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Volume 34, Issue 4, April 2007
Review of Medical Physics Manuscripts34(2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.2716414View Description Hide Description
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Proton therapy is too expensive for the minimal potential improvements in outcome claimed34(2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.2717380View Description Hide Description
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Evaluation of the accuracy of fetal dose estimates using TG-36 data34(2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.2710332View Description Hide Description
The American Association of Physicists in Medicine Radiation Therapy Committee Task Group 36 report (TG-36) provides guidelines for managing radiation therapy of pregnant patients. Included in the report are data that can be used to estimate the dose to the fetus. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of these fetal dose estimates as compared to clinically measured values. TG-36 calculations were performed and compared with measurements of the fetal dose made in vivo or in appropriately-designed phantoms. Calculation and measurement data was collected for eight pregnant patients who underwent radiation therapy at the MD Anderson Cancer Center as well as for several fetal dose studies in the literature. The maximum measured unshielded fetal dose was , which was 1.5% of the prescription dose. For all cases, TG-36 calculations and measured fetal doses differed by up to a factor of 3—the ratio of the calculated to measured dose ranged from 0.34 to 2.93. On average, TG-36 calculations underestimated the measured dose by 31%. No significant trends in the relationship between the calculated and measured fetal doses were found based on the distance from, or the size of, the treatment field.
Development of an inverse optimization package to plan nonuniform dose distributions based on spatially inhomogeneous radiosensitivity extracted from biological images34(2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.2710948View Description Hide Description
An inverse optimization package which is capable of generating nonuniform dose distribution with subregional dose escalation is developed to achieve maximum equivalent uniform dose (EUD) for target while keeping the critical structure doses as low as possible. Relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) maps obtained with a dynamic susceptibility contrast-enhanced MRI technique were used to delineate spatial radiosensitivity distributions. The voxel rCBV was converted to voxel radiosensitivity parameters (e.g., and ) based on previously reported correlations between rCBV, tumor grade, and radiosensitivity. A software package, DOSEPAINT, developed using MATLAB, optimizes the beamlet weights to achieve maximum EUD for target while limiting doses to critical structures. Using DOSEPAINT, we have generated nonuniform 3D-dose distributions for selected patient cases. Depending on the variation of the pixel radiosensitivity, the subregional dose escalation can be as high as 35% of the uniform dose as planned conventionally. The target dose escalation comes from both the inhomogeneous radiosensitivities and the elimination of integral target dose constraint. The target EUDs are found to be higher than those for the uniform dose planned ignoring the spatial inhomogeneous radiosensitivity. The EUDs for organs at risk are found to be approximately equal to or lower than those for the uniform dose plans. In conclusion, we have developed a package that is capable of generating nonuniform dose distributions optimized for spatially inhomogeneous radiosensitivity. Subregional dose escalation may lead to increased treatment effectiveness as indicated by higher EUDs. The current development will impact biological image guided radiotherapy.
On the discrepancies between Monte Carlo dose calculations and measurements for the Varian photon beam34(2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.2712414View Description Hide Description
Significant discrepancies between Monte Carlo dose calculations and measurements for the Varian photon beam with a large field size were reported by different investigators. In this work, we investigated these discrepancies based on a new geometry model ("New Model") of the Varian 21EX linac using the GEPTS Monte Carlo code. Some geometric parameters used in previous investigations (Old Model) were inaccurate, as suggested by Chibani in his AAPM presentation (2004) and later confirmed by the manufacturer. The entrance and exit radii of the primary collimator of the New Model are larger than previously thought. In addition to the corrected dimensions of the primary collimator, the New Model includes approximate models for the lead shield and the mirror frame between the monitor chamber and the jaws. A detailed analysis of the phase space data shows the effects of these corrections on the beam characteristics. The individual contributions from the linac component to the photon and electron fluences are calculated. The main source of discrepancy between measurements and calculations based on the Old Model is the underestimated electron contamination. The photon and electron fluences at the isocenter are 5.3% and 36% larger in the New Model in comparison with the Old Model. The flattening filter and the lead shield (plus the mirror frame) contribute 48.7% and 13% of the total electron contamination at the isocenter, respectively. For both open and filtered (Pb) fields, the calculated (New Model) and measured dose distributions are within 1% for depths larger than . To solve the residual problem of large differences at shallow depths (8% at depth), the detailed geometry of an IC-10 ionization chamber was simulated and the dose in the air cavity was calculated for different positions on the central axis including at the surface, where half of the chamber is outside the phantom. The calculated and measured chamber responses are within 3% even at the zero depth.
Quantification of the impact of MLC modeling and tissue heterogeneities on dynamic IMRT dose calculations34(2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.2712413View Description Hide Description
This study quantifies the dose prediction errors (DPEs) in dynamic IMRTdose calculations resulting from (a) use of an intensity matrix to estimate the multi-leaf collimator(MLC) modulated photon fluence instead of an explicit MLC particle transport, and (b) handling of tissue heterogeneities by superposition/convolution (SC) and pencil beam (PB) dose calculation algorithms. Monte Carlo(MC) computed doses are used as reference standards. Eighteen head-and-neck dynamic MLCIMRT treatment plans are investigated. DPEs are evaluated via comparing the dose received by 98% of the GTV (GTV ), the CTV , the nodal , the cord and the brainstem , the parotid , the parotid mean dose, and generalized equivalent uniform doses (gEUDs) for the above structures. For the MC-generated intensity grids, is within for all targets and critical structures. The SC algorithm is within for 98.3% of the indices tallied, and within for all of the tallied indices. The PB algorithm is within for 92% of the tallied indices. Statistical equivalence tests indicate that PB requires a interval to state equivalence with the MC standard, while the intervals are for SC and . Overall, these results indicate that SC and MCIMRTdose calculations which use MC-derived intensity matrices for fluence prediction do not introduce significant dose errors compared with full Monte Carlodose computations; however, PB algorithms may result in clinically significant dose deviations.
Build-up and surface dose measurements on phantoms using micro-MOSFET in 6 and x-ray beams and comparisons with Monte Carlo calculations34(2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.2710951View Description Hide Description
This work is intended to investigate the application and accuracy of micro-MOSFET for superficial dosemeasurement under clinically used MV x-ray beams. Dose response of micro-MOSFET in the build-up region and on surface under MV x-ray beams were measured and compared to Monte Carlo calculations. First, percentage-depth-doses were measured with micro-MOSFET under 6 and beams of normal incidence onto a flat solid water phantom. Micro-MOSFET data were compared with the measurements from a parallel plate ionization chamber and Monte Carlodose calculation in the build-up region. Then, percentage-depth-doses were measured for oblique beams at onto the flat solid water phantom with micro-MOSFET placed at depths of , , and below the surface. Measurements were compared to Monte Carlo calculations under these settings. Finally, measurements were performed with micro-MOSFET embedded in the first layer of bolus placed on a flat phantom and a curved phantom of semi-cylindrical shape. Results were compared to superficial dose calculated from Monte Carlo for a thin layer that extends from the surface to a depth of . Results were (1) Comparison of measurements with MC calculation in the build-up region showed that micro-MOSFET has a water-equivalence thickness (WET) of for beam and for beam from the flat side, and a WET of for beam and for beam from the epoxy side. (2) For normal beam incidences, percentage depth dose agree within 3%–5% among micro-MOSFET measurements, parallel-plate ionization chambermeasurements, and MC calculations. (3) For oblique incidence on the flat phantom with micro-MOSFET placed at depths of , , and , measurements were consistent with MC calculations within a typical uncertainty of 3%–5%. (4) For oblique incidence on the flat phantom and a curved-surface phantom, measurements with micro-MOSFET placed at agrees with the MC calculation within 6%, including uncertainties of micro-MOSFET measurements of 2%–3% (1 standard deviation), MOSFET angular dependence of 3.0%–3.5%, and 1%–2% systematical error due to phantom setup geometry asymmetry. Micro-MOSFET can be used for skindosemeasurements in 6 and beams with an estimated accuracy of .
Introducing gel dosimetry in a clinical environment: Customization of polymer gel composition and magnetic resonance imaging parameters used for 3D dose verifications in radiosurgery and intensity modulated radiotherapy34(2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.2712042View Description Hide Description
Radiation sensitive gels have been used as dosimeters for clinical dose verification of different radiation therapy modalities. However, the use of gels is not widespread, because careful techniques are required to achieve the dose precision and accuracy aimed for in clinical dose verification. Here, the introduction of geldosimetry in a clinical environment is described, including the whole chain of customizations and preparations required to introduce magnetic resonance (MR) based geldosimetry into clinical routine. In order to standardize geldosimetry in dose verifications for radiosurgery and intensity modulated radiotherapy(IMRT), we focused on both the customization of the gel composition and of the MR imaging parameters to increase its precision. The relative amount of the components of the normoxic, methacrylic acid based gel (MAGIC) was changed to obtain linear and steep dose response relationships. MR imaging parameters were customized for the different dose ranges used in order to lower the relative standard deviation of the measured transversal relaxation rate . An optimization parameter was introduced to quantify the change in the relative standard deviation of taking the increase in MR time into account. A 9% methacrylic acidgel customized for radiosurgery was found to give a linear dose response up to with a slope of , while a 6% methacrylic acidgel customized for IMRT had a linear range up to with a slope of . With the help of an introduced optimization parameter, the mean was improved by 13% for high doses and by 55% for low doses, without increasing MR time to unacceptable values. A mean dose resolution of less than has been achieved with the gel and imaging parameters customized for IMRT and a dose resolution from (at ) to (at ) for the radiosurgerydose range. The comparisons of calculated and measured relative 3D dose distributions performed for radiosurgery and IMRT showed an acceptable overall correlation. The gamma criterion for the radiosurgery verification with a voxel size of was passed by 96.8% of the voxels ( distance, 8% in dose). For the IMRT verification using a voxel size of the gamma criterion was passed by 50.3% of the voxels ( distance, 3% dose uncertainty). Using dedicated data analysis and visualization software, MR based normoxic geldosimetry was found to be a valuable tool for clinically based dose verification, provided that customized gel compositions and MR imaging parameters are used. While high dose precision was achieved, further work is required to achieve clinically acceptable dose accuracy.
Application of adjoint Monte Carlo to accelerate simulations of mono-directional beams in treatment planning for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy34(2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.2712573View Description Hide Description
This paper deals with the application of the adjoint transport theory in order to optimize Monte Carlo based radiotherapytreatment planning. The technique is applied to Boron Neutron Capture Therapy where most often mixed beams of neutrons and gammas are involved. In normal forward Monte Carlo simulations the particles start at a source and lose energy as they travel towards the region of interest, i.e., the designated point of detection. Conversely, with adjoint Monte Carlo simulations, the so-called adjoint particles start at the region of interest and gain energy as they travel towards the source where they are detected. In this respect, the particles travel backwards and the real source and real detector become the adjoint detector and adjoint source, respectively. At the adjoint detector, an adjoint function is obtained with which numerically the same result, e.g., dose or flux in the tumor, can be derived as with forward Monte Carlo. In many cases, the adjoint method is more efficient and by that is much quicker when, for example, the response in the tumor or organ at risk for many locations and orientations of the treatment beam around the patient is required. However, a problem occurs when the treatment beam is mono-directional as the probability of detecting adjoint Monte Carlo particles traversing the beam exit (detector plane in adjoint mode) in the negative direction of the incident beam is zero. This problem is addressed here and solved first with the use of next event estimators and second with the application of a Legendre expansion technique of the angular adjoint function. In the first approach, adjoint particles are tracked deterministically through a tube to a (adjoint) point detector far away from the geometric model. The adjoint particles will traverse the disk shaped entrance of this tube (the beam exit in the actual geometry) perpendicularly. This method is slow whenever many events are involved that are not contributing to the point detector, e.g., neutrons in a scattering medium. In the second approach, adjoint particles that traverse an adjoint shaped detector plane are used to estimate the Legendre coefficients for expansion of the angular adjoint function. This provides an estimate of the adjoint function for the direction normal to the detector plane. In a realistic head model, as described in this paper, which is surrounded by 1020 mono-directional neutron/gamma beams and from which the best ones are to be selected, the example calculates the neutron and gamma fluxes in ten tumors and ten organs at risk. For small diameter beams , and with comparable relative errors, forward Monte Carlo is seen to be 1.5 times faster than the adjoint Monte Carlo techniques. For larger diameter neutron beams (10 and ), the Legendre technique is found to be 6 and 20 times faster, respectively. In the case of gammas alone, for the 10 and diam beams, both adjoint Monte Carlo Legendre and point detector techniques are respectively 2 and 3 times faster than forward Monte Carlo.
Three-dimensional heart dose reconstruction to estimate normal tissue complication probability after breast irradiation using portal dosimetry34(2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.2713216View Description Hide Description
Irradiation of the heart is one of the major concerns during radiotherapy of breast cancer. Three-dimensional (3D) treatment planning would therefore be useful but cannot always be performed for left-sided breast treatments, because CT data may not be available. However, even if 3D dose calculations are available and an estimate of the normal tissue damage can be made, uncertainties in patient positioning may significantly influence the heartdose during treatment. Therefore, 3D reconstruction of the actualheartdose during breast cancertreatment using electronic imaging portal device (EPID)dosimetry has been investigated. A previously described method to reconstruct the dose in the patient from treatment portal images at the radiological midsurface was used in combination with a simple geometrical model of the irradiated heart volume to enable calculation of dose-volume histograms (DVHs), to independently verify this aspect of the treatment without using 3D data from a planning CT scan. To investigate the accuracy of our method, the DVHs obtained with full 3D treatment planning system (TPS) calculations and those obtained after resampling the TPS dose in the radiological midsurface were compared for fifteen breast cancer patients for whom CT data were available. In addition, EPIDdosimetry as well as 3D dose calculations using our TPS, film dosimetry, and ionization chamber measurements were performed in an anthropomorphic phantom. It was found that the dose reconstructed using EPIDdosimetry and the dose calculated with the TPS agreed within 1.5% in the lung/heart region. The dose-volume histograms obtained with EPIDdosimetry were used to estimate the normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) for late excess cardiac mortality. Although the accuracy of these NTCP calculations might be limited due to the uncertainty in the NTCP model, in combination with our portal dosimetry approach it allows incorporation of the actual heartdose. For the anthropomorphic phantom, and for fifteen patients for whom CT data were available to test our method, the average difference between the NTCP values obtained with our method and those resulting from the dose distributions calculated with the TPS was 0.1% (1 SD). Most NTCP values were 1%–2% lower than those obtained using the method described by Hurkmans et al. [Radiother. Oncol.62, 163–171 (2002)], using the maximum heart distance determined from a simulator image as a single pre-treatment parameter. A similar difference between the two methods was found for twelve patients using in vivoEPIDdosimetry; the average NTCP value obtained with EPIDdosimetry was 0.9%, whereas an average NTCP value of 2.2% was derived using the method of Hurkmans et al. The results obtained in this study show that EPIDdosimetry is well suited for in vivo verification of the heartdose during breast cancertreatment, and can be used to estimate the NTCP for late excess cardiac mortality. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study using portal dosimetry to calculate a DVH and NTCP of an organ at risk.
An intercomparison between film dosimetry and diode matrix for IMRT quality assurance34(2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.2713426View Description Hide Description
The evaluation of the agreement between measured and calculated dose plays an essential role in the quality assurance (QA) procedures for intensity modulated radiation therapy(IMRT). Film dosimetry has been widely adopted for this purpose due to excellent film characteristics in terms of spatial resolution; unfortunately, it is a time-consuming procedure and requires great care if film has to be used as an absolute dosimeter. If this is not the case, then an independent ionimetric measurement is mandatory to assess the absolute dose agreement. Arrays of detectors are now replacing films for routine IMRT QA, since they permit very simple verification procedures. They show excellent characteristics in terms of linearity, repeatability, and independence of the response from the dose rate, but at the same time present a poor spatial resolution, due to the limited number of detectors available. In our institution, a diode matrix (MapCHECK™, provided by Sun Nuclear) is adopted for routine QA. The aim of this work is to compare the performances of absolute film dosimetry with this matrix in QA procedures and to investigate the origin of possible discrepancies between the two methods. The results we present show a very good agreement between the two detectors when used to assess the mean dose deviation between calculated and measured doses (in both cases 0.2%). If the matrix method is adopted, MapCHECK™ response shows a slightly better agreement with computed dose distribution than film dosimetry (mean percentage of points satisfying the constraint : 96% versus 94%). This difference is shown not to depend on the different field sampling, but on the detectors' capabilities. Moreover, we show that the diode matrix is able to identify eventual delivery errors as well as film. Our conclusion is that the diode matrix may effectively replace both film dosimetry and ionimetric measurements in routine IMRT QA.
Variations in energy spectra and water-to-material stopping-power ratios in three-dimensional conformal and intensity-modulated photon fields34(2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.2710550View Description Hide Description
Because of complex dose distributions and dose gradients that are created in three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) and intensity-modulated radiation therapy(IMRT), photon- and electron-energy spectra might change significantly with spatial locations and doses. This study examined variations in photon- and electron-energy spectra in 3D-CRT and IMRTphoton fields. The effects of spectral variations on water-to-material stopping-power ratios used in Monte Carlo treatment planning systems and the responses of energy-dependent dosimeters, such as thermoluminescent dosimeters(TLDs) and radiographic films were further studied. The EGSnrc Monte Carlo code was used to simulate megavoltage 3D-CRT and IMRTphoton fields. The photon- and electron-energy spectra were calculated in 3D water phantoms and anthropomorphic phantoms based on the fluence scored in voxel grids. We then obtained the water-to-material stopping-power ratios in the local voxels using the Spencer-Attix cavity theory. Changes in the responses of films and TLDs were estimated based on the calculated local energy spectra and published data on the dosimeter energy dependency. Results showed that the photon-energy spectra strongly depended on spatial positions and doses in both the 3D-CRT and IMRT fields. The relative fraction of low-energy photons increased inversely with the photondose in low-dose regions of the fields. A similar but smaller effect was observed for electrons in the phantoms. The maximum variation of the water-to-material stopping-power ratio over the range of calculated dose for both 3D-CRT and IMRT was negligible for ICRU tissue, cortical bone, and soft bone and less than 3.6% for dry air and lung. Because of spectral softening at low doses, radiographic films in the phantoms could over-respond to dose by more than 30%, whereas the over-response of TLDs was less than 10%. Thus, spatial variations of the photon- and electron-energy spectra should be considered as important factors in 3D-CRT and IMRTdosimetry.
Maximizing the potential of direct aperture optimization through collimator rotation34(2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.2712574View Description Hide Description
Intensity-modulated radiation therapy(IMRT)treatment plans are conventionally produced by the optimization of fluence maps followed by a leaf sequencing step. An alternative to fluence based inverse planning is to optimize directly the leaf positions and field weights of multileaf collimator(MLC) apertures. This approach is typically referred to as direct aperture optimization (DAO). It has been shown that equivalent dose distributions may be generated that have substantially fewer monitor units (MU) and number of apertures compared to fluence based optimization techniques. Here we introduce a DAO technique with rotated apertures that we call rotating aperture optimization (RAO). The advantages of collimator rotation in IMRT have been shown previously and include higher fluence spatial resolution, increased flexibility in the generation of aperture shapes and less interleaf effects. We have tested our RAO algorithm on a complex C-shaped target, seven nasopharynx cancer recurrences, and one multitarget nasopharynx carcinoma patient. A study was performed in order to assess the capabilities of RAO as compared to fixed collimator angle DAO. The accuracy of fixed and rotated collimator aperture delivery was also verified. An analysis of the optimized treatment plans indicates that plans generated with RAO are as good as or better than DAO while maintaining a smaller number of apertures and MU than fluence based IMRT. Delivery verification results show that RAO is less sensitive to tongue and groove effects than DAO. Delivery time is currently increased due to the collimator rotation speed although this is a mechanical limitation that can be eliminated in the future.
Effects of Hounsfield number conversion on CT based proton Monte Carlo dose calculations34(2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.2715481View Description Hide Description
The Monte Carlo method provides the most accurate dose calculations on a patient computed tomography(CT) geometry. The increase in accuracy is, at least in part, due to the fact that instead of treating human tissues as water of various densities as in analytical algorithms, the Monte Carlo method allows human tissues to be characterized by elemental composition and mass density, and hence allows the accurate consideration of all relevant electromagnetic and nuclear interactions. On the other hand, the algorithm to convert CT Hounsfield numbers to tissue materials for Monte Carlodose calculation introduces uncertainties. There is not a simple one to one correspondence between Hounsfield numbers and tissue materials. To investigate the effects of Hounsfield number conversion for protonMonte Carlodose calculations, clinical proton treatment plans were simulated using the Geant4 Monte Carlo code. Three Hounsfield number to material conversion methods were studied. The results were compared in forms of dose volume histograms of gross tumor volume and clinical target volume. The differences found are generally small but can be dosimetrically significant. Further, different methods may cause deviations in the predicted proton beam range in particular for deep proton fields. Typically, slight discrepancies in mass density assignments play only a minor role in the target region, whereas more significant effects are caused by different assignments in elemental compositions. In the presence of large tissue inhomogeneities, for head and neck treatments, treatment planning decisions could be affected by these differences because of deviations in the predicted tumor coverage. Outside the target area, differences in elemental composition and mass density assignments both may play a role. This can lead to pronounced effects for organs at risk, in particular in the spread-out Bragg peak penumbra or distal regions. In addition, the significance of the elemental composition effect (dose to water vs. dose to tissue) is tissue-type dependent and is also affected by nuclear reactions.
The impact of breathing motion versus heterogeneity effects in lung cancer treatment planning34(2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.2713427View Description Hide Description
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of tissue heterogeneity and breathing-induced motion/deformation on conformal treatment planning for pulmonary tumors and to compare the magnitude and the clinical importance of changes induced by these effects. Treatment planning scans were acquired at normal exhale/inhale breathing states for fifteen patients. The internal target volume (ITV) was defined as the union of exhale and inhale gross tumor volumes uniformly expanded by . Anterior/posterior opposed beams (AP/PA) and three-dimensional (3D)-conformal plans were designed using the unit-density exhale ("static") dataset. These plans were further used to calculate (a) density-corrected ("heterogeneous") static dose and (b) heterogeneous cumulative dose, including breathing deformations. The DPM Monte Carlo code was used for dose computations. For larger than coin-sized tumors, relative to unit-density plans, tumor and lungdoses increased in the heterogeneity-corrected plans. In comparing cumulative and static plans, larger normal tissue complication probability changes were observed for tumors with larger motion amplitudes and uncompensated breathing-induced hot/cold spots in lung. Accounting for tissue heterogeneity resulted in average increases of 9% and 7% in mean lungdose (MLD) for the and photon beams, respectively. Breathing-induced effects resulted in approximately 1% and 2% average decreases in MLD from the static value, for the 6 and photon beams, respectively. The magnitude of these effects was not found to correlate with the treatment plan technique, i.e., AP/PA versus 3D-CRT. Given a properly designed ITV, tissue heterogeneity effects are likely to have a larger clinical significance on tumor and normal lungtreatment evaluation metrics than four-dimensional respiratory-induced changes.
Quantifying lateral tissue heterogeneities in hadron therapy34(2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.2710329View Description Hide Description
In radiotherapy with scanned particle beams, tissue heterogeneities lateral to the beam direction are problematic in two ways: they pose a challenge to dose calculation algorithms, and they lead to a high sensitivity to setup errors. In order to quantify and avoid these problems, a heterogeneity number as a method to quantify lateral tissue heterogeneities of single beam spot is introduced. To evaluate this new concept, two kinds of potential errors were investigated for single beam spots: First, the dose calculation error has been obtained by comparing the dose distribution computed by a simple pencil beam algorithm to more accurate Monte Carlo simulations. The resulting error is clearly correlated with . Second, the analysis of the sensitivity to setup errors of single beam spots also showed a dependence on . From this data it is concluded that can be used as a criterion to assess the risks of a compromised delivered dose due to lateral tissue heterogeneities. Furthermore, a method how to incorporate this information into the inverse planning process for intensity modulated proton therapy is presented. By suppressing beam spots with a high value of , the unfavorable impact of lateral tissue heterogeneities can be reduced, leading to treatment plans which are more robust to dose calculation errors of the pencil beam algorithm. Additional possibilities to use the information of are outlined in the discussion.
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Predictive sensor based x-ray calibration using a physical model34(2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.2558266View Description Hide Description
Many computer assisted surgery systems are based on intraoperative x-rayimages. To achieve reliable and accurate results these images have to be calibrated concerning geometric distortions, which can be distinguished between constant distortions and distortions caused by magnetic fields. Instead of using an intraoperative calibration phantom that has to be visible within each image resulting in overlaying markers, the presented approach directly takes advantage of the physical background of the distortions. Based on a computed physical model of an image intensifier and a magnetic field sensor, an online compensation of distortions can be achieved without the need of an intraoperative calibration phantom. The model has to be adapted once to each specific image intensifier through calibration, which is based on an optimization algorithm systematically altering the physical model parameters, until a minimal error is reached. Once calibrated, the model is able to predict the distortions caused by the measuredmagnetic field vector and build an appropriate dewarping function. The time needed for model calibration is not yet optimized and takes up to on a CPU. In contrast, the time needed for distortion correction is less than and therefore absolutely acceptable for intraoperative use. First evaluations showed that by using the model based dewarping algorithm the distortions of an XRII with a FOV could be significantly reduced. The model was able to predict and compensate distortions by approximately 80% to a remaining error of (max) ( rms).
BOLD FMRI integration into radiosurgery treatment planning of cerebral vascular malformations34(2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.2710326View Description Hide Description
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is used to distinguish areas of the brain responsible for different tasks and functions. It is possible, for example, by using fMRI images, to identify particular regions in the brain which can be considered as "functional organs at risk" (fOARs), i.e., regions which would cause significant patient morbidity if compromised. The aim of this study is to propose and validate a method to exploit functional information for the identification of fOARs in CyberKnife (Accuray, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA) radiosurgerytreatment planning; in particular, given the high spatial accuracy offered by the CyberKnife system, local nonrigid registration is used to reach accurate image matching. Five patients affected by arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) and scheduled to undergo radiosurgery were scanned prior to treatment using computed tomography(CT), three-dimensional (3D) rotational angiography (3DRA), T2 weighted and blood oxygenation level dependent echo planar imagingMRI. Tasks were chosen on the basis of lesion location by considering those areas which could be potentially close to treatment targets. Functional data were superimposed on 3DRA and CT used for treatment planning. The procedure for the localization of fMRI areas was validated by direct cortical stimulation on and tumor patients undergoing conventional surgery. Treatment plans studied with and without considering fOARs were significantly different, in particular with respect to both maximum dose and dose volume histograms; consideration of the fOARs allowed quality indices of treatment plans to remain almost constant or to improve in four out of five cases compared to plans with no consideration of fOARs. In conclusion, the presented method provides an accurate tool for the integration of functional information into AVM radiosurgery, which might help to minimize undesirable side effects and to make radiosurgery less invasive.
Iterative threshold segmentation for PET target volume delineation34(2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.2712043View Description Hide Description
The purpose of this work is to create a rigorous method of segmenting PETimages using an automated iterative technique. To this end a phantom study employing spherical targets was used to determine local (slice specific) threshold levels which produce correct cross-sections based on the contrast between target and background. Numerous target to background activity concentration ratios were investigated but found to have minimal effect in comparison to the influence of target size. Functions were fit to this data and used to construct an iterative threshold segmentation algorithm. In all cases this approach yielded convergence within ten iterations. Iterative threshold segmentation was applied using both an axial and tri-axial approach to the spherical targets and also to two irregularly shaped volumes. Of these two approaches, the tri-axial method proved less susceptible to imagenoise and better at dealing with partial volume effects at the interface between target and background. For comparative purposes, single thresholds of 28% and 40% were also applied to the spherical data sets. The tri-axial iterative method was found capable of delineating cross sections with areas greater than to within the maximum resolution possible ( width). Cross sections of less than in area were resolved by the tri-axial method to within widths of their true physical extent. Local contrast based iterative threshold segmentation shows promise as a method of rigorously delineating PET target volumes with good accuracy subject to the limitations imposed by the image resolution which currently characterizes this modality.
Pulmonary nodule registration in serial CT scans based on rib anatomy and nodule template matching34(2007); http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.2712575View Description Hide Description
An automated method is being developed in order to identify corresponding nodules in serial thoracic CT scans for interval change analysis. The method uses the rib centerlines as the reference for initial nodule registration. A spatially adaptive rib segmentation method first locates the regions where the ribs join the spine, which define the starting locations for rib tracking. Each rib is tracked and locally segmented by expectation-maximization. The ribs are automatically labeled, and the centerlines are estimated using skeletonization. For a given nodule in the source scan, the closest three ribs are identified. A three-dimensional (3D) rigid affine transformation guided by simplex optimization aligns the centerlines of each of the three rib pairs in the source and target CT volumes. Automatically defined control points along the centerlines of the three ribs in the source scan and the registered ribs in the target scan are used to guide an initial registration using a second 3D rigid affine transformation. A search volume of interest (VOI) is then located in the target scan. Nodule candidate locations within the search VOI are identified as regions with high Hessian responses. The initial registration is refined by searching for the maximum cross-correlation between the nodule template from the source scan and the candidate locations. The method was evaluated on 48 CT scans from 20 patients. Experienced radiologists identified 101 pairs of corresponding nodules. Three metrics were used for performance evaluation. The first metric was the Euclidean distance between the nodule centers identified by the radiologist and the computer registration, the second metric was a volume overlap measure between the nodule VOIs identified by the radiologist and the computer registration, and the third metric was the hit rate, which measures the fraction of nodules whose centroid computed by the computer registration in the target scan falls within the VOI identified by the radiologist. The average Euclidean distance error was . Only two pairs had an error larger than . The average volume overlap measure was Eighty-three of the 101 pairs had ratios larger than 0.5, and only two pairs had no overlap. The final hit rate was .


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Jordan Bernacet went 3-for-4 with a pair of doubles as Schenectady beat Amsterdam, 7-2, Saturday in their Big 10 baseball finale. Zach Schellenger added two hits and drove in a pair of runs for the Patriots, who finished second in the Big 10 at 12-4 and 13-6 overall. Justin Decker won his sixth game of the season as CBA bested Troy, 11-6. Decker also drove in four runs with a two-run homer and a pair ...
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In a few weeks, the Baseball Writers Association of America will vote on the American League and National League Most Valuable Player award winners. Every year, the end-of-season awards seem to give us some surprises. This year, however, the choice for the American League Most Valuable Player seems obvious. But as in every election, one can never tell how the voters will decide.
Let's take a look at the top five projected MVP candidates in order of finish.
All stats and references are from www.baseball-reference.com, www.mlb.com and www.wikipedia.org.


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You'll develop an awareness of the relationship of health to all experiences and activities; become aware of the cognitive, affective and psychomotor aspects of fitness; and learn to create experiences which will promote health and physical development. You will develop your abilities to teach effectively by using a variety of instructional techniques and using the knowledge of the way in which students learn motor skills as well as develop their cognitive functions.
Degree: Bachelor of Science (BS)
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Department Website: Athletic Training and Exercise Science
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Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Chairperson: Shelby W. Yeager, MEd, ATC
Department of Health and Physical Education
570-348-6259 ext 2515
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Business and Global Innovation Major
I love sharing what I love most about Marywood!
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text:
As the two marquee players available in this year's MLB free-agent market, Albert Pujols and Prince Fielder figured to cash in mightily once they received a favorable contract offer and signed upon the dotted line.
Both career-long members of their respective clubs, the two sluggers have built impressive resumes for which they were paid handsomely by their new clubs.
Pujols, a modern legend during his career with the St. Louis Cardinals, has produced Hall of Fame caliber numbers through his first 11 seasons as a major leaguer. Even a cursory glance at his career statistics is enough to recognize the staggering nature of his greatness.
Fielder, though not quite on the same tier as Pujols, has proved to be incredibly durable and has become one of the game's most-feared power threats. His combination of sheer power, plate discipline and durability is rather formidable.
It was once unthinkable that Pujols would ever leave St. Louis, but when he took a stand in spring training and issued an ultimatum and end-date regarding discussion of a contract extension, many took it to mean that the Cardinals had missed their opportunity to secure the future of their star first baseman. Pujols though, on several occasions, professed his love of St. Louis and his desire to remain with the only organization he's ever known. During spring, he spoke about the option of staying in St. Louis and said, "It's a great piece to have on your resume. There's not too many players that stay with one organization. Hopefully that happens."
That wasn't to be, as the lure of $240 million proved too much for the star to resist. Rather than play out the second half of his Hall of Fame career with the Cardinals, he risked scorn from his adoring fans in St. Louis by moving out west to Southern California. A new era in Angels' baseball was born.
The situation with Prince was different however, as he was quoted during the pennant race as saying, "I'm signed for this year, but being real about it, it is probably the last year." In that conversation with Brian Anderson, Milwaukee Brewers play-by-play announcer, he confirmed the likelihood that he will take his services to the free-agent market.
While the Fielder situation took far longer to play out than that of Pujols, it ended in a similar fashion. Though some had questioned whether he and his agent had waited too long, it turned out to be a perfect strategy, as the Detroit Tigers were forced into a semi-desperate state following the loss of Victor Martinez to a knee injury.
Surprising many that had expected Prince to sign elsewhere, the talented, young slugger signed a massive, nine-year $214 million deal to assume the Tigers' first base position, moving incumbent Miguel Cabrera across the diamond to third. The deal suddenly has Detroit dreaming of a return to the World Series over five years after their bitter disappointment of 2006.
Despite the indisputable talent of each player, there is always concern when a club commits the type of money and contract length that the Angels and Tigers did in securing their new stars.
Since 1999, Major League Baseball has seen 32 contracts signed with total values in excess of $100 million.
Let's take a look at the richest contracts in MLB history to see how well those have worked out over time.


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Koch to Wisconsin: We don't want your power plants
If Gov. Scott Walker is still planning to move ahead with a plan to sell off hundreds of millions of dollars in power plants to help pay for some of the borrowing to fund his $6.4 billion transportation plan, Koch Industries isn't in a buying mood.
Melissa Cohlmia, a Koch Industries spokeswoman, said Monday that the company has no interest in buying any of the 37 power and heating plants. »Read Full Blog Post(78)
Heart health app wins national award for Marshfield
Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, a division of Marshfield Clinic, has won a national competition for the best mobile app to improve heart health.
The research foundation will receive $100,000 to support the application's future development. »Read Full Article
Toyota settlement announced for unintended acceleration in Wisconsin, 28 other states
Toyota has agreed to pay a $29 million settlement to end lawsuits filed by 29 states, including Wisconsin, over unintended acceleration, officials announced Thursday.
Wisconsin will get $674,000 as part of the deal, which will also require Toyota Motor Corp. to make sure it has "sound scientific and engineering data" to back up any safety claims it makes in future advertising, according to a news release from the Wisconsin attorney general's office Thursday. »Read Full Blog Post(4)
Valentine's Day not so sweet for Maroon Bells chocolate shop at Brookfield Square
It appears to be the last Valentine's Day -- or any day -- for the Maroon Bells of Colorado chocolate and ice cream shop at Brookfield Square.
The store was down to its last few discounted boxes of chocolates and bags of candy early Thursday afternoon. An employee said it was the store's final day. »Read Full Blog Post(2)
Mequon Town Center wins zoning approval
Mequon Town Center, an urban-style development proposed for the northwest corner of Mequon and Cedarburg roads, has received zoning approval.
The town center, proposed by developer Blair Williams, who operates Wired Properties LLC, would feature a pair of four-story buildings, with street-level commercial space and 40 to 50 upscale apartments. »Read Full Blog Post(12)
Marquette University team takes first place in investment banking contest
Five Marquette University graduate students took the top prize in a contest designed to develop the next generation of investment bankers.
The team won a $5,000 top prize in the ACG Cup, an event organized by the Association for Corporate Growth's Wisconsin chapter. Members of the winning team were Ryan Johnson, Sean Luedke, Jesse Maier, Michael Schroeder and Mick Trevey. »Read Full Article(2)
Scott Walker responds to critics who say his plans punish jobless people
Speaking on the Charlie Sykes show this morning, Gov. Scott Walker offered two anecdotes in defense of his proposal to require people on unemployment benefits to do four job applications a week instead of two.
"We say four or more, and the reason I say that is because I hear from employers all the time who tell me how frustrating it is that they have jobs open because all too often they hear the mumbling of people who really just come in and want to get things signed off to continue to get their benefits," Walker said on 620 WTMJ. »Read Full Blog Post(201)
Storms help push Generac 4Q sales 28% higher
With strong demand for home generators following storms, Generac Holdings Inc. on Thursday reported a 28% sales increase in its recent fiscal quarter.
The Waukesha maker of portable and home standby generators said it had $342 million in fourth-quarter sales, up from $267 million a year earlier. »Read Full Article(2)
Alliant Energy reports higher 2012 profit
Alliant Energy Corp. (LNT) reported net income of $72.3 million, or 62 cents a share, in the fourth quarter, up from $61 million, or 51 cents, a year ago.
For the full year, net income was $319.8 million, or $2.89 a share, up from $303.6 million, or $2.74, in 2011. »Read Full Blog Post
Walker's Point hostel plans on hold
A proposal to build a hostel-style hotel in the Walker's Point neighborhood is on hold as the developers consider alternative sites.
Third Coast Inn was proposed in December for a private home at 602 S. 3rd St. It would be Milwaukee's only hostel. »Read Full Blog Post(11)


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Skip to comments.DID SARAH PALIN REALLY SAY THE 'C' WORD? (Cajones)
Posted on 08/01/2010 10:56:39 AM PDT by geraldmcg
I'm not sure if we can believe anything in The Washington Post but this one needs mentioning even if they fabricated the story since it has to do with actually making Sarah Palin look good.
What's wrong with this picture? Since when would the WaPo want to make a conservative like Palin look good under any circumstances?
Nonetheless, Matt DeLong of the Washington Post quoted Sarah Palin as saying Barack Obama lacks 'the cojones' to tackle immigration.
Here's the exact quote, copied and pasted from the WaPo story:
Former Alaska Gov. Sarah Palin said Sunday that Arizona Gov. Jan Brewer (R) has "the cojones" that President Obama "does not have" to take on illegal immigration.
So, our conclusion on this matter is that although WaPo loves to trash Palin, this time they just couldn't resist putting in the Palin cojones quote, thus giving her a backhanded compliment.
By the way, the WaPo article ended with this just posted update:
Update: This may be the most high-profile political use of the word "cojones" by an American woman since then-U.S. ambassador to the United Nations Madeleine Albright famously said that Cuba's shooting down of planes flown by anti-Castro exiles was "not cojones" but "cowardice."
WebToday article: http://www.888webtoday.com
She DID say it, and I APPLAUDED in complete agreement with her...media, go suck an egg.
I've always known the Marxist in Chief has no balls..about damn time someone go on TV and actually say it. BRAVO Sarah..BRAVO
Of course she said it, she's not in the republican leadership!
Obama...go suck...nevermind...he doesn't need my encouragement.
(There putting that old canard to good use in a double recycle bin).
She said it on the Chris Wallace show today too!
I ask myself why she said the word in Spanish when it is just as disgusting and offensive in Spanish as the word is in English. Did she think it suddenly made it okay as long as it was not in English?
She needs to stick to the one language she knows.
IMO, America (real Americans; not the looters) is ready to roll up its sleeves and get busy righting the country. There is no more time for mealy mouthed politicians messing about with more social experiments.
The emperor has no balls and he's just been called on it.
Yep I just heard it. The video of the interview has been posted online. Just watch the media get all wee wee'd up over this LOL I can't wait. Get the popcorn. How is Obama gonna prove he has balls, is he gonna pull down his pants and prove it..God I hope not..
Don't be a Jackass, lots of people use the Spanish word instead of saying balls. What a frickin' jerk you are.
La palabra esta "cojones".
If you have not heard her actually comment on this; it just played again here on the East Coast on FNC...It's so "matter of factly" and spoken like many of us would in casual conversation.
no habla espanol, but is it "cojones" or "cajones?"
Since when did "cojones" become the C word? I thought that referred to an offensive term for - er - a part of the female anatomy.
I suppose she could have said balls rather than cojones; does that make it the B word?
The only thing I don't like is when people mis-spell it as cajones, which means either large boxes or crates or dresser drawers...
For you folks in Rio Linda, it means "balls".
She just destroyed multiple fronts of the left.
Do you have any rational adult commentary to offer or is this sort of personal attack childishness all your intellect is capable of producing?
Sad but very true.
I hope she did say it. I started using that expression about Gore when Dems tried playing "gravitas" against W.
So, my question still stands why Spanish and not English, hijo de p... maricon.
I remember when we used to use the term spineless, both gender neutral and to the point without coarsening public discourse. It's annoying and disappointing, but God's Name being used irreverently bothers me far more.
If you put it on a sign do it "C. O. JONES" ~
Palin and Brewer are two of very few in American politics today who are entitled to have their names and that word used in the same sentence.
She needs to stick to the one language she knows.
FR needs an ignore button for people like you.
Still, I don't see anything wrong in Palin's use of cojones. Probably in English she would have said guts, but everybody in the US now knows what cojones are, so I don't think there's anything wrong with her using this word. It's just the American English language adopting another useful foreign loan word (like pizza...).
We are sorry that such an abstract concept as style is so bewildering to your limited intellect.
Subtlety. Something I would think someone like you would get without having been told.
Oh, and another thing, looking at the title, DID SARAH PALIN REALLY SAY THE 'C' WORD? (Cajones). I dont object to the Word cajones since that means box.
So I guess she was saying he didnt have boxes. LOL!!!!
See my post #15. It's cojones (with an o).
LOL! Those would be huevos. Somebody had to get those things off of him. What an idiot he is.
How did you manage to get a law degree and still remain this wonderfully ignorant of basic public speaking skills?
An ignore button? Heck with that no one would read my posts.
"She's right on two fronts with this; she brings focus with a single word to the illegal problem in AZ. and the weakness problem in D.C."
Michael, I am not going to argue that because I belive you are right. I will concede.
Perhaps she should have said "Gonads"... more gender neutral :)
Illegals coming over the border from Mexico speak Spanish. Her use of the word "cojones" shows ironic wit.
It would be hard to imagine someone incapable of figuring this out...and I didn't have to. There you are in all your splendor.
Got Cahones?
You attack Palin in previous threads for "having a screechy voice" and "plastic smile". You call Obama "the Kenyan bastard". Yet she uses a descriptive term that is in common usage in the United States to pithily describe his inaction on the border and you suddenly rediscover your delicacy, pronouncing it "disgusting and offensive".
The English word "hypocrite" comes to mind. Try that one on for size. Fits you to a tee.
Those mexicans take over a chunk of our country, demonstrate openly in OUR streets, then that gives Sarah the right to say anything she wants *in spanish*. Common sense,, screw their sensitivities.
Sounds like something she would say. She has a habit of telling the truth.
If you want to see what Palin was talking about, go to Drudge and look at the pic of Obama. He looks so skinny, shrimpy, wimpy and nerdy, I didn't even recognize him. He is one of the least masculine people I have ever seen. On the View. Whoopi looked 10x as masculine, no exaggeration.
I have one word to describe your post: merde.
I don't use coño. I can't get myself to use that word. "Ajo" or "caramba" are as far as I go. Oh, sometimes "que vaina" slips out, but that is at home.
I applaud her for saying 0bama has no cajones (which of course is the truth — Michelle has that boy's little marbles in a lockbox), but I personally prefer using the word "spine" or "guts" to describe gutsy females (like Brewer).
And your question is still as stupid as it was the first time around, and I answered it. The answer? Once again, many people use the spanish term for balls, no special reason. BTW, it was not disgusting for her to use the term it is disgusting for Bozo to ignore the border and to refuse to enforce the law and, yes, Palin is correct, Bozo has no balls or spine for that matter.
Really guy? Then why were those "cube" fighter pilots keep chattering on about "boxes". Quit playing spelling games and advocating for your linguistic bretheren, and join the American side in this fight.
If our nations laws aren't OPEN SEASON for us to use their language and traditions any way we please. Thats the deal hijo, guess they forgot to read that?
Now we are into some kind of French.
The Spanish word is so much better. It has a better ring to it.
Because if they attack her over this, they're anti-Hispanic!
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.


text:
realmagick.com The shrine of knowledge.
Dream Dictionary Fish
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The big deal about "big data"—your guide to what the heck it actually means
Wow your next dinner party with this no-BS breakdown of the annoying buzzword.
Site theme
Wow your next dinner party with this no-BS breakdown of the annoying buzzword.
Saving everything in case it might be useful later is a recipe for disaster.
Credit card companies and airlines teamed up to help find fraudsters.
Ars talks to Yahoo about making photos easier to find, share, and communicate with.
Several groups unite to give you no excuse not to vote.
Twitter's mobile ad arm lets clients use a hidden tracking number created by Verizon.
11 million servers, new giant VMs, and more third-party app support.
Memristor technology promises a world where RAM never forgets—and is everywhere.
Configurable chips allow hardware acceleration of software algorithms.
Using DEA agreements, NSA taps into calls in The Bahamas—and possibly Jamaica.
A raft of updates to Azure introduced at TechEd.
Computers shut down trying to keep U-2 from colliding with planes miles below.
Azure Intelligent Systems Service designed to manage data from any device.
Just because phone companies keep the data doesn't mean NSA won't have broad access.
Inmarsat analysis of other planes' signals and paths helped determine course.
Using remote search, Mystic and Retro let NSA search through calls at a distance.
Project will focus on treatment, rather than discovery.
Sony and Panasonic developing AD for "professional use"; 300GB-per-disc by 2015.
What went right, what went wrong, and how we eventually beat it into submission.
Wow. Shibe-faced Dogecoin illicitly mined on Ivy League supercomputer. Amaze!
Privacy may be lacking, but network connectivity and digital surveillance are not.
Para Bellum Labs, an RNC incubator, looks to change the business of campaigning.
How much data do we want our vehicles to send?
An ethics board will regulate Google's use of AI tech.
Dishfire gathers "untargeted" messages, alerts, and phone metadata for search.
Service is designed to take on data firehoses like Twitter's in AWS' cloud.
"This is why we are currently reviewing our security system."
LexisNexis' Social Media Monitor service brings big data to police departments.


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Stopped here for a night in on a visit to lake district.
The person who showed us in was polite, and the b&b was quiet.
Got breakfast in the morning, and everything else was all right.
Went here in 2012.
Had a great stay at Greenriggs, very welcoming when we arrived. Got the last room available, was very small, but clean. Shared bathroom facilities were no problem for us. Full cooked breakfast. Free wifi and tea & coffee making facilities in room.
Great little B&B, good price, very clean room, quite small but adequate, in a very quiet location, the road was a dead end so no through traffic. Joe the owner was really friendly and helpful with information. The only slight problem that might cause and issue for some people, we were on the top floor and the last set of...
This is the most basic place I have ever stayed in. There were no complimentary biscuits on arrival with the tea and coffee facilities. There was no shampoo just shower gel and hand soap. The breakfast was ok a bit greasy as everything appeared to be fried. The room was dated but the blackout curtains were ace! All in all...
I stayed there with my boyfriend for two nights over the weekend. The host was very friendly and helpful. Our room (a double shower room) was also cozy and clean. A full English breakfast was provided every morning too! It's just 8-10 minutes walk from the station, with nice but less touristic restaurants and cafes around. If you are looking...
My wife, son and I chose to go to Windermere for a long weekend (4 nights) as we love the Lake District and on this visit we went back to a B&B which we stayed in almost 6 years previously.
The Greenriggs Bed and Breakfast is situated on upper oak street and is a 2 min walk from Windermere town...
Searching high and low for a place that will allow an infant was mighty hard, but we eventually found Greenriggs. After booking our 4 night stay, my husband and I realised that we'd actually stayed here before...when we first met over 5 years ago!
Our room was a family room with a double and a single bed which we pushed...
Stayed overnight at the greenriggs while visiting Windermere's attractions. The room was extremely clean with en-suite bathroom, tea making facilities, free wifi and a freeview TV.
Joe was a really lovely and attentive . The full English was very enjoyable!
When visiting Windermere I would defiantly recommend this B&B.
We have been staying at Greenriggs every year for the last 10 years or so and as such it feels like our home away from home. We find it to be a perfect base since after spending a day exploring the Lakes, Windermere offers a wide range of restaurants and pubs to eat dinner in - all within walking distance....
We booked very last minute after a struggle to find anywhere that would accept a well-behaved 2 year old. We had a family room which consisted of a double and bunk beds. The room was average sized and spotlessly clean. Could do with a bit of modernisation maybe... Joe was very friendly and welcoming. He makes a great breakfast, served...
"The area is quiet and pleasant"
"I believe only some of the larger rooms have en suite facilities."
"We stayed in a room with a single bed and a double bed. It helped us be able to spread our suitcases out and have plenty of room."


text:
DescriptionNever again debate between a protective case and a stylish one, with Symmetry Series, you get it all - talk about a double whammy.
Model: 77-40009
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- Dimensions: 5.43 x 4.25 x 1.02 (inches), Weight: 2.4 oz


text:
The City of Oshawa's Canada Day 2016 celebration is coming soon! This exciting event will take place at Lakeview Park on Friday, July 1, 2016 from 2:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m. Visitors can enjoy family, food, entertainment and the amazing firework display at the end of the evening.
Our Canada Day celebration is an open, free public event. Photographers will be present taking photos and video footage at this event. These images may be used without further notification (printed materials, website or social media outlets) for the promotion of the City of Oshawa.
Please note:
Watch for our event cruiser sponsored by:
Oshawa Central Council for Neighbourhood Associations, C.O.M.R.A., E.M.S., Oshawa Museum, Durham Regional Police Services, O.V.E.R.T, Oshawa Centre, Region of Durham, Long and McQuade, Oshawa Port Authority
The City of Oshawa is interested in discussing different sponsorship opportunities. The City of Oshawa's Canada Day Celebration has over 50,000 visitors attend this 1 day event. Please contact Special Events.


text:
Central Copenhagen with sunny courtyard - room #1
Size20 m²
Floor No.0
- Washer/dryer
- Balcony/terrace
- Internet/WiFi
- Towels
- Baby cot
- Dishwasher
- Kitchen
|Thorvaldsensvej, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
|Property type
|Private room
|Property ID
|Acceptance rate
|Response time
|A few hours
|Calendar updated
I offer 2 rooms in my private apartement. The room in this listing is larger and has 1 Double bed, Table with chairs, Fridge, TV & free wireless internet - Electrical kettle with tea & instant coffee. The room is suitable for maximum 3 people. A single bed (real bed) can be provided for an additional adult or child. A cot can be arranged for a small child. My other listing is also a double room. Both rooms are private rooms not shared with others.
Beds are made and towels are provided – bathroom is shared.
The building has a sunny patio where you can relax, read a book and enjoy some good moments.
Looking forward to welcome you!
> Smoking is not allowed
> We cannot accommodate guest pets
> Children are welcome
> No childcare is provided
> Consumption of alcohol is permitted
> Check in time is to be agreed and Check out time is to be agreed
|Price for > 2 guests
|$ 23 US per guest/night extra
|Check-in after
|On arrangement
|Check-in before
|On arrangement
|Check-out before
|On arrangement
|Cancellation Policy
Nice room in a central but quit area very near to the central station and the city. Friendly and helpful host. We enjoyed our stay there much.
Very pleasant stay at Frederic's place., good location in Copenhagen. We had everything we needed, nice room. Recommended!
Frederic and his sons were very friendly. Nice room with all you need.
I will come back again.
Frederic is a very friendly and helpful host, the apartment is well furnished. He gave me good advice on what you should have seen in Copenhagen. On foot or by bicycle is all well and quickly accessible from his apartment.
Frederic ist ein sehr freundlicher und hilfsbereiter Gastgeber die Wohnung ist toll eingerichtet. Er gab mir gute Tipps, was man in Kopenhagen gesehen haben sollte. Zu Fuß oder mit dem Rad ist alles gut und schnell von seiner Wohnung zu erreichen.
We stayed for two nights at Frederics apartment, and I would recommend it! The apartment is located at a good neighborhood and Very central.
Frederic is a good host.
The room is well located for a trip to the center of Copenhagen only 15 min walk.
The kitchen and bathroom were clean.
Overall a good stay there and seen many of copenhagen
Frederic is een goede gastheer.
De kamer is goed gelegen voor een uitstapje naar het centrum van kopenhagen slechts 15 min lopen.
De keuken en badkamer waren schoon.
Kortom een goed verblijf daar en veel van kopenhagen gezien
Our room was very comfortable and well equipped and our host was very helpful - Frederic recommended some very good eating spots as well!
This was our first wimdu experience.
Frederic was very friendly and gave us good recommendations.
We had a great stay in Copenhagen.
Great host, nice rooms and perfect location.
Thanks Frederic
Toller Gastgeber, schönes Zimmer und die perfekte Lage.
Danke Frederic
Oh what a beautiful appartement! We really loved the living room with the nice view to the garden and also the sweet kitchen and beautiful bathroom. We were allowed to use the kitchen too - There it was little mucky, but not that bad.
The area was really nice and quiet and we had just a little walk to public transport and the cheap supermarket.
Very creative special family – absolutely well organised and helpful!!!
Frederic wasn't in town when we arrived but his mother welcomed us quite great and gave us everything we needed. Was a perfect holiday and we would definitely stay there again. :)
- Quality assured accommodation
- Every host is verified by telephone
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Edinger Farm has been in operation since 2009. Along with limited stalls for boarders, we also have a growing lesson program that caters to riders from child through adult. We are conveniently located in Rehoboth, MA on the grounds of Fairfield Acres where we have multiple outdoor riding areas as well as 25+ acres of trails on property.
Beginner, Dressage, English Pleasure, Equitation, Hunter, Hunter Jumper, Jumping, Lesson
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As has proven to be the tradition with the Grand Theft Auto series, Rockstar Games is keeping up excitement for Grand Theft Auto 5 by releasing a constant trickle of screenshots and in-game artwork promising a variety of gameplay and environments. The latest batch of images are no exception, emphasizing the multitude of options players will have for traversing land, sea and air.
Unfortunately the images don't give any further detail on how players will be able to customize their own arsenal of vehicles, but if these are the standard selection, there may not be a need to accessorize.
Ranging from private jets and helicopters to ATVs that may or may not be operated while dressed, the trio of protagonists leading GTA 5's campaign will never be hurting for transportation. With Rockstar referring to this particular gallery of images as a look at 'The Fast Life' of Los Santos, it's easy to see how the glamour – and reality – of the California port will be brought to life.
Take a look:
Buried behind the military aircraft and scenery are a few easter eggs for fans, from the modified logo for the Los Angeles Kings hockey team, to yet another return appearance by the fictional hair metal band 'Love Fist.'
Of course, it's hard to talk about GTA 5 without paying attention to the most compelling aspect of the game's campaign: the three main characters. Not only will Rockstar have the chance to tell three different stories simultaneously, but as we now know, the characters will each be getting up to unique forms of trouble when not being played.
It's a risk that may or may not pay off, but given how well the parallel stories of Niko Bellic, Johnny Klebitz, and Luis Lopez in GTA 4 and its expansions, 'The Lost & Damned' and 'The Ballad of Gay Tony,' respectively, we'd give them the benefit of the doubt. In fact, some GTA 4 modders were so intrigued by the idea of hopping between heroes throughout Liberty City, they added it to the last game in the series: Check it out:
The past has proven that Grand Theft Auto can lead to some stunning mods from its fans, but with a PC release for GTA 5 still not confirmed, it's hard to know if GTA mods are a thing of the past. Fans are petitioning to have a PC version of the game created, but Rockstar has yet to change their current plan, whatever it may be. We'll keep you updated when (and if) an announcement is made.
How much stock do you place in images like these? Are you hoping to see a Los Santos environment as open-ended as Just Cause 2, or is it the scripted story you're most looking forward to? Leave us your thoughts in the comments.
Grand Theft Auto 5 releases September 17, 2013 for the PS3 and Xbox 360.
Follow Andrew on Twitter @andrew_dyce.


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About Cape Legends
Cape Legends is South Africa's premium fine wine company based in Stellenbosch, South Africa. Representing twenty award-winning brands from the Cape Winelands, we bring our diverse portfolio of wines to South African and international audiences.
Meet Our Sales Team
A dedicated team of passionate Cape Legends business managers and sales consultants look after our local and international marketing and distribution, ready to assist you with any of your business needs.
Our Wine Brands
The Cape Legends stable of award-winning wines includes some of the country's most recognized brands, wine estates and wineries from all around the Cape, including Stellenbosch, Aghulas, Durbanville Hills, the Swartland, and Franschhoek Valley.


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James Barding, a 60-year-old practicing attorney, was charged in a sealed superseding indictment last Wednesday. The indictment was made public Tuesday during his first court appearance.
Barding allegedly helped his 38-year-old Ukrainian national girlfriend, Darya Chernova, who entered the U.S. on a student visa and attended Lincoln University before earning a masterâ??s degree from the University of Missouri, try to find a U.S. citizen to marry her so she could stay in the country. Court documents allege that Barding offered Helias High School teacher and tennis coach Tim Dunville $36,000 to marry Chernova.
Also listed as co-defendants on the superseding indictment were 32-year-old Oleksandr Nikolayevich Druzenko, also known as "Alex" or "Sasha," of Jefferson City, and 60-year-old Patricia Ewalt of El Paso, Texas.
Druzenko and Ewalt were friends with Barding and Chernova, who helped Druzenko find a U.S. Citizen (Ewalt) to marry in 2007 so he could stay in the country after graduating. The pair met in March 2007 and were married on June 22, 2007. Druzenko then obtained lawful permanent resident status on Jan. 2, 2008.
The co-defendants were originally charged in an Oct. 3, 2012 federal indictment. The superseding indictment also includes additional charges against some of the defendants.
All four were charged with participating in a conspiracy to defraud the U.S., to commit marriage fraud, and to gain resident status and citizenship through false statements. They were also charged together in one count of marriage fraud, as well as one count of attempting to unlawfully procure citizenship or naturalization. Druzenko and Ewalt were charged together in three counts that are related to making false statements on immigration forms.


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What Cano Sees in Jay-Z
Robinson Cano just couldn't wait to talk about his big agent switch Wednesday, in the way that most men just can't wait for their next colonoscopy. He appeared at his locker just a few minutes before he would have to go outside for batting practice. He kept his head down, his hat pulled low and his answers short. He revealed little.
You could have mistaken it for some kind of celebrity mea culpa until, toward the end of his four-minute exchange with reporters, one question made him smile broadly: What do you like about Jay-Z?
"Everything," Cano said.
The Yankees second baseman is positively smitten with the rap mogul and, as of Tuesday, his new agent. And that appears to be the driving factor in his decision to ditch Scott Boras, the game's pre-eminent player representative, in favor of Jay-Z and Creative Artists Agency.
The most common interpretation of Cano's move is that it increases the Yankees' chances of re-signing him, because Boras has a reputation for steering clients to free agency and CAA has negotiated some big extensions recently. And that may well be true. But it's hard to believe Cano was driven to make the switch based solely on a fear that Boras wouldn't get a deal done.
For one thing, they were still early in the negotiating process. For another, Cano knew exactly what he was getting with Boras, whom he hired more than two years ago.
Even if Cano had grown impatient with Boras, he could have simply hired CAA alone. The agency is big enough and broad enough, with tentacles in sports and Hollywood, to handle more than just Cano's baseball contract.
His decision to go into business with Jay-Z seems driven by something more basic: Jay-Z is cool. He's much more than a talented entertainer. He's a savvy businessman. He's the kind of celebrity other celebrities find it cool to be associated with. And Cano, evidently, wants to be all of those things.
Cano said he has known the rapper since 2005, Cano's first year in the majors. Jay-Z, who will appear in a concert at Yankee Stadium in July, is also pals with Alex Rodriguez.
By teaming up with Jay-Z, CAA gets a piece of a contract that could exceed $200 million. And Jay-Z gains instant credibility for his newly formed Roc Nation Sports. But beyond coolness by association, it isn't clear why Cano would need to hire Jay-Z, who has no experience in player representation.
In a statement Tuesday, he mentioned taking "a more active role in my endeavors both on and off the field." But to the extent that he is interested in endorsements and other non-baseball endeavors, he surely doesn't need Jay-Z for that.
Derek Jeter is one of the most marketable athletes on the planet and a magnet for endorsements, despite employing an agent, Casey Close, with no known abilities as a rapper. What can Jay-Z do for Cano that CAA can't?
"I haven't heard that he's putting out an album yet," Yankees manager Joe Girardi said of Cano. "If he did, I wouldn't be the first one to buy it, I can guarantee you that."
For his part, Cano explained little, which is his right. It's his money, his career, and if aligning with Jay-Z increases the odds of him remaining a Yankee, no one around here will question it.
"I don't want to go into details," Cano said. "I just feel happy with where I'm at right now and the decision that I made." But Cano came off as impulsive when he was asked how long he had been in talks to make the switch. "I just think it happened over the weekend," he said.
More telling than anything Cano said was the photo he posted on Twitter earlier Wednesday. It showed Jay-Z standing with his arm around Cano, who was smiling. Cano wrote simply: "Empire State of Mind."
Write to Brian Costa at firstname.lastname@example.com


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Over the past 80 years, physiological research has moved progressively in a reductionist direction, providing mechanistic information on a smaller and smaller scale. This trend has culminated in the present focus on "molecular physiology," which deals with the function of single molecules responsible for cellular function. There is a need to assemble the information from the molecular level into models that explain physiological function at cellular, tissue, organ, and whole organism levels. Such integration is the major focus of an approach called "systems biology." The genome sequencing projects provide a basis for a new kind of systems biology called "data-rich" systems biology that is based on large-scale data acquisition methods including protein mass spectrometry, DNA microarrays, and deep sequencing of nucleic acids. These techniques allow investigators to measure thousands of variables simultaneously in response to an external stimulus. My laboratory is applying such an approach to the question: "How does the peptide hormone vasopressin regulate water permeability in the renal collecting duct?" We are using protein mass spectrometry to identify and quantify the phosphoproteome of collecting duct cells. The response to vasopressin, presented in the form of a network model, includes a general downregulation of proline-directed kinases (MAP kinases and cyclin-dependent kinases) and upregulation of basophilic kinases (ACG kinases and calmodulin-dependent kinases). Further progress depends on characterization and localization of candidate protein kinases in these families. The ultimate goal is to use multivariate statistical techniques and differential equations to obtain predictive models describing vasopressin signaling in the renal collecting duct.
- aquaporin-2
- signaling networks
- collecting duct
- phosphoproteomics
- mass spectrometry
- Nedd4-2


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CNY Arts & Theater
News and Reviews on Fine Art, Dance, Theater, and Performing Arts
Tattoos Of The NYS Fair
By Matt Adams | email@example.com
September 04, 2015, 10:02AM
A variety of fairgoers show off their ink at The Great New York State Fair. Full story »
Syracuse Poster Project needs poems by Friday
By Melinda Johnson | email@example.com
September 03, 2015, 4:03PM
SYRACUSE, N.Y. – The deadline is Friday for the Syracuse Poster Project to receive haiku poems for its 15th annual series. The poems, focused on the city Syracuse and the surrounding region, are paired with the illustrations of Syracuse University students. The poster series for 2016 will feature 15 posters. The illustrations usually are based on the poems. This year... Full story »
'SpongeBob' musical: Bowie, more big names writing songs for Tom Kenny character
By Geoff Herbert | firstname.lastname@example.com
September 01, 2015, 6:36AM
Artists involved include Aerosmith, John Legend, Lady Antebellum and rapper T.I. Full story »
New art studio to offer exhibits, workshops in downtown Syracuse
By Kevin Tampone | firstname.lastname@example.com
August 31, 2015, 10:41AM
The business will open next month. Full story »
Upstate NY museum receives 55 pieces of couple's modern art collection
By The Associated Press
August 29, 2015, 11:39AM
The Hyde Collection in Glens Falls announced Friday that 55 works by some of the world's leading modern artists are a gift from Werner Feibes and the late James Schmitt. Full story »
Cortland Repertory Theatre caps season with a lively 'Suds' (Review)
By Neil Novelli | Contributing writer
August 28, 2015, 9:33AM
The show's pops tunes of the 1960s still offer freshness and vitality Full story »
At SU Art Galleries: Explore the artist who 'gave steroids to Pop art' (Review)
By Katherine Rushworth | Contributing writer
August 24, 2015, 3:26PM
"I'm the one who gave steroids to Pop art," the painter James Rosenquist wrote in his readable memoir titled "Painting Below Zero." (James Rosenquist with David Dalton, Alfred A. Knopf, 2009) And there is some truth to that statement. Rosenquist's high-octane, larger than life brand of Pop is not the literal Pop art of Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein, or Robert... Full story »
Merry-Go-Round Playhouse presents a PG-13 'Sweeney Todd' (Review)
By Tony Curulla | Contributing writer
August 23, 2015, 2:21PM
As their current summer production, Merry-Go-Round Playhouse presents "Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street" as part of the 2015 Finger Lakes Musical Theatre Festival. With over 30 musical numbers and comparatively little unsung dialogue, "Sweeney" might be classified as more of an opera than a musical theater property. Perhaps its theme of unusual and often graphic, violent revenge,... Full story »
End of the world space cult party? That and more at CNY art galleries this fall
By Katherine Rushworth | Contributing writer
August 19, 2015, 12:07PM
As summer draws to an end, it's time to take a look at the approaching autumn season of art exhibitions. Outlined below are some of the dates, titles, highlights and details for upcoming shows for galleries in our area: ArtRage: 505 Hawley Ave., 218-5711. • Sept. 12 to Oct. 24: "THE GLOBAL CITIZEN: Graphic Art of Marlena Baczek Smith." An... Full story »
First phase of Redhouse @ City Center to begin soon
By Melinda Johnson | firstname.lastname@example.com
August 17, 2015, 11:35AM
Red House Arts Center and Paramount Realty Group have closed on purchase of garage within former Sibley's building making way for start of $6 million renovation. Full story »
'White Liars & Black Comedy' brings the Swinging Sixties back to CNY Playhouse (Review)
By Len Fonte | Contributing writer
August 15, 2015, 6:48PM
CNY Playhouse captures the spirit of the Sixties with the ironic "White Liars" and whacky "Black Comedy." Full story »
Cortland Rep's 'Miracle on Division Street' balances truth and belief (review)
By Tony Curulla | Contributing writer
August 14, 2015, 3:24PM
It's not supposed to make sense. It's religion! Full story »
Syracuse Shakespeare Festival gives 'All's Well' a brisk, imaginative interpretation (review)
By Neil Novelli | Contributing writer
August 14, 2015, 2:44PM
SSF production of Shakespeare's "All's Well" is marked by excellent acting Full story »
Skanfest 2015 opens with extraordinary musical moment (Review)
By Linda Loomis | Contributing writer
August 14, 2015, 11:43AM
Concert number one entered the books as an extraordinary, memorable slice of time for Central New York chamber music. Full story »
Roadside spectacle is more than a work of art
By Melinda Johnson | firstname.lastname@example.com
August 12, 2015, 11:05AM
Bob Eibert, of Spafford, has created an art installation, of sorts, focused on good versus evil. Full story »
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AMA National Medical Student Interim Meeting
Join us at the 2016 AMA National Medical Student Interim Meeting.
November 10-12, 2016
Walt Disney World Dolphin Hotel
Orlando, Florida
Represent the voice and vision of medical students across the country at the American Medical Association National Medical Student Interim Meeting.
Meeting Registration
Open August 26 through November 4
Important Meeting Deadlines
- Applications deadline – Oct. 13
- MSS Chair-Elect
- Board of Trustees – Student Member
- Regional Delegates – email MSS
AMA-MSS Resolutions and Policy Actions
- Final Resolutions deadline – September 21
- Virtual Reference Committee – opens September 28 and closes October 14
Travel and Entertainment
- Transportation: Airport SuperShuttle service. Enter the code WDV9C to receive a 10% discount for the AMA - $17 one way from the Orlando Airport to the Walt Disney World Dolphin & Swan Resort. Make your reservations in advance here.
- Tickets: Specially priced Walt Disney World Tickets in case you are planning to arrive early or stay late for the meeting. Tickets need to be purchased in advance.


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realmagick.com The shrine of knowledge.
Chyawanprash Ingredients
A selection of articles related to chyawanprash ingredients.
Original articles from our library related to the Chyawanprash Ingredients. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Chyawanprash Ingredients.
- Survivalists' Guide for the New Millennium: Chapter 6
- AS THE WORM TURNS Health and well being are part of the natural birthright of the human being. With all of its organs intact, the right diet, exercise and mental focus, a human body can overcome any disease. Even so, the effects of living in this...
Philosophy >> Survivalists Guide for the New Millennium
- Beltane - The Lover's Holiday
- ABOUT BELTANE | RITUAL | FOODS | REFERENCES ABOUT BELTANE Beltane is celebrated on May 1st and is one of the original Celtic festivals, Samhain being the other one. Beltane or May Day is also known as the Lover's holiday. Beltane is pronounced bel-tene, "...
Holidays >> Beltaine
- History of Egyptian Medicine and Philosophy
- When medical knowledge past is considered, lack of aseptic technique, pain-killing drugs and antibiotics are an accepted part of our modern legend of these ancient healing practices. You will find that none of this is true when it comes to Ancient Egypt....
Religions >> Egyptian
- Morrison, Dorothy
- Dorothy is a Wiccan High Priestess of the Georgian tradition and an avid practitioner of the ancient arts for over 20 years. She teaches the Craft to students throughout the US and in Australia. Her interests include archery and bowhunting, magical herbalism,...
Real Interviews >> Authors
- Ostara - The Vernal Equimox
- ABOUT OSTARA | RITUAL | FOODS | REFERENCES ABOUT OSTARA Ostara (pronounced Oh-star-ah) is also called Eostre, Easter, Vernal Equinox, Spring Equinox, and the First Day of Spring. This is the time of year when day & night are equal, and heralds the return of...
Holidays >> Ostara
- Survivalists' Guide for the New Millennium: Chapter 2
- WORKING TO LIVE RATHER THAN LIVING TO WORK Before the dawn of recorded history, a major period of transition occurred. Nomadic hunter-gatherer clans transformed themselves into larger communities who farmed the land. This they did by planting their own...
Philosophy >> Survivalists Guide for the New Millennium
Chyawanprash Ingredients is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Chyawanprash Ingredients books and related discussion.
Suggested Pdf Resources
- Traditional medicinal formulation, Chyawanprash—A review
- which serves as a nutrient for healthy individuals in- cludes around 50 herbs. Chyawanprash can be con- sumed in all seasons, as it contains ingredients, which.
- nopr.niscair.res.in
- Medicinal plants used in preparation of polyherbal ayurvedic
- Oct 10, 2013 Key words: Chyawanprash, polyherbal formulation, medicinal plants in chawanprash, herbal ... today, Chyawanprash ingredients vary widely.
- www.academicjournals.org
- A wonder Indian Rasayana from Ayurveda to - Earth Journals
- 'Chyawanprash' is one of the most popular Ayurvedic preparations ... KEY WORDS: Chyawanprash, Rasayana, Rig-Veda, Ingredients, Physicochemical values.
- earthjournals.org
- effect of chyawanprash on cognitive, autonomic and respiratory
- Jul 27, 2014 available on the usefulness of chyawanprash in the cognitive functions however, ... combination of these ingredients used in Chyawanprash.
- www.ijrap.net
- comparative estimation and chemical standardization of new and
- Aug 4, 2013 Chyawanprash, honey is used as a sweetening ingredient and also works as ... these active ingredients on long storage can results in chemical.
- www.ijppsjournal.com
Suggested News Resources
- Patanjali Ayurved injects new life into herbal market, helps rivals sell more
- MUMBAI: In a short span of time, Patanjali Ayurved has not only made a name for itself among Indian consumers, but also fuelled expansion of the herbal products market and helped rivals sell more home and personal care products, grabbing share from ...
- Ashwagandha: The Powerful Health Benefits and Beauty Benefits You Need to Know
- It is also present in Chyawanprash, the delicious and famous concoction stocked up in every Indian household. 8.
- Indian-origin doctor in UK wins 1.22mn pounds as compensation
- Raj Mattu, was dismissed by University Hospital of Coventry and Warwickshire National Health Service (NHS) Trust in 2010. In 2001, he had exposed cases of overcrowding in the hospital's wards which posed a health risk to patients.
- US President Barack Obama seeks $1.8 billion to fight Zika virus
- The mosquito-borne illness called Zika has surged across Latin America, prompting fears that spring weather could bring an explosion in cases. PTI | 09 February 2016, 4:57 AM IST. Follow ETHealthWorld.
- Mumbai: Caterpillar hair removed from kid's eye after 6 ops
- A three-year-old Navi Mumbai kid had to undergo six procedures after a caterpillar fell right into her eye while she was playing in a garden. 06 February 2016, 9:43 AM IST. Follow ETHealthWorld.
Suggested Web Resources
- Chyawanprash Health Benefits - Ayurvedic Herbs | Banyan Botanicals
- Amalaki (the main ingredient in chyawanprash) aids in the elimination of ama ( toxins) and strengthens the blood, the liver, the spleen, and the respiratory system ...
- www.banyanbotanicals.com
- Chyawanprash - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- Chyawanprash is widely sold and consumed in India as a dietary supplement. ... may vary from 25 to 80 but the main ingredient of all Chyawanprash is amla.
- en.wikipedia.org
- Chyawanprash: The Premier Rasayana of Ayurveda - ITM Online
- Some versions have a "crunchy" quality from unprocessed herb ingredients. The smooth Chyawanprash made of extracted herbs by Universal Medicaments of ...
- www.itmonline.org
- How to Make Chyawanprash? - Homemade Chyavanprash Recipe
- Most of the ingredients of Chyawanprash are not particularly expensive. Kesar ( saffron) is the most expensive ingredient. Chyawanprash ingredients are ...
- nishamadhulika.com
- Chyawanprash: Benefits, Uses, Ingredients, and Side Effects
- Aug 16, 2015 The combination of over forty herbs makes chyawanprash a powerful immunity boosting tonic. Amla or gooseberry, the main ingredient, ...
- hubpages.com
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