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Background Previous studies have demonstrated that the performance of a secondary task during walking alters gait.
Objective This study investigated the effects of task prioritization on walking in young and older adults to evaluate the "default" prioritization scheme used, the flexibility to alter prioritization and cortical resources allocated to gait and a secondary cognitive task, and any age-associated changes in these abilities.
Design A cross-sectional study that explicitly altered the focus of attention was used to investigate the effects of prioritization in young and older adults who were healthy.
Methods Gait speed and gait variability were evaluated in young adults (n=40) and older adults (n=17) who were healthy, both during usual walking and under 3 dual-task conditions: (1) no specific prioritization instructions, (2) prioritization of gait, and (3) prioritization of the cognitive task.
Results Young adults significantly increased gait speed in the gait prioritization condition compared with gait speed in the no-instruction condition; a similar tendency was seen in the older adults. Gait speed was reduced when priority was given to the cognitive task in both age groups; however, this effect was less dramatic in the older adults. In the young adults, prioritization of gait tended to have different effects on gait speed among both men and women. In the older adults, but not in the young adults, all dual-task conditions produced increased gait variability, whereas prioritization did not alter this gait feature.
Limitations The sample size and the relative homogeneity of the older adults could be considered as possible limitations of the study.
Conclusions Even among young adults, the effects of secondary, cognitive tasks on gait speed are strongly influenced by prioritization. This finding was less significant in the older adults, suggesting that there is an age-associated decline in the ability to flexibly allocate attention to gait. Somewhat surprisingly, when prioritization was not explicitly instructed, gait speed in both young and older adults most closely resembled that of the condition when they were instructed to focus attention on the cognitive task.
In the classic publications on gait,1,2 cognitive function is hardly mentioned. It is only in the last decade or so that we have come to realize the impact of cognitive function on the walking pattern. Gait is no longer considered to be an automatic, biomechanical task; instead, the role of cognitive function is increasingly acknowledged.3–5 In particular, 2 closely related cognitive domains—executive function and attention—evidently influence gait. It has been demonstrated that even young adults who are healthy walk slower when they are required to walk while performing another task.4,6–9 Older adults who are healthy and, to a greater extent, patients with neurological impairments (eg, Parkinson disease [PD], chronic stroke) not only slow down and increase double-limb support but also become less stable (ie, increasing gait variability).10–15 Although the mechanisms underlying these reactions to a dual task are not fully understood,16 assessment of dual-task abilities may provide important information on gait, its automaticity, and the risk for falls that might not be apparent during a routine examination.17
The simultaneous performance of 2 or more tasks may create a conflict and a need to determine which of the tasks receives priority, especially when information processing is limited.18,19 Bloem and colleagues10,20,21 reported that both young and older adults who are healthy spontaneously prioritize gait stability over success on the "secondary" cognitive task when no specific prioritization instruction or allocation of attention is given. This "posture-first" strategy, a concept originally introduced by Shumway-Cook et al in 1997,22 makes sense from an ecologic perspective, as it helps to prevent loss of balance. Interestingly, patients with PD apparently prioritize the cognitive task when they do not receive explicit instructions to prioritize gait, inadvertently increasing their risk for falling.21 A few studies have examined the effects of explicit instructions (also referred to as the "instructional set") or prioritization on gait and the ability to allocate attention to either the cognitive task or the motor task.23–25 These initial reports raise interesting questions about the influence of attention on dual-task performance and the ability to successfully manipulate attentional demands and shift focus to and from gait. Several unanswered questions remain, including whether all aspects of gait respond similarly to changes in attention and prioritization.
The main aims of the present study were: (1) to investigate the impact of explicit instructions of task prioritization on 2 different aspects of gait (ie, gait speed and gait variability); (2) to assess which prioritization condition (cognitive or gait) most closely resembles the default, no-priority instruction condition (ie, the spontaneous, self-selected strategy); (3) to evaluate the ability to change prioritization and allocation of cognitive resources during performance of a motor task (ie, gait) and a cognitive task (an ability likely related to executive function26,27 and flexibility in attention allocation); and (4) to determine the effects of aging on these abilities. In secondary analyses, we explored the possible role of sex and executive function abilities on dual-task performance and prioritization effects.
Forty young adults who were healthy (20 women, 20 men; mean age [SD]=26.8 [1.6] years) and 17 older adults who were healthy (10 men, 7 women; mean age [SD]=72 [6.8] years) participated in this study. Young adults were included if they were between the ages of 20 and 30 years, were not taking any medications, and were free of acute or chronic disease. Elderly adults were recruited from the community and ongoing studies on older adults who are healthy. They were all between 60 and 90 years of age and able to walk independently without an assistive device. In addition, adults in both age groups were excluded if they had any orthopedic, neurological, or mental disturbances that might directly affect their gait or cognitive function.
After providing written informed consent, the participants performed a verbal fluency (VF) task in the seated position (ie, as a single task). They were asked to recall as many words as possible beginning with a predefined letter during 1 minute. This task later served as the cognitive "dual task" in all of the walking conditions. For each condition, a different letter was given; each letter was used only once per participant, randomized across conditions. The VF task was used previously in several dual-task studies28–31 and has been validated in Hebrew32 for equivalency of expected frequencies.
Walking protocol.
Participants were instructed to walk at their preferred pace on level ground in a well-lit, obstacle-free, 30-m-long corridor (turning at the end each time) for 1 minute under 4 conditions: (1) usual walking with no dual task, (2) while performing VF with no explicit instruction for prioritization of either task (no priority), (3) while instructed to prioritize the cognitive task (cognitive priority), and (4) while instructed to prioritize the gait task (gait priority). In the latter 2 conditions, participants were told to try to perform the prioritized task as if it were performed alone. Thus, in the gait priority condition, participants were asked to "concentrate mainly on the gait task" while performing the VF task and to walk as if they were not simultaneously performing a cognitive task (ie, usual walking). Similarly, during the cognitive priority condition, both tasks were performed, but participants were instructed to match their performance on the VF task to the sitting, single-task condition. Testing always started with a practice walk along the walking path, followed by the no-priority dual-task condition. The order of the other dual-task prioritization conditions was randomized.
Gait assessment.
An ambulatory recorder and footswitches, similar to those originally described by Perry,2 were used to quantify the temporal parameters of the gait cycle (ie, stride time and swing time). The system consisted of a pair of insoles* and a recording unit.† Each insole contained 4 footswitches that covered the surface of the sole and measured the vertical forces under the foot. The recording unit (11 × 7 × 3 cm, 230 gm) was carried on the waist. Measurements were sampled at a rate of 100 Hz, stored in a memory card during the walk, and later transferred to a personal computer for further analysis.
The following gait parameters were determined using previously described methods33,34: average stride time, average swing time (%), stride time variability, and swing time variability. Variability measures were quantified using the coefficient of variation (eg, stride time variability=100 × [standard deviation/average stride time]). In addition, average gait speed was determined by measuring the average time it took a participant to walk the middle 10 m of the 30-m corridor.
Cognitive tests.
In addition to the VF test performed by all participants while seated, several other tests were administered only to the older adult group. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment was used to obtain a general measure of cognitive function. This test was designed as a rapid screening instrument for mild cognitive dysfunction and dementia.35 It provides a composite score based on assessment of several cognitive domains: attention and concentration, executive functions, memory, language, visuo-constructional skills, conceptual thinking, calculations, and orientation. The total possible score is 30 points; a score of 26 or above is considered normal.
Because dual-task abilities have been related to executive function,36,37 several executive function tests were performed to assess their association with prioritization flexibility. The Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB)38 evaluates 6 aspects of executive function that have been related to frontal lobe function, using a simple battery: conceptualization, mental flexibility, motor programming, sensitivity to interference, inhibitory control, and environmental autonomy. The Trail Making Test (TMT)38–40 is a visuomotor timed task used routinely in clinical evaluations that assesses the dimensions of cognitive flexibility and executive function. The test consists of 2 parts: TMT, part A (TMT-A) and TMT, part B (TMT-B). The TMT-A is a relatively simple visual-scanning task that requires a person to draw a line connecting consecutive numbers from 1 to 25. The TMT-B adds a dimension of cognitive flexibility by requiring a person to draw a line connecting numbers and letters in an alternating sequence. Delta TMT (TMT-B – TMT-A) was calculated as well; this parameter more specifically reflects executive skills, adjusted for performance on the TMT-A.39
Data Analysis
To estimate the effect of the secondary tasks on gait, we applied the general linear model for repeated measures to assess main effects (ie, differences among the conditions) and interaction effects. We first compared the no-instruction dual-task condition with the baseline usual walking condition (within groups). We also estimated the effect of prioritization (ie, the instruction set) on gait to evaluate within-group differences among the 3 dual-task conditions (ie, no priority instructions, gait priority, cognitive priority). The dependent variable was the gait measure (eg, speed), and the independent variables were age group and the instructional set (ie, prioritization). If main effects were observed, post hoc analyses were performed using paired and unpaired t tests (with Bonferroni multiple testing correction adjustments to control for type I errors) to: (1) detect changes within the different conditions and (2) examine the role of age group and sex.
Similar analyses were applied to examine the change in performance of the VF task as a function of condition and group. In addition, dual-task costs were calculated for the gait priority and cognitive priority conditions for each of the dependent variables. For each measure, cost was calculated as: 100 × (the priority condition − the no-instruction condition)/the no-instruction condition. The total prioritization effect was calculated as the difference between the 2 costs (ie, gait priority cost − cognitive priority cost). Repeated measures were applied to evaluate within- and between-group differences of the dual-task costs and the total prioritization effect. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to test for associations between cognitive measures and these costs (deltas). The P values reported are based on 2-sided comparisons, with a value of P≤.05 considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software, version 15.0.‡
Table 1 summarizes the demographic and clinical characteristics of the study participants. For the older adult group, scores on the cognitive and balance tests were consistent with those of previous studies of older adults who were healthy.16,37 For example, the mean score (SD) on the Timed "Up & Go" Test was 8.6 (1.2) seconds, far below the 13.5-second threshold that indicates a high risk of falls.
Effects of a Dual Task and Instructions for Prioritization on Gait Speed
A significant effect of performance of a dual task on gait speed in the no-priority condition was found in both age groups. Gait speed was lower in the no-priority condition compared with usual walking with no dual task in both the young and older adults (P<.001) (Tab. 2 and Fig. 1A).
Prioritization effect.
When asked to prioritize gait, the young adults significantly increased their gait speed (P<.001). When asked to prioritize the cognitive task, gait speed decreased (P=.051), although this reduction tended to be smaller than the increase of speed in the gait prioritization condition (Tab. 3 and Fig. 1A). The older adults had a similar pattern of prioritization, although the magnitude of the effect tended to be smaller. Gait speed generally increased when the older adults were asked to prioritize gait (P=.052), and a nonsignificant decrease of speed was seen in the cognitive priority condition (P=.128).
Sex differences among the young adults.
Post hoc analysis revealed sex differences among the young adults for the prioritization effect (Fig. 2). Among the young women, gait speed while performing VF task in the cognitive priority condition was similar to that in the no-priority condition (P=.31). Conversely, when prioritizing gait, speed was significantly higher than in the no-priority or cognitive priority condition (P<.001) (Fig. 2). This effect was blunted in young men, whose gait speed in the gait priority condition was not significantly different from the no-priority condition. For men, gait speed tended to be lower in the cognitive priority condition than in the no-priority condition (P=.06). Nonetheless, the observed speed in the cognitive priority condition was significantly lower than the speed in the gait prioritization condition (P=.03) for both men and women. The interaction effect of sex × dual-task condition among the young adults was borderline significant (P=.057). Due to sample size limitations, we could not fully explore sex differences in the older adults.
Effects of a Dual Task and Prioritization on Gait Variability
In the young adults, performance of the VF task did not significantly affect stride time variability or swing time variability (Tab. 2 and Fig. 1B) in any of the conditions (P>.146). In contrast, in the older adults, VF task performance increased both measures of gait variability in all dual-task conditions (P<.01). Interestingly, this effect was not influenced by explicit instructions for gait or cognitive prioritization.
Effect of Prioritization on VF Task Performance
In both the young and older groups, VF task performance tended to change according to the prioritization instructions, as expected, but this change did not reach significance (Tab. 3). On average, only one additional word was generated during the cognitive priority condition.
Dual-task costs of prioritization conditions are summarized in Table 4. For gait speed, the gait priority effect tended to be 50% larger in the young adults compared with the older adults. For all measures, differences between the young and older adults were not statistically significant, perhaps due to the large within-group variability. Among the older adults, the cognitive measures assessed in the present study (ie, FAB, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, TMT-B, delta TMT, VF task) were not significantly correlated with the difference between gait speed in the no-priority condition and in the other 2 priority conditions (or the dual-task costs). That is, dual-task costs related to prioritization were not associated with these tests of executive or cognitive function in the older adults.
Consistent with earlier studies,7,37,41 we observed that performance of a dual task reduced gait speed in both young and older adults who were healthy when explicit instructions regarding prioritization were not given, further supporting the idea that cortical function influences gait. Previous studies also have demonstrated that when older adults or patients with PD focus attention on a cognitive task, rather than on walking, gait speed and stride length are reduced.25,42 The results of the present study further extend these findings to young adults who are healthy and show the effects of task prioritization on gait speed and variability as a function of age and sex. Our findings suggest that task prioritization tends to alter gait speed more in young adults than in older adults, whereas gait variability is affected by performance of a dual task only in older adults. Young women, more than young men, change their gait speed when asked to prioritize either task. Thus, in some sense, the young men who are healthy behave more like older adults than do young women who are healthy. Interestingly, the present findings also suggest that for both age groups, gait speed in the default, no-priority instruction condition is similar to that seen in the cognitive priority condition. Thus, the "posture-first" concept apparently does not apply equally to all aspects of walking.
In agreement with a previous study,23 our findings show that changes in gait speed in response to different instructions generally were smaller in the older adults, suggesting a reduced ability to prioritize and flexibly allocate attention among different tasks. An age-associated decline in mental flexibility39,43 could explain these findings. Somewhat surprisingly, however, changes in gait in response to the explicit instructions were not significantly related to any of the cognitive tests in the older adults. This finding is consistent with previously published results.23 Perhaps the small number of older adults or the nature of the group prevented us from observing the hypothesized associations.
Disparate findings were obtained for gait variability. The young adults were not affected by performance of a dual task or by prioritization. This finding further supports the idea that young adults who are healthy have the cognitive capacity to handle even the most challenging dual-task conditions without altering gait variability (ie, during cognitive prioritization, where presumably fewer resources are allocated to gait). Moreover, young adults have the ability to preserve and maintain the "posture-first" strategy even when the focus of attention is directed toward cognitive tasks. In contrast, the older adults significantly increased their gait variability in all dual-task conditions. However, prioritization did not have any specific effect on gait variability, which again might reflect a reduced flexibility to allocate attention to the prioritized task.
A possible explanation for the observed response among the young adults is that gait stability (represented by gait variability) always receives unconscious priority, despite competition for information processes. Alternatively, for young adults who are healthy, regulation of gait variability may be largely automatic or subcortical, and thus it might not depend on attentional resources or prioritization. In contrast, our findings suggest that aging curtails the ability to maintain the automatic "posture-first" strategy. This suggestion is consistent with the results of a previous study that examined the general effects of dual-task performance (without manipulation of the instructional set).20 It is important, nonetheless, to keep in mind that no participants fell at any time under any dual-task conditions. Although the propensity and predisposition to a fall apparently increased, as evidenced by the increased variability, all of the older adults maintained sufficient postural control to prevent a fall, perhaps by using compensatory mechanisms.
Effect of Sex on Dual Task and Prioritization
Compared with usual walking, all participants, men and women, reduced their gait speed when they performed a cognitive task (in the no-priority condition). Sex, however, apparently plays a role in task prioritization and its effect on gait speed in young adults who are healthy. It could be suggested that women are more flexible or that gait speed in men is less sensitive to the instructional set. Although sex effects have been reported during other dual-task activities, this is, to our knowledge, the first evidence of sex differences in dual-task effects on gait. Hancock et al44 compared the driving performance of men and women while responding to an in-vehicle phone. Women had significantly longer brake response times when distracted by the phone in comparison with men, and their stopping accuracy was dramatically reduced when distracted. However, women also had a faster brake response time and higher accuracy compared with men when tested without the distraction.
In the present study, we found that young men demonstrated less dramatic prioritization effects, especially in the gait prioritization condition, compared with young women. One possibility is that the young men were less adherent to the prioritization instructions (ie, less motivated) compared with the young women and, therefore, did not alter their gait speed. However, men (as well as women) showed a tendency of prioritization effects in the cognitive priority condition (P=.06), as well as changes in the performance of the cognitive task (see the VF task results in Tab. 2), so this motivation claim seems unlikely. Another possibility relates to dual-task abilities. In the gait priority condition, women could both increase their gait speed and perform the cognitive task on the same level as men, perhaps confirming the old myth that "women are better dual taskers." A third possibility is that the VF task was easier for women, leaving them more cognitive resources to devote to the prioritization effects. Some cognitive tests have different sex biases.45 However, previous studies and the present results did not demonstrate sex effects on a VF task in the seated position, supporting the rejection of this explanation. Nonetheless, in the future, it might be helpful to compare the effects of prioritization across sexes while also taking into account possible sex effects on the cognitive task.
For young adults who are healthy, prioritization probably does not have any clinical implications. We reason that the effect of prioritization is stronger in patient populations where gait or the cognitive task (or both) demand greater attention. This might be especially true in conditions such as when individuals may pay more attention to "outside distractors" than to gait. Based on this assumption, it might be appropriate to instruct patients to always prioritize gait to ensure safety and minimize fall risk.
Limitations and Further Research
This study had a number of limitations. The number of older adults studied was relatively small, and this factor may have affected some of the findings. Further studies should investigate the sex effect and age-associated changes in a larger and more heterogeneous sample, perhaps supplemented with more detailed cognitive testing. The manner in which instructions are phrased has an important role in the way individuals perceive the meaning of prioritization. The translation or understanding of instructions could be a determining factor in the performance of the task; women apparently translated the instructions into speed more than men did. Only one participant (male) asked for clarification of the instructions, mentioning that he never thinks about gait. Other studies phrased the instruction for prioritization slightly differently. Verghese et al,25 for example, asked the subjects to "pay attention to reciting alternate letters and not to concentrate on their walking." Different instructions likely create different effects, but subtle effects of nuance need to be further evaluated. As suggested, further studies should test the prioritization effect in patient populations with cognitive or motor impairments and in older adults with a broader spectrum of abilities and evaluate the implications of prioritization on gait and fall risk.
The trend of enhanced VF task performance while walking compared with performance of the task while seated also is of interest and raises questions for future investigations. There are at least 3 possible explanations for this trend: (1) a general practice effect, (2) a specific letter effect, and (3) a dual-task benefit. Regarding the practice effect, the literature generally suggests that use of alternate letters minimizes any practice effect.46 We examined this issue in another group of young subjects who performed a VF task several times with alternate letters. A practice effect was not observed. Still, we cannot completely rule out this possibility, because seated testing always came first. Regarding the letter effect, as mentioned above, the 3 letters used during walking were chosen based on a previous study that indicated that they have similar levels of difficulty.32 Another letter was used during sitting. Additional pilot data suggest that all of the letters used have the same difficulty level. Regarding the dual-task benefit, somewhat paradoxically, some studies have shown that performance of a dual task may enhance function, especially if the dual task is relatively easy and not demanding of much attention.47,48 In addition, exercise has been shown to improve cognitive function tasks under certain conditions.49 Thus, although unexpected, it is possible that the trend toward improved performance of the VF task was a result of the walking. In the present study, mean values of the VF task were similar across all walking conditions, supporting the idea that all letters had similar levels of difficulty and that there was no practice, letter, or dual-task performance effect with respect to prioritization. Nonetheless, the question of whether walking enhances VF remains to be studied more fully.
We have learned many things about the relationship between cognitive function and gait since classic works on gait analysis were written in the 1990s. The present findings demonstrate that the effects of prioritization and the instructional set on gait are feature specific (ie, variability differs from speed), that they may be sex-dependent, and that they are relatively preserved with healthy aging. We speculate that in certain patient groups (eg, poststroke or with other neurological conditions), the decreased ability to prioritize tasks during walking in response to the instruction set will be further impaired. (In this issue, Kizony et al50 begin to explore the relationship of dual-task performance and its effect on gait speed in people with stroke.) This lack of "mental flexibility" might have ramifications for the design of optimal rehabilitation programs, for the way in which therapists train patients, and perhaps for how we instruct patients to carry out their activities of daily living. However, many questions remain about these relationships and their clinical implications. We remain surprised and lacking a good explanation regarding the apparent increased sensitivity to prioritization instructions observed in the young women. We hope work over the next decades will give us new insight into these relationships and eventually lead to new ways of minimizing the effects of dual-task performance on gait and fall risk.
Dr Yogev-Seligmann, Dr Mirelman, Dr Dickstein, Dr Giladi, and Dr Hausdorff provided concept/idea/research design. Dr Yogev-Seligmann, Ms Rotem-Galili, Dr Mirelman, and Dr Hausdorff provided writing. Dr Yogev-Seligmann, Ms Rotem-Galili, and Dr Mirelman provided data collection and analysis. Dr Yogev-Seligmann and Dr Hausdorff provided project management. Dr Giladi provided fund procurement and institutional liaisons. Ms Rotem-Galili and Dr Giladi provided participants. Dr Giladi and Dr Hausdorff provided facilities/equipment. Dr Mirelman, Dr Dickstein, Dr Giladi, and Dr Hausdorff provided consultation (including review of manuscript before submission).
Portions of this work were presented at the International Congress of the International Society for Posture and Gait Research; June 21–25, 2009; Bologna, Italy.
This work was supported, in part, by the National Institute on Aging (grant AG14100).
↵* B&L Engineering, 1901 Carnegie Ave, Suite Q, Santa Ana, CA 92705.
↵† JAS Research Inc, 82 Horace Rd, Belmont, MA 02478.
↵‡ SPSS Inc, 233 S Wacker Dr, Chicago, IL 60606.
- Received February 12, 2009.
- Accepted September 18, 2009.
- © 2010 American Physical Therapy Association


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Richard Serra and Thomas Heatherwick are among the seven honored at WSJ. Magazine's fifth annual Innovator Awards last night at the Museum of Modern Art in New York. Serra, who earlier this year celebrated the completion of his second Qatari sculpture, was deemed 2015's "Art Innovator;" Heatherwick's "adaptive designs" landed him the title of "Design Innovator" of the year. Read on for a short interview with both winners.
WSJ Names Richard Serra and Thomas Heatherwick Innovators of the Year
Rem Koolhaas and Dasha Zhukova: "Art Partners" Reinventing Moscow's Garage Museum
Rem Koolhaas and art philanthropist Dasha Zhukova will be gracing the WSJ. Magazine's February cover as "art partners" embarking on a transformation that will turn a ruined Brezhnev-era Communist landmark - the Vremena Goda in Moscow's Gorky Park - into the Garage Museum of Contemporary Art's new home. "The building is basically a found object," said Koolhaas, regarding his "raw" design and intent to preserve the structure's decay. "We are embracing it as it is."
Sou Fujimoto Named WSJ's Architecture Innovator of the Year
The Wall Street Journal has named Sou Fujimoto the "Architecture Innovator of the Year." The 43-year-old Japanese architect, who first gained international acclaim in 2008 with the completion of the Hokkaido Children's Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation, has been lauded by the magazine for his "future primitive" structures that are, as Fujimoto's believes, creating opportunities to explore "more possibilities" for daily life.
"Fujimoto's goal isn't just to make spaces—the basic function of architecture—but to make people relate to spaces in new ways," stated WSJ author Fred Bernstein.
In response to Fujimoto's selection, WSJ has published a comprehensive article about Fujimoto's life and work. You can read the article, here.
WSJ Announces David Adjaye as 'Architecture Innovator' of 2013
The Wall Street Journal has announced David Adjaye as "Architecture Innovator" for 2013. The 47-year old Tanzanian-born and British-educated architect, whose current projects span from affordable housing apartments in Harlem to the African American History and Culture Museum in Washington D.C., "has the unique ability to speak to experiences and to people outside the norms of his profession," delivering his message across cultural boundaries.
WSJ names Wang Shu 'Innovator of the Year 2012'
The Wall Street Journal announced Wang Shu as architecture's "Innovator of the Year 2012", commending his "deceptively simple" vision that is "drafting a new architectural blueprint for his country". The 49-year-old Chinese architect, whose work has been described as China's "new regional style", is one of the most influential architects in what is becoming one of the most important countries in the world.
After founding Amateur Architecture Studio with his wife, Lu Wenyu, in 1997, the Pritzker Prize laureate has created a succession of acclaimed projects throughout China, from civic buildings to private homes to exhibition pavilions. Some of his most prominent works include the monumental Ningbo Museum of Art, constructed of locally salvaged materials, and the uniquely crafted Xiangshan Campus for the China Academy of Art. Both projects exhibit Shu's innovative balance between traditional and contemporary Chinese architecture that remains deeply rooted within it's context.

subset: commoncrawl


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Cheer Abs
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Emer O'Kelly: Pampered teachers and spoiled ESB workers disgrace legacy of lockout
In a democracy, the draconian way – such as banning strikes – can sometimes be the moral way
Published 08/12/2013 | 02:30
IT WAS interesting to hear Minister for Education Ruairi Quinn putting his head on the block in the Dail last week. He was taking question time on behalf of the Taoiseach, and offered more than a gleam of hope that the situation in the ESB concerning the workers' defined benefit/defined contribution outrage/spoiled tiff might be resolved before the D-day of December 16, when we are all dreading being plunged into freezing darkness for long hours each day.
Offering us hope might not seem like putting his head on the block, but then Quinn won't carry the can for the ESB strike if his measured optimism about resolution of the dispute turns out to have been unfounded. That will fall to his colleague Pat Rabbitte, the Minister for Energy. And it was Quinn's job to kick for touch on the day in question, possibly luckily for the Government, since Rabbitte has an arrogance almost guaranteed to exacerbate any delicate situation.
But on the same day, while wearing his own hat, and while members of the Asti (the secondary teachers' union) were in the midst of a ballot (their third) on the Haddington Road Agreement, Minister Quinn moved to stir the pot to the depths of the last lentil in dealing with its members. Their dispute could be described as every bit as esoteric as that of their fellow trades unionists in the ESB.
Asti originally balloted to turn down the terms of the Haddington Road Agreement. The agreement was accepted by the other teachers' unions. The Government went back to the table with Asti, and made concessions. That can't exactly have been popular with TUI and INTO members, but they swallowed it. Another Asti ballot. Another turndown. No Haddington Road ... not at any cost.
But the revised terms, which Asti members had just turned down, included overtime payment (if you work in the private sector, you may have forgotten the concept of overtime: you'll be more accustomed to three-day weeks, if you're lucky enough to have a job in the first place) for supervisory and substitution duties. (That means making sure that the little sweethearts don't wreck the joint at lunchtime, or standing in for a sick colleague.)
So the renegotiation, instigated by the rejection by Asti of the original terms of the agreement, now gave concessions to all teaching unions, including TUI and INTO, whose members had accepted the original terms. And guess what? The Asti members suddenly realised that being outside the agreement meant that they didn't qualify for those overtime payments.
So despite presumably having learned the rudiments of classical logic during their university years, they've been balloting again on strike action from the January term unless they get the payments they've already balloted to reject. Fiercely adult, isn't it?
And then along comes Ruairi, swinging his schoolbag like a good 'un, as I've said before in another situation. On the same day that he was hopeful about the ESB situation in the Dail, he issued a statement that the Cabinet had agreed that no more messing would be taken from Asti. From January 17, Asti members who refuse to do the duties specified for the special payments (they haven't been doing the duties for quite a while, but have still been paid) will no longer receive the payments. And the ballot currently under way among the Asti members is urging them to reject these draconian, rightwing, even inhuman requirements.
And if these teachers follow their union's advice and reject the ballot, two-thirds of second-level schools will be closed down, not for academic reasons, but because there's no one to patrol the lunchroom. And Quinn even had the impertinence to point out that some teachers may actually be fired as a result. Shock! Horror! A teacher in an Irish school being fired ... and only for gross public irresponsibility.
One almost expected Quinn to have sprouted horns as he stood in the Dail and tried to give us hope on the ESB dispute.
Obviously, thought the public service union activists, there is no understanding at government level, and certainly not from the Minister for Education, of the reality of human suffering. So why was the same minister offering us hope on the threatened ESB strike? Did he not understand that ESB workers, on an average wage of €60,000 a year, and with a guaranteed pension at the end of it (which is performing in these hard financial times far better than most other pension funds), are grovelling in the mire of destitution, their children wailing piteously at their mothers' empty breasts?
Did he not understand that Brendan Ogle, the man at the helm of the ESB group of unions, is a heroic figure frequently to be seen under cover of darkness scavenging rejects from the bins behind capitalist bakeries and delivering them at great personal risk to the houses of the starving and miserable?
No, he'd probably heard, as the rest of us had, what the heroic Ogle had said at a meeting of an extremist republican (ie nationalist) group. He said that the workers he represented, but whom he now claims publicly to be downtrodden and in dangerous financial jeopardy, were "spoiled". In the climate in which most of us live, it's the truest word he ever uttered.
When people are driven by ideology, human beings matter not at all to them. Ogle, speaking among friends and co-believers, described the men and women he is extremely well paid to represent as "spoiled". Publicly, he is representing them as victims of exploitation.
When people are driven by ideology, individuals are their pawns. Truth, in the old cliche, is the first casualty. And when ideology and greed take over, the ideologues triumph, because they have divided decent people and made them indifferent to their fellow human beings and their rights.
Strikes, in their essence, are fuelled by pickets. A hundred years ago, in dozens of countries, men and women, (some of them with babies at their breasts), were clubbed and maimed, some to death, to establish the right to strike for a living wage.
The Asti members, and the members of the ESB group of unions, would do well to reflect on that in this centenary year of the 1913 lockout, and not disgrace that solemn right. They might also reflect that in a democracy, the draconian way can sometimes be the moral way: such as passing laws which forbid workers in essential services (and that includes education) to strike. It would be a sad day in a country which claims to believe in the dignity of the individual. But it might become necessary.
Sunday Independent


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Food & Drink | DESSERT WATCH Sep 23, 2016
Mister Donut dresses doughnuts as Snoopy for Halloween
by Patrick ST. Michel
Halloween-themed desserts are starting to arrive in Japan. Mister Donut dressed up its doughnuts earlier than usual this year, introducing two whipped-cream-filled varieties shaped like the world's most famous beagle, Snoopy. These delicacies (¥183) come in two flavors: white chocolate and chestnut. The chocolate ...


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A selection of articles related to alabama political climate.
Original articles from our library related to the Alabama Political Climate. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Alabama Political Climate.
- Bringing it Down to Earth: A Fractal Approach
- 'Clouds are not spheres, mountains are not cones, coastlines are not circles, and bark is not smooth, nor does lightning travel in a straight line.' B. Mandelbrot W e want to think about the future - it's our nature. Unlike other creatures, humans possess an...
Mystic Sciences >> Astrology
- Survivalists' Guide for the New Millennium: Chapter 5
- WHERE I LAY MY HEAD IS HOME A foot and light-hearted I take to the open road, Healthy, free, and the world before me, The long brown path before me leading Wherever I choose. Henceforth I ask not for good fortune, I myself am good fortune, Henceforth I...
Philosophy >> Survivalists Guide for the New Millennium
- Manifesting World Enlightenment: Part 2
- When thoughts are replaced by silence in the mind, perception arises. It is a part of the modern condition wherein the mind of humanity is constantly overwhelmed, by a million considerations and thoughts. In acquiring silence, the mind is enabled to get out...
Mind >> World Mind
- Manifesting World Enlightenment: Part 4
- There can be no doubt that the world situation today is grave. It is becoming increasingly apparent that the institutions, governments, and traditional methods of society, have little effectiveness in solving a collective crisis of global proportions. In this...
Mind >> World Mind
- History of the Egyptian Religion, part I: Early Dynastic Period
- I - Predynastic - Early Dynastic Period. The temples were in essence the *Home of the God* and thus a place where only Pharaoh as the Son of God and those he appointed as his deputies, could meet with the god. This goes all the way back to Archaic and...
Religions >> Egyptian
Alabama Political Climate is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Alabama Political Climate books and related discussion.
Suggested News Resources
- Johnson: Love is key to fulfilling America's destiny
- C.T. Vivian, spoken in Selma, Alabama, in 1965.
- Trump Gear Is Causing Giggles and Threats
- Because of the strained political climate, though, some owners of these items — most featuring "MAGA," an acronym for "Make American Great Again" — don't feel confident sporting them.
- Alabama Senate race will test Donald Trump effect
- "That has proved very, very valuable to the state of Alabama," Champion said. Shelby also emphasized the anti-establishment portions of his record, an apparent acknowledgment of the current political climate. He said he'll oppose anyone President Obama ...
- An Evangelical Movement Takes On Climate Change
- By comparison, a September CBC poll showed that Canadians rank the environment second (out of 13) on their list of most important issues, ahead of education, jobs and foreign policy. And caring in the U.S.
Great care has been taken to prepare the information on this page. Elements of the content come from factual and lexical knowledge databases, realmagick.com library and third-party sources. We appreciate your suggestions and comments on further improvements of the site.
Alabama Political Climate Topics
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Kitsap jail expansion on track but $3 million over budget
Even as contract workers prepare to pour the second-story floor of the long-awaited but complicated Kitsap County jail expansion, officials are reporting the projects costs are up to $28.5 million a $3 million, or 12 percent, increase over earlier estimates.
Reaction to the overruns is mixed. Most county officials say that, while the increase is unanticipated, it is normal in a complex expansion project and the public should know about it.
Others are taking a harder line.
Were looking at what has created that (increase), item by item, said County Commissioner Jan Angel, who chairs key countywide emergency management and public safety boards. The money is there to support it, but thats not the point. The question is how did it happen and what do we do now to offset it.
At the start of the new year, Administrative Services Director William Nogle said the jail expansion project would cost about $25.5 million, to be paid out with a permanent one-tenth of 1 percent sales tax increase approved by voters in 1999.
But because of circumstances unforeseen by designers, the jails price tag went up. Nogle, assigned to manage the jail project, announced his resignation last month to pursue other interests.
County Project Manager Karen Ross is now overseeing the jail project.
An additional $1.9 million, which is a rough estimate, is required to tie the existing jail to the new expansion because of how construction phases are timed and security issues surrounding the existing jail.
There are some difficulties, said Kelly Roth, vice president of operations at JE Dunn, the construction management company working on the jail expansion. Its a harder project to do...because the work has to be sequenced and phased in such a way.
Another $300,000 is needed to account for the difficulties in preparing the site, which partially lies on an old ravine covered with fill. Special drilling equipment was required because of boulders entrenched in the ground. The geotechnical analysis completed for the county (not by JE Dunn) didnt detect the obstructions.
The underground ones were hardest to anticipate, Roth said.
And the City of Port Orchard wants the county to update and improve Taylor Street, which lies just to the south of the jail expansion. Those updates bring added costs.
Plus, a redesign of the jail roof is necessary so that it blends in better with the residential neighborhood. That change could cost another $150,000.
No one likes to see an unforeseen condition, Roth said. As far as permitting, it is not unusual for cities to require off-site improvements.
Yet even with the cost overruns and the complexities of the project, many county officials are of the same thinking that the county badly needs a new and expanded jail facility and that the revenue streams are there.
The one-tenth percent sales tax is generating enough to cover the unanticipated drilling and other costs associated with the renovation work, said County Administrator Malcolm Fleming.
County Commissioner Chris Endresen said the county also wanted to get a progress report out to the public on the jail.
We wanted people to know because its their jail, Endresen said. Its more than we thought it was...but its not unusual.
I think the county is doing real well, Roth said. This is an important job and its a big job for the county. I think they are managing it well.
Larry Bertholf, chief of corrections, said planners need to be flexible in projects like these.
When a building such as a jail is expanded, things happen that you dont anticipate, said Bertholf. Its different than just constructing a building from scratch.
Bertholf expects this expanded jail to be a first-rate, secure facility that will accommodate the growing countys needs for several decades. With its opening, law enforcement agencies wont have to worry about seeing the release of criminals shortly after their arrest because of jail overcrowding.
The county has faced jail overcrowding for many years. The current average prisoner count is 275 among 200 beds.
And work, though delayed by some bad, wet weather earlier in the year, is making progress. In January, county officials predicted the entire jail facility would be set to open by June 2003. That has been pushed to August 2003.
The current jail holds 200 beds. The expansion, which is set to be ready by next spring, will contain 310 beds. By August, the renovations on the existing jail should be complete, bringing the total bed count to 512.
The county expects to operate 390 of the 512 beds for the county and its cities by the end of August 2003, while the remainder could be opened up when additional revenue is secured.
Bertholf says he plans to contract beds out to other jurisdictions, most likely in the latter part of 2003.
The plan is to connect a 55,553-square-foot structure along the south side of the current jail. A separate, 8,000-square-foot county maintenance building has already been built at the southwest corner of the courthouse campus that replaced three older maintenance buildings.
The entire complex will share supervisors, maintenance crews, correctional staff members and kitchen crews and operate as one unit.
Concrete work, which accounts for about 90 percents of the materials making up the jail, is complete on the first floor. Electrical and plumbing installations and inspections are finished in the newly enlarged kitchen as well.
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text:
Curse Of The Currents chords by Said the Whale, added: December 18th, 2008
Profile History
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Curse of the Currents - Said the Whale
Tabbed by: pewpewguitar (Sean Andrea)
Email: email@example.com
Ok this is my 2nd tab, I just thought I'd give it a shot because it wasn't up here and
a good tune.
It's not 100% correct, but it sounds somewhat like what they play so here ya go. It's
a pick-then-strum song so just fiddle around with it and I'm sure you'll work it out.
Oh uh Capo on 3rd, but it sounds fine without one too. ENJOY
Am Em7 C F
Just fifteen miles from shore
Am Em7 C F
I lost the love that I had
Am Em7 C F
Slipped and fell into the cold
Am Em7 C F
Of the deep and the dark below
Am Em7 C F
Big wave, small boat
Am Em7 C F
We tipped, I froze
Am Em7 C F
My hands were ice, my feet were stone
Am Em7 C F
I could not throw the rope
E Am
I caught her eye as she dipped down with a wave
Am Em7 C F
I jumped in but I was too late
Am Em7 C F
Fighting with the currents of the Georgia Strait
Am Em7 C F
Fighting with the wind and the tide and the waves
Am Em7 C F
I lost my love that day
I touched her fingers as she breathed out my name
She smiled at me, I watched her fade away
To the deep and the dark of the underwave
To the Currents of the Georgia Strait
And here it's been ten years to the day
And here I'll sit for a hundred years and I'll wait
Till I see her smiling face
Come shining up through the waves
On the shore, in the rain I'll wait
Till I see my love again
I pray to God, I curse my luck, I question my faith
I curse my empty hearted fate
And I curse the wind and the tide and the waves
And I curse the currents of the Georgia Strait
Where I lost my love that day
Where I lost my heart
To the curse of the currents of the Georgia Strait
It's the curse of the currents of the Georgia Strait
great vancouver band. thanks for the chords.
Hey, I don't know how to edit tabs, so I'm just gonna comment here. Just for the chords, instead of playing an Em7, substitute it with a C/B, I believe that's closer to how it actually sounds. Although its up to you to decide which one sounds better! Sorry haha.


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plan your 2016 visit to filoli
The Garden is open by popular demand—
Plan Your Visit
Admission to Filoli allows visitors to explore the historic House and Garden at their leisure. Self-guided booklets and docents are available to answer questions. A 15–minute video on the history of Filoli runs continuously in the Visitor and Education Center.
Filoli's Tours and Facility Rental offerings have recently changed. Please consult these links for exciting new ways to experience Filoli.
Summer "Third Thursdays" — Filoli Stays Open Late
Thursdays, June 16, July 21, and August 18, 2016 Filoli is open until 7:30 pm.
The 2016 Season
Filoli's House and Garden are open to visitors in 2016 on Tuesdays through Sundays from Tuesday, February 9 through Sunday, October 23. Tuesday October 25 through Sunday, October 30 the Garden only is open to visitors.
Open only to Holiday Traditions ticket holders Friday evening, November 25 — Saturday afternoon, December 3.
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Please help us to preserve Filoli by following the below guidelines:
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The Idaho Meth Project will be taking its signature "Not Even Once Night" to the Parma Motor-Vu Saturday, August 24th.
The event, which begins at 8 pm, is free for teens and eight dollars for adults.
Representatives from the Idaho Meth Project, local Parma law enforcement and other local officials will be there.
The movies start at 9:15 and 10:55 pm.


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About Us
The Big Payback will be May 3rd for 24 hours, this is our biggest fund raiser. This link will take you directly to our page.
We will be at the Nashville Pet Expo at the Nashville Municipal Auditorium on August 13th & 14th, Admission is free! There will be many vendors, exhibitors, low cost vaccinations and microchipping plus fun things to do. Your furry friend is welcome, please see website http://nashvillepetexpo.com/ for more information.
Patches Place is a small rescue devoted to abandoned cats and kittens. All cats are tested for Feline Leukemia and FIV, spayed/neutered, wormed, vaccinated and microchipped prior to adoption.
We are open evenings and weekends, if you would like to visit please call in advance to ensure we will be available.


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Should you add some brawn to the sharp end of your vehicle, or leave it stock?Wandering In the Eastern Sierras: Part 1
We follow the Explore Desert crew as they tackle some of the Sierra's most beautiful terrainLa Aduana :: 2009 EarthRoamer XV-JP
The most unique and capable expedition camper ever made in North America is for sale!ARB Icons: The Shorty 40
ARB's ICON FJ-40 Toyota Land Cruiser heads for the Outback.Long Term Wrap Up: Salsa Beargrease with Lauf Carbonara Fork
My hyper light fatbike gets a funky front end and carbon fiber hoops.Overland Legends: The Series I Land Rover
Did you know the modern bicycle and the most iconic 4×4 of all time share the same flashpoint?
When I first received our TRX7 sample, it appeared to be a fine product with a design mission I could get behind. Aimed at the off-road enthusiast, that's me, I assumed it would have a few nice bells and whistles, but admit I didn't expect such a comprehensive navigational system. It's far more than just a dash-mounted GPS unit. Available in three different kits, all with the same main unit, our's arrived with a RAM dash mount for 4x4 users.… read more »Head to Head: Refrigerator or cooler
Every few months, with almost clockwork precision, a discussion pops up on the Expedition Portal forums pitting the virtues of the refrigerator against the time-tested ice chest. Which is better is not an easily answered question. As we tenuously approach a verdict, it is important that we understand everything we can about coolers and fridges. The modern cooler is produced in a multitude of variations using materials as basic as styrofoam to stainless steel and now rotary molded plastic. The… read more »La Aduana (sorta): 1957 Porsche 597 Jagdwagen
If you're a bonafide car guy you're well aware that Porsche prices have gone through the roof lately. Anything air-cooled in particular has exploded in popularity and vehicles not worth big bucks ten years ago, are now fetching eye watering sums. There are a handful of cars that are so rare, they have always been expensive and difficult to obtain. The Porsche 597 Jagdwagen or "Hunting Car," is certainly one of them. Made from 1955 through 1958 the Jadgwagen was… read more »Field Tested: Yeti's Brand New Hopper Flip 12
It was nearly two years ago when I loaded up Yeti's revolutionary new soft cooler, tossed it in the back of my vehicle, and headed for the red rocks of Moab. In the time since, that cooler, the Hopper 30, has earned a loyal following and by way of a steady stream of counterfeits, has proven it is a colossal success. My Hopper 30 has even supplanted my much-loved refrigerator as my weekend beverage hauler and has become a permanent… read more »Field Tested: Alpinestars Corozal Adventure Drystar Boot – Oiled
If you're an adventure motorcycle rider, I don't have to tell you how expensive good boots are. It's not hard to burn $500, but Alpinestars has just released a model that might redefine the value proposition. It is the Corozal Adventure. Several years ago I tested their price point boot, the Scout. It was a nice product, nothing too fancy, and at the time seemed like one of the best values on the market at $280. A couple of years… read more »American Overlander: Blue Ridge Chair Works Chair
I have only met the founder of Blue Ridge Chair Works, Alan Davis, a handful of times but every encounter not only makes me want to buy one of his handmade products, it gives me the sense that I should be outside––doing something fun. He has an infectious charisma, genuine passion for what he does, and I get the impression he could tell endless tales of a lifetime adventuring on the wild rivers of West Virginia. Alan's story, and that… read more »


text:
Beyond Social Movement Unionism
Bringing together weak unions and weak social movements isn't enough. We need a new kind of socialist party.
Bringing together weak unions and weak social movements isn't enough. We need a new kind of socialist party.
Worker ownership and cooperatives will not succeed by competing on capitalism's terms.
There's much talk of stagnation in the American economy. But radicals shouldn't assume capitalism is on its last […]
Naomi Klein rightly blames capitalism for climate change. But she doesn't go far enough.
Ending dues check-off will not reverse the labor movement's bureaucratization and conservatism.
Nine things to know about organizing in the belly of the beast.
Jane McAlevey challenges the Left to stop lamenting its disappointments in the working class and address our own […]
There was no crisis of profitability heading into the financial crisis and there is even more obviously no profitability […]
Workers need a functioning, relevant Left with feet both inside and outside unions.
How should we assess the 2008 economic crash — and the political possibilities beyond it?
If art is to engage the world as an active force, it needs to be both grounded in the world of everyday life and […]
The class war against workers demands a class response.
Sam Gindin was research director of the Canadian Auto Workers from 1974–2000 and is now an adjunct professor at York University in Toronto.


text:
realmagick.com The shrine of knowledge.
King James Bible: Colossians, Chapter 2
|Chapter 2
|For I would that ye knew what great conflict I have for you, and for them at Laodicea, and for as many as have not seen my face in the flesh;
|That their hearts might be comforted, being knit together in love, and unto all riches of the full assurance of understanding, to the acknowledgment of the mystery of God, and of the Father, and of Christ;
|In whom are hid all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge.
|And this I say, lest any man should beguile you with enticing words.
|For though I be absent in the flesh, yet am I with you in the spirit, joying and beholding your order, and the stedfastness of your faith in Christ.
|As ye have therefore received Christ Jesus the Lord, so walk ye in him:
|Rooted and built up in him, and stablished in the faith, as ye have been taught, abounding therein with thanksgiving.
|Beware lest any man spoil you through philosophy and vain deceit, after the tradition of men, after the rudiments of the world, and not after Christ.
|For in him dwelleth all the fulness of the Godhead bodily.
|And ye are complete in him, which is the head of all principality and power:
|In whom also ye are circumcised with the circumcision made without hands, in putting off the body of the sins of the flesh by the circumcision of Christ:
|Buried with him in baptism, wherein also ye are risen with him through the faith of the operation of God, who hath raised him from the dead.
|And you, being dead in your sins and the uncircumcision of your flesh, hath he quickened together with him, having forgiven you all trespasses;
|Blotting out the handwriting of ordinances that was against us, which was contrary to us, and took it out of the way, nailing it to his cross;
|And having spoiled principalities and powers, he made a show of them openly, triumphing over them in it.
|Let no man therefore judge you in meat, or in drink, or in respect of an holyday, or of the new moon, or of the sabbath days:
|Which are a shadow of things to come; but the body is of Christ.
|Let no man beguile you of your reward in a voluntary humility and worshipping of angels, intruding into those things which he hath not seen, vainly puffed up by his fleshly mind,
|And not holding the Head, from which all the body by joints and bands having nourishment ministered, and knit together, increaseth with the increase of God.
|Wherefore if ye be dead with Christ from the rudiments of the world, why, as though living in the world, are ye subject to ordinances,
|(Touch not; taste not; handle not;
|Which all are to perish with the using;) after the commandments and doctrines of men?
|Which things have indeed a show of wisdom in will worship, and humility, and neglecting of the body; not in any honour to the satisfying of the flesh.
Suggested News Resources
- Potential Schism Prompts Question: Do We Believe the Bible or Not?
- Jenkins tells the story of an African and American bishop in a Bible study.
- Celebrating the Season: Area clergy share special messages
- James E. Talmage once wrote: "It is a matter of history that, at or near the beginning of what has since come to be known as the Christian era, the Man Jesus, surnamed the Christ, was born in Bethlehem of Judea. ....
- The Vatican Is Wrong: Jews Do Need Jesus
- Significantly, it is this very verse, Romans 11:29, that inspires the title of the new document, yet it fails to understand what Paul meant when he wrote it.
- Compelling Historical Evidence for the Virgin Birth of Jesus Christ
- The beloved Methodist theologian, Adam Clarke, wrote in The Holy Bible Containing the Old and New Testaments with a Commentary and Critical Notes, "The seed of the woman is to come by the woman, and her alone without the concurrence of man.
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BRISTOL, Tenn. -- Kyle Busch caught a glimpse of the future, and it was in his rearview mirror coming to the final turn of Saturday's Jeff Foxworthy's Grit Chips 300 at Bristol Motor Speedway.
(See full results from the race)
"I'm 27 and I'm getting old," said Busch, after holding off 20-year-old Nationwide Series rookie Kyle Larson in a finish that no doubt aged him slightly.
Larson, making his fourth Nationwide start, trailed Busch by five car lengths with 10 laps to go but went high around lap traffic and traded paint with Busch as the two crossed the finish line .023 seconds apart, making it the second-closest finish ever at Bristol.
"I did everything I could to try to protect the momentum," Busch said. "A young kid like that, he's got a lot of talent. He's obviously made a name for himself. He was running hard, that's for sure. He brought a lot to the table today and brought his show to the fans. "
Coming to the finish line, Busch had a decision to make: Maintain the high line or go low around the lap car of Brad Teague.
"There were two thoughts," Busch said. "You don't ever want to give anyone the bottom for a cheap shot. Two, I ran the top in (Turns) 1 and 2 and gained so much ground on (Teague), I was afraid I was going to run into the back of him coming off Turn 4 -- or I slow down any little bit and it hurts my run. Then Larson might have enough speed on the bottom to beat me back to the line. Knowing that the start-finish line is only halfway down the straightaway, I just needed to lunge off the corner to make it."
Larson, from Elk Grove, Calif., was happy to see Busch go low.
"I tried a couple of moves on Kyle around the bottle and (my car) was just a little too tight off (the corner) to get back to the throttle," he said. "The last lap, I was pretty happy he went to the bottom to block a slide-job or whatever. It gave me one more shot to try to get around him and he left me just enough room to squeeze the outside. I just missed it by a couple of feet, but it was a lot of fun."
Driving the Cottonelle Chevrolet for Turner Scott Motorsports, Larson entered the race simply seeking a solid result after finishing no better than 13th in any of his first three starts.
"We'd kind of been digging ourselves a hole," he said.
Busch, who started 13th, noted that although Larson didn't win the race, he won a measure of respect.
"You certainly want to win races the right way," he said. "Coming up, running races in the Nationwide Series, Cup Series, I didn't win a lot, but the ones that I did -- there's a way of going about things. There's the way I did it and the way (Brad) Keselowski did it -- ruffling a lot of feathers.
"(Larson) played it smart today. That was good on his end. I think a lot of people have been looking at him to try to see whether he was going to be a wrecker or a checker. Today he didn't get the checker. That will come. If you're driving into the corner and driving into the back of me -- I'm going to be here for a while. ? He's not going to have fun dealing with me every week. Right now, I'm going to race him as hard as he raced me but just as clean as he raced me."
Busch, who made NASCAR history at Bristol in 2010 when he became the first driver to win all three national touring events in the same weekend, appears to be in the midst of another potentially dominant weekend. He will sit on the pole for Sunday's Food City 500 and also turned the fastest laps in both Sprint Cup practice sessions on Saturday.
But Larson turned what looked like a battle between Busch and veteran Kevin Harvick into a three-dog fight.
"I was catching them. I wasn't sure what I was going to do when I got to them," said Larson, who stayed on the gas as the two leaders battled their way through lap traffic.
Busch led 92 of the first 225 laps, however the run for the money began about Lap 230 when Busch and Harvick approached a five-car group of slower cars. It took nearly 10 laps for the lead duo to clear the pack and, by the time they did, Larson was applying pressure.
Harvick, who led 43 laps, elected to pit under caution with 32 laps remaining. Unable to match Busch's speed while running low on the track and slated to restart on the inside lane, Harvick elected to take four fresh tires. He restarted eighth and finished fifth.
Brian Vickers and Sam Hornish Jr. finished third and fourth. Hornish extended his series lead to 22 points over Justin Allgaier, the pole-sitter who led the first 62 laps but settled for eighth.


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AfricaShared publicly -
The Google Student Ambassador program is looking for applicants in Sub Saharan Africa. We're selecting university students from 12 African countries to teach fellow students how to use tools such as Apss for Education and YouTube for School. If you know anyone who is interested, eligible students can apply until March 1.
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Making It by Keith Robinson
- September 13, 2013
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might hit the movie studios while you're at it.
What are you trying to say. Not what I think, I hope.
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