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Most Cited Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice Articles
The most cited articles published since 2011, extracted from Scopus.
Bicycling renaissance in North America? An update and re-appraisal of cycling trends and policiesJohn Pucher | Ralph Buehler | Mark Seinen
Volume 45, Issue 6, July 2011, Pages 451-475
This paper reviews trends in cycling levels, safety, and policies in Canada and the USA over the past two decades. We analyze aggregate data for the two countries as well as city-specific case study data for nine large cities (Chicago, Minneapolis, Montréal, New York, Portland, San Francisco, Toronto, Vancouver, and Washington). Cycling levels have increased in both the USA and Canada, while cyclist fatalities have fallen. There is much spatial variation and socioeconomic inequality in cycling rates. The bike share of work commuters is more than twice as high in Canada as in the USA, and is higher in the western parts of both countries. Cycling is concentrated in central cities, especially near universities and in gentrified neighborhoods near the city center. Almost all the growth in cycling in the USA has been among men between 25-64. years old, while cycling rates have remained steady among women and fallen sharply for children. Cycling rates have risen much faster in the nine case study cities than in their countries as a whole, at least doubling in all the cities since 1990. They have implemented a wide range of infrastructure and programs to promote cycling and increase cycling safety: expanded and improved bike lanes and paths, traffic calming, parking, bike-transit integration, bike sharing, training programs, and promotional events. We describe the specific accomplishments of the nine case study cities, focusing on each city's innovations and lessons for other cities trying to increase cycling. Portland's comprehensive package of cycling policies has succeeded in raising cycling levels 6-fold and provides an example that other North American cities can follow. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Mainstream consumers driving plug-in battery-electric and plug-in hybrid electric cars: A qualitative analysis of responses and evaluationsElla Graham-Rowe | Benjamin Gardner | Charles Abraham | Stephen Skippon | Helga Dittmar | Rebecca Hutchins | Jenny Stannard
Volume 46, Issue 1, January 2012, Pages 140-153
Plug-in electric vehicles can potentially emit substantially lower CO2 emissions than internal combustion engine vehicles, and so have the potential to reduce transport emissions without curtailing personal car use. Assessing the potential uptake of these new categories of vehicles requires an understanding of likely consumer responses. Previous in-depth explorations of appraisals and evaluations of electric vehicles have tended to focus on 'early adopters', who may not represent mainstream consumers. This paper reports a qualitative analysis of responses to electric cars, based on semi-structured interviews conducted with 40 UK non-commercial drivers (20 males, 20 females; age 24-70years) at the end of a seven-day period of using a battery electric car (20 participants) or a plug-in hybrid car (20 participants). Six core categories of response were identified: (1) cost minimisation; (2) vehicle confidence; (3) vehicle adaptation demands; (4) environmental beliefs; (5) impression management; and, underpinning all other categories, (6) the perception of electric cars generally as 'work in progress' products. Results highlight potential barriers to the uptake of current-generation (2010) plug-in electric cars by mainstream consumers. These include the prioritization of personal mobility needs over environmental benefits, concerns over the social desirability of electric vehicle use, and the expectation that rapid technological and infrastructural developments will make current models obsolete. Implications for the potential uptake of future electric vehicles are discussed. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Meta-analysis of UK values of travel time: An updatePedro A L Abrantes | Mark R. Wardman
Volume 45, Issue 1, January 2011, Pages 1-17
Numerous travel demand studies have been carried out over the past five decades, many of which produce estimates of the value of travel time. This includes a rich body of largely unpublished evidence, which can provide valuable insights into the impact of variables such as GDP, travel distance, purpose and mode on this critical parameter for transport modelling and appraisal. The work reported in this paper updates and extends our previous meta-analyses of UK values of time (Wardman, 1998, 2001a, 2004) by adding recent studies and widening the range of explanatory variables included. Our current research covers 226 studies carried out between 1960 and 2008, yielding a total of 1749 valuations (a 50% increase relative to our previous work) and making this the largest data set of its kind to the best of our knowledge. This is also the most comprehensive study to date of parameters other than in-vehicle time and includes valuations of walk, wait, headway, congested, free flow, late, departure time shift and search time. Exploratory analysis of the data set provides interesting insights into methodological trends in travel demand modelling.For each valuation, over thirty quantitative and categorical variables were recorded and then included in a multivariate regression model to explain variations in the value of time. A large number of statistically significant effects were obtained from this meta-analysis, some of which are in marked contrast with, or not present in, our previous work. One finding that stands out is that the estimated elasticity of the value of time with respect to GDP per capita is 0.9 and highly significant, a much closer correspondence to the widely used convention of a unit income elasticity over time than we have previously obtained. The ratio between walk and wait time and in-vehicle time was found to be substantially lower than the commonly used value of two. We also found large and significant differences between the results from studies based on different types of Stated Preference survey presentation. Other important effects include variations by mode used, mode valued, travel purpose, attribute type and distance. It is envisaged that the results are of direct relevance in the British context, as inputs to appraisal or for benchmarking, whilst the methodological implications are of broader interest and the results, in terms of time equivalents and variations in values of time, can be transferred to other contexts. © 2010.
Where do cyclists ride? A route choice model developed with revealed preference GPS dataJoseph Broach | Jennifer Dill | John Gliebe
Volume 46, Issue 10, December 2012, Pages 1730-1740
To better understand bicyclists' preferences for facility types, GPS units were used to observe the behavior of 164 cyclists in Portland, Oregon, USA for several days each. Trip purpose and several other trip-level variables recorded by the cyclists, and the resulting trips were coded to a highly detailed bicycle network. The authors used the 1449 non-exercise, utilitarian trips to estimate a bicycle route choice model. The model used a choice set generation algorithm based on multiple permutations of path attributes and was formulated to account for overlapping route alternatives. The findings suggest that cyclists are sensitive to the effects of distance, turn frequency, slope, intersection control (e.g. presence or absence of traffic signals), and traffic volumes. In addition, cyclists appear to place relatively high value on off-street bike paths, enhanced neighborhood bikeways with traffic calming features (aka " bicycle boulevards"), and bridge facilities. Bike lanes more or less exactly offset the negative effects of adjacent traffic, but were no more or less attractive than a basic low traffic volume street. Finally, route preferences differ between commute and other utilitarian trips; cyclists were more sensitive to distance and less sensitive to other infrastructure characteristics for commute trips. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
Scientific research about climate change mitigation in transport: A critical reviewTim Schwanen | David Banister | Jillian Anable
Volume 45, Issue 10, December 2011, Pages 993-1006
This paper seeks to develop a deeper understanding of the research on climate change mitigation in transport. We suggest that work to date has focused on the effects of improvements in transport technologies, changes in the price of transport, physical infrastructure provision, behavioural change and alternative institutional arrangements for governing transport systems. In terms of research methodologies, positivist and quantitative analysis prevails, although there are signs of experimentation with non-positivist epistemologies and participatory methods. These particular engagements with climate change mitigation reflect mutually reinforcing tendencies within and beyond the academic transport community. We first draw on a revised version of Thomas Kuhn's philosophy of science to explore the path dependencies within transport studies, which are at least partly responsible for the predisposition towards quantitative modelling and technology, pricing and infrastructure oriented interventions in transport systems. We then employ the governmentality perspective to examine how transport academics' engagements with climate change mitigation depend on and align with more general understandings of climate change in UK society and beyond. The analysis makes clear that ecological modernisation and neo-liberal governmentality more generally provide the context for the current focus on and belief in technological, behaviour change, and especially market-based mitigation strategies. While current research trajectories are important and insightful, we believe that a deeper engagement with theoretical insights from the social sciences will produce richer understandings of transport mitigation in transport and briefly outline some of the contributions thinking on socio-technical transitions and practice theories can make. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Where Is My Bus? Impact of mobile real-time information on the perceived and actual wait time of transit ridersKari Edison Watkins | Brian Ferris | Alan Borning | G. Scott Rutherford | David Layton
Volume 45, Issue 8, October 2011, Pages 839-848
In order to attract more choice riders, transit service must not only have a high level of service in terms of frequency and travel time but also must be reliable. Although transit agencies continuously work to improve on-time performance, such efforts often come at a substantial cost. One inexpensive way to combat the perception of unreliability from the user perspective is real-time transit information. The OneBusAway transit traveler information system provides real-time next bus countdown information for riders of King County Metro via website, telephone, text-messaging, and smart phone applications. Although previous studies have looked at traveler response to real-time information, few have addressed real-time information via devices other than public display signs. For this study, researchers observed riders arriving at Seattle-area bus stops to measure their wait time while asking a series of questions, including how long they perceived that they had waited.The study found that for riders without real-time information, perceived wait time is greater than measured wait time. However, riders using real-time information do not perceive their wait time to be longer than their measured wait time. This is substantiated by the typical wait times that riders report. Real-time information users say that their average wait time is 7.5. min versus 9.9. min for those using traditional arrival information, a difference of about 30%. A model to predict the perceived wait time of bus riders was developed, with significant variables that include the measured wait time, an indicator variable for real-time information, an indicator variable for PM peak period, the bus frequency in buses per hour, and a self-reported typical aggravation level. The addition of real-time information decreases the perceived wait time by 0.7. min (about 13%).A critical finding of the study is that mobile real-time information reduces not only the perceived wait time, but also the actual wait time experienced by customers. Real-time information users in the study wait almost 2. min less than those arriving using traditional schedule information. Mobile real-time information has the ability to improve the experience of transit riders by making the information available to them before they reach the stop. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Value of travel time reliability: A review of current evidenceCarlos Carrion | David Levinson
Volume 46, Issue 4, May 2012, Pages 720-741
Travel time reliability is a fundamental factor in travel behavior. It represents the temporal uncertainty experienced by travelers in their movement between any two nodes in a network. The importance of the time reliability depends on the penalties incurred by the travelers. In road networks, travelers consider the existence of a trip travel time uncertainty in different choice situations (departure time, route, mode, and others). In this paper, a systematic review of the current state of research in travel time reliability, and more explicitly in the value of travel time reliability is presented. Moreover, a meta-analysis is performed in order to determine the reasons behind the discrepancy among the reliability estimates. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
Can we reduce car use and, if so, how? A review of available evidenceElla Graham-Rowe | Stephen Skippon | Benjamin Gardner | Charles Abraham
Volume 45, Issue 5, June 2011, Pages 401-418
Transport accounts for nearly a quarter of current energy-related carbon dioxide emissions with car travel constituting more than three quarters of all vehicle kilometres travelled. Interventions to change transport behaviour, and especially to reduce car use, could reduce CO2 emissions from road transport more quickly than technological measures. It is unclear, however, which interventions are effective in reducing car use and what the likely impact of these interventions would be on CO2 emissions. A two-stage systematic search was conducted focusing on reviews published since 2000 and primary intervention evaluations referenced therein. Sixty-nine reviews were considered and 47 primary evaluations found. These reported 77 intervention evaluations, including measures of car-use reduction. Evaluations of interventions varied widely in the methods they employed and the outcomes measures they reported. It was not possible to synthesise the findings using meta-analysis. Overall, the evidence base was found to be weak. Only 12 of the 77 evaluations were judged to be methodologically strong, and only half of these found that the intervention being evaluated reduced car use. A number of intervention approaches were identified as potentially effective but, given the small number of methodologically strong studies, it is difficult to draw robust conclusions from current evidence. More methodologically sound research is needed in this area. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Experimental design influences on stated choice outputs: An empirical study in air travel choiceMichiel C J Bliemer | John M. Rose
Volume 45, Issue 1, January 2011, Pages 63-79
Discrete choice experiments are conducted in the transport field to obtain data for investigating travel behaviour and derived measures such as the value of travel time savings. The multinomial logit (MNL) and other more advanced discrete choice models (e.g., the mixed MNL model) have often been estimated on data from stated choice experiments and applied for planning and policy purposes. Determining efficient underlying experimental designs for these studies has become an increasingly important stream of research, in which the objective is to generate stated choice tasks that maximize the collected information, yielding more reliable parameter estimates. These theoretical advances have not been rigorously tested in practice, such that claims on whether the theoretical efficiency gains translate into practice cannot be made. Using an extensive empirical study of air travel choice behaviour, this paper presents for the first time results of different stated choice experimental design approaches, in which respective estimation results are compared. We show that D-efficient designs keep their promise in lowering standard errors in estimating, thereby requiring smaller sample sizes, ceteris paribus, compared to a more traditional orthogonal design. The parameter estimates found using an orthogonal design or an efficient design turn out to be statistically different in several cases, mainly attributed to more or less dominant alternatives existing in the orthogonal design. Furthermore, we found that small designs with a limited number of choice tasks performs just as good (or even better) than a large design. Finally, we show that theoretically predicted sample sizes using the so-called S-estimates provide a good lower bound. This paper will enable practitioners in better understanding the potential benefits of efficient designs, and enables policy makers to make decisions based on more reliable parameter estimates. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
The impact of strategic management and fleet planning on airline efficiency - a random effects tobit model based on dea efficiency scoresRico Merkert | David A. Hensher
Volume 45, Issue 7, August 2011, Pages 686-695
As a result of the liberalisation of airline markets; the strong growth of low cost carriers; the high volatility in fuel prices; and the recent global financial crisis, the cost pressure that airlines face is very substantial. In order to survive in these very competitive environments, information on what factors impact on costs and efficiency of airlines is crucial in guiding strategic change. To evaluate key determinants of 58 passenger airlines' efficiency, this paper applies a two-stage Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach, with partially bootstrapped random effects Tobit regressions in the second stage. Our results suggest that the effects of route optimisation, in the sense of average stage length of the fleet, are limited to airline technical efficiency. We show that airline size and key fleet mix characteristics, such as aircraft size and number of different aircraft families in the fleet, are more relevant to successful cost management of airlines since they have significant impacts on all three types of airline efficiency: technical, allocative and, ultimately, cost efficiency. Our results also show that despite the fuel saving benefits of younger aircraft, the age of an airline's fleet has no significant impact on its technical efficiency, but does have a positive impact on its allocative and cost efficiency. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Assessing the cost of transfer inconvenience in public transport systems: A case study of the London UndergroundZhan Guo | Nigel H M Wilson
Volume 45, Issue 2, February 2011, Pages 91-104
Few studies have adequately assessed the cost of transfers. 2Another term, interchange, is often used in Europe. This paper treats them as interchangeable.2 in public transport systems, or provided useful guidance on transfer improvements, such as where to invest (which facility), how to invest (which aspect), and how much to invest (quantitative justification of the investment). This paper proposes a new method based on path choice,. 3Path choice is different from " way-finding" and " route choice." " Way-finding" refers to the process by which a traveler finds a path to his (her) destination. The question in that case is how to acquire information to find a route in unknown terrain. " Route-choice" sometimes refers to a choice among different services in a public transport network, even if they follow the same physical path. In this case, the decision is whether to board an arriving vehicle or to wait for a later vehicle that will have lower in-vehicle time. Neither situation will be addressed in this research; therefore, a different term, path choice, is adopted.3 taking into account both the operator's service supply and the customers' subjective perceptions to assess transfer cost and to identify ways to reduce it. This method evaluates different transfer components (e.g., transfer walking, waiting, and penalty) with distinct policy solutions and differentiates between transfer stations and movements. The method is applied to one of the largest and most complex public transport systems in the world, the London Underground (LUL), with a focus on 17 major transfer stations and 303 transfer movements. This study confirms that transfers pose a significant cost to LUL, and that cost is distributed unevenly across stations and across platforms at a station. Transfer stations are perceived very differently by passengers in terms of their overall cost and composition. The case study suggests that a better understanding of transfer behavior and improvements to the transfer experience could significantly benefit public transport systems. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
Air transportation in a carbon constrained world: Long-term dynamics of policies and strategies for mitigating the carbon footprint of commercial aviationSgouris Sgouridis | Philippe A. Bonnefoy | R. John Hansman
Volume 45, Issue 10, December 2011, Pages 1077-1091
With increasing demand for air transportation worldwide and decreasing marginal fuel efficiency improvements, the contribution of aviation to climate change relative to other sectors is projected to increase in the future. As a result, growing public and political pressures are likely to further target air transportation to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions. The key challenges faced by policy makers and air transportation industry stakeholders is to reduce aviation greenhouse gas emissions while sustaining mobility for passengers and time-sensitive cargo as well as meeting future demand for air transportation in developing and emerging countries. This paper examines five generic policies for reducing the emissions of commercial aviation; (1) technological efficiency improvements, (2) operational efficiency improvements, (3) use of alternative fuels, (4) demand shift and (5) carbon pricing (i.e. market-based incentives). In order to evaluate the impacts of these policies on total emissions, air transport mobility, airfares and airline profitability, a system dynamics modeling approach was used. The Global Aviation Industry Dynamics (GAID) model captures the systemic interactions and the delayed feedbacks in the air transportation system and allows scenarios testing through simulations. For this analysis, a set of 34 scenarios with various levels of aggressiveness along the five generic policies were simulated and tested. It was found that no single policy can maintain emissions levels steady while increasing projected demand for air transportation. Simulation results suggest that a combination of the proposed policies does produce results that are close to a "weak" sustainability definition of increasing supply to meet new demand needs while maintaining constant or increasing slightly emissions levels. A combination of policies that includes aggressive levels of technological and operations efficiency improvements, use of biofuels along with moderate levels of carbon pricing and short-haul demand shifts efforts achieves a 140% increase in capacity in 2024 over 2004 while only increasing emissions by 20% over 2004. In addition, airline profitability is moderately impacted (10% reduction) compared to other scenarios where profitability is reduced by over 50% which pose a threat to necessary investments and the implementation of mitigating measures to reduce CO2 emissions. This study has shown that an approach based on a portfolio of mitigating measures and policies spanning across technology and operational improvements, use of biofuels, demand shift and carbon pricing is required to transition the air transportation industry close to an operating point of environmental and mobility sustainability. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
The role of instrumental, hedonic and symbolic attributes in the intention to adopt electric vehiclesGeertje Schuitema | Jillian Anable | Stephen Skippon | Neale Kinnear
Volume 48, Issue , February 2013, Pages 39-49
The aim is to understand how private car drivers' perception of vehicle attributes may affect their intention to adopt electric vehicles (EVs). Data are obtained from a national online survey of potential EV adopters in the UK. The results indicate that instrumental attributes are important largely because they are associated with other attributes derived from owning and using EVs, including pleasure of driving (hedonic attributes) and identity derived from owning and using EVs (symbolic attributes). People who believe that a pro-environmental self-identity fits with their self-image are more likely to have positive perceptions of EV attributes. Perceptions of EV attributes are only very weakly associated with car-authority identity. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
Road network vulnerability analysis of area-covering disruptions: A grid-based approach with case studyErik Jenelius | Lars Göran Mattsson
Volume 46, Issue 5, June 2012, Pages 746-760
We present an approach to systematically analysing the vulnerability of road networks under disruptions covering extended areas. Since various kinds of events including floods, heavy snowfall, storms and wildfires can cause such spatially spread degradations, the analysis method is an important complement to the existing studies of single link failures. The methodology involves covering the study area with grids of uniformly shaped and sized cells, where each cell represents the extent of an event disrupting any intersecting links. We apply the approach to the Swedish road network using travel demand and network data from the Swedish national transport modelling system Sampers. The study shows that the impacts of area-covering disruptions are largely determined by the level of internal, outbound and inbound travel demand of the affected area itself. This is unlike single link failures, where the link flow and the redundancy in the surrounding network determine the impacts. As a result, the vulnerability to spatially spread events shows a markedly different geographical distribution. These findings, which should be universal for most road networks of similar scale, are important in the planning process of resource allocation for mitigation and recovery. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
Interacting with limited mobility resources: Psychological range levels in electric vehicle useThomas Franke | Josef F. Krems
Volume 48, Issue , February 2013, Pages 109-122
Limited driving range is an obstacle to adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). We examine from a self-regulation perspective the psychological dynamics underlying individual reference values for three different types of range constructs. In a 6-month field trial 40 EVs were leased to a sample of early adopter customers. In general, users were satisfied with range and stressful range situations rarely occurred. Results further suggested that users were comfortable with utilizing approximately 75-80% of their available range resources. Several personality traits (e.g., control beliefs, low impulsivity) and system competence variables (e.g., daily practice, subjective competence) were positively related to range level values and thus range utilization. Comfortable range was positively related to range satisfaction. We recommend that psychology-based strategies should be applied to enhance range optimization. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
Hysteresis phenomena of a Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram in freeway networksNikolas Geroliminis | Jie Sun
Volume 45, Issue 9, November 2011, Pages 966-979
Observations of traffic pairs of flow vs. density or occupancy for individual locations in freeways or arterials are usually scattered about an underlying curve. Recent observations from empirical data in arterial networks showed that in some cases by aggregating the highly scattered plots of flow vs. density from individual loop detectors, the scatter almost disappears and well-defined macroscopic relations exist between space-mean network flow and network density. Despite these findings for the existence of well-defined relations with low scatter, these curves should not be universal. In this paper we investigate if well-defined macroscopic relations exist for freeway network systems, by analyzing real data from Minnesota's freeways. We show that freeway network systems not only have curves with high scatter, but they also exhibit hysteresis phenomena, where higher network flows are observed for the same average network density in the onset and lower in the offset of congestion. The mechanisms of traffic hysteresis phenomena at the network level are analyzed in this paper and they have dissimilarities to the causes of the hysteresis phenomena at the micro/meso level. The explanation of the phenomenon is dual. The first reason is that there are different spatial and temporal distributions of congestion for the same level of average density. Another reason is the synchronized occurrence of transitions from individual detectors during the offset of the peak period, with points remain beneath the equilibrium curve. Both the hysteresis phenomenon and its causes are consistently observed for different spatial aggregations of the network. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Residential location and transit-oriented development in a new rail corridorDoina Olaru | Brett Smith | John H E Taplin
Volume 45, Issue 3, March 2011, Pages 219-237
The relationship of form, use, and density in urban development and their influence on human behavior and travel is a key element of many land use and transport policies. Prior research indicates high-density urban development leads to decreased travel and thus sustainable mobility; however, personal attitudes seem to have greater effect on mobility than does the urban form. This research evaluates how households consider transit-oriented development (TOD) characteristics in their location decisions with regard to new Mandurah railway line stations opened in December 2007 in Perth, Western Australia. The results indicate that the choice of residence reflects neighborhood and housing attributes, with significant heterogeneity in the populations of the three precincts in terms of their valuation of various housing characteristics, proximity to urban facilities, and transport. There is also significant variation in households' attitudes to natural and artificial environments. A better understanding of the complex relationships among environment, travel, socio-demographic characteristics, and household attitudes can help transport planners leverage the benefits of TOD and improve the quality of urban design and community life. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
The future tourism mobility of the world population: Emission growth versus climate policyGhislain Dubois | Paul Peeters | Jean Paul Ceron | Stefan Gössling
Volume 45, Issue 10, December 2011, Pages 1031-1042
Much of global passenger transport is linked to tourism. The sector is therefore of interest in studying global mobility trends and transport-related emissions. In 2005, tourism was responsible for around 5% of all CO2 emissions, of which 75% were caused by passenger transport. Given the rapid growth in tourism, with 1.6 billion international tourist arrivals predicted by 2020 (up from 903 million in 2007), it is clear that the sector will contribute to rapidly growing emission levels, and increasingly interfere with global climate policy. This is especially true under climate stabilisation and "avoiding dangerous climate change" objectives, implying global emission reductions in the order of -50% to -80% by 2050, compared to 2000. Based on three backcasting scenarios, and using techniques integrating quantitative and qualitative elements, this paper discusses the options for emission reductions in the tourism sector and the consequences of mitigation for global tourism-related mobility by 2050. It ends with a discussion of the policy implications of the results. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd.
Transportation and social interactionsElenna R. Dugundji | Antonio Páez | Theo A. Arentze | Joan L. Walker | Juan A. Carrasco | Fabrice Marchal | Hitomi Nakanishi
Volume 45, Issue 4, May 2011, Pages 239-247
Evolution of the household vehicle fleet: Anticipating fleet composition, PHEV adoption and GHG emissions in Austin, TexasSashank Musti | Kara M. Kockelman
Volume 45, Issue 8, October 2011, Pages 707-720
In today's world of volatile fuel prices and climate concerns, there is little study on the relationship between vehicle ownership patterns and attitudes toward vehicle cost (including fuel prices and feebates) and vehicle technologies. This work provides new data on ownership decisions and owner preferences under various scenarios, coupled with calibrated models to microsimulate Austin's personal-fleet evolution.Opinion survey results suggest that most Austinites (63%, population-corrected share) support a feebate policy to favor more fuel efficient vehicles. Top purchase criteria are price, type/class, and fuel economy. Most (56%) respondents also indicated that they would consider purchasing a Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) if it were to cost $6000 more than its conventional, gasoline-powered counterpart. And many respond strongly to signals on the external (health and climate) costs of a vehicle's emissions, more strongly than they respond to information on fuel cost savings.Twenty five-year simulations of Austin's household vehicle fleet suggest that, under all scenarios modeled, Austin's vehicle usage levels (measured in total vehicle miles traveled or VMT) are predicted to increase overall, along with average vehicle ownership levels (both per household and per capita). Under a feebate, HEVs, PHEVs and Smart Cars are estimated to represent 25% of the fleet's VMT by simulation year 25; this scenario is predicted to raise total regional VMT slightly (just 2.32%, by simulation year 25), relative to the trend scenario, while reducing CO2 emissions only slightly (by 5.62%, relative to trend). Doubling the trend-case gas price to $5/gallon is simulated to reduce the year-25 vehicle use levels by 24% and CO2 emissions by 30% (relative to trend).Two- and three-vehicle households are simulated to be the highest adopters of HEVs and PHEVs across all scenarios. The combined share of vans, pickup trucks, sport utility vehicles (SUVs), and cross-over utility vehicles (CUVs) is lowest under the feebate scenario, at 35% (versus 47% in Austin's current household fleet). Feebate-policy receipts are forecasted to exceed rebates in each simulation year.In the longer term, gas price dynamics, tax incentives, feebates and purchase prices along with new technologies, government-industry partnerships, and more accurate information on range and recharging times (which increase customer confidence in EV technologies) should have added effects on energy dependence and greenhouse gas emissions. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Mobility, social exclusion and well-being: Exploring the linksJohn K. Stanley | David A. Hensher | Janet R. Stanley | Dianne Vella-Brodrick
Volume 45, Issue 8, October 2011, Pages 789-801
Building on a growing research foundation, transport policy makers have begun to associate the ability to be mobile with having a role in the facilitation of social inclusion. However, the further connection to well-being is not as well understood. This paper explores the association between a person's travel patterns, their risk of social exclusion and self-assessed well-being. Key influences on social exclusion are discussed, with trip making emerging as a significant influence. Trip making is not a significant direct influence on well-being but does exercise an indirect influence through the impact on risk of social exclusion. The modelling process enables a value for additional trips to be estimated, the value being about four times the values derived from conventional generated traffic approaches. Similar high values are found in separate metropolitan and regional case studies, confirming the significance of the results. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Real-time partway deadheading strategy based on transit service reliability assessmentBin Yu | Zhongzhen Yang | Shan Li
Volume 46, Issue 8, October 2012, Pages 1265-1279
This paper presents a partway deadheading strategy for transit operations to improve transit service of the peak directions of transit routes. This strategy consists of two phases: reliability assessment of further transit service and optimization of partway deadheading operation. The reliability assessment of further transit service, which is based on the current and recent service reliability, is used to justify whether or not to implement a partway deadheading operation. The objective of the second phase is to determine the beginning stop for a new service for the deadheaded vehicle by maximizing the benefit of transit system. A heuristic algorithm is also defined and implemented to estimate reliability of further transit service and to optimize partway deadheading operation. Then, the partway deadheading strategy proposed in this paper is tested with the data from a transit route in Dalian city of China. The results show the partway deadheading strategy with the reasonable parameters can improve transit service. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
The effect of uncertainty on US transport-related GHG emissions and fuel consumption out to 2050Parisa Bastani | John B. Heywood | Chris Hope
Volume 46, Issue 3, March 2012, Pages 517-548
The future of US transport energy requirements and emissions is uncertain. Transport policy research has explored a number of scenarios to better understand the future characteristics of US light-duty vehicles. Deterministic scenario analysis is, however, unable to identify the impact of uncertainty on the future US vehicle fleet emissions and energy use. Variables determining the future fleet emissions and fuel use are inherently uncertain and thus the shortfall in understanding the impact of uncertainty on the future of US transport needs to be addressed. This paper uses a stochastic technology and fleet assessment model to quantify the uncertainties in US vehicle fleet emissions and fuel use for a realistic yet ambitious pathway which results in about a 50% reduction in fleet GHG emissions in 2050. The results show the probability distribution of fleet emissions, fuel use, and energy consumption over time out to 2050. The expected value for the fleet fuel consumption is about 450 and 350 billion litres of gasoline equivalent with standard deviations of 40 and 80 in 2030 and 2050, respectively. The expected value for the fleet GHG emissions is about 1360 and 850Mt CO 2 equivalent with standard deviation of 130 and 230 in 2030 and 2050 respectively. The parameters that are major contributors to variations in emissions and fuel consumption are also identified and ranked through the uncertainty analysis. It is further shown that these major contributors change over time, and include parameters such as: vehicle scrappage rate, annual growth of vehicle kilometres travelled in the near term, total vehicle sales, fuel economy of the dominant naturally-aspirated spark ignition vehicles, and percentage of gasoline displaced by cellulosic ethanol. The findings in this paper demonstrate the importance of taking uncertainties into consideration when choosing amongst alternative fuel and emissions reduction pathways, in the light of their possible consequences. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Individual characteristics and stated preferences for alternative energy sources and propulsion technologies in vehicles: A discrete choice analysis for GermanyAndreas Ziegler
Volume 46, Issue 8, October 2012, Pages 1372-1385
With respect to the German goal of a transition to a lead market for electromobility within a short time period, this paper empirically examines the preferences for alternative energy sources or propulsion technologies in vehicles and particularly for electric vehicles. The data stem from a stated preference discrete choice experiment with 598 potential German car buyers. In order to simulate a realistic future purchase situation, seven vehicle types were incorporated in each of the six choice sets, i.e. hybrid, gas, biofuel, hydrogen, and electric vehicles besides common gasoline and diesel vehicles. The econometric analysis with flexible multinomial probit models reveals that potential car buyers in Germany currently have a low stated preference for electric, hydrogen, and hybrid vehicles. While our paper also discusses the impact of common vehicle attributes such as purchase price or service station availability, it particularly considers the effect of socio-demographic and environmental awareness variables. The estimation results reveal that younger potential car buyers have a higher stated preference for hydrogen and electric vehicles, males have a higher stated choice of hydrogen vehicles, and environmentally aware potential car buyers have a higher stated preference for hydrogen and electric vehicles. These results suggest that common policy instruments such as the promotion of research and development, taxation, or subsidization in the field of electromobility could be supplemented by strategies to increase the social acceptance of alternative vehicle types that are directly oriented to these population groups. Methodologically, our study highlights the importance of the inclusion of taste persistence across the choice sets and a high number of random draws in the Geweke-Hajivassiliou-Keane simulator in the simulated maximum likelihood estimation of the multinomial probit models. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
The effect of social comparisons on commute well-beingMaya Abou-Zeid | Moshe Ben-Akiva
Volume 45, Issue 4, May 2011, Pages 345-361
We study the effect of social comparisons on travel happiness and behavior. Social comparisons arise from exchanges of information among individuals. We postulate that the social gap resulting from comparisons is a determinant of "comparative happiness" (i.e. happiness arising from comparisons), which in turn affects subsequent behavior. We develop a modeling framework based on the Hybrid Choice Model that captures the indirect effect of social comparisons on travel choices through its effect on comparative happiness. We present an empirical analysis of one component of this framework. Specifically, we study how perceived differences between experienced commute attributes and those communicated by others affect comparative happiness and consequently overall commute satisfaction. We find that greater comparative happiness arising from favorable comparisons of one's commute to that of others (e.g. shorter commute time than others, same mode as others for car commuters, and different mode than others for non-motorized commuters) increases overall commute satisfaction or utility. The empirical model develops only the link between social comparisons and happiness in the comparisons-happiness-behavior chain. It is anticipated that the theoretical framework that considers the entire chain will enhance the behavioral realism of "black box" models that do not account for happiness in the link between comparisons and behavior. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.


text:
Tax advantaged retirement accounts are one of the best ways to save for the future. 401K plans are retirement plans offered by many employers that allow employees to make contributions on a pretax basis and to defer taxes until money is withdrawn. Withdrawals from 401k plans are also called distributions. When taking distributions you will want to consider the rules regarding taxation.
401k Tax Rate
401k plans and traditional individual retirement accounts (IRAs) both offer the benefit of deducting contributions from your gross income. In other words, every dollar you save in a 401k plan reduces the pool of income that is subject to tax each year. In addition, investment gains within the plan are not taxed. Since taxes are not charged on 401k plan contributions and growth, they are applied at the time of withdrawal. 401k distributions are considered income and are taxed at the recipient's normal rate.
401k plans are designed to help workers save for retirement, but expenses may arise that tempt workers to tap into their plans before that. Early distributions from a 401k, which usually means withdrawals before age 59 1/2, are taxed as regular income, plus an a additional 10 percent penalty applies. You can also wait too long to take distributions. You must start taking required minimum distributions (RMDs) from your 401k plan when you reach the age of 70 ½. According to the IRS, if you do not take a RMD, the amount not withdrawn is taxed at 50 percent.
Early Distribution Exceptions
There are a variety of circumstances where the IRS allows for early withdrawals from a 401k account without penalty. The IRS states that distributions for medical expenses or those made to a beneficiary on or after the date of the account holder's death are not subject to a penalty. If you suffer from a disability or a federally declared disaster you may also be able to make penalty-free distributions.
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401k plans can vary as to their exact rules and conditions. Some 401k plans allow participants to take loans from the plan. According to the IRS, loans taken from a 401k plan are not taxable if the loan is not in excess of $50,000 and is repaid within five years. Payments must be made at least once a quarter over the life of the loan. The IRS also states that participants can generally borrow up to 50 percent of their account balance up to the $50,000 maximum.
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subset: commoncrawl


text: Located in Berlin's trendy Friedrichshain district, this hostel is just 1,477 feet from Boxhagener Platz. It offers rental bicycles, shared kitchen facilities and a games room. BackpackerBerlin features functional rooms and dormitories with individual décor. Most offer views of the garden. Shared bathroom facilities can be found in the hallway. All guests are welcome to use the kitchen, which include a microwave, stove, oven and coffee making facilities. There are numerous cafés, bars and restaurants serving international cuisine within 657 feet of BackpackerBerlin. Nearby attractions include the East Side Gallery (1.6 miles), the Mercedes-Benz Arena (1.7 miles) and Alexanderplatz (2.5 miles). Ostkreuz S-Bahn Train Station is approximately 0.6 miles from BackpackerBerlin and offers easy connections around Berlin.


text:
Bid to save legal aid for domestic violence victims
Topics: Family and children,Legal aid and access to justice,Courts business
The government faces a legal challenge to the lawfulness of legal aid reforms which the claimants say prevent domestic violence victims getting financial help in family law cases.
The action has been brought by two charities - the Public Law Project and Rights of Women - with the support of the Law Society, which has provided indemnity against adverse costs.
On 1 April the Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 came into effect removing legal aid for the majority of private family law matters.
Accompanying it, the Civil Legal Aid (Procedure) Regulations 2012 introduced criteria making legal aid available for those affected by domestic violence.
However the groups claim the evidential requirements to prove domestic violence are too narrow and exclude many women even where it is clear there has been violence or that there is an ongoing risk.
They argue that the regulations do not give effect to the intention of parliament in LASPO.
The LASPO definition of domestic violence is any incident, or pattern of incidents, of controlling, coercive or threatening behaviour, violence or abuse whether psychological, physical, sexual, financial or emotional between individuals who are associated with each other.
However some of these forms of violence would not fall into the prescriptive evidential requirement.
In addition, the evidence provision in many cases has a 24-month time limit and the charities argue that it is too restrictive as perpetrators may remain a lifelong threat.
A survey carried out last year by Rights of Women, Women's Aid and Welsh Women's Aid showed that half of all women surveyed who had experienced or were experiencing domestic violence did not have the prescribed forms of evidence to access family law legal aid.
Of those 61% took no action in relation to their family law problem as a result of not being able to get legal aid.
The charities claim the regulations are ultra vires and infringe Articles 6 and 8 of the Human Rights Act and have asked the High Court to quash them.
Director of Rights of Women Emma Scott said: 'This legal action is taken on behalf of those women in order to hold the government to account on their promise to continue to make family law legal aid available to victims of domestic violence.'
Law Society president Nicholas Fluck said: 'The LASPO legal aid cuts have resulted in radical consequences for access to justice with the worst impact affecting the poorest and most vulnerable sectors of society.
'It is vital that survivors of domestic abuse can bring evidence to satisfy the broader statutory meaning of domestic violence, not the over-strict tests required by the regulations as they now stand.'
A spokesman for the Ministry of Justice said: 'Where people have suffered domestic violence legal aid must be available to help them break free from the abusive relationship.' He said the ministry has had to take difficult decisions to reduce the cost of legal aid to make it 'sustainable and targeted where most needed'.
He said the ministry's approach to legal aid funding in these cases is 'proportionate and justified, and we will be making that case in court'.
Readers' comments (3)
I worked as a paralegal and then as a solicitor specialising in domestic violence for more than ten years before some years ago, and with regret, I saw the writing on the wall and left the profession for good. I was always of the opinion that I was effectively doing a job which the police had the power to do but had no interest in. The police have stated repeatedly that they would pay more attention to the needs of the vulnerable and yet have consistently have failed to do so. The only way I could ever protect my clients was to obtain civil injunctions and then pass those onto the police with varying results as to how they actually enforced them. My private clients of course were always left at the mercy of the police and the CPS. I saw yesterday that the BBC news reported a very distressing case of domestic violence which would appear to show that despite police assurances some forces still do not recognise that domestic violence is a cause for concern. What the civil legal aid budget at the very least used to do was provide someone to whom my clients could come to as a point of contact and who could contact the relevant police station and encourage them to do what they are paid to do.
If the police are unwilling or incapable of doing their jobs then the state is further remiss by not providing the funds for certain very lowly paid lawyers to remind them of what they are already empowered to do.
It is with personal regret that I left the profession as the stories I could tell of vulnerable young women and children I helped will live with me forever.
The powers that be and the comfortably-off entertain the profound misapprehension that public authorities fulfil their statutory obligations to the vulnerable and that lawyers only get involved to threaten action "as a last resort".
Not so ! lawyers are needed all the time to enforce so-called statutory rights . The Legal aid cuts therefore deny more than access to Justice; they further protect and institutionalise the huge failure of the authorities to carry out their obligations .
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This cake was so much fun to make. I love craving the initials in the "tree" The bride wanted a really small cake and gave me free rein, she loved it so much.
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(if this is a private computer)
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Such dramatic and beautiful skies!! Wonderful captures for the day, Mridula!! Thanks for stopping by my blog! Suranga is so clever! The headers she comes up with never fail to amaze me! Glad you like them! Have a lovely weekend!!
I love it when I can catch a colorful sunset right in the middle of the city. This was clicked from my sister's home at Noida. Of course I am presenting the scene quite selectively here, I have not included the construction cranes and other such trappings of civilization.
Sunset at Noida
The birds just crossed the frame while I was clicking and what a bonus it was! I was using my 75-300 mm lens at that time hence I got lucky with the birds!
Dawn at Noida
And then the next day while I was waiting at the Metro station to start the long commute back to work I saw this pale dawn breaking! I am a big fan of sky watch Friday as before that I was also one of those people who can remain completely unaffected through the dramas that happen in the sky!
This post is part of Sky Watch Friday. You need to check it out.
Such dramatic and beautiful skies!! Wonderful captures for the day, Mridula!! Thanks for stopping by my blog! Suranga is so clever! The headers she comes up with never fail to amaze me! Glad you like them! Have a lovely weekend!!
Great colours. Beautiful shots.
Sydney – City and Suburbs
Beautiful colors and atmosphere displaying pure sattvic energy .
Both shots are amazing. Happy sky watching.
My sky.
Very beautiful photos for SWF!Thank you for sharing and have a nice weekend!
Awesome color………….
Very Nice…..Sunsets in winter in North India is just beautiful.
that first pic is lovely! esp those birds flying across!
These friday skies makes me dream of dresses in all these shades 😛
Very pretty in pasel skies!
Nice capture. Lovely pictures
Awesome pics, Loved the first pic…
Spectacular shots!
tough to find such places and clear sky among tall monsterous buildings…nice one… 🙂
A very dramatic sunset !
Hi Mridula,
Wow, the first click looks so surreal. You've captured it beautifully. You're right, the birds are an awesome addition to the click and enhance its beauty.
It's good to hear that you shot the second one while waiting at the Metro station, just goes to show that good shots can be composed even while doing routine chores.
Keep it up Mridula. 🙂 🙂 🙂
My Newest Blog Post | My Entry to Indiblogger Get Published
Loved the shots! 🙂
Wonderful photos!
Lovely captures Mridula
I am Mridula Dwivedi and I started blogging on 'Travel Tales from India' in June 2005. I renamed it Travel Tales from India & Abroad in 2016. Within a few months of the launch my travel blog found a mention on both the BBC and The Guardian. I also featured in a National Geographic Skoda Yeti Video. I was recently featured on Via.com
I quit my job as a professor in May 2015. I am having a blast ever since. I do not miss my work but sometime I do miss my salary! Somewhere along the journey I ended up acquiring a Ph.D. from IIT Kanpur! I now wonder why?
You can write to me at mridulablog at gmail dot com For advertising queries please check out my advertising page.
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Lobbyin to prevent commercial piracy
In this paper we develop a common agency model to analyze the problem of pirates entering the market, in which the incumbent and the consumers form pressure groups to lobby the government on policies to prevent piracy while the pirates try to avoid being stopped. We show that a monopoly is not an equilibrium when both the incumbent and consumers lobby the government, and that the cost of monitoring commercial piracy is very important in determining (truthful) equilibria, as is the case where there is no lobby competition. However, it is now more difficult getting the pirate to enter the market.
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|Date of creation:
|Jun 2010
|Date of revision:
|Contact details of provider:
| Web page: http://www.um.es/fee/
More information through EDIRC
References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Duchene, Anne & Waelbroeck, Patrick, 2006. "The legal and technological battle in the music industry: Information-push versus information-pull technologies," International Review of Law and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 26(4), pages 565-580, December.
- Oz Shy & Jacques-Françlois Thisse, 1999.
"A Strategic Approach to Software Protection,"
Journal of Economics & Management Strategy,
Wiley Blackwell, vol. 8(2), pages 163-190, 06.
- SHY, Oz & THISSE, Jacques-François, . "A strategic approach to software protection," CORE Discussion Papers RP 1413, Université catholique de Louvain, Center for Operations Research and Econometrics (CORE).
- Gil Ricard, 2007. "The Economics of IPR Protection Policies: Reply," Review of Network Economics, De Gruyter, vol. 6(4), pages 1-5, December.
- Dixit, Avinash & Grossman, Gene M. & Helpman, Elhanan, 1997.
"Common Agency and Coordination: General Theory and Application to Government Policy Making,"
Scholarly Articles
3450061, Harvard University Department of Economics.
- Dixit, Avinash & Grossman, Gene M & Helpman, Elhanan, 1997. "Common Agency and Coordination: General Theory and Application to Government Policy Making," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 105(4), pages 752-69, August.
- Gil, Ricard, 2006.
"The economics of IPR protection policies,"
IESE Research Papers
D/622, IESE Business School.
- Gil Ricard, 2006. "The Economics of IPR Protection Policies," Review of Network Economics, De Gruyter, vol. 5(3), pages 1-21, September.
- Mussa, Michael & Rosen, Sherwin, 1978. "Monopoly and product quality," Journal of Economic Theory, Elsevier, vol. 18(2), pages 301-317, August.
- Laussel, Didier & Le Breton, Michel, 2001.
"Conflict and Cooperation: The Structure of Equilibrium Payoffs in Common Agency,"
Journal of Economic Theory,
Elsevier, vol. 100(1), pages 93-128, September.
- LAUSSEL, Didier & LE BRETON, Michel, . "Conflict and cooperation. The structure of equilibrium payoffs in common agency," CORE Discussion Papers RP 1519, Université catholique de Louvain, Center for Operations Research and Econometrics (CORE).
- Banerjee, Dyuti S., 2006. "Lobbying and commercial software piracy," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 22(1), pages 139-155, March.
- Gene M. Grossman & Elhanan Helpman, 1992.
"Protection For Sale,"
NBER Working Papers
4149, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Grossman, Gene M & Helpman, Elhanan, 1994. "Protection for Sale," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 84(4), pages 833-50, September.
- Grossman, Gene & Helpman, Elhanan, 1993. "Protection for Sale," CEPR Discussion Papers 827, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Grossman, G.M. & Helpman, E., 1992. "Protection for Sale," Papers 162, Princeton, Woodrow Wilson School - Public and International Affairs.
- Grossman, G.M. & Helpman, E., 1992. "Protection for Sale," Papers 21-92, Tel Aviv.
- Kiema, Ilkka, 2008. "Commercial piracy and intellectual property policy," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 68(1), pages 304-318, October.
- Laussel Didier G, 2006. "Special Interest Politics and Endogenous Lobby Formation," The B.E. Journal of Theoretical Economics, De Gruyter, vol. 6(1), pages 1-14, February.
- Banerjee, Dyuti S., 2003. "Software piracy: a strategic analysis and policy instruments," International Journal of Industrial Organization, Elsevier, vol. 21(1), pages 97-127, January.
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text:
Anesthesiologist (pain control)
29 years of experience
Accepting new patients
29 years of experience
Accepting new patients
Northwest Dallas
5323 Harry Hines Blvd
Dallas, TX 75390 Phone number & directions
5323 Harry Hines Blvd
Dallas, TX 75390 Phone number & directions
License & Identifications
A medical license is required for a doctor to practice medicine in a particular state. Requirements vary by state but most require, at a minimum, post-graduate training in the doctor's specific specialty. An NPI number is a national identifier unique to an individual health care provider and is managed by the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS).
Learn more about Dr. Irina Gasanova:
View the full profile to get information on:
- Qualifications
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View full profile
Patient Reviews
Patient comments (0)
The overall average patient rating of Dr. Irina Gasanova is Excellent.
Specialties & Research
Dr. Irina Gasanova, MD is board certified in Anesthesiology.
Education & Awards
Dr. Gasanova graduated from Azerbaijan State Medical University, Baku.
Dr. Gasanova has 5 hospital affiliations:
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- Parkland Health & Hospital System
Home > Find an Anesthesiologist > TX > Dallas Anesthesiologists > Dr. Irina Gasanova, MD
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- Additional Information
- Dr. Irina Gasanova MD is a female Anesthesiologist, has 29 years of experience and practices in Anesthesiology.
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Dr. Irina Gasanova practices Anesthesiology near Dallas, TX.
See Dallas Anesthesiologists.


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realmagick.com The shrine of knowledge.
- Facts About Wombats
- Wombats are small marsupials that look like a cross between a bear, a pig and a gopher. They are built for digging, with short legs, compact heads, short broad feet and strong claws. Like kangaroos, koalas and other marsupials, they have a pouch.
- Mammals as they used to be.
- The mammals are often regarded as the most successful group on the Earth and the 2nd most diverse mammalian group is the metatheria - those that don't have the placenta (like our group. the sister group of the eutheria.
- Senior of the Year 2015 champions books
- Browse by. Metatheria. Mammals of Australia.
- LOLDinosaur? Extinct Kitten-Sized Predator Discovered
- An ancient kitten-sized predator is one of the smallest species reported in the extinct order Sparassodonta, which were carnivorous marsupials (metatherian mammals, anyway) native to South America lived in Bolivia about 13 million years ago.
- New Sparassodont Discovered in Bolivia
- This yet-to-be-named animal is one of the smallest species reported in Sparassodonta, an extinct order of carnivorous metatherian mammals native to South America. Once considered to be true marsupials, these animals are now thought to be a sister taxon ...
Metatheria is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Metatheria books and related discussion.
Suggested News Resources
Great care has been taken to prepare the information on this page. Elements of the content come from factual and lexical knowledge databases, realmagick.com library and third-party sources. We appreciate your suggestions and comments on further improvements of the site.
Metatheria Topics
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text:
Bengals: You are on the clock. Who do you want at 24? Vote
NFL Draft/Bengals
It's draft night, so who do you want? Who should the Bengals select at #24?
Vote in the poll and post your pick and why in the comment section below.
Poll: Who would you most like to see the Bengals select at number 24?
My choice is: Kyle Fuller, CB, Virginia Tech
BLACKSBURG, VA - SEPTEMBER 03: Cornerback Kyle Fuller #17 of the Virginia Tech Hokies lines up against the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets at Lane Stadium on September 3, 2012 in Blacksburg, Virginia. (Photo by Geoff Burke/Getty Images)
This is pretty cool


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Ofgem's mandatory move to half-hourly settlements for all consumers extended Ofgem's huge project to switch to half-hourly electricity settlement (HHS) for almost all customers has been plaguing...German Government Bans Fracking Posted by Chris Hurcombe, 26 July 2016
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Retail chain Marks & Spencer is using crowdfunding to source the money for installation of solar panels on its shops. In partnership with Energy4All, a non-profit group that helps community...Competition authority confirms business energy reforms Posted by Chris Hurcombe, 12 July 2016
Business groups have welcomed the announcement of reforms to the energy market, following an investigation by the UK's competition watchdog. Consumers Disengaged On 24 June the Competition and...


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The FUJITSU CELVIN NAS Server Q805 is the ideal product for file sharing, end to end backup options and SAN (Storage Area Network) integration for SMB customers - enabling centralized data management at a reasonable price. It is a balanced multipurpose device with up to 24 TB storage and can be set up for anything from surveillance operations to NAS plus iSCSI storage.
Talk about this product
Copyright © 2004-16 Kikatek LTD
| Company Registration No: 05950088 - Company Registered in England | All Rights Reserved


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Best of 2012: Top 10 Hip Hop Songs
We are pretty close to wrapping up our Best of 2012 series and now we've reached the songs. So, for the sake of simplicity we've chosen mostly singles that were released, but there are a few album cuts that will sneak in for sure.
Bizzon's Top 10 Hip Hop Songs of 2012
Best of 2011: Top 9 Milwaukee Hip-Hop events
Bizzon and I (Jank) decided to list some of our favorite events around this great city of ours. Thanks everyone who came out to these events and made them dope.
9) A Tribe Called Quest: "Beats Rhymes and Life" documentary premiere
The film premiered here at the Oriental Theatre. Every hip-hop head was there. After it ended, we had some people come up to the camera and talk about the film, and I filmed it good, son, really good. »Read Full Blog Post(1)
Bizzon and Jank's top 3 favorite hip-hop videos
Alright, it's time to get to know who we are and what we get in to. To start, Jank and I are posting our top 3 favorite videos of all-time. Now, favorite does not mean best, and vise-versa. So if the GREATEST VIDEO OF ALL TIME is not on this list, it's not supposed to be.
For example, I think Nas and KRS-One are the best rappers of all time, but Twista and Ludacris are two of my favorite rappers, get it? Cool. On to the lists.
Bizzon's Picks (In No Particular Order) »Read Full Blog Post


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Prison directory
Talladega County
Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP)
Federal Correctional Institution (FCI) - Talladega Medium is classed as a medium security facility. It has a strengthened perimeter fence and electronic detection systems to ensure inmates stay within the facility. To help inmates prepare themselves to rejoin the wider community, Federal Correctional Institution (FCI) - Talladega Medium offers a wide range of work and treatment programs.
Federal Correctional Institution (FCI) - Talladega Medium is one of the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) facilities. The BOP is a division of the United States Justice Department whose main function is to protect public safety by ensuring that federal offenders serve their sentences of imprisonment in facilities that are safe, humane, cost-efficient, and appropriately secure, and provide reentry programming to ensure their successful return to the community.
Connect with an Inmate
Facility Details
565 East Renfroe Road
Talladega , AL 35160
Talladega , AL 35160
PO Box 1000
Talladega, AL 35160
Talladega, AL 35160


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Vexx (Xbox) Cheats
Vexx cheats, and Codes for Xbox.
CheatsBack to top
Go to Timberdale. Go to the sundial. Set it to either of the golden dots (sunrise or sunset). Quickly get back to the hub and enter the Shadowrealm. The ending sequence will be different, with Vexx will flipping off Yabu.
Go to the table with the goblets of red and green goo. Get on top of the one with the red goo and wooden spoon. Climb up the handle of the wooden spoon. Jump up and down a few times on the end of the spoon and red goo will pop out, revealing an extra life.
In the pirate ship game with the three pirates from the belly of the large beast, it is easier to not try to change the colors of the squares yourself. Instead, watch the board and let the cannonballs do the work for you. In the below when you let the big fish swallow you, there will be three pirates that want you to open their treasure. The password is: A, B, X.
Vexx Forum Posts
- "Activate the three structures in the outer lands." [1]
- how do you fly???? [5]
- Ideas for Vexx 2 [8]
- he won't swim [6]
- where do u get the wings [7]
- where is the cheat menu? [20]
- How Far Have You Guys Got? [22]
- Dark Yabu [5]
- Cow suit? where the bloody hell is it?!!! [3]
- Cheat code issues? [1]
- cheat menu [4]
- Intros Here [15]


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© Eric McCarthy/TC Media
Town of Alberton
ALBERTON - Upgrades will go ahead this year to Alberton's storm water system that will reduce local flooding and protect valuable local shellfish grounds.
In the next few weeks, the provincial government will request tenders for bids on construction of two sections of storm sewer running from Argyle and Poplar Streets to Cascumpec Bay.
The current storm water system relies on a single 750-millimetre outflow pipe.
During periods of heavy precipitation and spring runoff, surface water has occasionally escaped into the nearby sanitary sewer system and caused the escape of untreated water.
This can lead to closures of the local shellfishery.
Alberton Mayor Michael Murphy welcomed the project.
"The province's investment in the storm sewer upgrade will help protect two of Alberton's streets from flooding while also reducing the chance our waste water will hurt local fishers," he said.
"With heavy storms and snowfalls becoming more common, it's important that our town infrastructure can handle run-off safely and cleanly."
The new system will add two 500-metre long sections of 1,200 millimetre storm water pipe to convey water from Argyle and Poplar Streets.
At the same time, the elevation of both streets will be raised.
This extra drainage capacity will allow the storm sewers to deal with six times as much flow as the old system.
Work on the new system is expected to be complete this summer.


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Police in Bethlehem have issued a warrant for the arrest of a shooting suspect they consider armed and dangerous.
The incident happened around 12:30 a.m. Thursday outside the Happy Tap Bar in the area of Fourth and Pierce streets.
Police are looking for 30-year-old Manuel Collazo, who approached the victim as he left the bar, pulled out a handgun and shot the 24-year-old Lehigh County man, according to Bethlehem police Chief Mark DiLuzio.
The victim, hit by gunfire in his torso, ran away from Collazo to the area of Second Street and Founders Way, near Musikfest, where police found him.
He was taken to St. Luke's Hospital where he was listed in stable condition early Thursday.
Collazo was last known to live at 2315 Oak Park Ave. in Cleveland, Ohio. He may be driving a silver Jeep Patriot SUV with Ohio license plates. He is accompanied by a woman and two small children, police said.
Collazo has a criminal history for drugs, aggravated robbery and felonious assault, police said, and as a convicted felon, he is considered armed and dangerous.
Anyone with information about Collazo's whereabouts is asked to contact Bethlehem police at 610-865-7187 or Detective Brad Jones at 610-865-7146.


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Absolute Linux 13.0.9 Reinstates K3b
The new Absolute Linux, based on Slackware, provides the IceWM stacking window manager with improved multimedia support. Version 13.0.9 this time fixes more than just a couple of small bugs.
Absolute maintainer Paul Sherman has satisfied users with three successive updates over a ten-day period. Reason for the updates starting with 13.0.7 at the end of January was problems with the CD/DVD burning. After Sherman settled on Brasero in 13.0.8, he decided to go with a 13.0.9 to include the KDE3 version of K3b:
"Just got tired of problematic CD burning, deciding, finally, that enough was enough. We'll use something that works."
Apart from kernel 184.108.40.206 and a number of Slackware updates from January, the new Absolute contains the DVDStyler and markedly improved multimedia support. The 800 MByte or so CD image is available in a 32-bit version on the project homepage or for download from Sourceforge.
Issue 27: Raspberry Pi Adventures/Special Editions
Buy this issue as a PDF
Critical Flaws Found in VeraCrypt
Popular open source encryption tool is vulnerable to attack
Ubuntu 16.10 Released
New "Yakkety Yak" edition emphasizes cloud and servers
Linus Announces Linux 4.8
Google Announces Its Own Pixel Phones
Google finally enters the phone hardware business.
Nextcloud Announces Raspberry Pi-Powered Home Cloud Box
Innovative system adds a hard drive and Ubuntu Core to the RPi for an IoT hub.
Linus Torvalds Confirms the Date of the First Linux Release
Linux is two weeks younger than we thought!
End of OpenOffice?
The Apache Software Foundation considers retiring OpenOffice
Adobe Gives New Life to NPAPI Plugin for Linux
Adobe won't kill the plugin in 2017
LinuxCon North America Convenes in Toronto, Canada
Linux Foundation's big event celebrates the 25th anniversary of Linux
Linux Turns 25
Linux has evolved from "won't be a professional" project to one of the most professional software projects in the history of computers.


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Nicklaus was in Charleston for the opening of pizza restaurant in which he and son Gary are investors. Nicklaus says he's never wavered from believing the 37-year-old Woods will win the five remaining major golf tournaments needed to set the record despite not winning since the 2008 U.S. Open.
Nicklaus says Woods faces as "many good players as we've ever had in the game" as he chases the goal.
Nicklaus believes Woods has at least 10 strong years of golf left on the PGA Tour, giving him plenty of time to win additional major titles before he's done.


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Welcome to BC Barns in Ovid, Michigan ... a storage shed may be the space-expanding solution you need.
We build many style & sizes of Storage Sheds as well as Portable Garages & Cabins and Chicken Coops. Our buildings are ideal for storing your garden tools, lawn equipment, motorcycles, or even your classic car.
Ask us about our Financing (new for 2016) & Rent-to-Own Programs or click here to fill out a Rent-to-Own application! We do not offer the Rent-to-Own program in all areas of Michigan.
We had shopped around the big box stores and around the area but we're very pleased to find BC Barns. Not only were their prices better than other options, the quality was second to none. All options and pricing were very clear and easy to figure out and the service and friendly interactions were top notch! I highly recommend them and would buy from them again! If you are in the market for a storage building, you can't go wrong with BC Barns! Delivery and set up went very smooth!
DeWitt, MI 10x12 Gable
DeWitt, MI 10x12 Gable


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28 years of experience
16124 Orchard Grove Rd
Gaithersburg, MD 20878 Phone number & directions
A medical license is required for a doctor to practice medicine in a particular state. Requirements vary by state but most require, at a minimum, post-graduate training in the doctor's specific specialty. An NPI number is a national identifier unique to an individual health care provider and is managed by the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS).
Learn more about Dr. Tara Joseph:
View the full profile to get information on:
- Qualifications
- What's important to you
View full profile
Patient Reviews
The overall average patient rating of Dr. Tara Joseph is Excellent.
Prepare before visiting Dr. Joseph
Bipolar Disorder Patient Education Learn all about symptoms, treatments and medications of bipolar disorder by reading our BD patient education guide.Before Visiting Dr. Joseph Learn More
|More Patient Guides & Topics
ADHD in Adults
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Specialties & Research
Dr. Tara Joseph, MD is board certified in Psychiatry.
- She has special expertise in 7 areas:
- Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) / Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
- Bipolar Disorder / Manic Depressive Disorder
- Depression
- Depressive Disorder
- Insomnia
- Schizophrenia
- Sleep Disorders
Education & Awards
Dr. Joseph graduated from J.J.M. Medical College, Davangere.
- Hindi
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- Additional Information
- Dr. Tara Teresa Joseph MD is a female Psychiatrist, has 28 years of experience and practices in Psychiatry.
- Where does Dr. Tara T. Joseph practice?
- Dr. Tara Joseph has 1 office location.
Dr. Tara Joseph practices Psychiatry near Gaithersburg, MD.
See Gaithersburg Psychiatrists.