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Air Force Materiel Command Asst/Assoc/Prof of Computer Engineering, AD-0801-22/23/24 in Wright Patterson AFB, Ohio
Air Force Materiel Command
Few vacancies in the following location:
- Wright-Patterson AFB, OH
Work Schedule is Full Time - Excepted Service NTE NTE 3 years
Opened Friday 9/30/2016 (26 day(s) ago)
** Closes Wednesday 11/30/2016 (35 day(s) away)
Job Overview
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base is one of the U.S. Air Forces largest and most important installations. It is the birthplace, home and future of aerospace. By virtually any measure, "Wright-Patt" is the most diverse and organizationally complex base in the U.S. Air Force. This is where America's Air Force aircraft of tomorrow are conceived, developed, and acquired. Click here for more information.
WHO MAY APPLY: Applicants must be citizens of, or owe allegiance, to the United States. If selected, applicants must produce proof of citizenship at time of appointment.
Position Summary: Performs faculty duties in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT) Graduate School of Engineering and Management's Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering.
NOTE: Initial appointment is under Schedule A appointing authority, Excepted Appointment Not-to-Exceed 3 years. This is a Tenure-Track position. At the time of the expiration of the initial appointment an employee who adequately demonstrates professional competence can be extended in increments of 1, 2 or 3 years or for an indefinite period. An initial appointment can be allowed to expire for an employee who does not adequately demonstrate professional competence. The appointment cannot be converted to a permanent tenure in the competitive service. If awarded *Permanent Academic Tenure by the organization, may be converted to an Indefinite appointment in the Excepted Service without time limitations.
(Permanent academic tenure refers only to professional academic tenure; it does not encompass "Status" as used in civil service regulations regarding career tenure with competitive service appointments.)*
Position Location: USAF, Air Education and Training Command (AETC) Air University (AU) Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT) Graduate School of Engineering and Management, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Wright-Patterson AFB OH 45433
- Teaches graduate-level courses in computer engineering, which form parts of accredited masters and doctoral degree programs, as well as parts of professional continuing education programs.
- Develops courses and sequences of courses in computer engineering, for degree programs and continuing education, which meet the Air Force's dynamic educational needs.
- Plans and executes a program of research in computer engineering. Works directly with Air Force and Department of Defense (DoD) organizations to meet research needs. Collaborates and works well with colleagues to accomplish individual and organizational research goals. Regularly publishes research results in archival journals and presents at technical conferences. Plans, directs, coordinates, and evaluates research programs of masters and doctoral students.
- Provides authoritative consultation in one or more areas of computer engineering to Air Force and DoD organizations. Serves on department and school administrative and academic committees.
- Mentors and manages the educational progress of MS and PhD students. Provides annual written feedback and reports on MS and PhD students as prescribed by Air Force and AFIT Operating Instructions
Travel Required
- Occasional Travel
- Travel by military or commercial transportation to gather ideas for improving the curriculum, establish research contacts and agreements, conduct research, and present results of research may be required.
Relocation Authorized
- No
Job Requirements
Key Requirements
- U.S. citizenship required
- Must possess or obtain and maintain a TOP SECRET security clearance
- Recruitment Incentive has been authorized
- This is a drug Testing Designated Position (TDP)
QUALIFICATIONS: Applicants must possess an earned doctoral degree in computer engineering or a related field. (NOTE: Doctoral candidates are encouraged to apply, however if selected must be able to complete the degree prior to being appointed.). The position requires teaching at the graduate level as well as establishing and sustaining a strong research program.
At the Assistant Professor rank: Applicants at this level should have a strong potential for both teaching and research at the graduate level.
At the Associate Professor rank: An initial appointment to the academic rank of Associate Professor must be based on convincing evidence that the applicant has demonstrated excellence as a teacher, as a scholar, and as one who provides effective professional service. The applicant must have six years of relevant experience after having earned the doctoral degree. These will normally include no fewer than three years of full-time university-level academic experience at the Assistant Professor rank or higher. Alternatively, for those with fewer than three years of academic experience, the requirement is six years of significant professional experience with research credentials normally expected of a full Professor.
At the Full Professor rank: An initial appointment to the academic rank of Professor must be based on convincing evidence that the applicant has a sustained record of excellence in teaching, has produced a significant body of scholarship that is recognized nationally or internationally, and has demonstrated leadership in service to the discipline. The applicant must have a minimum of ten years of significant professional experience after having earned the doctoral degree. These will normally include no fewer than six years of full-time university-level academic experience with a minimum of three years at the Associate Professor rank or higher. Alternatively, for those with fewer than six years of academic experience, the requirement is ten years of significant professional experience with research credentials substantially more than those normally expected of a full Professor
Desirable Qualifications: Applicants must have a strong background and expertise in digital hardware engineering, particularly embedded computer systems, critical infrastructure/cyber physical systems, and hardware reverse engineering.
Applicants must be committed to excellence in graduate-level education to include teaching and research mentorship. They must be able to establish sponsored research programs or, as a research team member, expand upon existing programs within the department.
Applicants must also possess the ability to communicate clearly and expertly (in English) in both verbal and written forms concerning academic, administrative, and technical subject matters.
More information on Qualifications: https://www.opm.gov/policy-data-oversight/classification-qualifications/general-schedule-qualification-standards/0800/all-professional-engineering-positions-0800/
PART-TIME OR UNPAID EXPERIENCE: Credit will be given for appropriate unpaid and or part-time work. You must clearly identify the duties and responsibilities in each position held and the total number of hours per week.
VOLUNTEER WORK EXPERIENCE: Refers to paid and unpaid experience, including volunteer work done through National Service Programs (i.e., Peace Corps, AmeriCorps) and other organizations (e.g., professional; philanthropic; religious; spiritual; community; student and social). Volunteer work helps build critical competencies, knowledge and skills that can provide valuable training and experience that translates directly to paid employment. You will receive credit for all qualifying experience, including volunteer experience.
Education is a basic requirement for this position. You MUST provide transcripts to support your educational claims. Education must be accredited by an accrediting institution recognized by the U.S. Department of Education.
FOREIGN EDUCATION SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS: Education completed in foreign colleges or universities may be used to meet the requirements. You must show proof of the education credentials have been deemed to be at least equivalent to that gained in conventional U.S. education program. It is your responsibility to provide such evidence when applying. For more information click here.
Your latest resume will be used to determine qualifications.
This position may or may not be a drug testing designated position. If it is a designated testing position, the incumbent is subject to pre-employment drug testing as a condition of employment and participation in a random drug testing.
Applicant must provide proof of citizenship at time of appointment.
Security Clearance
Top Secret
Additional Information
What To Expect Next
What to expect next: Applications will be screened by a hiring committee using the criteria for appointment, as outlined in the Qualifications Required section above. Applicants meeting these criteria may be asked to provide letters of recommendation from their references. Such applicants will be further evaluated based on their recommendation letters, their vision statements, the extent to which their experience and education relate to the requirements of the position, and on the promise of significant contribution to the mission and operation of the Department of Electrical and Computer Science. .
Based on an evaluation of the required application materials and letters of recommendation, candidates may be selected and invited for a personal interview. A presentation to the faculty and students may be required of the top applicants.
Benefits of Working for the Federal Government - click here for an overview of the benefits currently offered to Federal employees.
Other Information
Males born after 31 December 1959 must be registered or exempt from Selective Service. For additional information, click here.
Employed Annuitants (Reemployed Annuitants): Applicants in receipt of an annuity based on civilian employment in the Federal Service are subject to the DoD Policy on The Employment of Annuitants. Click here for more information
AFIT is a member of the NSF ADVANCE LEADER Consortium (www.wright.edu/leader/), and candidates are expected to share AFIT's commitment to this and other campus diversity initiatives. Members of historically under-represented groups are particularly encouraged to apply. AFIT is an Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer. We welcome applications from all qualified and eligible candidates.
Salary Range: $58,807.00 to $170,400.00 / Per Year
Series & Grade: AD-0801-22/24
Promotion Potential: 24
Supervisory Status: No
Who May Apply: United States Citizens
Control Number: 451964300
Job Announcement Number: AFMC-1813266-000000-9X-JED


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iHerb Customer Reviews
Savings of: $0.50 (10% off)
strong honeysuckle scent
Posted by Reviewer2034783 on Nov 21, 2011
The smell is nice but strong. This hand soap dries my skin.
Smells great but...
Posted by Reviewer3137441 on May 20, 2012
This smells great, like real honesuckle (but it doesn't contain any honeysuckle even though the label talks about the healing properties of honeysuckle). But as a hand wash there are issues. Well, one issue: smell. As I said it does smell fantastic, but the smell is very sweet and it lingers. Which of itself doesn't sound bad until you sit down to drink a cup of coffee. The smell of this on your hands mixed with coffee is unappealing. Forget about washing your hands with this and then cooking-yuck. Really for hand soap you just want a something light and clean that won't interfere with your daily activities-this is not it. I have tried a variety of the Mrs. Meyers products (I really wanted to like them) but the scents are like strong perfume, which is not for me!
long lasting wonderful scent
Posted by Reviewer1663123 on Jun 12, 2012
I really enjoy this soap. The smell lingers on after washing your hands. My hands feel very moisturized, unlike most hand soaps that kill bacteria but also remove all oils drying out your skin and doing more bad then good since dry skin is damaged skin which is more prone to bacteria and infection entering through the protective superficial layer. Anyway, I feel like I am rambling, but I hope I was able to get the message across how wonderful this soap is.
Posted by Reviewer1429017 on Feb 14, 2013
denne lukter kjempegodt! veldig rent og godt. skummer ikke så mye men litt, og føles kjempegod. har fått kommentarer fra gjester på hvor godt den lukter. anbefales!:) gleder meg til å prøve de andre såpene fra dette merket!
spectacular scent
Posted by Reviewer1510427 on Oct 07, 2013
The honeysuckle scent is divine.
Love the Scent
Posted by Nadiaxog on Jan 09, 2014
I love Meyers hand soaps but sometimes the scents are a little too strong (i.e. Basil...). However, the scent of this one is heavenly and I love it! It lingers a little bit but is so nice. The soap is non-drying and all around a good natural liquid hand soap.
Makes me love washing my hands!
Posted by 5610291210021793024 on Oct 16, 2014
This is the third scent I've tried of the Mrs. Meyers Clean Day hand soap and I love them all. They leave a nice fresh scent on your hands and make them feel clean! I'll keep buying them. I love the geranium and the green apple, too!
My hands have never been softer!
Posted by Reviewer3296142 on Aug 16, 2011
I love Mrs. Meyers products and the honeysuckle scent is my favorite! My hands have always been dry and, even when I am careful to keep slathering on the lotion, they would become red and cracked. Since I started using Mrs. Meyers' products, the skin is soft and healthy :) Thank you!!
smells great!
Posted by Reviewer2786288 on Aug 26, 2011
This stuff smells lovely.
Excellent product and service
Posted by Reviewer1091914 on Nov 21, 2011
Fast efficient service. Product well packaged and arrived in great condition. Great value for a beautiful product. Keeps my hands soft and smelling sweet.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Go for beer, music and Glockenspiel tonight
There ain't no party like a German Haus party 'cuz a German Haus party don't stop! German Fest starts today at Maier Festival Park.
Discover a new kinda sound at the Miramar Theater tonight - Toubab Krewe is playing and the show starts at 8 p.m. »Read Full Blog Post
Notable deaths in arts and entertainment in 2013
It was a year that took from us Tony Soprano, Billy Jack, Edith Bunker, and Arnold and Willis' stepdad, among others.
Here's a look at some of the notable arts and entertainment figures who died in 2013. (The cause of death, when known, is listed for some younger people on the list.) »Read Full Article(1)
Ring in the new year at one of these Milwaukee events
Ring it in
There are as many ways to celebrate the new year in Milwaukee as there are corner bars and cafes. »Read Full Article


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Kbcsony.com Web Analysis
Our web analysis service harvested the source of this domain and found its title to be: KBC 2014 | Watch Kaun Banega Crorepati online on SonyLiv | Kbc | Kaun Banega Crorepati 2014 . Web server is found to be in Japan. Latitudes and Longitudes are 36 and 138. This report is generated on 2014-07-29 04:54:25.
|Google Pagerank :
|Alexa Rank :
|3,348,838 Visit Alexa
|Webserver :
|Website title:
KBC 2014 | Watch Kaun Banega Crorepati online on SonyLiv | Kbc | Kaun Banega Crorepati 2014
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|Alexa :
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The internet users are divided among the different countries from which they are visiting the websites. These countries are identified by the ip addresses of the users visiting Kbcsony.com/ Every country has its unique list of ip addresses being used by that country. And those ip addresses can't be used in any other countries. The following list contains the list of the countries whose users are visiting Kbcsony.com. The graph shows the number of users by the highest to lowest distrbution.
|Twitter Page:
|Twitter Page Link:
|Official Twitter handle of the iconic game show, #KBC! Season 7 airs Fri-Sat at 8.30 pm on Sony Entertainment Television! http://www.kbcsony.com
|Account Created On:
|21 Jul, 2011
|Facebook Page:
|Facebook Page Link:
|Kaun Banega Crorepati is an iconic game show which features General Knowledge questions and awards a total cash prize of up to Rupees 7 Crores!
|People Talking About:
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|Amazon.com Tech Telecom
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HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently
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Date: Tue, 29 Jul 2014 08:54:22 GMT
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Whois provider display everyone's info publicly if not hidden by owner. So ownership details including phone num, name, home and business address, etc. All information and contact details exists in whois record.
Domain Name: KBCSONY.COM
Registry Domain ID: 1717061965_DOMAIN_COM-VRSN
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Registrant Organization: MULTI SCREEN MEDIA PVT. LTD.
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Tech Organization: MULTI SCREEN MEDIA PVT. LTD.
Tech Street: PLOT NO. 7, INTERFACE BUILDING, 2 / 3 / 4 FLOOR
Tech Street: NEAR ***GAON SPORTS COMPLEX, MALAD WEST
Tech City: MUMBAI
Tech State/Province: MAHARASHTRA
Tech Postal Code: 400064
Tech Country: IN
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text: Guide to the Perfect Valentines DateValentine's Day has officially arrived - on a Friday, no less - which means date nights across the world are about to commence. Luckily our friends at Your Cloud Parade whipped together the perfect little guide to get you totally inspired. And with photosRead More On SMP


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22 years of experience
Accepting new patients
700 Childrens Dr
Columbus, OH 43205 Phone number & directions
A medical license is required for a doctor to practice medicine in a particular state. Requirements vary by state but most require, at a minimum, post-graduate training in the doctor's specific specialty. An NPI number is a national identifier unique to an individual health care provider and is managed by the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS).
Learn more about Dr. Kerry Rosen:
View the full profile to get information on:
- Qualifications
- What's important to you
View full profile
Patient Reviews
Write a Review
Prepare before visiting Dr. Rosen
Pulmonary Embolism Patient Education Learn all about symptoms, treatments and medications available by reading our pulmonary embolism patient education guide.Before Visiting Dr. Rosen Learn More
Specialties & Research
Dr. Kerry Rosen, MD is board certified in Pediatrics and Pediatric Cardiology.
Education & Awards
Dr. Rosen graduated from University of South Florida Health, Tampa.
Dr. Rosen has 11 hospital affiliations:
- Holy Spirit Hospital
- J. C. Blair Memorial Hospital
- Spanish
Similar doctors nearby
Dr. Maria Henwood
Dr. Timothy Hoffman
Dr. Milagro Castaneda
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Dr. Amy Arnett
Dr. Ralf Holzer
- Additional Information
- Dr. Kerry Leland Rosen MD is a male Pediatrician, has 22 years of experience and practices in Pediatrics and Pediatric Cardiology.
- Where does Dr. Kerry L. Rosen practice?
- Dr. Kerry Rosen has 4 office locations.
Dr. Kerry Rosen practices Pediatrics and Pediatric Cardiology near Columbus, OH.
Additional practice locations include: Harrisburg, PA and Hershey, PA.
See Columbus Pediatricians and Columbus Cardiologists.


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Walt Disney World Guests Can Now Order Purple MagicBands
You guys! I'm so excited! I know it's a silly thing to be thrilled about, but I have been waiting for this day for a while. Purple MagicBands are here!
Purple is by far my favorite color, so I actually even put off ordering my most recent Annual Pass MagicBand when I initially bought my Annual Pass. I had (correctly) suspected that we would soon see the purple MagicBand complimentary option available for Guests the moment Disney released the information that they would start selling purple MagicBands that could be customized in the park. This week, my wait paid off!
I logged into my My Disney Experience Account and there it told me I had a MagicBand waiting for me to order.
The Basics: A Timeline for Your Disney World Trip
This is a continuation of our Back to Basics Series. Scroll to the bottom to see our other Basics posts.
My previous article in the TouringPlans blog Back to Basics series focused on using the TouringPlans Crowd Calendar to decide when to go to Disney World. Once you've made that all-important decision, it's time to start planning the details of your trip. Using a timeline is an excellent way to keep your trip planning on track. It's also a fun way to ratchet up the excitement as you count down the days to your vacation.
This article starts with a chart showing essential milestones in a Disney World planning timeline, followed by an example of a timeline used by a family preparing for their trip. Plus, learn how TouringPlans.com subscribers can receive personalized alerts and use their own Dashboard on TouringPlans.com to ensure they don't miss the crucial dates in their timeline.
A Visit to Magic Kingdom's MagicBands on Demand Retail Location
On a recent visit to Magic Kingdom, I was thrilled to customize my own MagicBand at the new MagicBands on Demand retail location inside of Tomorrowland Light & Power Co., near the exit to Space Mountain. Not only was I able to get a purple MagicBand (a color hotly anticipated by Disney fans ever since MagicBands debuted) but I was able to complement it with my own choice of graphics. Rikki Niblett wrote about this new location where guests can create MagicBands on Demand when it opened in late October; in addition to MagicBands, it offers customized cell phone cases. Here are the details on my experience creating a MagicBand.
The storefront's clock-and-gear-shaped Mickey and "Generating a Bright New Tomorrow" sign got me right in the mood to experience some technology.
Guests are greeted by several banks of touchscreens used to customize MagicBands and phone cases.
A sign displays pricing for MagicBands on Demand with or without adding a name as well as for D-Tech on Demand options for customized phone cases with or without a name.
To start designing my MagicBand, I chose to work at one of the touchscreens at the front of the store. I arrived at the store around 9:30 AM, and there were plenty of open touchscreen stations. If all the stations at the front are in use, there are several more touchscreens located in the back of the store near the center where guests' MagicBands and cases are printed.
Adventure is Out There! (But I'd Prefer to Plan for It): Results of a Totally Spontaneous Day
If you follow my articles, you know that over Labor Day Weekend I partook in a grand experiment in an unplanned day at Walt Disney World. Having now experienced that firsthand (and taking some time to mull it over) I'm ready to report back with this uber-planner's perspective on completely making things up as I went along. What did I learn? Adventure is out there, but I'd prefer to plan for it.
For a quick review of my experiment, here are the rules that were applied to my unplanned day:
- Votes were submitted via Twitter, Facebook, and the comments section of my All It Takes is Faith and Trust article regarding which park my husband and I would visit on Saturday, September 5th – we did not tally the votes until we were ready to walk out the door and go to the winning park.
- We had to make our FastPass+ selections after we arrived at the park using one of the in-park kiosks (this was a rule change based upon a suggestion from a commenter on the original article – I was not allowed to use the MyDisneyExperience app on my phone).
- We could not make a meal reservation for that day until after we arrived in the designated park, and we had to make that reservation by calling the reservation line (another rule change based on comments).
- I would provide regular updates on Twitter and solicit feedback from people following along from home – they could make suggestions regarding what we would do once we were in the winning park and I would try to accommodate those requests.
- I would be allowed to utilize the Touring Plans Lines app throughout the day.
If you aren't interested in the play-by-play version of the day and you just want to know my reaction to it, scroll on down to the "So, What Do I Really Think?" section and enjoy!
Read the rest of this entry »
Read the rest of this entry »
Hollywood Studios Retrospective: Memories of Disney World's Third Park
It's no surprise that Disney's Hollywood Studios is set for a major revamp. With the heavily rumored changes coming to Walt Disney World's third theme park, it could potentially lead to a park that's almost unrecognizable to what many of us grew up visiting. While I think the changes are long overdue, this article isn't focused on what may come to Hollywood Studios or whatever its new name will be. Instead, I wanted to take a moment to remember some of the aspects of Hollywood Studios (or MGM Studios as some park goers including myself continue to call it on habit) that probably won't make it through the renovation.
I'm basing this on the rumors that only Tower of Terror, Rock n' Roller Coaster, Star Tours, Toy Story Mania! and the Great Movie Ride will remain. While I won't argue that this article covers the definitive best parts of Hollywood Studio's twenty plus year history, these are some of the more memorable attractions, landmarks and shows at the park for me personally. Some of these things still exist today. Some only closed recently and some haven't appeared at the park in years. Regardless, each had an impact on Disney's Hollywood Studios.
Read the rest of this entry »
Read the rest of this entry »
Disney Testing Large Group Assistance in MyDisneyExperience
Usually the communications we get from Disney are pretty mundane, but something today piqued my interest:
My Disney Experience Pilot Test – Assistance for Large Parties
Walt Disney World® Resort Guests traveling with ten or more Guests may be invited to take advantage of a My Disney Experience planning service as part of a pilot test.
When your Clients log on to My Disney Experience, some of them may be asked if they are making plans for a party of ten or more people. If they respond 'yes', they will be invited to take part in this test. Your Client will be directed to call a specific telephone number at the Disney Reservation Center to take advantage of this service. Not all Guests will receive an invitation.
Pretty vague, yeah? I checked out my own MDE and saw the following:
Making plans with a larger group?
We recommend parties of 10 or more use our complimentary service to set up My Disney Experience. Call (407) 939-7771 from 7:00 AM to 11:00 PM EST for assistance.
I don't have a trip planned right now and lack the imagination to make one up with 9 of my favorite people. But if you are invited to this and decide to use it, leave a comment and let us know how it went.
5 My Disney Experience Mistakes—and How to Avoid Them
Disclaimer: While I am a Cast Member, the following is based on my own experience and does not necessarily reflect the policies of the Walt Disney Company.
If you're reading this blog, you probably like to plan ahead. The introduction of My Disney Experience has provided us with so many ways to fine-tune your vacation before you even arrive. But if you're not careful, My Disney Experience can cause problems for your vacation before it even starts. Pay close attention to these tips so you're well prepared for your Walt Disney World vacation.
1) You don't have a ticket for each person.
Each person needs to have park admission in order to get into the park and to make FastPass+ selections. If only some people on your account have park admission, you will only be able to select FastPasses for that many people. So if you select FastPasses for the Seven Dwarfs Mine Train and to meet Anna and Elsa for your ticket, anyone else in your group who does not have tickets will not be included in the FastPass.
Be Our Guest Lunch Preorder and MDE: A First-Hand Report
Believe it or not, it's now been over two years since we first began reporting on FastPass+ lunch reservations at the Magic Kingdom's Be Our Guest restaurant. In that time, we've covered the seemingly never ending saga of Disney's experiments with managing demand for the popular venue, and now they finally seem to have settled on a (hopefully?) long-term solution. On March 12, the My Disney Experience (MDE) app for iOS devices was updated to accommodate Be Our Guest lunch preordering for guests making dining reservations, and I was among the first wave of guests to take advantage of this newly streamlined process.
To begin, make sure that the MDE app on your mobile device is updated to the latest version.
Your Disney Trip Planning Timeline
If you're planning a trip to Disney World and reading this blog, you'll have already seen multiple references to certain milestone dates for your vacation: You can make most restaurant reservations 180 days in advance of your arrival, for example. And that got us talking about what a comprehensive Disney trip planning timeline would look like.
Sure, we've tackled trip planning subjects before, including Erin Foster's and Evan Levy's excellent Trip Planning 101 series. But we've never tried to fit an entire timeline into one page…until now.
Let us know in the comments if we've missed anything.
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Read the rest of this entry »
New Disney Cruise Line Cancellation and Final Payment Policy
Disney Cruise Line has notified travel agents of changes to its cancellation and final payment policy. The policy goes into effect for guests who book a new cruise March 3, 2015, or later, or who change a modify and existing reservation after that date. What was once summed up in two bullet points on Disney's site is now a bit more complicated. TouringPlans has tried to make it a little easier to grasp. All cruises require a deposit of 20% of the vacation cost to book except cruises booked while onboard, which only require a 10% deposit.
What hasn't changed:
Categories IGT, OGT, and VGT are still non-refundable, non-transferrable, and must be paid in full at the time of booking. These are restricted rates that Disney used to fill the last few cabins on its cruises. For Concierge (OOV, OOT, OOS, and OOR) level staterooms, all deposits are non-refundable.
What has changed: Read the rest of this entry »
Nearly everything else.
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1Laboratoire de Physiologie de l'Exercice, Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, FRANCE; 2Laboratoire HP2, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, FRANCE; 3INSERM, U1042, Grenoble, FRANCE; 4Laboratoire des Adaptations Métaboliques à l'Exercice en Conditions Physiologiques et Pathologiques, BP 10448, Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, EA 3533, Clermont Ferrand, FRANCE; 5Unité de Myologie, Centre Référent Maladies Neuromusculaires Rares Rhône-Alpes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, FRANCE; and 6Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, CANADA
Address for correspondence: John Temesi, PhD, Laboratoire de Physiologie de l'Exercice, Médecine du Sport et Myologie, Pavillon 9, Hôpital Bellevue, 42055 Saint-Etienne Cedex 2, France; E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com.
Submitted for publication July 2013.
Accepted for publication October 2013.
Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text and are provided in the HTML and PDF versions of this article on the journal's Web site (www.acsm-msse.org).
Purpose: The well-established central deficit in ultraendurance running races is not understood. The use of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in parallel with peripheral nerve stimulation provides insight into the source of these central changes. The aims of this study were to determine the presence and magnitude of voluntary activation deficits, especially supraspinal deficits, after a mountain trail-running race and to determine whether this can be explained by simultaneous changes in corticospinal excitability and intracortical inhibition.
Methods: Neuromuscular function (TMS and femoral nerve electrical stimulation) of the knee extensors was evaluated before and after a 110-km ultratrail in 25 experienced ultraendurance trail runners during maximal and submaximal voluntary contractions and in relaxed muscle.
Results: Voluntary activation assessed by both femoral nerve electrical stimulation (−26%) and TMS (−16%) decreased and were correlated (P < 0.01). Decreases in potentiated twitch and doublet amplitudes were correlated with decreased voluntary activation assessed by TMS (P < 0.05). There was increased motor-evoked potential (MEP) amplitude (P < 0.05) without change in cortical silent period (CSP) elicited by TMS at optimal stimulus intensity. Conversely, CSP at suboptimal TMS intensity increased (P < 0.05) without concurrent change in MEP amplitude.
Conclusions: The present results demonstrate the development of a large central activation deficit assessed by TMS, indicating that cortical motoneurons are severely impaired in their ability to fire at optimal frequency or be fully recruited after an ultraendurance running race. MEP and CSP responses suggest a shift in the sigmoidal MEP–stimulus intensity relationship toward larger MEP at higher TMS intensity without change in inflection point of the curve and a left shift in the CSP–stimulus intensity relationship.
Probably because of the explosion of ultraendurance running participation, a large amount of research on the physiological consequences of ultramarathons has been conducted recently (7,25,31,33). This type of event permits the investigation and greater understanding of the limits of human performance (28). The origins of fatigue are dependent on numerous factors, including the type of exercise, making the ultratrail running subgroup of endurance-running a unique field of study. With substantial elevation change and long duration, ultratrails combine a range of exercise intensities and use various muscle groups, activation patterns, and types of muscle contraction (i.e., combining concentric and severe eccentric loads).
Neuromuscular fatigue is an exercise-related decrease in the maximal voluntary torque of a muscle or muscle group, regardless of whether or not a task can be sustained (2). This may involve processes at all levels of the motor pathway from the brain to the skeletal muscle. Large central fatigue (i.e., reduced maximal voluntary activation) has been observed in running bouts longer than 5 h (25,31,33,37). The presence of central fatigue does not mean an absence of peripheral fatigue, although compared with the central component, peripheral fatigue appears to be only of moderate importance in extremely long-duration exercise. Only a few studies have investigated central fatigue in running exercise longer than 12 h in duration (25,33,40), and only two have combined elevation change and extreme duration (33,40). All these studies used the classic peripheral electrical stimulation techniques of twitch interpolation and central activation ratio to assess voluntary activation (27). The major issue with these techniques is that they do not permit the differentiation between spinal and supraspinal components of central fatigue.
Using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in parallel with peripheral nerve stimulation during voluntary isometric contractions, Gandevia et al. (9) observed that as exercise duration increases, the role of supraspinal factors in fatigue increases and that supraspinal deficits and failure are not necessarily paralleled by impairment of motor cortical excitability. Furthermore, the presence of central fatigue does not mean that both spinal and supraspinal fatigue are certainties.
Dynamic whole-body exercise has only recently been investigated with TMS, predominantly in cycling studies (e.g., 11,44,50). Only one published study has used TMS with running (39), observing decreased cortical voluntary activation of the dorsiflexors after a treadmill marathon. This study also observed decreased motor-evoked potential (MEP) amplitude of the tibialis anterior in relaxed muscle immediately after marathon; however, MEP amplitude assessed in relaxed muscle limits interpretation because of both the greater MEP variability and lower corticospinal excitability in the relaxed muscle state (14). All other whole-body investigations of voluntary activation assessed by TMS (VATMS) have been conducted with cycling and generally showed decreased VATMS when evaluated 2–4 min after exercise (11,43,50), although not 10 min after ∼1.5 h of cycling (21). The inconsistent changes in VATMS after exercise may be due to the variable delay to postexercise measures and/or differences in exercise intensity and/or duration.
At similar exercise intensities, there is less central fatigue in cycling than running (24,37), and this has been proposed to be related to increased influence of group III/IV afferents because of increased muscle damage in running (30). Unlike the dorsiflexors, which do not limit running performance (8), and plantar flexors, which display only moderate central deficits, the knee extensors demonstrate large central deficits after prolonged exercise (25,33). Whether this manifests at the supraspinal level in trail running, particularly given the muscle damage associated with the eccentric nature of downhill running, remains to be determined. The use of TMS in parallel with peripheral nerve stimulation can provide greater insight into the source of these central changes. These two techniques used to investigate central deficits provide different mechanistic insights. An increase in the evoked response to peripheral nerve stimulation indicates derecruitment or decreased motoneuron firing. Meanwhile, an increase in the mechanical response to TMS demonstrates that the limiting factor is not due to an inability of the upper motoneurons to respond to increased motor input.
Despite large central consequences, the effects of long running bouts on supraspinal activity and any subsequent effect on knee extensor function are unknown. Specifically, whether a supraspinal deficit occurs with an ultraendurance trail-running race and whether or not any such deficit is associated with changes in corticospinal excitability and/or intracortical inhibition remain to be determined. The aim of this study was thus to test the hypotheses that (i) an ultratrail decreases VATMS and (ii) corticospinal fatigue occurs despite no change or increased MEP amplitude and unchanged cortical silent period (CSP).
Thirty-five healthy experienced ultraendurance trail runners (15 females and 20 males) were recruited to participate in this study. Six subjects (three females and three males) did not complete the ultratrail, and three others (one female and two males) did not perform postrace testing due to time constraints. One other subject was only physically capable of completing a small portion of the post-ultratrail evaluations and was subsequently eliminated from analyses. Thus, 25 subjects (11 females and 14 males) participated in all aspects of this study (mean ± SD; age = 43 ± 9 yr, height = 172 ± 8 cm, body mass = 65.4 ± 9.5 kg, maximal oxygen consumption [V˙O2max] = 56.3 ± 6.5 mL·kg−1·min−1). Subjects were informed of the experimental protocol and all associated risks before giving written informed consent as part of a medical inclusion. All procedures conformed to the Declaration of Helsinki and were approved by the local ethics committee. All subjects were experienced ultraendurance trail runners because participation in the partner ultratrail (the North Face®® Ultra-Trail du Mont-Blanc® 2012) required completion of a minimum of two demanding trail-running races with significant elevation change in the 2 yr preceding the race.
Each subject completed one preliminary session and two experimental sessions. During the preliminary session, subjects completed a maximal incremental running test. They were also introduced to all experimental procedures and repeated trials until they were able to perform all tests consistently and as directed. The first experimental session (PRE) occurred on 1 of the 3 d before the North Face® Ultra-Trail du Mont-Blanc® 2012 and the second (POST) 1:01:30 ± 0:22:37 after completing the ultratrail. Because of exceptional inclement weather, the 2012 edition of the North Face® Ultra-Trail du Mont Blanc® involved running/walking 110 km with total positive elevation change of 5862 m (see Figure, Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/MSS/A392). Under conditions of a mixture of rain, snow and clouds, the temperature reached a maximum of 12°C in Chamonix and decreased lower than 0°C at altitudes higher than 1800 m.
After a medical examination, subjects performed a maximal incremental running test to exhaustion on a treadmill (EF1800; HEF Tecmachine, Andrezieux-Boutheon, France). The subjects began the test at 10% grade and a speed of 4–6 km·h−1, with starting speed corresponding to running ability. The speed was then increased by 1 km·h−1 until volitional exhaustion. Subjects ran 2 min 30 s at each speed and then stopped for 30 s for a blood sample for lactate measurement. Respiratory measures were assessed breath by breath by an online system (Ergocard, Medisoft, Sorinnes, Belgium) and averaged every 30 s. V˙O2max was considered as the oxygen consumption during the last 30 s before exhaustion.
The familiarization portion of the preliminary visit included maximal and submaximal contractions of the knee extensors with and without femoral nerve electrical stimulation (FNES) and TMS (see Neuromuscular Testing Protocol section). For TMS, this included training subjects to return to the prestimulus torque as soon as possible after the stimulus to permit accurate measurement of the CSP.
Neuromuscular measures (Fig. 1) were assessed PRE and POST with real-time visual feedback. Maximal torque was determined from 3 maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) separated by 30 s with FNES (100-Hz paired pulses and single pulses) delivered at peak torque and immediately after in the relaxed state (100-Hz paired pulses and single pulses). Then, three series of four contractions were performed with TMS delivered at the desired torque level (100%, 75%, and 50% MVC at optimal TMS intensity (51) and 50% MVC at suboptimal TMS intensity; for further details, see the following sections). Contractions were separated by 15 s and series by 30 s.
Knee extensor force was measured during voluntary and evoked contractions by a calibrated force transducer (Meiri F2732 200 daN; Celians, Montauban, France) with amplifier attached by a noncompliant strap to the right leg just proximal to the malleoli of the ankle joint. Subjects were seated upright in a custom-built chair with both right knee and hips at 90° of flexion. The load cell was fixed to the chair such that force was measured in direct line to the applied force. Torque was calculated as force measured by the force transducer multiplied by the length of the lever arm (i.e., distance from the tibial condyles to where the force transducer was attached to the leg).
EMG activity of the right knee extensors (vastus lateralis [VL]) was recorded with a pair of self-adhesive surface electrodes (Meditrace 100; Covidien, Mansfield, MA) in bipolar configuration with a 30-mm interelectrode distance and the reference on the patella. Low impedance (<5 kΩ) between electrodes was obtained by shaving, gently abrading the skin and then cleaning it with isopropyl alcohol. Signals were converted from analog to digital at a sampling rate of 2000 Hz using PowerLab system (16/30-ML880/P; ADInstruments, Bella Vista, Australia) and octal bio-amplifier (ML138, ADInstruments; common mode rejection ratio = 85 dB, gain = 500) with band-pass filter (5–500 Hz) and analyzed offline using Labchart 7 software (ADInstruments).
Single electrical stimuli of 1-ms duration were delivered via constant-current stimulator (DS7A; Digitimer, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, UK) to the right femoral nerve via a 30-mm-diameter surface cathode manually pressed into the femoral triangle (Meditrace 100; Covidien) and 50 × 90 mm rectangular anode (Durastick Plus; DJO Global, Vista, CA) in the gluteal fold. Single stimuli were delivered incrementally until maximal M-wave (Mmax) and twitch amplitudes plateaued. Stimulus intensity of 130% of the intensity to produce Mmax and maximal twitch responses was used to confirm supramaximality. Stimulus intensity was determined at the start of each session. Supramaximal FNES intensity increased from PRE (58 ± 16 mA) to POST (65 ± 19 mA) (P = 0.025).
Single TMS pulses of 1-ms duration were manually delivered to elicit MEP and superimposed twitches (SIT) during voluntary isometric knee extension. The contralateral motor cortex was stimulated by a magnetic stimulator (Magstim 2002, The Magstim Company Ltd., Whitland, UK) with a 110-mm double-cone coil (maximum output of 1.4 T) to induce a posteroanterior current. The coil was manually controlled by an experienced investigator throughout the protocol. Subjects wore a cervical collar during all TMS measures to stabilize the head and neck. Subjects also wore a latex swim cap on which lines were drawn between the preauricular points and from nasion to inion to identify the vertex. Every centimeter was demarcated from the vertex to 2 cm posterior to the vertex along the nasal-inion line and also to 1 cm over the left motor cortex. At each point, a stimulus was delivered at 50% maximal stimulator output during brief voluntary contractions of the knee extensors at 10% MVC torque to determine the optimal stimulus site. The coil was positioned at the site evoking the largest MEP amplitude and SIT throughout the protocol. Stimulus intensity was determined from a stimulus–response curve determined from MEP responses evoked during brief (∼2–3 s) voluntary contractions at 20% MVC. TMS was delivered during two consecutive contractions at each of the randomly ordered stimulus intensities of 40%, 50%, 60%, and 70% maximal stimulator output. Stimuli were delivered at 15-s intervals. Optimal TMS intensity was defined as the lowest stimulus intensity eliciting maximal MEP amplitudes (13). If a plateau was not confirmed from these intensities, higher TMS intensities were investigated. A suboptimal TMS intensity equivalent to 60% of the optimal intensity (i.e., corresponding to the rising part of the MEP stimulus–response curve) was also selected to identify any shift in the stimulus–response curve. Mean TMS intensities PRE were 66% ± 9% and 40% ± 5% maximal stimulator output for optimal and suboptimal TMS intensities, respectively. Coil position in relation to the vertex was noted because identical coil position and TMS intensities were used PRE and POST. Immediately after POST evaluation, optimal TMS intensity was redetermined in subjects still physically capable of sustaining the target torque level (20% MVC POST) (n = 21). Optimal TMS intensity in these subjects was similar PRE and POST (66% ± 9% vs 67% ± 6% maximal stimulator output, respectively; P = 0.54). During voluntary contractions, TMS was always delivered once the subject had contracted to the appropriate torque level and the torque had stabilized. Subjects were also instructed to recontract to the prestimulus torque level immediately after TMS delivery.
M-wave peak-to-peak amplitude and duration were calculated from FNES in both relaxed (Mmax) and contracted (Msup at 100% MVC) muscles. Maximal torque was calculated as the mean peak torque from three MVC. EMG root mean square (RMS) was calculated as the mean from three MVC for a 200-ms period after the torque had reached a plateau and before FNES was delivered (RMSMVC). Then, RMSMVC was normalized to both Mmax and Msup. The amplitudes of the potentiated peak twitch (TwPot) and doublet (100-Hz paired pulse, Db100) torques were also determined.
Voluntary activation (VAFNES) was also assessed by twitch interpolation using the superimposed and potentiated doublet amplitudes elicited by 100-Hz FNES paired pulses during and after MVC and calculated from the equation: [1 – (FNES 100-Hz superimposed doublet amplitude)·Db100−1] × 100. Raw traces of the superimposed doublet are presented in Supplemental Digital Content 2 (http://links.lww.com/MSS/A393).
The peak-to-peak amplitudes of MEP were measured and normalized to Msup measured at the same time point. VATMS during maximal effort was measured with TMS by modified twitch interpolation. For each series of contractions, estimated resting twitch (ERT) was determined by the linear regression of the relation between SIT amplitude evoked when optimal-intensity TMS was delivered at 100%, 75%, and 50% MVC (see Figure, Supplemental Digital Content 2, http://links.lww.com/MSS/A393) and voluntary torque (12,42,51). This relation was extrapolated, and the y-intercept was interpreted as the ERT amplitude. In cases where the linear regression was not linear (r < 0.9), ERT was excluded and VATMS was not calculated for the series (17). ERT was linear for all subjects for at least one series at both PRE and POST, thus permitting VATMS to be determined in all subjects. VATMS was assessed with the following equation: [1 – (SIT·ERT−1)] × 100. The reliability of this method has recently been validated in the knee extensors (12,42). The duration of the CSP was determined visually and defined as the duration from the stimulus to the return of continuous voluntary EMG (43). Subjects were excluded from CSP analyses if they did not recontract to the prestimulus torque level immediately after delivery of single TMS pulses.
Statistical analyses were performed with Statistica (version 8; StatSoft, Tulsa, OK). The Shapiro–Wilk test was used to verify data normality. Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA were used to evaluate PRE–POST and contraction intensity changes for MEP and CSP elicited by optimal-intensity TMS. When the ANOVA revealed significant interactions, the Newman–Keuls post hoc test was used to identify differences. Paired t-tests were used to evaluate differences between PRE and POST for all other variables. The relationships between percentage change (Δ) PRE–POST in selected central and peripheral parameters were determined by Pearson product correlation. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. All data are presented as mean ± SD.
Subjects completed the 110-km ultratrail in a mean time of 20:17:04 ± 3:25:41 (range = 13:49:31–25:49:23), equivalent to 192% ± 33% of the overall winning time (range = 131%–245%).
One subject with very large central deficit was an outlier and excluded from MVC and VA analyses only. There was a significant 34% decrease in MVC postrace (T23 = 7.58, P < 0.001; Fig. 2). Peripheral potentiated twitch and doublet amplitudes decreased significantly by 11% and 10%, respectively (TwPot: T24 = 3.14, P = 0.004; Db100: T24 = 4.45, P < 0.001; Fig. 2).
M-wave amplitudes were unchanged, although there was a tendency for both Mmax and Msup to be smaller POST (Table 1). Peak-to-peak M-wave duration was also unchanged (Table 1). RMSMVC, both raw and normalized, significantly decreased from PRE to POST (Table 1).
There was a mean decrease of 16% for VATMS (93% ± 7% to 80% ± 11%, T23 = 6.91, P < 0.001) and 26% for VAFNES (91% ± 8% to 72% ± 14%, T23 = 7.64, P < 0.001). There was a correlation between ΔVAFNES and ΔVATMS (r = 0.54, P = 0.007; Fig. 3). ΔVATMS and ΔVAFNES were correlated with ΔMVC (r = 0.61, P = 0.002 and r = 0.79, P < 0.001, respectively). ΔVATMS was also correlated with ΔTwPot (r = 0.53, P = 0.008), and there was a trend for ΔVATMS to be correlated with ΔDb100 (r = 0.37, P = 0.074; see Figure, Supplemental Digital Content 3, http://links.lww.com/MSS/A394). There were no significant correlations between ΔVAFNES and peripheral changes.
There was an increase in MEP·Msup−1 elicited by optimal TMS intensity from PRE to POST (F1,24 = 11.2, P = 0.003). There was also an intensity effect (F2,48 = 32.1, P < 0.001) and time–intensity interaction (F2,48 = 6.85, P = 0.002). Post hoc analyses identified that MEP·Msup−1 was greater at 50% and 75% MVC than at 100% MVC and that at all contraction intensities MEP·Msup−1 increased from PRE to POST (P < 0.05; Fig. 4A; see Figure, Supplemental Digital Content 2, http://links.lww.com/MSS/A393). Conversely, the amplitude of MEP elicited at suboptimal TMS intensity was unchanged (T23 = 0.548, P = 0.59; Fig. 4A).
There were no changes in CSP during contractions at 50%, 75%, or 100% MVC elicited by optimal TMS intensity from PRE to POST (F1,21 = 0.0024, P = 0.96) or time–intensity interaction (F2,42 = 2.20, P = 0.12) (Fig. 4B; see Figure, Supplemental Digital Content 2, http://links.lww.com/MSS/A393). A contraction intensity effect presented (F2,42 = 16.37, P < 0.001) and the post hoc analyses indicate that CSP at 100% MVC were longer than CSP at 50% and 75% MVC. Conversely, CSP elicited by suboptimal stimulus intensity at 50% MVC increased in duration from PRE to POST (T20 = 2.61, P = 0.017; Fig. 4B). At suboptimal TMS intensity, no CSP was elicited in at least one contraction in five subjects PRE and in one subject POST due to the stimulus intensity being insufficient.
Central fatigue has been reported to be the main cause of knee extensor strength loss after prolonged running (25,29,31). The primary aim of the present study was to determine whether at least part of this central fatigue was supraspinal. The main results are that after a 110-km ultratrail, (i) there were significant and correlated decreases in VATMS and VAFNES; (ii) there were correlations between peripheral changes and decreases in VATMS, suggesting that the large central deficits consistently observed after extreme duration running exercise have both central and peripheral origins; and (iii) there was increased corticospinal excitability (as indicated by greater VL MEP amplitude) and no change in intracortical inhibition (as indicated by unchanged VL CSP) at optimal TMS intensity. There was also increased CSP duration and unchanged MEP amplitude at suboptimal TMS intensity. These suggest that during contractions at 50% MVC, there is a shift in the VL MEP–stimulus intensity relationship toward larger MEP amplitudes only at higher TMS intensities and that there is also a left shift in the VL CSP–stimulus intensity relationship.
Only a couple studies (25,33,40) have examined long-distance running comparable with that of the ultratrail in the present study. Despite being of shorter duration than these studies, the mean MVC decrease was similar (25,33) or greater (40) after a similar delay to postexercise evaluation (40–60 min) (33,40), a finding compatible with the existence of a plateau in the strength loss–exercise duration relationship (29). In this study, ΔVAFNES was comparable with that reported after a 24-h treadmill run (25), a 330-km ultratrail (mean time ∼122.5 h) with 24 000 m of elevation change (40), and a 166-km ultratrail (mean time ∼37.5 h) with 9500 m of elevation change (33). The latter study reported decreased VL M-wave amplitude and increased VL M-wave duration. A similar tendency for Mmax and Msup amplitude and Msup duration was observed in the present study. Finally, as with longer treadmill and ultratrail runs (25,33,40), potentiated twitch amplitude in the present study decreased, although to a lesser extent than that in previous studies. With shorter trail (mean time < 9 h) and treadmill runs (mean time < 3.5 h), a change in twitch amplitude PRE to POST was not observed (7,31,32,38,39), suggesting an effect of distance and/or duration on twitch amplitude. The present results confirm previously published consequences of extreme running exercise on both central and peripheral fatigue.
This study was the first to measure VATMS of the knee extensors with fatigue induced by long-distance running. Previously, Ross et al. (39) observed decreased dorsiflexor VATMS after a 42.2-km treadmill marathon, but dorsiflexors are not considered limiting to trail running performance (8). All other investigations of knee extensor VATMS have been conducted with cycling, and all showed decreased VATMS after exercise (11,43,50), except the study of Klass et al. (21), where no decrease in VATMS was observed 10 min after ∼1.5 h of cycling.
In the present study, despite greater ΔVAFNES than ΔVATMS (−26% vs −16%), these changes were well correlated, indicating that supraspinal fatigue plays an important role in the decrease of VAFNES. The greater decrease in central fatigue assessed by FNES than TMS has been previously observed by our group (50) and suggests that VAFNES comprises both fatigue manifesting at the cortical and spinal levels while VATMS is representative of central fatigue only at the supraspinal level. This finding is however in contrast to previous cycling studies that have observed greater maximal force loss linked to VATMS (43) or no difference between methods of VA determination (21). Caution must also be taken when comparing these methods due to differences in torque–SIT relationships (i.e., linear at contraction intensities ≥50% MVC for VATMS [12,42] and nonlinear at near-maximal contraction intensities [22]) and the precise mechanisms evaluated by each method (for an explanation of differences between VATMS and VAFNES, see Introduction). The correlation between ΔVAFNES in knee extensors and plantar flexors previously observed in an ultratrail (33) suggests there is one or more common regulatory components independent of peripheral factors that contribute to decreased VA. Candidates include hypoglycemia (3), cerebral catecholamine concentrations (15), core temperature (36), cerebral ammonia accumulation (35), and brain neurotransmitters (26), all of which are involved in brain signaling or have a demonstrated link to the development of fatigue.
Conversely, there are significant correlations between ΔVATMS, but not ΔVAFNES, and peripheral factors (ΔTwPot and ΔDb) in the present study. Fatigue is multifactorial, and despite the significant correlations between VATMS and peripheral changes, some are weak (see Figure, Supplemental Digital Content 3, http://links.lww.com/MSS/A394). Collectively, these correlations cannot explain an important portion of the observed fatigue, indicating that factors not investigated in the present study play an important role in the development of fatigue. The observed correlations also suggest that afferent feedback from the muscle is involved in central fatigue observed after an ultratrail and that information communicated from the evaluated muscles via type III and IV afferents is integrated at the supraspinal level. This idea has previously been proposed for shorter endurance cycling exercise (1). Recently, elbow extensor fatigue was observed to induce central deficits in the elbow flexor due to afferent feedback (19), suggesting that knee flexor fatigue may have also contributed to the decreased VA observed after an ultratrail in the present study. Previous research also suggests that neither acidosis nor potassium are major factors in ultraendurance activities (33), indicating that group III and group IV afferents likely respond to mechanical stimuli (i.e., stress and pressure) (10,23) and inflammatory processes (16,41) in this type of event. After extreme endurance activities, inflammatory markers remain elevated up to 5 d after the cessation of the exercise bout (33,34), well beyond the 1-h delay to POST testing in the present study. Meanwhile, the lack of correlation between ΔVAFNES and peripheral factors suggests that other factors, perhaps reduced spinal excitation/increased spinal inhibition by Ia and Ib afferents, are integrated to cause fatigue at the spinal level. The specific role of peripheral muscle afferents and direct spinal and supraspinal mechanisms remains to be determined.
The TMS contraction series required maximal (100% MVC) and submaximal (50% and 75% MVC) isometric contractions. Increased MEP amplitude and unchanged CSP at optimal TMS intensity in the VL after the ultratrail could indicate a transient increase in corticospinal excitability without change in intracortical inhibition that translates into a more effective corticospinal response to a given stimulus.
Previous studies from other laboratories have not shown any change in MEP amplitude/area or CSP duration after cycling (intensity = 55%–80% maximal power output, mean duration = 4–94 min) (11,21,43) when investigated in a similar manner. These results contrast those observed in the present study. Two factors, exercise duration and TMS intensity, may contribute to these differences. Another study from our group observed MEP amplitude in the VL and vastus medialis to increase during 40 min of cycling at 65% maximal aerobic power output followed by an incremental cycling test to task failure (50). MEP amplitude also increased at optimal TMS intensity in the present study, after a more extreme activity in terms of duration. Together, these studies suggest that the duration of effort and the associated consequences (e.g., hydration, glycemia, pain, and also sleep deprivation for extreme-duration exercise) play an important role in transient changes toward higher corticospinal excitability when tested at optimal TMS intensity (66% ± 9% maximal stimulator output). The concurrent use of optimal and suboptimal TMS intensities to evaluate MEP and CSP changes is novel, and our results suggest that selection of an appropriate TMS intensity is essential. Both Klass et al. (21) and Sidhu et al. (43) performed TMS at intensities comparable with suboptimal TMS intensities in the present study (i.e., 30%–60% maximal stimulator output vs 40% ± 5% maximal stimulator output in the present study). At suboptimal TMS intensity, the unchanged MEP amplitudes in the present study mirrored the aforementioned findings of these studies (21,43). Furthermore, Sidhu et al. (44) found no change in MEP amplitude normalized to Msup at similar TMS intensities (i.e., 41.4% ± 0.9% maximal stimulator output) during a cycling bout in the only truly sport-specific TMS investigation. Unlike the observed increase in CSP at suboptimal TMS intensity in the present study, other studies of total duration from ∼45 to 90 min (21,43) did not observe a change in CSP despite similar mean CSP durations and TMS intensities. This supports the proposal that corticospinal changes are related to exercise duration. The finding that increased corticospinal inhibition occurs during exercise at suboptimal TMS intensity has previously been observed during cycling using a different method of evaluation (45).
Although the contraction mode is different from the stretch–shortening cycle observed during running, among the isometric voluntary contractions evaluated in the present study, those at 50% MVC with suboptimal-intensity TMS would probably be the contractions most similar to conditions during an ultratrail because maximal physical efforts are rare and there are many diverse mental demands during this type of effort (29). Unlike the unchanged CSP and increased MEP amplitude at optimal TMS intensity, CSP induced by TMS at suboptimal intensity increased in duration while MEP amplitude remained unchanged. These results can be placed within the framework of the previously demonstrated sigmoidal MEP–stimulus intensity (4,6) and CSP–stimulus intensity (6,20) relationships. In the present study, optimal TMS intensity was determined as the lowest stimulus intensity eliciting a maximal MEP response (i.e., the intensity at the start of the plateau in an MEP–stimulus intensity curve) at 20% MVC. The observed changes in MEP amplitude and CSP duration suggest that if both MEP and CSP stimulus–response curves had been performed at 50% MVC, they would have undergone transformations and/or shifts but that these changes would have been different (Fig. 5). It is proposed that after ultraendurance running exercise, there would be a shift of the MEP stimulus– response curve toward greater MEP amplitudes at higher TMS intensities without change in the lower inflection point (Fig. 5A). Concurrently, it is proposed that there would be a left shift of the CSP stimulus–response curve (Fig. 5B). This suggests that an ultratrail may cause a decrease in the threshold to induce CSP during contractions at 50% MVC at a suboptimal TMS intensity. The functional relevance of these shifts remain to be elucidated; however, they suggest that the delivery of TMS at an intensity to elicit a maximal response is supraphysiological and perhaps less relevant to the normal functioning of the human body than a stimulus intensity that corresponds to the rising part of a stimulus–response curve. These shifts also suggest that the role of intracortical inhibition may increase with increasing exercise duration and may have a role in the performance deficits exhibited after prolonged exercise.
Subjects were tested as soon as possible after they completed the ultratrail competition. Despite efforts to conduct POST measures in a timely manner, there was a large delay (1:01:30 ± 0:22:37) and some variability in the time between race completion and the start of testing because of the distance from the finish to the testing site and the necessity of ensuring the safety of the subjects. The same coil position and TMS stimulus intensity were used at PRE and POST. This was performed for several reasons: (i) given the physical state of the subjects at POST, including several that were unable to complete the three series of contractions with TMS, the reassessment of TMS intensity before POST assessment would probably have reduced the number of subjects and affected data analysis; and (ii) to be able to compare CSP and MEP because changes to stimulus intensity influence both these parameters. Optimal stimulus intensity was similar PRE and POST. Because of the delay in conducting POST, the magnitude of voluntary activation decreases may be underestimated, and MEP and CSP changes may be underestimated or masked. Previous studies have shown MEP and CSP to recover rapidly after isometric single-joint exercise (e.g., 48,49). Because of the nature of the ultratrail, it was impossible to test subjects at the same time of day. Nevertheless, this was unlikely to influence results as corticospinal and intracortical excitability have been shown to be unaffected by time of day (5). Because this study was conducted in conjunction with an existing ultratrail, there was no control over the part of the menstrual cycle of the female subjects. Although hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle may have influenced the results (46,47), the random distribution of women across their cycles would probably have nullified any effects. Furthermore, in isometric contraction protocols, neither the time to task failure (18) nor the decrease in maximal voluntary force (17) were influenced by the timing of the menstrual cycle, and supraspinal deficits with exercise were observed to be similar between men and women (17,18). Finally, antagonist (e.g., biceps femoris) EMG was not measured because of time constraints. Changes in the relative contribution of agonists and antagonists may affect measures such as VA.
This study was the first to combine TMS and extreme endurance to investigate the physiological consequences of an extreme duration exercise on central changes at the supraspinal level. The hypotheses that an ultratrail decreases VATMS and that corticospinal fatigue occurs with a concomitant increase in MEP amplitude and unchanged CSP duration were confirmed. However, CSP induced by suboptimal TMS intensity increased without concurrent change in MEP amplitude at this intensity. This suggests a left shift in the CSP–stimulus intensity relationship and a shift in the MEP–stimulus intensity relationship toward larger MEP at higher TMS intensities without change in the inflection point of the curve.
The authors gratefully thank all the ultratrail competitors that participated in this study for the generous contribution of their time. They sincerely acknowledge the organizers and medical commission of the North Face® Ultra-Trail du Mont-Blanc® 2012, the financial support of the Institut Fédératif de Recherche en Sciences et Ingénierie de la Santé, and also the assistance of Dr. Roger Ouillon and Dr. Pascal Edouard for conducting medical inclusions, Philippe Gimenez and Marlène Giandolini for conducting V˙O2max tests, and Régis Bonnefoy and Rodolphe Testa for technical support. John Temesi was supported by a doctoral research grant from the Rhône-Alpes Region.
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
The results of this study do not constitute an endorsement by the American College of Sports Medicine.
© 2014 American College of Sports Medicine
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Are you talking about volume?
Because that's pretty much how I eat per volume. about 20% of the volume of my food is eggs/meat, and the remainder is fruit/veg.
I've been wanting to share this for some time in case it is of help to someone else...
So, like a lot of people that came to paleo, one of the factors that got me here was a failed vegetarian or vegan diet. Like many others on this board, I was well informed, and ate vegetarian or vegan for much of my adult life but did not achieve longterm wellness.
Enter a paleo diet and healing. I love eating Paleo! Been paleo since Jan '12. I began it very meat heavy.(And I still adore my meats - esp. bacon!)..But I also still have my love for raw fruits and veggies though. Strangely enough, it took time to figure out how to "work it all in."
For now I seem to have landed at about a 75-80% raw vegan diet (ie fruits and veggies) and 20% "anything else paleo". Great mix for me for now anyway. Cronometer.com shows I'm getting all my nutrients and I feel great!
Thus the title: "for the ex-vegetarians"...I feel a kinship for others that vegetarianism also failed. if you want to shake up what you are doing a bit or you still have a pull toward veggies, for me, this really is the best of both worlds. XOXO
My fridge after a grocery store run.
Last edited by curlygirl; 03-19-2013 at 03:40 PM. Reason: correction
Are you talking about volume?
Because that's pretty much how I eat per volume. about 20% of the volume of my food is eggs/meat, and the remainder is fruit/veg.
That's a TON of vegetables. There's no way in heck I could go through that much produce before it started to get wilty and gross. :3
Nice! Can work with heavy on the fruit, too. We don't need nearly as much meat as Paleo seems to put forward.
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It does not take a majority to prevail, but rather an irate, tireless minority, keen on setting brushfires of freedom in the minds of men. - Samuel Adams
Zoebird - yup, about 20% of what I eat is meat, eggs etc. and 80% fruits and veggies
Qqemokitty - There are 4 of us in the house, so I have help. But I do go through at least 6 lbs of greens a week by myself. Not only dishes but I adore green smoothies!
I was never a vegetarian or vegan but by volume I am pretty much in line with your numbers. I have been doing this for over 5 years without any problems and have felt great overall.
"If man made it, don't eat it" - Jack Lallane
People say I am on a "crazy" diet. What is so crazy about eating veggies, fruits, seafood and organ meats? Just because I don't eat whole wheat and processed food doesn't make my diet "crazy". Maybe everyone else with a SAD are the "crazy" ones for putting that junk in their system.
I'm not vegetarian, nor raw, but that's roughly the volume of vegetables that I eat too.
F 28/5'4/100 lbs
"I'm not a psychopath, I'm a high-functioning sociopath; do your research."


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Girl Scout Council of Tropical Florida, Inc.
Rating: 5 stars 1 1 review 1,696
11347 Sw 160 St Miami FL 33157 USA
Girl Scouting builds girls of courage, confidence and character who make the world a better place. Girl Scouting is the pre-eminent leadership development organization for girls ages 5 to 17 and women in the world, inspiring girls with the highest ideals of character, conduct, patriotism and service that they may discover, conect and take action as resourceful citizens.
Geographic areas served:
Miami Dade and MOnroe Counties, Florida
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The Girl Scout Council of Tropical Florida serevs over 16,000 girls ages 5-17 in Miami Dade and MOnroe Counties and is committed to creating environmental awareness and leadership through the Girl Scouts Forever Green Community Action Project. The Council plans to be recognized for its leadership role in environmental advocacy in Miami-Dade and Monroe Counties, and for offering outdoor educational experiences that create sustainablility for the future!. April 18th , 2010 marks the beginning of the Countdown the 100th Anniversary of the Girl Scout Movement, a champion for the environment and all things GREEN!!! Girl Scout Forever Green.
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I've personally experienced the results of this organization in...
the impression that environmental programming has had on girls a young as age 5- in the Jounrey, It's Your Planet Love It!, a new approach to the delivery of consistent activities for young girls.
If I had to make changes to this organization, I would...
want to change how the organziation is perceived, and tell every one about the value of the program for girls, families and communities as a whole.
What I've enjoyed the most about my experience with this nonprofit is...
The camaraderie and diversity of the membership, and the commitment to makeing the world a better place.
The kinds of staff and volunteers that I met were...
Dedicated and thorough, and willing to go the extra mile
If this organization had 10 million bucks, it could...
provide programs and experiences for every girl everywhere- books, events, outdoor summer programs, and healthy living in the environment, it could retrofit all facilities to be more energy efficient and conservation focused, through and through.
Ways to make it better...
My experience has been inspiring, as I watch the next generation take action to preserve their living space, this planet.
In my opinion, the biggest challenges facing this organization are...
Awareness of he benefits of the program and additional funding to meet the needs of those who could otherwise not participate.
One thing I'd also say is that...
I am delighted to recommend this organization to the green Choice Award, and I want to thank all the 3,500 volunteers who join in the work of being change makers.
How frequently have you been involved with the organization?
About every week
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All hotels in Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
1 room, 2 adults
1 Fremont St, Las Vegas, NV, 89101, United States of America, 1-877-214-4288
Golden Gate Hotel and Casino - Las Vegas
Lowest price$31
Looking for 3-star casino Las Vegas hotels in Downtown Las Vegas? Check out Golden Gate Hotel and Casino located within a 30-minute walk of Fremont Street Flightlinez and Las Vegas Premium Outlets. Las Vegas Convention Center is 3 mi (4.8 km) away.
Your hotel has a restaurant where you'll find good menu choices for breakfast, lunch and dinner. Guests wishing to enjoy a drink will surely want to visit one of the 2 bars/lounges. Free WiFi is available.
Your hotel has a restaurant where you'll find good menu choices for breakfast, lunch and dinner. Guests wishing to enjoy a drink will surely want to visit one of the 2 bars/lounges. Free WiFi is available.
See all 1,169 Venere.com reviews
Great location
Tasty breakfast
More comfort would be nice
Wellness Area
Wellness & sports facilities could be improved
TripAdvisor Traveller Rating: 3.5
From 752 reviews
Golden Gate Hotel and Casino - Las Vegas
Hotel Info: 1-877-214-4288from $31
- Standard Double Room, 2 Double Beds
- Standard Room, 1 Queen Bed
- 1 Queen Bed - 2 Rooms
- Suite, 1 Bedroom
Also popular with travelers from the USA
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 122 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 3 floors
- 24-hour check-in
- Check-out time is noon
Required at check in
- Credit card deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
- Minimum check-in age is 21
Travelling with others
- Pets not allowed
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Free WiFi in rooms
- Free valet parking
In the hotel
Food and drink
- Full breakfast (surcharge)
- 2 bars/lounges
- Restaurant
- Coffee shop/café
Things to do
- Casino
Working away
- One meeting room
- 24-hour front desk
- Elevator/lift
- ATM/banking
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Accessible bathroom
- In-room accessibility
- Roll-in shower
In the room
Home comforts
- In-room climate control (air conditioning)
- Air conditioning
- Iron/ironing board (on request)
Freshen up
- Private bathroom
- Bathtub or shower
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer
Be entertained
- Flat-screen TV
- Pay movies
- Premium TV channels
Stay connected
- Free WiFi
- Phone
- Daily housekeeping
Special features
DiningDu-Pars Restaurant/Bakery - This restaurant serves breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Open 24 hours.
Golden Gate Hotel and Casino - Las Vegas's small print
Also known as
- Golden Gate
- Golden Gate Hotel & Casino
- Golden Gate Hotel & Casino Las Vegas
- Golden Gate Las Vegas
- Golden Gate Hotel Casino Las Vegas
- Golden Gate Casino Las Vegas
- Golden Gate Casino
- Golden Gate Hotel Casino
Mandatory fees
You'll be asked to pay the following charges at check in or check out:
Deposit: USD 100 per stay
- Resort fee: USD 22.60 per accommodation, per night
Resort fee inclusions:
- Internet access (may be limited)
- Phone calls (may be limited)
- Additional inclusions
Inclusions may be listed elsewhere on the page as free or for a surcharge.
Optional extras
Breakfast costs between USD 16 and USD 20 per person (approximately)
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.


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Not many people would believe that Skittles are helpful during workouts, but Marshawn Lynch makes it work.
The Seattle Seahawks running back stars in a Skittles commercial that shows the candy can be used for more than just tasting the rainbow. For Beast Mode, a love of the colorful candy can help in gearing up for the NFL season.


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Love it, although I do think the vanilla is huge and right there center stage. But it's not cloying or syrupy. It's almost smoky and it has a sort of sandalwood aspect to it.
I have not really explored Mona's line except for Cuir, so I decided to order a sample of Vanille since vanilla is one of my favorite notes.
I have to say that she has created something really special! I was expecting to get a vanilla centered fragrance (hence the name), but instead I get a lot of creamy/boozy orange with a bit of rum, and as it dries down some nice spices. I really like this take on vanilla as it really isn't center stage, it's more of just present along with all the other notes making something really amazing.
It is now my second favorite vanilla right behind Guerlain's SDV.
What are your guys' thoughts on this scent?
Love it, although I do think the vanilla is huge and right there center stage. But it's not cloying or syrupy. It's almost smoky and it has a sort of sandalwood aspect to it.
One of the better vanillas out there IMO. Not overly sweet for a vanilla prominent scent.
Remember that while it is perfectly acceptable to criticize the content of a post - criticizing the poster is not.
Mean spirited, nasty, snide, sarcastic, hateful, and rude individuals on Basenotes don't warrant or deserve my or other Basenoters' acknowledgement or respect.
Congrats on the find, it's a great fragrance!
I think it's a one of a kind fragrance. Still thinking if it's FBW.
Love Mona's Vanille, gorgeous stuff.
Well, it's cheaper than therapy... edit: No it's not...
One of my favourite from Mona
smell vetiver and rum more than vanilla
Very nice and restrained scent.
My reference vanilla.
Current Top Favorites:
1) Portrait of a Lady original formula (EdP Frédéric Malle)
2) Giorgio for Men vintage/V.I.P. for Men (Giorgio Beverly Hills)
3) Dia Man vintage edt (Amouage)
4) Anat Fritz Original Formula and Classical (Anat Fritz) - tie
4) Lalfeorosa (O'driù) - tie
6) Les Nombres d'Or Vetyver (Mona di Orio)
7) Captain vintage (Molyneux)
8) Tzora (Anat Fritz)
9) Javanese Patchouli (Zegna) - tie
9) Monsieur de Givenchy vintage (Givenchy) - tie
9) Coeur de Vetiver Sacré (L'Artisan) - tie
9) Polo vintage (Ralph Lauren) - tie
9) Patou pour Homme Privé (Jean Patou) - tie
9) Oud Shamash (The Different Company) - tie
Hmmm, just put it on my Try List. Sounds great!
I also enjoy Vanille 44, because the sweet aspect of vanilla is restrained and balanced by other notes.
I will keep my sample on hand but do think the entire line is overpriced..
One of my favourite vanillas, very good though I wish I picked up more of the boozy orange aspect of it.
I love it too, but for me it's more of a green boozy minty vanilla. Her oud is my favorite from the line though.
A wonderful vanilla, and I do find it very centered around vanilla, but just in a bean and dry aspect with other supporting creamy/boozy notes. Great fragrance, especially if you love vanilla.
Before you purchase you need to sample the following:
Chanel- Bois des Illes (EDT and Parfum)
Indult- Tihota
- - - Updated - - -
Before you purchase you need to sample the following:
Chanel- Bois des Illes (EDT and Parfum)
Indult- Tihota
- - - Updated - - -
Before you purchase you need to sample the following:
Chanel- Bois des Illes (EDT and Parfum)
Indult- Tihota
I had the concept that vanilla was a boring note prior to sampling Mona di Orio's Vanille. It blew me away with it's assertive, earthy interpretation of vanilla, not overly sweet, Vanille exudes enthusiasm. Texturally, it's rough, unrefined, rustic.
Conversely, I find Mona di Orio's Oud to be tender, smooth, meditative and nearly spiritual. I love them both, and had just convinced myself that a full bottle might be worth it, when I fell in love with Oud, and was gobsmacked by the $500 plus price. sigh. t'is an endless chase indeed.
I haven't tried anything from Mona that I haven't either thoroughly enjoyed and/or been fascinated by. Waiting for a small decant of Cuir to arrive as we speak.
"Like a lobster with a pearl in its claw, the beet held the jasmine firmly without crushing or obscuring it. Beet lifted jasmine, the way a bullnecked partner lifts a ballerina, and the pair came on stage on citron's fluty cue. As if jasmine were a collection of beautiful paintings, beet hung it in the galleries of the nose, insured it against fire or theft, threw a party to celebrate it. Citron mailed the invitations." Jitterbug Perfume by Tom Robbins p. 189
What I am loving right now: Shalimar vintage extrait, Chanel Bois des Iles, Chanel no. 22, Le Labo Iris 39, Guerlain Iris Ganache


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About Highfield Human Solutions Group
"Here at Highfield we are passionate about many things; sharing our expertise, delivering value, developing relationships with our clients but above all we are passionate about 'talent'.
We believe that every person has extraordinary potential, that people can achieve unique and amazing things, that each individual has the ability to be inspirational and that there is innate creativity, energy and 'talent' within everyone.
Our role is to help our clients identify, engage, unleash, utilise and develop that talent.
The Highfield Human Solutions Group consists of aligned businesses and commercial partnerships which provide a range of services and solutions from board level Executive Search to strategic consulting, from leadership development to career transition and from global talent mapping to tactical resourcing.
So, if you are looking to achieve exceptional performance from extraordinary talent then give us a call...and we will tell you how."