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Chocolate cake and coffee buttercream come together in this cake worthy of any celebration. Topped with dark chocolate ganache, it's a guaranteed show-stopper.
Every year as my husband's birthday looms closer, I hand him a few of my cookbooks and tell him to pick out the cake he wants. I've had mixed success recreating his choices over the years— there was this incredible chocolate cola cake with toasted coconut and pecan icing, but there was also this failure of a chocolate peanut butter cake.
Thankfully, this year's creation goes in the huge success column.
Steve chose this stunning chocolate coffee layer cake with chocolate ganache from Baked Explorations, one of my favorite baking cookbooks. I don't know how I'd missed it before.
The cake is a simple and super moist chocolate sour cream cake. The coffee buttercream is a bit labor-intensive but well worth the effort— light, creamy and subtly scented with coffee. The ganache is the literal and proverbial icing on the cake, and it ties it all together beautifully and deliciously.
Heavy on the chocolate and light on the coffee, this cake will be loved by everyone, not just coffee lovers.
After dinner and a movie with my husband, we came home and sliced into the cake and oohed and ahhed through every bite. Birthday cake success!
A few notes about this recipe:
>> When making the cake, it's very important that you sufficiently cream the butter and sugars together before proceeding. It affects both the rise and texture. If you're not sure what you're looking for, check out my tutorial on The Creaming Method.
>> The buttercream recipe is a bit unusual at first glance, but it is actually a variation on Swiss or Italian Meringue Buttercream. Butter is whipped into a pseudo pastry cream, creating a frosting that is light and dreamlike.
>> The success of the buttercream is largely determined by the temperature of the butter. It should be at room temperature and soft enough that your finger will leave an imprint when pressed, but not so soft that your finger easily presses through it.
>> If the buttercream is liquidy after you've added all the butter, try chilling it in the fridge in 10 minute intervals to stiffen the butter. After 10 minutes, try beating it again. If necessary, chill for another 10 minutes.
>> To create the perfect drips of ganache down the sides, work with small amounts of ganache at a time. Use a small spoon to encourage it over the side in regular intervals (instead of just pouring a lot on and letting it drip down on its own).
>> For more tips and tricks on baking and icing a cake, see my tutorial on How to Build a Layer Cake.
- ¾ cup (65 grams) unsweetened cocoa powder
- ⅔ cup (150 grams) sour cream
- 1¼ cup (296 ml) hot coffee or water
- 2⅔ cup (320 grams) all-purpose flour
- 2 teaspoons baking powder
- 1 teaspoon baking soda
- ½ teaspoon salt
- 1¼ cup (280 grams) unsalted butter, at room temperature
- 1 cup (215 grams) brown sugar
- 1½ cups (300 grams) sugar
- 3 large eggs
- 1 tablespoon vanilla extract
- 1½ cup (300 grams) sugar
- ⅓ cup (40 grams) flour
- 1¼ cup (295 ml) whole milk
- ⅓ cup (80 ml) heavy cream
- 2 tablespoons instant espresso powder
- 1½ cups (340 grams) unsalted butter, at room temperature and cubed
- 1 tablespoon vanilla extract
- 8 ounces (227 grams) dark chocolate, chopped or use chips
- ¾ cup (170 grams) unsalted butter, cubed
- 1 tablespoon light corn syrup
- Preheat oven to 325 degrees F. Line two 8-inch round cake pans with parchment paper and grease with non-stick cooking spray or coat with butter and flour.
- In a medium bowl, whisk together the cocoa, sour cream and hot coffee or water until smooth. Set aside to cool.
- In a separate bowl, combine the flour, baking powder, baking soda, and salt.
- In the bowl of stand mixer fitted with a paddle attachment, beat the butter and sugars together on medium high speed until very light and creamy, scraping the bowl down as necessary, about 5-7 minutes. Add the eggs one at a time, mixing after each. Add the vanilla.
- Add the flour mixture in 3 additions, alternating with the cooled cocoa mixture, ending with the flour mixture. Mix until just combined. Divide the batter equally between the prepared cake pans.
- Bake, rotating halfway through. until the center of the the cakes bounce back when touched and a toothpick inserted into the center comes out with a few moist crumbs, about 40-45 minutes. Let cool in the pans for 10 minutes, then remove to a wire rack to cool completely.
- Whisk together the sugar, flour, milk, heavy cream and espresso powder in a medium saucepan. Set over medium heat and bring to a boil, stirring occasionally. Continue to cook, stirring constantly, until mixture is thickened, about 8-10 minutes.
- Pour mixture through a mesh strainer into the bowl of a stand mixer fitted with a paddle attachment. Beat on medium high speed until cooled to room temperature, about 10 minutes.
- Reduce the mixer speed to medium and add the cubed butter a tablespoon at a time, letting it become incorporated before adding the next tablespoon. Once all the butter has been added, add the vanilla and beat on high speed until buttercream is thick and creamy. If buttercream is too soft, chill in the fridge for 10 minutes, then try beating again.
- If desired, cut the cooled cake layers in half, creating 4 layers. Place the first cake layer on a cake stand or plate. Cover with ¾ cup of the buttercream and top with another cake layer. Repeat.
- Cover the layer cake with a thin layer of buttercream to create a crumb coat. Chill cake for 10 minutes to set, then cover with remaining buttercream. Chill for at least 30 minutes.
- Place the chopped chocolate, cubed butter, and corn syrup in a large heat-proof bowl set over a pan of barely simmering water. Stir as mixture melts. Once smooth, remove from heat and let cool for about 5 minutes.
- Pour about ½ cup of the ganache over the top of the chilled cake, spreading it just to the edge without letting it spill over the sides. Chill 5 minutes. Pour another ½-1 cup of the ganache over the cake, this time pushing it over the sides and letting it drip down. Let cake set for 30 minutes at room temperature or 10 minutes in the fridge before serving.
Recipe adapted from Baked Explorations.
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64 Responses to Chocolate Coffee Layer Cake
Becki's Whole Life says:
Wow, this looks absolutely decadent and that frosting looks so light and fluffy – love it. Chocolate and coffee is one of my favorite combos for a dessert!
Deborah says:
This is so gorgeous, Annalise!! It definitely looks perfect for a birthday.
I am loooooove with this! Dang!
I would be a very happy chappy if i had this for my birthday! Your husband is such a lucky guy for you to go to trouble of making this coffee choc delight.
Bruce says:
Another one I'm going to try soon.
Have mercy. Seriously, you are amazeballs!
This looks delicious and so pretty too! Pinned.
Sheila says:
Annalisa my birthday is December 24th I'd love this very cake. Thank you!;)
I make a similar sour cream chocolate cake that is HEAVEN! I often make it with peanut butter buttercream, but the coffee sounds absolutely amazing! Dying to try this!
This cake truly looks amazing! My family is a huge coffee lover except for me, so this cake will make all of us happy; me thanks to the chocolate part, and them thanks to the subtle coffee flavor!
Thanks Annalise! And Happy Birthday to your husband 🙂
xo, Elisa
Laura says:
Thinks looks amazing!! Could you check your recipe for the buttercream frosting? it's missing an ingredient, 1/3 cup of ??????. Thanks!! I'm looking forward to trying this!
Annalise says:
Ack! Thanks for catching my goof. I've fixed the recipe. (it's 1/3 cup flour)
Meagan @ A Zesty Bite says:
I have been waiting for this recipe. I fell in love with it on Instagram.
Annalise says:
Thanks Meagan! You'll have to let me know what you think if you give it a try!
You can't go wrong with chocolate and coffee, can you? I'm pinning this so I will have the recipe handy when the need for a special occasion cake arises!
Becky says:
Wow!!! It turned out incredible!! I love the tradition you have of letting him flip through cookbooks! I'm sure he will ask for this one again!!
What a beautiful cake! Perfect for celebrating a birthday!
What a beautiful birthday cake! I think the funest thing about having a birthday is choosing the cake.
Annalise says:
I completely agree!!
Heidi @foodiecrush says:
Ahem…SOMEBODY has a birthday next week and would really, really love this cake delivered to her door. Just sayin'. Gorgeous.
Katy Judy says:
Has anyone tried to print this yet? I have been unable after three trys to get page 2 to print. Printer is running but page doesn't print. Annoying.
Chels says:
WOW! What a cake! Completely beautiful and I cannot wait to make this for my husband too!
Meredith says:
Hi Annalise,
I don't see when to add the espresso powder for the buttercream. Will you please clarify when to add it? Thanks!
Annalise says:
Hi Meredith! Thank you for catching my omission and I'm sorry for the goof. You whisk the espresso powder with the flour, sugar, milk and cream before cooking the mixture. I've now fixed the recipe. Thanks!
Ashley says:
Just made this cake for my mother's birthday and it turned out absolutely delicious! Thank you so much for this wonderful recipe!!!
Bri says:
This cake is GOR-GEOUS! I cannot wait to make it. It is a stunner!
Elise says:
Made this for my husband's birthday this weekend, and it turned out as one of the most delicious and for sure the most beautiful cake I've ever made! Everything worked so well. Thank you for this recipe, and for your thorough instructions for us cake beginners!
Christine says:
I divided the mixture and after 45 mins it is no where near baked and has risen too much – what have a done wrong!!!!!
Annalise says:
The cake layers weren't baked after 45 minutes? Hmm, not sure what could have gone wrong. Have you double checked to see that you followed the recipe as written?
Melissa says:
I had too much batter for two 8″ pans (didn't use all the batter and they still overflowed during baking). I will try using 9 or 10 inch pans next time or use three 8 inch pans. Otherwise, it was outstanding.
Christine says:
@melissa I think I will use 9″ pans next time as well. I had extra batter as well?
Christine says:
But the cake turned out fantastic and was delicious!!!
Emma says:
Hi in your recipe you mention sugar and also brown sugar can you please specify which type of sugar and which type of brown sugar please .im thinking caster sugar and light brown sugar but want to check as I want my sisters birthday cake to be fab.
Annalise says:
Granulated sugar, and either light or dark brown sugar.
Najia says:
Do we need to moisten the cake with any syrup?
If yes, then how?
Annalise says:
Nope, there's no syrup in this recipe.
Najia says:
Thanks dear. Actually Nando s in Pakistan serves a similar cake which is very moist and quite irrestible .
Will definitely try and let u know.
Keep baking
Hannah says:
I made this cake for mother's day, it was a HUGE hit!! People couldn't believe that I didn't buy the cake. I have to say, it didn't look as beautiful as the cake pictured here, but it tasted great!
Annalise says:
So happy to hear that it turned out so well! Thanks for the comment!
Jem says:
Wow, this cake looks amazing! 🙂 i have been trying to find for a coffee cake for a really long time! My heart dropped when i saw the word '8inch pan' though. Am i able to use a 9 inch or 7 inch pan instead? What adjustments would i have to make?
Annalise says:
Yes, you can certainly use different sized pans. It will change the look of the cake (larger pans will make it shorter, smaller pans will make it taller because you'll need more of them) and you will need to adjust baking times. I'd just keep an eye on the cakes in the oven, and take them out when they appear domed and dry on top and the center bounces back when gently pressed. Hope this helps!
Jem says:
Thank you so much for your help! 🙂
Catherine says:
My husbands cousin made your cake for the Christmas party this year. I can still taste this cake!! It was awesome! I'm not a fan of chocolate cake at all, but everyone kept on and on about how good it was so I had to try it. WOW! I will be making one soon. Thanks for sharing your recipe! 🙂
Sarah says:
I see that you can freeze the Italian Merigue Buttercream. Would it be possible to freeze this icing as well? I'm making the cake for a Friday evening but won't have time that day to make it. My plans are to make it on the Sunday prior and assemble on Thursday. Should I freeze the cake and icing or will refrigeration be sufficient?
Annalise says:
Hi Sarah! Yes, most frostings will freeze just fine. Let it thaw in its container to room temperature, then beat until light and creamy. If there's only a few days between when you're making the frosting and assembling the cake, you could try just chilling it in the fridge.
Sarah says:
Thanks! This cake is amazing, it's my second time making it. I also love your clear, concise directions! Thanks so much!
ShariCooks says:
This cake is delicious, but very time consuming. If I could have made it inside the refrigerator, it would have been perfect. The butter cream is VERY hard to keep at the right cool/cold consistency. It melts quickly. You must keep everything cold. I used 2 9″ pans and had enough for 4 cupcakes left over. The amount of buttercream in the picture was much more than I had, so I'm glad I only did a 2 layer cake. I'm afraid that more than 2 layers would slide if the cake needed to be transported, as mine did, even a 20 min. trip. The butter cream is that slippery. I'd use a little less expresso powder in the butter cream, but if you love coffee, this is a very coffee-intense flavored cake. I assume the straining in step 8 is to remove some of the expresso powder, but I had nothing in my kitchen fine enough to do that, and what's the point, anyway? I really appreciated the mixer times mentioned. I'm sure I would not have mixed that long, but those times are right on! I'll make it again when I can take all afternoon and get the room cold!
Annalise says:
Thanks for the feedback Shari! I'm sorry you found the frosting problematic. It is a rather unusual frosting and does do better when it doesn't get too warm. I always frost my cakes straight from the fridge which helps keep things cold, and is probably why I didn't have any trouble with the cake layers sliding. Using cold cake layers is a step I do without thinking, but I'll add a note in the recipe to hopefully avoid any problems in the future.
The straining of the pastry cream in step 8 is to remove any lumps that may have formed while the mixture is cooking, making sure the frosting is silky smooth. Hope this helps!
Allison says:
My buttercream ended up more like a butter glaze, but after 6 hours in the fridge it turned out exactly like the one in the picture!
tonya yoder says:
In your tutorial on how to build a layered cake you mentioned changing the temp and baking time to make a level cake. Have you already done that to this recipe or do i need to change it yet?
Ree says:
You either over or under-cooked the flour mixture for the butter, or completely over-whipped the buttercream. The solid had begun to separate from the liquid which is why it doesn't look very appealing and probably didn't achieve the mouth feel their frosting's should. This has happened to me. Nonetheless, I'm sure the cake tasted good. =)
Anna says:
The recipe from baked explorations calls for three eight inch pans. Yours calls for two with the same amount of ingredients.
Annalise says:
You can use either 2 or 3 depending on desired end result. I decided to use only 2 because it's easier to assemble.
VSmith says:
On the buttercream….. Rather than being like Swiss or Italian Meringue the buttercream in the above recipe is actually a variation of Ermine icing or frosting. There are no egg whites in the above recipe so no meringue. I love the Ermine buttercreams and the German buttercreams as well. The Ermine buttercream is made with milk and or cream and is thickened like a pudding with flour that then has butter beat in and the German buttercream is a custard with milk and or cream and egg yolks with maybe a little cornstarch and then has butter beat in. Both are delicious!
Jeanne says:
How far ahead can I make each of the components in this cake? Can I assemble the cake the night before?
Annalise says:
Sure! You can make all the components several days in advance and assemble it 24 hours in advance and store in the fridge. Let come to room temperature 30-60 minutes before serving.
Joey says:
Hi, I love this recipe but have run into trouble with the coffee buttercream. It tastes heavenly but it's too thin. And when I put it in the fridge to chill after 10 mins it coagulates. Is it because it came too cold or how shall I thicken the mixture for frosting? Help pls!
Jay says:
Made this for a friends 40th bday last week and IT was a Huge success!! Your instructions were spot on regarding the frosting and it was easily the best looking and tasting cake I hv ever made!! Thanks!
Annalise says:
I'm so happy to hear the cake turned out so well and that you enjoyed it. Thanks for taking the time to leave a comment, Jay!
Jay says:
A Quick question.. Which would you recommend -Between this chocolate cake and your sour cream chocolate cake which is easier to make.. This cake was amazing so am wondering if the sour cream one matches in taste or is it better than this? Friends are asking me to make the coffee choc cake again!
Rachel says:
Cannot wait to make this for my husband's birthday in a couple weeks! Coffee and chocolate are his favorite things (well, and beer but that has no place near this beautiful cake). 2 questions:
1. Did you use light or dark brown sugar?
2. Trying to determine the ideal timing. Based on some of the comments I'm thinking best to make the cake a day ahead and chill so it's cold when I frost. Not an expert baker so need to give myself every possible advantage 🙂 Would you recommend making the buttercream the day of?
Annalise says:
Hi Rachel! You can use either light or dark brown sugar per your preference. I almost always use dark brown sugar as that's what I have stocked in my pantry. And you can bake the cake up to 3 days in advance and store it in the fridge, or up to 2 months in advance and store in freezer (double wrapped). I usually make all my cake layers at least 1 day in advance as it spreads out the workload and ensures my cake layers are cold when I build the cake. I usually make the frosting and assemble the cake the day I plan on serving it. Otherwise you have to bring the frosting to room temp after storing it in the fridge and re-whip it to get it creamy again, so I figure I might as well make it fresh. Hope this is at least a little helpful! Happy almost birthday to your hubby!
Rachel says:
Very helpful! Thanks so much!!
Rachel says:
Sorry, one more amateur question! Natural or Dutch process cocoa powder??
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about meHi, I'm Annalise and I love to bake! Welcome to my blog, where you'll find recipes, baking tips and tricks, and more.
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text:
Victor I. Tsetlin
D. sc. (chemistry), professor, corresponding member of the academy of sciences
Head of the Molecular Bases of Neurosignalization Department of the Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Awards & honors
- Winner of State Prize of USSR
- Alexander von Humboldt Prize winner
Selected publications
- (2015). Structural Insight into Specificity of Interactions between Nonconventional Three-finger Weak Toxin from Naja kaouthia (WTX) and Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 290 (39), 23616–30 [+]
Weak toxin from Naja kaouthia (WTX) belongs to the group of nonconventional "three-finger" snake neurotoxins. It irreversibly inhibits nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and allosterically interacts with muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs). Using site-directed mutagenesis, NMR spectroscopy, and computer modeling, we investigated the recombinant mutant WTX analogue (rWTX) which, compared with the native toxin, has an additional N-terminal methionine residue. In comparison with the wild-type toxin, rWTX demonstrated an altered pharmacological profile, decreased binding of orthosteric antagonist N-methylscopolamine to human M1- and M2-mAChRs, and increased antagonist binding to M3-mAChR. Positively charged arginine residues located in the flexible loop II were found to be crucial for rWTX interactions with all types of mAChR. Computer modeling suggested that the rWTX loop II protrudes to the M1-mAChR allosteric ligand-binding site blocking the entrance to the orthosteric site. In contrast, toxin interacts with M3-mAChR by loop II without penetration into the allosteric site. Data obtained provide new structural insight into the target-specific allosteric regulation of mAChRs by "three-finger" snake neurotoxins.ID:1394
- (2015). Rational design of new ligands for nicotinic receptors on the basis of α-conotoxin PnIA. Dokl. Biochem. Biophys. 461, 106–9 [+]
A variety of different subtypes of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and their involvement in a number of diseases and pathologies (Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, schizophrenia, myasthenia, nicotine addiction) dictates the needs in potent and selective ligands for each subtype. These ligands can be used as a tool for detection and characterization of the distinct nAChR subtypes, as well as be the basis for drug design. Novel cholinergic ligands can emerge in the result of search among natural sources or design (with the use of modern computer modeling) on the basis of known molecules. The significance of the first way was confirmed in our hands by the detection of affinities of a set of marine alkaloids from sponges and ascidians towards some receptor subtypes. The most active of them — makaluvamines — showed micromolar affinity for muscle and neuronal α7 nAChRs. Application of the recently presented Protein Surface Topography method to known natural antagonist of some neuronal nAChRs — α-conotoxin PnIA — resulted in design of new potent analogs with nanomolar affinities for α7 nAChR. Radioactive derivatives of these analogs were successfully applied in radioligand tests for characterization of novel compounds and could be perspective as well for detection of α7 nAChR in the various preparations. Combining these two ways (search and design) was demonstrated in the synthesis of small peptide compounds on the basis of discovered by us in venom of Burmese Viper linear peptide azemiopsin — powerful blocker of muscle-type nAChRs. Some designed peptides have retained a certain affinity to receptor and showed high practical potential: in the absence of toxicity they contributed to the reduction of facial wrinkles (patent application for cosmetic use RU2013102410; PCT/RU2014/000032).ID:1393
- (2014). Vietnamese Heterometrus laoticus scorpion venom: evidence for analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity and isolation of new polypeptide toxin acting on Kv1.3 potassium channel. Toxicon 77, 40–8 [+]
The scorpion Heterometrus laoticus (Scorpionidae) inhabits Indochinese peninsula and is widely distributed in South-West Vietnam. Since no human fatalities caused by H. laoticus stings were reported, no systematic characterization of the venom was earlier done. In this study we report on biological activity of the venom from H. laoticus caught in Vietnamese province An Giang. The venom manifested a very low acute toxicity with LD50 of about 190 mg/kg body weight in mice at subcutaneous (s.c.) injection and 12 mg/kg at intravenous injection. The venom analgesic effects using tail immersion and writhing tests as well as anti-inflammatory effect using carrageenan test were analyzed at doses of 9.5 and 19 mg/kg at s.c. injections. It was found that at two doses tested H. laoticus venom showed both anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity. The venom was fractionated by means of gel-filtration and reversed-phase HPLC. As a result several polypeptide toxins were isolated and new toxin hetlaxin was identified. Its amino acid sequence was determined and binding to the extracellular vestibule of the K⁺-conducting pore of Kv1.1 and Kv1.3 potassium channels was studied. Hetlaxin belongs to the scorpion alpha-toxin family and is the first toxin isolated from H. laoticus venom which possesses high affinity (K(i) 59 nM) to Kv1.3 potassium channel.ID:1082
- (2009). Interaction of alpha-conotoxin ImII and its analogs with nicotinic receptors and acetylcholine-binding proteins: additional binding sites on Torpedo receptor. J. Neurochem. 111 (4), 934–44 [+]
alpha-Conotoxins interact with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and acetylcholine-binding proteins (AChBPs) at the sites for agonists/competitive antagonists. alpha-Conotoxins blocking muscle-type or alpha7 nAChRs compete with alpha-bungarotoxin. However, alpha-conotoxin ImII, a close homolog of the alpha7 nAChR-targeting alpha-conotoxin ImI, blocked alpha7 and muscle nAChRs without displacing alpha-bungarotoxin (Ellison et al. 2003, 2004), suggesting binding at a different site. We synthesized alpha-conotoxin ImII, its ribbon isomer (ImIIiso), 'mutant' ImII(W10Y) and found similar potencies in blocking human alpha7 and muscle nAChRs in Xenopus oocytes. Both isomers displaced [(125)I]-alpha-bungarotoxin from human alpha7 nAChRs in the cell line GH(4)C(1) (IC(50) 17 and 23 microM, respectively) and from Lymnaea stagnalis and Aplysia californica AChBPs (IC(50) 2.0-9.0 microM). According to SPR measurements, both isomers bound to immobilized AChBPs and competed with AChBP for immobilized alpha-bungarotoxin (K(d) and IC(50) 2.5-8.2 microM). On Torpedo nAChR, alpha-conotoxin [(125)I]-ImII(W10Y) revealed specific binding (K(d) 1.5-6.1 microM) and could be displaced by alpha-conotoxin ImII, ImIIiso and ImII(W10Y) with IC(50) 2.7, 2.2 and 3.1 microM, respectively. As alpha-cobratoxin and alpha-conotoxin ImI displaced [(125)I]-ImII(W10Y) only at higher concentrations (IC(50)> or = 90 microM), our results indicate that alpha-conotoxin ImII and its congeners have an additional binding site on Torpedo nAChR distinct from the site for agonists/competitive antagonists.ID:191
- (2009). Weak toxin WTX from Naja kaouthia cobra venom interacts with both nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. FEBS J. 276 (18), 5065–75 [+]
Iodinated [125I] weak toxin from Naja kaouthia (WTX) cobra venom was injected into mice, and organ-specific binding was monitored. Relatively high levels of [125I]WTX were detected in the adrenal glands. Rat adrenal membranes were therefore used for analysis of [125I]WTX-binding sites. Specific [125I]WTX binding was partially inhibited by both alpha-cobratoxin, a blocker of the alpha7 and muscle-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), and by atropine, an antagonist of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR). Binding to rat adrenal nAChR had a Kd of 2.0+/-0.8 microM and was inhibited by alpha-cobratoxin but not by a short-chain alpha-neurotoxin antagonist of the muscle-type nAChR, suggesting a specific interaction with the alpha7-type nAChR. WTX binding was reduced not only by atropine but also by other muscarinic agents (oxotremorine and muscarinic toxins from Dendroaspis angusticeps), indicating an interaction with mAChR. This interaction was further characterized using individual subtypes of human mAChRs expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. WTX concentrations up to 30 microM did not inhibit binding of [3H]acetylcholine to any subtype of mAChR by more than 50%. Depending on receptor subtype, WTX either increased or had no effect on the binding of the muscarinic antagonist [3H]N-methylscopolamine, which binds to the orthosteric site, a finding indicative of an allosteric interaction. Furthermore, WTX alone activated G-protein coupling with all mAChR subtypes and reduced the efficacy of acetylcholine in activating G-proteins with the M1, M4, and M5 subtypes. Our data demonstrate an orthosteric WTX interaction with nAChR and an allosteric interaction with mAChRs.ID:193
- (2008). Naturally occurring disulfide-bound dimers of three-fingered toxins: a paradigm for biological activity diversification. J. Biol. Chem. 283 (21), 14571–80 [+]
Three-fingered toxins of new structural type were found: disulphide bound dimmers of cobratoxin with cytotoxins and cobrotoxin homodimer. It was shown that cobratoxin dimer acquires the capacity to interact with one more acetylcholine receptor subtype. This post-translational modification may be regarded as a new way for biological activity diversification in three-fingered toxins.ID:105
- (2006). Alpha-conotoxin analogs with additional positive charge show increased selectivity towards Torpedo californica and some neuronal subtypes of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. FEBS J. 273 (19), 4470–81 [+]
Alpha-conotoxins from Conus snails are indispensable tools for distinguishing various subtypes of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), and synthesis of alpha-conotoxin analogs may yield novel antagonists of higher potency and selectivity. We incorporated additional positive charges into alpha-conotoxins and analyzed their binding to nAChRs. Introduction of Arg or Lys residues instead of Ser12 in alpha-conotoxins GI and SI, or D12K substitution in alpha-conotoxin SIA increased the affinity for both the high- and low-affinity sites in membrane-bound Torpedo californica nAChR. The effect was most pronounced for [D12K]SIA with 30- and 200-fold enhancement for the respective sites, resulting in the most potent alpha-conotoxin blocker of the Torpedo nAChR among those tested. Similarly, D14K substitution in alpha-conotoxin [A10L]PnIA, a blocker of neuronal alpha7 nAChR, was previously shown to increase the affinity for this receptor and endowed [A10L,D14K]PnIA with the capacity to distinguish between acetylcholine-binding proteins from the mollusks Lymnaea stagnalis and Aplysia californica. We found that [A10L,D14K]PnIA also distinguishes two alpha7-like anion-selective nAChR subtypes present on identified neurons of L. stagnalis: [D14K] mutation affected only slightly the potency of [A10L]PnIA to block nAChRs on neurons with low sensitivity to alpha-conotoxin ImI, but gave a 50-fold enhancement of blocking activity in cells with high sensitivity to ImI. Therefore, the introduction of an additional positive charge in the C-terminus of alpha-conotoxins targeting some muscle or neuronal nAChRs made them more discriminative towards the respective nAChR subtypes. In the case of muscle-type alpha-conotoxin [D12K]SIA, the contribution of the Lys12 positive charge to enhanced affinity towards Torpedo nAChR was rationalized with the aid of computer modeling.ID:190
- (2006). alpha-Conotoxin GI benzoylphenylalanine derivatives. (1)H-NMR structures and photoaffinity labeling of the Torpedo californica nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. FEBS J. 273 (7), 1373–88 [+]
alpha-Conotoxins are small peptides from cone snail venoms that function as nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)-competitive antagonists differentiating between nAChR subtypes. Current understanding about the mechanism of these selective interactions is based largely on mutational analyses, which identify amino acids in the toxin and nAChR that determine the energetics of ligand binding. To identify regions of the nAChR involved in alpha-conotoxin binding by use of photoactivated cross-linking, two benzoylphenylalanine (Bpa) analogs of alpha-conotoxin GI, GI(Bpa12) and GI(Bpa4), were synthesized by replacing the respective residues with Bpa, and their (1)H-NMR structures were determined.ID:189
- (2005). Crystal structure of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor homolog AChBP in complex with an alpha-conotoxin PnIA variant. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 12 (7), 582–8 [+]
For the first time theID:104
X-raystructure of acetylcholine-binding protein in complex with conotoxin was established. The data obtained allowed to reveal the main structural features of conotoxin interaction with acetylcholine receptors.
- (2004). The first representative of glycosylated three-fingered toxins. Cytotoxin from the Naja kaouthia cobra venom. Eur. J. Biochem. 271 (10), 2018–27 [+]
There are different glycosylated proteins in snake venoms, but no glycosylated representatives of a large family of three-fingered toxins have previously been detected. A new glycoprotein was isolated from the venom of the Thai cobra Naja kaouthia. MALDI MS of the glycoprotein contained an array of peaks in the range from approximately 8900 to approximately 9400 Da indicating its microheterogeneity. Carbohydrate analysis showed the presence of mannose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, fucose and neuraminic acid. The N-terminal sequence of the glycoprotein was identical to that of cytotoxin 3 (CX3) from N. kaouthia, and CD spectra of the glycoprotein and CX3 were almost the same. Cleavage of a glycan moiety by N-glycosidase F gave a protein of molecular mass practically coinciding with that of CX3. MALDI MS of the tryptic digest of reduced glycoprotein S-pyridylethylated at cysteine residues, contained peaks corresponding to all tryptic fragments of CX3, with the exception of fragment 24-30. The peak corresponding to this peptide appeared in the mass-spectrum of similarly treated deglycosylated glycoprotein. These data show that the potential N-glycosylation site at Asn29 in CX3 is utilized for glycan attachment and that the glycoprotein is glycosylated CX3. In vivo toxicity of the glycoprotein to the cricket Gryllus assimilis was twofold lower than that of CX3. The cytotoxic activity of the glycoprotein towards HL60 cells was about two orders of magnitude lower than that of CX3, but could be made equal to the CX3 cytotoxicity by deglycosylation. Thus for the first time we have isolated a glycosylated three-fingered snake venom toxin wherein glycosylation appears to modulate its biological activity.ID:192
- (2001). "Weak toxin" from Naja kaouthia is a nontoxic antagonist of alpha 7 and muscle-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 276 (19), 15810–5 [+]
This work has shown that known for a long time "weak" toxins are capable to interact with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. However, possessing low affinity to the receptors these toxins bind practically irreversible.ID:103
- (1995). Photolabeling reveals the proximity of the alpha-neurotoxin binding site to the M2 helix of the ion channel in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92 (16), 7282–6 [+]
For the first time the amino acid residue labelled by photoactivatable neurotoxin derivative was localized in amino acid sequence of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Basing on these data the position of neurotoxin molecule on the receptor was established. The toxin molecule is located much closer to membrane surface than it was accepted earlier.ID:102
- (1992). Investigation of ligand-binding sites of the acetylcholine receptor using photoactivatable derivatives of neurotoxin II from Naja naja oxiana. Biochemistry 31 (35), 8239–44 [+]
In this work the subunits of muscle-type receptor participating in formation of binding sites for agonist/competitive antagonists were established by use of photoactivatable neurotoxin derivatives.ID:101

subset: commoncrawl


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Soundproofing in Brockway, PA
Soundproofing in Brockway, PA is worth looking into for anyone who is tired of having to deal with all the noise outside their home as well as from within. When you take advantage of soundproofing in Brockway, PA you will have a much easier time relaxing while you are at home. Anyone who lives in an area with lots of noisy traffic outside will definitely want to consider paying professionals to soundproof their home as soon as possible. Soundproofing in Brockway, PA is very effective, so you are guaranteed to notice the difference.
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text:
Guilford gets reprieve from bank lenders
January 28, 2002-- Home Textiles Today,
Bedding is lone bright spot in 4Q
Greensboro, NC — Dodging the bankruptcy bullet, Guilford Mills said its bank lenders have given the diversified textiles producer more breathing room to work its way through its financial issues and restructure a crushing debt load.
Guilford said its senior lenders have agreed to defer a debt payment, and also extend a waiver of the company's non-compliance with debt covenants, to Feb. 15, giving it more time to restructure about $270 million in debt.
Earlier this month, Guilford warned that unless it received the waiver, it would be in default of its loan agreements, giving creditors the right to call in their loans and liquidate the collateral, "substantially all of the company's assets."
John Emrich, Guilford president and ceo, commented, "We are pleased that our lenders have agreed to this extended waiver period, as it allows the parties to continue their negotiations toward a mutually satisfactory restructuring of the company's senior debt." Emrich added, "The company is working closely with its investment bankers at Rothschild Inc. in order to develop a senior debt restructuring plan which would afford the company an opportunity to implement its business plan. While Guilford and the entire textile industry are obviously operating under tough economic conditions, we are fully committed to succeed in the face of these challenges and appreciate the support of our employees, customers and suppliers during this period."
With sales falling off by more than 20 percent, weighed down by debt and restructuring costs, and its margins past the vanishing point, Guilford recorded a fourth-quarter loss of $115.9 million during the period ended Sept. 30. Hammered by deep declines in its auto and apparel business, sales fell off by 21.3 percent, to $145.5 million from $185.0 million last year, a shortfall of $39.4 million.
One bright spot in an otherwise muted sales picture was Guilford's rapidly expanding bedding business, where sales climbed higher by 9 percent in an otherwise dreary period for the nation's home textiles producers, lifted by the growing Jockey Home business. But it wasn't enough to offset waning sales of home fashions fabrics, and Guilford's big home fashions unit posted a 5.3 percent drop in sales, to $19.3 million from $20.4 million last year.
With overall sales under heavy pressure, stunted by the apparel and automotive units, the company recorded a negative gross margin of 2.4 percent during the closing quarter, compared with last year's 8.4 percent average gross margin. For the 12-month period, gross margin narrowed to 4.8 percent from 12.9 percent the prior year. Most of the damage was done by the drop in sales and slowdowns in the company's plants, "which caused nearly $60 million of the margin decrease," the company reported.
For all of last year, Guilford's losses mounted to $160.8 million from losses of $21.0 million the prior year. Sales declined by 21.0 percent to $643.5 million from $814.2 million, a drop of more than $170 million.
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Even with Wolverine's help Spider-Man has the odds stacked against him in Activision's Spider-Man: Web of Shadows for the PSP, PS2, PS3, Wii, DS, Xbox 360 and PC.
SpiderMan: Web of Shadows - Behind the Scenes of Combat
Go behind the scenes with developer Shaba Games, as they take a look into combat in SpiderMan: Web of Shadows, an action game for the Wii, DS, Xbox 360, PS2, PS3, PSP, PC.
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Authorities in coastal Alabama say a 17-year-old boy has fallen to his death from a condominium balcony.
Orange Beach Assistant Police Chief Greg Duck told WKRG-TV that an unidentified teen who was visiting from Lafayette was found lying in the parking lot of the Tidewater condominium complex Tuesday morning.
Duck said the teen was airlifted to a hospital in Pensacola and later died. Authorities say the teen's parents were asleep at the time of the incident and didn't realize he had gone outside.
Duck said investigators checked out the balcony the teen fell from and didn't find any structural deficiencies.
This summer, at least two people have plunged from balconies in Orange Beach and one fell from a balcony in Gulf Shores


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Currently offline
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Audio-Technica W3000ANV (yep,the second one)
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Focal Spirit Professional
Audeze LCD-3C (mid 2013)
Kennerton Magister
TDS-15 modified by Snorry
LFF "Paradox" Vader #010
Audio-technica AD2000
LFF "Paradox" Basic #021
HiFiMan HE-500
Denon D2000
Audio-Technica M50
AKG Q460 Lime
Koss UR-40
|Headphone Amp Inventory
|Audio-GD Master 9
Sennheiser HDVA 600
Sennheiser HDVD 800
HeadAmp KGSS
Anedio D2
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|Source Inventory
|Viva Audio Numerico
EE Minimax DAC Plus (LME49990)
Fiio X5
Sennheiser HDVD800
Energy Audio D68
Anedio D2
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Asus Essence ST
|Cable Inventory
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Chord Chameleon Silver Plus
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|Power-Related Components
|Custom DIY Power Regenerator
Belkin Isolator 6 - great value!
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|Progressive Rock/Metal
Melodic Death Metal
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Car Mania - Car Hire Cape Town South Africa
Carmania has the rental car to meet your needs! Getting around Cape Town is much easier when you have a reliable hire car at your disposal. We pride ourselves on providing cost effective car hire with personalised service!
Carmania is located in Cape Town, on the the Main Road (M4) in Observatory, opposite the Groote Schuur Hospital. Although situated near the city centre, Carmania can make deliveries and collections of rental vehicles all over Cape Town and surrounds, including Cape Town International Airport.
Convenient delivery and collection of rental cars and competitive prices, structured to include free kilometres and insurance. With Carmania you need not worry about extra expenses such as tourism levies and airport surcharges.
Visitors to the Western Cape are often amazed by the variety of scenic venues and activities available in the city and surrounding towns, but you will need a good rental car to really get around and explore all that is on offer, from a cable car ride to the top of Table Mountain to a wine tasting trip along the Wine Route.
Operating since 1992, Carmania has a fleet of rental vehicles including hatchbacks, saloons, mini-vans, light delivery vehicles or "bakkies" and micro-buses, all available at competitive rates. Rest assured that you will have access to a rental vehicle to suit your personal requirements, be they short business trips or family road trips.
Across South Africa are a great way to experience the country, such as a drive up the Garden Route, which takes you along the east coast of South Africa. Alternatively, the wine producing region is within an hour's drive of Cape Town. You can visit several cellars for wine tasting and enjoy a meal in one of the many great restaurants in the area. Enjoy these and other scenic road trips in a Carmania rental car next time you visit Cape Town.
We at Be Your Dream want to thank Carmania for going the extra mile for us. We needed transport for a little boy with stage 4 cancer, who we helped reaching his dream to visit Cape Town. Carmania stepped up and sponsored two vehicles for us. Carmania is a company with big hearts and I can truly recommend them to all. They are a company who truly cares about the individual and are always willing to assist where ever they can. Thank you excellent service and support.
Be Your Dream Management
Customer Comment
We have just rented a chrysler from you for the past 3 weeks. Purpose of mail is to give you feedback ... staff proactiveness, precise follow up and overall demeanour is really exemplary and outstanding ... always willing to make the customer come first and go that extra mile. You have a great business!
Take care and best regards,
Andrew Scorey
Regional Director
South East Asia Region


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Managing Your Site
With in-context editing you just point and click to write or add functionality. You can build out new pages easily. Use your site tree to manage the structure of your site, or move, copy or delete any page in your website. The file manager takes care of all the images and documents you use throughout your site. Connect your site to the community to get more blocks and themes.
Design Your Site
Look how you want
You can try out themes and override styles without writing a line of code. If you're comfortable with HTML/CSS it is very easy to build your own theme for concrete5. If you know PHP, some custom templates will let you override the way any block looks.
Develop Anything
A framework for web applications
If you haven't already installed concrete5, you might want to take the time to watch a developers introduction on how it all works. It's important to not just think about pages, blocks, and attributes - but also how you might approach application development with single pages.
concrete5 Cookbook from Packt
If you want examples of real-world projects explained from top-to-bottom, you'll find excellent approaches to buidling with concrete5 inside this awesome book from Packt Publishing!
Beginner Developer's Guide from Packt
Are you already comfortable with PHP and just need a good developer focused beginner's guide? Check out this awesome book from Packt Publishing on concrete5!
Creating concrete5 Themes from Packt
Looking for a practical, hands-on guide for how to create powerful concrete5 themes? Want to make a mobile responsive site? Check out this awesome book from Packt Publishing on concrete5!


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Microchip's XLP 8-bit development board provides a low-cost, highly configurable development system for Microchip's new line of eXtreme Low Power (XLP) 8-bit PIC 18 F or PIC 16F enhanced core microcontrollers that allow for design of sleep currents down to 20 nA. The board supports development for the PIC18F87K22 or PIC16LF1947 MCUs, which highlight the capabilities of each product family. The board can be powered by several different power sources including batteries or energy harvesting modules (sold separately), and it supports a variety of common components that can be selectively enabled. The board is also expandable through the on-board PICtail connector that permits the addition of capabilities such as RF connectivity. The kit includes a USB cable, a Power Measurement cable, a Quick Start guide and a PIC16LF1947 PIM. The kit includes the XLP 8-bit development board, USB cable, power measurement cable, and the PIC16LF1947 and PIC18F87K22 plug-in modules.
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PIC32MX1XX/2XX 32-bit MCUs
Microchip's PIC32MX1XX/2XX 32-bit MCUs (up to 128 KB Flash and 32 KB SRAM) with audio & graphics interfaces, USB, & advanced analog.
32-Bit Microcontroller Solutions
Microchip's 32-bit microcontroller solutions includes PIC32MX1/MX2, PIC32MX3/MX4, PIC32MX5/MX6/MX7, tools & kits all available at Digi-Key.
Real-Time Clock/Calendar Products
Real-Time Clock products for smart energy, utility metering, Ethernet, and LCD applications include basic, mid-range, and upper mid-range RTCCs and dev tools.
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The variety of Arduino MCUs, MPUs and shields make Arduino boards a contender beyond development into full production designs, given the right trade-offs.
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Since both Oregon and Oregon State men's basketball programs seem to be in the mix until March, The Oregonian is taking a look throughout the season at their postseason viability.
Here's a look at where the two primary bracketologists predict the two Pac-12 teams will end up come tournament time.
But first, the records and rankings:
Oregon: 14-4 overall, 3-2 Pac-12 (5th place), National RPI: 6, KenPom ranking: 24
Oregon State: 11-5 overall, 2-3 Pac-12 (8th place), RPI: 35, KenPom: 68
Last week:
Oregon: W 77-59 @Utah, L 91-87 @Colorado
Oregon State: L 71-54 @Colorado, L 59-53 @ Utah
In Joe Lunardi's bracketology, the Oregon Ducks are projected as a No. 6 seed in the Midwest bracket, playing against No. 11 VCU. It's the same matchup and seeding that Lunardi had a week ago. Lunardi has Oregon State as one of the last four teams in, meaning the Beavers would compete in a play-in game against Seton Hall to earn a 12-seed for the opportunity to play against No. 5 Pittsburgh in the East bracket.
Jerry Palm over at CBS is much more optimistic about the Beavers. Palm has Oregon State making the tournament clean, earning a No. 10 seed and facing Duke in the South bracket. While the projection is better than the one at ESPN, it is two seeds lower than the Beavers were in Palm's previous bracket.
The Ducks are also down, according to Palm, but barely. Palm has Oregon projected as a six-seed in the East bracket and has them set to face 11-seed Monmouth. Last week, the Ducks were a No. 5.
-- Tyson Alger


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Phil Hill Exemplifies An Era When Racers Just Wanted to Race
Graphic design by Becca Clason for Petrolicious / Vintage photographs courtesy of Ferrari North America and Mr. Roy Spencer
Everybody knows that Mr. Phil Hill is the only American-born Formula One World Champion, but less known is how conflicted he felt about racing, once commenting that "I'm in the wrong business. I don't want to beat anybody, I don't want to be the big hero." Fortunately, he stuck with it despite his misgivings and enjoyed great success.
But, in sharp contrast with today's F1 stars, Phil wasn't just a Formula One driver. If you can imagine, back then, racers actually seemed to enjoy racing! And so they did it often and in different classes, jumping from Grand Prix car to Sports GT to Prototype so that they could race frequently (and get paid). Obviously, there was less of an emphasis on safety back in that era and to some degree talent was viewed as replaceable. But the majority of racers relished the opportunity to mix it up and win. Regardless, Phil didn't only win the 1961 Formula One World Drivers' Championship driving for Ferrari; he also won the 24 hours of Le Mans three times (with Mr. Olivier Gendebien each time) in addition to multiple wins at Sebring, the Nurburgring, and Buenos Aires (in Ferraris and others).
Phil may have exposed himself to greater risk by climbing into more race cars than a modern driver would, but as a result he left a larger legacy too. We honor him and that legacy.
The photo immediately below is courtesy of Mr. Roy Spencer, taken by his father, and is from his just-released book, Motorbinder (click here to check it out). We'll have a full review soon, but it features gallery-quality photos of the cars and heroes of the 1950s and '60s. If this photo is any indication, it should be amazing!


text:
China Diabetes Rate Now Higher Than U.S.
China is now home to the world's largest diabetes population. The number of people who have diabetes or early signs of the disease is greater than the entire population of the U.S.
An estimated 113.9 million Chinese adults 18 years or older–60.5 million men and 53.4 million women—may have had diabetes in 2010, according to a study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, which surveyed nearly 99,000 Chinese adults three years ago. The study said 493.4 million Chinese may have had in 2010 prediabetes, a state of potential risk, when blood sugar is higher than normal.


text:
Recruitment Calendar
We are excited to share information with you about the outstanding program of legal education available at Seattle University School of Law. Representatives from the law school will be available to meet with you in-person at various law fairs and LSAC Forums across the country during the fall and early winter months. Please refer to our travel recruiting calendar for up-to-the-minute information about the dates and locations of these valuable and informative events. This calendar will be updated on a regular basis, so check back frequently to see when we will be visiting your locale.
If you would like more information about visiting us at Sullivan Hall, call (206) 398-4200 or (800) 471-1767, or e-mail us at email@example.com. We look forward to seeing you soon!


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Whether you're looking for a conference to attend face-to-face to connect with peers, or for an online event for team professional development, see what's upcoming.Stay
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EDUCAUSE is the foremost community of higher education IT leaders and professionals.
Accessibility: The NFB, Google, Microsoft, and You
Accessibility: The NFB, Google, Microsoft, and You
The National Federation of the Blind (NFB) and the U.S. Department of Education (ED) have expressed concern about campus use of technologies that are inaccessible to people with disabilities. Over the past several weeks, EDUCAUSE has been facilitating discussions between campuses and two of the key technology vendors (Google and Microsoft) as well as with the NFB. If you have questions about your own plans for accessible technology, please contact EDUCAUSE at firstname.lastname@example.com. We can put you in touch with the right people to answer them.
And you can learn more about the NFB and ED's accessibility concerns from recent EDUCAUSE Policy Analysis and Advocacy blog posts:


text: 3 Stripe Underbust Harness £34.00 Quantity: at £34.00 each Add To Basket Underbust hardness with deep underbust band. Trimmed with the 3 stripe detail. 1inch wide straps with 0.5cm trim. Then finished with a large bow with trim. Item is a pull on design or for £5 extra press studs can be added to the back. Great to wear everyday over a top or vest. Add a bit of colour.. and latex!


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ADM Policy
Austrian Airlines (OS, 257) communicates her policy of ADM issuance to travel agencies. This policy can be subject to modifications through an official notice by Austrian Airlines with 30 days of anticipation.
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Behind the scenes


text:
President Obama Pledges Action In Libyan Crisis
Hide captionA Libyan woman with glasses bearing the flag of the former Libyan monarchy joins thousands celebrating in the rebel-held eastern city of Benghazi on Friday after a U.N. vote approved a no-fly zone.Patrick Baz/Getty Images
Hide captionLibyan anti-government protesters chant slogans and wave the revolution flag in the city of Tobruk on Friday as thousands gathered for prayers and celebrations.Roberto Schmidt/Getty Images
Hide captionA Libyan rebel reaches out to touch the hand of a dead comrade before the man and another killed rebel are driven away from the front line near Sultan, south of Benghazi, on Friday.Anja Niedringhaus/AP
Hide captionLibyans celebrate in Benghazi on Friday, one day after the U.N. approved a resolution to impose a no-fly zone over Libya. Deputy Foreign Minister Khaled Kaim said in Tripoli that Libya is ready for a cease-fire with the rebels battling leader Moammar Gadhafi, but wants to discuss in advance how it would be implemented.Patrick Baz/Getty Images
Hide captionA Libyan woman fires a weapon into the air as people gather to celebrate in the eastern rebel-held city of Benghazi on Friday, as U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon warned the Libyan regime that anyone responsible for attacks on unarmed civilians will be "brought to justice."Patrick Baz/Getty Images
Hide captionLibyan Foreign Minister Moussa Koussa reads a statement to foreign journalists at a hotel in Tripoli on Friday, as a photograph of Libyan leader Moammar Gadhafi hangs in the background. "We decided on an immediate cease-fire and on an immediate stop to all military operations," he told reporters. "[Libya] takes great interest in protecting civilians," he said, adding that the country would also protect all foreigners and foreign assets in Libya.Jerome Delay/AP
Hide captionThe Royal Air Force was preparing Friday to help enforce a no-fly zone over Libya. Above, Typhoon Eurofighters in Coningsby, England.Christopher Furlong/Getty Images
Hide captionMember states vote on the resolution to impose a no-fly zone over Libya during a meeting of the United Nations Security Council on Thursday. In addition to the no-fly zone, the resolution authorizes "all necessary measures" to protect civilians from attacks by Gadhafi's forces.Jason DeCrow/AP
Hide captionMigrant workers who fled the unrest in Libya play football at a refugee camp on the Tunisia-Libyan border on Thursday. More than 250,000 migrant workers have left Libya for neighboring countries, primarily Tunisia and Egypt, in the past three weeks.Emilio Morenatti/AP
Hide captionA Libyan rebel loads ammunition in the center of Benghazi on Thursday. The city's rebel commanders ordered fighters to man artillery posts and missile batteries after Gadhafi announced an imminent assault on the city.Patrick Baz/Getty Images
Hide captionA Libyan rebel grimaces on the front line near Sultan, south of Benghazi, on Friday. While Libya declared an immediate cease-fire Friday, trying to fend off international military intervention, a rebel spokesman said Gadhafi's forces were still shelling two cities.Anja Niedringhaus/AP
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Recognizing the difficulty of embarking on a third war, President Obama nonetheless said that the United States will participate in enforcing the U.N. Security Council resolution offering protection to Libya's citizens.
"Action is necessary and we will not be acting alone," Obama said.
The president spoke after meeting with congressional leaders in person and on the phone. He announced that Secretary of State Hillary Clinton will attend the Paris summit being convened Saturday by French President Nicolas Sarkozy.
That meeting will be attended by top leaders from Britain, the Arab League and other countries that will carry out the no-fly zone approved by the U.N. Security Council on Thursday.
Obama was careful to stress the leadership role being taken by other nations. But he emphasized that the "path of brutal suppression" taken by Libyan leader Moammar Gadhafi could not be allowed to stand unchallenged.
"For decades, he's demonstrated his willingness to use brute force," Obama said. "Here's why this matters to us: Left unchecked, we have every reason to believe Gadhafi would commit atrocities against his own people. Many thousands could die."
Obama's statement reflected the skepticism Western leaders had expressed all day about the Gadhafi regime's sincerity in declaring an "immediate cease-fire."
"We are so used to these hectic, contradictory statements issued by Tripoli several times a day for so long now that we don't believe them," French government spokesman Bernard Valero said.
Fighting was reported Friday in at least two Libyan cities, leaving Western and Arab nations to continue their preparations for military action.
In a joint statement to Gadhafi late Friday, the United States, Britain and France — backed by unspecified Arab countries — said a cease-fire must begin "immediately" in Libya, the French presidential palace said.
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The statement called on Gadhafi to end his troops' advance toward Benghazi, the rebel headquarters, and pull them out of the cities of Misrata, Ajdabiya and Zawiya, and called for the restoration of water, electricity and gas services in all areas. It said Libyans must be able to receive humanitarian aid or the "international community will make him suffer the consequences" with military action.
Rebel leaders fighting to push Gadhafi from power said there was no cease-fire they could see. Cities like Misrata and Ajdabiya, they said, were still being shelled — claims the government denied.
A YouTube video posted Friday purported to show Misrata still under attack. The government has been trying for several weeks to retake the coastal city, a few hours from Tripoli. While there was no way to confirm the events independently, the TV network Al-Jazeera reported that Misrata was still being targeted.
In Washington, meanwhile, a Pentagon official told NPR the U.S. saw surveillance suggesting Libya's military was still active, firing on areas around Benghazi.
Caught By Surprise
It was not immediately clear whether the Gadhafi regime was seeking to buy time by eliminating the conditions that would authorize use of outside force under the terms of the Security Council resolution.
The Libyan regime will have to be judged by its deeds, not its words, British Prime Minister David Cameron told the BBC. French officials said that the facts on the ground have not changed.
The Security Council resolution was approved late Thursday with the backing of the United States, France and Britain, hours after Gadhafi vowed to launch a final assault and crush the nearly five-week-old rebellion against him.
A large crowd in Benghazi watching the vote on an outdoor projection TV burst into cheers, with green and red fireworks exploding overhead. In Tobruk, east of Benghazi, Libyans fired weapons in the air to celebrate the vote.
The Libyan regime appeared to have been caught by surprise by the speed with which the resolution was approved after weeks of discussion.
"As always, the regime was not very good at reading signals," says Dirk Vandewalle, a Dartmouth College government professor. "They should have started worrying as soon as the Arab League decided to support intervention."
Cameron told the British Parliament on Friday that he would send Typhoon and Tornado fighter jets to bases where attacks could be launched against Libya "in the coming hours."
The purpose of the no-fly zone would be to stop Gadhafi from launching "a brutal attack using air, land and sea forces" on the rebel stronghold of Benghazi, not to choose a government for Libya.
The former head of the British army, Richard Dannatt, said it was crucial to proceed cautiously "so we don't get into the kind of situation that we got into in Iraq by not having a Plan B for the morning after."
U.S. officials including Defense Secretary Robert Gates and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton had been wary of the no-fly zone resolution precisely because of the difficulty of limiting the Western mission once it gets under way.
"This resolution is an important step, but the U.S. and its partners will continue to explore other ways of ending the Libyan crisis," Clinton said Friday.
'A Slippery Slope'
Gates is scheduled to travel Saturday to Russia, which abstained from voting on the Security Council resolution.
There will be tensions between leaders who want to limit involvement to protecting rebels from the air and those who want to take Gadhafi out.
"It truly is a slippery slope," says Vandewalle, the Libya expert at Dartmouth.
"You either go in and finish your job, or you don't go in," he says. "Otherwise, you're going to have a war of attrition going on for quite some time, with occasional bombing from the Western powers."
Those Western powers faced pressure to act urgently after weeks spent deliberating over what to do about Gadhafi as his regime gained momentum.
"Things really came together quickly at the end," NPR's David Greene said Friday on Morning Edition. "There was a sense for days that this might never happen, the debate might continue.
"All sides said the support from the Arab League and potentially the willingness of Arab countries to take part in this lent that final needed support to push this through," said Greene, who was reporting from Tripoli.
Obama telephoned the leaders of Britain and France after the vote, the White House said. U.S. officials speaking after a closed-door briefing in Congress said the attempt to ground Gadhafi's air force could begin by Sunday or Monday with the use of jet fighters, bombers and surveillance aircraft.
Initial Defiance
Gadhafi, calling in to Libyan television on Thursday, said his forces would "rescue" the people of Benghazi, the eastern Mediterranean port city that has become the de facto rebel capital and staging ground. For those who resist, Gadhafi said, there would be "no mercy or compassion."
"This is your happy day, we will destroy your enemies," he said, warning the people of Benghazi not to stand alongside the opposition. "Prepare for this moment to get rid of the traitors. Tomorrow we will show the world, to see if the city is one of traitors or heroes."
Gadhafi also pledged to respond harshly to U.N.-sponsored attacks in an interview with Portuguese television broadcast just before the vote. "If the world is crazy," he said, "we will be crazy, too."
In central Tripoli on Friday, Sirhan Firage, 33, said the reports of other countries getting ready to attack Libya unnerved her.
"I'm worried for my country. ... Even [though I am a woman], if they attack us I will go and defend my country," she said.
Firage said she's convinced the Security Council made its decision to intervene in Libya based on lies.
There are "false accusations that our leader is killing us," she said, "but I want to say a word to the whole world: If Gadhafi wanted to kill us, we will accept it. But we will never accept a foreigner coming kill us. In fact, no father [would] kill his children. We are his, Gadhafi's children. We do not trust the foreigners."
Europe's air traffic control agency, Eurocontrol, said Friday that "the latest information from Malta indicates that Tripoli [air control center] does not accept traffic."
The Brussels-based agency had no information on how long Libya's airspace would be closed but said it had halted all air traffic to Libya for 24 hours.
Libyan Deputy Foreign Minister Khaled Kaim struck a more conciliatory tone, offering to negotiate a cease-fire with the rebels. He welcomed the Security Council's concern for the people of Libya but called on the world not to allow them to receive weapons. "If any countries do that, they will be inviting Libyans to kill each other," he said.
In Tripoli on Friday, foreign journalists were barred from leaving their hotel. "It's been a crazy night in Tripoli," Greene reported.
The shift toward international action reflected dramatic change on the ground in Libya in the past week. The rebels, once confident, found themselves in danger of being crushed by an overpowering pro-Gadhafi force using rockets, artillery, tanks and warplanes. That force has advanced along the Mediterranean coast aiming to recapture the rebel-held eastern half of Libya.
Gadhafi troops encircled the city of Ajdabiya, the first in the path of their march, but also had some troops positioned beyond it toward Benghazi.
The unrest in Libya began Feb. 15 in the eastern city of Benghazi and spread east to Tripoli, the capital. Like others in the Mideast, the protest started with popular demonstrations against Gadhafi, rejecting his four decades of despotic and often brutal rule. The tone quickly changed after Gadhafi's security in Tripoli forcefully put down the gatherings there.
Soon rebel forces began arming themselves, quickly taking control of the country's east, basing themselves in Benghazi, the second-largest Libyan city, with a population of about 700,000. Some Libyan army units joined the rebels, providing them with some firepower, but much less than Gadhafi's remaining forces and, crucially, no air power.
There are no official death tolls. Rebels say more than 1,000 people have been killed in a month of fighting, while Gadhafi claims the toll is only 150.
With reporting from NPR's David Greene in Tripoli, Eleanor Beardsley in Paris and Alan Greenblatt. Material from The Associated Press was used in this report.


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