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Skip to comments.Evolution: hacking back the tree of life (can anyone say DEVOLUTION?)
Posted on 11/14/2007 4:00:52 PM PST by GodGunsGuts
Evolution: hacking back the tree of life
13 June 2007
NewScientist.com news service
Laura Spinney
If you want to know how all living things are related, don't bother looking in any textbook that's more than a few years old. Chances are that the tree of life you find there will be wrong. Since they began delving into DNA, biologists have been finding that organisms with features that look alike are often not as closely related as they had thought. These are turbulent times in the world of phylogeny, yet there has been one rule that evolutionary biologists felt they could cling to: the amount of complexity in the living world has always been on the increase. Now even that is in doubt.
While nobody disagrees that there has been a general trend towards complexity - humans are indisputably more complicated than amoebas - recent findings suggest that some of our very early ancestors were far more sophisticated than we have given them credit for. If so, then much of that precocious complexity has been lost by subsequent generations as they evolved into new species. "The whole concept of a gradualist tree, with one thing branching off after another and the last to branch off, the vertebrates, being the most complex, is wrong," says Detlev Arendt, an evolutionary and developmental biologist at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory in Heidelberg, Germany.
The idea of loss in evolution is not new. We know that snakes lost their legs, as did whales, and that our own ancestors lost body hair. However, the latest evidence suggests that the extent of loss might have been seriously underestimated. Some evolutionary biologists now suggest that loss - at every level, from genes and types of cells to whole anatomical features and life stages - is the key to understanding evolution and the relatedness of living things. Proponents of this idea argue that classical phylogeny has been built on rotten foundations, and tinkering with it will not put it right. Instead, they say, we need to rethink the process of evolution itself.
It is not hard to see how the mistake might have happened. In the past, the tree of life was constructed on the basis of similarity of morphological features. The more similar two species looked, the more closely related they were thought to be. But looks can be deceptive. This became abundantly clear more than a decade ago, when molecular biologists began comparing small numbers of genes from various organisms and found that many species were not what they appeared. Hippos, for example, were once thought to be the kissing cousins of pigs, but genetic evidence revealed their closest living relatives to be the cetaceans (whales, dolphins and porpoises).
Without the insights of molecular analysis, traditional morphologists also had no way of knowing whether a particular feature had been lost in a given lineage, or had never been there in the first place. In line with the idea that things evolve towards increasing complexity, they tended to assume the latter, sometimes quite incorrectly. Take the sea squirt. Its larva swims around looking like a tadpole, with a nerve cord along its back, gill slits for feeding and a tail - all classic features of chordates, the large group of animals with backbones that includes us. Then, however, it stands on its head and turns into a sack of jelly, having first digested what it had of a brain. The adult looks suspiciously like a plant. For a long time it was considered to be one of the most primitive chordates because of its simple adult form - about as far from vertebrates as it was possible to get. In between were myriad other groups, including the lancelets - fish-like animals that hang on to their nerve cords into adulthood. Then molecular studies revealed that sea squirts are genetically closer to us than are lancelets, and the tree had to be reshuffled.
In recent years, genetic analysis has forced biologists to consider the possibility that organisms such as the sea squirt might have lost some of the complexity of their ancestors. Yet even now, few recognise the full implications of loss as a key player in evolution. The entire tree of life has been built on the assumption that evolution entails increasing complexity. So, for example, if two groups of animals were considered close because both had a particular prominent feature, then someone discovered a third, intermediate line that lacked that feature but shared many other aspects of the two groups, traditional phylogenists would conclude that the feature had arisen independently in the two outlying groups, by a process known as convergent evolution. They often did not even consider the alternative explanation: that the feature in question had evolved just once in an ancestor of all three groups, and had subsequently been lost in the intermediate one. Now a handful of molecular biologists are considering that possibility.
Instead of simply looking to see whether two species share certain genes, the new approach involves taking the "molecular fingerprint" of different types of cells. It identifies the unique combination of transcription factors - molecules that control which of a cell's genes are turned on and when - that specify the make-up of a cell, including the molecular signals it transmits and receives. If two groups of organisms share the same type of cells, with the same molecular fingerprint, giving rise to similar features in both, then it is extremely unlikely that these features evolved twice. So any intermediate groups of organisms that lack that feature would most likely have lost it during the course of evolution. Only now, with the ability to explore at the molecular level how morphological features have been lost, gained and modified over time, is the true extent of evolutionary loss coming to light.
Arendt's convictions about the vast scale of this loss are based on his molecular fingerprinting studies of a tiny annelid worm called Platynereis dumerilii. It is an unprepossessing animal that lives in tubes stuck to rocks in shallow seas, bathed in a nutritious blanket of algae and reproducing according to the tides and the lunar cycle. "We think that it has always lived in this ecological niche," he says, "and that this might resemble the environment of the common ancestor [of all animals that are symmetrical along the axis from head to tail]". This enormous group, called bilaterians, encompasses all vertebrates and most invertebrates; the descendants of a long-extinct creature known as Urbilateria that lived between half a billion and a billion years ago. No fossils of this species have been found, but as Platynereis is thought to have occupied the same niche as Urbilateria, Arendt suspects it might also have retained some of the mysterious ancestor's features.
Brainy ancestors What Arendt's group has discovered about the brain of this lowly worm is intriguing. Within the animal kingdom, the simplest and most evolutionarily ancient type of nervous system is a diffuse neural net. Sea anemones and corals, for example, have this system, in which a single type of neuron is distributed throughout the animal. More recently evolved species have a central nervous system (CNS), with specialised sensory and motor neurons clumped together into a nerve cord and brain.
A CNS is found in all vertebrates and some invertebrates, including Platynereis and two of biology's supermodels, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans, but there are obvious differences between the vertebrate and invertebrate CNS. Vertebrates have a spinal cord at the back, while invertebrates usually have a chain of neuronal clusters or ganglia, connected like a rope ladder, in their belly. This led morphologists to think that Urbilateria had a diffuse neural net and that centralisation arose separately by convergent evolution in the different lines after they split. Arendt believes they were wrong.
Earlier this year, his group reported that Platynereis neurons share molecular fingerprints with vertebrate neurons during development (Cell, vol 129, p 277). For example, genes known to be important in patterning the vertebrate CNS also divide the worm's nervous system into domains. What's more, domains with corresponding gene expression patterns give rise to the same types of neurons in both. Arendt concludes that Platynereis and vertebrates both inherited their CNS from Urbilateria. The reason they take a different form today, he suggests, is that when early vertebrates began swimming freely, "front" and "back" lost their significance and the animals simply inverted the two. As the rope ladder nervous system became enclosed in the neural tube characteristic of vertebrates, the ancestral mouth was trapped inside. It is still detectable there, Arendt says. Using the molecular fingerprinting technique he has been able to find this obsolete mouth within the vertebrate brain. "Its position is very clear," he says, "It's behind the hypothalamus."
If Arendt is correct, then the ancestral CNS was lost completely in two major animal groups: the echinoderms (starfish, sea urchins and the like) and hemichordates (acorn worms and other worm-like marine organisms). Both of these are sister phyla to chordates (see Diagram), yet their members have lost their brains and instead have diffuse neural nets. The same seems to be true of various molluscs, brachiopods, phoronids and bryozoans that have evolved to be sedentary filter-feeders. "If you just sit around your entire life you don't need much of a sensory integration centre coupled to a locomotor nerve cord," says Arendt.
Not everyone agrees, however. In 2003, Chris Lowe from the University of Chicago and colleagues compared the genes expressed in the development of the acorn worm and vertebrate nervous systems. "We showed that the exact same genes are involved in patterning a nerve net as in patterning a CNS," he says. "So our argument is that you cannot use these genes as really solid markers of a CNS." Given the scarcity of comparative molecular data so far, Lowe thinks it is too early to rule out convergent evolution in annelids and vertebrates.
While controversy continues to rage over convergent evolution versus loss, it has emerged that Urbilateria is not the only very early animal ancestor that was more complex than some of its descendants. David Miller of James Cook University in Queensland, Australia, studies the coral genus Acropora, the main reef-building corals of the Indo-Pacific region. Acropora belongs to the phylum of cnidarians, which are thought to have branched off after Urmetazoa, the common ancestor of all animals, but before Urbilateria. Yet Miller is uncovering surprising genetic complexity in Acropora.
For example, it has a version of a gene that was thought to be exclusive to vertebrates as it is involved in the vertebrate immune system, which works by remembering past threats and adapting its response to them. "All the textbooks tell you that adaptive immunity is a specific characteristic of vertebrates," Miller says, "yet at least one of the proteins is clearly present in our animal."
Miller's findings are intriguing, but more work is needed to pin down the origins of adaptive immunity. The dangers of jumping to conclusions about early evolution followed by loss on the basis of limited genetic information are highlighted by work on body segmentation. Many bilaterians have bodies made up of repeating anatomical units, and the discovery of certain similarities between the developmental genes that determine segmentation in Platynereis and in insects suggested a common origin. Then Elaine Seaver at the University of Hawaii's Kewalo Marine Lab in Honolulu used molecular fingerprinting to show that almost none of the genes involved in insect or vertebrate segmentation are deployed in the same place at the same time in developing annelids. "The evidence is accumulating that segmentation arose at least three times independently," says Seaver's colleague Mark Martindale.
Now that the spectre of loss has been raised, however, proponents of the new model see it everywhere - everywhere, at least, where animals have evolved to occupy niches in which their pre-existing complexity might be superfluous. Last month, Marcus Davis of the University of Chicago and colleagues reported that a species of paddlefish shows patterns of gene expression during development that were previously thought to be exclusive to land-living vertebrates - in other words, those with limbs. This paddlefish is the living species that most closely resembles the bony fish of the Palaeozoic era, which lived more than 250 million years ago. Davis concludes that primitive bony fish may have had something like limbs, which were lost in their descendants (Nature, vol 447, p 473).
Parasitism is another potential driver of simplification. When one living organism colonises another, it may discard features it could not have survived without as a free-living creature - features that gave it mobility and the ability to seek out food, for instance. Max Telford from University College London gives the example of a genus of barnacle called Sacculina. Barnacles are crustaceans that don't look much like crustaceans because they are filter-feeders and sessile, meaning they anchor themselves to a substrate - often boats or piers. Sacculina doesn't look like a barnacle, let alone a crustacean. It parasitises crabs, producing an almost plant-like system of roots which invades the host tissue. It is known to be a barnacle only because it has a barnacle-like larval stage. "So barnacles have lost many crustacean characters because they are sessile, and Sacculina has gone even further because it is parasitic," says Telford.
Another driver of simplification might be miniaturisation. Rotifers are microscopic aquatic organisms with a feeding wheel - tufts of cilia around the mouth that waft food into it - and nothing that could strictly be called a brain. Arendt believes that they represent the larval stage of an animal that, on shrinking to fit its planktonic niche, discarded its adult body plan and developed no further, becoming sexually mature early. "This is one very efficient means of throwing out ancestral complexity and becoming secondarily simple, and I think it happens frequently," he says.
If loss is so common, the challenge now is to distinguish the organisms that were always simple from those that have evolved simplicity. Genetics will be an invaluable tool here, but it will take a lot more analysis and comparison between a wide range of species before a definitive tree of life emerges. The very genetic complexity of Acropora, for example, has led some to question its position in the tree, arguing that it may have evolved later than was thought - that it may in fact be a descendant of Urbilateria that became secondarily simple while retaining genes that were later incorporated into the vertebrate immune system. If evolutionary biologists today are to avoid the mistakes of their predecessors, they need to eliminate precisely that kind of circularity.
"Molecular biology is making real inroads into this, but it has not been easy to reconstruct events that happened over half a billion years ago," Martindale says. Still, the new phylogenists are more resolute than ever. "There can only be one true relationship of animals to one another," he says.
Just as I suspected. The evidence in favor of creation is growing with each passing day.
Not this:
Forty-plus years as a life-scientist and I never heard of this rule. Must be a straw man.
Thanks so much for the ping, GGG! Bookmarked for later perusal....
Take off rose-colored glasses and read for content. This article is not supporting creationism, it is supplying additional details for evolution. In doing so, the theory of evolution is becoming more accurate, not less.
Note also that half billion year figure. That would seem to be a bit hard to reconcile with YEC, but I don't doubt you will manage somehow.
Nope. The Evolutionists are being forced to come around to what Creationists have been saying all along. The dominant pattern in nature is Devolution, not Evolution.
==This article is not supporting creationism, it is supplying additional details for evolution. In doing so, the theory of evolution is becoming more accurate, not less.
You are quite correct. Whenever the theory of evolution veers towards Creationism it automatically becomes more accurate.
==Note also that half billion year figure. That would seem to be a bit hard to reconcile with YEC, but I don't doubt you will manage somehow.
The evolutionary time frame will also come tumbling down. And then the TOE will be forced to move even closer to Creation Science. Time, as they say, is on our side d:op
>> Since they began delving into DNA, biologists have been finding that organisms with features that look alike are often not as closely related as they had thought. <<
This is the main reason why I found biology intellectually uninteresting. The similar macro-features => similar micro-features logical leap makes biology seem too ridiculous to be real science.
Not on this planet.
==Not on this planet.
It has already begun. Darwin's TOE is on the way out. It's only a matter of time.
They just did.
You are wrong..... read up on the Burgess Shale.
The evolutionary tree is constantly changing. Every new textbook has its own drawing. This is not to say that the evolutionary path of life from the rock bacteria to our exalted selves has changed at all, but our sleuthing out of how it was is updated all the time. Sometimes they even change the classifications altogether as they try to make some kind of coherent sense of the data collected so far. Even just a hundred years ago when Einstein had his big year 1905 the whole game was the one and only galaxy and it was only a billion years old. More data and more all the time and the picture has to change. It's good or there would be little point to writing a doctoral thesis anymore.
Not so fast. There is no fossil evidence for a single trunk. As Stephen Jay Gould explains, the evidence points in the opposite direction:
The history of most fossil species include two features particularly inconsistent with gradualism:
1) Stasis - most species exhibit no directional change during their tenure on earth. They appear in the fossil record looking much the same as when they disappear; morphological change is usually limited and directionless;
2) Sudden appearance - in any local area, a species does not arise gradually by the steady transformation of its ancestors; it appears all at once and 'fully formed'.
Gould, S.J. (1977)
"Evolution's Erratic Pace"
Natural History, vol. 86, May
Devolution is Evolution. They are exactly the same. Why do we have two words? Because we can.
They would remain in their form since they are fully evolved as such. Every species we see on earth now is fully evolved and would not exhibit directional change. If something evolves from that it would be a new species.
Seperate origins is not Darwinian evolution. No where did the article even suggest this to be the case. All they do is suggest that these ancestors are likely to be more complex than their descedents.
Furthermore, no evolutionist, getting paid by our taxes, would ever make a statement like yours. It would be the equivalent of stating "please shut off all our funding, our work is bogus." Not going to happen. The college deans would go nuts over anything that would threaten their revenue stream.
I read the article and didn't come to that conclusion. Could you throw me some evidence for that statement.
Yes. So is this mighty creationist idea. There is another idea that has nothing to do with stochastics.
==Devolution is Evolution. They are exactly the same. Why do we have two words? Because we can.
They are not the same. The TOE would have us believe that life's pattern is best represented by a single tree that began with lower organisms that evolve into higher organisms. Creationists believe life's pattern displays just the opposite. Namely, that life began with the creation of the highest organisms, and is slowly devolving into lower organisms. Big difference.
==I read the article and didn't come to that conclusion. Could you throw me some evidence for that statement.
You do have to have a very fertile imagination to be an evolutionist. And also be most credulous.
The TOE doesn't require or infer increasing complexity. That is a later addition by exegetes of limited cognizance. Stochastics has nothing to do with it either, but that is a different idea.
Remember the old "missing link" business? What we have here are some "missing classes, orders and families" ~ a lot more than a "link" sort of thing.
None of this is surprising if life, per se, in all of its various locations throughout the universe, shares the same fundamental engines ~ they should be expected to be shuffled a bit differently (but otherwise utilize the same DNA) coming from different places.
There is not a general trend toward complexity, and humans are not more complicated than amoebas. Wherever that 'nobody' statement came from it can go back now.
That would be fine with me, but the purpose of the space program is not actually to search for life or even to do science. It has a state purpose.
I think it was the part about the critters losing their brains. That's rather serious you know.
Once we get SDI out of the way (and working I might add), it's time to search the other planets for functioning protein-making machinery.
They've evolved an efficient way to continue eating and breeding by use of a certain system. This pattern of development is an advance for that species. Humans have an appendix they don't use, is that 'devolution' or a vestigial remains of a time when our species DID have a use for it?
There is some doubt that our CNS including the brain parts are necessary to consciousness. It is an old question. Some creatures exhibit clear responsiveness and behavior with no hint of a nervous system at all, even our cousins the plants do that.
If it's there we'll stumble across it. We probably already have. In the meantime space programs are the state equivalent of high-marking contests.
The whole notion was popularized by Darwin himself in his "Orgin of Species." Here's the chart from his book:
And here's his explanation of the "great Tree of Life":
"The affinities of all the beings of the same class have sometimes been represented by a great tree. I believe this simile largely speaks the truth. The green and budding twigs may represent existing species; and those produced during each former year may represent the long succession of extinct species. At each period of growth all the growing twigs have tried to branch out on all sides, and to overtop and kill the surrounding twigs and branches, in the same manner as species and groups of species have tried to overmaster other species in the great battle for life. The limbs divided into great branches, and these into lesser and lesser branches, were themselves once, when the tree was small, budding twigs; and this connexion of the former and present buds by ramifying branches may well represent the classification of all extinct and living species in groups subordinate to groups. Of the many twigs which flourished when the tree was a mere bush, only two or three, now grown into great branches, yet survive and bear all the other branches; so with the species which lived during long-past geological periods, very few now have living and modified descendants. From the first growth of the tree, many a limb and branch has decayed and dropped off; and these lost branches of various sizes may represent those whole orders, families, and genera which have now no living representatives, and which are known to us only from having been found in a fossil state. As we here and there see a thin straggling branch springing from a fork low down in a tree, and which by some chance has been favoured and is still alive on its summit, so we occasionally see an animal like the Ornithorhynchus or Lepidosiren, which in some small degree connects by its affinities two large branches of life, and which has apparently been saved from fatal competition by having inhabited a protected station. As buds give rise by growth to fresh buds, and these, if vigorous, branch out and overtop on all sides many a feebler branch, so by generation I believe it has been with the great Tree of Life, which fills with its dead and broken branches the crust of the earth, and covers the surface with its ever branching and beautiful ramifications."
Devolution is only, and always, a loss of 'part of the blueprint.' If the wind blows away the plan pages for the elevator, and we build the building without it, thus relying on the stairway, it is not an evolution of the art of building.
At the moment we don't know where the seat of consciousness resides, but I'd bet it's in at least one cell located near the main signal switching unit in the brain.
Now a thought like that is a tad heretical since it denies primacy to the brain ~ on the other hand it allows for consideration of all cellular life as repositories for fully conscious (if not knowledgeable) entitites ~
Nikko Tinbergen suggested that 100% of all the known functions of a human being can be found in the single celled paramecium. Lorenz, his contemporary, also discussed King Solomon's Ring, a kind of an icebreaker in any conversation about freewill, consciousness, and just exactly why is that parrot trying to make time with my girl.
Think of multicellular life as a prosthesis for a horribly handicapped, but fantastically intelligent, microscopic lifeform.
1) Stasis - most species exhibit no directional change during their tenure on earth. They appear in the fossil record looking much the same as when they disappear; morphological change is usually limited and directionless;
2) Sudden appearance - in any local area, a species does not arise gradually by the steady transformation of its ancestors; it appears all at once and fully formed.
When did God give us the English Bulldog?
When did God give us the French Poodle?
When did God give us the Boston Terrier?
Because the mathematics of abiogenesis never work. Thus we'll never see the suggestion that there are multple starting life forms when no one can prove the first one could even come into existence.
You cannot spontanously create the simpliest life form presently known to man without completely defying the laws of probability. This is why many evolutionists will state that there were many, many intermediate lifeforms that evolved between the first life form that came into existance and the single celled amoeba we find today. Those lifeforms are either extinct, or as of yet, undetected.
Continuing, these life forms were much simplier and gained complexity and functions over many successive generations until they become like the single celled amoeba we find today. It really comes down to this, God did it, or space aliens. And if you want to go with space aliens, where did they come from originally?
It's like the arrow of time. That is a figment, too.
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When You Get The Recipe Wrong...
I used the incorrect ganache recipe under the fondant - it was way too soft and didn't harden, so the whole cake was smooshy and bulgy and rounded and pretty horrible really. Rather than stopping, and taking a step back, and thinking 'how can I fix this?' I just ploughed on, saying to myself 'it's got to harden. It's ganache!' Alas no, it never did. Lol! What a learning experience it was.
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Real Madrid have quite a different scenario from last season. This time around, Barcelona is looking up to Los Blancos, who have a four-point lead in Spain's La Liga. Real Madrid at one point did have a 12-point lead of the league and seemed to be in total control, but after a string of bad results, they find themselves in a tough situation.
Although Real Madrid are overdue for a title win, Jose Mourinho and company have a tough six games ahead of them.
We all are ready for the upcoming El Clasico match on April 21st, which we can consider a toss-up regarding who wins the game at Camp Nou. Barcelona have been extremely successful in beating Real Madrid in the passed few seasons, but even if they do that now, they still would be one point behind.
Real Madrid will need to be near flawlessly perfect to keep Barcelona off their backs in the other remaining games of the season.
Los Blancos' schedule looks like this:
Home vs. Sporting de Gijon
Away @ Barcelona
Home vs. Sevilla
Away @ Athletic Bilbao
Away@ Granada
Home vs. Mallorca


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|Leg Lock Type
|Twist lock
|Diameter (Top Leg Section)
|0.98" (25mm)
|Independent Leg Spread
|Spiked/Retractable Feet
|Center Brace
|Center Column Type
|Rapid, reversible
|Center Column Sections
|1 (also includes short center column)
|Bubble Level
|Packaging Info
|Package Weight
|4.23 lb
|Box Dimensions (LxWxH)
|20.7 x 5.4 x 5.4"


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Feminist Movement In The 20th Century
A selection of articles related to feminist movement in the 20th century.
Original articles from our library related to the Feminist Movement In The 20th Century. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Feminist Movement In The 20th Century.
- The Aeonic Perspective of the Enochian Temples
- The initiatory system of the Enochian Temples divides the path of initiation into four major stages, distinguished primarily by the types and sources of the influences they are sensitive to. Briefly, these stages are: 1. Lunar-planetary, focused in Yesod and...
Magick >> Enochian
- Bringing it Down to Earth: A Fractal Approach
- 'Clouds are not spheres, mountains are not cones, coastlines are not circles, and bark is not smooth, nor does lightning travel in a straight line.' B. Mandelbrot W e want to think about the future - it's our nature. Unlike other creatures, humans possess an...
Mystic Sciences >> Astrology
- Mother Of The Gods And The Father Of The Gael
- There is no surviving, or as yet translated, Creation story within Irish mythology. We learn from the Lebor Gabala Erenn, a text from the Christian Middle Ages, of the Tuatha De Danann, or "People of the Goddess Danu", who came to Ireland either...
Deities & Heros >> Celtic, Welsh, Irish & Brittish
- Select Cross-Cultural and Historical Personifications of Death
- This extensive introduction includes some of the more well known, along with some lesser known Death "incarnations", and I use that term loosely, as in many cultures, the Angel of Death can be quite an adept shapeshifter. We have tried to cull...
Mystic Sciences >> Necromantic Studies
- What is hypnotic trance? Does it provide unusual physical or mental capacities?
- 2.1 'Trance;' descriptive or misleading? Most of the classical notions of hypnosis have long held that hypnosis was special in some way from other types of interpersonal communication and that an induction (preparatory process considered by some to be...
Parapsychology >> Hypnosis
- The Celtic Vedic Connection, Part I
- Of all the great ancient cultures perhaps no two share more parallels than those of the Celtic and Vedic peoples. A deep rooted affinity runs between them, what is present in one is mirrored in the other. Myths, Gods, Goddesses, even fairy tales bear a...
Religions >> Druidism
Feminist Movement In The 20th Century is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Feminist Movement In The 20th Century books and related discussion.
Suggested News Resources
- Lois Lane's Feminist Revolution
- As such, she embodies the progress and struggles of American women, an ongoing cycle of advances and setbacks.
- Idealised vision of Ireland is an important legacy of the Easter Rising
- Within a fortnight of the Rising, children on the streets of Dublin were referring to Patrick Pearse as 'St Patrick'.
- A statement by the chairlady of Women's Forum, National Union of Sierra Leone
- International Women's Day first emerged from the activities of labour movements at the turn of the twentieth century in North America and across Europe. The first International Women's Day occurred on March 19, in 1911. Women rallied and organized ...
Great care has been taken to prepare the information on this page. Elements of the content come from factual and lexical knowledge databases, realmagick.com library and third-party sources. We appreciate your suggestions and comments on further improvements of the site.
Feminist Movement In The 20th Century Topics
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Brooklyn photographer Peter Beste is obsessed with Norwegian dark metal bands—a quasi-Satanic subgenre of heavy metal whose frontmen tend to look like a cross between Gene Simmons of Kiss and Brandon Lee in The Crow. Beste traveled to Norway five years in a row to photograph his idols, and presents the fruits of this labor of love at Sugar. You've gotta love the titles of these photos. Nattefrost of Carpathian Forest shows the eponymous Scandinavian clutching an upside-down crucifix, his arm foreshortened like some Beelzebubian Bacchus. Hoest of Taake shows a shirtless longhair in the Nordic forests, his arm scarified, a mace slung over his shoulder. There is a geeky romanticism to these images, a narcissism and homoeroticism within their preening, dolled-up dark princes, and yet the glamour is superimposed over more sobering undercurrents: Elements of this subculture have been associated with church arsons and neo-Nazi activity. The delicious Byronic cheesiness of these studies makes an effective counterpoint to the movement's genuinely sinister side. 625 NW Everett St., #108, 425-9628. Closes Feb. 28.
At her debut show at Augen, Grace Weston creates miniature sets made out of children's toys and original sculptures, then photographs the sets in opulently saturated color. With their selective focus, the works are little jewels, their preciousness offset by irony. Like Corey Smith, Weston knows how to use a title to add value to the visual. Couples Therapy shows a disembodied eye sitting in a chair, counseling a heart and a brain. Heaven Help Us shows God as a puppeteer, with humans his marionettes. God, appropriately, is portrayed as a clown. A witty, sure-footed debut. 817 SW 2nd Ave., 224-8182. Closes Feb. 21.
Short Subject: Damien Hirst. Is it cool that the Portland Art Museum is showing four of his works, and should everybody go see them? Yes. Is Hirst the most overrated artist of our time, and did he shoot his wad, Orson Welles-style, with his first major successes—formaldehydic sharks, cows and sheep—in the 1990s? Yes. Would his skeleton cabinet at PAM be better displayed in a museum of natural history than a museum of fine art? Yes. Does his brain-slicing painting at PAM unmask him as a spectacularly shoddy figurative painter? Yes. Final question: Would he beat Matthew Barney in a celebrity deathmatch? Hell no. —RICHARD SPEER.


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i hatw the fact that the 8's have no texture.
6's had snakeskin, 7's had lines, 8's have nothing.
December 20, 2012 BY Brendan Dunne / 7
There's no doubt that the recent arrival of the Nike Kobe 8 iD has plenty of sneakerheads eager to recreate hits from the Kobe Bryant sneaker catalog. In that vein we're sure that a handful of you have already gone ahead and checked out with your 'Grinch' and 'Chaos' designs. Pictured above is one that appears to lean more contemporary, with the Nike Kobe 8 iD shown looking like a riff off the Nike Zoom Kobe VII 'Christmas' from last year. Continue reading to get all the angles and let us know if you think this NIKE iD creation was worth the extra bit of cash.
Photos: hupu
Tags: Kobe 8 Nike Kobe 8 Nike Kobe 8 iD
i hatw the fact that the 8's have no texture.
6's had snakeskin, 7's had lines, 8's have nothing.
They are nice but i must ask why is the Shozoku at the heel on these iDs a bit more completed compared to the sulfurs or other GR Kobe 8s?
Dont they look more like Chaos more than Christmas
this should have been the xmas..would have been epic and a nice pop to the "white-out" jersey with purple outline!
@The Mann looks like on the other GR the Kobe logo should be completed with the ankle support , like in th teser pics of the phyton
@Mizzo exactly wat i was gon say
Subscribe to the Sneaker News Youtube Channel


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Holding the line is the bottom line for local farm policy groups.
Representatives from organizations who speak for agricultural producers, from corn farmers to cattlemen, have been keeping the trail from Amarillo and Lubbock to Washington, D.C., hot trying to have a say in how the new Farm Bill will look.
"We have been involved with all the hearings," said Rachel Myers, vice president for legislative affairs with the Texas Wheat Producers Association, based in Amarillo. "We've had producers testify in every hearing we could get invited to."
The jockeying has taken place amid leaner U.S. Agriculture Department budgets and more requests for aid as fruit and vegetable growers are looking for help to compete against foreign growers.
That's a big change since ag spending is more often for growers of commodity crops like wheat, corn, grain sorghum, soybeans and milk.
Farm Bill provisions
Some of what the Farm Bill pays for:
Nutrition - primarily food stamps, school lunches
Rural development - includes critical access hospitals, rural infrastructure
Research - such as bioenergy, animal disease
Commodities - includes direct payments, low-cost loans
Conservation - such as Conservation Reserve, Environmental Quality Incentives
Energy - especially renewable systems, ethanol
Miscellaneous - primarily crop insurance
Trade - foreign market access
Forestry - state planning, wood to energy
The specialty growers are asking for research and marketing money, unlike the direct payments commodity producers receive.
The 2002 Farm Bill, set to expire this year, provides low-interest loans and cash payments to help farmers through rough economic times.
"We want to maintain that safety net if prices fall," said David Gibson, executive vice president of the Corn Producers Association of Texas, headquartered in Lubbock.
The advocates have talked to ag committee members and members of the Texas delegation in the House and Senate.
"The message we carry is that the concepts of the 2002 bill have worked," Gibson said.
All the grain groups put an emphasis on keeping direct payments to farmers because they are predictable.
"It provides stability to do an annual budget and to take to your banker," Myers said. "We're pretty confident we will maintain what we have in the 2002 bill and possibly get a permanent disaster program."
Grain sorghum producers also are looking at the energy portion of the Farm Bill.
"We are very involved in how sorghum fits into renewable fuels - both as grain and to show sweet sorghum fits into cellulosic fuel," said Tim Lust, chief executive officer of National Sorghum Producers, based in Lubbock.
Another group watching the energy chapter is the Texas Cattle Feeders Association, headquartered in Amarillo.
"We're supporting other sources of feedstocks for ethanol," said Ross Wilson, TCFA president and chief executive officer. "We hope additional sources will alleviate the demand for feedgrains that have so increased the prices for livestock feeders."
Other concerns for the cattle raisers include keeping their options open for buying and selling in the marketplace, making country-of-origin labeling more market driven rather than dictated by Congress and maintaining eligibility for the Environmental Quality Incentives Program for livestock producers.
EQUIP provides incentive payments and cost sharing to implement conservation practices.
© 2016. All Rights Reserved. | Contact Us


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Good design and branding is an important part of any business setting you apart from your competition. Here at everyprint we take design seriously and listen to you and the needs of your company. So whether its brochures, business cards, annual reports, booklets and even Christmas cards we can translate your brand to a wide variety of printed media.
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The quote from Metallica's power ballad "No Leaf Clover" saying "Pay No Mind To The Distant Thunder" i love this quote and decided to make a badge of it.
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Show and tell for designers
What are you working on? Dribbble is a community of designers sharing screenshots of their work, process, and projects.
Copyright © 2009–2016 Dribbble LLC. All screenshots © their respective owners. Shipped from Salem, Mass. USA.


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Event Details
Date(s) & Time(s)::
May 23, 2014 at 7:00 PM
Location: American Red Cross, 1212 E. California Road
Phone: 765-494-9516
Email: email@example.com
Event Description
Hero Packs are bags filled with items of support for military youth experiencing a deployment. The bags include a handwritten letter as well as items that support the youth during their family member's deployment.
What you will do:
Write a letter to a military kid
Fill a Hero Pack for a military kid
Support the military youth in your community!
Bring a group or come by yourself, everyone can help!
What are your thoughts CLICK HERE to leave us a "QUESTION OF THE DAY" comment.
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Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
|Mercury methylation versus demethylation: main processes involved
|Susana, Segade
Dias, Teresa
Ramalhosa, Elsa
|Issue Date:
|Nova Science Publishers
|Susana, Segade; Dias, Teresa; Ramalhosa, Elsa (2011) - Mercury methylation versus demethylation: main processes involved. In Clampet, A. P. Methylmercury: Formation, Sources and Health Effects. [S.l.]: Nova Science Publishers. p. 123-166. ISBN 978-1-61761-838-3
|It is well known that mercury presents high toxicity, causing a great damage to the environment and living organisms; however, its properties depend on the mercury species present. Organomercury compounds, where methylmercury is included, cause more concern. Since 60-70's, several methylation mechanisms are known. Generally, methylmercury can be formed naturally in the aquatic environment by two general pathways: chemical methylation (abiotic) and microbial (biotic) processes. At the same time, methylmercury can be also decomposed abiotically or by the action of several demethylating microbes, or demethylators, ranging from anaerobes to aerobes. Regarding the biotic methylmercury demethylation, two distinct vias - oxidative and reductive - might be used by those microorganisms, differing in the final products obtained. In relation to the reductive processes, two pathways might occur. The first one involves the mercury resistance operon (mer) whereas the second one involves sulphide ions; however, the former is considered to be the most common pathway. Regarding the mer operon, some bacteria only carry on a narrow-spectrum operon (merA), being only able to reduce inorganic mercury (Hg(II)) to elemental mercury (Hg0). On the other hand, others beyond this operon also carry on a broad-spectrum operon (merB). These microorganisms are able to decompose methylmercury to Hg0. Taking into account all of these processes, in the present work the most referred methylation and demethylation mechanisms found in aquatic environments are discussed, as well as the environmental factors that influence them. Factors related with the inorganic mercury/methylmercury availability and those that affect directly the activity of methylators and demethylators are also referred. Generally, the relationships encountered are complex and sometimes significant shifts on the microbial communities may be observed. These changes can alter the processes involving the mercury species, as well as the final products obtained. In conclusion, the abiotic factors and the type of microorganisms that are present in the environment, including their genetic patrimony, influence significantly the presence and the type of the mercury species. Furthermore, there are environmental factors, such as redox conditions, sulphides and organic matter that also affect the mercury dynamic and the equilibrium existents.
|Peer review:
|Appears in Collections:
|PTV - Capítulos de Livros
Files in This Item:
|Capítulo MeHg 2010.pdf
|417,95 kB
|Adobe PDF
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text:
Selling a pair of virtually-new Trango
Raptor ice tools. They have only seen one weekend
of ice climbing (no dry tooling or mixed use).
Pick coating has slight scratc ...
Black Diamond Reactors. Used
lightly for two seasons. New picks only
used twice. Will ship.
Great first t ...
Well cared for pair of original Nomics.
As pics show, excellent, almost new shape. Also
have two, in package replacement Cascade pics.
Grip tap for protecting tools. ...
I made these tool keep up with ice and
dry tooling season $65
ghost rock guide $10
ice climber's guide $12
BD Cobra Ice Tools with basically new
pics on and 1 extra new pic, asking $425.00 with
buy it now $400.00 Also includes a pair of Android
Check out the ad over on Ebay.
Feel free to email me with questions at
[email protected].
All gear is almost new, used a couple
times a year for apx 5 yrs.
Boots, crampons, rope, tools,
harness, screws, biners and misc
hardwa ...
Scarpa Phantom Guide boots size 10.5,
Grivel Quantum Tech tools, Grivel Helix
Screws x6, Yates screamers (2 ice & 6
rock), BD Turbo screws x5, BD Express scre ...
These BD Fuel ice tools have been used
for 10 days. I am going back to using my Fusions,
which suit my climbing style because they are
significantly heavier.
Brand New, Never UsedPair (2) of Petzl Ergo Ice Tools - $500 for
bothhttp://www.petzl.com/en& ...
Brand New, still in packaging CAMP/CASSIN
Mixte Picks for the X-Dreams


text:
realmagick.com The shrine of knowledge.
Mulatto Haiti
A selection of articles related to mulatto haiti.
Original articles from our library related to the Mulatto Haiti. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Mulatto Haiti.
- History of Voodoo
- The notoriously perceived notion of Voodoo as practiced in the western world is that of grotesquely molded wax dolls with pins sticking out of them. Let's look deeper than that!
Parapsychology >> Spirits
- Voodoo Rituals
- Voodoo rituals and beliefs recognize that there is one supreme being who created the earth and the universe much like the Abrahamic religions of Christianity, Judaism and Islam belief that there is only one supreme God.
Religions >> Christianity & Paganism
Mulatto Haiti is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Mulatto Haiti books and related discussion.
Suggested News Resources
- Nina Simone's Family Nina Would Be Outraged By 'Blackface' Actress
- 0303-sam-waymon-nina-simone-getty-01 Nina Simone would go ballistic if she knew a light-skinned actress with dark makeup was portraying her in an upcoming biopic ... so say members of the late singer's family. Nina's brother, Sam Waymon, tells us Nina ...
- Haiti's troubled succession of leaders: 'They don't really want to work for
- Jean Pierre Boyer (1818-1843), the son of a white Frenchman and a former African slave, managed to unify Haiti, which had been divided into a primarily black north and a mulatto south.
- Curly-centric hair salon teaches Dominican women to love their pajón
- After all, the Dominican Republic ranks fifth among countries with the largest black population outside Africa, according to the Institute for Cultural Diplomacy, a Berlin-based nongovernmental organization, behind Haiti, with which the D.R.
- A look at Haiti's leaders, past and present (HAS TRIM)
- Jean Pierre Boyer (1818-1843), the son of a white Frenchman and a former African slave, managed to unify Haiti, which had been divided into a primarily black north and a mulatto south.
- On Beyoncé's In_Formation Day, Haiti revelers celebrate slaying Carnival King
- The tragic mulatto. Dr. Frances Cress Welsing's "Isis Papers" and fear of a Black planet and revenge of the albino alligator on the African parent.
Great care has been taken to prepare the information on this page. Elements of the content come from factual and lexical knowledge databases, realmagick.com library and third-party sources. We appreciate your suggestions and comments on further improvements of the site.
Mulatto Haiti Topics
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Villa Opicina Things to Do
Obelisk and great views
I recommend that you get off the tram at the obelisk. The obelisk dates back to 1830 and was erected in honor of a visit of the Emperor Franz 1. of Austria and the new road connecting Trieste with Austria.
From the obelisk start a few walking paths. One goes along the Strada Vicentina to the village of Prosecco which is about 6 km away. The area is also good for cycling and there is an information panel hanging there.
Since the obelisk is located at the edge of the ridge above Trieste you will have a great view on Trieste and further afield and across the sea.Add to your Trip Planner
Partisan Monument
If you walk from the town center along the Strada per Vienna towards the Slovenian border you will find the Partisan Monument on the left side. I consider it one of the major sights in Opicina. Opicina has a high percentage of Slovenian population.
Along the Strada Provinciale in the center of town you will find a Slovenian bookshop, where you can buy fridge magnets either in Italian or Slovenian, history books, a CD with Slovenian Partisan songs etc.
You will find stamps in the nearby tabacci (kiosk). Don't try the post office like I did as the lines are endless with people paying bills.Related to:
- Historical Travel
San Bartolomeo church
The catholic church dedictated to San Bartolomeo is situated in the center of Opicina. Unfortunately it was closed when we visited. If I deciper the stone panel correctly then it dates back to 1850 or thereabouts.Add to your Trip Planner
Villa Opicina Transportation
By tram (cable car) to Opicina
For me this is the only option as I just love trams. The tram to Opicina leaves in Trieste from Piazza Oberdan. I suggest that you buy a day card (Euro 3.80 in 2012) in the kiosk at the station. That way you can get off also by the Obelisk and enjoy the views of Trieste and the sea. The ticket is also valid on the buses of Trieste and all the way to Muggia.
The tram was introduced in 1902 and used to be necessary to transport the locals. Today it's a tourist attraction that is heavily subsidised. The future is uncertain with the current economic crises. Let's hope that this spectacular piece of engineering will keep running.
The tram starts off as a normal tram. A bit further up the line before the steep uphill part starts an additional trailer is added that pushes it up the hill like a cable car. Once up the hill the procedure is reversed and for the last kilometers it's a normal tram line again. Simply unique!Related to:
- Trains
- Budget Travel
Tram end station
The end station of the tramline features a café and kiosk where you can have a drink/snack, buy ice cream or souvenirs or tickets. There is sitting inside as well as a few tables outside.
Across the street from the tram station on the small square is the bus stop if you want to take a bus to the Grotta Gigante or to Trieste.
The bus line Opicina – Sezana (SLO) has closed down.Related to:
- Budget Travel
- Trains
Villa Opicina Hotels0 Hotels in Villa Opicina
Instant Answers: Villa Opicina
Get an instant answer from local experts and frequent travelers


text:
Berin Leather Day & Night Sleeper Sofas
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Simple lines and a slightly angled back give our leather Berin Day & Night Sleeper Sofa a modern, yet relaxed, profile. The high-density, truly comfortable foam sleep surface ensures your guests will sleep well and an easy-to-use mechanism makes set-up a breeze.
Details of Berin 81" Day & Night Queen Plus Sleeper Sofa
- Dimensions: 81"w 39"d 33"h (37"h with cushion)
- Inside Depth: 22"d
- Inside Width: 69"w
- Arm Height: 24"h
- Seat Height: 18"h
- Dimensions when Open: 81"w 85"d
- Leg Height: 1.5"h
- Legs: all are removable
- Construction: benchmade hardwood frame
- Seat Cushion: wrapped foam
- Back Cushion: fiber
- Cushion Style: loose seat; loose back; 3 seat
- Mattress Size: 66"w 80"d
- Product Origin: made in Texas
- Item Number: 847683
- Leather: Brighton cognac See full leather details
- Leather Type: full top-grain
- Leather Finish: full-aniline
- Leather Description: Brighton offers all the character of a full top-grain leather with a gorgeous, natural finish. Wax and oil are worked into each thick hide to bring out an understated luster, and a light protective coating enhances wearability. Exceptional softness, rich two-toned colors and visible hide markings are Brighton's distinguishing features.
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text:
Display caption
This work is a study for A Pastoral Scene 1835, a painting in oil and tempera, now in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. A shepherd and shepherdess tend their flock of sheep in the foreground, while harvesters gather ripe corn in the fields and a crescent moon rises in the distance. The image suggests fertility and pastoral contentment, unaffected by the outside world.
Like Blake, Palmer particularly admired the poetry of Virgil and Milton. Palmer was drawn to Milton's evocations of nature, especially the effects of the moon, in which both he and Blake saw a spiritual message.
September 2004


text:
2005 Nissan Quest Repair and Maintenance
A guide to problems, costs, maintenance and repair for your 2005 Nissan Quest
Verified by mechanics, reported by drivers like you
Ask a mechanic in our community
Never overpay. Check prices with our estimator
2005 Nissan Quest ProblemsFailing Engine Mounts Will Cause Thumping in Floor
A thumping heard and felt in the floor is often caused by failing engine mounts. A failing mount allows too much movement of the engine, and will require replacement.
6 months after I purchase this van I had issues. I bough it right off of a lease it was2years old. I wouldn't ever but a Nissan again especially a used one from Paul miller Nissan.
A creaking or clicking heard while the vehicle is accelerating can be caused by dirt and corrosion build up between the splines of the front hubs and CV axle shafts. Removing, cleaning, and applying a light coat of grease on the axle shaft splines will commonly correct this concern.
2005 Nissan Quest QuestionsMy van runs slow until it gets in second gear what's the problem (1 answer)
The front blower doesn't work but you can hear a noise when you switch the knob to different settings. The rear blower works fine.
I'm concern for recalls on my vehicle, I have a 7 year old daughter. I need to know what to do if there is
2005 Nissan Quest RecallsFinger May Be Pinched When Adjusting Second Row Seat
The second row seat adjustment mechanism may pinch the operator's finger while adjusting the seat. This condition is a result of exposed adjuster components on the rear inside edge of the seat. Dealers will perform repairs required to correct this issue. The exact repairs are dependent on the production date of the vehicle. This recall began on December 19, 2005. The Nissan recall number is R0504.
When the third row seat is raised, it engages striker brackets, one on each side of the seat. The striker may become detached from its mounting bracket due to a broken weld. A failed striker can increase the risk of injury to third row seat passengers in the event of certain types of crashes. Dealers will replace the third row seat striker brackets to correct this concern. This recall is expected to begin on December 19, 2005.


text:
Today we are taking almost half a dozen games to see how they perform when using one, two and four cores. For this test we will be using not just an Intel Core i7 processor, but also the Core i5, Core 2 Quad and AMD Phenom II X4 processors, which will give us a good idea of just how core dependent each series is in order to deliver maximum performance...
Surprisingly we still get asked quite often from gamers which kind of processor they should purchase for their next upgrade. As a general question there is nothing surprising about this and as a hardware site we are always trying to help gamers and PC users with buying decisions. However we are more surprised by the fact that many are still concerned that now might not be the best time to upgrade to a quad-core processor or greater.
Of course the cause for concern comes down to price for many and when looking at the Intel lineup for example, their cheapest current generation quad-core processor is the Core i5 750. While many including myself view this processor as a bargain at $200 US, that is still quite a bit of money, especially when the dual-core equivalent can be had for almost half that price.
Making the transition to a quad-core configuration a little more realistic is AMD with their current range of Phenom II X4 and Athlon II X4 processors, some of which cost less than $100 US, while the most expensive is priced at just $180 US. These processors offer gamers a tremendous amount of value and are the best option for those on a tight budget.
Those not as restricted by their budget will no doubt be interested in a Core i7 quad-core processor, and with the cheapest model priced at around $300 US, they are intended for power users that are not going to question how many cores todays games need.
In the past we have often tested new and exciting games using a range of graphics cards to try and give gamers an idea of what, if any, upgrades they might need to make to their current gaming system in order to enjoy that particular title in all of its glory. Such articles also often include processor scaling results that feature a number of different processors.
Furthermore, we would also disable cores on the more powerful processors, such as the Core i7, to see what kind of impact this had on performance. Based on our experience, powerful processors such as the Core i7 cannot always be used to measure dual-core performance by disabling two cores. This is because they will still closely match cheaper quad-core processors in terms of performance and as a result are considerably more powerful than any dual-core processor.
Therefore today we hope to take a more accurate look at the impact extra cores are having on games. While we are sampling just short of a dozen games, we feel the lineup should give you a good idea of what can be expected from most games.
Posted on: 07/21/2010 10:06 PM
Thanks. I upgraded to the Core i5 750 for Bad Company 2 with a Radeon HD 5850 and could not be happier. My old Core 2 Duo system with the Radeon HD 4870 was choppy as hell in this game. Seems like it was more the CPU!
Posted on: 07/22/2010 01:37 AM
Aww, I wanted to see my CPU in there, AMD AthlonII X4 620 compared to PhenomII X4, since there is only one AMD on the list here. Was pretty surprised on the benchies comparing the i7 and i5. I thought the i7 would have much more FPS.
Posted on: 07/22/2010 03:26 AM
@ PFULMTL - with HyperThreading disabled the Core i7 920 and Core i5 750 are the same processor really
If you want to know how the Athlon and Phenom compare just ready a CPU review.
Posted on: 07/22/2010 05:32 AM
@ ProX - not quite: different turbo speeds, different memory bandwidth, different PCIe lanes potential.
Posts: 9
Joined: 2010-07-22
Posted on: 07/22/2010 07:05 AM
@ Ash: all of which prove to have little effect in real-life gaming and in the context of this testing. So I agree with ProX.
@ Steve Walton:
1. Why on Earth would you choose to disable HT on the i7?!
2. I agree, disabling cores on the quads still yields better performance than using "real" dual cores; I suspect cache size has quite an impact here. I would have liked to see some real dual core data, especially when nobody in their right mind would buy and then disable cores on purpose.
3. I found the picture in the article title misleading: The two Zalman coolers led me to believe that you were going to test with CPU cores in excess of 8.
In another context, great job Steve; I like coming back to Legion. It allows me to get a "down to Earth" feeling again.
Steven Walton
Posts: 104
Joined: 2010-02-08
Posted on: 07/22/2010 07:19 AM
Thanks for the feedback guys.
@ archange: The reason HT was disabled was so that we could see the impact of having just 1,2 and 4 cores. With HT we would be showing the impact of 2, 4, 8 threads and that is not what we were trying to do.
As for real dual-core performance that was shown in the article. A Core 2 Quad processor is two Core 2 Duo's stuck together. Furthermore the Phenom II X4 and Phenom II X2 are also the same processor so again you are seeing a real dual-core here.
Anyway thank you for the feedback.
Posted on: 07/22/2010 08:50 PM
good article, i'm glad i've bought q6600 3 years ago (costed only 25% over e6600) despite almost everyone in that time wrote in benchmarks that it's better to buy dualcore, but i knew better, now i dont have to change my cpu in next 2-3 years, only changed gpu, now i'm laughing at my friends that argued about my bad decision, yes - i'm cruel XD, just checked some benchmarks at pcgameshardware, all of those games gets more fps when going 2to4cores and most of them plays better with firstname.lastname@example.com than email@example.com (and more cache): Dirt 2, Dragon Age Origins, Left 4 Dead 1&2, GTA4, Anno 1404, Ghostbusters, ArmA 2, Prototype and probably some more...
Posts: 9
Joined: 2010-07-22
Posted on: 07/23/2010 05:31 AM
@ Steve: I see your reasoning, but I still would have liked to see regular i7 benchmark results next to the other graphs - given that I own a 920. With that said, I suppose the results can't be more than a few percent off in either direction.
And yes, all we want is to make your life more complicated
Looking forward to the next review.
Posted on: 07/23/2010 03:28 PM
Hi Steve,
Good article as we become to expect from you,you must be busy swapping hardware.
It would have been interesting to see the resulst with SLI/Crossfire to remove the GPU bottleneck however cannot have it all (and I cannot afford it anyway)
Guess that Quad Cores will be sufficent until the new console generation arrives.
Posted on: 07/23/2010 08:23 PM
Hey nice article. That was a very interesting read. Anyone building a new PC for gaming should get a quad-core anyway but of course not everyone does
Posted on: 07/25/2010 06:47 PM
Hey. I did my own testing (work in a hardware store ;-) before building my new machine. And came to the same conclusion you did. the i5 750 and even the i7 930 performs basically equal in a 4core vs 4core situation. I wound up buying the i5 platform after i found out that gaming performance on the i7 actually decreased after activating hyperthreading. Read up and the issue seems to be that cache problems slow the i7 down a little with HT enabled. HT only seems to be a speed benenit when you are truly using 6 or more threads heavily.
Posted on: 07/27/2010 02:33 PM
Very nice work there. My next upgrade will be to a quad-core for sure!
Lex Luger
Posted on: 08/02/2010 05:15 PM
Great article, lots of good games choices for sure, but still, I would of loved to see more quad core game engines tested.
-Grand Theft Auto 4
-Empire or Napoleon Total War
-Assassins Creed 2
-The Last Remnant, (uses more cpu than any other UE 3 game)
-Resident Evil 5
-Mlb or NBA 2k9 or 10 (jaw dropping graphics)
-ARMA II (extreme graphics)
-Starcraft 2
Elder Scrolls 4 or Fallout 3 (oblivion was first quad core game)
Posted on: 08/03/2010 05:00 AM
Strange picks there Lex Luger. StarCraft II for example is hopeless, uses just 2 cores. NBA 2k9 or 10 use only two cores and look very average in my opinion. Resident Evil 5 is old but it does use more cores but a single core can play it fine. The rest are okay but I think we got the idea.
Posted on: 08/11/2010 03:05 AM
All this info is great, but with a Dual Core I 5 670, with hyper-threading, isn't it just as good as a quad core? Has anyone tested an I 5 670 against an I 5 750?
Posted on: 08/11/2010 12:58 PM
@ PCMechanik - really not sure what that has to do with anything? At least to do with an article that explored the impact 1,2 and 4 cores had on performance. If you want to count the Core i5 670 as a quad core be my guest.
That said HT is not nearly efficient as dedicated cores, so the Core i5 750 will be faster in games that utilize all four cores.
You also have to question who would spend $300 US on a dual-core processor with Hyper-Threading? Any gamer that does when the Core i5 750 costs $200 US probably needs to have their marbles checked. The Core i5 670 also has half the L3 cache of the Core i5 750, OUCH!!!
Posted on: 11/01/2010 04:58 AM
I've been looking all over for something like this. It's greatly appreciated. I think my E8400 will last me a bit longer with some OCing
Posted on: 12/24/2010 04:57 AM
Thanks! Great test
Posted on: 08/31/2012 03:52 PM
This is a great article regarding an interesting point - do cores matter and how much. However, I am perhaps more interested in the real world decision - what is the gain based on cpu variants, but considering everything that is included in that purchase (e.g. the extra cores + hypertheading, etc.) Moreover, if the extra bells and whistles of a i7 are disabled, it really doesn't help make a decision on which cpu I should buy. While this comment is very late, perhaps the new articles will also include a comparison of level playing field of processors only, AND normal operating experience with the new cpus. Just a thought.


text:
Tokyo holidays
The new Super Mario Run game will take on Pokemon Go later this year but our writer goes one better – dressing up as the gaming icon for a go kart tour of Tokyo
A section of disused railway in central Tokyo has been converted into a pretty paved lane – a welcome sanctuary in the world's largest city
Tokyo's taverns are tiny, sometimes raucous places for after-work drinking and great Japanese bar food
For half a century, street photographer Daido Moriyama has ferreted out the everyday mysteries beneath the sleaze of Tokyo's Shinjuku district
Tsuta, a nine-seat noodle bar, gets star as Japanese city also keeps title as world's culinary capital with 217 Michelin-starred restaurants
Book and Bed is a Japanese hotel that's taking a very novel approach to hospitality
For the Stone Foundation vocalist, this cellar-style Tokyo club holds many special memories
The challenge of staying awake has only risen with the growth of cities, but few places in the world have found a way to incorporate napping into the culture. Could 'sleeperies' and 'EnergyPods' make nap breaks the new coffee breaks?
Japan's capital may be known for its earthquake resilience strategies, but a recent increase in extreme weather poses another threat – one that the city's flood protection systems may not be able to manage
There are moments when the option of consuming a doughnut filled with curry would be entirely appropriate. In most parts of the world we are denied this option. But not in Japan
A history of cities in 50 buildings Roppongi Hills: controversial blueprint for Tokyo's new breed of high-rise – a history of cities in 50 buildings, day 38Replacing a traditional neighbourhood in the heart of Tokyo, Roppongi Hills combines modern city life with suburban elements to create a self-sufficient and (hopefully) disaster-proof community. But only for Japan's 1%
Japan's fire-breathing fictional monster appointed to lure – rather than snare – tourists for Shinjuku area of city
Photographs from the Eyewitness series
Pachinko parlours, shrines and scenic islands … Shing Lin Yoong explores Japan
These Japanese chefs work at some of the most exciting restaurants in the country – including two listed in Asia's 50 Best Restaurants 2015 – but where do they go to eat and drink when they're off duty? They take us to their favourite local counter restaurants and noodle bars in Tokyo and Kyoto
Spanish photographer Cesar Ordoñez shows the hazy hedonism of Tokyo nightlife, from pole dancers to party-goers, in a collection of black-and-white shots he calls 'photographic haiku'
A shambling area of tiny bars in narrow alleys, Golden Gai is a reminder of a centuries-old Tokyo, away from the neon and hi-tech vibe
Tokyo's Tsukiji fish market sells its first Pacific bluefin tuna of the year - with its owner netting the catch for a mere 4.51m yen (£24,500)
Where do music promoters take their bands when in Tokyo? Laura Martin tours a handful of the capital's 88,000 restaurants, at the end of gig season, to find out
KidZania, the global chain of theme parks where children take on adult work roles, is coming to London next year. Michael Booth visited the Tokyo version with his two sons
From the Guardian archive From the archive, 13 November 1990: Akihito enthroned as 125th Emperor of JapanOriginally published in the Guardian on 13 November 1990: Many people lined Tokyo's streets hoping to catch a glimpse of invited guests like Princess Diana
'Japan has 54 pizzerias certified as authentically Neapolitan – the second-highest number outside Italy, after the US'
Celebrating 50 years of the shinkansen, we asked our readers to share their best photos and memories of the bullet train via GuardianWitness. Here is a selection of our favourite shots
Two years ago, famed game designer Kejii Inafune declared the Japanese industry dead. But can a new generation of dōjin and indie developers revive it? By Cara Ellison
Indie games like Minecraft and Fez have had a huge impact in the west, but how is small-scale development faring in the home of Sega, Sony and Nintendo? By Cara Ellison
Off on your travels? Forget the Eiffel tower and the Parthenon and take in these sights instead. By Jason Farago
When Yoshinori Mizutani moved to Tokyo, he was surprised by the number of brightly coloured parrots in the city, writes Kathryn Bromwich
Tom Service on classical music I've found classical record buying nirvana – in Tokyo's Tower RecordsIf you want a fix of actual tangible classical music product, there's only one place to go. Pity it's the other side of the world …
Top European chefs are heading to far-flung places – for René Redzepi of Noma it's to Japan for personal development. Here, Blumenthal talks about moving the Fat Duck to Melbourne


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The Alcovy Tigers dropped their third straight contest Saturday, losing 37-6 to Lakeside-Evans in a penalty-filled Region 3-AAAAAA battle at Homer Sharp Stadium.
The Alcovy High School football team suffered its second straight loss in a 52-0 defeat at the hands of the Evans Knights at home.
Andrae Robinson and Adrian Robinson have a lot in common. Not only do they share the same last name, but they also share the same ...
The Alcovy High School football team suffered a lopsided 34-0 loss on the road to Grovetown Friday night in the Tigers' first region game of ...
Despite missing several key players to injuries and illness, the Alcovy High School football team survived a close one against Forest Park, beating the Panthers ...
Chris Edgar may be in his first year as head coach of the Alcovy High School football team, but he is no stranger to the ...
A former Alcovy High School football player has just received one of the most prestigious off-the-field honors in college football.
A week following its first loss of the season, the Alcovy football team bounced back with a home 28-13 win against Henry County on Saturday.
The Alcovy High School volleyball team fell 2-1 (25-21, 25-20, 15-13) to the Rockdale High School Bulldogs despite a strong team effort Tuesday night on ...
A strong second-half performance by Alcovy Friday night helped the Tigers defeat Meadowcreek 28-15 and start the season 2-0 on the road.
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The Alcovy boys varsity basketball team dropped its sixth game of the season Saturday on the road, falling 82-42 to Westlake in non-region play.
For the second year in a row, and the third time in four tries, the Alcovy varsity wrestling team left the mat Tuesday night as the winner of the Newton Cup.
Former Alcovy standout and current Duke Blue Devil DeVon Edwards will continue his 2013 football season on New Year's Eve.
Friday night the Alcovy Lady Tigers hosted the Lady Mustangs of Morrow and pulled out a last second 64-62 victory for their second win of the season.
The Alcovy girls varsity basketball team earned its first victory of the season Tuesday night on the road, defeating region member Druid Hills 64-54.
The Covington News and The Rockdale News have once again transcended county lines to bring you the third annual Newton County-Rockdale County All-Area Football Team.
Two years ago, Alcovy guard LaReco Herring got the call he had been waiting for.
After coming up short a year ago at the podium, the Alcovy wrestling team is looking for another big performance this season. So far, the Tigers look on pace to repeat last season's impressive run.
The Alcovy Tigers boys' varsity basketball team fell on the road Monday in its opening game of the 2013 Walnut Grove High School Thanksgiving Shootout, dropping a 57-50 decision to host Walnut Grove.
The Alcovy and Newton varsity girls basketball programs will hit the road this week to take part in the Lady Blue Tip-Off Classic hosted by Norcross High School.
First-year Alcovy boys varsity basketball coach Jabari Levi has big shoes to fill this season, but he's ready to take on the challenge.
Coaching basketball isn't foreign to first-year Alcovy girls varsity basketball coach David Baker.
POWDER SPRINGS – Hillgrove once again lit up the scoreboard as the Hawks defeated Alcovy 41-13 in its first-round Class AAAAAA state playoff game at Cobb Energy/Hillgrove Stadium.
Page 13 of 28


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Philosophy >> Survivalists Guide for the New Millennium
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what could come after a preposition?
2 replies
Please tell me what grammatical elements can come after a preposition?
1. The situation can be seen as bad.
2. ... between bad and good.
Normally, I think what comes after a preposition is a noun, pronoun or noun equivalent, but I also think an adjective can be used after some prepositions.
If the element after the candidate for a preposition looks like it's not a noun, then either of these holds:
a. The preposition candidate is not a preposition, but perhaps an adverb or conjunction.
b. The structure after the preposition candidate actually is a noun phrase.
Both of your examples are in the category labeled b.
In your first example bad should be viewed as an adjective used as a noun, 'promoted' to a noun because of the elision of situation or its equivalent, one.
The situation can be seen as a bad situation.
The situation can be seen as a bad one.
In your second example, bad and good are simply abstract uncountable nouns meaning that which is bad and that which is good, respectively.
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Sheriff reports checkpoint data
MONTPELIER The Washington County Sheriffs Department has released the numbers from a sobriety checkpoint conducted Friday on Memorial Drive in Montpelier.
According to the sheriffs department, 296 vehicles were stopped and 561 people were contacted. Of those vehicles, four designated drivers were identified, 12 warnings were issued for various motor vehicle violations, five civil violation complaints were issued, two complaints of possession of under an ounce of marijuana were issued, and five operators were screened for suspected driving under the influence.
Deanna L. Patsouris, 46, of East Berkshire, was cited on suspicion of driving under the influence and is scheduled to appear in Washington County criminal court; police did not release the date.MORE IN This Just InORFORD, N.H. Max Carrs golden goal 20 seconds into overtime lifted the No. 11 Wolves past the No. Full StoryFAYSTON Johnny Saffo scored a goal in each half to pace the No. Full StoryESSEX The Hornets capped a season sweep over the Crimson Tide with Tuesdays shutout victory in... Full Story
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Althea Village Residence - Vieste
Its garden features a children's playground and a swimming pool with panoramic views. Each apartment features a lounge with a kitchenette, and a covered patio. Free wireless Internet is available in public areas.Bikes are available to rent at the Village Althea Residence . Surrounded by olive groves and woods, the resort also features a bar, sunbathing area, and barbecue facilities.Vieste is a 10-minute drive away and local buses stop just 109 yards (100 meters) outside the resort.
Dogs barking in middle of night. Party noise from surroundings. All else was great...
Althea Village Residence - Vieste
Hotel Info: 1-877-214-4288from $676
- Apartment, 1 Bedroom (2 people)
- Apartment, 2 Bedrooms (4 people)
- Apartment, 1 Bedroom (3 people)
Also popular with travelers from the USA
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 17 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 1 floor
- Check-in time 4 PM-8 PM
- Check-out time is 10 AM
- Express check-in
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
Travelling with others
- Children (2 years old and younger) stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding
- Pets allowed *
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Free WiFi in rooms
- Free self parking
In the hotel
- Bar/lounge
- Snack bar/deli
- Poolside bar
- Barbecue grills
- Outdoor pool
- Pool sun loungers
- Playground on site
- Bicycle rentals nearby
- Hiking/biking trails nearby
- Marina on site
- Pool umbrellas
- Arcade/game room
- Front desk (limited hours)
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Luggage storage
- Number of buildings/towers - 2
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Rooftop terrace
- Garden
- Picnic area
- Television in common areas
In the room
- Soundproofed rooms
- Separate dining area
- Private bathroom
- Hair dryer
- Free WiFi
- Refrigerator
- Kitchenette
- Stovetop
- Cookware, dishware, and utensils
- Weekly housekeeping provided
- In-room safe
Althea Village Residence - Vieste's small print
Also known as
- Althea Village Residence
- Althea Village Residence Apartment
- Althea Village Residence Apartment Vieste
- Althea Village Residence Vieste
- Althea Village Residence Inn Vieste
- Althea Village Residence Inn
All guests, including children, must be present at check-in and show their government-issued photo ID card or passport.
Cash transactions at this property cannot exceed EUR 2999.99, due to national regulations. For further details, please contact the property using information in the booking confirmation.
Only registered guests are allowed in the guestrooms.
Mandatory fees
You'll be asked to pay the following charges at check in or check out:
A tax is imposed by the city and collected at the property in cash. The tax applies from 15 May to 15 September. This tax does not apply to residents of the city, children under 14 years of age, or disabled persons. Please note that further exemptions may apply. For further details, please contact the property using the information contained in the confirmation received after booking.
- A tax is imposed by the city: EUR 0.60 per person, per night, up to 10 nights. This tax does not apply to children under 14 years of age.
- Towels/sheets: EUR 16.00 per person, per stay
Optional extras
Rollaway beds are available for EUR 12.00 per day
Cribs/Infant beds are available for EUR 5.00 per night
Pets are allowed for an extra charge of EUR 5 per pet (may vary based on length of stay)
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.