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Most Cited Reactive and Functional Polymers Articles
The most cited articles published since 2011, extracted from Scopus.
Polymeric micelles for nano-scale drug deliveryKanjiro Miyata | R. James Christie | Kazunori Kataoka
Volume 71, Issue 3, March 2011, Pages 227-234
This review describes the design of polymeric micelles from block copolymers and their performances as nano-scale drug delivery systems, with emphasis on our recent work. The basic drug delivery system platform developed by our group consists of polymeric micelles comprising a core-shell structure with a versatile drug-loading hydrophobic core and biocompatible hydrophilic shell, and are several tens to one hundred nanometer in size. These characteristics are preferable to bypass both renal clearance and entrapment by the reticuloendothelial system, thus allowing subsequent accumulation within tumor tissues by the enhanced permeability and retention effect. Furthermore, polymeric micelles may be designed for enhanced biological performance by modification of the block copolymers to contain chemistries that can sense a specific biological environment. These "smart" micelles allow for target site-triggered drug release by reversible stabilization of the micelle structure and controlled intracellular trafficking (efficient endosomal release). Smart micelles designed with responsive features have demonstrated the utility in many cases compared to controls lacking such functionality. Additionally, the ability to control the size of polymeric micelles in the range of several tens to hundreds of nanometer significantly affects their longevity in the blood stream and efficiency of tumor tissue accumulation and penetration. In hypovascular tumor tissues, smaller polymeric micelles are more effective for tissue accumulation/penetration, bringing about stronger anti-tumor activity. All together, fine-tuning the structure of block copolymers enables preparation of polymeric micelles with versatile functions for treatment of many diseases including intractable cancer. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Oral protein delivery: Current status and future prospectKyeongsoon Park | Ick Chan Kwon | Kinam Park
Volume 71, Issue 3, March 2011, Pages 280-287
Advances in biotechnology have produced therapeutically active proteins on a commercial scale, and therapeutic proteins are now extensively applied in medical practices to treat various diseases. Oral delivery of protein drugs is a highly attractive approach, and, naturally, numerous attempts have been made to develop such formulations. Despite various attempts, however, no clinically useful oral formulations have been developed, and this is mainly due to extremely low bioavailability of protein drugs. The effective oral protein delivery needs to overcome barriers related to poor absorption, poor permeation, and degradation in the gastrointestinal tract. Various strategies have been explored for enhancing the bioavailability of orally administered proteins. They include chemical modification of protein drugs, use of enzyme inhibitors, and exploration of special formulation ingredients, such as absorption enhancers and mucoadhesive polymers. This article examines the current technologies under development for oral protein delivery. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Synthesis of biodegradable multiblock copolymers by click coupling of RAFT-generated heterotelechelic polyHPMA conjugatesJiyuan Yang | Kui Luo | Huaizhong Pan | Pavla Kopečková | Jindřich Kopeček
Volume 71, Issue 3, March 2011, Pages 294-302
A new strategy for the synthesis of biodegradable high molecular weight N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA)-based polymeric carriers has been designed. An enzyme-sensitive, alkyne-functionalized, chain transfer agent (CTA-GFLG-alkyne; Nα-(4-pentynoyl)-Nδ-(4- cyano-4-(phenylcarbonothioylthio)pentanoyl-glycylphenylalanylleucylglycyl) -lysine) was synthesized and used to mediate the reversible addition- fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and copolymerization of HPMA. Post-polymerization modification with 4,4′-azobis(azidopropyl 4-cyanopentanoate) resulted in the formation of heterotelechelic HPMA copolymers containing terminal alkyne and azide groups. Chain extension via click reaction resulted in high molecular weight multiblock copolymers. Upon exposure to papain, these copolymers degraded into the initial blocks. Similar results were obtained for copolymers of HPMA with N- methacryloylglycylphenylalanylleucylglycyl thiazolidine-2-thione and N-methacryloylglycylphenylalanylleucylglycyl-gemcitabine. The new synthetic method presented permits the synthesis of biocompatible, biodegradable high molecular weight HPMA copolymer-anticancer drug conjugates that possess long-circulation times and augmented accumulation in solid tumor tissue due to the enhanced permeability and retention effect. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Bioreducible polymers for gene deliveryTae Il Kim | Sung Wan Kim
Volume 71, Issue 3, March 2011, Pages 344-349
Bioreducible polymers, which possess mainly disulfide linkages in the polymer structures, have appeared as ideal gene delivery carriers due to the high stability in extracellular physiological condition and bioreduction- triggered release of genetic materials, as well as decreased cytotoxicity because intracellular cytosol is a reducing environment containing high level of reducing molecules such as glutathione. This review will describe the initiation and recent advances in the development of bioreducible polymers for gene delivery, which includes reducibly cross-linked PEIs, polypeptides, polyion complex micelles, and poly(amido amine)s. There have been extensive researches performed to exhibit great gene delivery efficacy but still several important issues about pharmacokinetics or safety should be answered thoroughly for further rational design of bioreducible polymers having potentials in human gene delivery systems. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Designed polymer structures with antifouling-antimicrobial propertiesMirren Charnley | Marcus Textor | Canet Acikgoz
Volume 71, Issue 3, March 2011, Pages 329-334
Designing surfaces with antifouling and antimicrobial properties has an important route to solve problems, such as infections and fouling, in healthcare and industrial applications. Recently, there has been considerable interest in developing surfaces with polymers because of their distinct properties, such as their length scale, their processability, low cost, tunable properties, and diverse functionalities. This article reviews the polymer systems developed as antifouling-antimicrobial surface coatings, termed as biopassive and bioactive polymers respectively. Many different types of bioactive and biopassive polymeric systems and their limitations are presented. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Electrospun polymer nanofibers: The booming cutting edge technologyPrasanth Raghavan | Du Hyun Lim | Jou Hyeon Ahn | Changwoon Nah | David C. Sherrington | Ho Suk Ryu | Hyo Jun Ahn
Volume 72, Issue 12, December 2012, Pages 915-930
Electrospinning has been recognized as a simple and efficient technique for the fabrication of ultrathin fibers from a variety of materials including polymers, composite and ceramics. Significant progress has been made throughout the past years in electrospinning and the resulting fibrous structures have been exploited in a wide range of potential applications. This article reviews the state-of-art of electrospinning to prepare fibrous electrode materials and polymer electrolytes based on electrospun membranes in the view of their physical and electrochemical properties for the application in lithium batteries. The review covers the electrospinning process, the governing parameters and their influence on fiber or membrane morphology. After a brief discussion of some potential applications associated with the remarkable features of electrospun membranes, we highlight the exploitation of this cutting edge technology in lithium batteries. Finally the article is concluded with some personal perspectives on the future directions in the fascinating field of energy storage. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Recent advances on ion-imprinted polymersCatherine Branger | Walid Meouche | André Margaillan
Volume 73, Issue 6, June 2013, Pages 859-875
Selective recognition of metal ions is a real challenge for a large range of applications in the analytical field (from extraction to detection and quantification). For that purpose, ion-imprinted polymers (IIPs) have been increasingly developed during the last 15 years on the principle of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). Those imprinted materials are designed to mimic the binding sites of biological entities and assure an improved recognition of the template species. The aim of this review is to give the current state of the art in the conception of IIPs from the components to the polymerization process. Some applications of those materials will be also discussed. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A novel N-halamine acrylamide monomer and its copolymers for antimicrobial coatingsHasan B. Kocer | S. D. Worley | R. M. Broughton | T. S. Huang
Volume 71, Issue 5, May 2011, Pages 561-568
A new N-halamine acrylamide monomer having 31 wt.% chlorine loading capability was synthesized and then copolymerized with a tethering siloxane monomer in several feed ratios. The resulting copolymers were coated onto cotton fabric and rendered biocidal upon treatment with 1% household bleach. The halogenated coated fabrics provided a total of 8-logs inactivation of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria within 5 min of contact time. The equimolar and siloxane-rich copolymers were noticeably stable on cotton fabric toward washing cycles, as only 10% of the copolymers were hydrolyzed from the cotton surface after the equivalent of 50 machine washes. The halogenated coated fabrics lost about half of the chlorine slowly within 24 h under UVA light irradiation with some decomposition observed. Crown Copyright © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Monofunctional benzoxazine from cardanol for bio-composite applicationsB. S. Rao | Aruna Palanisamy
Volume 71, Issue 2, February 2011, Pages 148-154
In this study, a monofunctional benzoxazine monomer was synthesized by condensation reaction of aniline and formaldehyde with cardanol, a by product of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL). The monomer was characterized by FTIR and 1H NMR spectral analysis. Curing characteristics were studied by differential scanning calorimeter. The exothermic peak associated with curing was observed from 230 °C to 291 °C with a peak maximum of 272 °C. Adding a small percentage of cardanol as phenolic initiator reduced the onset of cure as well as peak maximum temperature due to accelerated curing. Thermo gravimetric analysis indicated a peak decomposition temperature of 432 °C and a char yield of 24% at 800 °C. The viscoelastic properties of the neat cardanol benzoxazine, its jute fiber composite and the acrylonitrile modified jute fiber composites were studied with dynamic mechanical thermal analyzer (DMTA). The storage modulus (E′) value increased with fiber loading and showed a higher value for treated composite indicating an increase in interaction between fiber and resin matrix. On the other hand, the tan δ which is associated with glass transition, shifted to lower value compared to neat resin with incorporation of jute fibers. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Synthesis of isosorbide based polyurethanes: An isocyanate free methodVincent Besse | Rémi Auvergne | Stéphane Carlotti | Gilles Boutevin | Belkacem Otazaghine | Sylvain Caillol | Jean Pierre Pascault | Bernard Boutevin
Volume 73, Issue 3, March 2013, Pages 588-594
The synthesis of isocyanate free polyurethanes is a major concern. This paper first reports the synthesis of new biobased isosorbide dicyclocarbonates from isosorbide. Then polyhydroxyurethanes (PHUs) were synthesized by a cyclocarbonate-amine step growth polyaddition with four commercial diamines (e.g. jeffamine D-400, 1,10 diaminodecane, diethylenetriamine and isophoronediamine). These unprecedented products, obtained with high yield, were characterized by 1H NMR, FTIR, DSC, SEC and TGA analyses. PHUs exhibited glass transition temperatures from -8 °C to 59 °C, and degradation temperatures (Td 5%) between 234 °C and 255 °C. Last but not least, the compounds produced during the degradation of these PHUs were analyzed by ATG-IR technique and showed that carbon dioxide and secondary amines are released. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Synthesis of a novel nanostructured ion-imprinted polymer for very fast and highly selective recognition of copper(II) ions in aqueous mediaMojtaba Shamsipur | Abbas Besharati-Seidani
Volume 71, Issue 2, February 2011, Pages 131-139
This work reports the preparation of a new Cu2+-imprinted polymeric (IIP) nanoparticles, using 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone (quinizarin; QZ) as a ligand. The Cu2+ ion found to form a stable 1:1 complex with QZ in dimethylsulfoxide solution. The resulting Cu2+-QZ complex was polymerized with ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate, as a cross-linking monomer, via precipitation polymerization method. The imprint copper ion was removed from the polymeric matrix using 0.1 M HNO3. The Cu 2+-imprinted polymeric nanoparticles were characterized by IR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms and elemental analysis. The SEM micrographs showed colloidal nanoparticles of 60-110 nm in diameter and slightly irregular in shape. Optimum pH for maximum sorption was 7.0. Sorption and desorption of Cu2+ ion on the IIP nanoparticles were quite fast and achieved completely over entire investigated time periods of 2-30 min. Maximum sorbent capacity and enrichment factor for Cu2+ were 346.3 μmol g -1 and 18.4, respectively. The relative standard deviation and detection limit (3σ) of the method were evaluated as 0.97% and 0.3 ng mL-1, respectively. It was found that imprinting results in increased affinity of the material toward Cu2+ ion over other competitor metal ions with the same charge and close ionic radius. The prepared IIP was repeatedly used and regenerated for 12 times without a significant decrease in polymer binding affinity. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A review on lignin-based polymeric, micro- and nano-structured materialsAntoine Duval | Martin Lawoko
Volume 85, Issue , January 2014, Pages 78-96
© 2014 Elsevier B.V.Next to cellulose, lignin is the second most abundant biopolymer, and the main source of aromatic structures on earth. It is a phenolic macromolecule, with a complex structure which considerably varies depending on the plant species and the isolation process. Lignin has long been obtained as a by-product of cellulose in the paper pulp production, but had rather low added-value applications. Changes in the paper market have however stimulated the need to focus on other applications for lignins. In addition, the emergence of biorefinery projects to develop biofuels, bio-based materials and chemicals from carbohydrate polymers should also generate large amounts of lignin with the potential for value addition. These developments have brought about renewed interest in the last decade for lignin and its potential use in polymer materials. This review covers both the topics of the direct use of lignin in polymer applications, and of the chemical modifications of lignin, in a polymer chemistry perspective. The future trend toward micro- and nanostructured lignin-based materials is then addressed.
Progress in shape memory epoxy resinsK. S. Santhosh Kumar | R. Biju | C. P. Reghunadhan Nair
Volume 73, Issue 2, February 2013, Pages 421-430
This review analyses the progress in the field of shape memory epoxy resins (SMEPs). Partial crystallisation and vitrification are the basis of shape memory effect in SMEPs. Several synthetic approaches for SMEPs, their composites and foams have been reviewed. Strategically incorporated thermally reversible segments induce the shape memory effect in epoxy resins. By varying the nature and concentration of shape memory segments, wide range of shape memory properties and transition temperatures (shape memory temperatures) can be achieved. Triple shape memory, self-healability and electroactive capability are some of the additional features that can be created in SMEPs. Among the thermoset resins, shape memory epoxies are the most attractive systems because of the ease of processability, composite forming properties and dimensional stability. Shape memory epoxy polymers that can be processed into elastic memory composites are candidate materials in the processing of many smart engineering systems. In this background, a review consolidating the progress in SMEP has contemporary relevance. The present article takes a stock of the trend in SMEP with a view to assess the direction of future initiatives in this area. It is concluded that there is tremendous scope for research leading to technological evolution in the field of SMEP. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Enhanced thermal and surface properties of waterborne UV-curable polycarbonate-based polyurethane (meth)acrylate dispersion by incorporation of polydimethylsiloxaneHyeon Deuk Hwang | Hyun Joong Kim
Volume 71, Issue 6, June 2011, Pages 655-665
Hydroxy-terminated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was incorporated into the soft segments of UV-curable polycarbonate-based polyurethane (meth)acrylate dispersions to improve the thermal property and surface property. 2-Hydroxymethacylate or pentaerythritol tri-acrylate was end-capped with or without PDMS to confirm the effect of the functionality of the end-capping group on the properties. Owing to the hydrophobicity of siloxane, the cured coating films containing PDMS had low surface free energy, and higher thermal degradation temperature. The functionality of the end-capping group had a slight effect on the surface and thermal properties. The UV-curing rate and final conversion depended strongly on the functionality. The glass transition temperature and the tensile strength of the cured films were increased by incorporating PDMS or increasing the functionality. Therefore, the weaknesses of waterborne UV-curable coatings can be alleviated by the incorporation of PDMS and high functionality. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Preparation and characterization of composite cryogels containing imidazole group and use in heavy metal removalKubilay Tekin | Lokman Uzun | Çiǧdem Arpa Şahin | Sema Bektaş | Adil Denizli
Volume 71, Issue 10, October 2011, Pages 985-993
In this study, cryogels containing imidazole functional groups were prepared by two different approaches and were used in the removal of Pb 2+, Cd2+, Zn2+ and Cu2+ ions from aqueous solutions. In the first approach, poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-n-vinyl imidazole) [poly(HEMA-VIM)] cryogel was prepared using n-vinyl imidazole monomer. In the second approach, in order to increase the surface area, poly(HEMA-VIM)/poly(HEMA) composite cryogel was prepared by embedding the poly(HEMA-VIM) particles prepared with suspension polymerization into poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), poly(HEMA) cryogel. Both poly(HEMA-VIM)] cryogel and poly(HEMA-VIM)/poly(HEMA) composite cryogels were characterized by swelling studies, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, surface area measurements and scanning electron microscopy. The surface area of poly(HEMA-VIM) cryogel was found to be 39.7 m2/g while the surface area of poly(HEMA-VIM)/poly(HEMA) composite cryogel was 78.6 m2/g as expected. The optimum adsorption conditions for metal uptake such as pH, metal ion concentration, and adsorption time were studied. Performed experiments showed that composite formation increased the adsorption capacity of the cryogel. The amounts of decreasing adsorption capacity were calculated as 38.5% for Cu2+, 39.1% for Pb2+, 66.9% for Zn2+ and 69.9% for Cd2+. The maximum adsorption capacities of the composite cryogel in the affinity order on mass basis were found to be Pb 2+(7620 μg/g) > Cd2+(5800/μg) > Zn 2+(4340 μg/g) > Cu2+(2540 μg/g) while on molar basis the order was Zn2+(66.4 μmol/g) > Cd2+(51.6 μmol/g) > Cu2+(40.0 μmol/g) > Pb2+(36.8 μmol/g). These results fitted well the Langmuir adsorption model. Competitive adsorption studies were performed with solutions containing the four heavy metal ions at 20 mg/L metal ion concentration. The binding capacities of the composite cryogel were found to be Pb2+(1498.2 μg/g) > Cu 2+(742.5 μg/g) > Cd2+(550.4 μg/g) > Zn 2+(450.5 μg/g) in competitive manner. It was observed that composite cryogels could be repeatedly used without significant loss in the adsorption capacity after ten repetitive adsorption-desorption processes. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A renewable approach to thermosetting resinsJuan C. Ronda | Gerard Lligadas | Marina Galià | Virginia Cádiz
Volume 73, Issue 2, February 2013, Pages 381-395
This is a review of recent developments of thermostable resins derived basically from vegetable oils. Natural vegetable oils have been transformed in polymers following three main routes. The first is the direct polymerization through the double bonds of the fatty acid chain. The cationic copolymerization of soybean oil with styrene, divinylbenzene and different amounts of styrenic monomers containing Si, B and P has been used to produce materials with improved flame retardant properties. The second route is the functionalization of the triglyceride double bonds to introduce readily polymerizable groups: The singlet oxygen photoperoxidation of the allylic positions of high oleic sunflower oil has been used to produce hydroperoxide-containing triglycerides that were dehydrated or reduced to produce respectively enone- and hydroxyl-containing triglycerides. The enone containing derivative has been chemically crosslinked with aromatic diamines through aza-Michael reactions leading to quinoline containing thermosets. The hydroxyl-containing triglycerides have been crosslinked radically prior the introduction of acrylate groups to produce conventional and flame retardant acrylate resins. The third route explored consists of using plant oil-derived chemicals like 10-undecenoic and oleic acids to produce tailor made monomers. Acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerization has been applied to prepare a set of thermosetting polyesters with flame retardant properties. Moreover thiol-ene "click" coupling has been used to prepare carboxylic monomers that have been explored to produce thermosetting polyanhydrides for fast drug delivery systems. A set of tailored polyols from the products of coordinative polymerization of the methyl epoxyoleate and the cationic ring opening polymerization of fatty acid-derived 2-oxazolines were also prepared. These polyols have been used to produce different thermosetting polyuretanes with a wide range of properties and characteristics. Finally, some recent research in producing benzoxazine thermosetting resins applying this renewable approach is presented. The benzoxazines based on diphenolic acid, a derivative of levulinic acid, are studied. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Ion-imprinted polyvinylimidazole-silica hybrid copolymer for selective extraction of Pb(II): Characterization and metal adsorption kinetic and thermodynamic studiesCésar Ricardo Teixeira Tarley | Felipe Nascimento Andrade | Henrique De Santana | Dimas Augusto Morozin Zaia | Luiz Alberto Beijo | Mariana Gava Segatelli
Volume 72, Issue 1, January 2012, Pages 83-91
The current paper presents a synthesis of a novel ion-imprinted hybrid copolymer (IIHC) [poly(1-vinylimidazole)-co-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate) and its application to selective adsorption of Pb 2+ ions. The hybrid copolymer was prepared by coupling free radical addition and sol-gel processing, using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as cross-linker. Thermogravimetry (TG), FT-IR, X-ray diffraction, specific surface area (BET) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the copolymers. The equilibrium data obtained were fitted very well to the non-linear Langmuir-Freundlich isotherm model, as compared to other models, and the maximum adsorption uptake was found to be 7.6 mg g -1. The thermodynamic parameters, including Gibbs free energy (ΔG°), enthalpy (ΔH°), and entropy (ΔS°) of the adsorption process, were found to be -16.23 kJ mol -1, -10.37 kmol -1 and -19.42 J K -1 mol -1, respectively. These results demonstrate that the adsorption of Pb 2+ onto the hybrid copolymer takes place by a spontaneous and exothermic process with further decrease in the degree of freedom without disordering at the solid-solution interface due to the negative ΔS° value. Furthermore, the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models were used to describe the kinetic data. The experimental data were fitted well to the pseudo-first-order kinetics. Under competitive adsorption conditions, the ion-imprinted hybrid copolymer was 8.8, 64.9 and 16 times more selective when compared to the blank copolymer (NIC - non-imprinted copolymer) for Pb 2+/Cu 2+, Pb 2+/Cd 2+, and Pb 2+/Zn 2+ systems. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Methacrylic-based solid polymer electrolyte membranes for lithium-based batteries by a rapid UV-curing processJijeesh R. Nair | C. Gerbaldi | M. Destro | R. Bongiovanni | N. Penazzi
Volume 71, Issue 4, April 2011, Pages 409-416
The present communication describes solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) membranes prepared by the direct free radical photo-polymerisation (UV-curing) of poly(ethyleglycol)methacrylic oligomers in the presence of a lithium salt. The highly mobile pendant ethoxy chains, constituting a considerable fraction of the whole polymer matrix, can provide a large density of coordination sites for the Li+ ions and make the material an interesting solvent-free ion conducting medium for high temperature application. The production process is simple and versatile; the resulting membranes demonstrate mechanical integrity due to the cross-linked nature of the polymer network, and wide thermal stability. The electrolytes produced are extra soft, non-crystalline, transparent solids, do not contain volatile matter and show sufficient ionic conductivity along with a wide electrochemical stability window. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) are employed to characterise the polymers, monitor its phase changes and control the conductivity of the electrolytes as a function of lithium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide salt (LiTFSI) concentration. The temperature dependence of the ionic conductivity follows the Vogel-Tamman-Fulcher (VTF) equation, and the ionic conductivity at 60 °C reaches values higher than 10-4 S cm-1. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Thermally curable main-chain benzoxazine prepolymers via polycondensation routeKubra Dogan Demir | Baris Kiskan | Binnur Aydogan | Yusuf Yagci
Volume 73, Issue 2, February 2013, Pages 346-359
Polybenzoxazines are addition-cure thermosetting polymers exhibiting versatility in a wide range of applications due to their good mechanical properties, dimensional stability, chemical resistivity, flame resistance property phenolic or epoxy resins have myriad applications in diverse fields starting from commodity materials to high technology aerospace industries. In this paper, we present synthetic strategies to incorporate thermally curable benzoxazine functionality into polymers as main-chain fashion in order to further improve various properties. The strategies successfully employed including monomer synthesis and polycondensation routes like Mannich reaction, click chemistry, hydrosilylations, and coupling reactions. The structure-property relationships of the cured materials have also been presented and discussed. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Optimization of Cu(II)-ion imprinted nanoparticles for trace monitoring of copper in water and fish samples using a Box-Behnken designHomeira Ebrahimzadeh | Mohammad Behbahani | Yadollah Yamini | Laleh Adlnasab | Ali Akbar Asgharinezhad
Volume 73, Issue 1, January 2013, Pages 23-29
We describe a nanoparticles ion-imprinted polymer (IIP) for the selective preconcentration of copper (II) ions. It was obtained by precipitation polymerization from 2-vinylpyridine (the functional monomer), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (the cross-linker), 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile (the initiator), 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (the copper-binding ligand) and nickel nitrate (the template ion) in acetonitrile solution. The IIP particles were characterized by Fourier Transformed Infra Red Spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis, and by scanning electron microscopy. The optimization process was carried out using the Box-Behnken design (BBD). Effects of several factors such as solution pH for adsorption, amount of polymer, type, concentration and volume of eluent for extraction, as well as adsorption and desorption times were investigated. Under the optimum conditions (type and concentration of eluent, HCl 1.6 mol L-1; volume of eluent, 6 mL; adsorption solution pH, 6.0; amount of polymer, 30 mg; adsorption time, 25 min; desorption time, 25 min), preconcentration factor of the proposed method was approximately 100. Under the optimized conditions, the detection limit was found to be 0.1 μg L-1, while the relative standard deviation (RSD) for six replicate measurements was calculated to be <4%. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Synthesis and characterization of novel room temperature vulcanized (RTV) silicone rubbers using octa[(trimethoxysilyl)ethyl]-POSS as cross-linkerDongzhi Chen | Shengping Yi | Pengfei Fang | Yalan Zhong | Chi Huang | Xiaojun Wu
Volume 71, Issue 4, April 2011, Pages 502-511
A novel cross-linker octa[(trimethoxysilyl)ethyl]-POSS (OPS) based on a Vinyl-POSS derivative was firstly prepared via hydrosilylation chemistry. The novel POSS cross-linker was applied to hydroxyl terminated polydimethylsiloxane (HPDMS) matrix to prepare a series of novel RTV silicone rubbers. The chemical incorporation of novel POSS cross-linker into PDMS by hydrolytic condensation reaction was verified by attenuated total reflection (ATR) infrared spectroscopy. Morphology, thermal properties and mechanical properties of these novel RTV silicone rubbers have been studied by means of scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermal gravimetric analysis, universal tensile testing machine and dynamic mechanical analysis, respectively. The results displayed a pronounced enhancement effect of the novel cross-linker OPS on thermal stabilities and mechanical properties of RTV silicone rubbers as compared with the PDMS polymers prepared with tetramethoxysilane (TMOS), tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMOS) cross-linkers. Subsequently, the thermal decomposition of representative novel RTV silicone rubber in nitrogen was monitored by TGA coupled with real-time IR, and the degradation residues were also characterized by FTIR. It was found that the POSS cages were beneficial to increasing the degradation residues. The striking enhancements in thermal properties and improvements on mechanical properties could be attributable to the synergistic effect of the increasing dimensionality of cross-linking networks resulting from three-dimensional structure of OPS cross-linker, the plasticization of self-cross-linked OPS cross-linker and uniform distribution of POSS-rich domains. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Antimicrobial and antioxidant linen via laccase-assisted graftingCarla Silva | Teresa Matamá | Suyeon Kim | Jorge Padrão | Endry Nugroho Prasetyo | Tukayi Kudanga | Gibson S. Nyanhongo | Georg M. Guebitz | Margarida Casal | Artur Cavaco-Paulo
Volume 71, Issue 7, July 2011, Pages 713-720
A laccase from Ascomycete myceliophthora thermophila was used to assist the binding of chitosan and catechin onto a previous enzymatically oxidized linen surface. The process consists of the pre-treatment of the linen with laccase followed by the application of chitosan in a first step and catechin plus laccase in a second step. The results presented here support the conclusion that laccase is able to oxidize phenols naturally existing in flax fibres, and that the o-quinones formed promote the attachment of chitosan or/and catechin. The pre-treatment of linen with laccase is therefore the key factor for the success of catechin and chitosan grafting. A multifunctional linen product with both antioxidant and antibacterial properties was obtained with an acceptable level of durability in terms of end user requirements. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
N-halamine copolymers for biocidal coatingsIdris Cerkez | Hasan B. Kocer | S. D. Worley | R. M. Broughton | T. S. Huang
Volume 72, Issue 10, October 2012, Pages 673-679
A vinyl N-halamine acrylamide monomer was copolymerized with silane-, epoxide-, and hydroxyl group-containing monomers. The resultant copolymers were coated onto cotton fabric through hydrolysis of alkoxy groups with formation of silyl ether bonding, opening of the epoxide ring and subsequent reaction with hydroxyl groups on cellulose, and by crosslinking between the hydroxyl groups on the copolymer and on cellulose, respectively. The coatings were rendered biocidal upon exposure to dilute household bleach solution. All of the coatings provided complete inactivation of about six log of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli O157:H7 within minutes of contact time. The effects of the aforementioned tethering groups on wash fastness and ultraviolet light exposure were also studied.© 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Multi-targeting cancer chemotherapy using temperature-responsive drug carrier systemsMasamichi Nakayama | Teruo Okano
Volume 71, Issue 3, March 2011, Pages 235-244
Recently, a growing number of nano-scale drug carrier systems (e.g., drug-polymer conjugates, liposomes, and polymeric micelles) attract great attention for targeting cancer therapy due to a passively selective accumulation at solid tumor tissues and a subsequent anti-cancer activity. However, for the present drug targeting carrier systems, the target-selective delivery and release of loaded drugs are incapable to control completely. To overcome these current issues, stimuli-responsive drug carriers have been developed as the next-generation drug targeting systems. If drugs can be delivered to target sites via passive targeting of stimuli-responsive carriers and then released from the carriers by external physical signals, the systems are termed "multi-targeting systems" which are quite attractive for achieving the target site selective pharmaceutical action with reducing adverse effects. As possible external signals, temperature change is one of useful stimuli due to its low invasiveness to living body system and simple site-selective application using medical devices. To install temperature-responsive function to drug carriers, temperature-responsive polymers play significant roles in signal-triggering drug release and carrier-interaction with target cells and tissues. This review introduces several molecular designs for temperature-responsive drug carriers and discusses their potentials as a smart drug targeting system for an effective cancer chemotherapy. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A self-healing polymer network based on reversible covalent bondingG. Scheltjens | M. M. Diaz | J. Brancart | G. Van Assche | B. Van Mele
Volume 73, Issue 2, February 2013, Pages 413-420
A self-healing polymer network for potential coating applications was designed based on the concept of the reversible Diels-Alder (DA) reaction between a furan functionalized compound and a bismaleimide. The network allows local mobility in a temperature window from ca. 80 °C to 120 °C by shifting the DA equilibrium towards the initial building blocks. Changing the spacer length in the furan functionalized compound leads to tailor-made properties. Elastomeric model systems were chosen to evaluate the kinetic parameters by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. For the DA reaction a pre-exponential factor ln(ADA in kg mol-1 s-1) equal to 13.1 ± 0.8 and an activation energy (EDA) of 55.7 ± 2.3 kJ mol-1 are found. For the retro-DA reaction, ln(A rDA) and ErDA are 25.8 ± 1.8 s-1 and 94.2 ± 4.8 kJ mol-1, respectively. The enthalpy and entropy of reaction are calculated as -38.6 kJ mol-1 and -105.3 J mol -1 K-1. The kinetic results are validated by micro-calorimetry. Non-isothermal dynamic rheometry provides the gel-point temperature of the reversible network. The sealing capacity is evaluated by atomic force microscopy for micro-meter sized defects. Repeatability of the non-autonomous healing is checked by micro-calorimetry, ruling out side-reactions below 120 °C. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


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There are several websites that tell you that is healthy to drink a bottle of wine a day and others that tell you that this will damage your liver.
I can't find any studies about this subject... What do you think?
Know the five types of psoriasis and how to spot flares.
Newer diabetes treatments can suppress appetite and aid weight loss.
Try these tips to get your salivary glands back into action.
Constipation is a common side effect of opioid and narcotic pain medicines.
Is it sensitive skin or something else?

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Skip to comments.Obama Admin Plans To 'Force' Americans To Move Into Cities
Posted on 07/02/2013 3:39:45 PM PDT by Impala64ssa
"Redistributing" the Wealth
Sounds like some Soviet plan.
The pressure increases all the time.
Yeah you make enough people poor and they HAVE to live where you make them.
Yes he does intend to do this.
I will live in the woods with no power and food until I starve to death before I live where he or anyone like him wants me to live.
Sounds like some Soviet plan.
Agenda 21 — Same thing.
bring it on
many are ready to rock
the sooner we get this all sorted out the better
This is merely the implementation of Agenda 21 goals.
Reducing personal transportation options.
Closing off huge areas of the country to citizens.
Making it impossible to live in areas they want to get people out of, to herd them into urban areas that are highly regulated and coincidentally controlled by liberals.
Regionalism is used in order for non-city people to pay for whatever city's expenses.
Appropriate graphic ping.
Agenda 21
And don't forget control of food supply. We can't have people growing their own food now can we?
farmers and the infrastructure that supports them are not needed either apparently
Folks, read up on the 'Turtle Island Project" that has the written approval of the UN under Agenda 21.
It is not a joke or satire.
It now goes by the seemingly harmless euphemism "Smart Growth." Check to see if there's such an organization in your town -- there is in mine. Watch what they do.
Who's up for Detriot!
Yep. But they'll tell you they're closing off the national forests from use by citizens to protect little endangered froggies.
well Chicago and Detroit and New Orleans and Baltimore need some replacement people due to killing citizens off.
Do those come with the suicide 'capture' prevention nets, too?
See: Apple, PRC
I have five gallons of non-hybrid seeds in my freezer, a basement full of storage food, deep water well, natural salt source nearby, plentiful game and fowl. Yep, we're preppers and the arms to protect it all.
"I will live in the woods with no power and food until I starve to death before I live where he or anyone like him wants me to live."
They look like cages to me. Apparently they can also be covered for winter and mass gassings.
Blue Pill Nirvana.
Sheep, in a corral, are easier to control, easier to confiscate guns, and redistribute wealth.
Makes me think of one of my favorite movies, "Brazil."
This was mentioned by Algor, to depopulate the rural and suburban areas.
Hmm, in China they have built a million or so apartments, all in or near cities, that are for now mostly empty.
Isn't this Agenda 19 from the UN?
It sure would make us easier to control if they can simply lock the outer doors and cut off water.
That's what they've done in Ohio, in the Cleveland/Cuyahoga County area.
Of course, when it was on the Ballot, ALL the inner-city tribal parasites voted for it, knowing those "suburbanites" will have more of their money taken and handed to them.....what a Great Country!
Embedded in that soft squishy, feel-good, we're-doing-it-for-the-planet exterior is a cold, hard nugget of atrocity, mass murder and eliminationism.
Agenda 21 is only one the horses they're riding to that destination.
Or is that part of the plan? Is every Congress and administration promoting suburban housing to the point where the bubble bursts and we all have to live in cities?
vertical plantations.....
Is there any reason secession and the socialist country and a new Free American country has to be regional? Can't all the socialist/liberal/radical leftist scumbags live in the rotting crime ridden cities and the new country be the producing rich "country"?
No civil war would be needed. The slimy POS libs can all cluster in little government housing high rises and practice any perverted thing they want. They can kill all the unvborn babies they want, worship their Nothing, marry freely with anything mammal of any sex or quantity, take from the few achievers and redistribute to their lazy parasite majority, thrive on their racism, political correctness, talk of their hate of real Americans, eat their tofu and watch MSNBC and brainless homo situation comedies.
Revolt is coming.
They had better be careful what they wish for. Cities filling up with angry new conservative residents might just prove to be their political undoing.
I guess he doesn't realize what happens when you push animals into a corner.
They bite.
The real indicator of status and wealth is isolation. The trouble isn't that people don't have enough money to buy large quantities of land, it's that there aren't that many big parcels of desirable land left to purchase. So, if they can't buy it, they just have to keep everyone else out so they can use the land without any of those "little" people around.
We're living in some weird combination of 1984, Brave New World, and The Hunger Games.
"Sounds like some Soviet plan."
Yes, it was called collectivization, where all farming was put under state control. It was, of course, a disaster, but premier Obumbo thinks he can make it good.
We'll be the white Christian ghettos.
We are the latest, and hopefully the last, to become fully infected by the disease that created and killed the Soviet Beast.
Ooh so ugly! Looks like prison.
I'm thinking the new housing bubble will give government loans for suburban homes to the "needy;" those loans will then be forgiven. Nice neighborhoods will turn to city-like trash. There will be no escape.
Looks like a high tech chicken coop.
That is because that is what they will be.
You would think they would at least attempt to hide that fact...
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Disneynature's second annual Earth Day release (next year it's African Cats!) wasn't screened for us tree-slaughtering wretches, so we bought a ticket.
WW Critic's Score: 83
Disney requisitions a second wildlife documentary for its Disneynature label—but aside from similarly magnificent animal footage, Oceans could not be more different in character from last year's Earth. The abridgment of the BBC's Planet Earth series inserted ridiculous anthropomorphism, but Oceans, directed by the French duo of Jacques Perrin and Jacques Cluzaud, is a far trippier affair. From opening shots of Galapagos iguanas watching a rocket launch, their leathery faces carrying the impassive expressions of village seers, the movie hearkens back to the meditative eeriness of early '60s mondo films. Astounding aquatic vistas jam together, as if every dolphin, cormorant and sardine decided to choreograph a ballet for the cameras. Even the ocean itself, in its tremendous, crashing waves, feels impressively Other. (Pierce Brosnan's clenched-teeth narration is appropriately spare and dispassionate.) When the expected shots of pollution arrive, it is impossible not to feel guilt—we have collectively defecated in a sparkling punchbowl. The film understands that a creature as gloriously strange as a blanket octopus is a mystery that must be left untouched. It is beautiful not because it is like us, but because it is so undiminishably different. G. Opened Friday at Century 16 Cedar Hills Crossing, Century at Clackamas Town Center, Century Eastport 16, Cinemas Bridgeport Village Stadium 18 IMAX, Evergreen Parkway Stadium 13, Lloyd Center Stadium 10 Cinema.
Disneynature's second annual Earth Day release (next year it's African Cats!) wasn't screened for us tree-slaughtering wretches, so we bought a ticket.


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Search results for e.d
We've found 1,354 lyrics, 0 artists, and 0 albums matching e.d:
Pre>intro a e d A e a It worked much better in a fantasy D a e Imagination's one thing that comes easy to me A e a Cause this is nothing else if not
A E D A It's late I can't sleep D E A There's a voice calling me A E D
Only you can set me free You're an angel in the snow You're a shot in the arm for me I will let your L.E.D.'s shine I will let your L.E.D.'s shine
Down in the valley where the wild winds blow E D A B They say a lady died when the moon cast it's glow
Be-l-o-o-d-s-h-e-d now! Be-l-o-o-d-s-h-e-d now! Be-l-o-o-d-s-h-e-d now! Be-l-o-o-d-s-h-e-d now! I pledge allegiance to disobedience For which I
Intro: E In the e days of my youth I was d told what it a means to be a e man d-a:d:d# E now I've reached that age I try to d do all those a things
Nessa cidade todo mundo é d'oxum Homem, menino, menina, mulher Toda essa gente irradia magia Presente na água doce Presente na água salgada E
D-a-e-be-d-a-e D-e-f#m-be D-e-f#m-be-d-e F#m-e-d-a-be-e D-e-f#m-be (ending:d-e-f#m) My life is totally boring without you around These days,
(G-are-E-E-D) (G-are-E-E-D) (G-are-E-E-D) It's a disease and they're all green It emanates from their being A satiation with occupation
d e d I'm a fool so I'm told I get left in the cold E d a Cause I will search the world for that fool's gold, D a d a Fool's gold Oh the world may be
Pre>(e) a e d a d e Uh, I had the time but I blew it, I had the power and I knew it D a d e Had the energy, but outgrew it, the identity but saw
Take the lovebird, kiss the stranger Leave the trailer, take the car Feel the sound rushing over you Q E D See my finger, the way it points you
Pre>intro e d (4 times) (played as barre chords 7th, 5th fret) Verse E d e d Yeah it's cold and hot and the rain came tumbling down like a wild
yesterday E d She has seen something better through the window E d She will reach for it even though she doesn't know if she's Chorus A f#m Ready, the girl
Mankind!!! Lost in the own memory V.A.D.E.R. Point of no return V.A.D.E.R. Hopeless look backward V.A.D.E.R. It's time to say goodbye? V.A.D.E.R. My
with the funk type shit This is it, so get with the skit motherfucker Who am I E.D. the Green Eyed Bandit Who am I E.D. the Green Eyed Bandit
men D-E-V-O Are we not pins We are Devo Monkey men all In business suits Teacher and critics All dance the (?) Are we not men We are Devo
INTRO & BREAK: E-D-C#m-A7 E-D-C#m-A7 E I left my Cinder-D-ella at the C#m payphone, A7 with a pocket full of dimes E I get the D feeling
Pre>bm g (twice) E a d g Call me your doctor if you want, I'll get the cure out E a bm To be administered before sleep E a d Call out the thing you
Pre>from: ryan johnstone Chords used ( all barre chords ) E be a g d see E 7 7 5 10 5 3 Be 9 7 5 12 7 5 G 9 8 6 12 7 5 D 9 9 7 12 7 5 A 7 9 7 10 5
men D-E-V-O Are we not pins We are Devo Monkey men all In business suits Teacher and critics All dance the? Are we not men We are Devo Are
E-d-see-bb e-d-see-bb e-d-see-bb e-d-see-bb E-g-see-a E someone please g save us See save us from our a wicked little selves E we're bent
all it has is three chords and they are A D E and D There are A D and E and D There goes the Dm D A E D Love is just a joyride Drink a lot
Cold wind fans a dying flame A E Bm Black rain falling down D E Bm Got a one way ticket on an outbound
in her mouth, spiderwebs in her hair Yeah she may be fucking dead but (I don't care, yeah) D E A D, she's my graveyard baby D E A D, she's my horror


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It was obvious last week the Carolina Panthers had no idea how to stop Dolphins reciever Mike Wallace. He was open short, deep, intermediate. He scored one touchdown on a 57-yard catch but he might have had three other TDs if passes had caught him in stride or he'd made some tough catches.
Wallace vs. Cromartie: Shut the Other Guy Up
From MiamiHerald.com
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Robert Mayer-USA TODAY Sports


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When the legendary Massimo Vignelli speaks, in-house creative professionals listen. Massimo shared his insights and showed many examples of the power of design from his extraordinary work over the past 60 years with the crowd of nearly 100 people who came together for "An Evening With Massimo Vignelli" in New York City on April 25, 2013, at FIT.
Highlights from An Evening with Massimo Vignelli
784 0


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Table Mountain Guided Walks
Guided mountain walks and climbs Why you need a guide, Table Mountain is a wilderness area, and can be extremely dangerous. Every year we see fatalities on the mountain caused by people losing their way, falling and various other accidents
The mountain is a sacred space and there's nothing that can ruin the experience as having to share it with a thousand other tourists when doing the "usual" routes. There are however hundreds of ways of climbing the mountain, and our expert guides will share their secret spots and knowledge with you.
We offer various grades of climbs, from simple walks ("A" grade hikes), to "B", "C" and "D" grade scrambles, right through to traditional climbs. Whatever your skill level, we have something for you!
Security on the mountain is paramount and our guides will ensure your safety at all times. Our guides have thousands of hours of experience all over the mountain and can pick routes best suited to your skill levels, weather conditions on the day and various other factors.
Table Mountain forms part of the Cape Floral Kingdom, a UNESCO World Heritage Site – our guides can educate you on the incredibly diverse flora and fauna to be found. Did you know that there are more varieties of indigenous plants in the Cape Floral Kingdom than in any other place of the same size on the planet! There are almost 10 000 plant species in the Cape Floral Kingdom and more than two-thirds of them can be found nowhere else on Earth.
If you're a plant lover, why not join Warren, our flora guru, for an adventure not to be missed. Warren can guide you to specific orchids, for example the red Disa when it's in season, as part of your hike.
Your safety is our #1 priority. Our experienced, accredited mountain guides will make sure your experience is a safe one!
We're reaching the end of a wonderful summer, and conditions right now are perfect for hiking. No excuses, time to get the hiking kit out and come and experience something magical. Come with us, and discover the soul of Table Mountain.
The rains that fall in Cape Town during winter transform our mountain. Dry ravines from summer become fast flowing rivers with waterfalls everywhere!
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text:
Salted Caramel Apple Cake
This cake. Oh. My. Gosh.
I have had the page doggy-eared in Baked Explorations ever since I bought the book, which was something like four or five years ago. One of the downfalls of having a huge stash of cookbooks is that a lot of really great recipes can fall between the cracks. This was one of those unfortunate incidents, and am I ever glad that I dragged that book back out a couple of weeks ago. My fall cake eating will never be the same again. This is a very good thing.
Even though I adore baking, I don't make layer cakes all that often just due to the time factor. They're usually a little fussy and time-consuming, so I put this off for awhile, but I ended up being pleasantly surprised at how NOT very fussy or time-consuming it was. It certainly helps that you use the same thing to both fill and frost the cake!
This cake is incredibly dense and moist, thanks to the abundance of applesauce that is used as the "wet" ingredient. The cake itself is wonderfully spiced, then filled and frosted with an old-fashioned style cooked buttercream that is spiked with my favorite salted caramel sauce. The frosting reminded me of the filling for one of my all-time favorite desserts – Ho-Ho Cake. Which is to say, it's utterly fantastic. Since I believe that all caramel apples should be rolled in chopped peanuts, I sprinkled the top of the cake with peanuts. I love the extra salty kick it gave the cake.
Everyone who got to sample this cake was pretty much rendered speechless. My father-in-law already requested it for his birthday in February. My Chief Culinary Consultant said it's one of the five best cakes I have made… EVER.
So basically, you have to make this cake. There's no way around it!
One year ago: Tzatziki Sauce
Three years ago: Maple-Walnut Fudge
Four years ago: Football Jersey Sugar Cookies
Five years ago: The Neiman Marcus Cookie
Seven years ago: Hershey's Best Brownies
Salted Caramel Apple Cake
Yield: 10 to 12 servings
Prep Time: 1 hour 30 minutes
Cook Time: 45 to 55 minutes
Total Time: 2 hours 30 minutes
A spiced apple cake frosted with a cooked salted caramel buttercream.
For the Cake:
4 cups (482 grams) all-purpose flour
2 teaspoons baking soda
1 teaspoon baking powder
1 teaspoon salt
2 teaspoons ground cinnamon
1 teaspoon ground allspice
1 teaspoon ground cloves
1½ cups (340 grams) unsalted butter, cut into small cubes, at room temperature
2½ cups (496 grams) granulated sugar
2 eggs
4 cups (904 grams) unsweetened applesauce
For the Salted Caramel Buttercream:
1½ cups (298 grams) granulated sugar
⅓ cup (40 grams) all-purpose flour
1½ cups (340 grams) whole milk
⅓ cup (76 grams) heavy cream
1½ cups (340 grams) unsalted butter, softened but still cool, cut into small pieces
1 teaspoon vanilla extract
⅓ cup (109 grams) salted caramel sauce
To Garnish:
Salted caramel sauce
Chopped peanuts
1. Make the Cake: Preheat oven to 325 degrees F. Grease three 8-inch round cake pans, line the bottoms with a round of parchment paper, grease the parchment, then flour the pans, tapping out any excess.
2. In a large bowl, sift together the flour, baking soda, baking powder, salt, cinnamon, allspice and cloves.
3. Using an electric mixer on medium speed, beat the butter until creamy, about 4 minutes. Add the sugar and beat until light and fluffy, about 3 minutes. Add the eggs and beat until combined.
4. Reduce the mixer speed to low and add the flour mixture to the mixer bowl in three parts, alternating with the applesauce, beginning and ending with the flour mixture. Scrape down the sides and bottom of the bowl and mix on low for an additional 30 seconds to combine.
5. Divide the batter evenly among the prepared pans and smooth the tops. Bake until a toothpick inserted into the center of the cake comes out clean, 45 to 55 minutes, rotating the pans halfway through the baking time. Transfer the pans to a wire rack and cool for 20 minutes. Turn the cakes out onto the rack, remove the parchment, and allow to cool completely.
6. Make the Salted Caramel Buttercream: In a medium, heavy-bottomed saucepan, whisk the sugar and flour together. Add the milk and cream and cook over medium heat, whisking occasionally, until the mixtures comes to a boil and has thickened, about 10 to 15 minutes.
7. Transfer the mixture to the bowl of a standing mixer fitted with the paddle attachment. Beat on high speed until cool, about 5 minutes. Reduce the speed to low and add the butter and vanilla; mix until thoroughly incorporated. Increase the speed to medium-high and beat until the frosting is light and fluffy. (It might seem like it won't get to the fluffy point, but stick with it, it'll get there!) Add the salted caramel sauce and continue mixing until combined and fluffy. (If the frosting is too soft, put the bowl in the refrigerator to chill slightly, then beat again until it reaches a fluffy consistency.)
8. Assemble the Cake: If any of the cake layers have domed on top, trim the top off to create flat surfaces. Place one cake layer on a serving platter. Spread 1¼ cups of the frosting on top. Add the next layer and top with 1¼ cups of the frosting. Add the third layer on top and spread a very thin layer of frosting over the sides and top of the cake. Refrigerate for 15 minutes, until firm. Frost the sides and top of the cake with the remaining frosting. Drizzle some additional salted caramel sauce on top and sprinkle with chopped peanuts. Return to the refrigerator for at least 15 minutes prior to serving.
The cake can be kept in an airtight cake saver (or wrapped tightly in plastic wrap) at room temperature for up to 3 days. If your kitchen is particularly warm or humid, store the cake in the refrigerator. Allow the cake to sit at room temperature for at least 2 hours before serving.
(Recipe adapted from Baked Explorations)
177 Responses to "Salted Caramel Apple Cake"
I opened this in my email this morning, and thought it was the most gorgeous thing I could look at on a dreary central Ohio Monday morning.
Then I had the soul crushing realization that I could never make a gluten free version of it that would look or taste as good! Stupid Gluten…
WHOA!! I'm about to make a gluten-free version to die for. I do have confidence, wish you were here! 🙂
Could you send me the recipe??? I like to make an awesome cake for my birthday each year, and this would fit the bill!
what did you end up using to sub for the 4 cups of flours? Please do share as I'd love to make it too
My family and friends fell in love with your Chocolate-Peanut Butter Cup Cake. I will be impressing them with this one! I received a Cook's Illustrated Baking Book for my 30th birthday in August. I wish I could bake for my full time job like you! My 5th graders need me, I guess! 🙂 I love reading your page each day. Keep up the delicious work.
This cake is beautiful and looks delicious! But I've always shied away from making apple cakes with applesauce in them because of bad experiences trying to substitute applesauce in other cake recipes for oil..The texture has always ended up being a little weird even when doing half oil or butter and half applesauce. Did you find that so much applesauce weirdly affected the texture of this cake at all?
This cake looks amazing and is perfect for the fall season! I absolutely love when you post these mega cakes, they are works of art and look so delicious! I would love it with the salted caramel butter cream frosting, but do you think a tasty alternative could also be that amazing cream cheese frosting you made for that incredible carrot cake you shared with us? Thanks!
Any thoughts on if something can be used as a substitute for eggs? I generally use applesauce, but the cake already has that! Would love to make this next week, but have a guest with an egg allergy.
I find this list from Chef For You helpful when I'm baking vegan treats. http://chefinyou.com/egg-substitutes-cooking/
Hi Michelle, I am a big fan of your work and have tried many of your recipes and had great results and compliments. However living in New Zealand does offer a few challenges when finding substitutes for some ingredients.
This recipe calls for apple sauce is this simply puréed apples or a runnier bottled sauce that has liquid/water/apple juice added?
This is a wonderful recipe and something that I am dying to do for my birthday.
I was just wondering if there is anything you would recommend changing to make it a bit more calorie friendly. I was recently put on a diet by my doctor because of some issues I've been having. I really want this cake, but I am worried about the amount of sugar.
I was thinking maybe honey instead of sugar for the cake itself, but I am not entirely sure how to convert it.
Anyway, thank you for the recipe and for any answer in advance~
And sorry to be a bother
Thank you so much for posting this recipe and the mouth-watering photos Michelle – I was looking for inspiration for the office bake off and think I've found it!
Could you just confirm what size tins you used? I know they are 8 inches in diameter but are they shallow – what we in the UK call sandwich tins?
A standard cake pan in the US is 2 inches deep. So the pan would be 8 inches by 2 inches deep.
I got a couple of issues. I made this over the weekend.
1. 4 cups of flour = 482 grams (?) I think that is wrong
2. The cloves and allspice come across strong good but strong
3. In your picture your buttercream looks firm. I could NOT get it to firm up and the layers would slide off. Can you make any suggestions? Maybe after awhile go to the whisker attachement? Add more butter? Powdered sugar? Please help as I want to use this for a bake off this week! Oh, the caramel turned out really yummy:)
Made this beautiful cake yesterday.
The cake was AWESOME! A complete hit. The frosting, not so much. Oh, it was delish, but not everyone likes buttercream in our family. I think I'll try a cream cheese frosting next time.
I made the salted caramel, but it was a bit too salty for us, so I made the recipe again without the salt. I used that instead.
All in all, it was great. Thanks, Michelle!
Also, my brother is allergic to peanuts, so I used chopped pecans. Worked perfectly!
This icing is the best. I grew up making "mock whipped cream" where you cook the flour and milk to a paste and then after beating sugar and butter together, you beat in the cold paste. This was a similar idea and it is so creamy and silky–I LOVE IT! My husband and guests loved this cake and it is so moist. Great job, MIchelle!
OMG this looks amazing!!! I can't wait to make it for my friends birthday this weekend!
Anisa – The Macadames.xx
http://www.themacadames.com – Discover all things food,travel, style, home decor & more through the lives of twenty-something Aussie women.
OK, I just made this cake because it looked so amazing. I followed the directions and think everything came out ok but I found it to be soooooo sweet. I don't usually like such a sweet cake so I'll probably not make this again. My kids couldn't finish their small slice and had to scrape off much of the frosting. But it sure looks pretty 🙂
I also found it very sweet, April.
Hi Michelle, this looks like a great recipe and definitely want to try it tonight but I was wondering what your recipe for the apple sauce was. As most recipes i'm finding online include cinnamon and brown sugar. I did not want to add more if that would over power the rest of the flavors in the cake.
I found the frosting perfect, easy and whipped up fine. The cake….another story. Mine came out very heavy, dense and had the quality of undercooked…although it was. Cooked. Flavor was great, but texture off. Ideas what this professional baker did incorrectly? It also weighed about 6 lbs total! Thanks in advance….
Me too Marsha! I am glad someone else had the same experience – the cake was definitely done when it came out of the oven – tester was completely dry (well, a little oily), but when I cut into the cake half of the layer was so condensed to be almost like it was under cooked. The other half of the layer was more like a sweet bread texture than a cake. I followed the recipe exactly per the directions.
Made this cake following recipe and delicious! But I made it originally for a party with a dessert table. Comments of how gorgeous, but people said watching sugar – but then they took cupcakes (from another recipe form our site). Have you considered a repost of this recipe for cupcakes? Think it would be fab for Thanksgiving dessert table.
I just made cupcakes out of this and halved the recipe. Very glad I did! The half recipe made 17 cupcakes. I baked them at 325 (w. convection) for maybe 35 minutes? Wasn't really paying attention to time — just checked for doneness (springing back a bit when touched gently in the middle). I also halved the frosting recipe and it was the perfect amount for piping onto the 17 cupcakes. Of course, I made a full recipe of the caramel so now I have toooons extra. 🙂 Thanks!
I made this for my bf's birthday – she loves apple desserts. I would recommend to anyone to try it – it really was an easy layer cake – I was intimidated at first, but it came together without a lot of fuss. However, it was too sweet for my taste, and while there was definitely apple flavor, I expected to taste the apple more. I also had the layers sliding about a bit, but it held together better once it had been in the refrigerator several hours The texture was not what I expected, more like a sweet bread than a cake, and one of my guests thought it was zucchini bread. It's very moist and dense – on my cake plate, it must have weighed in at least 8 pounds. Certainly a different and special cake, but not worth the hype, and after a pound and a half of butter – I think I would want more return on my fat calories.
I know this comment is a little late to the party but I had to say thank you! This cake took my baking skills from "pretty good home baker" to "they will think I got this at a pastry shop" level. I have made this cake several times now and I use the weights in grams for all the dry ingredients as I think it makes the results very consistent. I even weighed the applesauce and found the jar label off by 7 grams. It took a couple times before I perfected the caramel sauce, but even it now is amazing! I know you don't usually work with a lot of cakes because they are so time consuming, but I hope you will post more in the future! Delicious!
Jsut wanted to let you know that I have just removed 3 gorgeous layers of apple spice cake from my oven. I live at high altitude in Utah and cakes are especially finicky. I halved the leavening and baked for 40 minutes (the cakes were definitely done in 40 minutes here). FABULOUS to have a recipe turn out. I have gotten much better at baking at this altitude and I know a lot of bakers look for adjusted recipes. I also adjusted the leavening on your UNBELIEVABLE Snickers cake and had a HUGE hit. That one I eliminated the baking powder and just did 1 1/2 tsps. of baking soda. Worked lika a charm. This cake is being made for a book club dessert and I ALWAYS have to test new cakes before I ever serve them for company. Looking at these beautiful layers right now, I am hoping they last till my book club!
Thank you so much for this recipe! It was a tough choice between this and the pumpkin cheesecake for Thanksgiving, but I, and everyone else at dinner, am glad I went with this cake. I wound up substituting half of the applesauce with pumpkin purée and made a cream cheese frosting flavored with pure maple syrup and bourbon. I did cheat a bit and used a store bought salted caramel sauce to top it all, but oh my the deliciousness that is this cake cannot be expressed by mere words!
I made this cake today. Overall I'm happy with it, but a couple of comments.
1) I think the caramel sauce recipe needs to be slightly tweaked to guarantee success. While putting the sugar into the sauce pan dry and whisking it carefully *might* work, your margin for error is very high. I tried this method twice without success. The first time, the clumped bits of sugar didn't melt into the liquid sugar before the temps got too high (even on low heat) and the second time, trying to avoid creating big clumps, I scorched the bottom before the sugars on top melted.
A much easier, and much more foolproof method involves using some water. Put 2/3 cup water in the bottom of the saucepan, dump the sugar into the center of the pan (allow it to mound in the center) and turn on the heat. The sugar will melt into the water and the entire mixture will come to a boil, with the sugar fully dissolved, while the sugar is still clear. Let it boil on a medium/high heat until 300 degrees or so, then lower the temps a bit (because at this point most of the water in the liquid will be boiled off and the temp will rise VERY quickly) and keep the heat on until it hits 350.
2) For the buttercream, it's not necessary to let the mixture come to a boil. Put it on moderate heat, be sure to whisk frequently (or the bottom will scorch) and the mixture will thicken up properly without ever boiling.
3). I always dislike "trimming" cake layers. And it wasn't really necessary here. Turn the layers out onto cooling racks upside down and leave them that way until completely cool. You will mostly flatten out any "dome" that may have formed. Place the bottom layer upside down on the serving dish. Frost. Place the top layer on upside down as well. This will give you a nice flat top. And "gaps" in between the layers can be filled in with frosting. When frosting the side and tops, it's easy to get the top and sides to frost completely flat and square if you use a long, flat edged spatula designed for frosting. That flat top is key to keeping the caramel sauce spread on the top and not totally running down the sides and pooling at the bottom.
4) I recommend putting some thin strips of parchment on your serving plate and then placing your bottom layer on it. While frosting, the excess will fall onto the parchment, which is easily tugged out once the cake is frosted. Your serving plate will be clean around the edges. Then drizzle the (cooled) caramel.
Otherwise I think the recipe is fairly sound. I made mine with home-canned applesauce, and am looking forward to eating some tonight at the birthday party I made it for.
Thanks for publishing the recipe! I think I would definitely make it again.
Hi – I am making this cake for a friends wedding but they want more of a caramel flavor. Do you think the clove and allspice could be reduced and caramel extract added to give it more of a caramel flavor?
I made this cake as a tester and they loved it there wasn't a single slice left, just trying to see how to make it more caramel. Thanks in advance!
Hi! First of all, I LOVE your blog. I tried this recipe yesterday. The cake itself was to DIE for. Simply beautiful, delicious. Just perfect. The buttercream, however, gave me a bit of a headache. I let the milk,cream and sugar thicken 10 minutes and when I put them on the mixer, after about 2 minutes on high, they turned solid and started to crumble. I was left with a very coarse crumble. I then followed the recipe and it did turn somewhat fluffy, but it was very granulated. Still delicious, but I don't know if it was the intended texture or not (I figured you'd have clarified if this were the case, so I'm leaning towards "I messed it up"). Did I let it dry out too much when thickening it? Is this normal?
Anyway, like I've said, LOVE your blog and this recipe is just too good to be true! Thanks in advance!
This recipe sounds amazing! I'm planning to try it but want it to work as a wedding/celebration cake and would therefore need to ice it in fondant/sugarpaste. I was just wondering if you'd tried that? Also, I know you mention about keeping it wrapped or in an airtight container – I assume that it'll be ok for a few days at room temp once it's iced in fondant?
Thanks in advance,
I've made this cake before and LOVED it and I'd like to make it again, BUT for a smaller group- has anyone successfully halved this recipe? If so, how? I'm a bit of a dunce and would love specific instructions!!!
Side note- this is my favorite cake I've ever made. Ever. And I've made a decent number of cakes.
I made a half batch of this recipe and baked it in a 9×13 pan. It took 33 minutes in my oven. The cake, including frosting was only 1 3/4 " high but SO delicious and moist! I cut back the cinnamon, allspice and cloves because of personal preference. A drizzle of salted caramel sauce over the top. It is so tender and just wonderful!!! Thanks for posting.
Unfortunately my icing curdled after beating it for so long because it wouldn't go fluffy. Then when I tried to assemble the cake I think the layers were the tiniest bit still warm so the entire thing fell apart. It was seriously disappointing because everything tasted fantastic! But it was beyond help so it had to go in the bin 🙁
I was wondering how I could use actual apples in the recipe? My husband asked for an apple and caramel cake, similar to the one we had for our wedding and I've been trying to replicate the recipe. This seems very close but our cake had apple pieces throughout – so do you think I could use half a cup of oil and 3 cups of shredded apple would be an even substitute for the 4 cups of applesauce? I'd love to know your thoughts on this.
I wanted to love this cake, having read the reviews that wax rhapsodic about its many delights. I really did. All those reviews, plus the CCC's stamp of approval couldn't possibly be wrong. So I planned it for Christmas Day dessert.
Well, I have to say that for all the hype, I am left a bit puzzled. No denying, it had many virtues. The cake was sturdy, and not prone to breakage. It assembled tall and beautiful. Mime looked virtually identical to the pictures. The frosting was delicious, having been laced with the salted caramel from this website. It was creamy smooth, and not too sweet, went on like a dream. I'd make the frosting again, in a heartbeat.
The cake was moist… Too moist, as it turns out, for our taste. The texture was almost sodden. Whereas it was completely baked through, it almost felt like it wasn't. Weird, I know, right? Could it have been the applesauce overload? I believe it probably was. Once you couple that with the 3 sticks of butter, it was just overly heavy for us. The taste was good, but not extraordinary. Aside from its impressive appearance, no one was blown away. Usually, anything I bake is inhaled. Here we are, almost a week later, and there is still a significant hunk left. Hate to be the lone voice swimming upstream on this one, but I was surprised to find it disappointing at best.
For some reason, which I no longer remember, something happened in the middle of me saving this recipe from your site (which I always do for EVERY recipe I save into my own standardized format for my use for various reasons) into my own documents and cause me to not have all of the recipe. This was at many many months ago. I am SO glad I stumbled on it in my files again as it ended up in a VERY bizarre spot (I thinking my computer must have crashed at that point) which I think was somehow meant to be. So opening up the blog posting all over again I went back and read everything you wrote about your experience with this cake and I noticed the statement your husband made about this being one of your best five cakes you've ever made. What I would like to know………..what are the other four he feels are your best? I had a very BAD experience this past summer at our carnival in town with salt and caramel and its caused me to be very very wary of wanting to make ANYTHING anymore with this gourmet salt trend that's big right now. I have a feeling at the carnival food stand, and this is what's odd, is that this one has been coming there to the same place and I think the same ladies for years. For an adult in theirs 50s I am worst than almost any kid out there when it comes to both cotton candy and candy apples, always have been. I'm torn about 50/50 if given a choice between the two apples of caramel ones and candy ones. I almost ALWAYS prefer nuts 98% of the time so what I do is purchase about 3 or 4 apples in a selection of choices to eat over the next day or two till I walk back down to the carnival grounds in a day or two to get more carnival food. Of COURSE I would NEVER let a child in my care do such a crazy thing (actually as that fun aunt I probably would) but you know what, I'm FORCED due to factors beyond my control (if I don't want to get nauseous and sick or to GREATLY increase my chances of getting cancer somewhere in the tummy area) to have to endure gluten free foods everywhere now in life. I've had to give up or tolerate a second-best in flavor/texture most of the time more foods I love than I could ever count right now. Cotton Candy and Caramel and Candy Apples are one of the FEW treats I can still have in their original state. I think I'm entitled. Besides, the apples ARE healthy for me, right? Anyway, just imagine my horror and tremendous disappointment when I came home one evening,after making my purchase I took a bite of this beautiful caramel apple and it was SO salty I nearly gagged. I literally almost cried. I had waited WEEKS to get these. I THINK someone tried their hand at doing the "salted caramel" trend, had NO idea what they were doing and completely ruined it. I was so upset I couldn't even go back for the rest of the week.
But…..its not very often you give such overwhelmingly high praise for something as you have this cake AND based on your husband's enjoyment of the cake AND the rest of your family I'm willing to trust YOU because I've been following your blog longer, for YEARS, than almost every other one in my very very long list. (and that's saying something if you saw how many I get emails from). So you've convinced me to try and go in with an open mind and some open tastebuds to give a "salted caramel" item another try in life. But don't forget, I STILL want to know what those other 4 cakes are that your husband considers your best. I'm VERY curious to know if they're also on my list and the types that most people enjoy the most.
I'm working on this cake now. The cakes came out beautifully! I'm not a huge fan of cloves so I only used 1/2 teaspoon of cloves and allspice and I thought that balance was perfect for me. The frosting is scary for me. I've never done a flour based frosting and I'm worried it won't set up but every time I'm patient and wait a few minutes and check it in the mixer it's thicker. It really does take patience, it was pure soup when I started and now looks like slightly loose frosting. This did take a good 20 minutes at least but it's coming together!
Oh my goodness it was worth everything! This is probably the best frosting I've ever made or had! It took like 30 minutes but it happened, worth it!
I am making this cake for Thanksgiving and need to transport it and then store it for a few days. I baked the cakes already (they smell amazing!) and froze the layers. Do you think this frosting will keep OK if I make it in advance and store it well chilled for a few days before frosting the cake? I've done this with regular buttercreams but I've never cooked one before.
This is a very good cake, worthy of special family gatherings and events! I made it exactly as written. The cake is just a good, sturdy apple cake, that I think tastes a bit better the next day, as is the way of spice cakes. I did make the frosting as written, however, for those of you who were having a devil of time getting it to come together, you may want to try a different technique. Because so many people were having trouble with this frosting, I researched flour-based buttercream and came across an excellent tutorial by another food blogger, The Tough Cookie. She explained why mixing the flour pudding into the butter, rather than vice versa, achieves better results …. and it worked! Here's the link to her tutorial:
Instead of adding the butter to the cooked flour/cream/sugar mixture, I whipped the butter and vanilla, then slowly added the cooled flour 'pudding' in parts to the butter. I then added the salted caramel sauce. The frosting came together beautifully and it sure didn't take 20-30 minutes of whipping!
Great cake! Looks so impressive that the oohs and aahs begin before you even cut into it!


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Featured artwork
My paintings explore our seemingly increasing detachment from the real world within a visual culture of ever increasing simulacra. The scenes that I depict are dream-like, being the product of imagination and inner-space more than any observed reality.
Featured artwork
My paintings explore our seemingly increasing detachment from the real world within a visual culture of ever increasing simulacra. The scenes that I depict are dream-like, being the product of imagination and inner-space more than any observed reality.
These works are explorations of hypereality, representation, video game imagery, mimesis and simulacra, and how the interplay of these things can be explored in the conventions of painting.
My work has evolved from a kind of straight forward photo-realist style into a painting technique that plays with mimicry and simulacra. For me, painting has always been about fakery – about synthesising the world into a plastic space. Today, it has little to do with transcribing direct observations onto canvas, but more to do with mimicking the plethora of media, looking inwards rather than outwards.
I'm interested in aggravating and manipulating my role as a painter of realistic imagery. There's no truth to be found in my work, the paintings are of subjects that are usually either fake, don't really exist, or are impossible to see in the flesh, but that still have a collective reality amongst groups of people. They act as a pointer to the plastic, simulated space that we increasingly inhabit. I often use source material that is a bad copy of the 'real', such as a museum diorama or computer game. I'm interested in exploiting the falseness of painting and mediated representations, and investigating a kind of melancholy that I feel when confronted with the apparently total embracement our culture has for the virtual, the simulation, the construct.
Qualifications and training
2002 - MA Fine Art, Chelsea College of Art & Design, London
2001 - BA (Hons) Fine Art, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester
Solo exhibitions
2014 - Counter Worlds, Futures Gallery, Cardiff
2013 - Mount Analogue, St David's Hall, Cardiff
2001 - Arc Arts, Arc Gallery Store, The Northern Quarter, Manchester
Group Exhibitions
2016 - Y Lle Celf, National Eisteddfod, Wales
2016 - The Human Condition, East Street Arts, Leeds
2016 - Art Copenhagen, Denkmark
2016 - Sound & Vision, Paper Gallery, Manchester
2016 - Semiotic Guerrilla Warfare part III, Dean Clough, Halifax
2016 - London Art Fair, Paper Gallery, London
2015 - [dis]Corporate Bodies 11, The Unstitute
2015 - artists@WAR, GalleryELL
2015 - The Manchester Contemporary
2015 - Art Copenhagen, Denkmark
2015 - Generation Loss, Paper Gallery, Manchester
2015 - KÖLNER LISTE, Cologne
2015 - London Art Fair, Paper Gallery, London
2014 - Exhange Rates, Paper Gallery, Sluice Art Fair New York
2014 - Manchester Contemporary, Paper Gallery, Manchester
2014 - 'Play!', Access Space, Sheffield
2014 - Cites of Ash, g39, Cardiff
2014 - Snow in Summer, Peek-a-Boo Gallery, Perth
2014 - Barnaby Festival, Paper Gallery, Macclesfield
2014 - Supermarket Independant Art Fair, Paper Gallery, Stockholm
2013 - Alter//Shift//Control, Bermondsey Project, London
2013 - Terraform, Mid-America Arts Alliance, Kansas City
2013 - Sluice Art Fair (with Paper Gallery)
2013 - Manchester Contemporary (with Paper Gallery)
2013 - New Lights Art Prize, Mercer Gallery, Harrogate
2013 - Trajector Art Fair, Hotel BLOOM!, Brussels
2013 - A State of Un-Play, Atelier 35, Bucharest, Romania
2013 - Waste Lands, Greenlease Gallery, Kansas City
2012 - Digital Romantics, Dean Clough Gallery, Halifax
2012 - Launch Exhibition, Paper, Manchester
2012 - Manchester Contemporary, Paper, Manchester
2012 - Outcasting: Fourth Wall, Various Venues, Cardiff
2012 - Welsh Artist Of The Year, St David's Hall, Cardiff
2012 - Y Lle Celf, National Eisteddfod of Wales, Vale of Glamorgan
2011 - Sho Home, Sho Gallery, Cardiff
2011 - Winter Show, Sho Gallery, Cardiff
2009 - Wood, Canvas, Steel?, Tactile Bosch, Cardiff
2005 - Makeshift, Midlands Arts Centre, Birmingham
2005 - Sefton Open, Atkinson Art Gallery, Southport
2005 - Shelved, Octopus Gallery, Athens
2004 - Le Petit Paysage, Liverpool Biennial Independents & Comme Ca Art Gallery, Liverpool & Manchester
2003 - AAS Sci-Fi Double Bill, Various Venues, Birmingham
2003 - XTC Ga Ga, Century Gallery, Cremer Street, London
2002 - Group Exhibition, The Students Gallery, Wimbledon, London
2002 - Red Mansion Art Prize, The London Institute Gallery, Millbank, London
2001 - Fresh Art, Business Design Centre, Islington, London
2000 - Departure Lounge, 1st Class Departure Lounge, Terminal 3, Manchester Airport
Curated projects
2012 - Create, Observe, Perform, Alkovi Gallery, Helsinki
2011 - Virtually Real, Stanley & Audrey Burton Gallery, Leeds
2010 - Virtually Real, Blyth Gallery, London
2006 - Britishness, Cornerhouse, Manchester
2006 - Making Love To My Ego, Castlefield Gallery, Manchester
2004 - Peep Show, Warsaw Gallery, Manchester
2003 - Show Home, Timber Wharf, Castlefield, Manchester
2014 - Atelierhaus Salzamt, Linz, Austria
2012 - On-line Residency, The Unstitute, London
2011 - Residency, Cite des Arts, Paris
Competitions, prizes and awards
2013 - New Lights Art Prize, Mercer Gallery, Harrogate
2002 - Red Mansion Art Prize Competition, The London Institute Gallery, Millbank, London