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Talk:Common descent
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- 1 Untitled
- 2 Studying phylogenetics
- 3 History
- 4 "Common descent" usually means "Universal common descent"
- 5 Split
- 6 Creationist Orchard Section Split
- 7 Created Kinds Section Merge
- 8 Formatting
- 9 English is a nice language...
- 10 Reducing fringe theory section - Again!
- 11 Format
- 12 Brassica
- 13 "Observed examples of common descent"
- 14 Phylogenetic trees
- 15 Creationism and common descent
- 16 New Section?
- 17 Common Descent Breaks Down at the Single Cell Level
- 18 How does single cell "evolve" to multi-cellular differentiated structures?
- 19 Cenancestor?
- 20 Did Maupertuis really propose universal common descent?
- 21 Recent changes to lede
- 22 Common ancestor between man and monkey
- 23 Statistical evidence for common descent
- 24 Artificial selection.
- 25 comparative linguistics
- 26 Finch Beak Variations and Plasticity
- 27 Natural Selection
Studying phylogenetics[edit]
I'm studying phylogenetic trees right now, and it occured to me that our ability to produce consistant trees using parsimony analysis is good evidence of common descent. Parsimony analysis is distinct from similarity based phylogeny construction because it explicity tries to recreate the path along which the molecules evolved. As a consequence, it is capable of distinguishing between similarity by convergence and similarity by descent. So first, I object that the ability to create phylogenetic trees based upon similiarity is evidence of common ancestory. Second, I think that this article should directly mention cladistic methods of phylogeny construction, and not just reference the phylogenetics article. adam
- Cladistic analysis is based on the principle of maximum parsimony, i.e. diagrams that requires the least number of evolutionary changes. It is the most compact arrangement. One drawback to this approach, as you mention, is that evolution does not always occur along a minimum path. To some biologists, the term "cladogram" emphasizes that the diagram represents a hypothesis about the actual evolutionary history of a group, while "phylogenies" represent true evolutionary history. Cladograms show the divergence of character traits but do not imply an evolutionary time-line. Yes, cladistics should be introduced here, and not phylogenetic trees. Cladograms are based on the most common ancestor and show the derived characterics that occurred. By contrast, phylogenetic trees show the evolutionary branching. The former belongs here, the later in evolution. Introducing phylogenetic trees here, as a purported proof, muddled up the article. Phylogenetic trees show evolution, not common descent or common ancestry.
- This article requires extensive categorical reworking to address the correct subject, i.e. common descent, not evolutionary timelines, not LUCs and LUCAs, and not origin of life issues. Valich 01:46, 20 March 2007 (UTC)
A common type of ancestor, right? I mean, maybe all life evolved from the same type of single-celled organisms that, it so happens, originated in several different places in the world--not necessarily from the exact same ancestor. Or does it really mean from the exact same ancestor?
Good to see you hear, John! --LS
- As I have seen the term used, it does indeed mean that all observed life descended from the very same ancestor, which is actually quite likely given the nature of speciation and the brutal pruning of the tree of descent. I include the weasel-word there because we know so little about what might have started the process in the first place that we can barely even speculate about forms of life earlier than those we have seen. Since we have not seen any replicator sufficiently simple to have conceivably arisen spontaneously (we only assume there was one), all those we have seen are products of reproduction as we see it now, so they are almost with mathematical certainty descended from a single individual. Even if similar mutations or chance events had arisen independently early on, it is mathematically likely that only one survived (it is even more likely that none would, but obviously at least one did). -- Lee Daniel Crocker
- Yes, LUCA is presumed to be one particular organism, not a group of organisms. If you are looking for the common ancestors of humans (an obligate sexual reproducer), then you are probably going to find a group of individuals. However, if the ancestor is a single cell capable of clonal replication, as LUCA presumably is, then I would only expect to find one ancestor. Going on this model, LUCA would have had "siblings and cousins" that existed at the same time as it, but those lineages went extinct either by chance or because the LUCA lineage included some innovation that allowed it to displace the other lineages. adam
Shouldn't this article be merged with the article on LUCA (Last universal common ancestor)? They cover precisely the same topic. We should move all the text from one into the other, and then turn the empty article into a redirect. RK 16:53, 1 Sep 2003 (UTC)
- There were several theories of 'common descent' that were not theories of 'universal common descent'. I will try to fix this article accordingly but in the meantime, "Common Descent" and "LUCA" should be kept separate.Peak 04:14, 5 Dec 2003 (UTC)
- No. Just the opposite. This article should surrender all of its content over to the LUCA and LCA article and focus on the subject of common descent and commonm ancestry.Valich 01:46, 20 March 2007 (UTC)
Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis' account of divergence through random variation and natural selection sounds very much to me like something that Empedocles said much earlier. [1] I thought it should be included, but I didn't want to be presumptuous. Neopergoss 05:38, 4 December 2006 (UTC)
"Common descent" usually means "Universal common descent"[edit]
In scientific and general parlance, unless specified otherwise, "common descent" and "universal common descent" are essentially synonymous. "Common descent" gets about 240K google hits, "universal common descent" only gets about 700. The concept of "non-universal common descent" is almost always called "sharing a common ancestor" (~133K google hits, compare to ~7K for "have common descent" -many using it with a different meaning- and <1K for "share common descent"). The fact is worth noting. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Thomas Arelatensis (talk • contribs)
- "Common descent" and "universal common descent" are not synonmous because descent is not always from a common ancestor, therefore it is not always universal. The article is about "common descent" and that is what the emphasis should be on. Yet, the subject of "Evidence of universal common descent" appears primary before "Evidence of common descent." Furthermore, if you're going to include phylogenetic trees as evidence for universal common descent, then mention should be equally made that this view is under scrutiny, and the more up-to-date alternative "Ring of Life" phylogenetic diagram and multiple origin concept should be introduced, else get rid of the entire category of "Evidence for a universal common descent. All four concepts introduced to support this concept, actually support common descent, not universal common descent.Valich 00:46, 20 March 2007 (UTC)
Splitting "common descent" from "universal common descent" is specious at best, and POV at worst. There is no good reason for a split. Guettarda 15:46, 8 February 2007 (UTC)
- Concur. Having failed to gain consensus for a move, to create a "split" then edit the copy to reflect one minor POV and ignore balance is a clear example of POV forking. That the POV fork had been proposed and also failed to gain consensus takes this beyond that into a violation of CON as well as NPOV. KillerChihuahua?!? 17:17, 8 February 2007 (UTC)
- Concur. That split was bizarre at best.--Thomas Arelatensis 18:48, 8 February 2007 (UTC)
- As I stated in the above talk section, this article is about common descent, not universal common descent. This split confuses the subject. Universal common descent leads into talk about Universal Common Ancestor (UCA) Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA) or Last Common Ancesor (LCA), and these are unrelated topics that deal with origins of life. They should not even be mentioned here, except for external links. There never was a last universal common ancestor.
- Doolittle (1999) states: "In general, the current situation concerning the evolutionary "tree of life" is as follows: The conceptual tree-like structure with discrete branches is retained at the top of the eukaryote domain, and also retained is the idea that eukaryotes obtained mitochondria and chloroplasts from bacteria. But the lower parts of the tree are now seen to involve an extensive anastomosis of branches -- branches joining other branches in a complex network of intersecting links -- resulting from extensive horizontal gene transfer of single or multiple genes, the horizontal gene transfer known to be common in unicellular organisms. Thus, the "tree of life" lacks a single organism at its base, and that "the three major domains of life probably arose from a population of primitive cells that differed in their genes."
- Rivera and Lake (2004) point out: In the microbial world things are different, and various schemes have been devised to take both traditional and molecular approaches to microbial evolution into account. Unknown to Darwin, microbes use two mechanisms of natural variation that disobey the rules of tree-like evolution: lateral gene transfer and endosymbiosis. Lateral gene transfer involves the passage of genes among distantly related groups, causing branches in the tree of life to exchange bits of their fabric. Endosymbiosis -- one cell living within another -- gave rise to the double-membrane-bounded organelles of eukaryotic cells: mitochondria and chloroplasts. At the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria, a free-living proteobacterium came to reside within an archaebacterially related host. This event involved the genetic union of two highly divergent cell lineages, causing two deep branches in the tree of life to merge outright. Instead of a tree linking life's three deepest branches (eubacteria, archaebacteria and eukaryotes), they uncover a ring.
- The tree of life, is a ring of like, or a net of life, and it does not have a LUCA or LCA. At the single cell microbial level, there is no such thing as a LUCA or LCA anymore.Valich 01:04, 20 March 2007 (UTC)
Creationist Orchard Section Split[edit]
I think this content is useful but doesn't belong on this page. It should be moved and the only thing I can think of is creationist orchard. Do to previous deletion reviews we should discuss this split before moving it. Pbarnes 19:30, 11 February 2007 (UTC)
- This should have at most a sentence or two mention. Arguably any mention on this page runs afoul of WP:NPOV's undue weight clause, and we don't have almost any independent sources dicussing the topic. I would suggest just trimming it to a short section here and knocking out most of the discussed matter (espec in regard to the orchard). JoshuaZ 19:35, 11 February 2007 (UTC)
- Is some important information, though, that doesn't fit this article. Mainly the following.
- The main difference between "universal" common descent and the "creationist orchard" is the change of "genetic information" with time. The creationists that subscribe to the creationist orchard claim that genetic information does not "advance" but instead deteriorates as time progresses. Many creationists claim that God created the various kinds with "perfect genetic information". The fall of man produced pressures similar to natural selection which caused this perfect genetic information to become progressively more degraded. The loss of this perfect genetic information resulted in variations within each species. When these different members of the same species "interbreed", creationists claim the result only resembles evolution but instead only causes a mixing of the imperfect genetic information to produce offspring similar to an original perfect ancestor.
- I have yet to find this information anywhere on wikipedia and it is almost required if you ever want to discuss evolution with a creationist. Pbarnes 19:44, 11 February 2007 (UTC)
- Is some important information, though, that doesn't fit this article. Mainly the following.
- Try adding it to Created kind as a variant. Adam Cuerden talk 20:02, 11 February 2007 (UTC)
- See Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Orchard Theory - this in non-notable material, and it has already failed AfD. As Adam pointed out, we already have an article on created kinds, this doesn't belong in this article and it most certainly doesn't belong in a separate article. Anything useful should be incorporated into the created kinds article. Stop trying to bypass community consensus. Guettarda 20:13, 11 February 2007 (UTC)
The article is about Common descent - removed creationist stuff and replaced with see also. Vsmith 01:01, 12 February 2007 (UTC)
I've just unarchived this and the preceding section. Discussion that is less than a week old should not be archived. Were we trying to hide something?? Whatever the reason - leavi it here for others to see. Vsmith 01:19, 15 February 2007 (UTC)
Created Kinds Section Merge[edit]
I'm against it, because I don't see the harm in a small, yet informative section like this. People seem to be biased against all forms of creationism. This is completely related to the article and I don't feel it is undue weight given the context. If the article on earth can include references to flat earth, why can't this article refer to certain aspect of creationism? Pbarnes 02:32, 12 February 2007 (UTC)
- Because, frankly, this is a modern, manufactured excuse that I doubt even the proponents really believe. Adam Cuerden talk 02:36, 12 February 2007 (UTC)
- What do you mean? You believe creationist don't believe what the information describes? Pbarnes 02:38, 12 February 2007 (UTC)
- I've had a look at some of their articles on it. They're deliberately obfuscatory, and, since you don't normally write obfuscatory if you have clear reasoning, I strongly suspect these are cynical PR pieces to try and bamboozle people into thinking that it's a valid conclusion they just aren't clever enough to understand, while the creators are likely clearly aware how little substance is in it. Hell, half of it seems to be defining terms so as to make it even harder, and each article invents a few new terms. If not a cynical way of diverting attention from what they're really saying, then what is it? If it is, then why, if they believe it's true, are they carefully concealing their logic in invented terms? Adam Cuerden talk 19:37, 12 February 2007 (UTC)
- What do you mean? You believe creationist don't believe what the information describes? Pbarnes 02:38, 12 February 2007 (UTC)
- I don't think this is deliberately obfuscatory. It reads to me more like the products of people who don't know how to write well, don't know how to think logically and don't understand science. JoshuaZ 19:44, 12 February 2007 (UTC)
- ...That's just sad. Adam Cuerden talk 10:42, 15 February 2007 (UTC)
- I don't think this is deliberately obfuscatory. It reads to me more like the products of people who don't know how to write well, don't know how to think logically and don't understand science. JoshuaZ 19:44, 12 February 2007 (UTC)
- It doesn't matter if it's merged with created kinds or just deleted (after all, it's content that the community decided was inappropriate for Wikipedia). But it isn't about common descent, and it isn't scientific, it's cruft. Guettarda 02:59, 12 February 2007 (UTC)
- Since when was this article determined to be strictly "scientific"? And where was it decided "it's content that the community decided was inappropriate for Wikipedia." Pbarnes 03:08, 12 February 2007 (UTC)
Merge, or some other mutually agreeable way to get rid of this section and replace it with a passing mention of creationism. There is no need to devote a whole section to a fringe theory, even less so to explain several microvariations within it. Let us just mention that most creationists deny common descent, except "within kinds", despite massive cross-corroborating evidence (morphological, biochemical, fossil and molecular) in support of it.--Thomas Arelatensis 12:48, 12 February 2007 (UTC)
Keep. That's a little information, and that's the reason for the "main article" link. Why delete? It has to do with the rest of this article. Nethac DIU, would never stop to talk here 17:51, 12 February 2007 (UTC)
Merge it somewhere and remove it from here. Just in case my views weren't apparent before. Seems the concensus is to merge as I read it. Vsmith 01:19, 15 February 2007 (UTC)
- And the reasoning for this is because...? Pbarnes 06:39, 15 February 2007 (UTC)
- Er... undue weight and the promotion of the religious views of a noisy group of individuals pushing pseudoscience nonsense. Vsmith 11:44, 15 February 2007 (UTC)
Merge, if my above wasn't clear. Adam Cuerden talk 10:44, 15 February 2007 (UTC)
Keep It's useful information for this article. Pbarnes 23:15, 16 February 2007 (UTC)
Delete, obviously - it's been AfD'd, it's failed DRV, it doesn't belong here. Guettarda 01:47, 17 February 2007 (UTC)
- This may seem mean, but you sound like a bitter old man in ever comment I have ever read from you. Pbarnes 02:35, 17 February 2007 (UTC)
- Bitter? Nope. Just extremely frustrates with your total contempt for your fellow editors. You have been nothing but rude and dishonest from the start. Despite community consensus that this material was unsuitable for Wikipedia you have re-created the material at least half a dozen times and re-inserted it in here. Guettarda 02:49, 17 February 2007 (UTC)
- Please, explain how the information provided in the section is "unsuitable for Wikipedia". Pbarnes 03:03, 17 February 2007 (UTC)
- As you know, having participated in the deletion debates, if something fails AfD, it is because it is unsuitable for Wikipedia. If it is to be reused somewhere else, then it is closed as a merge. The consensus was to delete these articles. You re-created them repeatedly, which shows contempt for the opinion of the community and Wikipedia policy. Now you have re-inserted the material here. You can't circumvent an AfD by sticking the material in another article. Guettarda 03:52, 17 February 2007 (UTC)
- I believe it failed because of non-notability. According to wikipedia, information which does not warrant it's own article can and should be included in other, broader, articles. The section on the common descent article is hardly non-notable. Pbarnes 04:08, 17 February 2007 (UTC)
- As you know, having participated in the deletion debates, if something fails AfD, it is because it is unsuitable for Wikipedia. If it is to be reused somewhere else, then it is closed as a merge. The consensus was to delete these articles. You re-created them repeatedly, which shows contempt for the opinion of the community and Wikipedia policy. Now you have re-inserted the material here. You can't circumvent an AfD by sticking the material in another article. Guettarda 03:52, 17 February 2007 (UTC)
- Please, explain how the information provided in the section is "unsuitable for Wikipedia". Pbarnes 03:03, 17 February 2007 (UTC)
- Bitter? Nope. Just extremely frustrates with your total contempt for your fellow editors. You have been nothing but rude and dishonest from the start. Despite community consensus that this material was unsuitable for Wikipedia you have re-created the material at least half a dozen times and re-inserted it in here. Guettarda 02:49, 17 February 2007 (UTC)
Keep - Sections such as this make the article more inclusive of all information on the topic rather than just summarizing information that is in other articles, such as evidence of evolution or artificial selection. Bubbamagic87 02:41, 17 February 2007 (UTC)
Mergeor Delete. It has nothing to do with this article, which is about the science of common decent. Either put it in an appropiately religiously based article or delete. --Michael Johnson 14:10, 17 February 2007 (UTC)
Mergeor Delete. Completely agree with Michael Johnson: it has no place in an article about science. --RE 17:58, 17 February 2007 (UTC)
- "A POV fork is a content fork deliberately created to avoid neutral point of view guidelines, often to avoid or highlight negative or positive viewpoints or facts. Both content forks and POV forks are undesirable on Wikipedia, as they avoid consensus building and violate one of our most important policies." Wikipedia:Content_forking Pbarnes 20:22, 17 February 2007 (UTC)
- With respect, what has that got to do with this? --Michael Johnson 01:12, 18 February 2007 (UTC)
- It is content forking to separate a religious section about common descent from the scientific sections unless there are legitimate reasons for doing so, such as keeping the article on evolution from being too long for wikipedia's standards, therefore the article was made to be strictly scientific. This article on common descent is hardly too large for this information. Pbarnes 07:00, 18 February 2007 (UTC)
- Science and Religion are very different subjects, so forking hardly applies. --Michael Johnson 08:05, 18 February 2007 (UTC)
- It is content forking to separate a religious section about common descent from the scientific sections unless there are legitimate reasons for doing so, such as keeping the article on evolution from being too long for wikipedia's standards, therefore the article was made to be strictly scientific. This article on common descent is hardly too large for this information. Pbarnes 07:00, 18 February 2007 (UTC)
- With respect, what has that got to do with this? --Michael Johnson 01:12, 18 February 2007 (UTC)
Keep but make it shorter. rossnixon 00:59, 18 February 2007 (UTC)
Should "examples of common descent" come before "evidence of universal common descent"?
One editors feels it shouldn't because of importance and triviality...both reasons are subjective in relation to this topic. I feel it should remain as suggested because when explaining theories, one always starts with the observable facts which are fundamental to the theory when available and then builds from those using other evidence to suggest something much broader. Common descent is PROVEN because it has been observed. That is the best evidence we have for universal common descent and this is why it should be at the top of the article. Pbarnes 00:54, 13 February 2007 (UTC)
The "one editor" is me. This section describes several examples of high variability among individuals who share a late common ancestor. It is not about "examples of common descent" (whatever that may mean), it is about "examples of variation among individuals sharing common descent in the last few millenia". As I wrote above, "common descent", unless otherwise specified, almost always refers to what you insist on calling "universal common descent". Therefore, "Evidence for common descent" (i.e. your "universal" common descent) should come first (both in importance and in order), before "examples of high variability among individuals sharing a late last common ancestor" (which is what the disputed section really is). Hopefully this discussion will help make the overall article clearer on this point. --Thomas Arelatensis 11:47, 13 February 2007 (UTC)
- My argument has nothing to do with a seperate definition of "common descent" and "universal common descent". Maybe I wasn't clear enough in my previous comment. The best evidence we have for "individuals sharing a late last common ancestor" is the fact that we have observable proof that there are "individuals sharing common descent". Darwin didn't have all this DNA/fossil information you so insistently want to make most important, yet he still was able to provide a solid argument on the best evidence around...and that is examples which demonstrate the theory. I think "examples of common descent" should come before "evidence of universal common descent". Pbarnes 17:37, 13 February 2007 (UTC)
- I'd have said the best evidence was the Universal Genetic Code, and the fact that everything arranges into trees with high consistancy, no matter what test you use. Adam Cuerden talk 11:52, 15 February 2007 (UTC)
- Yes. This article is about common descent, not universal common descent. "Examples of common descent" should not only come come before "Evidence of universal common descent," but the later needs to be omitted completely. Read my comments in the first two talk sections above. This split confuses the subject. Universal common descent leads into talk about Universal Common Ancestor (UCA) Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA) or Last Common Ancesor (LCA), and these are unrelated topics that deal with origins of life. They should not even be mentioned here, except for external links. Furthermore, as stated above and elsewhere numerous times, at the single cell microbial level, at the deepest branchings of any phylogenetic analyses, there never was a last universal common ancestor because of the enormous amount of lateral gene transfer taking place between genomes, gene transfer, and genome fusions. Wiki is at the forefront of scientific knowledge and how we offer and present it to the world. This article does not pass and needs major category reworking. Any reference to LUCAs and LCAs belongs in those articles and phylogenetic trees belong in the phylogeny and evolution articles. Valich 02:05, 20 March 2007 (UTC)
English is a nice language...[edit]
...when used correctly. This is horrendous:
"In biology, a group of organisms is said to have common descent if they have a common ancestor. The most recent common ancestor is the most recent individual or population which is an ancestor of all of the species being referenced. The theory of universal common descent proposes that all organisms on Earth are descended from a common ancestor or ancestral gene pool.[1] It is the accepted theory for the origin of modern biological species among biologists."
The rest of the article is pretty much just as bad. •Jim62sch• 22:37, 16 February 2007 (UTC)
- The purpose of talk pages is to work on improving articles, not merely to complain about them. Please suggest an alternate phrasing -- or better yet, just change it in the article. --FOo 04:40, 18 February 2007 (UTC)
Oh, is that the purpose of talk pages? I did not create the mess, nor do I have the time to fix it. Realistically, the article requires a complete rewrite, and I much prefer to edit good prose not to do a rewrite of substandard prose. •Jim62sch• 20:45, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
Reducing fringe theory section - Again![edit]
Pbarnes, this is getting out of hand. The above discussion shows a clear consensus to (at the very least) reduce the "fringe theory" section. I counted 8 against 2 to either merge or keep the current, "shorter" version of the section. You are deliberately ignoring this clear consensus and trying to impose your own, isolated view on the matter. Fringe theories should get a short mention and a link to related articles (e.g. baraminology), perhaps a few (purely bibliographic) references, certainly not several lines of quotations! Detailed exposition of fringe viewpoints does not belong in this article.
In short: Please stop extending the section, except perhaps for providing concise, quote-less references. Thank you. --Thomas Arelatensis 13:07, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
Logically it makes far more sense to move from generalities to specifics - thus, specific examples should go after general explanations. Guettarda 18:53, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
- This has already been discussed. You can add you opinions if you want and maybe we can get some kind of consesus. Talk:Common_descent#Formatting - Pbarnes 19:12, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
Hmm... seems that consensus is here. I see only one editor versus four. That one editor has been quite persistently reverting, but against consensus. Vsmith 20:27, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
The note says that Raven et al. said: "all produced from a single specie of plant". Is this a misquote, or a typo on their part? Guettarda 20:42, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
- I fail to see anything wrong with it. Pbarnes 06:53, 24 February 2007 (UTC)
- Er...specie? Guettarda 07:11, 24 February 2007 (UTC)
- You see that in old texts, sometimes; I believe it was more accepted in the past than it is now. Adam Cuerden talk 12:34, 24 February 2007 (UTC)
- Er...specie? Guettarda 07:11, 24 February 2007 (UTC)
"Observed examples of common descent"[edit]
What the heck does that mean anyway? Guettarda 20:45, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
- "The purpose of talk pages is to work on improving articles, not merely to complain about them." :) •Jim62sch• 20:54, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
- My apologies. Let me rephrase my question - can someone please explain to me what the heck that is supposed to mean, so that I can try to change it into something that belongs in the article? Guettarda 21:16, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
- I think it's supposed to mean "examples of speciation" - one could well argue how relevant the section is. Adam Cuerden talk 21:23, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
- My apologies. Let me rephrase my question - can someone please explain to me what the heck that is supposed to mean, so that I can try to change it into something that belongs in the article? Guettarda 21:16, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
- It might be relevant -- we can discuss that. But it is poorly written, unless our aim is to appeal to 4th graders. •Jim62sch• 21:31, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
- It's not entirely irrelevant, but it needs an introduction setting out that speciation is the process by which UCD works, and seems far too long for a minor point (in terms of UCD). Better examples, including transitional forms like Ambulocetus, Tiktaalik, Archaeopterix, etc, would make the section more on-point.
- We could also consider adding more evidences: vestigal forms - the limbs in snake embryos, the appendix in humans, etc. I'm not aware of a better summary of the evidence than this one, and, while we need not use its examples, I'd suggest that we try and cover all its major categories. Adam Cuerden talk 21:35, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
- I think the haplochromine species flock would be a great example, although so is Brassica oleracea. Sadly, AFAICT, the mechanisms of differentiation in B. oleracea haven't been studied in detail (presumably it's a hox-type mechanism). Guettarda 21:47, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
- OK, so how about a change of the section title to "Examples of Speciation", followed by an intro, followed Guettarda's examples (and maybe another). •Jim62sch• 21:58, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
- Let's go for it, though we really need an opening paragraph. I'll try and help out in the morning. Adam Cuerden talk 22:45, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
- OK, so how about a change of the section title to "Examples of Speciation", followed by an intro, followed Guettarda's examples (and maybe another). •Jim62sch• 21:58, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
- I think the purpose of this section was to give examples of "observed" speciation that generated a large amount of variation. The idea is that even readers unfamiliar with (or hostile to) scientific evidence for UCD are bound to accept that dogs or brassicae do share a late common ancestor, and therefore that such a process can indeed generate enormous diversity. Of course AFAIK nobody "observed" the speciation of finches, so I don't know what they're doing here.--Thomas Arelatensis 13:37, 20 February 2007 (UTC)
Phylogenetic trees[edit]
I've rewritten this section completely - it was totally off-topic, talking about one single confounding factor for some molecular trees exclusively, explicitly excluding morphological trees, and ignoring completely the evidence provided by either type Adam Cuerden talk 20:55, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
- A large improvement over the original. I edited a bit for clarity. •Jim62sch• 21:17, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
- Nice work! Adam Cuerden talk 21:18, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
- Read my comments above in the first two talk sections. This artilce is not about phylogenetic trees and this subject should not even be introduced here. Phylogenetic trees show taxonimic groupings, evolutionary branchings and evolutionary descent but are not about common descent. Phylogenetic trees do not show common ancestors. Unlike cladograms, phylogentic trees do not have nodes that represent common ancestors. This is not what the base of the branches represent. Yes, it is a very well-wriiten section, but it belongs in evolution, not here. By contrast, cladistics shows derived characteristic traits from common ancestories represented by nodes and at the base of cladogram is a common ancestor. The reason why there are so many dissimilar phylogenetic tees is because of the disagreement about the chronology and the taxonomic groupings of evolutionary branchings, not common descent.Valich 02:05, 20 March 2007 (UTC)
Creationism and common descent[edit]
Can we lose this section? This isn't a long article, and to give space to a fringe creationist belief seems excessive. This just doesn't seem the place. Adam Cuerden talk 20:00, 23 February 2007 (UTC)
- Yes, of course. Guettarda 21:31, 26 February 2007 (UTC)
- Fully supportive - thanks, Vsmith 12:24, 27 February 2007 (UTC)
New Section?[edit]
What about a section on "Difficulties for universal common descent" dealing with Horizontal gene transfer, hybridisation between species, the fusion origin of eukaryotes, etc? Basically, all the muddling factors that make it difficult to interpret. Adam Cuerden talk 11:39, 19 March 2007 (UTC)
- Well, they're not really "difficulties" in that they don't weaken the theory. Whether the LCA was an individual or a bunch of gene-swapping individuals does not fundamentally alter the picture of universal common descent. However, I agree that we should discuss these things, and the fact that the Tree of Life is more like a mangrove than like a single-root tree.--Thomas Arelatensis 14:40, 19 March 2007 (UTC)
- True, I agree my title is unfortunate, but I just think that eight or so words isn't enough to go from the simple, tree-view that's relatively easy to understand to the complex HGT-added view.
- It's probably useful to explain the simple view first - e.g. the article much as now - then start adding, in a new section, fusion events, HGT, and all those fun things that take the simple view and add on new relationships.
- Because the key thing to remember is that the simple view may not be 100% accurate, but neither is it 100% wrong: speciation does happen, and things (mostly) split off and diverge, and stay (largely) unconnected with distant branches. A lot of the edits to add HGT in are being donein such a way that the simple view - which incorporates every other important concept except HGT and similar - is being lost. I don't think it does anyone a favour if they understand HGT and not speciation, or, worse, misread the explanation of a small initial population, disregard "gene-swapping" as they don't understand it, and think science supports Baraminology and created kinds - those creationist "every family-level group of species (except Hominidae - we ain't related to no monkeys - evolved from a single pair of animals on Noah's ark.
- I think getting this right means explaining HGT, fusion, and the other fun stuff last, after a strong grasp of the basics is there. Adam Cuerden talk 02:15, 20 March 2007 (UTC)
Common Descent Breaks Down at the Single Cell Level[edit]
As stated under microorganisms, "Microbes freely exchange genes by conjugation, transformation and transduction between widely-divergent species. This horizontal gene transfer, coupled with a high mutation rate and many other means of genetic variation, allows microorganisms to swiftly evolve (via natural selection) to survive in new environments and respond to environmental stresses. This rapid evolution" did not involve a common ancestor or LUCA. Mentioning links to unicellular organisms, microbes and viruses, that did not have an LUCA, greatly expands this article with enrichening, progressive and factual content not found elsewhere, and this leads the reader to a greater, more realistic, understanding of life, how it came about, and how it works.Valich 01:16, 28 March 2007 (UTC)
How does single cell "evolve" to multi-cellular differentiated structures?[edit]
Evolution holds that individuals do not evolve, but species do evolve.
You have on your microscope plate a single cell. It reproduces by fission: splitting into two. Obviously, since it does not have sexual organs and look around for a cell of the opposite sexual configuration (gender).
In order to make the transition, the cells must start to stick together instead of separating to go their own ways. They must be able to continue to reproduce into two separate organisms each made of groups of cells instead of single cells, until their sexual organs become functional. Put simply, it just does not seem possible for a multi-cellular, diffentiated-cell organism, whose sexual reproductive organs have not quite yet "evolved" to a functional condition, to be able to reproduce (i.e. avoid extinction) by splitting into two neat copies (which may be the first to have the genetic evolutionary step of being sexually fertile) of the original... and be the same gender!
To me, this, and the many missing transitional life forms that have not been found in the record, is why evolution is only a theory. Nobody was there 3.9 billion years ago who's alive today and say, "yep, that's what I saw over the last 3.9 billion years of my life". GBC 22:30, 5 September 2007 (UTC)
- This talk page is for the discussion of improvements to the article. It is not a forum for debates or for argument from personal incredulity. However, we do have articles on colony organisms and the evolution of sex. --FOo 02:51, 6 September 2007 (UTC)
- There are many organisms that are "intermediate" between single-cell and multi-cell, it's just that you don't know about them (Volvox is fun, but sponges are more interesting because they have close single-cell relatives). Also, you seem to be confused about sex, which (believe it or not) does not require sexual organs. All that is required is the capacity to fuse genetic material between cells, and even asexual organisms do that routinely (see plasmids). Yeasts can undergo sexual reproduction; could you tell me what is the "sexual organ" of a yeast cell ? ;) --Thomas Arelatensis 09:51, 12 October 2007 (UTC)
- The word 'theory' has multiple meanings depending on its context. In science, a theory is a testable model capable of predicting future occurrences or observations and capable of being tested through experiment or otherwise verified through empirical observation. In everyday language, a theory is an unproven conjecture. Note that these two definitions are very different from one another. Therefore, it does not make sense to say that evolution is "only a theory". In science, theory is the highest level that any idea can obtain. The closest word to conjecture in science is probably 'hypothesis'. 18.104.22.168 (talk) 14:42, 9 January 2009 (UTC)
I was going to start up an article on "cenancestor", but would it be better if the term pointed to this article? And, is "cenancestor" still commonly used in the literature? StevePrutz (talk) 05:19, 19 May 2008 (UTC)
- I created a redirect in the meantime. StevePrutz (talk) 22:43, 21 May 2008 (UTC)
Did Maupertuis really propose universal common descent?[edit]
Maupertuis' assertion is not clear about universal common descent. Actually, judging by this quote alone, we can't even say that he accepted common ancestry at any level evidently meaningfully wider than that of some concept of species of his time. The quotation is not outright incompatible with universal common ancestry, but could be also equally compatible with the idea of multiple spontaneous generations of organisms with crazy features -- even with no common ancestry at all. And the scientific challenges for spontaneous generation were just starting to appear, at his time. From evolution-textbook.org, "Although this theory seems to us close to modern genetics, de Maupertuis emphasized spontaneous generation of life from the chance aggregation of these particles—a view very different from those of both Mendelian inheritance and Darwinian evolution. See Bowler (1989, Chapter 3)". If the context makes an argument for universal common ancestry clear, I think it should be prioritized over the rough notion of brute natural selection over variation that could be either wildly saltationist or plain spontaneous generation. --Extremophile (talk) 14:25, 2 September 2009 (UTC)
- Here's something more specific and less ambiguous to common descent: "Could we not explain in this manner [of fortuitous changes] how the multiplication of the most dissimilar species could have sprung from just two individuals? They would owe their origin to some fortuitous productions in which the elementary parts [of heredity] deviated from the order maintained in the parents. Each degree of error would have created a new species, and as a result of repeated deviations the infinite diversity of animals that we see today would have come about. (Systèm de la Nature 2:164, quoted in Terrell 2002:338) - John Wilkins' blog "evolving thoughts". I've not even read the whole blog post where it was posted; again by itself, it's still possible that he's talking about a more limited degree of common ancestry. The creationist idea of "evolution within kinds", the idea that species of a genus share a common ancestor, is not very new, it was sketched as soon as it was clear that there were too many species to fit within the ark and to Adam have named (but spontaneous generation was another auxiliary ad hoc hypothesis). It's never the less something that could be seen as more clearly pre-evolutionary, anyway. Actually, the blog post is titled "the man who invented evolution". --Extremophile (talk) 20:02, 4 September 2009 (UTC)
I'd like to point out that by implying "universal" you imply earth and beyond, we haven't studied the beyond bit yet so I think its safe to say you don't know ;) by saying it IS universal you undermine your own sense of logic, we'd need some evidence that life has the same ancestor outside the suns heliosphere, beyond our own galaxy, to even get close to knowing if this is universal and not one of many. 8th november 2009, anon. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.108.40.206 (talk) 06:58, 8 November 2009 (UTC)
Recent changes to lede[edit]
Rogue-pilot recently changed the second sentence from:
The edit was undone, but it keeps being restored. I don't want to get into an edit war, but the original version has been stable for a long time, indicating a de-facto consensus, and the change has not been sourced (not to mention that it seems specious), so I'm just checking here to see if there is consensus to go back to the stable version. Rogue-pilot, it would be great if you could discuss it here instead of changing the article repeatedly without sources or explanation. Dawn Bard (talk) 16:50, 6 November 2009 (UTC)
Common ancestor between man and monkey[edit]
What did the common ancestor between man and monkey look like? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.127.116.11 (talk) 14:14, 19 March 2010 (UTC)
Statistical evidence for common descent[edit]
There was a paper out on Nature about the likelihood of there being one common ancestor vs. many. See [2]. GoEThe (talk) 16:30, 27 May 2010 (UTC)
Artificial selection.[edit]
One can easily discern between human cognitive selection and selection made by mechanical or computer generated means. For reasons of clarity it is my belief that a clear distinction should be made.
So. Roll over 'artificial selection'.
Artificial selection. = Selection made by machine or computer.
Human cognitive selection = What it says on the tin.
Would you agree? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 126.96.36.199 (talk) 21:31, 7 August 2010 (UTC)
comparative linguistics[edit]
Given that Darwin himself noted the parallels between evolutionary biology and comparative linguistics: "In the second chapter of The descent of man (1871), Charles Darwin interrupted his discussion of the evolutionary origins of language to describe ten ways in which the formation of languages and of biological species were 'curiously' similar."[3] and the priority of philologist Sir William Jones in noting the significance of common descent:
- In his third annual discourse before the Asiatic Society on the history and culture of the Hindus (delivered on 2 February 1786 and published in 1788) with the famed "philologer" passage is often cited as the beginning of comparative linguistics and Indo-European studies. This is Jones' most quoted passage, establishing his tremendous find in the history of linguistics:
- The Sanscrit language, whatever be its antiquity, is of a wonderful structure; more perfect than the Greek, more copious than the Latin, and more exquisitely refined than either, yet bearing to both of them a stronger affinity, both in the roots of verbs and the forms of grammar, than could possibly have been produced by accident; so strong indeed, that no philologer could examine them all three, without believing them to have sprung from some common source, which, perhaps, no longer exists; there is a similar reason, though not quite so forcible, for supposing that both the Gothic and the Celtic, though blended with a very different idiom, had the same origin with the Sanscrit; and the old Persian might be added to the same family.[1]
It is only reasonable to provide a hatlink and see also references to the relevant articles, unless the qualification biolgy is going to be added, and the text of this article be moved with the name used as a disambiguation page. μηδείς (talk) 03:17, 24 July 2011 (UTC)
- Hatlink yes (and I've reinserted that). Anything else no. No title change necessary; this is by far the most common use of the word. The Jones quote you mentioned is only marginally related to the present subject, and not of any real interest, nor does it help explain the subject of this article in any useful way. Trivial at best. Dominus Vobisdu (talk) 03:27, 24 July 2011 (UTC)
- I am not proposing adding the Jones' quote. My degree is in biology, I have no beef with the article. I have restored a few see also's under the head philology. What is appropriate is that people serching the term from a non-biological standpoint find links to the relevant material.
- I'm a biologist, too (microbiologist). You should know that biologists instinctively cringe at the very mention of comparative lingusistics in discussions of common descent. The analogy is not only useless, but bound to cause confusion. The further those two concepts are kept apart, the better.
- To the detriment of both sciences. The analogy is far from perfect and linguistics supervenes upon and does not significantly inform biology. And it is not the case that biologists shouldn't be embarrassed at some of the bizarre preconceptions of "mainstream" linguists. But ideally both are scientific, compatible, and mutually informing.μηδείς (talk) 04:35, 24 July 2011 (UTC)
- The see also section is only for other articles on the subject of this article. It is not for disambiguation. I moved your articles to the hatnote. Dominus Vobisdu (talk) 03:49, 24 July 2011 (UTC)
- No problem. If you need help modifying it, let me know. Dominus Vobisdu (talk) 04:38, 24 July 2011 (UTC)
A simple hatnote like the one currently in place seems the best solution to me. (linguist here, alerted at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Linguistics) The question is not whether models from philology are useful to evolutionary biology or vice-versa, but whether encyclopedia users looking for (say) historical linguistics might accidentally happen upon this article and need to be redirected. Cnilep (talk) 02:16, 25 July 2011 (UTC)
Finch Beak Variations and Plasticity[edit]
Aren't variations in Darwin's Finch Beaks directly induced by changes in environment? (phenotypic plasticity)
Chalking them up to Natural Selection suggests they are a result of DNA mutations. Is there any evidence of this? 188.8.131.52 (talk) 16:10, 25 December 2012 (UTC)
- Darwin's finches--Curtis Clark (talk) 01:04, 26 December 2012 (UTC)
Natural Selection[edit]
"Natural selection is the evolutionary process by which heritable traits that increase an individual's fitness become more common, and heritable traits that decrease an individual's fitness become less common."
This is a bit misleading, and food for creationist debates. It should be population instead of individual. While traits are ultimately eliminated on an individual level; the inter-generational context of natural selection should be stressed.
DocLeonard (talk) 03:16, 13 October 2013 (UTC)
- ^ Jones, Sir William (1824). Discourses delivered before the Asiatic Society: and miscellaneous papers, on the religion, poetry, literature, etc., of the nations of India. Printed for C. S. Arnold. p. 28.
- Start-Class Evolutionary biology articles
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Why study a Postgraduate Diploma in Management specialising in HIV/AIDS and Health
The Postgraduate Diploma in Management (PGDip (Management)) specialising in HIV/AIDS and Health is a Monash South Africa (MSA) multidisciplinary postgraduate diploma that provides students with the opportunity to acquire managerial skills and advanced knowledge to meet the challenges of managing HIV/AIDS and health organisations. HIV/AIDS remains one of the world's most serious health and development challenges; not only affecting the health of individuals, but also impacting households, communities as well as the development and economic growth of nations. Therefore there is an urgent need for health professionals trained in the management of HIV/AIDS and other health issues.
Programme Outline
The course comprises eight (8) core units and no elective units. Students will complete eight (8) units per year if planning to study full-time or four (4) units if studying part-time.
Unit 1: Managing the spread of HIV/AIDS and health problems
The focus of this unit is on the burden and impact of major health problems (HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, Malaria and chronic diseases), management of the spread of HIV/AIDS and common health problems as well as the management of HIV/AIDS and other health programmes at various levels.
Unit 2: Corporate governance
The focus of this unit is on corporate and business performance, the business environment, corporate control, business survival and success, sustainability, growing concern, business opportunities as well as entrepreneurship and corporate citizenship. A corporate governance framework will be established incorporating salient principles. Shareholder engagement and activism will be investigated and case studies explored.
Unit 3: Policy and legal issues in HIV/AIDS and health
The focus of this unit is on the laws protecting human health in general and those suffering from HIV/AIDS, a labour relations perspective on HIV/AIDS and health, principles of policy development in the health sector and the process and content of an HIV/AIDS and health policy.
Unit 4: Management strategies for health problems
The focus of this unit is on strategies for prevention and care and therapeutic management of HIV/AIDS and care for people living with HIV/AIDS and other chronic diseases.
Unit 5: Leadership, directors and officers
The focus of this unit is on corporate citizenship and leadership, board performance, director's performance and remuneration, the board chairman, the CEO and the company secretary. Practical examples and case studies will be explored.
Unit 6: Managing the psychosocial factors in HIV/AIDS and health
The focus of this unit is on social and cultural factors affecting health and HIV/AIDS, migration and its effect on health and HIV/AIDS as well as poverty and the impact on health and HIV/AIDS.
Unit 7: Managing human and financial resources for health
The focus of this unit is on the challenges of managing human resources in the health sector and managing financial resources in an HIV/AIDS or health-related organisation.
Unit 8: Managing health and HIV/AIDS research
The focus of this unit is on the current research on health and HIV/AIDS issues, translating research evidence into policies and practice and will comprise of a community-based project aimed at translating research evidence into practice.
Multiple Intakes
The programme has four intakes in 2016. The programme will start on the following dates:
- Intake 1: 6 February 2016
- Intake 2: 12 March 2016
- Intake 3: 16 July 2016
- Intake 4: 20 August 2016
Each unit runs for five (5) weeks and begins with a scheduled contact session on campus followed by further continuous study and assignment submissions via the Learning Management System (LMS). Contact sessions will occur on Saturdays from 9h00 to 13h00.
Unit Schedule & Contact Sessions
Unit 1 - Managing the spread of HIV/AIDS and health problems (6 Feb-11 Mar 2016)
Contact Sessions: 6th February, 20th February & 5th March
Unit 2 - Corporate Governance (12 Mar-15 Apr 2016)
Contact Sessions: 12th March, 19th March & 9th April
Unit 3 - Policy and legal issues in HIV/AIDS and health (23 Apr-27 May 2016)
Contact Sessions: 23rd April, 7th May & 21st May
Unit 4 - Management strategies for health problems (28 May-1 July 2016)
Contact Sessions: 28th May, 11th June & 25th June
Unit 5 - Leadership, directors and officers (16 July-19 Aug 2016)
Contact Sessions: 16th July, 30th July & 13th August
Unit 6 - Managing the psychosocial factors in HIV/AIDS and health (20 Aug-23 Sept 2016)
Contact Sessions: 20th August, 3rd September & 17th September
Unit 7 - Managing human and financial resources for health (1 Oct-4 Nov 2016)
Contact Sessions: 1st October, 15th October & 29th October
Unit 8 - Managing health and HIV/AIDS research (5 Nov-9 Dec 2016)
Contact Sessions: 5th November, 19th November & 3rd December
The PGDip (Management) specialising in HIV/AIDS and Health equips students with the skills to:
- Understand the risk drivers of HIV/AIDS, TB and other chronic diseases
- Understand the legal and policy issues in health care management in SSA
- Manage HIV/AIDS and other health programmes
- Integrate psychosocial and sociocultural factors in health care management
- Manage human and financial resources for health institutions
Programme Information
Mode of Delivery
The PGDip (Management) specialising in HIV/AIDS and Health is designed for the working professional and uses flexible teaching methods. These include compulsory face-to-face contact sessions (three Saturday sessions per unit), extensive online learning using the Learning Management System (LMS), case studies and projects to apply learning into practice.
Continuous assessment is used, through challenging and innovative individual projects, case studies and assignments in each unit as well as online exercises to be completed in the LMS.
Site of Delivery
The PGDip (Management) specialising in HIV/AIDS and Health is offered at the MSA campus in Ruimsig, Johannesburg.
Admissions Criteria
Students must have successfully completed a relevant undergraduate degree in health sciences or an equivalent qualification (HEQSF Level 7) from an accredited institution. The entry requirements for the postgraduate diploma are:
- A bachelor's degree or equivalent
- Work experience in a health or related field
International Students
Qualifications of international students will be assessed on an individual basis. When applying, students should submit certified copies of their qualifications as well as final grades in the subjects undertaken.
The PGDip (Management) specialising in HIV/AIDS and Health is awarded by Monash South Africa as a registered private higher education institution in South Africa. This qualification is on HEQSF Level 8.
Applying couldn't be easier. You can download and complete the application form.


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Link. Idee per la televisione #142013
- Davide Di Gennaro
- Pietro Buffa
- Niccolò Mazzoni
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Now that is some hotness right there. Yep. That right there? Hot.
This is a blog entry posted on day 11150 in the Journal.
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© Copyright 2016 Comms Consult All rights reserved| Sitemap | Website Design Manchester by Fluid Digital
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text:
June, 2014
MySQL Performance Schema is a tool for monitoring database execution with minimal impact on server performance. In the Percona eBook, "MySQL Performance Schema," the authors address MySQL 5.6 Performance Schema in multi-tenant environments; Performance Schema overhead; and Performance Schema tables stats.
For general inquiries, please send us your question and someone will contact you.


text:
Product Information
Spyder's top-selling Outbound combines our proprietary mid-weight Core Sweater material with stretch fleece side panels. The Outbound Half Zip prepares you for whatever lies ahead, be it on the slopes or in the lodge.Exclusive to Spyder, Core is a special weave rib-knit face material with fleece-backed fabric, that has the look and feel of a sweater with the technical performance and comfort of a softshell. With the benefits of wools warmth, the soft hand of cotton, and the durability of polyester, this proprietary Core technology delivers everything wonderful about winter sweaters.
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Funk James Brown And Funk As A Genre
A selection of articles related to funk james brown and funk as a genre.
Original articles from our library related to the Funk James Brown And Funk As A Genre. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Funk James Brown And Funk As A Genre.
- Our Pagan Village: The Importance and Persuit of Honor
- Candlelight flickers over the Beltaine revels. Food is laid out in the circle for the feast. Only one rule – no one can feed themselves. Each is dependent on friends and loved ones for sustenance, joy and delight. After an hour of laughter and revels and way...
Paganism & Wicca >> Daily Life
- What is hypnotic trance? Does it provide unusual physical or mental capacities?
- 2.1 'Trance;' descriptive or misleading? Most of the classical notions of hypnosis have long held that hypnosis was special in some way from other types of interpersonal communication and that an induction (preparatory process considered by some to be...
Parapsychology >> Hypnosis
- Pagan Mythology
- Is the traditional story presented as an historical event that serves to illustrate part of the world view of a people or explain a practice, belief, or natural phenomenon. The mythological beliefs a culture shares gives shape to its actions and choices....
Paganism & Wicca >> Holidays
- The Religious Experience: A Wiccan Viewpoint
- What is religion? Religion is a set of beliefs which allow us to understand and categorize our world and our place in it. A set of beliefs which define our culture, our expectations, our views of people and behaviors we expect. I have found several different...
Religion & Philosophy >> Religions
- Bringing it Down to Earth: A Fractal Approach
- 'Clouds are not spheres, mountains are not cones, coastlines are not circles, and bark is not smooth, nor does lightning travel in a straight line.' B. Mandelbrot W e want to think about the future - it's our nature. Unlike other creatures, humans possess an...
Mystic Sciences >> Astrology
Funk James Brown And Funk As A Genre is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Funk James Brown And Funk As A Genre books and related discussion.
Suggested News Resources
- Festival Preview: Brownstock
- You put Gordon out of your mind and remember the greatness of James Brown, that pioneer of funk. More than anything, you remember that the Brown family run that amazing festival in Chelmsford, Essex named Brownstock Festival.
- Larmer Tree Festival 2016 confirm final line up including The Stranglers and
- One of the most successful bands to have originated from the vibrant punk scene in the '70s, The Stranglers' hits include 'Golden Brown' and 'No More Heroes'. Guaranteed to rock the ... new music in the studio.
- Organized Noize Talks About Atlanta, Oversaturation, and Their New Doc
- When Rico Wade, Pat "Sleepy" Brown and the aforementioned Murray produced what would be their first major label release, OutKast's Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik, they knew they were one to something special. ...
- Staff Picks: Golden Guitar
- The "golden era of guitar" could mean many things, depending on musical tastes, where you live, or what generation you grew up in. This month we're talking about the 1950s and '60s birth of rock 'n' roll.
- Grateful Web Interview with Rob Mercurio
- I am talking probably like '87, '88, and so we began to find these different albums from James Brown and the meters, and it just kind of slowly transformed me from a punk kid into a funk kid, and I really got into it.
Great care has been taken to prepare the information on this page. Elements of the content come from factual and lexical knowledge databases, realmagick.com library and third-party sources. We appreciate your suggestions and comments on further improvements of the site.
Funk James Brown And Funk As A Genre Topics
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text: Blog Posts in June, 2006 Posted By Imhoff & Associates 18-Jun-2006 Breathtaking – Uncertainty and the Breathalyzer By Vince Imhoff, Esq. & Dan Rhoads A group of judges in New Hampshire was served several alcoholic drinks as part of an experiment that was intended to demonstrate the effectiveness of the Breathalyzer. One judge was given so many drinks that he ... Continue Reading Recent Posts Exoneration of the Day - Man wrongly accused of assault over failure to pay rentExoneration of the Day - Truck Driver Wrongly Arrested for CocaineExoneration of the Day - Man Serving Life in Prison Freed by DNA - In the News on CNNExoneration of the Day - Cop and Witness Lie and 5 People Wrongly Convicted of MurderExoneration of the day - Man wrongly convicted of sexual assaultExoneration of the day - Father accused of sexually assaulting his sonToday is our 13th BirthdayExoneration of the Day - Man falsely charged with sexual assault on 11 year old boy Archives 2016 (22) October (3) September (4) August (3) July (2) June (5) May (2) April (3) 2015 (1) October (1) 2013 (4) April (2) March (2) 2012 (3) December (1) September (1) January (1) 2011 (7) October (2) August (1) July (1) June (1) May (1) February (1) 2010 (8) November (1) October (1) September (1) July (1) April (1) February (1) January (2) 2009 (2) November (1) June (1) 2008 (8) November (2) October (4) July (2) 2007 (4) December (2) November (1) October (1) 2006 (1) June (1) 2005 (5) September (1) August (1) July (2) April (1) Help When You Need it Most Our criminal defense team is proud to offer the most experienced, nationwide, criminal assistance available. If you would like a free consultation about your case, call us or fill out the contact form for assistance. We are available 24/7 to help you get the answers you need and the strongest legal defense available to defend you. Are you a new client? Yes, I am a potential new client. No, I am a current existing client. I am neither Get Started Now Practice Areas Drug Crimes DUI / DWI Military Crimes Pre-File Cases Prof. License Defense Property Crimes Weapons Crimes Sex Crimes Violent Crimes White Collar Crimes All Practice Areas 800-887-0000 Facebook Twitter Google+ Close Defendant's Rights How We Can Help Criminal Case Process FAQ Staff Locations Success Stories Blog Video Center Our Firm in the Media Contact Us


text:
Checking in
LEWISTOWN – Ever since Molly Kinney was a little kid, she knew that something amazing happened when you read. Whether is was a delicious dinner when her mom read a recipe or a new sweater when her grandma read a crochet pattern, she knew that reading led to something important.
"Somehow, early on, I realized that there was something really special about reading and the written word," Kinney said. "And I think that kind of guided me, even though it wasn't until I was in a PhD program that I began to intellectually understand that."
Raised in Juniata County, Kinney traveled between Pennsylvania and Florida earning her bachelor's and master's degrees in library science, as well as a doctorate in the same subject. She has worked for public libraries in the Fort Lauderdale and Miami areas as well as the Carnegie Library in Pittsburgh.
After going into retirement – or so she thought – Kinney returned to the area to be near her family, but quickly realized she missed the library environment and the intellectual interaction that went along with it.
"If you're a librarian 'cause you love to read, you're in the wrong business. Libraries are about people," Kinney said. "I missed that interaction with people and that mental stimulation. Even though I was involved in a gazillion volunteer activities, I had spent 32 years of my life as a librarian. I needed to be back in libraries."
It's certainly an exciting time to get involved as director of the Mifflin County Library, Kinney said. The traditional programs that libraries are noted for and the opportunity to go in many different directions makes the job a joy and a challenge, she said.
"We are becoming the 'any time, any place' library because we have four walls and we'd love you to visit, but you can get online anywhere and use our resources, download an ebook or use our databases," Kinney said. "The library is now about empowering people to find the information or the recreational reading that they want."
Kinney said she would like people to think of the Mifflin County Library first as an informational and referral resource, describing it as "the Google of Mifflin County."
"It's a wonderful goal to have because you'll never achieve it," Kinney said. "That's really exciting to me – rather than seeing it as something unreachable, it's something we can always work toward."
Kinney also plans to extend the adult programming offered at the library with personal interest technology workshops that involve the use of online sites such as Facebook and eBay, as well as how-to's of downloading books onto a Kindle or Nook, she said.
To further support the community, Kinney is also looking into the addition of resume writing and Microsoft Office workshops. Often times, entrepreneurs and small business people don't have a full working knowledge of how to use Microsoft tools that could make their lives easier, she said.
"The library has simply not had the opportunity to do some of these programs in the past, but it's my fervent hope that we will get started in the near future," Kinney said. "I hope to bring a sense of excitement and empowerment to the library and staff so we can be all we can."
A calendar of current child and adult programming is available on the Mifflin County Library website at www.mifflincountylibrary.org. The library is opened from noon to 8 p.m. on Monday, 9 a.m. to 8 p.m. on Tuesday and Wednesday, 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. Thursday to Saturday and from 1:30 p.m. to 5 p.m. on Sunday.


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Hey guys
Im sure you all are probably sick of this but im in need of help.
For a while ive been rocking Roccat Kave 5.1 headset, but playing stereo sound through them sounds quiet and muffled, and you have to "force" Surround sound it (with SBX) to get all the channels going to give it some volume and a little more detail. Only problem is that they still dont have as much detail as they should, and I can hear more coming out of a cheap set of Behringers i have 0.o. They also have too large of a soundstage, playing music sounds like im in a Auditorium but on my head...
For Games they are quite good though, which i guess is what they designed for. here i have no complaints.
So here is basically what Im looking for, im looking for a headphone that does music well, and games well.
For music i want a neutral EQ, no mid hump making it sound hollow and no scooped mids making it sound lifeless. i dont mind if bass is a touch more pronounced but I guess that comes from me playing games and explosions need to have a bit of rumble.
I Listen to Rock, Rap, House, basically everything, they need to be versatile.
For Games I play FPS, RTS games.
Budget im looking at $120 tops. As im In south Africa, this is VERY tricky as exchange rates change, and people overcharge. So what might be $120 for you could be $200 here. Ill come back to the suggestions and see if I can find the cans within my budget.
Im looking for
Comfort (Over Ear). I will be wearing them for long periods.
Closed Back (I use them at night and dont want to wake up the roomates. Soon Ill be alone but for now i need closed backs.
Good Sound reproduction (Good separation of Intruments, Distance perception in games etc)
Wide soundstage but i still want to feel like im using headphones. I guess distance perception applies here too.
Must Work Well with Creative's SBX surround sound
Price. Cheaper the better but I dont want to sacrifice too much quality
My Soundcard (Creative Soundblaster Z)
Im busy looking at the
Sennheisers HD215, HD448, HD449, HD439, HD380 Pro
Any of these what im looking for?
Thanks for the help guys, and sorry for the long read
Edited by HeadphonesFreak - 10/2/13 at 1:40pm


text:
Cell spy monitoring software free, spy viber account
Cell spy monitoring software free, spy viber account
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Cell spy monitoring software freeResults 1 - 10 of 77 The most downloaded Monitoring Software software, including Spy Phone App, MaxxSpy, and iKeyMonitor Android Spy Free.Cell Phone Tracking App for monitoring all internet activity on target Mobile Phone. mSpy is the most popular monitoring and safety application in the market Spy Phone ® Phone Tracker Free Software Features with our central server logging sytem helps you to monitor all activities on that Android smartphone.
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Spy Phone Official Site - Worlds Leading Free Phone Tracking App for Monitoring your Child's Cell Spy Phone Phone Tracker Free Software Features.An in-depth look at the best cell phone spy software on the market. Read our mSpy is a powerful monitoring tool with some really great features. It is easy to
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