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Talk:Greek alphabet
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|This article is of interest to the following WikiProjects:
- 1 Recent edits about case distinction
- 2 Combined letter OU missing
- 3 24 or 27 letters
- 4 Letter name pronunciation
- 5 Merger Proposal
- 6 Recent edits
- 7 Alphabet vs. abjad issue
- 8 Semi-protected edit request on 7 February 2015
- 9 IPA Usage
- 10 Textcritical signs of Aristarchus of Samothrace and other ancient greek writers and Philologists
- 11 Minor request concerning ϑ / θ
Recent edits about case distinction[edit]
Some recent edits to the lead [1][[2]] have changed the description of the history of the uppercase/lowercase distinction, from saying that it developed in the modern era, to saying that it developed "around the third or fourth century". I don't think this is correct. If editors were thinking of the development of minuscule letter forms, those arose much later, in the 9th century or thereabouts. If they were thinking of the use of cursive letter forms that look partly similar to minuscules, those (if I'm not quite mistaken) are even older than the third and fourth century. But neither the medieval minuscule script nor the ancient cursive constitute what that sentence was talking about, a letter case distinction. "Minuscule" and "lower case" are not the same thing. A case distinction exists only when minuscule and majuscule letter forms are used in a functionally complementary way, side by side with each other in the same texts, and the distinction is employed systematically as an orthographical device. What you find in medieval writing is different: you either have texts written entirely in minuscule, or you have a few majuscule letters mixed in for decorative purposes, in titles or marginal initials. But then, these majuscule elements really stand outside the main text; their use is a stylistic decoration but not an orthographical device. Correct me if I'm wrong, but as far as I'm aware, an orthographic case distinction really developed in Greek only after the Renaissance. Fut.Perf. ☼ 06:54, 21 March 2013 (UTC)
Combined letter OU missing[edit]
In Greece there is also an unofficial letter which is in widespread handwritten usage, it is a letter combining the letters "O" and "U" for the "ou" diphthong, and this letter is usually written in all-capital words. It looks like an omicron ("Ο") with an ypsilon ("Υ") above it. Can we find sources for this Greek letter? Cogiati (talk) 12:51, 22 July 2013 (UTC)
- It should be covered under Greek ligatures. Fut.Perf. ☼ 13:00, 22 July 2013 (UTC)
- Are you sure you do not mean this letter (Ȣ, ȣ)? It is not Greek, but rather Latin: a combination of the Latin letters "O" and "U" (not the Greek "Ο" and "Υ"). — |J~Pæst| 23:30, 23 July 2013 (UTC)
24 or 27 letters[edit]
The Greek alphabet consists of three sets of nine letters representing the numbers 1-9, 10-90, and 100-900. So, 27 letters all together (3 X 9 = 27).
As such, omega is not the last letter of the Greek alphabet because it represents the number 800.
Other letters frequently omitted are digamma/ F = (6) and koppa (similar to Q) = 90.
I think Wikipedia should post the 27 letters of the Greek alphabet and their numeric equivalents. (A numeric equivalency chart is available at www.GreekAlphabeta.com) GreekAlphabeta (talk) 22:02, 14 November 2013 (UTC)GreekAlphabeta
The 27 Letters of the Greek Alphabet and their Numeric Equivalents
Α α Β β Γ γ Δ δ Ε ε Ϝ ϝ Ζ ζ Η η Θ θ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Ι ι Κ κ Λ λ Μ μ Ν ν Ξ ξ Ο ο Π π Ϟ ϟ 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Ρ ρ Σ σ Τ τ Υ υ Φ φ Χ χ Ψ ψ Ω ω Ϡ ϡ 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
GreekAlphabeta (talk) 13:14, 15 November 2013 (UTC)GreekAlphabeta
- Uhm, no. What you have here is not the Greek alphabet, but the Greek numeral system. Which is based on the Greek alphabet (i.e. some archaic versions of it), but isn't the alphabet proper. As our article rightly says, and will continue to say based on all reliable sources, the alphabet proper in its classical form has 24 letters. Digamma, Koppa and Sampi are extra-alphabetic signs ("episema"), which are not part of the alphabet itself. The numeral system is of course also treated in this article, quite appropriately, in its own section (Greek alphabet#Use as numerals). Fut.Perf. ☼ 13:21, 15 November 2013 (UTC)
Letter name pronunciation[edit]
Do you think that I should add a column alongside the names of the letters showing IPA pronunciation of the names (Romanized)? 184.108.40.206 (talk) 22:04, 10 March 2014 (UTC)
- That would again open up the old can of worms: which pronunciation? The modern English pronunciation, a reconstructed classical Greek pronunciation, or the modern Greek one? Or all of them together? If you are referring to the summary table in the intro section, then no, we should not overburden it with such things. Fut.Perf. ☼ 23:22, 10 March 2014 (UTC)
- I would think that the modern English should take priority, as that is the way an English speaker would communicate the letter intended. If you feel that it doesn't belong in the main table (adjacent to the "name" column, I could make a separate table and incorporate all three. Where would you put it? (Basically, one who wants to get a quick feel for the Greek alphabet has to run around to each letter's article and try to memorize the pronunciation then go back to the main list, repeat.) אפונה (talk) 06:53, 11 March 2014 (UTC)
- I just found a page devoted to pronunciations, and I've updated all the IPAs to IPAc-en. Perhaps a link could be added to the page (English pronunciation of Greek letters) or the table could be incorporated into this article. אפונה (talk) 22:14, 11 March 2014 (UTC)
Merger Proposal[edit]
I suggest merging English pronunciation of Greek letters into this article under a new heading. Other languages have such a subsection too: e.g. Hebrew alphabet. Please comment! — Preceding unsigned comment added by אפונה (talk • contribs) 10:07, 16 March 2014 אפונה (talk) 04:54, 17 March 2014 (UTC)
User:Lfdder completed the merge, and added the information to the History section. I think that it would be more appropriate to have it a separate heading before the History section, especially because the history section is broken up into a few tables. Also, the lead paragraph in the old article had some information now missing (because it doesn't belong in the History section). Admittedly, it may make a long article even longer. אפונה (talk) 04:54, 17 March 2014 (UTC)
- I don't think we need yet another table. Are the English pronunciation transcriptions really that important to the encyclopedia? — Lfdder (talk) 08:50, 17 March 2014 (UTC)
- I think I'm with Lfdder here. The natural place for the info on name pronunciation is, obviously, the section on "letter names", and the English stuff fits in with the existing tables without problem, as they are now. I don't see how the Hebrew alphabet example points us into any other direction either; it too treats the English pronunciations together with the native ones. Fut.Perf. ☼ 09:38, 17 March 2014 (UTC)
- @Fut. Perf. - I agree that the English pronunciation belongs with the native one - it just doesn't belong in the "History" section together with the Phoenician origins. That's not where I'd look for them. @Lfdder - I think the transcriptions are very important. If you want to learn about the Greek alphabet, you'd want to know how to pronounce the names properly.
- Also the article is still missing the information contained in the "original" lead paragraph - check the edit history to see. It's not *very* important, but it is informative.
- All being said, another paragraph would be cumbersome. — Preceding unsigned comment added by אפונה (talk • contribs) 11:45, 18 March 2014 (UTC)
Recent edits[edit]
I'm afraid I disagree with many of the recent edits by User:LlywelynII [4], and intend to partially revert them. In particular:
- The lede is now making it appear as if the meaning of the term "Greek alphabet", and thus the topic of this article, was only the classical post-Euclidian 24-letter system, excluding the pre-classical forms. This does not match common usage out there. Everywhere, both in technical linguistic and historical terminology and in everyday use, the term "Greek alphabet" comprises all the historical forms including the archaic ones, and consequently so does this article.
- There are several elements of quite unnecessary detail introduced in the lede, including the thing about (h)eta, the "Cumaean" variant, the uncial and minuscule script types, and so on. The lede should present just the most crucial overview at a glance.
- Some of the new elements of the lede also seem factually wrong. I cannot find confirmation that the development of the "rough breathing" can be attributed to Aristophanes of Byzantium; the digraphs "μπ, ντ, γκ" are certainly not used only for writing foreign words in Modern Greek, and I also doubt their introduction is the single most notable difference between the ancient and the modern orthographies, as it is currently suggested. I'm also not sure what is meant by the "series of simplifications over the course of the 20th century" that are said to have predated the introduction of the monotonic orthography.
- I don't like the addition of the "meaning" column to the introductory table. This table was intentionally kept as brief and simple as possible, containing only the absolutely basic skeleton of information about each letter. Everything else is treated in the sections below. The column is also quite confusing, if not outright wrong: the whole point about the original Phoenician-derived names, such as "alpha" and "beta", is that these simply do not have any meaning at all, in Greek (unlike in the Phoenician model, where they did). Phoenician "aleph" is the origin of Greek "alpha", but calling it its "meaning" is seriously misleading. (Not surprisingly, this has in the meantime given rise to further confusion [5], based on the ambiguity between the derivation of the names and the derivation of the letters themselves).
- The lede mixes up the concept of using Greek to "transcribe" other languages, with that of the wholesale borrowing and extension of the alphabet to form new derived alphabets for previously unwritten languages, such as Latin or Cyrillic, in a way I find quite confusing. The traditional terminology, describing alphabets as "ancestors" and "descendants" of each other, is far preferable in this kind of overview.
- Likewise, the passage on Romanization mixes up the topic of actual Romanization (the rendering of Greek words in Latin, at the time when the Latin alphabet had long become an independent, established alphabet in its own right) with that of the original derivation of the Latin alphabet from the Greek one, in a very confusing way.
- As a detail, the sentence about the derivation of Latin also seems to imply a difference between a "Cumaean alphabet" and an "Euboean script" from which it derives. That's wrong: Cumaean and Euboean alphabets are precisely the same thing. The following wording "[w]hen this script was used to write the classical Greek alphabet…", is also wrong, and it is linguistically imprecise to mix up the term "rough breathing" (i.e. the word-initial consonantal phoneme /h/) with the phonological feature of aspiration present in /pʰ, tʰ, kʰ/. I'm also not convinced that the clause "[b]ecause English orthography has changed so much from the original Greek" correctly describes the reason why we have Latin "k" side by side with "c" in modern Romanization of kappa, and so on.
- The Romanization section also now downplays the existence of multiple diverging transcription systems for Modern Greek, making it appear as if they had been only a matter of the "19th and 20th centuries". Just because some of the officially codified transliteration systems for international rendering of names have recently converged doesn't mean there isn't still a huge lot of heterogeneity (for example, besides those official systems for names, there is the whole world of actual linguistic, mostly phonologically-based, transcriptions, which are often entirely different.)
Sorry for this whole long list of criticism, but I'm afraid I really feel this needs to be reverted. Fut.Perf. ☼ 20:56, 11 October 2014 (UTC)
- Thanks for the heads-up link. It's fine that you feel this way, but I'll eventually revert at least some of your reversions and we'll have to let the community see whom they agree with more. Or if we can find some sort of compromise: =)
- You are confusing the namespace Greek alphabet with Greek alphabets or script. (They redirect here, which may or may not be a mistake,—for comparison, Roman alphabet redirects to Latin alphabet but Latin script is a separate article,—but that's a separate issue.) It is simply untrue that the WP:COMMON WP:ENGLISH usage of "Greek alphabet" includes digamma, let alone sampi or an H that really means /h/. Fraternity members, e.g., are not spanked if they forget to mention "koppa" during initiation: they are spanked if they include it. A list at the top of this page which included it would simply be wrong.
Similarly, it is untrue that this article dwells at length on them. We have an entirely different article dealing with pre- and non-Euclidean Greek alphabets and the WP:SCOPE of this article is only the Classical Athenian (i.e., Euclidean) alphabet and the Byzantine and modern Greek alphabets derived from them. The other alphabets are only dealt with in reference to their place in the development of that alphabet.
Possible compromise: Move this article to Greek alphabets and merge archaic Greek alphabets to it to permit a greater focus on the lesser and non-Euclidean alphabets. [Personally, I think this is a terrible idea.]
Better solution: What answer do you really think knowledgable (even scholarly) English-speaking people give when asked how many letters are in the "Greek alphabet"? "Indeterminate"? or "24"? If this article is not about the Greek alphabet, what namespace do you really believe is? It's better if you realize you're just overthinking this. This article is (/should/must be) about the classic and modern Greek alphabet; the others deserve some mention, but only in the context of the main and modern one; they are are dealt with elsewhere and should not be unhelpfully over-conflated or confused here.
- You're right that the WP:LEADSECTION should present an overview. Some of the more detailed points could be moved to a history section, but I think we just have a good-faith disagreement about what constitutes important. I think it is very important to explain how the Latin script developed out of something that (on its surface) is so obviously different. Similarly, I think it is helpful to link to the discussion about the development of this alphabet over time.
- (a) It's very hard to see how this comment is in good faith. Aristophanes of Byzantium's development of the breathing marks is mentioned on his page and on the Greek diacritics page. Two possibilities: you misread and thought I meant he invented the sound (possibly my poor wording) or you have other sources that credit an earlier development of the breathing marks before his development of the tone and punctuation system. Let me know and, if it's the second one, cool. Kindly make the appropriate edits to the linked pages as well as my repetition of it here but do provide some sources (preferably online) when you do. (b) There are internal μπ &c. but a great many of the ones that include them in their new function are foreign words. Wiktionary's Greek coverage is spotty, but of the 30 lemmas they have for word-initial γκ, only 4 are even potentially native terms and all of the rest are words like Γκαμπόν (Gabon), γκαρσονιέρα (servant's quarters, from Fr.), γκρι & γκριζάρω (gray), and γκρέιπφρουτ (grapefruit); further, it is absolutely a major difference that needs attention drawn to it. Uninformed readers do assume that the b-looking letter sounds like "b" and should know (when it turns out it's really "v") what modern Greek does with words like "Bush" and "Blair". Those unwieldy digrams are the principle reason that mandating ELOT 743 was found to violate human rights (see the Greek-language court decisions linked in my edits to romanization of Greek). It's a big, big feature of modern Greek... at least with regard to the alphabet, which is the subject of this article. (c) Exactly what it said. We're in an WP:LEADSECTION and shouldn't be excessively detailed or even overloaded with sourcing, but the adoption of a completely monotonal system in 1982 was the last of a series of simplifications (again all mentioned on Greek diacritics, which is the target page of the redirect at polytonic Greek) which progressively merged the grave accent with the acute and removed the iota subscript and breathing marks over ρs. Some of these were informal and directed by public and academic usage and others (as in the '60s) were official pronouncements.
- This one, I can absolutely see where you're coming from. I don't think it was too cluttered and I added them because I really wanted to draw attention to the vowels that people don't realize are named "big O" or "simple U"... but, even though your specific complaints are off, it is a perfectly valid complaint that we shouldn't be needlessly repetitive. As long as the same information is provided somewhere, the only question is which place is the better place to mention it. You're right that the historical development is probably the better choice.
- No one is talking about languages that Greek just transcribes. That would be a scholarly project applied by Greeks to every language on Earth and not particularly notable. We're only talking about the wholesale use of Greek alphabets to write other languages for extended periods. That said, if my phrasing seems unhelpful, we can find some other way to get the point across without creating an artificial division between Latin and Cyrillic and the other languages which also employed Greek letters as their native alphabets.
- Again, I disagree but concede that if you found the phrasing unhelpful there may be a better way to get the important points across.
- First point, you're right and this was a mistake on my part. Second point, you're wrong and I'm not sure what you think the problem could be. Third point, probably an issue of phrasing: "rough breathing" is a precise term that does not apply to /pʰ, tʰ, kʰ/ at all but each of them is simply a letter denoting an aspirated, breathy form of the sounds otherwise written /p, t, k/. Fourth point, again an issue of phrasing. It's valid and important: what most English speakers think they are looking at with "theta" and "phi" in a Classical setting is actually quite far off. You're welcome to rephrase it, though, or include more details or links to how it was connected to changes in Latin, though which these Greek aspects entered English. I was providing a quick gloss, but you're right we don't want to be misleading.
- Nope. Not at all. The previous form of this was entirely incorrect and misleading. There is an almost universal agreement of formal official romanization systems with the force of Greek and international law and the continuing existence of a variety of ad hoc and in house systems should not be given WP:UNDUE importance. Even given the Greek court cases, it really is just an issue of the 19th and 20th century and it will take quite a lot to get ELOT, the ISO, the UN, and the US and UK boards on geographic names to go back and change everything now.
- You are confusing the namespace Greek alphabet with Greek alphabets or script. (They redirect here, which may or may not be a mistake,—for comparison, Roman alphabet redirects to Latin alphabet but Latin script is a separate article,—but that's a separate issue.) It is simply untrue that the WP:COMMON WP:ENGLISH usage of "Greek alphabet" includes digamma, let alone sampi or an H that really means /h/. Fraternity members, e.g., are not spanked if they forget to mention "koppa" during initiation: they are spanked if they include it. A list at the top of this page which included it would simply be wrong.
- Again, thank you for the link and the time that you took to write out your explanations. I think there are some errors on both sides: sorry for mine but good job helping to make this a better article. — LlywelynII 02:40, 12 October 2014 (UTC)
Thanks for the constructive response. I'm afraid I stand by most of my points.
1. Most importantly, the scope of the article, on which I will most certainly not compromise. Of course you are right that if you ask somebody how many letters there are "in the Greek alphabet", they will answer in terms of the classical 24-letter alphabet. That's obvious and just as it should be, because that's the classical and prototypical form of this alphabet, and the article was rightly presenting it as such, right up there in the lede (we earlier had versions of this article that gave quite exaggerated undue weight to the archaic extra letters). But at the same time, when you ask people (including experts in the technical literature) what alphabet the inscription on Nestor's Cup is in, or what alphabet this is, or which alphabet Cadmus was traditionally credited with inventing, or which alphabet was the first to have separate phoneme-level symbols for vowels, they will just as obviously all answer it was the "Greek alphabet". I challenge you to find a single reliable source supporting the claim that "the Greek alphabet" didn't exist before 403 BC, as your version presented it. That really flies in the face of every single source in the field I've ever seen. Nobody out in the literature makes any such terminological distinction as you suggest, between "the alphabet" and "alphabets", or "scripts". There is a single alphabet, the Greek one, which had variants, one of them the classical one, others archaic; that alphabet was invented some time around the 8th century or so, from Phoenician, and this article deals with that whole story, from the beginning (of course giving predominant weight to the most important, classical form). The Archaic Greek alphabets article is a sub-topic of this one.
2. About the amount of detail in the lede: let's again just take the example of the details of the Greek-to-Latin borrowing. A prime example of overblown detail. What the passage in the lede is actually about is just the historical significance of Greek – the fact that it occupies that central position in the history of the transmission of alphabetic writing across Europe. To make that point, all it takes is the bare fact of transmission to Latin etc., not the historical details of what happened to individual letters in the process. If you find the story of Latin "c" or "s" so important in the lede, then why not expend the same amount of space to the details of how individual Cyrillic letters were adapted, or what happened between Phoenician and Greek? All of these things can be, and are, treated further down.
3a. About Aristophanes of Byzantium: The statement in Greek diacritics is unsourced. What Aristophanes is traditionally credited with is the invention of the accent system. While that of the breathings has often been thrown in together with the accents in older treatments, current literature stresses that it quite probably happened independently [6][7].
3b. μπάζω, μπαίνω, μπαλλώνω, μπαμπάς, μπας, μπερδεύω, μπήγω, μπλέκω, μπορώ, μπόχα, μπροστά; ντόπιος, ντρέπομαι, ντροπή, ντύνω; γκαμήλα, γκαρδιακός, γκαστρώνω, γκλίτσα, γκρεμίζω, γκρεμός are all words of purely Greek stock. Innumerable others are of Italian or Turkish etymology but have been in the language for centuries; the correct term for such items is not "foreign words" but "loanwords". – More to the point, if you really insist on explaining the actual differences between the ancient and modern sound-symbol correspondences, then I'd guess the far more immediately noticeable change is that in the vowels (multiple symbols falling together in the sound value /i/. And before you deal with the introduction of <μπ, ντ, γκ>, it would be important to first explain the change that actually triggered this (the fricativization of <β, δ, γ>.
3c. About the pre-history of the introduction of monotonic: again, context. The sole point of mentioning the accents in the lede is to prepare the reader for the fact that there are those two different diacritic styles today. Details are extraneous to that.
6. Again, you are overlooking the fact that the domain for which those official schemes have converged is exclusively that of official transcriptions of personal and geographical names. As you yourself notice, actual (reversible) transliteration schemes remain different (and the differences between the ELOT, UN and ALA-LC columns in that part of your romanization table are by no means "minor"). And you have again overlooked the fact that in addition to either of these domains, there's the whole area of how, for example, a whole sentence of Greek would be transcribed (on a phonological basis) in a language guide for foreigners or a linguistic discussion. I still think the most important point to present here to the reader, up front, is that they have to be prepared to see Greek rendered in many different ways, in different contexts and for different purposes.
Fut.Perf. ☼ 10:14, 12 October 2014 (UTC)
- I agree with all of FP's edits and comments. The lead should be concise and basic. The coverage of the various forms of the alphabet makes sense as is (and it is bizarre to bring up fraternity hazing as a reference). The digraphs μπ etc. are found in many native words and assimilated borrowings, and should not be described as being used primarily for "foreign words". WP should not confuse official actions with facts on the ground. --Macrakis (talk) 14:19, 12 October 2014 (UTC)
Alphabet vs. abjad issue[edit]
I'm afraid I disagree with the recent edit by @Piledhighandeep: [8], introducing the distinction of Greek as a true "alphabet" as opposed to the Phoenician "abjad" in the intro. As far as I am aware, the terminology that wants to restrict the term "alphabet" to those of the Greek (consonant + vowels) type and strictly distinguishes the latter from "abjads" is not a commonly employed one in the literature. While certainly influential, it is essentially just a personal invention of one author, Peter Daniels (in The World's Writing Systems). Most other authors continue to call scripts of the Phoenician type "alphabets" as a matter of course. This terminology should therefore not be allowed to monopolize our treatment like this. The distinction is already present in the article, properly contextualized and hedged, in the "history" section ("According to a definition used by some modern authors, this feature makes Greek the first "alphabet" in the narrow sense,] as distinguished from the purely consonantal alphabets of the Semitic type, which according to this terminology are called "abjads".) That's about as much coverage as we should give it here. Fut.Perf. ☼ 09:02, 19 November 2014 (UTC)
- What does it mean to represent vowels and consonants equally? This should be put in simpler terms, e.g. the first alphabet with distinct letters for vowels. Also, why was the overview table pushed below the ToC? 184.108.40.206 (talk) 15:26, 20 November 2014 (UTC)
Semi-protected edit request on 7 February 2015[edit]
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In the table with the heading "Letters" the Greek letter 'M' is named in English as 'mu'. This is incorrect as the second letter 'u' is actually pronounced 'i' in Greek, as the name of the Greek letter 'u' is pronounced 'ipsilon'. Hence the Greek letter 'Y' or 'u' in the table is incorrectly named as 'upsilon'. Think of the letter as an English Y as used in the words tally, rally, funny or sunny, rather than the English letter 'U'. This can be confusing because the upper case ipsilon 'Y' and the lower case ipsilon 'u' represent different sounds in the English language. This also applies to the Greek letter 'N' or 'v'. The correct pronunciation of these letters is therefore 'Mi' and 'Ni' rather than 'Mu' and 'Nu'. Most monosyllabic Greek letters are pronounced with a short 'i' sound such as in the word 'Si', the Italian or Spanish word for 'Yes'. For example: 'M' (Mi), 'N' (Ni), 'Ξ' (Xi) or (Ksi), 'Π' (Pi), 'Φ' (Phi), 'Χ' (Chi) and 'Ψ' (Psi). The exceptions are 'P' (Rho) or (Ro) and 'T', which brings me to my next point. The English pronunciation of the Greek letter 'T' in the table is written as 'Tau'. This is incorrect as the Greek ipsilon (u) is also used to make other sounds when combined with other letters. For example, when it is preceded by an 'o' as in 'ou' it represents the short sound 'oo' as in book, look and took. Greek examples are φρouto, pronounced 'frooto' (fruit) and τou, pronounced 'tu' (his). When preceded by an 'a', as is the case here 'au', the sound it represents is 'aph' or 'af' as in the words 'tough', 'enough' and 'gruff'. Greek examples include 'aυτo', pronounced 'afto' (that) or 'aυτoκιvιτo', pronounsed 'aftokinito' (automobile). Hence the Greek letter 'T' or 'τ' in the table should be pronounced 'taf', exactly like the English word 'tough' not 'tau'. The confusion probably lies in the fact that there are three lettters that make the 'i' sound in the Greek alphabet: 'Η' or 'η', 'Ι' or 'ι' and 'Y' or 'u'. Combinations of 'oι' and 'ει' also make the 'i' sound (confusing even for a Greek, trust me). The pronunciations are correctly labelled in the tables in the section below titled "Letter names" so I thought the inconsistency could be rectified to more accurately reflect the Modern Greek pronunciations. Cheers. Dorothy Dixer (talk) 23:24, 7 February 2015 (UTC)
- Not done. These are the names of the letters in English. The letters' pronunciation in Modern Greek is not relevant. Alakzi (talk) 23:34, 7 February 2015 (UTC)
IPA Usage[edit]
When I saw that the article claimed that chi represented a velar fricative in IPA, I changed it to say that it represented a uvular one. My edit was promptly reverted. As per Voiceless velar fricative and Voiceless uvular fricative, I believe that the Latin letter x represents a velar fricative, and the Greek letter chi represents a uvular one, and that my edit was correct, unless there is something major that I'm missing. If there is something I'm missing, please mention it here, but for the time being I'm going to change it back. Thanks. 44Dume (talk) 18:36, 13 March 2015 (UTC)
- You were quite right, of course: in IPA, "χ" is uvular, "x" is velar. Thanks for spotting that error in the article. Maybe the editor who reverted you misread your diff and missed its context, thinking that you were trying to say that the sound denoted by the letter chi in Greek was uvular rather than velar. Probably just a misunderstanding. Fut.Perf. ☼ 18:42, 13 March 2015 (UTC)
Textcritical signs of Aristarchus of Samothrace and other ancient greek writers and Philologists[edit]
Does anyone have the time and knowledge to write something about it? Aristarchus of Samothrace and other ancient greek Philologists and their textcritical signs.
I have found some sources, see:
Brill's Companion to Ancient Greek Scholarship, 2015 (2 Vols.) pp. 549-562 and: The ambiguity of signs: critical σημεῖα from Zenodotus to Origenes. Author, Francesca Schironi — Preceding unsigned comment added by Informationskampagne (talk • contribs) 22:45, 2 July 2016 (UTC)
There are also "pictures" of these signs in this book.
Informationskampagne (talk) 14:29, 8 November 2015 (UTC)
Minor request concerning ϑ / θ[edit]
I am not an expert at all, and so I hesitate just changing things, but I was trying to translate words and could not find the symbol ϑ on this page in the table. Apparently it is a variation of θ; 'theta', see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theta. Could it be added into the table or perhaps even as a footnote? (Like the two forms of Sigma). I leave the decision to the editors most active on this page. It will help people (beginners, like me) just trying to decipher symbols. Thank you! Jelle1975 (talk) 06:30, 30 April 2016 (UTC)
- It's covered in the Greek alphabet#Glyph variants section. —Largo Plazo (talk) 11:39, 30 April 2016 (UTC)
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- Fall Sale
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Sewing, cutting, draping, steaming — though you might not know how to do these things yourself, you'd recognize most of the processes of creating an ...
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We've had a few months to eagerly (read: impatiently) await H&M's latest annual designer collaboration. In May, the Swedish retailer announced that this year's high-profile pair-up would be with Kenzo, the French fashion house currently helmed by creative directors (and Opening Ceremony cofounders) Carol Lim and ...
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Quick Look
Property brokered by
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Presented By:
Hamish Niles
03 307 9182
Email Agent
Hamish Niles
03 307 9182
Email Agent
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Additional Property InformationThis land/lot listing is located at 41 Hanrahan Street, Allenton, Ashburton. The property is presently priced for $170,427.
This property is presented by Hamish Niles of Property Brokers based in New Zealand.


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Secret Codes is a mini science kit from Ravensburger's Science X line, which includes all the materials you need to learn different ways to crack codes and the science behind them. There are guides for six different code-cracking activities. Angle Wrap teaches kids about the ancient Greek art of encryption called scytale. Encoded Messages uses the encoding method known as Caesar's Cipher. Mirror Mirror on the Wall encodes and decodes messages by writing letters backwards then using a mirror to decode the encryption. In Knot a Message, the placement of knots on different strings represent different things, such as time, place, and items. Code Cracker uses the special included code templates to decode messages. Invisible Message makes messages magically appear using watercolor paints. Once kids have completed the activities and learned the different encoding and decoding methods, they can then try to decode a larger encrypted message using the included decoding discs.
The kit comes with a knot holder, a packet of strings, two brass fasteners, two decoding discs, a stick of wax, a sheet of paper, a pencil, a mirror, two straws, and an instructions guide.
This super fun activity kit lets kids roleplay as little detectives and spies while also flexing their brain muscles and critical thinking skills in the process.
The Science X Secret Codes kit is for ages 8 and up.
Certain activities, such as the Invisible Message activity, require additional materials, which are not included. However most can easily be found around the house.
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text: Local NewsRiley County Police Report 9/14/13 By KMAN Staff - September 14, 2013 Share on Facebook Tweet on Twitter tweet A Lawrence man is currently confined in Riley County Jail for probation violation. Naim Alamin (34) was arrested around 7:45 Friday evening. Original charges are still unkown at this time, but Alamin is being held on a $75,000.


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Viggo Mortensen
I just rewatched the trilogy for the first time since it came out. How did I forget how hot Viggo Mortensen is?
Estel, Strider, Telecontar, Thorongil, Longshanks, Wingfoot, Elessar... the hands of the king are the hands of a Healer.
Even though he's out of costume....felt like pinning. This is a really attractive picture (not like it surprises me). Love the smirk;)
There'll be a day when I don't love vieggo mortensen, but....just kidding. There won't be.
Viggo Mortensen is one of my favorite actors. Anything with him in it will be good. First saw him in G.I. Jane with Demi Moore. He can play any kind of character. Check him out in "A History of Violence". Great film. He has a great sense of style. Biddy Craft
Viggo Mortensen....Aragorn, he's also an artist, a poet and an amazing ninja-stunt dude! he did almost all, if not all, his own stunts in LOTR :D
We have a sponsor. I call him cowboy. We are going to go live in Alabama.
A great quote & good advice from actor Viggo Mortensen for anyone feeling like life is a little hard to handle right now.
viggo mortensen - let's get you out of those wet clothes
Viggo Mortensen. The sexiest thing a man can do is be kind to animals.


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I've just about lost my damn mind.
I keep thinking that there will be some point when someone says, "No more." Where one of these incidents will be so barbaric, and so clearly documented, that everyone who looks at the case will say, "This absolutely cannot be allowed to happen; never again." In my foolishness, I thought the shooting-on-sight of a 12-year-old boy at a playground would be on of those stopping points, where we would have to hold ourselves and our public officials accountable.
For those inclined to think that highlighting persistent, deadly racial justice issues is divisive, perhaps this alternative argument will resonate; a brief except from the article is below:
"What we see with Tamir Rice—and what we've seen in shootings across the country—is what happens when the officer's safety supercedes the obligation to accept risk. If 'going home' is what matters—and risk is unacceptable—then the instant use of lethal force makes sense. It's the only thing that guarantees complete safety from harm.
It's also antithetical to the call to 'serve and protect.' But it's the new norm. And worse for any accountability, it sits flush with our broad sympathy with police in the courts of law and public opinion. So that, when police kill someone in this relentless drive to reduce risk, it's almost impossible to hold officers accountable, barring incredible circumstances. The public just accepts that this is what police had to do … Given this status quo, Tamir Rice—his shooting and the officers' acquittal—is inevitable. Indeed, it's almost certain to happen again."
The unjustified murder of #TamirRice is a clear example of an "incredible circumstance," and yet it still was not sufficient to convince a grand jury that law enforcement officers need to be accountable for their use of force. We are now actively supporting "shoot first, ask questions later" as appropriate policing policy, at least for people of color. HOW ON EARTH does that conform to any definition of the liberty and justice that our laws and Constitution are meant to guarantee?
Are we seriously prepared to argue that civilian protective services have the discretion to shoot people on sight if they feel in any way uncomfortable or threatened, and that they should feel no compunction about doing so? If you are defending these kinds of actions by police, are you comfortable with police being empowered to kill you, your friends and family members, or your children anytime you are carrying anything that could be construed as a weapon or doing anything other than immediately and silently complying with police instructions? Do you or any of your friends and family members own a real or imitation weapon, and do you think that you should be shot for displaying or handling it in public?
Enough is enough – except it isn't in this country. We accept murder with minimal or no provocation as a proper police function. We accept mass shootings as an appropriate side effect of our current gun laws. And yes, we accept clearly race-differentiated applications of law, policy, and state-sanctioned force as routine and completely permissible. We have reached the point (in fact, we're far past it) where any of us who decide that we are not actively dedicating our time and energy to changing one or more of these things are actively sanctioning them with our silence and inaction.
If you don't like that characterization, and you want to view yourself as part of the solution rather than the problem, then take time NOW, before the end of 2015, to find out what other people in your neighborhood/community/city/state/district/region are doing on one of these fronts. Call or email someone to get more information. Schedule a call or meeting with a nearby activist or organizer. Send out a message to some friends asking if you can get together and talk about what you can do together. Ask your elected officials and candidates for office at every level how they intend to lead in confronting these issues and how you can support them and hold them accountable in doing so. Do not let another year pass where we accept these deaths as the status quo.
This is not a progressive/liberal/Democrat concern. If you are a United States citizen or resident, and you believe that the things we call "American values" (like freedom, justice, democracy, equality; or protection of our lives, property, and rights from being taken by other parties or by our government) ought to be truth rather than fiction, these things cannot continue. We have no greatness or moral standing as a nation if we turn a blind eye to murder and injustice within our borders. Our values are meaningless if we will not stand up and hold to them because we prefer convenience and complacency to the fight for true liberty.


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Did emergence of Socceroos bolters make disappointing East Asian Cup campaign worth it?
- From: The Courier-Mail
- July 29, 2013
THE emergence of Mitchell Duke and Tomi Juric as Brazil 2014 bolters has perhaps made the pain of the Socceroos' ordinary East Asian Cup finals campaign worth it.
Throw in the continued development of young general Ryan McGowan and the near certainty that he will also go to Brazil, plus the great form of ever-reliable goalkeeper Eugene Galekovic, and the Australians have at least something to show from the South Korean wreckage.
But questions must be asked about the overall purpose of the Socceroos' campaign in Seoul and Hwaseong.
National coach Holger Osieck suggested last week that he wanted to find a balance between giving all the fringe players in his experimental squad an adequate opportunity to show their wares and attempting to win the tournament.
It could be argued that he achieved neither.
After the Socceroos were totally outclassed in their first-up 0-0 draw with South Korea, it was obvious to almost everybody that the Australians were not going to lift the Cup.
So why did Osieck name exactly the same starting side for the next game against Japan?
By doing that, Osieck put himself under pressure heading into Australia's last match against China in his bid to give every member of his 23-man squad a decent chance show him what they could do.
As a result, he failed to deliver on his intent to give each player game time.
We can perhaps excuse third goalkeeper Nathan Coe not spending any time between the sticks, particularly as he temporarily left camp to play for Melbourne Victory against Liverpool last Wednesday.
But it was almost criminal for Osieck not to give Central Coast Mariners defender Trent Sainsbury a run.
Surely Sainsbury, who had a great 2012-13 A-League season, deserved at the very least 45 minutes at the tournament, particularly in a defensive line that was torn apart during Australia'* three matches.
Did Osieck not see enough of centre-back Robbie Cornthwaite in the opening half against China on Sunday to know how poorly he was playing?
The second half of Australia's 4-3 loss to the Chinese was the perfect opportunity to use Sainsbury. Instead the Mariners star was left to warm up for most of the second stanza.
Perhaps his only consolation was that Osieck did not bring him on for a token couple of minutes at the end. That would have been even harder to stomach.
Instead, Osieck opted for veteran attacker Archie Thompson in the dying stages.
Maybe the coach felt he was forced to because of a foot injury suffered by forward Tomi Juric.
But what the introduction of Thompson – in the end fruitless considering China won - showed was that Osieck wanted to salvage something from the game, and tournament, in terms of results.
However, with Australia already out of contention before the game against China, it should not have mattered which minor place the Socceroos filled in the four-nation tournament.
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Get an overview of this hotel4-star Jeju hotel in Jeju City with outdoor pool
Situated in Jeju, this hotel is close to Cheju Halla General Hospital, Halla Arboretum, and Jeju Stadium. Local attractions also include Jeju Museum of Art and Iho Beach.
Hotel Features
An outdoor pool and free WiFi in public areas are available at this hotel.
Room Amenities
All 42 rooms offer free wired Internet, flat-screen TVs, and phones.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!Opens in a new window
The Baume Couture Boutique Hotel95, Singwang-ro Jeju Jeju Island 690-814
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
The Baume Couture Boutique Hotel features an outdoor pool. Public areas are equipped with complimentary high-speed wireless Internet access.
- Total number of rooms - 42
- Outdoor pool
- Free WiFi
Available in all rooms: Free wired high-speed Internet
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Room Amenities
- Phone
- Flat-panel TV
- Free wired high-speed Internet
Nearby Things to Do
Recreational amenities at the hotel include an outdoor pool.
Hotel Policies
Check-in time ends at 2 AM
Check-in time starts at 3 PM
Check-out time is 11 AM
Children and extra beds
- Children are welcome.
- Pets not allowed
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Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on property policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
No rollaway/extra beds available
No cribs (infant beds) available
Hotel Name
- Baume Couture
- Baume Couture Boutique
- Baume Couture Boutique Hotel
- Baume Couture Boutique Hotel Jeju
- Baume Couture Boutique Jeju
- Baume Couture Hotel
National Rating
For the benefit of our customers, we have provided a rating based on our rating system.


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Founded in 2005, 1718 a New Orleans Reading series is a student-run literary society that is jointly run by Tulane University, Loyola University of New Orleans, and University of New Orleans. 1718... More > aims to increase networking between students attending Loyola, Tulane, and the University of New Orleans, offer student writers the opportunity to showcase their work, help expand students' awareness of the literary culture of New Orleans, and bring in talented, published writers for a professional, monthly reading series. Each month, the reading series features one published author as a "Featured Reader" as well as two or three "Student Readers" from a combination of Tulane, Loyola, or UNO. These readings are on the first Tuesday of each month during the academic year, at 7pm at the Columns Hotel on St. Charles. The following, is a compilation of works read by the student readers during the 2013-2014 academic year.< Less
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|Job Ref:
|Civil and Structural
|Job Type:
|United Kingdom
|Post Code:
|£14/hour Company Van & Fuel Card
|Post Date:
|06/10/2016 03:49
Job Title: Domestic Gas Operative
Locations: Positions in various London boroughs and roles based in Wrexham (North Wales)
Reports To: Contract Supervisor
Hourly Rate: £14.00
Benefits: Company Van & Fuel Card, Guaranteed Hours Scheme 1 (aver 40hrs per week), Company Pension, PDA, Uniform, 28 days leave (inc of Bank Holidays), access to the T Brown Group Lifestyle Benefits Portal
As part of a heating maintenance team the post holder will be expected to provide a comprehensive repairs and maintenance service to domestic heating installations and appliances in client properties. You will be able to analyse, fault find and carry out repairs and services in a professional manner and to a high standard in compliance with and in accordance with current regulation / legislation.
T Brown Group is a property maintenance, installation, organisation, which specialises in servicing of gas central heating and hot water services to private, commercial landlords and industrial property owners of all kind.
The responsibilities that the role carries include but are not limited to the below;
- To service, repair, maintain and install gas appliances in client owned properties, in accordance with manufacturerâs instruction and guidance.
- Be competent in fault diagnosis and repair of modern and traditional boilers and be able to carry out repairs to central heating systems, including fitting new pumps, motorised valves, radiators and adapting pipework as necessary.
- Power Flushing of heating systems
- Ensure the security and correct operation of plant and equipment supplied, to include vehicles, flue gas analysis meters and mobile data equipment i.e. PDAâs.
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- Have a high level of literacy and numeracy to enable the various calculations associated with gas works to be completed along with the dissemination and relation of manufacturerâs instructions
- Have a logical and methodical approach to problem solving and fault diagnosis, and the ability to stay focused and have the mental concentration to follow a problem through to a satisfactory outcome.
- Have a sound knowledge of Customer Care and possess the ability to deal with potentially angry or upset people and be able to cope with the emotional demands dealing with such situations could cause.
- Willing and able to work as part of a team and independently showing initiative dealing with situations and completing tasks.
- To effectively communicate with customers to explain the correct operation of gas appliances and the importance of regularly servicing gas appliances
- Ability to work to deadlines and timescales and liaise with managers and customers regarding changes to schedules or appointments
- Be willing and able to work with and train apprentices or other personnel as required.
- Any other duties as may reasonably be requested by the Contract Supervisor/Manager
ACS qualifications - minimum of CCN1, CEN1, WAT1, (CENWAT), CKR1, HTR1 & CPA1 -Essential
Energy Efficiency -Essential
DAH1, Unvented Hot Water, WRAS (water supply regulations 1999) -Desirable
Minimum 5 years of experience -Essential
Previous experience in diagnosing faults on domestic gas central heating systems. -Essential
KNOWLEDGE and SKILLS
Full driving licence -Essential
Excellent communication skills -Essential
Able to work alone and within a team -Essential
Keeping up to date technically and applying new knowledge to your role -Desirable


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Kona Solar Service LLCAdditional Locations
Phone: (808) 557-3756 74-5499 Loloku St., Kailua Kona, HI 96740 http://www.konasolarservice.com
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Phone Number: (808) 587-4242
The number is C30115.
State of Hawaii Department of Taxation
PO Box 1425, Honolulu HI 96806
Phone Number: (808) 587-4242
The number is W43406743-01.
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This company offers designs & installation of solar energy systems.


text:
GTA Online Heists: New Trailer and Info
GTA Online Heists are coming early in 2015 - check out the new trailer for the four-player co-op mode for Grand Theft Auto Online that allows players to plan, prepare and execute multi-tiered Heists across Los Santos and Blaine County. These will require tight communication and coordination, with players taking on specified roles at each point to accomplish multiple objectives on the way to each Heist's epic finale. Featuring new gameplay, new vehicles, new weapons, new clothing and much more.
Head over to IGN for an in-depth interview that details exactly how Heists will work… and why they've taken a little more time than originally expected.
- on December 16 2014, 11:09amHey all,
Hope you enjoyed the trailer! For those of you asking, Heists will be coming as a free update to Xbox One, Xbox 360, PS4, PS3 and PC in early 2015. As a friendly reminder, please remember to keep all comments on topic and look for more info here on the Newswire as we get closer to release.
- on March 30 2015, 8:02amNEED 1 Crew Member, Xbox 360 BUST N GO
Need a Mic (Obviously), necessary for heists
Level 40 plus preffered, gameplay and style more relevant than levels
Request Invite to join
- on October 21 2015, 1:48pm@xHomey To be fair I was lower level than that when i started at 37 i was better than a team of 2 100's and a 500 now im a level 237 and i see people higher level than me still that are completely horrible
- on March 18 2015, 12:21pmHey guys. Ps3 members. I completed all heist twice and I'm great at it. I'll help anyone and if anyone need money join my crew gta onliners our crew color purple and the sign is like an F. Make sure you join the correct crew
- on March 16 2015, 3:26pmWhat's it mean if I join someone elses heists I'm going to lose my progress ?
- on March 15 2015, 9:37pmHey Im looking for help on heist add me on ps3 YungKen305 i split evenly just need good people who wont troll or botch. Thanks
- on March 17 2015, 1:52pm@KennyJ305 If you split your heist money evenly then you are the one that looses money..
for example prison break heist.. The Host payed 40k for it and the players that play setup get money (around 25k each time) as well.. as the host doesn't get anything only as the heist is done.. so do the math and the fairest would be 75k each as the host gets the rest..
- on March 15 2015, 4:28amI need someone to help me cuz i dont have high end apartment i want to do all the heist im a great player
if someone want to help me add me on xbox one my gamer tag is XxBO1STYG1RLxX
thanks ..
- on March 15 2015, 5:26am@Mahmooz if you was ps3 or 4 i would of i finished the heists on ps3 on last again on 4 x
- on March 15 2015, 3:08amwas better when you could turn on all people in lobby could invite worse decision ever taking that out specially when you join others sit there thinking god i got 15 friends online i could start this mission in seconds
- on March 14 2015, 5:42pmTOOO much waiting rockstar,. it seems the 4th player doesnt exist .. 3 players joined 1 goes 4th joint becomes the 3th player left - waiting looking at building for 2 minits .. if FINALY you have a crew of noobs, FAILED.. loading starts again .. hmmm i hope i can find my game back cause this is terrible
if i invite skilled matches i only get 3 invites .. of al those thousends of gamers?
- on March 14 2015, 5:32pmWaited 2 hours to make a mission for heists, played 10 m, mission bugs at the ending. Well done rockstar
- on March 14 2015, 3:39amHey ps3 member. I completed all 5 heist and I'm really good at all of them. If anybody needs help on any one. My gamer tag name is jay5660990 I'll help you.
- on March 13 2015, 1:09pm4 hours waiting in lobbies and restarting to do 2 heist set ups..sort out your servers Rockstar!
- on March 13 2015, 12:47amDoes anybody want to ay humans raid deliver EMP with me(They have to know what to do)xbox 360 GT is DKG CHEESE OP


text:
Frank BradleyShared publicly -
Check this out. Really good app to increase your reading volume.
I am an experienced IT Professional, with over 9 years of service for a large US Multinational. Highly skilled at managing projects, mentoring staff and leading teams. I have extensive experience working in virtual teams and I'm a hard working individual who is always a great team player.
I am passionate about learning, providing excellent service and above all else making a difference both in the workplace and in society. Facing up to challenges and overcoming obstacles are what drive me and make me get out of bed in the morning.
- Working in a Virtual environment
- Content Management
- Knowledge Management
- Data Quality
- Project Management
- Community Management
- Social Media / Web 2.0
- Data Analysis - experience with Business Objects, Oracle Discoverer, SPSS and Excel
- Training
- Facilitation


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Brownlow Gifts Messy Kitchen Glass Cutting Board
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iHerb Customer Reviews
Savings of: $12.28 (30% off)
three out of 5
Posted by woofmetoo on Apr 22, 2011
Have not noted a difference in 2 weeks of taking product . I was not going to rate it at all, because I cannot tell. But they wont let you undo the silly star thing, so I will leave it at three..average
Posted by Reviewer1097186 on Sep 26, 2011
I think its pretty good
Posted by Gdaiva on Oct 21, 2015
So far I trust this brand. I dont feel any adverse symptoms
Posted by 5366944078413276053 on Jan 31, 2013
The importance of probiotics is universaly recognised. The fact that it contains 5 billion organisms per cap makes the product very competitive and worth buying. I am not sure of the statement that it can be stored out of the refrigerator.
I don't know
Posted by 5109561968609299292 on Jun 19, 2013
Good for my mother...
아직은 잘 모르겠어요
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저는 설사를 자주하는 편인데 이걸 먹은뒤로는 변비가 좀 생긴것 같아요 그래도 하루에 한번정도는 화장실가긴 하는데 아직 효과는 잘 모르겠어요 꾸준히 먹어야할듯 해요
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text:
Have you visited Dr. Weijia Wang? Rate you experience below.
Neurologists in Torrance, CA
Dr. Weijia Wang specializes in neurology in Torrance, California.
Dr. Weijia Wang has been compared 99 times. Details of Dr. Wang's 32 years experience as an MD and education at Jilin University are available on your free doctor report.
Dr. Weijia Wang has an average rating of 5 stars (out of 5) with a rating of Excellent based on 1 reviews.
Have you visited Dr. Weijia Wang? Rate you experience below.
Dr. Weijia Wang has been identified as specializing in Neurology.
Insurance plans and networks accepted by a doctor are not necessarily universal across all locations at which the doctor practices. This can be affected by many factors such as different group practices, hospital affiliations and working arrangements at those locations. Checking that the doctor you are visiting and the facility they are at are in-network providers for your insurance plan can save you money and headaches later from surprise medical bills.
Dr. Weijia Wang accepts the following plans at 23430 Hawthorne Blvd, Torrance, CA
Dr. Wang attended medical school at Jilin University and graduated in 1984 having 32 years experience.
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text:
The UEFA Champions league gets back underway on Tuesday, with French champions Paris Saint-Germain travelling to the BayArena in Germany to face perennial domestic bridesmaids Bayer Leverkusen.
PSG maintained their five-point lead at the top of Ligue 1 with a straightforward 3-0 home win over Valenciennes on Friday, but Sami Hyypia's side lost 2-1 at home to Schalke 04 and were also knocked out of the DFB Pokal in the quarterfinals by second-tier Kaiserslautern.
Laurent Blanc's team topped Group C to advance, while Leverkusen finished second to Manchester United in Group A. The Werkself are currently second to Bayern Munich in the Bundesliga and will be confident that they can be the major surprise of the last 16.
However, on paper at least, PSG are overwhelming favourites to win the tie over both legs.
With no Edinson Cavani in Germany, the current Championnat leaders are shorn of some of their regular firepower, but the presence of Zlatan Ibrahimovic will still be a major concern for the hosts.
3 - Edinson Cavani has scored in all 3 of PSG's away games in the @ChampionsLeague this season (vs Olympiakos, Anderlecht & Benfica). Loss.
— OptaFranz (@OptaFranz) February 18, 2014
Leverkusen are also thought to be sweating over the fitness of German international midfielder Lars Bender and defender Emir Spahic ahead of the clash, while Emre Can and Eren Derdiyok have already been ruled out.
Following last season's impressive campaign that saw them make a quarterfinal appearance, the side from the French capital will expect to at least equal that this time around. They will have been happy with the draw against the 2002 finalists.
Despite some laboured domestic performances so far this term, PSG raise their game when at full strength in Europe. The Parisians finished their group campaign with 16 goals to their name, eight of those coming from in-form talisman Ibrahimovic.
Prior to the match, there are a number of key battles to look out for during Tuesday's game.
All match and squad information for Bayer Leverkusen and Paris Saint-Germain is courtesy of UEFA.com's official team sections.


text:
Event - Washington, DC - November 17-19, 2016 - Register now!
Our panelists discuss the study findings and the policy proposals.
Does the Free Exercise Clause extend beyond one's home or church? Peter Kirsanow discusses.
Podcast featuring Daniel Farber, Kristin Hickman, Jim Tozzi, and Adam White.
How will the Supreme Court rule on a high-stakes patent law case? Greg Dolin discusses Samsung v. Apple.
What constitutes a personal benefit in insider trading? Todd F. Braunstein discusses the oral arguments in Salman v. U.S.


text:
realmagick.com The shrine of knowledge.
Comanche Coming Of Age
A selection of articles related to comanche coming of age.
Original articles from our library related to the Comanche Coming Of Age. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Comanche Coming Of Age.
- What Is The New Age?
- The New Age movement means different things to different people. However, I feel that most all New Age topics have one basic underlying theme. That theme is personal spiritual development. Every day there are thousands upon thousands of people around the...
Religion & Philosophy >> Religions
- Art during the Age of Faith
- The Age of Faith is the one thousand medieval years from 400 A.D. to 1400 A.D. It must be noted though that faith was not a uniquely medieval phenomenon as medieval pursuits were not purely geared towards faith only.
Saga of Times Past >> History & Anthropology
- Coming Out of the Broom Closet
- You are questioning your faith. The faith you were raised with. Faith your parents always told you were right. The questions keep coming at full force. You ask for guidance from your parents, your husband or wife, your counselors, you ask your teachers, and...
Paganism & Wicca >> Daily Life
- Survivalists' Guide for the New Millennium: Chapter 6
- AS THE WORM TURNS Health and well being are part of the natural birthright of the human being. With all of its organs intact, the right diet, exercise and mental focus, a human body can overcome any disease. Even so, the effects of living in this...
Philosophy >> Survivalists Guide for the New Millennium
- Survivalists' Guide for the New Millennium: Chapter 2
- WORKING TO LIVE RATHER THAN LIVING TO WORK Before the dawn of recorded history, a major period of transition occurred. Nomadic hunter-gatherer clans transformed themselves into larger communities who farmed the land. This they did by planting their own...
Philosophy >> Survivalists Guide for the New Millennium
- Pagan Mythology
- Is the traditional story presented as an historical event that serves to illustrate part of the world view of a people or explain a practice, belief, or natural phenomenon. The mythological beliefs a culture shares gives shape to its actions and choices....
Paganism & Wicca >> Holidays
Comanche Coming Of Age is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Comanche Coming Of Age books and related discussion.
Suggested Pdf Resources
- Music of the American Indian: Plains: Comanche, Cheyenne, Kiowa
- for the Comanche, and Ronnie Lupe and R yan. Barnette for the .... one culture with another, is age old.
- www.loc.gov
- Comanche Nation - UANativeNet
- The membership of the Comanche Nation shall consist of the following: .... che Nation who are at least twenty-one (21) years of age, and be elected as provided in ... published audit and a forecast of activities proposed for the coming year.
- www.uanativenet.com
- Comanche Nation Scholarship Application
- The Comanche Nation Office of Higher Education scholarship program is designed to assist students who ... for the coming year. A copy of your ....
- www.comanchenation.com
- Learn About Texas Indians - Texas Parks & Wildlife Department
- Until the Ice Age mammals died out about 8,000 years ago, the first Native Americans, called ..... coming from as far west as the Pacific coast of North America.
- tpwd.texas.gov
- The Comanche Language & Cultural Preservation Committee. 1375 N.E.
- www.comanchelanguage.org
Great care has been taken to prepare the information on this page. Elements of the content come from factual and lexical knowledge databases, realmagick.com library and third-party sources. We appreciate your suggestions and comments on further improvements of the site.
Comanche Coming Of Age Topics
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text:
A Comparison of IPv6-over-IPv4 Tunnel Mechanisms, November 2013
- Canonical URL:
- https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7059.txt
- File formats:
- Status:
- Authors:
- S. Steffann
I. van Beijnum
R. van Rein
- Stream:
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/RFC7059
Discuss this RFC: Send questions or comments to email@example.com
Other actions: Find Errata (if any) | Submit Errata | Find IPR Disclosures from the IETF
This document provides an overview of various ways to tunnel IPv6 packets over IPv4 networks. It covers mechanisms in current use, touches on several mechanisms that are now only of historic interest, and discusses some newer tunnel mechanisms that are not widely used at the time of publication. The goal of the document is helping people with an IPv6-in-IPv4 tunneling need to select the mechanisms that may apply to them.
For the definition of Status, see RFC 2026.
For the definition of Stream, see RFC 4844.


text:
Big Bear, CA, February 7, 2013 – According to Kurt Madden, Superintendent of Bear Valley Unified School District, ALL Big Bear Schools are under lock down until more information is known about the police activity underway in the Big Bear Valley. More information will be available shortly as to when parents will be able to pick up their children.
Related Posts
Elena Martinez, Yesterday's Victim in Catalina Road Incident, Described as a Great Friend and a Beautiful Mom
Get the Burger Rated 100 Percent


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realmagick.com The shrine of knowledge.
Silas Marner Setting
A selection of articles related to silas marner setting.
Original articles from our library related to the Silas Marner Setting. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Silas Marner Setting.
- King James Bible: Acts, Chapter 15
- Chapter 15 15:1 And certain men which came down from Judaea taught the brethren, and said, Except ye be circumcised after the manner of Moses, ye cannot be saved. 15:2 When therefore Paul and Barnabas had no small dissension and disputation with them, they...
New Testament >> The Acts
- Raising the World Mind (GM10-11)
- Part 1 | Part 2 Part 1 The wise live in accord with natural laws. It is they who understand that the laws of nature are much higher than the laws of man, because breaking them implies penalties far greater than a fine or prison sentence. When a person...
Mind >> World Mind
- King James Bible: Acts, Chapter 16
- Chapter 16 16:1 Then came he to Derbe and Lystra: and, behold, a certain disciple was there, named Timotheus, the son of a certain woman, which was a Jewess, and believed; but his father was a Greek: 16:2 Which was well reported of by the brethren that were...
New Testament >> The Acts
- King James Bible: Acts, Chapter 17
- Chapter 17 17:1 Now when they had passed through Amphipolis and Apollonia, they came to Thessalonica, where was a synagogue of the Jews: 17:2 And Paul, as his manner was, went in unto them, and three sabbath days reasoned with them out of the scriptures, 17:3...
New Testament >> The Acts
- A Treatise on Astral Projection, Part 4: More Rope Techniques
- ROPE is a very effective projection technique, but it still has to be learned to be effective. I would like to elaborate on a couple of points about the technique, inspired by the feedback I have received so far. There is NO visualization required - AT ALL -...
Parapsychology >> Astral Projection
- Manifesting World Enlightenment: Part 4
- There can be no doubt that the world situation today is grave. It is becoming increasingly apparent that the institutions, governments, and traditional methods of society, have little effectiveness in solving a collective crisis of global proportions. In this...
Mind >> World Mind
- The PK Man Seen From an African Perspective
- I have been fortunate over the past ten years to have had the opportunity to study the shamanism used in the rain forest of southwestern Nigeria. This is the traditional home of the Yoruba Nation which is one of the largest cultural groups in Western Africa...
>> Psychic Abilities
Silas Marner Setting is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Silas Marner Setting books and related discussion.
Suggested Pdf Resources
- Place and Period in George Eliot's Silas Marner
- ABSTRACT. Certain aspects of the setting of George Eliot's Silas Marner—chiefly the Midlands ... Key words:Victorianism, Victorian novel, setting, George Eliot.
- ir.lib.au.edu.tw
- Silas Marner TG - Penguin
- Silas Marner is an excellent selection for classroom study in the high school. ... The setting is remote from the lives of today's readers, just as it was somewhat ...
- www.penguin.com
- Review of Silas Marner - Brian Tomasik
- the book's unique setting, literary creativity, and hopeful message, thence making Silas Marner a good choice for mandatory reading. Eliot's work is probably ...
- briantomasik.com
- Silas Marner - Description
- SILAS MARNER: THE WEAVER OF RAVELOE. "A child, more than all other gifts. That earth can offer to declining man,.
- triggs.djvu.org
- Structure and Quality in Silas Marner
- May 30, 2013 George Eliot told Blackwood that Silas Marner .... his discussion of settings as " metonomic, or metaphoric, expressions of character," Essays in ...
- www.hsmse.org
Suggested News Resources
- Tessa Hadley: By the Book
- Why should a set of people have been put in motion, on such a scale and with such an air of being equipped for a profitable journey, only to break down without an accident?
- Drawing on Childhood: New exhibition examines why so many of our most
- In Silas Marner, George Eliot writes: "No one knew where wandering men had their homes or their origin; and how was a man to be explained unless you at least knew somebody who knew his father and mother?
- Todd Frazier "legitimately out there" in trade talks
- ESPN's Jayson Stark has had his ear to the Hot Stove train tracks, and he's heard that Cincinnati Reds 3B Todd Frazier isn't as off-limits as he was just a few months ago. Y'know, back when the Reds were hosting the All Star Game and the Home Run Derby.
- Tips, links and suggestions: what are you reading this week?
- This is a thriller with magic, and great fun to read.
Suggested Web Resources
- Silas Marner Setting - Shmoop
- Everything you need to know about the setting of George Eliot's Silas Marner, written by experts with you in mind.
- www.shmoop.com
- SparkNotes: Silas Marner: Key Facts
- A list of important facts about George Eliot's Silas Marner, including setting, climax, protagonists, and antagonists.
- www.sparknotes.com
- Place and Period in George Eliot's Silas Marner
- ABSTRACT. Certain aspects of the setting of George Eliot's Silas Marner—chiefly the Midlands ... Key words:Victorianism, Victorian novel, setting, George Eliot.
- ir.lib.au.edu.tw
- Silas Marner Essay | Setting and Character Change in Silas Marner
- George Eliot's novel, Silas Marner, conveys the power of the church in Victorian era England over the lives of its parishioners. Silas, in the opening pages, is an ...
- www.gradesaver.com
- describe the village of Raveloe | Silas Marner Questions | Q & A
- Aug 7, 2012 Silas Marner. describe the village of Raveloe. the setting for this novel.
- www.gradesaver.com
Great care has been taken to prepare the information on this page. Elements of the content come from factual and lexical knowledge databases, realmagick.com library and third-party sources. We appreciate your suggestions and comments on further improvements of the site.
Silas Marner Setting Topics
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Supporting the emotional and academic needs of high-ability students in a joyful, inquiry-based learning environment.
Every child is unique
Our teachers are committed to helping each child discover their unique gifts and strive for their personal best in the classroom.
Altair Students Stop Pollution
Inspired by a Problem Based Learning unit, Altair students are on a mission to help the environment. First stop: Improve water quality and help the people and animals that depend on clean water sources. Check out their websites: StopPollutingIt.com and Pollution Busters
Community Game Day
Sunday June 19, 2:00-4:00 p.m.
If you enjoy board and card games, please join us for Game Day! We'll supply games & snacks. Feel free to bring favorites to share. This is a community event designed for families with children ages 5-12, but it's open to all. Please note: this is not a drop-off event. Parents need to stay with their children. RSVP to email@example.com.
Sir Ken Robinson on Education
Robinson makes the case for a radical shift from standardized schools to personalized learning — creating conditions where kids' natural talents can flourish.


text:
Pooch Cafe by Paul Gilligan
- January 16, 2014
- From Beginning
- Previous feature
- Next feature
- Current
Comments (32) (Please sign in to comment)
Or the Robot Chicken take off, where Han Solo cuts the tauntaun open … and finds an old prospector already inside, 'Find your own damn Tauntaun…'
Does that mean the tauntaun was luke warm inside?
"Now, where did I leave my light sabre…"
Reminds me of Jack London's story, "To Build a Fire." The dog got away from that freezing dude, as he preferred not to have his entrails used for purposes other than digesting his next meal.
Nanook of the North cut open a dog to save his wet hands. (Good one, R.D.)
With puns like that you should have your own strip! :)
Dark images in my head…………………………have to leave…………………maybe different topic tomorrow………………………..ewwwwwwwwww
really don't want to think about entrails…………
oh, come on Stel ol' Bel…..surely not dark images!….
think about those steamy ol' entrails like a chef would….
sweetbreads!….mmm, doesn't that sound like a yummy treat to dunk into your morning coffee?
ominous it is that CD didn't show up today……are we going to have to move our abrasive and obnoxious comments show to the Pooch Cafe?
I'm thinking that the usual commenting club that resides here will have something to say about that!
Oh well…..as long as I'm here I might as well order breakfast.
I'll have a hot, steamy plate of sweetbreads and some hot sauce….
hm. nice place this Pooch Cafe….think I'll stay awhile and see if I can annoy anybody……
You have succeeded in annoying somebody – Me! With that picture and I haven't had breakfast yet. Some things you just don't want to see. But you enjoy your breakfast. YUCK!
Nighthawks, you are officially on my naughty list.
THANK YOU! I've been trying to remember the name/author of that story for YEARS!!!
Perhaps Snowy will come to the rescue.
This would be the ideal location for the CD gang!
With Poncho you can never be positive whether he will put his thoughts into action, or not.
I'm following what Number Six said.
Good Morning Everyone!!
This is strange. It's sort of lie moving into a new house.
- Load the rest of the comments (17).
You must be signed in to make a comment.


text:
- Birthday
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