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Resources: Worldview Chart
Place your mouse over a term in the worldview chart below to view the explanation. You can also download a PDF version here.
|Biblical Christianity
|Secular Humanism
|Cosmic Humanism
|©Summit Ministries® 2008
|Qur'an, Hadith, Sunnah
|Humanist Manifesto I, II & III
|Marx, Engels, Lenin, Mao
|MacLaine, Spangler, Chopra, Walsch
|Nietzsche, Foucault, Derrida, Rorty
[Greek: theos (God) + logos (word)]: The study of the existence (or non-existence), nature, and attributes of God.
Theism (Trinitarian)
The theology of Christianity is the affirmation of the existence of an intelligent, powerful, loving, just, and awesome God who exists in the Trinity of Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. From the Christian perspective, "In the beginning God" (Genesis 1:1) is the foundation for all meaning. Christianity further proclaims that this powerful, intelligent God who created all things in heaven and earth is the same God who took upon Himself human form in the person of Jesus Christ and died for our sins. Christianity proclaims a God who is both Mind and Heart—who not only created the world, but also loves it so much that He sent His only begotten Son to die for it. Christian theism declares in large letters, "God is," "God created," "God loves," and "God judges."
Theism (Unitarian)
Islam reveres Allah, whom they consider to be the one and only God, the only creator and master of the universe. This can be seen in their primary declaration of faith: "There is no god but (one) God, and Muhammad is the messenger of God." Muslims also hold that this god is the same one worshipped by Christians and Jews.
Secular Humanists believe that there is no God, that science and the scientific process have made God obsolete. Humanists believe that only matter—things we can touch, feel, prove, or study — exists and has always existed. Man is only matter (no soul or spirit). No supernatural explanation is needed for the existence of this matter.
Marx was an atheist before he became a socialist. Engels and Lenin agreed that religion was a drug or "spiritual booze" and must be combated. To them, atheism put into practice meant a "forcible overthrow of all existing social conditions," which would include the economy, government, law, etc. The Communist Party has not deviated from its founding fathers' attitude toward God or religion. This explains the persecution of the church in countries with a communist government.
The New Age movement believes that all things are divine, or a part of God: people, rocks, trees, stars, etc. Since everything and everyone is a part of God we have to get in touch with the "god within" to achieve total cosmic unity. Some adherents of Cosmic Humanism resort to channeling, meditation, Ouija boards, or hallucinogenic drugs to contact the god within. (In a very real way, these methods are the "sacraments" of the New Age religion.)
Postmodernists are not atheists in the same sense that Secular Humanists and Marxist-Leninists are. They may look the same superficially, but the motivation for denying the existence of God has nothing to do with the lack of scientific evidence. Rather, they would assert that, as Nietzsche said, "God is dead" because He's unbelievable, not because He's unprovable.
[Greek: philo (love) + sophia (wisdom)]: The love of wisdom; the attempt to discover an explanation for the whole of existence or reality.
Supernaturalism (Faith & Reason)
The philosophical quest that most appeals to Christians is the attempt to obey 2 Corinthians 10:5, "We demolish arguments and every pretension that sets itself up against the knowledge of God, and we take captive every thought to make it obedient to Christ." What makes philosophy non-Christian, what the Bible refers to as "vain and deceitful philosophy," is basing philosophy upon the "traditions of men, after the basic principles of the world, and not after Christ" (Colossians 2:8). The single most important philosophical truth in the Bible is that Jesus Christ is the Logos (word, or mind) of God. Christian philosophy says Christ the Logos is the explanation for the universe and everything in it. The major charge against Christianity in general and Christian philosophy in particular, is that it is unscientific. Christians claim that the Christian doctrines of God, creation, Logos, design, purpose, law, order and life are reasonable, and consistent with the findings of science, history, and personal experience in a way that the vain and deceitful philosophies of dialectical materialism and philosophical naturalism will never be.
Supernaturalism (Faith & Reason)
Because, like Christianity, Islam is a revealed religions, some adherents consider the fusion between the Islamic faith and the discipline of philosophy (or reason) to be impossible. Among those who do think it's possible, however, there are at least three approaches. The first is to use philosophical arguments to prove the assumed tenets of faith to be true. The second is to attempt to prove independently of one's religious beliefs that these beliefs are, in fact, sound. The third approach is to try to apply analytical philosophy to one's religion, in this case, Islam.
Naturalism says that only matter exists—things you can touch, feel and study. The Humanist trusts the scientific method as the only sure way of knowing anything, so if something cannot be observed, tested, and experimented on, it doesn't exist. Since you can't observe God, hell, the human mind or spirit, or conduct experiments on them they can't—and don't—exist.
Dialectical Materialism
Materialism is another name for Naturalism. The dialectic says that in everything there is a thesis (the way things are) and an antithesis (an opposition to the way things are), which must inevitably clash. The result of the struggle and merging that comes from the clash is the synthesis, which becomes the new thesis. This new thesis will eventually attract another antithesis, and produce a new synthesis. For Marxists, Dialectical Materialism is the driving process that moved matter from inorganic state into life, then to animals, then humans, and finally organized social institutions like governments and nations.
Because the Cosmic Humanist believes God is in everything, and that everything is a part of God, he must conclude that everything, in essence, is spiritual. The things that we can see and feel are only a manifestation of spirit, and all matter will melt away when universal consciousness is achieved. This view leads the New Ager to believe all matter can be controlled by an enlightened mind, one that is in touch with the god within. Health, wealth, even a good sex life, are all perceived as the result of "mind over matter."
The belief in an objective reality is rejected by Postmodernists. Rather, they assert, reality is the subjective construction of human thought. As a consequence, they also deny universal truth, rejecting anything that smacks of a metanarrative, which is an explanation that purports to unify the world in a broad, over-arching story.
[Greek: ethikos (custom)]: The study of conduct, moral values, duties, actions, and ends.
Moral Absolutes
God's moral nature is absolute and unchanging. God always hates evil and loves good. The Bible is of supreme importance because it tells us the difference between the two, providing a framework on which a completely unambiguous ethics must be built. According to biblical Christianity, ethical relativism leads to destruction (Matthew 7:13). Christian ethics is inseparable from theology for the simple reason that Christian ethics is grounded in the character of God. Rather than believing in some ethical scheme bound to society's ever-changing whims, the Christian answers to a specific moral order revealed to man through both general revelation and the special revelation of the Bible and the person of Jesus Christ.
Moral Absolutes
The Muslim understanding of the Qur'an and the practices of Muhammad serve as the foundation for Islamic ethics. This foundation happens within the context of worshipping and submitting to Allah. All human beings are called to "command the good and forbid the evil" in ever sphere of life. In addition, it is believed that people have been given the means to discern the will of God and to adhere to it.
Moral Relativism
Since the Humanist rejects the existence of God, human beings get to decide on standards and values. Humanists believe that science, reason, and historical experience are sufficient guides for figuring out what is right or wrong in any situation. These standards will not always be the same, as each person has a different background and reasoning. Therefore, the standards and values—ethics—are relative. The Humanist Manifesto II states, "We affirm that moral values derive their source from human experience. Ethics is autonomous and situational, needing not theological or ideological sanction. Ethics stems from human need and interest."
Proletariat Morality
Marxist ethics don't come from a sense of absolute rules, but from the cause of communism. Whatever advances the proletariat (the working class) is morally good. Whatever advances the cause of communism is morally good, whatever hinders its advance in social and human evolution is morally evil. The killing fields of Cambodia, the Soviet Union and the Ukraine, as well as the mass murders in China were the practical results of proletariat, or class morality.
Moral Relativism (Karma)
Since each individual is divine, they need only get in touch with the universal god-consciousness within to act morally. According to this standard, virtually every mindset and action is justified—with the notable exception of adhering to a worldview that believes in moral absolutes (such a view supposedly stunts a person's ethical progress).
The aspect of karma says that the total effect of a person's actions and conduct during each phase of existence determines the person's destiny.
Cultural Relativism
If philosophical truth (what we can know about reality) resides in the local community, it follows that moral truth (how we should behave) resides in the same community. Since, as the Postmodernist suggests, there is no "grand narrative" telling us what is real and how to behave, each community develops its own "little narratives" to fulfill those needs.
[Greek bios (life) + logos (word)]: The study of living organisms.
Only the creationist perspective can adequately account for design in nature, since it postulates a Designer, a law-giver and an orderly cause, while the materialist can only posit chance. Christians believe the creationist model as described in scripture better fits the facts of science than the evolutionary model. Christianity trusts the authority of Genesis and declarations concerning creation, such as Mark 10:6 and Colossians 1:16. Science and Christianity are demonstrated to be compatible and to declare in unison that God "created all things" (Ephesians 3:9). The Bible gives us information about God and His universe; science gives us information about God's universe.
Islamic creationism is the belief that the universe (including humanity) was created directly by Allah as explained in the Qur'an. While contemporary Islam tends to take religious texts literally, it usually views Genesis as a corrupted version of God's message.
Neo-Darwinian Evolution
The theory of Neo-Darwinism purports that natural selection acts on the genetic variations within individuals in populations and that mutations (especially random copying errors in DNA) provide the main source of these variations. Because positive mutations seem to be rare, Neo-Darwinism contends that evolution will be a slow, gradual process. Without naturalistic evolution, there is no Secular Humanism. Anything else would demand a Creator, which would mean that man is not the source of all things. Humanists believe that science has proven the theory of evolution to the extent that it is no longer a theory but a scientific fact. According to this "fact," man is the most highly evolved of all creatures, and is now responsible for directing and aiding the evolutionary process.
Punctuated Evolution
Marxism-Leninism also depends on the theories of evolution and spontaneous generation. Karl Marx made it very clear that the origin of the species contained the scientific basis for his views on the class struggle. However, Marxist dialectical materialism called for something more than just the gradual progress of natural selection. The dialectic needs a theory with clashes and leaps. This is satisfied with punctuated equilibrium, which says that each species stayed the same for long periods of time (equilibrium) and evolution happened through occasional ruptures or leaps (punctuations) from one species to another.
Cosmic Evolution
The New Age movement sees mankind as evolving from disharmony to harmony, until evolution has guided men and women out of the material into becoming completely spiritual beings. Evolution is central to Cosmic Humanist doctrine, because it ensures mankind's eventual progression to godhood.
Punctuated Evolution
Though Postmodernists are not comfortable with the traditional theory of evolution because of the metanarrative aspect of it, they feel the most comfortable with punctuated evolutionary theory because of the aspects of chance and discontinuity.
[Greek: psyche (soul) + logos (word)]: The study of the soul, mind, and spirit.
Mind/Body Dualism (Fallen)
Only Christianity, with its emphasis on the spiritual and its understanding of man's fallen condition (Romans 1-2) can truly address the innermost concerns of the individual. Christian psychology helps people get in touch with their real selves only because it allows them to recognize their own sinfulness and consequently their need for a Savior. Our greatest need is not self-esteem; rather, it is the realization that we are sinners in rebellion against God. "Christianity starts off," says Kilpatrick, "by saying that we're not OK the way we are. There is something wrong with us—a twist in our natures. And the twist is not removed by liking yourself, but by starting to live in Christ." Only after receiving Christ as Savior can people begin to understand their value as creations in God's image and lead triumphant lives. Rather than demanding that the individual ignore his conscience, the Christian calls for him to recognize that his guilt is real, then to face his guilt and repent. Biblical Christianity teaches moral responsibility, whereas Humanism and Marxism blame individual moral failings on society or the environment.
Mind/Body Dualism (un-fallen)
While Islam affirms that human beings exist beyond the death of the body—thus affirming some form of distinction between the body and the soul—its view of human nature diverges from the Christian understanding. This is because the Muslim view of human nature does not include the attribute of fallenness. Rather than seeing Adam and Eve's sin as giving every human being a sinful nature, Islam sees their disobedience as having been completely forgiven, thus leaving no trace in the generations that have followed.
Monism (Self-Actualization)
This psychology focuses on man's inherent goodness and predicts that every individual can achieve mental health through the fulfillment of physical or material needs. This is self-actualization. Monism means that man is only body, that no soul, mind, or conscience exist. If man is only matter, then his actions are simply the result of mechanical impulses. This notion, called behaviorism, is inconsistent because it directly contradicts the Humanist's atheistic theology and naturalistic philosophy, which claim that man, is the master of his fate.
Monism (Behaviorism)
Behaviorism says that everything a person does is the result of two purely material reasons: the individual's physical makeup and the influence of the environment on a person's nervous system. The brain is just a collection of nerves and blood vessels and tissues that have been programmed to react a certain way. The programming is done by a person's environment: his education, surroundings, family, background, etc. Just like Pavlov conditioned his dogs to salivate when they heard a bell, humans are conditioned to feel patriotic when they see a flag, or to rescue children from drowning. This conclusion follows logically from their materialist philosophy (only matter exists). However, Marxism has a problem if this is all the further they go. If every man's actions are programmed, how could any individual consciously choose to revolt? The Marxist must water down behaviorism to encourage the worker to actively, consciously strive for Communism. The Marxist's belief in Pavlov's "second stimuli" of language allows the Marxist to claim that while man's actions are largely determined, the individual can obtain a measure of freedom in his use of and response to the stimulus of language. In this way, the Marxist is able to cling to his behavioristic assumptions and still claim that the worker may choose to join the revolution.
Higher Consciousness
Society and the environment, according to the New Age movement, stifle our knowledge of the god within. Thus, the aim of psychology should be to cause each individual to realize that they are fundamentally perfect and therefore should trust their intuitive urges. According to the New Age doctrine, a man's true self would never urge him to contribute in any way to dis-unity.
Socially-Constructed Selves
Within the Postmodern worldview, there's neither a clear-cut nor a single answer to the question "Who am I?" According to these psychologists, there is no single, separate, unified self. Rather, we are made up of many selves.
The way that we come to this multiplicity is through the collective influences of various social factors, including language, geography, family, education, government, etc. Therefore, rather than having a static nature, we are a social construction.
[French socio (social, society) + Greek: logos (word)]: The study of social institutions and society.
Traditional Family, Church, State
Christian sociology is based on the proposition that both the individual and the social order are important to God, mankind and society. Christ died and rose again for each person as an individual; God also ordained social institutions to teach love, respect, discipline, work and community; family, church and state are the three most important of these. Christian sociology focuses both on society as a means for human cooperation in accordance with God's will, and on the individual as a vital part of various social institutions in society.
Polygamy, Mosque, Islamic State
Like Christianity, the family, worship of God, and the state are central to Islamic teachings. Of course, there are substantial differences. While most Muslims practice monogamy, the Qur'an permits a man to have four wives upon certain conditions. Regarding the worship of God and the government, Islam does not distinguish between social institutions and the state. It is a comprehensive reality—the state is to be as much Islamic as is the local mosque.
Non-traditional Family, Church, State
Humanists use sociology to explain the huge gulf between their view that man is capable of perfection and the real world of evil. They say civilization and culture shape the individual. Thus, man is evil primarily because his cultural and social environment are evil, not through any fault of his own—society and culture have influenced man's actions and have therefore stifled this inherent goodness. One of the most stifling of human institutions is the family. Government sponsored education provides the most desirable method for abolishing outdated social institutions and ensuring the development of a free society.
Classless Society
A society in which everyone is both the owners of the means of production and their own employees. In this scenario, there is no need for government because every man can be trusted to act responsibly and rightly, which also negates the need for the church or family.
Non-traditional Family, Church, State
To explain the all-too-obvious evil done by man, the Cosmic Humanist resorts to blaming traditional society—especially the central principles of Western Civilization. Various New Age leaders blame different aspects: technology, male-dominant norms (including those of the traditional family), the free-enterprise system, a central government, and dogmatic monotheistic religions. This results in a rebellion against all traditional values without examining their reason for existence.
Sexual Egalitarianism
The Postmodern sociology seeks to even the playing field by emphasizing the value of those typically considered on the cultural fringe, such as the poor and oppressed. Unfortunately this emphasis often turns into a demonization of those who have enjoyed positions of power such as white males.
[English: lagu (code, rules)]: The study of principles of conduct or procedure which are expected to be observed.
Divine/Natural Law
Christian law consists of both natural and divine, or biblical, law originating in the very character of a righteous and loving God. Divine law is eternal because God is eternal. It is so eternal and permanent that someday God will use it to judge the world (Acts 17:31) in a judgment based on natural and revealed law (Romans 2:12f). God established human government and the rule of law primarily to keep in check man's sinful nature and passions (Romans 13:1–4). Because of the Fall, human history reflects a continuing effort by men to substitute man-made law for God's law. Christians believe that when God's laws are obeyed, men and societies thrive. The Christian concept of human rights involves the biblical doctrine of man's creation in the image of God. These rights, which carry with them specific responsibilities, are unalienable. God's Word and nature's law are sufficient for mankind to establish a legal system that exemplifies man's creative image, but does not soft-pedal his depravity.
Shari'ah Law
Governing many aspects of day-to-day life, Shari'ah Law is taken from four different sources: the Qur'an, the Sunnah, the Ijma', and the Qiyas. Shari'ah refers to the body of laws Muslims believe are applicable, while fiqh is the human endeavor to understand and apply those laws. Muslim jurists do not have as their goal the making of laws, but the understanding or knowledge of a law deemed to already exist. In contrast to biblical Christianity, however, Shari'ah does not reveal the nature of God, only his will.
Positive Law
In Secular Humanism, the state is given sovereignty, which is entirely rational because there is no higher power to be taken into consideration. Just as man is seen as the final word in ethics, the world state is seen as the only source for legal "truth." The Humanist believes that crime is more the fault of the social order than an inherent flaw in the criminal.
Proletariat Law
In Marxism-Leninism, sovereignty is given to the proletariat. Marxists generally trace law back to the concept of private property. Law was devised by the propertied class to protect its property. Marxists refer to this a bourgeois law. The basis of proletariat law is to protect social or state property. Socialist law grants certain human rights but only such rights as assist the advancement of socialism and communism, or only such rights as advance evolution. Once the full socialist system is victorious, however, the proletariat class experiences its victory of communist paradise and law ceases (along with the state).
The biological theory of evolution plays a significant role in Marxist legal theory. There are no legal absolutes because mankind is evolving and law is evolving with it. There is no eternal lawgiver, and there are no eternal legal principles. Legal principles assisting man in his evolution are just; all others are unjust.
Self Law
Individual autonomy means that each person gets to decide what is right and act for himself. Any need for laws and legislation will quickly fade away as we grow closer to achieving god-consciousness. The unenlightened people who still believe mankind is inherently evil require laws, but once this outdated concept is exposed as a lie the world will function in complete harmony.
Critical Legal Studies
From a Postmodern perspective, the source of knowledge and justice within the Western paradigm is the root of the problem. They insist that Western law, which grew out of Christianity and the Enlightenment, reflects white male bias. They attack reason and objective truth, preferring the means of truth arrived at by storytelling. For this reason, Postmodernists are intent on eliminating religious roots and transcendent qualities from Western law, desiring more fragmentation and subjectivity, and less objective morality than the Judeo-Christian tradition demands. In the end, they are intent on creating and using their own brand of social justice merely for left-wing political purposes.
Critical legal studies, then, becomes the means to discover the subjective and biased intent of the law.
[Greek: polis (city)]: The art of governing a city, state, or nation.
Justice, Freedom, Order
Biblical Christianity recognizes the state as a God-ordained institution (Genesis 9:6, Romans 13:1–7, 1 Peter 2:13–17). Christianity believes in the depravity of man (Jeremiah 17:9) and his moral responsibility and therefore that government is a necessary institution—even to the imposition of the death penalty (Genesis 9:6, Romans 13:1–4). However, government has limited obligations, not totalitarian powers. The Bible calls for limited government, falling somewhere between no government (anarchy) and total government (totalitarianism). Caesar has his role, but God has also appointed separate roles for the family and the church.
Islamic Theocracy (Global Islam)
Global Islam means that all nations would be ruled under an Islamic theocracy, which is simply a national government set up under the rule of Allah's divine sanction as expressed in the Qur'an and Shari'ah law. Though early Islam spread primarily through force, this methodology does not enjoy as much widespread support though it is still practiced by many Muslims.
Liberalism (Secular World Government)
Humanists believe that world government is the next logical step on man's evolutionary road to utopia as man is now conscious of his evolution and is responsible to direct it. Also, a goal of Humanism is world peace, and a global state can best achieve it. The state, directed properly, plays a central role in guiding man. As Julian Huxley said, "To have any success in fulfilling his destiny as the controller or agent of future evolution on earth, [man] must become one single inter-thinking group with one general framework of ideas..."
Statism (Communist World Government)
Eventually, the proletariat throughout the world will rise up, throw off the chains of bourgeois oppression, and seize the means of production as well as political power, thereby establishing a worldwide "dictatorship of the proletariat." When this occurs, mankind will be taking its next major evolutionary step toward the coming world government. Marxists are willing to call for a one-world dictatorship, or state, of the proletariat because they will control such a government through Marxist-Leninist law. The Marxist believes that once every trace of bourgeois ideology and all the remains of capitalistic tradition have been eradicated a fully communist society will exist. In such a society, government will become unnecessary and wither away.
Self Government (New World Order)
As with law, the need for politics and government only exists because some individuals refuse to get in touch with their true selves. The trend toward a one-world government is perceived by Cosmic Humanists as a positive sign that we are evolving away from our need for government toward spiritual unity or finding the "oneness" with everything that is the real basis of all spirituality.
Postmodernists believe that white males from Western culture have been the only ones to enjoy power in the past few centuries. So, rather than aligning themselves with any one party, they seek to empower the powerless, that is, women, minorities and homosexuals. This is done in the name of social justice and identity politics.
[Greek: oikos (house) + nomia (rule)]: The rule or management of resources, whether by an individual or a society.
Stewardship of Property
Christians begin their economic theory with an assumption about human nature. The Bible declares that man is sinful. Another biblical precept—the concept of justice—also plays an important role for the Christian. The most desirable economic system promotes justice by protecting the rights of individuals from infringement by others. If all men were inherently good, one might not have to worry about individuals denying the rights of others; but man is not inherently good. Therefore, the Christian believes the best economic system would contain basic checks and balances that can guarantee the protection of human rights. Applying this criterion, the Christian believes the free enterprise system to be more compatible with his worldview than other economic systems. Economic systems that check injustice and grant men responsibility—in terms both of private property and economic decisions—can allow men the freedom to act with all the dignity of beings created in God's image. This, acc ording to the Christian view, is the important end of economic theory: offering men not riches or luxury, but the freedom to seek fulfillment through understanding their role in God's universe.
Stewardship of Property
While locating their economics between the capitalism of the West and the communism of the East, Islamic economics is based on four foundational principles: unity, equilibrium (the responsibility to take care of the poor), free will, and responsibility.
Most Humanists believe in some type of interventionist economy because this is more consistent with their belief that man is an evolving creature who will become capable of planning the perfect economy. Man, who must "save himself," must be in absolute control of all aspects of his universe. Thus, the world's economic system must be strictly controlled through central planning—that is, government must be granted authority over man's economic affairs.
Economics is central to Marxism-Leninism because Marx believed that the economic system of a society determines the nature of all legal, social and political institutions. Because the Marxist believes that modes of production form the foundation for society, he concludes that anything wrong with society is the result of imperfect modes of production. Societies have been improving because the economic systems on which they have been founded are gradually improving: slavery gave way to feudalism, and feudalism to capitalism. Because of flaws in capitalism, it will give way to socialism. In a socialist society, all private property will gradually be abolished and man will no longer oppress his fellow man in an effort to protect his private property. When all private property and consequently all class distinctions have withered away, the slow transition from socialism to the highest economic form, communism, will be complete. The ultimate aim of Marxism-Leninism is the creation of a political world ordeer based on communism that will solve the economic problem of scarcity so efficiently that each individual will see his every need, and most of his wants, fulfilled.
Universal Enlightened Production
Traditional economic forms act as a hindrance to individual enlightenment, because they emphasize only the material. This does not mean, however, that Cosmic Humanists should not have possessions; rather, whatever is necessary for the happiness of New Agers will automatically flow toward them, if they stay true to the voice within. "Mind over Matter" becomes a way of life; if you are in harmony with the spiritual realm you can control the ebb and flow of material gain.
Postmodern economics has as its goal the alleviation of human suffering. It seeks to do this through some form of government intervention within a free market environment.
[Latin: historia (information)]: The study of past places, persons, and events.
Creation, Fall, Redemption
Creation, Fall, Redemption is the view that sees a movement throughout history from the creation of the world, through the Fall of humanity, which destroyed their relationships with God, each other and the world, and finally to the redemption of this world when all will be restored back under God's good rule.
Historical Determinism (Jihad)
Like the Christian worldview, Islam affirms that history is not made up of a series of chance happenings. Rather, because Allah created the world, he superintends it throughout time, guiding it toward an expression of his will. As one expert puts it, "The world is a becoming entity, created by the will of a Designer and sustained by him for meaningful purposes. Historical currents take place in accordance with His will and follow established laws. They are not directed by blind chance, nor are they random and disorderly incidents."
Historical Evolution
Humanists view earth's history from a strictly naturalistic vantage point, meaning there has been no supernatural influence. The history of man and the universe is the history of evolutionary activity. Propelled without design by "blind natural selection," history has moved in an upward direction from simplicity to complexity. Some Humanists view Artificial Intelligence—the computer—as the next step in historical evolution.
Historical Materialism
History is the result of the dialectic (thesis, antithesis, synthesis) at work through biological evolution, economics, and the social order. Marxist-Leninists begin with eternal matter and spontaneous generation, and view history as a progression of biological and economic evolution which will ultimately result in a society of communist man in a communist paradise. Man is merely the consequence of these impersonal happenings, but man is given a minor role to play, to nudge history along a little faster toward its predetermined end.
Evolutionary Godhead
Evolution is constantly moving mankind toward god-consciousness. Cosmic Humanists are assured, by the scientific fact of evolution, that man and all reality are progressing toward a unified enlightenment. The fittest already recognize this; the "unfit" are the Christians and other proponents of dogmatic worldviews (who act as a hindrance to evolutionary forces).
Because Postmoderns believe that historical facts are inaccessible, they believe that historians are simply left to their own imagination and ideological bent to reconstruct what happened in the past. Thus, history is closer to what we think of as fiction rather than conclusions reached as a result of an objective, scientific process. Because of their emphasis on the subjective, Postmodernists have adopted historicism as their approach to history, which is to say that all historical questions must be settled within the cultural and social context in which they are raised.


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Which Joe gave his name to 'sloppy joes'? We look at five interesting sandwiches and their lexical origins.
plural nounZoology
A class of echinoderms that comprises the sea lilies and feather stars. They have slender feathery arms and (in some kinds) a stalk for attachment, and were abundant in the Palaeozoic era.
- 'This study reports the mtDNA sequence and genome map for a member of the echinoderm class Crinoidea, or feather stars, that is generally considered to represent a primitive echinoderm lineage.'
- 'Especially important concerns are homology of aboral cup plates, origination of the Crinoidea, early morphologic diversification, phylogeny of the cladids, and definition and early phylogeny of the Articulata.'
- 'The trophic history of the Crinoidea is well preserved in the fossil record.'
- 'The Crinoidea as a whole is regarded as monophyletic, but from whence this clade was derived and where it fits within the Echinodermata are matters of debate.'
- 'Important taxa removed from the Crinoidea since 1978 include the coronate echinoderms; the Hemistreptocrinoidea, and Echmatocrinus.'
Modern Latin (plural), from Greek krinoeidēs lily-like, from krinon lily.
Further reading
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6 'run' phrases you probably don't knowRead more
Before you run for the hills, let's run through a list of 'run' expressions that are running through our minds.
How brothers became buddies and brosRead more
The definitions of 'buddy' and 'bro' in the OED have recently been revised. We explore their history and increase in popularity.

subset: commoncrawl


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Stop the burningRead more
A short film narrated by Jane Goodall.
The Jane Goodall Institute is not just about chimpanzees! JGI Belgium promotes respect for all living things – Animals, People, and the Environment (APE!) – both in Belgium and elsewhere in the world. JGI Belgium is one of the 10 JGI offices in Europe and is part of JGI Global. Read more
Who is Jane Goodall? In July 1960, Jane Goodall began her landmark study of chimpanzees in what is now Tanzania under the mentorship of famed anthropologist and paleontologist Dr. Louis Leakey. Her work at Gombe Stream would become the foundation of future primatological research and redefine the relationship between humans and animals. Read more


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Jay Z
Sachin Tendulkar Joins Global Citizen Movement
The inaugural Global Citizen Festival India will be headlined by Coldplay, Jay Z, Aamir Khan, Ranveer Singh, Katrina Kaif, A.R. Rahman, Farhan Akhtar, Shraddha Kapoor, Arjun Kapoor, Arijit Singh, Dia Mirza, Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy and Monali Thakur.October 13, 2016, 10:17 am explore: Buzz
Aamir Khan, Big B, Kareena Kapoor to Join Coldplay, Jay Z for Global Citizen Movement
The inaugural Global Citizen Festival India will be held in India on November 19September 13, 2016, 7:30 am explore: Movies
Jay Z Releases New Single 'Spiritual' About Police Brutality
Jay Z has released a new song addressing police shooting against black Americans, following the deaths of Alton Sterling and Philando Castile.July 10, 2016, 2:13 pm explore: Music
Jay Z feels he can make Harry Styles 'world's biggest artiste'
Styles, 21, has been working hard on his solo material.January 4, 2016, 8:26 am explore: Music
Jay Z, Beyonce Knowles rent a luxe yatch 'Galactica star'
Star couple Beyonce Knowles and Jay Z along with their daughter Blue Ivy jetted to Naples, boarded a $900,000-a-week yacht called the Galactica Star, and took a detour to Capri.September 17, 2015, 4:36 pm explore: Movies
Bronx man suing Jay Z over Roc-A-Fella logo seeks judge's recusal
In a Monday court filing, plaintiff Dwayne Walker said U.S. Magistrate Judge Ronald Ellis in Manhattan should take himself off the case "because a reasonable person would question his impartiality."July 7, 2015, 11:48 am explore: Music
Photos: How Floyd Mayweather-Manny Pacquiao fight turned out to be a star-studded affair
Take a look at who all gathered in Las Vegas to witness the welterweight unification championship bout.May 17, 2015, 3:10 pm explore: Movies
Beyonce Knowles releases love song 'Die With You' to mark 7 years of marriage to Jay Z
Beyonce Knowles treated her fans with a special gift by releasing her new single 'Die With You' on music streaming site Tidal.April 5, 2015, 4:55 pm explore: Music
Chris Martin, Rihanna back new Jay Z streaming music service
Some of the world's biggest names in music are backing Jay Z's new global streaming music service Tidal.March 31, 2015, 1:07 pm explore: Music
Kylie Minogue to discontinue working with Jay Z
Kylie Minogue has decided to discontinue working with Jay Z after facing series of professional disappointments.March 20, 2015, 11:36 am explore: Music
Difficult to do simple things when famous: Beyonce Knowles
Beyonce Knowles says misses out on so many ordinary experiences she because of fame.December 13, 2014, 4:09 pm explore: Music
Beyonce, Jay Z renew wedding vows after six years of marriage at a low key event
Beyonce Knowles and Jay Z have reportedly renewed their wedding vows, six years after their marriage.October 24, 2014, 5:59 pm explore: Buzz
Watch: 'Who are you?': Jay Z gets mad at a confused French tourist who doesn't recognise him
A confused French tourist asked the couple, 'who are you?' when he couldn't recognise Jay Z.October 9, 2014, 4:20 pm explore: Buzz
Beyonce and Jay Z expecting their second child?
The 32-year-old rapper reportedly changed the lyrics to say: "Cause she's pregnant with another one."September 14, 2014, 4:28 pm explore: Buzz
Beyonce writes a beautiful, touching poem for her little daughter Blue Ivy
The 32-year musician wrote a lovely poem for a 4-page spread in a fashion magazine.September 3, 2014, 5:26 pm explore: Music


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Building Rig will it work?
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Bobby East caught the leader Darren Hagen on lap 99 to take the victory in Anderson, Indiana at Anderson Speedway last Sunday. Bobby East won the 100 lap event and retains his points lead in the USAC Midget National Championship. East has already won two races this year along with Brad Sweet and the other winner was Shane Hmiel at Hickory in March. Here is the finishing results from the USAC Midget Race in Indiana.
1.Bobby East
2.Darren Hagen
3.Dave Darland
4.Cale Conley
5.Tracy Hines
There Series will be at Tri City Speedway on April 30th.


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A shooting in Saginaw has left one man dead and police searching for a suspect.
The shooting happened before 7:00pm on Saturday at a home on the corner of North Porter Street and Hayes Street.
Saginaw city police officers and state troopers questioned witnesses for several hours.
Neighbors say the man was shot multiple times outside the home. They say the suspect fled on foot.
If you have any information, call Crime Stoppers at 1-800-422-JAIL.


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The NYC dub(ish) techno producer and DJ gives Inverted Audio a retrospective live mix of the best of his Steadfast label. His own work (under several aliases), Furesshu, Incyde and Sigha all feature.
The NYC dub(ish) techno producer and DJ gives Inverted Audio a retrospective live mix of the best of his Steadfast label. His own work (under several aliases), Furesshu, Incyde and Sigha all feature.http://soundcloud.com/inverted-audio/ia-mix-61-brendon-moeller
02 / #191495
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Thu, 26 Apr 2012
Nic Fanciulli loves Tokyo
The UK stalwart chats to Time Out Tokyo about his love of the city and the freedom of expression it affords him. He also gives the low-down of the process behind making his forthcoming Balance compilation.
Thu, 26 Apr 2012
Hear Oxia's new album
The Drone has the melodic techno producer's Tides of Mind album for Infine streaming in full.
Thu, 26 Apr 2012
Dilla for sale
Detroit record store UHF has apparently "stumbled upon" J Dilla's 8,000-strong record collection from an abandoned storage unit, and has been selling it in batches since Record Store Day. Also amongst the hoard are tapes labeled "Jaydee Beats" and lyric booklets.
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"Learning is the discovery that something is possible." Fritz Perls
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Small family hotel with the restaurant on the 1 floor
Is was difficult to communicate becouse we don't know german and the owner doesn't know english. But his children next morning explain us everything
nice location if you want to visit Salzburg but you don't want to stay in the city
Great hotel, very romantic place in quiete village for couples and families.
Excellent view of Salzburg from the terrace!! Very nice and quiet, i recommend it to anyone who wants to taste a bit of lovely Austrian countryside, in the near vicinity of a very crowded Salzburg.
The best choice you can make if you want to visit salsburg in the day and have real relax in the evening. Rooms are fantastic, everything is brand new, the breakfast offers a complete selection.
The rooms are luxurious, the food is outstanding, the ambiance is soothing and the staff is extremely courteous and helpful.
The Hotel room was quite big, very clean and had newer furniture. The breakfast was very good and the personnell was very nice.
The Hotel is located directly at a travel route with lots of traffic
This hotel is the ultimate "German experience". The traditional music played was amazing and the town of Ainring is peaceful and beautiful.
None of the staff speak English very well. It was difficult to find out information or direction. If you do not speak German, this hotel is for the adventurous.
There are room for improvement regarding the breakfast-buffet. It did not live up to the rest of the hotel`s standard.
There was everything what I need.
Breakfast to late, Aroma outside
Excellent food & drinks with very good value for money. Lovely hotel rooms and facilities. Very convenient to Autobahn & Salzburg
Little English spoken
for me this was ideal as i was travelling by train and the tiny local station was yards away. it was also covenient for being near to Salzburg wthout the noise and congestion.
Big-Koch is a chinees restaurant/hotel. We were a bit surprised because we did not make that up from the advert. The Chinese food was perfect!
Basic breakfast.
Right across from Salzburg so good for those driving. A very nice little own Gasthaus, with OK room and good German breakfast. Close to hiking trails and Bertesgarten sights too. Good restaurant
A little hard to find make sure to mapquest or google.
Quite place and awesome landscape with the view of Salzburg fortress in the distance
The distance from Salzburg city is longer than the published 7 km, at least 15km, however it is still worth
A nice guesthouse, free parking on site, the Binder family very friendly, made us feel at home (we were three adults-family), superb countryside+mountain view from the balcony. Close to Slazburg. Very good value for money.
No complaints.
Pretty, traditional, flower-decked house in Bavaria, only 20 mins drive from Salzburg park & Ride but in lovely village location with lots of space and gorgeous mountain views. Family run - v helpful staff (altho did not speak much English). Good basic breakfast. Spacious, well funrnished ensuite rooms with balcony. Our daughters loved all the baby rabbits and guinea pigs in the barn. A very pleasant stay.
No, nothing
The staff was very kind and the room was perfectly clean. Excellent breakfast!
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Faux Leather Trim Blazer
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Elevated with edge. Timeless black blazer with single-button front is trimmed in faux leather that will pull your look together with polish.
- Faux leather trimmed blazer
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First Colo is implementing a new datacenter in Frankfurt am Main
First Colo GmbH operates as a supplier of IT infrastructure high availability data processing centers on servers located in Germany and Europe. From the very beginning at the Frankfurt am Main location, additional expansions were included in the plans for the initial data center facilities. The construction however would actually need to be performed at a much later date. The expansion at the time however had become urgent and necessary because First Colo was heading towards 100% capacity. The new data center came about in around 8 months of planning time and 3 months of implementation time, including the new and necessary electricity supply technology. Server facilities were tripled and office space was doubled during this period. Thus, First Colo once again invested millions into the Frankfurt am Main location, not including the information and network technologies. The industry-specific integration of general businesses was however consciously waived, in order to be able to make use of the best available technology in all aspects of the expansion.
The procedure also corresponds to the business philosophy, in that one persuades their existing and new customers with manufacturer independent product consultation.
With the new construction, First Colo orients itself around its proven "green IT ecological strategy". Through the implementation of highly efficient climate technology, significantly less energy is required to cool the IT equipment. "We will save 1 million euros in electricity costs over the next ten years according to the status-quo-calculations,"
The connection to their own data network takes place over an optical fiber infrastructure with multiple redundant services from a level of performance of up to 100 gigabytes of data throughput volume. "We also have the bandwidth for large reserves in the future," explained First Colo's executive director Jerome Evans, "in this way we can offer our commercial customers scalable and data intensive services." As a supplier of data processing centers, First Colo marketed transmission capacities and implemented with partners, the expansion of their own fiber optic network in order to offer high performance data connections for IT businesses and high value internet connections for commercial customers. The high speed network, which connects the new establishment with other First Colo data processing centers, makes cost effective access possible with low latency periods that are necessary in order to provide efficient and redundantly interpreted CDN, highly available, and fail safe concepts. The entire width of the First Colo backbone was extended in the mean time to 250 Gbit/s and is continuously growing.
In addition to the regular 42 HE racks, supplementary ½ racks (20 HE) as well as ¼ racks (10 HE) were offered in the space in the form of Colo boxes. These are available over separated cable routing and offer a high degree of security.
In addition to this, measures were integrated into the system, which are above industry standards including a so-called early fire detection system that works through continuous particulate measurement. However, the three fold availability of all currently required resources (connections, routers, network switchboards etc.) have always belonged to the First Colo concept so that capacity shortages can be prevented and the customer's needs can be immediately implemented. In new data processing centers, a lot of value was placed during the planning on the appropriate growth of the commercial customer's IT infrastructure. First Colo therefore always has sufficient space to be able to take on many business customers with company specific IT technology, and to offer IT outsourcing for companies. This is because of the high security requirements, e.g. critical IT infrastructures, which are especially interesting for providers because First Colo also has completely connected fiber optic communication to the interruption free power supply (USV). The company's data processing centers stand out without exception through, among other things, their high security standards in their protection against dust, fires, break-ins, or power outages. In the case of a power outage, the power supply can be self sufficiently maintained without interruption for many days. Such high data processing center standards would not be implemented with "in house" company IT solutions.
There is already enough to celebrate. However, the official opening ceremony with invited guests will take place at a later date, because important customer needs must first be attended to and met. A couple of First Colo's existing customers will use the new data processing center capacities in the coming weeks as an opportunity to house their servers, which are scattered across Germany, successively in one location, in order to use the Frankfurter redundancy concept with two separate fire compartments. Tailor made IT and communication solutions still need to be partially developed and implemented for this. As always, the customers will receive a comprehensive service package from one source: consulting, conception, development, integration, and individual service arrangements or maintenance arrangements.
Until 27/06/2014 the product and service portfolio's cost effective special conditions from First Colo will accompany the opening phase of the new data processing center.
About the company.
First Colo operates as an IT infrastructure supplier high availability data processing center with the core specialties in rack housing, server hosting, managed services, and DDoS-protection, at German and European locations. Since last year, First Colo is one of the 50 technology companies in Germany with the quickest growth. The company offers colocation, connectivity, and management services for the middle sized and larger customers. With high quality demands, know-how and manufacturer independent consulting, First Colo has already persuaded multiple industries, especially those with high data traffic volume and above average demands for service quality and IT security.
Jerome Evans
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Spiced Gingered Pear Pie
Apricot-Orange Brunch Tart
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Peach Rhubarb Pie
Cinnamon Roll Dutch Apple Pie
Oven-Fried Apple Pies
Fresh apricots are spiced with cinnamon and ginger in this succulent pie recipe featured at a state fair pie contest.
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Safest Bartlett Neighborhoods
The crime rate in Bartlett is considerably higher than the national average across all communities in America from the largest to the smallest, although at 20 crimes per one thousand residents, it is not among the communities with the very highest crime rate. The chance of becoming a victim of either violent or property crime in Bartlett is 1 in 51. Based on FBI crime data, Bartlett is not one of the safest communities in America. Relative to Tennessee, Bartlett has a crime rate that is higher than 50% of the state's cities and towns of all sizes.
However, compared to other communities of similar population size, Bartlett has a crime rate that is noticeably lower than the average. This means that for comparably sized cities all across America, Bartlett is actually safer than most according to NeighborhoodScout's exclusive analysis of FBI crime data.
The crime data that NeighborhoodScout used for this analysis are the seven offenses from the uniform crime reports, collected by the FBI from 18,000 local law enforcement agencies, and include both violent and property crimes, combined.
Now let us turn to take a look at how Bartlett does for violent crimes specifically, and then how it does for property crimes. This is important because the overall crime rate can be further illuminated by understanding if violent crime or property crimes (or both) are the major contributors to the general rate of crime in Bartlett.
From our analysis, we discovered that violent crime in Bartlett occurs at a rate higher than in most communities of all population sizes in America. The chance that a person will become a victim of a violent crime in Bartlett; such as armed robbery, aggravated assault, rape or murder; is 1 in 371. This equates to a rate of 3 per one thousand inhabitants.
Moreover, the rate of property crime in Bartlett; burglary, larceny ($50 or more), grand theft auto, and arson; is 17 per 1,000 residents. This is about average for all cities and towns in America of all population sizes.
Bartlett Annual Crimes
National Median
My chances of becoming a victim
in Bartlett
1 in 371
in Tennessee
1 in 164
National Median
in Bartlett
1 in 58
in Tennessee
1 in 33
National Median
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in Bartlett
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thanks branny for your nice input
post #136 of 209
11/24/09 at 3:05am
If you're in Tokyo and want to give my A845 a listen, feel free to mail me.
First, put the Sony in a case. Second, you've gotta' be kidding!!!!! The iPod Touch is a scratch MAGNET!!!! The screen is glass, making it harder to scratch, but it's not as tough as you say. And like I said, get a case for the Sony, it's not a touch screen player.


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God With Us
Something for the weekend. As Advent draws to a close Veni, Veni, Emmanuel seems appropriate. The words are from the ninth century and the music from a fifteenth century French melody.
A rendition by Mannheim Steamroller:
The Bishop's Wife
Continuing our look at Advent and Christmas movies: The Bishop's Wife from 1947. David Niven is an Episcopalian Bishop of a struggling diocese; Loretta Young (ironically one of the more devout Catholics in the Hollywood of her time) is his wife; and Cary Grant is Dudley, one of the more unimportant angels in Heaven, sent by God to lend the Bishop a hand. The film is a graceful comedy which effectively and quietly underlines the central importance of faith in God as we see in this little scene:
Advent and Anti-Christ, Part III
Part three of my presentation of the four sermons of John Henry Cardinal Newman on the Anti-Christ delivered in 1835 before his conversion. Part I is here and Part II is here.
In this sermon Newman considers the City and Empire of Rome and its relation to the Anti-Christ. Many Protestant theologians since the Reformation identified the Roman Catholic Church as the Whore of Babylon and the Pope as Anti-Christ. Newman wrote a detailed attack in 1840 on this belief while he was still a Protestant. It may be read here. For Newman the Rome identified with the AntiChrist was the City and the Empire and not the Church. Newman sums up the relationship of Rome and the Anti-Christ as follows: "The question asked was, Is not (as is commonly said and believed among us) Rome mentioned in the Apocalypse, as having especial share in the events which will come at the end of the world by means or after the time of Antichrist. I answer this, that Rome's judgments have come on her in great measure, when her empire was taken from her; that her persecutions of the Church have been in great measure judged, and the Scripture predictions concerning her fulfilled; that whether or not, she shall be further judged depends on two circumstances, first, whether "the righteous men" in the city who saved her when her judgment first came may not, through GOD'S great mercy, be allowed to save her still; next, whether the prophecy relates in its fulness to Rome or to some other object or objects of which Rome is a type. And further, I say, that if Rome is still to be judged, this must be before Antichrist comes, because Antichrist comes upon and destroys the ten kings, and lasts but a short space, but the ten kings are to destroy Rome. On the other hand, so far would seem to be clear, that the prophecy itself has not been fully accomplished, whatever we decide about Rome's concern in it. The Roman empire has not yet been divided into ten heads, nor has it yet risen against the woman, whoever she stands for, nor has the woman yet received her ultimate judgment."
Advent and Confession
The confession of evil works is the first beginning of good works.
Saint Augustine
I went to Confession with my bride tonight. I always think we must give an interesting contrast to the priest as we confess seriatim. My bride is one of the saintliest people I have ever encountered. Her confession must be a breeze! While I am a fairly typical attorney, with all that implies! (I suppose I am not quite as bad as Charles II. When the Merrie Monarch was on his death bed he was received into the Faith by Father John Huddleston who had helped care for him during Charles' escape after the battle of Worcester. He was told By Father Huddleston that he must confess all his sins. Charles looked at the elderly priest and said "Ah, Father, I doubt if either of us have sufficient time for the recitation of all my sins!")
I have never confessed without feeling that a mountain of sin has been lifted from my shoulders, as indeed it has. In A Christmas Carol Scrooge announces after his conversion that he feels as giddy as a schoolboy, and that Is always my mood after Confession. I wish the whole world tonight might feel precisely the same giddiness.
In Confession I have always observed the rule of the three B's:
1. Be Blunt.
2. Be Brief.
3. Be Gone.
It saves time, especially if one attempts to prepare a mental list of sins beforehand. I always end my confessions with the formula that I am truly sorry for any sins that I cannot recall.
Advent and Anti-Christ, Part I
(I originally posted these sermons back in 2009 when the readership of the blog was quite smaller. Time to do so again. The Anti-Christ would seem at first blush to be a theme for the end of the liturgical year which focuses on the end times and not during Advent. However, Christ came to bring us to salvation and the exact opposite goal is that of the Anti-Christ. Thinking about the Anti-Christ during Advent reminds us that the mission of Christ is ongoing and that at Advent we celebrate the beginning of that mission, not as a mere historical event that occurred two millennia ago, but an on-going reality.}
Prior to his conversion to Catholicism, Blessed John Henry Cardinal Newman preached in 1835 a series of Advent Sermons on the Anti-Christ. I have always found them extremely intriguing, and I am going to present them on each of the Sundays in Advent this year.
In this first sermon Newman gives us an overview of the Anti-Christ and the time of his appearance. We see in this sermon Newman's total command of history and how he uses this knowledge to draw out the implications of the few mentions of the Anti-Christ in Scripture. Newman intellectually was always first and foremost a historian of the highest order and he puts this talent to good and instructive use in this sermon. When Newman converted the Church gained one of the finest intellects of the Nineteenth Century or any century for that matter. Much of Newman's work concerned the working out of God's plan for salvation through human history, and his examination of the Anti-Christ places that mysterious part of revelation into that plan. Continue reading
Messianic Prophecies: Isaiah 60: 1-6
Continuing our Advent look at Messianic prophecies which we began last Advent, the earlier posts of the series may be read here, here, here ,here, here, here, here, here and here , we come to Isaiah 60: 1-6.
[1] Arise, be enlightened, O Jerusalem: for thy light is come, and the glory of the Lord is risen upon thee.
[2] For behold darkness shall cover the earth, and a mist the people: but the Lord shall arise upon thee, and his glory shall be seen upon thee.
[3] And the Gentiles shall walk in thy light, and kings in the brightness of thy rising.
[4] Lift up thy eyes round about, and see: all these are gathered together, they are come to thee: thy sons shall come from afar, and thy daughters shall rise up at thy side.
[5] Then shalt thou see, and abound, and thy heart shall wonder and be enlarged, when the multitude of the sea shall be converted to thee, the strength of the Gentiles shall come to thee.
[6] The multitude of camels shall cover thee, the dromedaries of Madian and Epha: all they from Saba shall come, bringing gold and frankincense: and shewing forth praise to the Lord.
Saint Methodius has written the following in regard to this passage: Continue reading
Messianic Prophecies: Jonah 2:1
A wicked and adulterous generation seeketh after a sign: and a sign shall not be given it, but the sign of Jonas the prophet. And he left them, and went away.
Matthew 16:4
Continuing our Advent look at Messianic prophecies which we began last Advent, the earlier posts of the series may be read here, here, here ,here, here, here, here, and here we come to Jonah 2:1:
[1] Now the Lord prepared a great fish to swallow up Jonas: and Jonas was in the belly of the fish three days and three nights.
Saint Jerome writes about this passage: Continue reading
Messianic Prophecies: Malachi 3:1-5
Continuing our Advent look at Messianic prophecies which we began last Advent, the earlier posts of the series may be read here, here, here ,here, here, here, here and here, we look today at Malachi 3: 1-5.
[1] Behold I send my angel, and he shall prepare the way before my face. And presently the Lord, whom you seek, and the angel of the testament, whom you desire, shall come to his temple. Behold he cometh, saith the Lord of hosts.
[2] And who shall be able to think of the day of his coming? and who shall stand to see him? for he is like a refining fire, and like the fuller's herb:
[3] And he shall sit refining and cleansing the silver, and he shall purify the sons of Levi, and shall refine them as gold, and as silver, and they shall offer sacrifices to the Lord in justice. [4] And the sacrifice of Juda and of Jerusalem shall please the Lord, as in the days of old, and in the ancient years.
[5] And I will come to you in judgment, and will be a speedy witness against sorcerers, and adulterers, and false swearers, and them that oppress the hireling in his wages; the widows, and the fatherless: and oppress the stranger, and have not feared me, saith the Lord of hosts. Continue reading
Messianic Prophecies: Zechariah 9:9-10
Continuing our Advent look at Messianic prophecies which we began last Advent, the earlier posts of the series may be read here, here, here ,here, here, here, and here, we come to Zechariah 9:9-10 :
[9] Rejoice greatly, O daughter of Sion, shout for joy, O daughter of Jerusalem: BEHOLD THY KING will come to thee, the just and saviour: he is poor, and riding upon an ass, and upon a colt the foal of an ass. [10] And I will destroy the chariot out of Ephraim, and the horse out of Jerusalem, and the bow for war shall be broken: and he shall speak peace to the Gentiles, and his power shall be from sea to sea, and from the rivers even to the end of the earth.
Saint Clement of Alexandria wrote about this passage: Continue reading
O Come, O Come Emmanuel
Something for the weekend. Tomorrow Advent gets under way and to rush it a bit we have my favorite version of O Come O Come Emmanuel, which has always sounded to me as if a group of Zealots were singing it. Emmanuel or Immanuel, "God With Us", comes from the seventh chapter of Isaiah:
10 And the Lord spoke again to Achaz, saying:
11 Ask thee a sign of the Lord thy God either unto the depth of hell, or unto the height above.
12 And Achaz said: I will not ask, and I will not tempt the Lord.
13 And he said: Hear ye therefore, O house of David: Is it a small thing for you to be grievous to men, that you are grievous to my God also?
14 Therefore the Lord himself shall give you a sign. Behold a virgin shall conceive, and bear a son, and his name shall be called Emmanuel. Continue reading
Advent Light in Darkest Night
It is time to awaken from sleep. It is time for a waking up to begin somewhere. It is time to put things back where God the Lord put them.
Father Alfred Delp, SJ
During Advent 1944 Father Alfred Delp, a Jesuit, wrote a reflection on Advent. Go here to read it. It is a fine Advent meditation. The circumstances of its writing demonstrate that the light of Christ, which I have always felt most strongly during Advent, can permeate any darkness. Father Delp wrote it while he was a prisoner of the Gestapo in Nazi Germany.
Alfred Delp first saw the light of this world on September 15, 1907 in Mannheim Germany. The son of a Catholic mother and a Protestant father, he was raised as a Protestant although he was baptized as a Catholic. He was confirmed in the Lutheran church in 1921. Following a bitter argument with his Lutheran pastor, he embraced Catholicism, made his first communion and was confirmed. His Catholic pastor, seeing rare intelligence in the boy, arranged for him to continue his studies.
In 1926 he joined the Jesuits. In 1937 he was ordained as a priest. His further philosophical studies curtailed at the University of Munich due to his anti-Nazi beliefs, Father Delp worked on a Jesuit publication until it was suppressed by the Nazis in April 1941. He was then assigned as rector of Saint Georg church in Munich. All the while he was helping Jews escape into Switzerland. Father Delp's Jesuit provincial Augustin Rosch was active in the anti-Nazi underground. He introduced Father Delp to the Kreisau Circle of anti-Nazi activists. Father Delp taught Catholic social teaching to the Circle and arranged contacts between them and Catholic leaders. Continue reading
Messianic Prophecies: Isaiah 7: 11-16 and 9: 1-7
Something for the weekend. Lo How a Rose Ere Blooming. Continuing on with our Advent examination of major Messianic prophecies, we come to Isaiah 7: 11-16:
11 Ask thee a sign of the LORD thy God; ask it either in the depth, or in the height above.
12 But Ahaz said, I will not ask, neither will I tempt the LORD.
13 And he said, Hear ye now, O house of David; Is it a small thing for you to weary men, but will ye weary my God also?
14 Therefore the Lord himself shall give you a sign; Behold, a virgin shall conceive, and bear a son, and shall call his name Immanuel.
15 Butter and honey shall he eat, that he may know to refuse the evil, and choose the good.
16 For before the child shall know to refuse the evil, and choose the good, the land that thou abhorrest shall be forsaken of both her kings.
and Isaiah 1-7:
1Nevertheless the dimness shall not be such as was in her vexation, when at the first he lightly afflicted the land of Zebulun and the land of Naphtali, and afterward did more grievously afflict her by the way of the sea, beyond Jordan, in Galilee of the nations.
2The people that walked in darkness have seen a great light: they that dwell in the land of the shadow of death, upon them hath the light shined.
3Thou hast multiplied the nation, and not increased the joy: they joy before thee according to the joy in harvest, and as men rejoice when they divide the spoil.
4For thou hast broken the yoke of his burden, and the staff of his shoulder, the rod of his oppressor, as in the day of Midian.
5For every battle of the warrior is with confused noise, and garments rolled in blood; but this shall be with burning and fuel of fire.
6For unto us a child is born, unto us a son is given: and the government shall be upon his shoulder: and his name shall be called Wonderful, Counsellor, The mighty God, The everlasting Father, The Prince of Peace.
7Of the increase of his government and peace there shall be no end, upon the throne of David, and upon his kingdom, to order it, and to establish it with judgment and with justice from henceforth even for ever. The zeal of the LORD of hosts will perform this.
Saint Cyril of Alexandria commented upon this passage: Continue reading
Messianic Prophecies: Wisdom 2: 12-20
Something for the weekend. O Come, O Come Emmanuel. We start Advent tomorrow, and my thoughts have been turning to the many messianic prophecies in the Old Testament that are applicable to Christ. I do not think there is adequate treatment in contemporary catechesis of the remarkable string of prophecies in the Old Testament that find their completion in Christ. All Catholics need to be familiar with these prophecies, for they are an anchor for our Faith. One example is Wisdom 2:12-20: Continue reading
Advent: God So Loved The World
Advent might be summarized by John 3:16: "For God so loved the world, that He gave His only begotten Son, that whoever believes in Him should not perish, but have eternal life."
In daily life it is often easy to lose sight of the fact that we are always in the hands of an infinitely loving God who became one of us, His creatures, as a result of that love. Men often fear and deny God I think out of a profound belief that they are unworthy of this love. Peter, the prince of the apostles, after meeting Christ asked Him to leave him because Peter was a sinful man. In our times, drenched in cynicism and wallowing in sin, love is in short supply it seems, and the idea of a loving God is one that many of us flee from and attempt to futilely deny. This attitude calls to mind this passage from the Screwtape letters:
The truth is I slipped by mere carelessness into saying that the Enemy really loves the humans. That, of course, is an impossibility. He is one being, they are distinct from Him. Their good cannot be His. All His talk about Love must be a disguise for something else—He must have some real motive for creating them and taking so much trouble about them. The reason one comes to talk as if He really had this impossible Love is our utter failure to out that real motive. What does He stand to make out of them? That is the insoluble question. I do not see that it can do any harm to tell you that this very problem was a chief cause of Our Father's quarrel with the Enemy. When the creation of man was first mooted and when, even at that stage, the Enemy freely confessed that he foresaw a certain episode about a cross, Our Father very naturally sought an interview and asked for an explanation. The Enemy gave no reply except to produce the cock-and-bull story about disinterested love which He has been circulating ever since. This Our Father naturally could not accept. He implored the Enemy to lay His cards on the table, and gave Him every opportunity. He admitted that he felt a real anxiety to know the secret; the Enemy replied "I wish with all my heart that you did". It was, I imagine, at this stage in the interview that Our Father's disgust at such an unprovoked lack of confidence caused him to remove himself an infinite distance from the Presence with a suddenness which has given rise to the ridiculous enemy story that he was forcibly thrown out of Heaven. Since then, we have begun to see why our Oppressor was so secretive. His throne depends on the secret. Members of His faction have frequently admitted that if ever we came to understand what He means by Love, the war would be over and we should re-enter Heaven. And there lies the great task. We know that He cannot really love: nobody can: it doesn't make sense. If we could only find out what He is really up to! Hypothesis after hypothesis has been tried, and still we can't find out. Yet we must never lose hope; more and more complicated theories, fuller and fuller collections of data, richer rewards for researchers who make progress, more and more terrible punishments for those who fail—all this, pursued and accelerated to the very end of time, cannot, surely, fail to succeed. Continue reading
Newman: Reflections at the Beginning of Advent
"Thine eyes shall see the King in his beauty: they shall behold the land that is very far off." Isaiah xxxiii. 17.
YEAR after year, as it passes, brings us the same warnings again and again, and none perhaps more impressive than those with which it comes to us at this season. The very frost and cold, rain and gloom, which now befall us, forebode the last dreary days of the world, and in religious hearts raise the thought of them. The year is worn out: spring, summer, autumn, each in turn, have brought their gifts and done their utmost; but they are over, and the end is come. All is past and gone, all has failed, all has sated; we are tired of the past; we would not have the seasons longer; and the austere weather which succeeds, though ungrateful to the body, is in tone with our feelings, and acceptable. Such is the frame of mind which befits the end of the year; and such the frame of mind which comes alike on good and bad at the end of life. The days have come in which they have no pleasure; yet they would hardly be young again, could they be so by wishing it. Life is well enough in its way; but it does not satisfy. Thus the soul is cast forward upon the future, and in proportion as its conscience is clear and its perception keen and true, does it rejoice solemnly that "the night is far spent, the day is at hand," that there are "new heavens and a new earth" to come, though the former are failing; nay, rather that, because they are failing, it will "soon see the King in His beauty," and "behold the land which is very far off." These are feelings for holy men in winter and in age, waiting, in some dejection perhaps, but with comfort on the whole, and calmly though earnestly, for the Advent of Christ. Continue reading
Advent and Anti-Christ, Part IV
The fourth and final part of my presentation of the four sermons on the Anti-Christ delivered by John Henry Cardinal Newman before his conversion during Advent in 1835. Part I is here, part II is here and Part III is here.
In this last sermon Newman speaks of the persecution that will attend the reign of the anti-Christ. In Newman's day, living memory could recall the savage persecution that the Church endured dring the initial years of the French Revolution. In our time, we have the blood-stained last century when millions of Christians were martyred for their faith. It is all too easy to suspect that those terrible persecutions were trial runs for the persecution of the Anti-Christ. The last century brought to reality these words of Newman: "Let us then apprehend and realize the idea, thus clearly brought before us, that, sheltered as the Church has been from persecution for 1500 years, yet a persecution awaits it, before the end, fierce and more perilous than any which occurred at its first rise." Certainly all prior persecutions pale before what Christians experienced in the Terrible Twentieth.
This is an interesting passage from Newman's sermon: "Again, another anxious sign at the present time is what appears in the approaching destruction of the Mahometan power. This too may outlive our day; still it tends visibly to annihilation, and as it crumbles, perchance the sands of the world's life are running out." I assume that Newman was thinking of the decline of the Ottoman Empire of his day, the sick man of Europe. Freed from this adversary, perhaps Europe would unite behind one man, reform or revive the Roman Empire, and bring about the conditions for the Anti-Christ. Small wonder that Hitler was frequently deemed the Anti-Christ during his lifetime. Of course Hitler was not the Anti-Christ, but perhaps merely one of myriads of anti-Christs who have arisen and fallen in the centuries since the coming of Christ, or perhaps he is a precursor of the Anti-Christ.
Handel's Advent Messiah, Part II
Something for the weekend. The second part of the Advent portions of Handel's Messiah. The first part is here.