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Most Cited Research Policy Articles
The most cited articles published since 2011, extracted from Scopus.
Sustainability transitions: An emerging field of research and its prospectsJochen Markard | Rob Raven | Bernhard Truffer
Volume 41, Issue 6, July 2012, Pages 955-967
Sustainability oriented innovation and technology studies have received increasing attention over the past 10-15 years. In particular, a new field dealing with "sustainability transitions" has gained ground and reached an output of 60-100 academic papers per year. In this article, we aim to identify the intellectual contours of this emerging field by conducting a review of basic conceptual frameworks, together with bibliographical analysis of 540 journal articles in the field. It is against this background that we position the six papers assembled in a special section in Research Policy. These papers pave the way for new conceptual developments and serve as stepping-stones in the maturation of sustainability transition studies, by linking with the scholarly literatures of management studies, sociology, policy studies, economic geography, and modeling. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
What is protective space? Reconsidering niches in transitions to sustainabilityAdrian Smith | Rob Raven
Volume 41, Issue 6, July 2012, Pages 1025-1036
The transitions literature emphasises the role of niches, defined as a protective space for path-breaking innovations. Surprisingly, the concept of protection has not been systematically interrogated. Our analysis identifies effective protection as having three properties in wider transition processes: shielding, nurturing and empowerment. Empowerment is considered the least developed in current niche literature. It can be understood as either processes that make niche innovations competitive within unchanged selection environments (fit-and-conform) or as processes that contribute to changes in mainstream selection environments in ways favourable to a path-breaking niche innovation (stretch-and-transform). Adopting a more constructivist perspective, we subsequently argue that analysis of these properties needs to be complemented with particular attention for the politics involved in their construction. Attention to empowerment confirms the view that niche actors need to link to wider processes of social change, and suggests how this arises. The paper ends with an outlook upon two promising research avenues: (1) the reconstruction of niche development in light of the present framework; (2) analyses of the diverse (political) narratives seeking to empower niches across time and space. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Academic engagement and commercialisation: A review of the literature on university-industry relationsMarkus Perkmann | Valentina Tartari | Maureen McKelvey | Erkko Autio | Anders Broström | Pablo D'Este | Riccardo Fini | Aldo Geuna | Rosa Grimaldi | Alan Hughes | Stefan Krabel | Michael Kitson | Patrick Llerena | Franceso Lissoni | Ammon Salter | Maurizio Sobrero
Volume 42, Issue 2, March 2013, Pages 423-442
A considerable body of work highlights the relevance of collaborative research, contract research, consulting and informal relationships for university-industry knowledge transfer. We present a systematic review of research on academic scientists' involvement in these activities to which we refer as 'academic engagement'. Apart from extracting findings that are generalisable across studies, we ask how academic engagement differs from commercialisation, defined as intellectual property creation and academic entrepreneurship. We identify the individual, organisational and institutional antecedents and consequences of academic engagement, and then compare these findings with the antecedents and consequences of commercialisation. Apart from being more widely practiced, academic engagement is distinct from commercialisation in that it is closely aligned with traditional academic research activities, and pursued by academics to access resources supporting their research agendas. We conclude by identifying future research needs, opportunities for methodological improvement and policy interventions. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.
Toward a spatial perspective on sustainability transitionsLars Coenen | Paul Benneworth | Bernhard Truffer
Volume 41, Issue 6, July 2012, Pages 968-979
In the past decade, the literature on transitions toward sustainable socio-technical systems has made a considerable contribution in understanding the complex and multi-dimensional shifts considered necessary to adapt societies and economies to sustainable modes of production and consumption. However, transition analyses have often neglected where transitions take place, and the spatial configurations and dynamics of the networks within which transitions evolve. A more explicit spatial perspective on sustainability transitions contributes to the extant transitions literature in three ways. Firstly it provides a contextualization on the limited territorial sensitivity of existing literature. Secondly, it explicitly acknowledges and investigates diversity in transition processes, which follows from a 'natural' variety in institutional conditions, networks, actor strategies and resources across space. Thirdly, it encompasses not only greater emphasis but also an opportunity to connect to a body of literature geared to understanding the international, trans-local nature of transition dynamics. Concerned with the prevalent lack of attention for the spatial dimensions of sustainability transitions in most studies, this paper seeks to unpick and make explicit sustainability transition geographies from the vantage point of economic geography. The paper argues that there are two interrelated problems requiring attention: the institutional embeddedness of socio-technical development processes within specific territorial spaces, and an explicit multi-scalar conception of socio-technical trajectories. Following these arguments, the paper concludes that transitions research would do well to take a closer look at the geographical unevenness of transition processes from the perspective of global networks and local nodes. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Performance-based university research funding systemsDiana Hicks
Volume 41, Issue 2, March 2012, Pages 251-261
The university research environment has been undergoing profound change in recent decades and performance-based research funding systems (PRFSs) are one of the many novelties introduced. This paper seeks to find general lessons in the accumulated experience with PRFSs that can serve to enrich our understanding of how research policy and innovation systems are evolving. The paper also links the PRFS experience with the public management literature, particularly new public management, and understanding of public sector performance evaluation systems. PRFSs were found to be complex, dynamic systems, balancing peer review and metrics, accommodating differences between fields, and involving lengthy consultation with the academic community and transparency in data and results. Although the importance of PRFSs seems based on their distribution of universities' research funding, this is something of an illusion, and the literature agrees that it is the competition for prestige created by a PRSF that creates powerful incentives within university systems. The literature suggests that under the right circumstances a PRFS will enhance control by professional elites. PRFSs since they aim for excellence, may compromise other important values such as equity or diversity. They will not serve the goal of enhancing the economic relevance of research. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
Reconceptualising the 'policy mix' for innovationKieron Flanagan | Elvira Uyarra | Manuel Laranja
Volume 40, Issue 5, June 2011, Pages 702-713
Recent years have seen the emergence, take-up and use of the term 'policy mix' by innovation policy makers and by policy analysts and scholars alike. Imported from economic policy debates, the term implies a focus on the interactions and interdependencies between different policies as they affect the extent to which intended policy outcomes are achieved. However the meaning of the term remains ambiguous. Nonetheless, we argue that the emergence of the 'policy mix' concept into common use in the field of innovation policy studies provides us with a window of opportunity to reconsider some basic and often hidden assumptions in order to better deal with a messy and complex, multi-level, multi-actor reality. We draw upon a range of literatures to re-conceptualise the basic building blocks of innovation policy studies in order to arrive at a useful definition of 'policy mix' tensions and interactions of different kinds across a series of dimensions. We suggest that this reconceptualisation has important implications for the future scope and focus of prescriptive and analytical innovation policy studies. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
Co-opetition between giants: Collaboration with competitors for technological innovationDevi R. Gnyawali | Byung Jin Park
Volume 40, Issue 5, June 2011, Pages 650-663
We investigate why and how co-opetition (simultaneous pursuit of collaboration and competition) between large firms occurs, evolves, and impacts the participating firms and the industry. We develop a multi-level conceptual framework by combining literature-based conceptual arguments and insights from an in-depth study of an exemplar case of co-opetition between Samsung Electronics and Sony Corporation. Our study demonstrates that co-opetition is challenging yet very helpful for firms to address major technological challenges, to create benefits for partnering firms, and to advance technological innovation. We also show that co-opetition between giants causes subsequent co-opetition among other firms and results in advanced technological development. Moreover, co-opetition capabilities of firms play an important role in enhancing common benefits as well as in gaining proportionately larger share of the benefits. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
Developing a framework for responsible innovationJack Stilgoe | Richard Owen | Phil Macnaghten
Volume 42, Issue 9, November 2013, Pages 1568-1580
The governance of emerging science and innovation is a major challenge for contemporary democracies. In this paper we present a framework for understanding and supporting efforts aimed at 'responsible innovation'. The framework was developed in part through work with one of the first major research projects in the controversial area of geoengineering, funded by the UK Research Councils. We describe this case study, and how this became a location to articulate and explore four integrated dimensions of responsible innovation: anticipation, reflexivity, inclusion and responsiveness. Although the framework for responsible innovation was designed for use by the UK Research Councils and the scientific communities they support, we argue that it has more general application and relevance. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
30 years after Bayh-Dole: Reassessing academic entrepreneurshipRosa Grimaldi | Martin Kenney | Donald S. Siegel | Mike Wright
Volume 40, Issue 8, October 2011, Pages 1045-1057
On the 30th anniversary of enactment of the Bayh-Dole Act in the U.S., we consider the rationale for academic entrepreneurship and describe the evolving role of universities in the commercialization of research. We also discuss and appraise the effects of legislative reform in several OECD countries relating to academic entrepreneurship. The article synthesizes papers from the special section and outlines an agenda for additional research on various aspects of academic entrepreneurship in terms of system, university and individual levels. We also consider measurement and methodological issues that must be addressed in additional research. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
How journal rankings can suppress interdisciplinary research: A comparison between Innovation Studies and Business & ManagementIsmael Rafols | Loet Leydesdorff | Alice O'Hare | Paul Nightingale | Andy Stirling
Volume 41, Issue 7, September 2012, Pages 1262-1282
This study provides quantitative evidence on how the use of journal rankings can disadvantage interdisciplinary research in research evaluations. Using publication and citation data, it compares the degree of interdisciplinarity and the research performance of a number of Innovation Studies units with that of leading Business & Management Schools (BMS) in the UK. On the basis of various mappings and metrics, this study shows that: (i) Innovation Studies units are consistently more interdisciplinary in their research than Business & Management Schools; (ii) the top journals in the Association of Business Schools' rankings span a less diverse set of disciplines than lower-ranked journals; (iii) this results in a more favourable assessment of the performance of Business & Management Schools, which are more disciplinary-focused. This citation-based analysis challenges the journal ranking-based assessment. In short, the investigation illustrates how ostensibly 'excellence-based' journal rankings exhibit a systematic bias in favour of mono-disciplinary research. The paper concludes with a discussion of implications of these phenomena, in particular how the bias is likely to affect negatively the evaluation and associated financial resourcing of interdisciplinary research organisations, and may result in researchers becoming more compliant with disciplinary authority over time. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.
Users as service innovators: The case of banking servicesPedro Oliveira | Eric Von Hippel
Volume 40, Issue 6, July 2011, Pages 806-818
Many services can be self-provided. An individual user or a user firm can, for example, choose to do its own accounting - choose to self-provide that service - instead of hiring an accounting firm to provide it. Since users can 'serve themselves' in many cases, it is reasonable to suspect that they can also innovate with respect to the services they self-provide - possibly without the assistance of service providers. In this paper, we conduct the first quantitative exploration of the importance of services innovation by users, focusing on the field of commercial and retail banking services. We find that 55% of today's computerized commercial banking services were first developed and implemented by non-bank firms for their own use, and 44% of today's computerized retail banking services were first developed and implemented by individual service users rather than by commercial financial service providers. Manual precursors to these services - manual procedures that carried out functions similar to computerized services in our sample - were almost always developed by users as self-services. Our empirical findings differ significantly from prevalent producer-centered views of service development. We speculate that the patterns we have observed in banking with respect to the major role of users in service development will prove to be quite general. If so, this will be an important matter: on the order of 75% of GDP in advanced economies today is derived from services. We discuss the implications of our findings for research and practice in service development. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Environmental innovation and R&D cooperation: Empirical evidence from Spanish manufacturing firmsValentina De Marchi
Volume 41, Issue 3, April 2012, Pages 614-623
This paper explores the relationship between firms' R&D cooperation strategies and their propensity to introduce environmental innovations. Previous literature has supported that environmental innovations differ from other innovations as far as externalities and drivers of their introduction are concerned, highlighting mainly the importance of regulation to trigger them. Using data from the Community Innovation Survey on Spanish manufacturing firms (PITEC), this paper investigates specificities that affect rather how they are developed, and in particular the higher importance of R&D cooperation with external partners. The econometric estimations, controlling for selection bias, suggest that environmental innovative firms cooperate on innovation with external partners to a higher extent than other innovative firms. Furthermore, cooperation with suppliers, KIBS and universities is more relevant than for other innovators, whereas cooperation with clients does not seem to be differentially important. Finally, the results bespoke of a substitution effect between cooperation activities and the internal R&D effort. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Does a different view create something new? the effect of employee diversity on innovationChristian R. Østergaard | Bram Timmermans | Kari Kristinsson
Volume 40, Issue 3, April 2011, Pages 500-509
A growing literature is analysing the relation between diversity in the knowledge base and the performance of firms; nevertheless, studies that investigate the impact of employee diversity on innovation are scarce. Innovation is an interactive process that often involves communication and interaction among employees in a firm and draws on their different qualities from all levels of the organisation. This paper investigates the relation between employee diversity and innovation in terms of gender, age, ethnicity, and education. The analyses draw on data from a recent innovation survey. This data is merged with a linked employer-employee dataset that allow us to identify the employee composition of each firm. We test the hypothesis that employee diversity is associated with better innovative performance. The econometric analysis reveals a positive relation between diversity in education and gender on the likelihood of introducing an innovation. Furthermore, we find a negative effect of age diversity and no significant effect of ethnicity on the firm's likelihood to innovate. In addition, the logistic regression reveals a positive relationship between an open culture towards diversity and innovative performance. We find no support of any curvilinear relation between diversity and innovation. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Innovation in times of crisis: National systems of innovation, structure, and demandAndrea Filippetti | Daniele Archibugi
Volume 40, Issue 2, March 2011, Pages 179-192
This article addresses the impact of the current economic downturn on innovation across Europe. Using micro- and macro-data, we investigate to what extent some structural characteristics of National Systems of Innovation, along with demand, affect firms' persistency in terms of innovation investment. It emerges that the effects of the economic downturn in terms of firms' innovation investment are not the same across European countries. The competences and quality of the human resources, the specialization in the high-technology sector, together with the development of the financial system seem to be the structural factors which are able to offset the effect of the economic downturn on innovation investments of firms across Europe. Finally, some considerations about policies during recessions are discussed. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Innovation capacity and innovation development in small enterprises. A comparison between the manufacturing and service sectorsHelena Forsman
Volume 40, Issue 5, June 2011, Pages 739-750
This paper explores what kinds of innovations have been developed in small manufacturing and service enterprises and what has been the degree of innovation capacity that small enterprises possess. In addition, it compares what differences there are across the manufacturing and service sectors. The empirical evidence is based on quantitative data gathered through an email questionnaire which yielded 708 qualified responses from the representatives of Finnish small enterprises with fewer than 50 employees. The analysis is based on descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests. The evidence displays a rich diversity of innovation patterns in small enterprises. The empirical evidence demonstrates only slight differences between the manufacturing and service industries while it indicates significant differences across the sectors within these industries. The value of the present study lies in the better understanding of innovation development in small enterprises. The rich diversity of innovation patterns in small enterprises suggests that diversity should also direct the policies aiming at supporting innovation development in the context of small business. Finally, applying these results will provide more specific questions for studying the nature of innovation development in small enterprises. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
Entrepreneurial effectiveness of European universities: An empirical assessment of antecedents and trade-offsBart Van Looy | Paolo Landoni | Julie Callaert | Bruno Van Pottelsberghe | Eleftherios Sapsalis | Koenraad Debackere
Volume 40, Issue 4, May 2011, Pages 553-564
The phenomenon of entrepreneurial universities has received considerable attention over the last decades. An entrepreneurial orientation by academia might put regions and nations in an advantageous position in emerging knowledge-intensive fields of economic activity. At the same time, such entrepreneurial orientation requires reconciliation with the scientific missions of academia. Large-scale empirical research on antecedents of the entrepreneurial effectiveness of universities is scarce. This contribution examines the extent to which scientific productivity affect entrepreneurial effectiveness, taking into account the size of universities and the presence of disciplines, as well as the R&D intensity of the regional business environment (BERD). In addition, we assess the occurrence of trade-offs between different transfer mechanisms (contract research, patenting and spin off activity). The data used pertain to 105 European universities. Our findings reveal that scientific productivity is positively associated with entrepreneurial effectiveness. Trade-offs between transfer mechanisms do not reveal themselves; on the contrary, contract research and spin off activities tend to facilitate each other. Limitations and implications for future research are discussed. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Analysis of sources of innovation, technological innovation capabilities, and performance: An empirical study of Hong Kong manufacturing industriesRichard C M Yam | William Lo | Esther P Y Tang | Antonio K W Lau
Volume 40, Issue 3, April 2011, Pages 391-402
The concept of the regional innovation system (RIS) has been developed into an important framework for evaluating innovation performance. The study reported in this paper explores the relationship between the RIS and the firm's innovation system (FIS) according to the basic premise that firms that better utilize sources of information (SI) available within their regional innovation system (RIS) perform better due effect this has in enhancing the firm's technological innovation capabilities (TICs). The different innovation capabilities of a firm are regarded as the key components of the firm's innovation system. The sources of information available within an RIS include external sources (EXT) and external expert organizations, the latter of which are referred to as knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS). This study also explores the dual role of KIBS as both sources of and bridges for innovation in the RIS. Data were obtained through a mailed survey using a self-administered questionnaire. The utilization concept and the dual role of KIBS were verified. The results show that externally available information affects all innovation capabilities of the firm, while external expert organizations affect only the firm's R&D and resources allocation capabilities. This study contributes to the RIS literature by providing empirical evidence on how firms can interact with the RIS by utilizing SI to enhance their TICs and achieve global competitiveness. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
On the drivers of eco-innovations: Empirical evidence from the UKEffie Kesidou | Pelin Demirel
Volume 41, Issue 5, June 2012, Pages 862-870
The environmental economics literature emphasises the key role that environmental regulations play in stimulating eco-innovations. Innovation literature, on the other hand, underlines other important determinants of eco-innovations, mainly the supply-side factors such as firms' organisational capabilities and demand-side mechanisms, such as customer requirements and societal requirements on corporate social responsibility (CSR). This paper brings together the views of these different disciplines and provides empirical insights on the drivers of eco-innovations based on a novel dataset of 1566 UK firms that responded to the Government Survey of Environmental Protection Expenditure by Industry in 2006. By applying the Heckman selection model, our findings indicate that demand factors affect the decision of the firm to undertake eco-innovations whilst these factors exhibit no impact upon the level of investments in eco-innovations. Hence, we suggest that firms initiate eco-innovations in order to satisfy the minimum customer and societal requirements, yet, increased investments in eco-innovations are stimulated by other factors such as cost savings, firms' organisational capabilities, and stricter regulations. Based on a quantile regression analysis, the paper offers interesting insights for policy makers, by showing that the stringency of environmental regulations affects eco-innovations of the less innovative firms differently from those of the more innovative firms. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
On the green and innovative side of trade competitiveness? the impact of environmental policies and innovation on EU exportsValeria Costantini | Massimiliano Mazzanti
Volume 41, Issue 1, February 2012, Pages 132-153
This paper aims at exploring how the export competitiveness of the European Union has been affected by environmental regulation and innovation. Starting from the Porter idea that environmental policies may foster international competitiveness by inducing technological innovation. We test both the strong and narrowly strong versions of the Porter hypothesis, in order to understand if such a virtuous cycle is confined into the environmental goods sector (respecting the narrow criterion) or it spreads out through the whole economic system. For this purpose we adopt a theoretically based gravity model applied to the export dynamics of five aggregated manufacturing sectors classified by their technological or environmental content. When testing the strong version, the overall effect of environmental policies does not seem to be harmful for export competitiveness of the manufacturing sector, whereas specific energy tax policies and innovation efforts positively influence export flows dynamics, revealing a Porter-like mechanism. When testing the narrowly strong version, environmental policies, but more incisively environmental innovation efforts, foster green exports. These results show that public policies and private innovation patterns both trigger higher efficiency in the production process through various complementarity mechanisms, thus turning the perception of environmental protection actions as a production cost into a net benefit. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Factors associated with disciplinary and interdisciplinary research collaborationFrank J. Van Rijnsoever | Laurens K. Hessels
Volume 40, Issue 3, April 2011, Pages 463-472
There is a lack of understanding regarding the optimal conditions for interdisciplinary research. This study investigates what characteristics of researchers are associated with disciplinary and interdisciplinary research collaborations and what collaborations are most rewarding in different scientific disciplines. Our results confirm that female scientists are more engaged in interdisciplinary research collaborations. Further, a scientist's years of research experience are positively related with both types of collaboration. Work experience in firms or governmental organizations increases the propensity of interdisciplinary collaborations, but decreases that of disciplinary collaborations. Disciplinary collaborations occur more frequent in basic disciplines; interdisciplinary collaborations more in strategic disciplines. We also found that in both types of disciplines, disciplinary collaborations contribute more to career development than interdisciplinary collaborations. We conclude with three recommendations for science and innovation policy, while emphasising the need to distinguish between different scientific disciplines. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
What motivates academic scientists to engage in research commercialization: 'Gold', 'ribbon' or 'puzzle'?Alice Lam
Volume 40, Issue 10, December 2011, Pages 1354-1368
This paper employs the three concepts of 'gold' (financial rewards), 'ribbon' (reputational/career rewards) and 'puzzle' (intrinsic satisfaction) to examine the extrinsic and intrinsic aspects of scientists' motivation for pursuing commercial activities. The study is based on 36 individual interviews and an on-line questionnaire survey of 735 scientists from five major UK research universities. It finds that there is a diversity of motivations for commercial engagement, and that many do so for reputational and intrinsic reasons and that financial rewards play a relatively small part. The paper draws on self-determination theory in social psychology to analyse the relationship between scientists' value orientations with regard to commercial engagement and their personal motivations. It finds that those with traditional beliefs about the separation of science from commerce are more likely to be extrinsically motivated, using commercialization as a means to obtain resources to support their quest for the 'ribbon'. In contrast, those identify closely with entrepreneurial norms are intrinsically motivated by the autonomy and 'puzzle-solving' involved in applied commercial research while also motivated by the 'gold'. The study highlights the primacy of scientists' self-motivation, and suggests that a fuller explanation of their commercial behaviour will need to consider a broader mix of motives to include the social and affective aspects of intrinsic motivation. In conclusion, the paper argues that policy to encourage commercial engagement should build on reputational and intrinsic rather than purely financial motivations. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The strength of strong ties in the creation of innovationKatja Rost
Volume 40, Issue 4, May 2011, Pages 588-604
There is an ongoing debate in innovation research as to which type of social capital is more conducive to innovation: structural holes as proposed by Burt or network closure as proposed by Coleman. Although Coleman focused on the quality of relationships, Burt argued that the structural configuration of relationships was more important. I argue that, instead of being alternative substitutes, Burt's social capital theory complements Coleman's theory. More precisely, I demonstrate that, in the presence of strong ties, weak network architectures (structural holes or a peripheral network position) leverage the strength of strong ties in the creation of innovation. This implies that weak network architectures have no value without strong ties, whereas strong ties have some value without weak network architectures but are leveraged by this type of structure. The findings indicate that innovation research tends to overestimate the impact of weak network architectures in the creation of innovation. By pointing to the necessity of strong ties, the results may be of particular interest for research on open innovation. They suggest that open innovation will not work if closed innovation principles are pushed back. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Rickety numbers: Volatility of university rankings and policy implicationsMichaela Saisana | Béatrice D'Hombres | Andrea Saltelli
Volume 40, Issue 1, February 2011, Pages 165-177
The most popular world university rankings are routinely taken at face value by media and social actors. While these rankings are politically influential, they are sensitive to both the conceptual framework (the set of indicators) and the modelling choices made in their construction (e.g.; weighting or type of aggregation). A robustness analysis, based on a multi-modelling approach, aims to test the validity of the inference about the rankings produced in the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) of Shanghai Jiao Tong University and those produced by the UK's Times Higher Education Supplement (THES). Conclusions are drawn on the reliability of individual university ranks and on relative country or macro regional performance (e.g.; Europe versus USA versus China) in terms of the number of top performing institutions. We find that while university and country level statistical inferences are unsound, the inference on macro regions is more robust. The paper also aims to propose an alternative ranking which is more dependant on the framework than on the methodological choices. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Virtual lead user communities: Drivers of knowledge creation for innovationDominik Mahr | Annouk Lievens
Volume 41, Issue 1, February 2012, Pages 167-177
This study examines the creation of innovation-related knowledge in virtual communities visited mainly by lead users. Such communities enable firms to access a large number of lead users in a cost-efficient way. A propositional framework relates lead users' characteristics to unique virtual community features to examine their potential impact on the development of valuable innovation knowledge. The authors empirically validate this framework by analyzing online contributions of lead users for mobile service innovation projects. The findings indicate that the value of their contributions stems from their ability to suggest solutions instead of simply describing problems or stating customer needs. Lead users' technical expertise also makes them particularly well-suited to develop new functionalities, but less so for design and usability improvements. The digital context favors the creation of explicit knowledge that can be easily integrated into the development of new products. Finally, contributions given by lead users in a proactive way contain more novel insights than reactive contributions such as answers to community members' questions. The findings should help managers stimulate, identify, and improve the use of lead users' input in virtual communities. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Openness, knowledge, innovation and growth in UK business servicesJames H. Love | Stephen Roper | John R. Bryson
Volume 40, Issue 10, December 2011, Pages 1438-1452
We explore the causal links between service firms' knowledge investments, their innovation outputs and business growth based on a bespoke survey of around 1100 UK service businesses. We combine the activity based approach of the innovation value chain with firms' external links at each stage of the innovation process. This introduces the concept of 'encoding' relationships through which learning improves the effectiveness of firms' innovation processes. Our econometric results emphasise the importance of external openness in the initial, exploratory phase of the innovation process and the significance of internal openness (e.g. team working) in later stages of the process. In-house design capacity is strongly linked to a firm's ability to absorb external knowledge for innovation. Links to customers are important in the exploratory stage of the innovation process, but encoding linkages with private and public research organisations are more important in developing innovation outputs. Business growth is related directly to both the extent of firms' service innovation as well as the diversity of innovation, reflecting marketing, strategic and business process change. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.


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summer message for young people
June 22, 2016 in children's illustration, flying, moon | Tags: children, holiday, wishes | Leave a comment
A few things I might be working on…
April 4, 2016 in pigeons, songs, trees | Tags: books, love, projects | 3 comments
Professor Squawkish Fallathropy ~ Quoter Supreme ~ continued
January 31, 2016 in children's illustration, love, poetry | Tags: Professor Squawkish Fallapothry, quotes, splendid | Leave a comment
(please excuse temporary lessening of artwork quality as I experiment with different materials…like felt tips. Oh yeah! A Fine Art degree at the Slade and, years later, I'm just now realising the utter joy of these incredible deliverers of colour🙂
Professor Squawkish Fallathropy – Quoter Supreme
January 29, 2016 in children's illustration, poetry | Tags: pompous, quotes, wisdom | Leave a comment
a few wishes for awesome, wondrous you
January 5, 2016 in children's illustration, flying, journeys, love, songs | Tags: 2016, wishes, love, | 2 comments
work in progress ~ page five: where Ruby Gold and Myran HithWistle talk about then, now and soon…
December 18, 2015 in children's illustration, pigeons, Ruby Gold | Tags: pigeons, protect, young people | Leave a comment
why do they hate us?
November 27, 2015 in journeys, sea | Tags: hope, injustice, refugee | Leave a comment
Ruby Gold and Heron Bright visit Everyone Welcome Café
November 20, 2015 in love, pigeons, Ruby Gold | Tags: pigeons, sense | Leave a comment
…introducing Ruby Gold ~ an incredibly rare, two-toothed, trilby-hatted pigeon ~ more soon probably…
November 13, 2015 in flying, pigeons, Ruby Gold | Tags: pigeon, ruby gold, storytelling | Leave a comment
the loudest silence
November 10, 2015 in love | Tags: inequality, injustice, silence, worth | Leave a comment
sky dusters are always handy when roaming the Big Blue ~ and Mertallia Flourish sings star songs
November 9, 2015 in children's illustration, flying, love | Tags: magnets, miracles, sky | Leave a comment
secret forest of inside
October 27, 2015 in children's illustration, poetry | Tags: forest, mermaid, secret | Leave a comment
introducing Strewhart Humphloon ~ eyebrow-acrobat and poetic hummer extraordinaire
September 29, 2015 in children's illustration, circus, dances | Tags: eyebrow dancer, humming, strewhart humphloon | Leave a comment
a scene which occurs near the statue of Lord Pooompossity Alfred Spleen the Third, a wealthy benefactor, who hated poor people, but liked to be well thought of ~ and Lynn and Patsy
September 26, 2015 in poetry | Tags: lynn, patsy, street | Leave a comment
a small, roughly hewn (I love that expression…even though I'm not entirely sure of its meaning), scrappy dance-picture-poem about love…
September 18, 2015 in dances, love, poetry | Tags: dance, love, shy | 2 comments


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Psychology professor to speak about personality traits
Dr. Kathryn M. Ryan, professor of psychology, will speak about Personality Traits (It's Just Personality!) to the Williamsport chapter of the National Organization for Women at 7 p.m. Wednesday in the library archives of the Academic Center at Lycoming College.
Students, faculty, staff, and the public are invited to attend.
Dr. Ryan will discuss her 2011-12 sabbatical research project, 'It's Just Personality!' which is a developing book on contemporary theory and research on personality traits.
Ryan will introduce the context she is using for her book on personality traits explaining the history, contemporary cultural context and the psychometric needs for personalities.
In the presentation, Dr. Ryan will focus on three traits: the superconfident personality, the frequently anxious personality and the outgoing personality.
The presentation is free and open to the public.


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The United States government says it's going after those who criminally endanger the lives and health of workers. Keep reading to learn about this important new effort to hold employers accountable for their actions.
EHS Career Trends/Certification
EHS management is not just a job, it's a profession, and a noble one, at that. These articles and tips will clue you in on certification, career training, and peer group involvement in major organizations. And we'll also provide tips on how to make management at your organization more aware of the strategic, business-building value of EHS programs. Don't be surprised if your career benefits right along with the company.
Feds Announce New Push to Prosecute Worker Protection Violations
The United States government says it's going after those who criminally endanger the lives and health of workers. Keep reading to learn about this important new effort to hold employers accountable for their actions.
SPCC: PE Certified Revision Required
CWA Jurisdictional Case goes to the Supreme Court
The U.S. Supreme Court continued its keen interest in the reach of the Clean Water Act (CWA) by agreeing to hear a case about whether a jurisdictional determination (JD) by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) constituted a final action by the Corps. The Supreme Court will review a ruling by a panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 8th Circuit, which found that the JD did constitute a final agency action. This finding directly conflicted with rulings by a district court and the 5th Circuit.
Are You Overlooking These Four Health and Safety Sites?
Five a Day to Improve Your Safety Performance
A Strong Finish to This Year, A Strong Start to Next
Yesterday, we talked about some ways in which you can evaluate what you've done in 2014 and use it to position yourself well for whatever you might encounter in 2015. Today, we'll take a look ahead to the coming year and think about what you can do now to prepare.
A strong finish to the year
There's just one month left in 2014. How has it gone, health- and safetywise? Have you accomplished any significant goals? Encountered any significant roadblocks? Experienced significant personal or professional growth? Here are some things you can do to finish the year strong and go into 2015 with a running start.
Grow Your Network, Grow Your Career
Yesterday's Advisor looked at some of the professions on the periphery of workplace safety who might have enough in common with safety professionals to feel like true colleagues, and who might help improve your job performance. When you improve your performance, you improve your career.
Finding Someone to "Talk Shop" with, in a Safety Department of One
Occupational safety can be a lonely profession. Many safety professionals are a department of one, laboring alone in an area many other professionals don't really understand. So, outside the occasional conference or lunch with your counterpart from a different company, where does an EHS professional find someone to "talk shop" with?


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The NASCAR #Gen6 Road to Daytona Fueled by Sunoco -- a multi-city media blitz introducing the 2013 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series Chevrolet SS, Ford Fusion and Toyota Camry to America -- kicked off this week in Detroit. Additional visits to New York City and other locations are on the schedule before the tour culminates in Daytona Beach, Fla. on Feb. 13-14 for Daytona Speedweeks.
Some highlights of the NASCAR #Gen6 Road to Daytona Fueled by Sunoco:
Tuesday, Feb. 5
? In Detroit, Autoweek hosted a breakfast and panel session at the College for Creative Studies. Participants included Mike Helton, NASCAR president; Robin Pemberton, NASCAR vice president of competition; Kim Brink, NASCAR vice president of brand, consumer, series marketing; Jim Campbell, U.S. vice president of performance vehicles and motorsports, Chevrolet; Jamie Allison, director of Ford Racing; and David Wilson, senior vice president of Toyota Racing Development. Autoweek Editorial Director and Associate Publisher Dutch Mandel moderated the conversation. The program was streamed live on NASCAR.com and autoweekracing.com.
Wednesday, Feb. 6
? On Day 2, defending NASCAR Sprint Cup Series champion Brad Keselowski and the new Gen-6 cars visited the ESPN campus in Bristol, Conn. Keselowski (@keselowski) and the cars were the lunch-hour hit as he signed autographs for ESPN employees at the ESPN Cafe, while staff posed for photos with Keselowski's No. 2 Ford Fusion, the Chevrolet SS driven by Dale Earnhardt Jr. and the Toyota Camry driven by Clint Bowyer. Keselowski also appeared on several ESPN programs including SportsCenter and Pardon the Interruption, and filmed a "This is SportsCenter" commercial. On a related note, NASCAR Now is back Friday on ESPN2 from the NASCAR Hall of Fame.
Thursday, Feb. 7
? Two-time Daytona 500 winner Michael Waltrip and his team's No. 15 5-hour ENERGY Toyota stopped by FOX Plaza in Manhattan to chat with FOX News Channel and FOX Business Network. Tweeting his way through midtown (@mw55), he then visited SiriusXM Satellite Radio's headquarters to talk about the Daytona 500 on FOX on Feb. 24.
Monday, Feb. 11
? NASCAR President Mike Helton, 2012 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series championship runner-up Clint Bowyer (@ClintBowyer) and Miss Sprint Cup Jaclyn Roney visited CNN Center and spoke with the host of "HLN Morning Express with Robin Meade." Meade is a NASCAR fan, who appeared at the 2012 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series Awards and has sung the national anthem before races at Daytona and Sonoma.
Tuesday, Feb. 12
? The tour also visited Jacksonville, Fla., where Mayor Alvin Brown welcome the Gen-6 cars, Daytona International Speedway President Joie Chitwood III and NASCAR Vice President of Public Affairs and Multicultural Development Marcus Jadotte. The Chevrolet SS, Ford Fusion and Toyota Camry then made the less-than-100 mile trip to Daytona Beach and the headquarters of the sport. NASCAR President Mike Helton and ISC Chief Executive Officer Lesa France Kennedy addressed their company's employees as the cars rolled into the International Motorsports Center parking lot.
The NASCAR #Gen6 Road to Daytona Fueled by Sunoco can be followed on Twitter via @NASCAR and @SunocoRacing using the hashtags #Gen6 and #NASCAR. Since 2004, Sunoco has been the "Official Fuel of NASCAR," providing fuel for NASCAR's three national series -- the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series, the NASCAR Nationwide Series and the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series.
The NASCAR #Gen6 Road to Daytona Fueled by Sunoco arrives in Daytona Beach, Fla. on Feb. 13, and will be on display throughout the annual NASCAR Media Day scheduled on Feb. 14.


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Olbermann and Maddow eviscerate McCain over his lack of support of vets and the troops. Olbermann details all the pro-troops legislation that McCain either opposed or refused to even show up for a vote. You really need to watch this, then send it to your friends. These are actual votes that McCain opposed, actual legislation that would have helped the troops, and he was against it. McCain likes to talk about how he's all about the troops, but he doesn't like to talk about the specifics of his record.
Injured vets tell pull Dick Cheney invitation over security demands
Vice President Cheney's invitation to address wounded combat veterans next month has been yanked because the group felt his security demands were Draconian and unreasonable.
The veep had planned to speak to the Disabled American Veterans at 8:30 a.m. at its August convention in Las Vegas.
His staff insisted the sick vets be sequestered for two hours before Cheney's arrival and couldn't leave until he'd finished talking, officials confirmed.
Report Says Pentagon Pressured, Intimidated Auditors
Auditors at an oversight agency of the Pentagon were pressured by supervisors to skew their reports on a major defense contractor's work, hiding wrongdoing and charges of overbilling, according to an 80-page report from the Government Accountability Office.
When the contractor, who is not named in the report, objected to the draft findings of the DCAA audit, managers at the audit agency assigned a new supervisor to the case and threatened the senior auditor with personnel action if "he did not delete findings from the report and change the draft audit opinion to adequate," according to the GAO report.
Military Told Press and Families It Was 'Friendly Fire' -- But It Was Murder
For five years now, E&P has been chronicling the disturbing number of "noncombat" deaths in Iraq, often suicides, which usually come to light only due to the diligence of local newspapers. As part of that effort, last August I briefly described yet another case, involving a 20-year-old Texas woman named Kamisha Block, who apparently was much loved in her Vidor hometown. It was said to be death by "friendly fire," which officially is fairly rare in Iraq, so I kept an eye on it for days, in case of an update.
Leaked U.S. Military Manual: How to Train Death Squads and Quash Revolutions
JULIAN ASSANGE (investigative editor)
Monday June 15, 2008
Wikileaks has released a sensitive 219 page US military counterinsurgency manual. The manual, Foreign Internal Defense Tactics Techniques and Procedures for Special Forces (1994, 2004), may be critically described as "what we learned about running death squads and propping up corrupt government in Latin America and how to apply it to other places". Its contents are both history defining for Latin America and, given the continued role of US Special Forces in the suppression of insurgencies, including in Iraq and Afghanistan, history making.
The leaked manual, which has been verified with military sources, is the official US Special Forces doctrine for Foreign Internal Defense or FID.
Indicted Saudi Gets $80 Million US Contract
The Financier Has Been Indicted For His Alleged Role in a Scandal Costing US Taxpayers $1.7 billion.
The US military has awarded an $80 million contract to a prominent Saudi financier who has been indicted by the US Justice Department. The contract to supply jet fuel to American bases in Afghanistan was awarded to the Attock Refinery Ltd, a Pakistani-based refinery owned by Gaith Pharaon. Pharaon is wanted in connection with his alleged role at the failed Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI), and the CenTrust savings and loan scandal, which cost US tax payers $1.7 billion.
William E. Odom, 75; Military Adviser to 2 Administrations
William E. Odom, 75, a retired Army lieutenant general who was a senior military and intelligence official in the Carter and Reagan administrations and who, in recent years, became a forceful critic of the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq, died May 30 at his vacation home in Lincoln, Vt. An autopsy will be performed, but his wife said he had an apparent heart attack.
Gen. Odom was a career Army officer who was also a serious scholar of international relations and a leading authority on the Soviet Union. He was the military assistant to Zbigniew Brzezinski, President Jimmy Carter's national security adviser and director of the National Security Agency during President Ronald Reagan's second term.
More Articles...
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Selected Discography
Track List: Band Of Brothers
Track List: Stampede
Track List: Stampede (Explicit)
Track List: Hellyeah (Explicit)
Track List: Blood For Blood (Explicit)
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Phitsanulok Things to Do
Body Massage
As I was walking back to the hotel along the river from the Wat Yai temple, I went by a series of massage chairs laid out along the side of the road beside some fountains. A body or foot massage costs from 100 baht an hour.more
Wat Ratchaburana
This temple complex lies across the busy main road from Wat Yai and is well known for its 600 year old brick chedi that dates back to the time of King Trailokanat (r. 1448-1488). The chedi is said to enshrine relics of the Buddha. However, there is no access to the chedi's spire. In 1463, King Trailokanat of Ayutthaya moved the capital of his...more
Wat Nang Phaya
Wat Nang Phaya is located on the eastern bank of the Nan River, opposite Wat Yai. It is said to have been built when Phitsanulok was ruled by King Trailokanat (1448-1488). It has no temple, but it is known for its Phrara Nang Phya, which are votive tablets found within the pagoda's repository.more
Wat Yai
Phitsanulok's main tourist attraction is Wat Phra Sri Rattana Mahathat, known locally simply as Wat Yai (the big temple). This famous temple, built in 1357, is home to the Phra Buddha Chinnarat, which is one of the most revered Buddha figures in Thailand, and the official symbol of the entire Phitsanulok Province (an exact replica exists in the...more
Buddha Casting Foundry
Located opposite the Folk Museum, this interesting foundry specialises in casting bronze Buddha images and is the only establishment of this kind in the province. Craftsperson's specialise in the reproduction of the Phra Buddha Chinnarat Buddha image that you can find, for real at Wat Yai. I was shown around the foundry and workshop by a woman who...more
Folk Museum
This Folklore Museum hosts a collection of folk arts collected by Sergeant-Major Dr. Thawee Buranakhet and includes crafts, basketry, pottery and ancient kitchen utensils. The museum also houses a collection of traps for catching snakes, birds, tigers and porcupines. You can see the traditional style of Thai houses with their interior, kitchen...more
Wat Ratchaburana
The most special thing about this temple s that it has a gold corn cob shaped prang(?) or chedi(?). Most that i've seen throughout Thailand so far are concrete or other material but this really stands out. It glitters for miles around, especially when you consider that nearby are all low rise buildings. Also, the gold Buddha image within the temple...more
Rickshaw for sightseeing around the...
One vehicle which very old style but attractive and non pollution. If you 'd like to sight seeing around by no walking and not so rush, rickshaw or Sam Raw (three wheel bicycle) is a good choice. For price ,it's around 50-150 B/trip , depends on the distance. The route always pass train station, clock tower,river bank ,Rajaburana temple and...more
Floating house
It's one of the Phitsanuloke symbol. There're no evidence of floating settlement in this area. Some siad they came by their career as floating merchant,when the commercial on river was became less important, they began to settle the floating community in this area. Originally, it was a big community with 300 floating houses,but from the government...more
Rajaburana temple
Built in Sukhothai period like Phra Sri Rattana Mahathat temple. And when Ayudhaya period,King Borom Trilokkanath came for renovation and gave its name.Things to see :+Chedi , a white bell shape chedi on high base. Some scholars said this chedi contains the relic of King Borom Tri Lokkanath.+Viharn, next to chedi . Inside there're mural paintings...more
Wat Chulamanee
An old temple where was so important in Ayudhaya Kingdom. From the history,King Borom Trilokanath was once took his monk life there. The oldest building is Prang ,where assumed to be built in Lopburi period. When Ayudhaya period,this temple was renovated by king, also they built others buildings such as mondapa housed buddha?s footprint and...more
Chedi Yod Thong temple
Formerly an old temple in the same age as Phra Sri Rattana Mahathat temple or built in Sukhothai period. It 's just only one temple in Phitsanuloke where still have a lotus bud chedi. If you go by bus, take a bus no. 8 ,when it turn to Phya Seu Rd. or when it passed the railway ,notice for the right. It located on Soi 4 and you must walk about 200...more
Phra Attarot behide the complex of...
Originally , it was a location of big viharn housed Phra Attarot .Nowaday , it just remains a big buddha image in standing position and some columns . This viharn assumed to be built in Sukhothai period ,same as the front viharn named viharn Phra Buddha Chinnarat. The big building with the standing buddha image was so poppular in Sukhothai period,...more
National Museum Phitsanuloke
Open 9.00-16.00 Wed-SunAdmission : free of chargeInside represented artifacts and stuffs which found from excavation inside this temple and some dedicated from local people,such as votives ,amulets, buddha imaes, monks stuffs,ý.. At the bottom of building housed a big buddha named ý Phra Buddha Chinnasihý with the same style and date (Sukhothai) as...more
Sri Sukata temple
Thereýre some ruins buildings which the principal chedi decorated with buddha images stucco in walking position at the base(just remains 2 stuccos). The style of these stucco same as stucco images surrounded the base of Mahathat chedi in Sukhothai . When I visited all building covered with tree ,though it located in government office but seems...more
Phitsanulok Hotels
Topland Hotel & Convention Centre
This is a great hotell, and the only reason i dont give 5 stars, is beacuase they dont speak very...more
The Grand Riverside Hotel
Next to Bazar and near to Night Bazar (you have to cross the bridge). On river bank. Staff is not so...more
Amarin Nakorn Hotel
It is located in the center of the city. easy to walk to the riverside, or to visit one of the many...more
Phitsanulok Restaurants
At my hotel
You'll find this place at the Lithai Guest House, which is where I stayed (see my accommodation tip). It was a very useful place to have, close at hand and I ate here the evening I stayed in Phitsanulok. I had a steak that was a little on the thin side with chips (fries) and vegetables but it was OK. Steaks costs between 70-100 baht plus they do...more
"Chinatown" Food
The food is special only in it's simplicity. Usually pork is fried with noodles, or rice or vermicelli. Yup, one full meal on ONE plate; consisting of meat, vegetables, and rice. And because of it's location (near our hotel), it was where we dined for 3 consecutive nights. Fried rice (comes with pork), noodle soup (also with pork) and vermicelli...more
Noodle shop in sitting and hanging leg...
Know as Guay Teaw Hoy Kha, a local style noodle shop . Not just a sitting position style but some ingredients in noodle are different from normal noodle shop. Try it!!The best one I ýve tried located near the river. From Mahathat temple ,just walk to the North along the river about 500 metres. Thereýll be a very local noodle shop in wooden house...more
I found this restuarant 's so poppular...
I found this restuarant by chance of hungry.hehe At first time, I doubted why this restuarant 's so crowded. Just one try , I think this very local resto and very local food as Khao Kaeng (in Thai) or rice and curry offered a very delicious food. I can recommend this resto as the best Khao Kaeng shop in this city and I found locals also think the...more
Try local food
A big stalls center in this city. Both food and stuffs sell there along the bank of Nan river. I found this place 's so vary in kinds and styles. Don't miss to try a local food there. : )) Phad Thai,local ice cream,.......more
Don't miss these flying vegetables
This is really something unique, here vegetables are really flying through the sky. These vegetables are traditionally prepared in a Wok, once these vegetables are ready the cook throws them to a waiter who is standing a few meters away on a kind of platform. And this waiter has to catch these flying vegetables on a plate, and then they can be...more
Phitsanulok Nightlife
Not much else to do
Each night, vendors in Phitsanulok gather to form Phitsanulok's night market which is located along the river near the clock tower. Items sold include clothing and it's pretty good to stroll around in the evening as there's not much else to do. There are all several food stalls towards the markets southern end.more
The place for bicycle lover joining
Every Saturday night , around the clock tower at 7.30PM-10.00 PM., old bicycle lover (also together with their old bike) always have a big meeting there . so it ýs a great chance to see old bicycles which ýd be in collection only. Some ýre redecorrated and some ýre for sale.more
Phitsanulok Hotels31 Hotels in Phitsanulok
2 Reviews
Phitsanulok Transportation
Bus station
The main bus station is rather inconveniently located about 2.5km east of the train station but, luckily, someone took me there in their car as she was heading that way. Extensive bus services connect Phitsanulok with Chiang Mai and Bangkok. As Phitsanulok is a major transportation hub, there are also regular services to the North-East. Phitsanulok...more
BKK-Phitsanulok by train
If you choose train for transport to Phitsanulok,you can catch so many trians which run to North area like Chiangmai ,Sukhothai or Denchai. All kinds of trains 're available and the departure times 're all the day. The trip 'll take about 5 and a half hours to 7 hours which depends on a kind of train. Booking 's the must ,esp. on nation holiday.more
Local Bus
Phitsanuloke transportation 's very good service with 13 bus route around the city.And there 're 2 bus stands where the bus begin. 1. at the bus stop near train station. 2.at the bus terminal outside the city. It 's so easy to move around by no hiring tuk tuk ,though sometimes you must wait for a long.........time.more
Phitsanulok Shopping
Banana product: local product
Phitsanuloke ýs the famous place for banana product ,esp. in dried& sweet bananas (Kluay Taak). The best place for shopping banana products is market at the front of Mahathat temple. The price are about 20 B/half kg. & 35 B/1 kg.Related to:
- Budget Travel
Phitsanulok Off The Beaten Path
Stations between Lopburi and Phitsanulok
I took the train from Lopburi to Phitsanulok and these are some photo's of some of the lovely little stations we passed through. The stations are very cute with wooden buildings and lovely potted plants and basket flowers. They're very well kept, clean and tidy so Thai's must appreciate them more than we do ours!more
Wat Chulamani
The temple grounds was where the old Phitsanulok town once stood. This Khmer-style prang, or pagoda, is also the oldest temple in town and where King Boromtrailokanat and some 2,000 of his followers were ordained as a monk in 1416.We enquired about the tranport to get here from some motorcycle tuk-tuk drivers from Top Plaza, and were quoted 200...more
Wat Rajkhriri Hiranyaram & Doi Suthep -...
A local tourist police at Wat Rajaburana recommended us here. He didn't tell us quite what to expect so imagine our delight when our hired tuk-tuk driver took us up a winding, steep slope!We asked around for prices for a to-&-fro trip for this out of town journey at the bus terminal. Unfortunately, there weren't any buses that plies that route. So...more
Phitsanulok General
Map of Phitsanulok
Well, i thought if you were really interested in visiting Phitsanulok, and if you a map of it, it could help you save a tidy sum if you knew where places to visit were located.So, here it is! Feel free to print it out and use it as your guide. Just be warned that this was complimentary from our hotel, so the single most prominent thin you can see...more
Traveling with pets
When I moved to Phitsanulok, I took my two cats. The La Paloma hotel was happy to have the two cats as guests, and even put a quart of milk into my welcome basket. When I had to be gone overnight, one of the employees went to the room and gave the cats food and water.more
Don't Forget Insurance
If your current health insurance doesn't cover you while your abroad, you should consider getting international travel insurance just in case something should go wrong.
Instant Answers: Phitsanulok
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Explore Deeper into Phitsanulok
- The things which tourists may not know
- Off The Beaten Path
- Buranapim casting manufactory
- Off The Beaten Path
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1/23/13 at 9:28am
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Five young Kaifeng Jews made aliyah on Monday
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I have been practicing making the Grinch. This is my final one. Why? I like the end result. He is made from fondant,sugar glue,lollipop stick and gel coloring, a little plastic wrap to fluff the hat. Lastly, fondant sculpting tools.
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Simply the Best Place to go for Online Fly Fishing and Fly Tying
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Home » User's Pix » Danish sea trout 5.6 k...
Published Apr 3. 2009 - 7 years ago
Danish sea trout 5.6 k...
Danish sea trout
5.6 kg - 74 cm - Fly: The Omoe Brush
5.6 kg - 74 cm - Fly: The Omoe Brush
Denmark Sealand
Submitted by:Henning Eskol
Hi Henning, grea
Permalink Submitted by Jan-Ole Willers on Tue, 2009-08-11 12:04
Hi Henning,
great fish (and picture as well), congratulations from my side. What do I learn from this? That it is not true that I can't be jealous...
Not bad for a beginn
Permalink Submitted by Ripley on Wed, 2009-04-08 13:14
Not bad for a beginner...
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realmagick.com The shrine of knowledge.
Bryan Caplan
A selection of articles related to bryan caplan.
Original articles from our library related to the Bryan Caplan. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Bryan Caplan.
- Subliminal Persuasion: References
- (1957). " Persuaders' Get Deeply 'Hidden' Tool: Subliminal Projection " Advertising Age , Vol 37, page 127, September 16, 1957. Benes, Kathryn M.., Gutkin, Terry B., Decker, T. Newell, (1990) "The effects of mellow and frenetic music on...
Parapsychology >> Subliminal Persuasion
- Subliminal Persuasion: Overview
- Since the 1950's, there has been enormous public concern over hidden messages in art, music, and advertising. Subliminal self-help tapes are a multi-billion dollar industry. Yet many psychologists claim that subliminal influence consists at best of...
Parapsychology >> Subliminal Persuasion
- What is Subliminal Influence?
- The term subliminal is technically archaic , though it is still in common use. The problem is that it is hopelessly bound to the concept of a well-defined sensory threshold, a concept made obsolete by the introduction of signal detection theory into...
Parapsychology >> Subliminal Persuasion
- Why are some experts skeptical about subliminal influence?
- There was once a legitimate scientific controversy over whether subliminal perception really occurs or not. The question was whether someone can perceive something unconsciously. All kinds of experiments were performed to try to prove that we were...
Parapsychology >> Subliminal Persuasion
- Basic Concepts of Numerology
- The concept of numerology demonstrates that everything in the universe vibrates as its own frequency. You find the vibration rate of any object and you can link the qualities and positive energies linked to it.
Symbology >> Numerology
Bryan Caplan is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Bryan Caplan books and related discussion.
Suggested News Resources
- John Boehner backs Paul Ryan for president, calls Ted Cruz 'Lucifer'
- [3] These include George Mason University economist Bryan Caplan,[4][5][6][7] Michael Huemer[8][9] Donald Boudreaux, Alex Nowrasteh, Walter Block,[10][11] Ken Schoolland, Will Wilkinson, David R. Henderson[12][13] and others. Open Borders blogger ...
- Open Borders Day 2016 – some thoughts on immigration and conservatism
- For a more comprehensive overview of possible "keyhole" solutions to potential risks posed by immigration that do not require excluding people, see this helpful article by economist Bryan Caplan.
- BREAKING: Andrew Rannells & Patina Miller to Announce TONY AWARD Nominations
- On the big screen, Rannells starred in The Intern alongside Robert DeNiro and Anne Hathaway and Bachelorette alongside Kirsten Dunst, Rebel Wilson and Lizzy Caplan. He will also be seen in the upcoming film, Why Him? starring Bryan Cranston and ...
- Too many kids are barely enough
- American libertarian economist Bryan Caplan recommends having the number of children that maximises the average utility of the kids (their usefulness to you) over your whole lifespan. Two kids might seem enough at age 30, given your income and career ...
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text:
Al Mare in Città - Catania
Al Mare in Città - Catania
Hotel Info: 1-877-214-4288from $45
- Double Room
- Quadruple Room
- Triple Room
- Family Room
- Single Room
Also popular with travelers from the USA
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 4 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 1 floor
- Check-in time 4 PM-9 PM
- Check-out time is 10:30 AM
Airport shuttle service is available on request. Contact the property in advance to make arrangements. All guests must contact the property to communicate the estimated time of arrival. Guests can contact the property using the number on the reservation confirmation email received after booking via this website.
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
Travelling with others
- Babysitting/childcare *
- Pets not allowed
- Free WiFi and wired Internet access in public areas
- Free WiFi and wired Internet access in rooms
- Airport shuttle (available on request) *
In the hotel
- Free breakfast
- Bicycle rentals nearby
- Mountain biking nearby
- Scooter/moped rentals nearby
- Scuba diving nearby
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Luggage storage
- Multilingual staff
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
In the room
- In-room climate control (air conditioning)
- Air conditioning
- Coffee/tea maker
- Balcony or patio
- Private bathroom
- Shower only
- Bidet
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer
- Free WiFi
- Refrigerator
- Daily housekeeping
- In-room safe
Al Mare in Città - Catania's small print
Also known as
- Al Mare Città
- Al Mare Città B&B
- Al Mare Città B&B Catania
- Al Mare Città Catania
All guests, including children, must be present at check-in and show their government-issued photo ID card or passport.
Cash transactions at this property cannot exceed EUR 2999.99, due to national regulations. For further details, please contact the property using information in the booking confirmation.
For transfers, guests must contact the property 48 hours prior to arrival at the number on the booking confirmation.
Mandatory fees
You'll be asked to pay the following charges at check in or check out:
- A tax is imposed by the city and is collected at the property in cash: EUR 1.50 per person, per night, up to a maximum of 3 nights. Guests exempted from the tax: Catania residents; exchange students; University students; children under 18 years of age; coach drivers and tour leaders for groups of at least 25 people (1 coach driver and 1 tour leader per group); disabled persons, patients, and their companions/helpers (max 2 per patient), subject to submission of proper documents to the property.
Optional extras
Kitchen/kitchenette use costs EUR 30,00 per stay
Babysitting/childcare is available for an extra charge
Airport shuttle service is offered for an extra charge of EUR 18,00 per vehicle (roundtrip)
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.


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Item: NLS008
Naturally sweetened cranberry and apple juice concentrates
Add flavor to beverages, yogurt or desserts
16 fl oz Liquid
Naturally sweetened cranberry and apple juice concentrates
Add flavor to beverages, yogurt or desserts
Approximately 8.5 pounds of fresh whole fruit is pressed and concentrated to prepare each pint of Cranberry Drink Concentrate. A naturally sweetened product, it contains cranberry and apple juice concentrates. When 8 oz. of concentrate are mixed with 56 oz. of water, it contains 95% strength pure cranberry juice and 87% strength pure apple juice. Cranberry is well-known for its urinary tract support, making this concentrate convenient and great for you.
Serving Size 1 Tbsp
Servings Per Container 32
|Amount Per Serving
|% Daily Value*
|Calories 45 Calories from Fat 0
|Total Fat 0
|Cholesterol 0
|Sodium 10 mg
|Less than 1%
|Potassium 25 mg
|Total Carbohydrate 11 g
|Sugars 10 g
|Vitamin A
|Vitamin C
*Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet. Your daily values may be higher or lower depending on your calorie needs.
|Total Fat
|Less than
|65 grams
|80 grams
|Saturated Fat
|Less than
|20 grams
|25 grams
|Less than
|300 mg
|300 mg
|Less than
|2,400 mg
|2,400 mg
|Total Carbohydrate
|300 grams
|375 grams
|Dietary Fiber
|25 grams
|30 grams
Calories per gram:
Ingredients: Cranberry juice concentrate, apple juice concentrate, cranberry juice essence, apple juice essense.
Directions: Use full strength and mix 8 oz of concentrate with 56 oz water or juice to make a healthy delicious drink. Approx. 8.5 pounds of fresh whole fruit is pressed and concentrated to prepare each pin of Cranberry & Apple Juice Drink Concentrate.
Refrigerate after opening.
2.10 lbs
"With my personal 100% money-back satisfaction guarantee, you have nothing to lose and great savings to gain."
Lee Swanson, Founder of Swanson Health Products
If you are dissatisfied for any reason, we'll give you a full refund and pay return shipping.
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