton area. Applications may be obtained from local high school guidance counselors or for download here. The application form must be completed and received no later than April 15, 2016. Please send them to: The Coshocton Community Choir Scholarship Committee c/o The Presbyterian Church 142 N. Fourth St. Coshocton, Ohio 43812


text:
Consumer prices remain controlled
WASHINGTON - Consumer prices remained under control in July as the economy continued moderate expansion, a batch of reports showed Thursday.
"The data continues to paint a picture of an economy that is performing exceptionally well," said economist Chris Varvares of Macroeconomic Advisers in St. Louis. "Inflation is still very tame, with no sign of acceleration."
Financial markets tended to concur.
The inflation-sensitive bond market, which suffered four straight losses before climbing Wednesday, rose again Thursday. Yields on 30-year Treasury bonds, which move in the opposite direction of prices, fell to 6.55 percent from 6.62 percent late Wednesday.
The stock market continued its roller-coaster course of recent days. The Dow Jones average of industrial stocks climbed almost 70 points in the first minutes of trading, was down 60 points at midday and then bounced back in the final minutes to close up 13.71 at 7,942.03.
The Labor Department's Consumer Price Index rose a modest 0.2 percent in July, slightly more than the 0.1 percent recorded during the previous four months and the biggest advance since a 0.3 percent gain in February.
The Federal Reserve reported separately that the increase in industrial production slowed to a 0.2 percent rate in July after rising 0.3 percent a month earlier.
It said the pace was affected by a drop in motor vehicle production as automakers shut down for several weeks for their annual new-model retooling.
Regulator approved merger
WASHINGTON - Federal regulators approved the merger of Bell Atlantic and Nynex on Thursday, creating a local telephone colossus with 39 million phone lines from Maine to Virginia.
Approval by the Federal Communications Commission had been a foregone conclusion since the two regional Bell companies pledged July 19 to make it easier for rivals to compete in local phone markets.
The merger, valued at $23 billion when it was announced in April 1996, would create the second-biggest phone company behind AT&T Corp. The new company, to be called Bell Atlantic, will serve 13 states and the District of Columbia.
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