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Bradley Cooper
Star of Wedding Crashers and some other flicks. That's really all we know about Bradley Cooper.
Bradley Cooper Attends DNC, Causes Republican Meltdown
Bradley Cooper: Did He Make Irina Shayk Cry at Wimbledon?
16 Celebrity Crushes For Valentine's Day '16: You're Welcome!
Justin Bieber, Amanda Bynes & More: Star Sightings 12.14.2015
21 Actors Who Should Never, Ever Shave
Bradley Cooper and Irina Shayk: Hooking Up on Vacation!
Back in May, we reported that Bradley Cooper and Irina Shayk are dating, but the couple has kept their romance on the down-low in the months that followed.
Now, it seems they've officially stopped caring if the world knows that they're having incredibly attracting sex with one another, as multiple confirm that Shooper is vacationing in Italy and indulging in some serious PDA.
Highest Paid Actors of 2015: Who Took the Top Spot?
Alan Cumming Makes Bradley Cooper Gay Joke: LOL or WTH?
Bradley Cooper and Irina Shayk: Dating?!
It's been less than two months since Bradley Cooper broke up with Suki Waterhouse but it looks like the perennial Oscar nominee has had no trouble moving on to another model.
Sources say Copper and Irina Shayk were spotted sucking face at the 2015 MET Gala on Monday night.
11 Gorgeous Hollywood Grins: Which Celebrity Smile is Brightest?
Is it just us... or do Hollywood stars and their smiles make you want to put down the coffee and run to the nearest drug store for some Crest White Strips?
In the case of these particular celebrities, it's probably not just us:
13 Celebrities Weigh In: Who's Packing How Many Pounds?
It's probably the most secretive number in Hollywood.
The age at which celebrities lost their virginity? Actually, no. Quite a few stars are just fine talking about this.


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Commercial Aviation Safety 5/EA Complete, Fully Updated Guide to COMMERCIAL AVIATION SAFETY Presenting the latest procedures and standards from U.S. and international air traffic and regulatory agencies, this extensively revised resource covers the entire commercial aviation safety system--from human factors to accident investigation. The introduction of Safety Management Systems (SMS) principles by the International Civil
Commercial Aviation Safety 5/EA Complete, Fully Updated Guide to COMMERCIAL AVIATION SAFETY Presenting the latest procedures and standards from U.S. and international air traffic and regulatory agencies, this extensively revised resource covers the entire commercial aviation safety system--from human factors to accident investigation. The introduction of Safety Management Systems (SMS) principles by the International Civil
$3.99This is an account by a long-time pilot who, after spending seven years learning and honing his skills in general aviation, fi rst fl ew as an airline copilot at age 23. On August 1st, 1999, he survived a jet crash that drastically changed how he thought about commercial aviation. THE BLACK BOX focuses on aviation safety and how Captain MacDonald believes the industry repeatedly falls short of
$8.99The most comprehensive coverage to date of Air France 447, an Airbus A330 that crashed in the ocean north of Brazil on June 1, 2009, killing all 228 persons on board.The book details the crew's failure to maintain aircraft control after a minor failure.Written by A330 Captain, Bill Palmer, this book opens to understanding the actions of the crew, how they failed to understand and control the
American X-Vehicles, An Inventory from X-1 to X-50 - NACA, NASA, Air Force Experimental Airplanes and Spacecraft (NASA SP-2003-4531)This official NASA history document - converted for accurate flowing-text e-book format reproduction - is a comprehensive survey of America's experimental aircraft from the pathfinding supersonic X-1 to the X-50. The introduction states: For a while, it seemed the series of experimental aircraft sponsored by the U. S. government had run its course. Between the late 1910s and the late 1970s, almost
Airbus A380: Superjumbo of the 21st Century
Superjumbo of the 21st CenturyPoised for takeoff on that hot morning in April 2005, the Airbus A380 had the purposeful, powerful presence of a giant predatory bird. With its enormous gulled wings, imperiously tall tail, and broad, domed forepeak, it looked ready to take on the world. And along the way, it has had plenty of supporters-and critics. No civil airliner since the supersonic Concorde has aroused such emotion, such
$13.99The commercial airline industry is one of the most volatile, dog-eat-dog enterprises in the world, and in the late 1990s, Europe's Airbus overtook America's Boeing as the preeminent aircraft manufacturer. However, Airbus quickly succumbed to the same complacency it once challenged, and Boeing regained its precarious place on top. Now, after years of heated battle and mismanagement, both companies
A Beginner's Guide to Owning and Operating Private Aircraft FAA-H-8083-19APlane Sense is an indispensable, must-have guide for aircraft owners, operators, and all aviation enthusiasts. It highlights the requirements involved in acquiring, owning, operating, and maintaining private aircraft. A valuable reference for understanding the basics of general aviation, this guide also outlines the rules, regulations, and practical aspects of flying your own aircraft—straight
Introduction to the Airline Industry
This eBook contains everything there is to know about the airline industryThis book contains everything there is to know about the airline industry: - Learn the history, current scale and scope of the airline industry - Understand the specifics of the airline business - Gain knowledge on the multiple operational and business functions of airlines - Receive insight on the responsibilities of key airline personnel Content: - History of the Airline Industry - The Airline
2011 Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Encyclopedia: UAVs, Drones, Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA), Weapons and Surveillance - Roadmap, Flight Plan, Reliability Study, Systems News and NotesUnmanned aircraft systems (UAS), also known as UAVs, drones, or remotely piloted aircraft (RPA), are now a vital component of military and homeland security operations, playing an increasingly important role in the Afghanistan-Pakistan war, and protecting American borders from terror threats. This comprehensive 500 page report provides detailed information about UAS aircraft and weapons systems,
$49.49Selecting the right aircraft for an airline operation is a vastly complex process, involving a multitude of skills and considerable knowledge of the business. Buying The Big Jets was first published in 2001 to provide guidance to those involved in aircraft selection strategies. This Second Edition brings the picture fully up to date, incorporating new discussion on the strategies of low-cost

subset: commoncrawl


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VEGF polymorphisms and severity of atherosclerosis
- 1Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Southampton University Hospitals, Southampton, UK
- 2Human Genetics Division, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
- Correspondence to: Dr W M Howell Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Duthie Building MP 225, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; wmh1soton.ac.uk
- Received 26 July 2004
- Accepted 8 November 2004
- Revised 25 October 2004
Introduction: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent angiogenic factor, and neovascularisation has been shown to be important in atherosclerotic plaque development. There is some disagreement as to whether VEGF acts as a pro-atherosclerotic or anti-atherosclerotic factor. In the present study we have sought to clarify this by determining genotypes and haplotypes for three reportedly functional VEGF SNPs in a large series of well documented coronary atherosclerosis patients.
Methods:VEGF −2578, −1154, and −634 single nucleotide polymorphisms were genotyped in 984 subjects from the Southampton Atherosclerosis Study, using the 5′ nuclease assay for allelic discrimination (TaqMan).
Results:VEGF −2578 genotypes showed a significantly different distribution in patients without myocardial infarction when stratified according to number of diseased arteries. VEGF −2578 was also associated with mean number of stenotic segments in the same patient group. The AA genotype was a risk factor and CC was protective. These associations were significant before and after adjustment for classic risk factors, and were reflected in associations between VEGF haplotypes and the number of diseased arteries and stenotic segments. As VEGF −2578 CC has been provisionally shown to be associated with higher VEGF expression than the AA genotype, these results are consistent with a protective effect for VEGF in atherosclerosis development. Some changes in VEGF −1154 genotype frequencies were also detected, but no significant associations were detected for any one particular genotype.
Conclusions: This study provides preliminary evidence that VEGF polymorphism is associated with development of atherosclerosis, possibly via regulation of VEGF expression, supporting a protective effect for VEGF in atherosclerosis. These results require replication in an independent study group, combined with study of additional candidate polymorphisms in the VEGF gene.
- MI, myocardial infarction
- rh, recombinant human
- SNP, single nucleotide polymorphisms
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
Competing interests: none declared


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Seller's Return Policy
This dress is a final sale! No returns will be accepted! It is in perfect condition and you will not be disappointed!
Will Ship to Worldwide
Accepted Payment Methods
Location Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
Seller is: Individual
Original Owner: yes
Has Receipt: no
Enzoani Astoria Wedding Dress
This stunning dress has been worn only once! It is in excellent condition and is an absolute show-stopper! The beading is beautiful and the black lace bust and ivory gown bottom look amazing in pictures! The label is size 10 but fits between a size 6 and 8! This dress has been professionally cleaned and is ready to be worn again!
Dress Alterations
Straps were shortened but can be moved back! No other alterations were performed!
Dry Cleaning/Preservation
The dress was professionally cleaned and has been stored for the past few months in a dress box!


text: When a new book is added to Kindle Top 100 Free eBooks, send me an email. Add by dcootey 4 adds 0 favorites Tweet Share Email Embed Preview:


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Lilo Stitch
I have always said that there is nothing I love in life more than Star Wars except Disney (though now I don't really need to choose anymore because they are one and the same thing – yay!) In ...
"Lilo and Stitch, that's how I start my day" -- This is how everyone should start their day.
Chibies of Disney's Shanti & Baby Wolf , Lilo & Stitch , Vanellope & Sour Bill . https://www.facebook.com/artofdavidgilson/
This is one of my most popular pins! Thanks for repinning and check out my other boards:)
The many, many emotions of Stitch
I recently re-watched Lilo and Stitch and I realized how much I loved it as a little kid and how much I still do!
~I am playing this song wish u know how much I love you~ looking sun... Going down... Now~ u know... How much.... I~ love you....
Ohana means family. A minimalist poster based on the movie Lilo & Stitch
This is me in the middle of the night, when I get caught rummaging for food like a caveman


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ASUS ROG Maximus VI Impact (Intel Z87) Mini-ITX Motherboard Review
HyperPi 0.99
Version and / or Patch Used: 0.99
Developer Homepage: http://www.virgilioborges.com.br
Product Homepage: http://www.virgilioborges.com.br
HyperPi is a front end for SuperPi that allows for multiple concurrent instances of SuperPi to be run on each core recognized by the system. It is very dependent on CPU to memory to HDD speed. The faster these components, the faster it is able to figure out the number Pi to the selected length.
For our testing we use the 32M run. This means that each of the four physical and four logical cores for the i7 and the four physical cores of the i5 is trying to calculate the number Pi out to 32 million decimal places. Each "run" is a comparative to ensure accuracy and any stability or performance issues in the loop mentioned above will cause errors in calculation.
Version and / or Patch Used: 1.00.1035BETA
Developer Homepage: http://www.aida64.com
Product Homepage: http://www.AIDA64.com
Replacing Everest in our labs is AIDA64. This new testing suite is from the core development team from Lavalys and continues that tradition. The guys have thrown in better support for multithreaded CPUs as well as full 64 bit support. We use this to test memory and HDDs for now, but may find ourselves opening this up to other areas of the motherboard.
Starting off with our CPU benchmarks we can see that the ASUS Maximus VI Impact lines up with the MSI Z87I under Hyper Pi. The GIGABYTE Z87N-WIFI manages to come in a little bit faster, though.
AIDA64 sees the ASUS offering fall in between the two models. Overall, though, you can see the numbers are quiet similar across the board when it comes to checking them out under AIDA64.
When it comes to the overclocking side of things, you can see a strong boost in performance, with a very noticeable difference being seen under both benchmarks.
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We hear another story from The Sealed Book on the show this week. From August 26, 1945, here's Time On My Hands.
Browsing: sealed book
The Sealed Book offers up our strange tale this week. We'll hear the episode from August 5, 1945 titled, Murder Must Be Paid For.
On this episode of The Horror, The Sealed Book tells the tale titled, I'll Die Laughing. This episode first aired May 27, 1945.
This week on Strange Tales we hear from The Sealed Book. This is the first episode from that series, and aired March 18, 1945. Here is, The Hand Of Death.
The Sealed Book aired over Mutual stations from March to September of 1945. From it's 26 episode archive, we'll hear Death At Storm House. This story first aired June 24, 1945.
This week on Strange Tales we'll hear from The Sealed Book. The series aired for 26 episodes between March and September of 1945, airing this story titled To Have And To Hold on August 12 of that year.
Our strange tale comes from The Sealed Book this week. Produced in 1945 as a summer replacement for The Shadow, this series aired for 26 episdoes. We'll hear Death Spins A Web, the third in the series, first airing April 1, 1945.


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Starbucks® Bearista® Bear - Hawaii Surfer
One of our Destination Series Bearista® Bears released in 2010, this plush bear is the perfect gift for fans of Hawaii. Our Hawaii surfer bear proudly wears a 2010 date on his foot and is decked out for his tropical vacation. Dressed in his bucket-style hat, travel T-shirt and Bermuda shorts, this collectible bear makes a great gift.
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The Hinton Guest House4
Town Lane, Mobberley,, Knutsford, WA16 7HH
Price FromView Rooms
- Excellent
- 5 guest reviews
"Excellent food, lovely clean room and very friendly and welcoming hosts. Can't recommend this place enough!..."
"We had a very positive experience. We were made welcome, the accommodation was fine and the breakfast excellent...."
"My wife & I have just had an enjoyable stay here. Ann & Kamel made us so welcome on arrival & greeted us with a refreshing pot of tea & bisc..."
"Lots of extra little touches. The owners have really considered the needs of their guests...."
"We enjoyed our short stay at The Hinton Hotel very much. The owners were very friendly and accommodating. We liked the extra little touches,..."
About the hotel
The Hinton Guest House is a family run B&B situated in the village of Mobberley, close to the historic town of Knutsford in the heart of Cheshire. The city of Manchester, Manchester Airport and Chester are all within easy reach. The Hinton house was built in the early 1900s for a local dignitary and is now the home Ann & Kamel.
The house stands in it's own grounds with car parking to the front and a nice size garden to the rear. There are many country houses nearby including Tatton Park and Arley Hall. There are also some National Trust properties in the area such as Little Moreton Hall and Styal Mill which are well worth a visit. The B&B accommodation is provided in six attractively furnished rooms which all have digital free view televisions and also free wireless internet access. We have an alcohol licence which allows guests to relax with a drink in the lounge or garden after a hard day at the office, or touring the area. A warm welcome is extended to all our B&B guests. The Hinton Guest House, B&B in Knutsford was highly commended for 2006/7, 2007/8, 2008/9, 2009/10, 2010/11, 2011/12 by the local tourist board, and we have also been recommended in the Michelin Guide.
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- Wake Up Call Available, Interconnecting rooms available
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- Call us on 0333 300 1007 and we'll help find the perfect hotel for you
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- The price shown is based on the occupancy and dates you have searched for. Prices and availability are subject to change based on the arrival date, number of nights and occupancy searched for. All prices are inclusive of all local taxes.
- Pets are not allowed
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We had a very positive experience.
We were made welcome, the accommodation was fine and the breakfast excellent.
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'Siren Scatter' Bracelet
Inspired by sea-worn treasures and artfully irregular shapes, this glamorous bracelet features a slender cable chain and a gently textured charm illuminated with a dusting of white-topaz stones. 7" length; 3/4"W x 3/4"L pendant. Lobster clasp closure. Sterling silver or sterling silver with 18k-rose or 18k-yellow gold plate/white topaz. By ... Learn More


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- Review
La Fille mal gardée, Royal Opera House, London, review
Created in 1960, Frederick Ashton's ballet is a story of village lovers
Created in 1960, Frederick Ashton's ballet is a story of village lovers
When it comes to presenter duos, you'll always find a man – usually older – sitting to the left of a woman
Elements of theatre can be hugely troubling or upsetting. Yes, there is a kind of sweet stupidity in attending an opera or a revenge tragedy if you are repulsed by death or sexual violence. That isn't reason enough, however, to refuse to adapt
There's a hole where the opera's heart should be
This was a terrific company performance, with peasants, courtiers and Wilis vivid in their roles
Comedian hopes fans of his TV work will see him in 'L'Etoile' and discover opera is not 'exclusive and super posh'
The Royal Opera's production of 'Cav and Pag' could take audience involvement to a new level
Georg Friedrich Haas¹s new opera is a meditation on life as seen from beyond the grave
'Expect soundscapes, not harmonies', says the composer of his Covent Garden premiere.
Have you been paying attention this year? Can you name 2013's winners and losers, its sports heroes and political zeroes? Twelve months is a long time in news, but if you think you know who's who, and what's what, pit your wits against Whitaker's Almanack quiz
Cultural Life: The singer on her favourite music, film, tv and theatre picks
New 'national economic strategy' could see institutions such as the British Museum and the Royal Opera House moved away from London and the South East
Live theatre and series on writers and painters are waiting in the wings – with some familiar old faces
A poem which famously inspired Nelson Mandela during his decades of incarceration has been set to music by a rising opera star.
He was the Royal Ballet's youngest male principal at 21 and danced with Dame Margot Fonteyn
Spanish opera singer Placido Domingo is in the UK today to receive the ceremonial Freedom of the City of London.
Tony Hall, the new BBC Director-General, has pledged to end a culture of excessive redundancy payments for executives and promised that he will not accept a pay-off if he fails in the post.


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Doctor insights on:
Can Herpes Cause Low White Blood Cell Count
Will the herpes virus cause low white blood cell count?
It can: As it happens with any other virus infection, you can have low white blood cells with herpes virus. ...Read more
Herpes (Definition)
There are different types of herpes infections; herpes simplex infection of mouth (gingivostomatitis) and lips (labialis) are the most common. Others include genital herpes, and herpes zoster. Herpes infection could very mild to very dangerous depending on the type and location of the body affected. I ...Read more
My white blood cell count was 6.25... Is this normal or low? Is it okay to take prednisone for poison ivy with this WBC count?
You're fine: Normal WBC. I trust lymphocyte and neutrophil counts were fine also. Take the prenisone for the poison ivy only if it's so bad you can't sleep otherwise. We're glad to help. ...Read more
Can herpes change your white blood cell count?
No, but...: ... Your white cell count, including your absolute counts of lymphocytes and neutrophils, flutuates wildly in response to the simple vicissitides of living, including the microbe invasions that you never know happen. Don't pay it any attention until the numbers go way off normal. ...Read more
Could a herpes infection affect my white blood cell count?
Yes: Any infection can affect your WBC count - these are the cells that fight infection, so we expect the normal for your body to change when you have an infection. It may be the total count changes (up or down), or the ratios of different types of white blood cells changes (change in differential count).Talk to your doctor about what your specific numbers signal - the numbers are just one puzzle piece. ...Read more
What's the cause low white blood cell count?
Many causes.: Low WBC can be due to nutritional factors, infections (esp. Viral infections), autoimmune diseases, inhereted defects, leukemias and other bone marrow cancers, meylodysplasia, drug reactions, and even unknown causes. The problem with this is infection, but the risk depends on how low the WBC is. Only with very low WBC is there a risk of death. ...Read more
What cause low white blood cell count and what should I do for this?
Low white count: Causes include benign leukopenia, autoimmune diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, vasculitides, myelodysplastic syndrome, nutritional deficiencies like b12, copper deficiencies, medication effect etc. You need to see hematologist who can order blood tests and perform bone marrow aspirate and biopsy if indicated. ...Read more
Does virus cause low white blood cell count?
Sometimes: Many virus infections are associated with low or normal WBC counts. ...Read more
Can hypothyroidism cause low white blood cell count?
Not usually: Hypothyroidism is not known to cause a low wbc. Low white cell count could be due to infection or toxicity. ...Read more
Can allergies or taking too much antihistamines cause low white blood cell count?
Allergies: Not usuallyGet a more detailed answer ›
Does HSV caused low white blood cell count?
Not usually: Hsv, even during the acute phase does not later blood cell counts materially. See this site for more info. http://www.healthcentral.com/genital-herpes/understanding-genital-herpes-2518-143.html?ic=4018. ...Read more
White Blood Cell (Definition)
Body blood cell that responds to inflamation or infection or ...Read more
- Talk to a doctor live online for free
- Herpes cause low white blood cell count
- Can a cold cause low white blood cell count?
- Can low white blood cell count cause fatigue?
- Ask a doctor a question free online
- Can sleeplessness cause low white blood cell count?
- Can anemia cause low white blood cell count?
- What can cause low white blood cell count?
- What can cause a low white blood cell count?
- Talk to a gynecologist online for free


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Groupon plans to buy LivingSocial
Groupon expects to roll out a revamped mobile app.
Groupon plans to buy LivingSocial
Groupon expects to roll out a revamped mobile app.
Case study: A look into app-only custom-shirt maker MTailor
Two-year-old MTailor has garnered millions in sales for its custom-made shirts, all via its app.
Sign up for IRNewsLink and get daily reports delivery to your inbox. Sign Up Now
Sponsored by 2013 Social Media 300
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EasyAsk, a provider of natural language search technology, plans to ally with e-commerce tech companies.
Posted 06/03/2010Katie EvansPost a comment
The company, whose business applications include the Progress EasyAsk site search and merchandising software used by online retailers, has named Richard D. Reidy president and CEO. He replaces Joseph W. Alsop who helped found the company in 1981.
Posted 03/30/2009Katie EvansPost a comment
New EasyAsk software solution provides sales and marketing professionals with quick and easy access to critical information BEDFORD, Mass.- March 4,2008- Progress Software Corporation (NASDAQ: PRGS), a global supplier of application infrastructure software used to develop, deploy, integrate and manage business applications, announced today that Progress® EasyAsk® for Operational Business Intelligence (BI) software is now available as a turnkey...
Posted 03/11/2008
Broder Bros. Co., a wholesale distributor of imprintable sportswear and accessories online and through catalogs, has cut warehousing, inventory and distribution costs while processing up to 18,000 orders a day, the company says.
Posted 09/13/2007Paul DemeryPost a comment
Business applications technology provider Progress Software has acquired EasyAsk in a cash transaction. The agreement's expected to accelerate the use of natural language search technology.
Posted 05/19/2005Mary WagnerPost a comment
CRS Selects SonicMQ® to Help Customers Drive Sales and Deliver Innovative Services by Enabling High-Speed, Reliable Communication Across Thousands of Retail Locations NEW YORK, N.Y., NRF Convention & Expo, Booth #2425 - January 12, 2004 - Sonic Software, the leader in distributed, standards-based integration, today announced that CRS Retail Systems has selected the company`s award-winning enterprise messaging server, SonicMQ®, to be the...
Posted 01/15/2004
WWRE Leverages Sonic`s Native XML Storage and Processing to Improve the Accuracy and Timeliness of Product Information NEW YORK, N.Y.; NRF Convention & Expo, Booth #2425 - January 12, 2004 - The WorldWide Retail Exchange (WWRE) has selected Sonic eXtensible Information Server(TM) from Sonic Software, the leader in distributed, standards-based integration, as part of its WorldWide Item Management (WIM) Solution, consisting of a global catalog and...
Posted 01/15/2004
One of Europe's Largest Food Retailers Manages Growth, Improves Inventory Management with the First and Leading Enterprise Service Bus NEW YORK, N.Y.; NRF Convention & Expo, Booth #2425 - January 12, 2004 - Sonic Software, the leader in distributed, standards-based integration, today announced Axfood AB, one of the largest European food wholesalers and retailers, has selected Sonic ESB™ (enterprise service bus) for enterprise-wide integration of...
Posted 01/15/2004
IWS's Progress-based solution achieves 99.9% accuracy in inventory control at the outsourced fulfillment center for Sears.com.
Posted 06/07/2002Internet RetailerPost a comment
Related Content:Warehouse


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The BUDMAT® steel roof covering system has been the perfect finish to many great houses for years. We offer products such as the unique Venecja and Murano modular steel roof tiles, designed to meet various customers' demands.
The Venecja modular steel roof tile highlights the beauty of classic buildings. It has an appealing line and a shape resembling a ceramic roof tile, it is perfectly fitted to the roof and, above all, it is the best protection for the house. Meanwhile, Murano is also a great choice for modern architecture. It is distinguished by simplicity and ease of assembly, while its slim line and geometrical shape make it look like a traditional roof tile.
BUDMAT continuously offers modular steel roof tiles in the most popular color versions with a selection of three coatings: Prelaq X-Matt (Swedish), D-Matt (German, matt), and S-Pure (glossy). In addition to their key protective function, these coatings are also very decorative. All this makes modular steel roof tiles the best choice for virtually every user and the perfect roof covering for any building.
In the permanent offer Venecja is available in the most popular colours and in two exceptional coating: Swedish Prelaq X-Matt and the German matt coating D-Matt. Beside their most important protective function, these coatings are also of great decorative value. Venecja modular sheet roof tile is dedicated to almost every customer and is perfect as roofing on every building.
In addition to the innovative modular steel roof tiles, we also offer a full set of flashings, gutter systems (steel Flamingo, PVC ProAqua), and even steel fencing.
The products offered by BUDMAT ® can fulful a dream of a perfect home, provide security, the best quality and the longest guarantee on the market - up to 50 years.
Steel roofing from BUDMAT® company is manufactured from the highest quality steel from SSAB, a Swedish steel works. Being in close cooperation with material suppliers and customers, the steel works is continuously improving its manufacturing process and technology.
The starting material is steel of increased strength, hot-dip zinc galvanized where zinc weight is at least 275 g/m2. The sheet is suitably protected against corrosion. What is more, the steel sheet used in the manufacture of modular roofing is coated with Prelaq X-Matt. BUDMAT® is the only producer on the Polish market that uses sheet steel with this coating in the manufacture of the modular steel sheet roof tiling, modular Venecja is also available with D-Matt coating from the German steel works.
Benefits of modular steel roof tiles:


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Adding lights to a scene
#1 Members - Reputation: 1561
Posted 19 September 2012 - 02:51 PM
The first test was to simply multiply the diffuse value (each of the channels for RGB) by the intensity. This works well until saturation, but it is not good enough as it should be possible to see a difference at least for a couple of light sources. I can scale down the final value by a substantial factor, but that would make the "normal" picture too dark. I could also use adaptive transformation that depends on actual light intensity in the picture, but that will add substantial computation time.
Using tone mapping, for example x/(1+x), will solve the problem of saturation. However, if it is applied to each channel independently, there may be a color shift for some materials where one of the component in RGB is different enough to the others.
My next experiment was to summarize all white light contributions into one buffer, and apply tone mapping to it. That way, it ranged from 0 to 1. However, multiplying a RGB value with something from 0 to 1 can only darken the scene, and it all turned out to be quite gloomy. I can scale with multiplicative constant, for example 1.5, but that will again move some RGB colors outside the desired maximum of 1.
As a next step, I start to look into transforming the RGB into another representation, for example Hue-Saturation-Value. But instead of doing lots of testing I hope to find advice here. It looks like a transformation to a format that has a luminance value (luma), would be promising. The luma would then be scaled with the light intensity, and then transforming back to RGB again. Is this a good way to go?
Or maybe there is a simple way to do this that I overlooked?
Sharing OpenGL experiences: http://ephenationopengl.blogspot.com/
#2 Crossbones+ - Reputation: 13603
Posted 19 September 2012 - 11:32 PM
1. Light is additive, therefore use a large enough value range (HDR) to get your light represented properly in linear color space.
2. Diffuse surfaces are like color filters, that is, they absorb light, always reducing the incoming intensity. Therefore multiplying incoming light with the diffuse map is a good (standard) approximation.
3. Standard monitors can't display hdr images, therefore you need to map the HDR range always to [0...1].
4. The human eye adjusted to the surrounding light level, consider this when using a tone mapper.
5. Prevent saturation of single channels to avoid a color shift (=> tone mapper)
6. Remeber to do proper gamma correction.
Here's an overview of some tone mapper operations.
Edited by Ashaman73, 19 September 2012 - 11:32 PM.
Gnoblins: Website - Facebook - Twitter - Youtube - Steam Greenlit - IndieDB - Gamedev Log
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Posted 20 September 2012 - 12:32 AM
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Posted 21 September 2012 - 02:18 AM
I don't use an automatic algorithm for , but rather calibrated it manually. That way, I got a "whiteout" at a point that gives a fitting appearance.
Sharing OpenGL experiences: http://ephenationopengl.blogspot.com/
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Posted 21 September 2012 - 02:51 AM
That's what I thought as well. I than realized that the Uncharted 2 Tone Mapper operates on the individual color channels as well as my tone mapping operator. I fixed my tone mapping operator implementation after realizing that it might be better to tonemap the luminance instead. But it turned out, that the resulting image looked sooo much worse, that I immediately switched back to the old implementation. Just look at Hable's blog entry. All of his tone mapping operator implementations operate on the individual color channels as well. And when you think about it, the cones on the human retina independently convert the light into nerve impulses. That's why I think it actually makes sense to perform it on a per channel basis.
5. Prevent saturation of single channels to avoid a color shift (=> tone mapper)
Also, just take a look at this bright light:
The color shifts to white in the center. This has nothing to do with the white point. It's actually a color shift.
Edited by CryZe, 21 September 2012 - 03:48 AM.
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- The Indian civilisation, considered to be the product of clash and subsequent inter mixture of the white-skinned civilised invaders and the dark savages native to India, has been rightly questioned in recent years, and the mischievously fabricated history of...
History & Anthropology >> Indic / Vedic
- The Truth Behind the History of the Necronomicon
- I don't think there are many people out there who haven't heard of the Necronomicon and the dreadful things connected with it. We've all heard the theories about how it is a Satanist tool; actual copies of the book are bound in human skin and how you risk...
Deities & Heros >> Chthulu
- History of the Egyptian Religion, part I: Early Dynastic Period
- I - Predynastic - Early Dynastic Period. The temples were in essence the *Home of the God* and thus a place where only Pharaoh as the Son of God and those he appointed as his deputies, could meet with the god. This goes all the way back to Archaic and...
Religions >> Egyptian
- History of the Egyptian Religion, part II: The Old Kingdom
- II - The Old Kingdom ca 2686-2181 BC During the Old Kingdom the Egyptian society moved from tribal communities to a fully developed theocratic system, where the power of the king was absolute. The great pyramids of Dynasty 4 was made possible by technological...
Religions >> Egyptian
- History of the Egyptian Religion, part IV: Middle Kingdom
- First Intermediate - Middle Kingdom (ca 2181 -1786 bc.) The powers that built the solar temples of the 5th dynasty and the pyramids of the 6th dynasty weakened towards the end of the Old Kingdom, perhaps as a result of eroding economics, leaving the King less...
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Submit News
Engineers Explain 45nm Delays, Errata
Kristopher Kubicki
January 16, 2008 10:32 AM
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Engineers blame simulation for quad-core "showstopper"
More than a few people noticed Intel's roadmap originally slated 45nm
desktop quad-core processors for January, only to have the company change the hard launch date to a not-so-firm "Q1 2008." So what happened? In a series of interviews, the tale of quad-core
began to unfold.
Processor engineers, speaking on background, detailed the problem. "Intel is very sensitive to mean time to failures. During a simulation, at high clock frequencies, engineers noticed an increase of potential failures after a designated amount of time."
He continues, "This is not acceptable for desktop customers that require longterm stability. It's a showstopper."
Previous reports of errata degrading the L2 and L3 cache performance were described as "false" -- desktop
processors do not even have L3 cache. Microcode and BIOS updates issued by Intel since November do not fix or address the "showstopper" bug affecting the launch of the
quad-core Q9300, Q9450 and Q9550 processors
The condition does not affect Xeon quad-core processors. Xeon uses a different stepping than the quad-core processors, which fixes this simulated condition. The quad-core 45nm Extreme Edition processor
launched in November
is also unaffected.
The company would not detail when the processors, originally scheduled for a January 20 launch but announced at CES last week, will see the light of day. Conservative estimates from ASUS and Gigabyte put the re-launch sometime in February. Intel completely removed its January 20 launch from its December 2007 roadmap and has not issued a new roadmap since.
Intel spokesman Dan Snyder says more. "We publicly claimed we will launch its 45nm mainstream processors in Q1 2008, and that's exactly what we did." In fact, the company announced 16 new 45nm processors last week; most of which already shipped to manufacturers -- with the exception of the quad-core desktop variants affected by the showstopper simulation bug.
Taiwanese media was
quick to pin the simulated problem on complacency and lack of competition from AMD
. Intel employees quickly denied the allegation, with the additional claim that the report was "humorous."
At CES last week, Snyder elaborates. "The tick-tock model prevents Intel from missing its launch dates. If the 'tock' team misses a target date, it doesn't affect the 'tick' team."
Tick-tock, the strategy of alternating cycles of architecture change and process shrink, became official company policy on January 1, 2006.
As to why the new Macbook Airs still use the 65nm Core 2 Duo processors?
Even after Foxconn alluded the new notebooks would get 45nm treatment
? Another Intel spokesman declined to respond, only stating, "Our partners are free to choose any of Intel's currently supported processors."
Anand Shimpi explores this more
"When an individual makes a copy of a song for himself, I suppose we can say he stole a song." -- Sony BMG attorney Jennifer Pariser
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Letten 2005 on drums
Thursday, December 06, 2012 11:52 AM
STAFF PHOTO BY ELLIS LUCIA U.S. Attorney Jim Letten has a rocker side. No not the rocker one might keep beside the fireplace. At 51 years of age the energetic Letten finds time for a little therapy playing drums in the band Tic Doulouroux. On Saturday, March 19, 2005, he and his bandmates played for a private function at a home in Metairie.
Related articles
- Timeline: Fred Heebe's accusations against U.S. Attorney Jim Letten's office December 06, 2012, 12:25 PM


text:
Harms, Craig A., Mark A. Babcock, Steven R. McClaran, David F. Pegelow, Glenn A. Nickele, William B. Nelson, and Jerome A. Dempsey.Respiratory muscle work compromises leg blood flow during maximal exercise. J. Appl. Physiol.82(5): 1573–1583, 1997.—We hypothesized that during exercise at maximal O2 consumption (V˙o 2 max), high demand for respiratory muscle blood flow (Q˙) would elicit locomotor muscle vasoconstriction and compromise limb Q˙. Seven male cyclists (V˙o 2 max 64 ± 6 ml ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1) each completed 14 exercise bouts of 2.5-min duration atV˙o 2 max on a cycle ergometer during two testing sessions. Inspiratory muscle work was either 1) reduced via a proportional-assist ventilator, 2) increased via graded resistive loads, or3) was not manipulated (control). Arterial (brachial) and venous (femoral) blood samples, arterial blood pressure, leg Q˙ (Q˙legs; thermodilution), esophageal pressure, and O2 consumption (V˙o 2) were measured. Within each subject and across all subjects, at constant maximal work rate, significant correlations existed (r = 0.74–0.90;P < 0.05) between work of breathing (Wb) and Q˙legs (inverse), leg vascular resistance (LVR), and leg V˙o 2(V˙o 2 legs; inverse), and between LVR and norepinephrine spillover. Mean arterial pressure did not change with changes in Wb nor did tidal volume or minute ventilation. For a ±50% change from control in Wb,Q˙legs changed 2 l/min or 11% of control, LVR changed 13% of control, and O2extraction did not change; thusV˙o 2 legschanged 0.4 l/min or 10% of control. TotalV˙o 2 max was unchanged with loading but fell 9.3% with unloading; thusV˙o 2 legsas a percentage of totalV˙o 2 max was 81% in control, increased to 89% with respiratory muscle unloading, and decreased to 71% with respiratory muscle loading. We conclude that Wb normally incurred during maximal exercise causes vasoconstriction in locomotor muscles and compromises locomotor muscle perfusion andV˙o 2.
- vascular resistance
- blood flow
- work of breathing
- maximal exercise
- sympathetic vasoconstriction
- autonomic reflexes
- sympatholysis
during strenuous exercise in humans, when the level of ventilatory requirement is such that severe expiratory flow limitation is realized, the O2 cost of breathing may approach 15% of total O2 consumption (V˙o 2 tot) (1). Studies using microsphere techniques for measuring blood flow (Q˙) in running quadrupeds (rats, pigs, and ponies) show substantial increases in Q˙ to the diaphragm and inspiratory and expiratory muscles, which often approximate theQ˙ to locomotor muscles during maximal exercise (4, 11,13). Theoretically, the metabolic cost of breathing required by the primary respiratory and stabilizing muscles of the chest wall, plus their demand for perfusion to meet this O2 cost, could limit theQ˙ available for locomotor muscles and thereby limit their work output.
To date, the question of "competition" for redistribution ofQ˙ with added muscle mass has been addressed only during submaximal exercise. Secher et al. (27) determined that adding arm work to legs already exercising at submaximal exercise resulted in reduced Q˙ to the legs (Q˙legs). They surmised that increasedQ˙ was made available to the working arms at the expense of Q˙legs. However, several recent reports have failed to corroborate these findings (20, 21, 23, 25). In these investigations, when arm work was added to already exercising legs during submaximal exercise, increased sympathetic excitation of the leg vasculature occurred, as evidenced from increased norepinephrine (NE) spillover, but reduced Q˙legs did not occur. Perhaps clear, consistent demonstration of Q˙ redistribution and local vasoconstriction might only occur when muscle mass is added at truly maximal workloads (WL), at which both cardiac output and the arteriovenous O2 difference are at maximal levels.
The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is competition for Q˙ andV˙o 2 between the respiratory muscles and limb locomotor muscles during maximal exercise. We measuredQ˙, O2 extraction, and V˙o 2 of the maximally exercising limb and observed the effects of alterations in respiratory muscle work during several repeated bouts of maximal exercise. We hypothesized that, with an increased work of breathing (Wb),Q˙ would be redistributed to the respiratory muscles from limb locomotor muscles and with decreased work of breathing, greater Q˙ and O2 transport would be made available to limb locomotor muscles. The latter respiratory muscle "unloading" experiments also allowed us to examine the physiological importance to limb Q˙ and O2 transport of the respiratory muscle work normally achieved at maximalV˙o 2(V˙o 2 max).
Seven male cyclists (nonsmoking; competitive) with resting pulmonary function within normal limits were recruited to participate in this study. Informed consent was obtained in writing from each subject, and all procedures were approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Wisconsin-Madison. The physical characteristics of the subjects were as follows: age 28.6 ± 3.3 (SD) yr; height 179.3 ± 2.2 cm; and weight 68.9 ± 4.0 kg.
Pressure and gas measurements.
During all tests, the raw data were recorded on an eight-channel Hewlett-Packard tape recorder, Gould chart recorder, and computer for subsequent analysis. Flow rates, flow-volume and esophageal pressure (Pes)-volume relationships, end-expiratory lung volume,V˙o 2 tot, and CO2 output were measured by using equipment and techniques previously reported (1, 9). Wb was defined as the integrated area of the pressure-tidal volume (Vt) loop (15). Wb multiplied by the breathing frequency (f) represents the amount of work done per minute on the lungs. We note that our use of the area of the Pes-volume loop underestimates the actual work of breathing by variable amounts (1, 7); thus our measurements report only a conservative estimate of the total amount of work done by the respiratory muscles during exercise and their changes with unloading and loading.
Inspiratory unloading and loading.
A feedback controlled "proportional-assist" ventilator (PAV; Winnipeg) was used to reduce the work of the inspiratory muscles during exercise (29). Briefly, subjects breathed through a Hans Rudolph valve that was connected (on the inspiratory side) to the PAV. The PAV contains a linear motor that drives a piston (5-liter volume capacity) that develops pressure in proportion to inspiratory airflow and volume. The level of assist is controlled by potentiometers on the control panel of the ventilator, and there are separate controls for volume assist and flow assist. During inspiration, the PAV makes mouth pressure positive in proportion to flow such that the proportional assist (unloading) of the respiratory muscles occurs throughout the inspiratory cycle. In practice, the amount of assist is set at the maximal level each subject can tolerate, as determined from practice sessions before testing. During practice sessions and during the testing sessions, subjects were verbally coached to relax and permit the PAV to assist each inspiration as much as possible.
To increase inspiratory work during exercise, ventilatory loads were added that consisted of mesh screens in the inspiratory line with resistances of 3–5 cmH2O ⋅ l−1 ⋅ s. These resistances were sufficient at the high flow rates achieved in maximal exercise to increase Wb 25–95% above control levels. Subjects participated in practice sessions to familiarize themselves with the inspiratory loads.
Q˙ and blood-gas measurements.
A 20-gauge arterial catheter (Arrow) was inserted percutaneously in the brachial artery of the left arm under local 1% lidocaine anesthesia for arterial blood sampling. Subsequently, a catheter 1.25 mm in external diameter for cold-saline infusion (DSA 400L, Cook, Bloomington, IN) was introduced percutaneously into the right femoral vein 2 cm below the inguinal ligament and advanced ∼7 cm toward the knee. A second identical Cook catheter was advanced from near the same location proximally toward the heart ∼8 cm into the same femoral vein. A thin (0.64-mm-diam) Teflon-coated thermocouple (IT-18, Physi-temp Instruments, Clifton, NJ) was inserted through this catheter with the tip extending ∼1 cm beyond the catheter. The placement of the catheter and thermocouple was checked at rest by infusion of 20 ml of saline to produce a 0.5°C deflection in blood temperature. The placement was not changed between trials of exercise. An assumption is that the placement of the catheter reflects changes occurring only within the exercising leg muscles. Poole et al. (18) have reported that there is <5% contamination of venous blood from saphenous drainage during strenuous exercise.
The constant-infusion thermodilution technique was used to determineQ˙legs (2, 18). Saline temperature was measured with a thermocouple at the catheter inlet within 15 cm of the catheter's penetration of the skin. Infusion flows typically were ∼190–240 ml/min and were continued for 15–20 s until femoral venous temperature had decreased and stabilized. Infusion rate of saline was measured from timed changes in weight of a 250-ml bag of saline suspended in a plastic bag from a force-displacement transducer. A chart (Gould) recording and computer-analysis output confirmed the constancy of saline infusion rate and enabled the calculation of saline inflow. The thermocouples were attached to junction boxes (TH5, Sensortek), in which analog signals from the junction boxes were recorded on a strip chart (Gould) and computer for timed measurements of saline and blood temperature. This enabled direct observation of changes in temperature that was necessary to ensure stable tracings. Saline infusion rates were sometimes adjusted slightly immediately after the first Q˙leg measurement within a trial to ensure a plateau in the femoral venous temperature recordings, because it was difficult to accurately predict the appropriate infusion rate for each subject. Signals from the force transducer and thermocouple junction box were calibrated at the beginning and end of the experiments. Q˙leg was calculated on the basis of thermal-balance principles described by Andersen and Saltin (2).
V˙o 2 legswas calculated as the product of brachial arterial-femoral venous O2 content [(a-fv)Co 2] and Q˙ (Fick equation).Q˙legs data andV˙o 2 legsare presented as twice the calculated value to represent both exercising legs. The (a-fv)Co 2was divided by arterial O2 content to give O2 extraction. Leg vascular resistance (LVR) was calculated as the ratio of mean arterial blood pressure to Q˙legs.
Blood-gas measurements, blood pressure, blood lactate, and electrolytes.
Duplicate 3- to 10-ml samples of arterial and venous blood were drawn anaerobically over 10–20 s during each test for measurement of , , and pH with a blood-gas analyzer calibrated with tonometered blood (ABL300, Radiometer), and of O2 saturation and hemoglobin with a CO-oximeter (OSM 3, Radiometer). Blood gases were corrected for temperature changes during exercise by measuring with a thermocouple placed intranasally in the esophageal lumen (Mon-a-Therm 6500) for arterial blood temperature and from the femoral venous thermocouple. Blood pressure was measured with an Ohmeda pressure transducer (model P10EZ) attached to the arterial line. Blood lactate concentration was analyzed by means of a YSI lactate analyzer (model 1500 Sport; YSI) and plasma electrolytes (Na+, K+, Cl−) were analyzed by ion-specific electrodes (AVL Electrolyte Analyzer, series 9100). Hematocrit was determined by microcentrifuge.
NE spillover technique.
Plasma epinephrine and NE were determined in duplicate by a radioenzymatic assay (5) for the first of each condition (no breathing intervention, inspiratory unload, and inspiratory load). Net overflow of NE from skeletal muscle was calculated, by the Fick principle, from the product of the venoarterial difference in plasma NE concentration and the plasma flow. The rate of spillover of NE into plasma was determined by using the following equation where Cv and Ca are plasma concentrations in the femoral vein and artery, respectively, Epie is the fractional extraction of epinephrine, and LPF is the leg plasma flow, determined from Q˙legs and the hematocrit (25).
Experimental protocols.
Subjects initially completed a progressive incrementalV˙o 2 max exercise test on an electromagnetically braked cycle ergometer (Elema, Sweden) beginning at 150 W (∼30–40%V˙o 2 max) followed by an increase in work rate of 50 W every 2.5 min until exhaustion. Subjects selected their preferred pedaling frequency during the test, and this cadence was maintained constant throughout all subsequent testing. After a 20-min recovery, subjects cycled to exhaustion at 5–10% above their peak WL (as determined by the prior progressive test) to verifyV˙o 2 max. A plateau (<150 ml) or decrease inV˙o 2 was observed for each subject between the final two WL of the incrementalV˙o 2 max test and/or between the final WL of the incremental test and the WL of the repeat test. The meanV˙o 2 max was 64.3 ± 5.6 ml ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1(range 55–74 ml ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1).
On separate days, and on placement of the catheters, subjects completed two testing sessions (separated by 2–4 wk). Each session consisted of seven exercise tests (separated by 15–20 min). All tests were performed at a WL that was at (3 subjects; 412 ± 45 W) or near (4 subjects; 398 ± 31 W; >95%V˙o 2 max) theirV˙o 2 max and that could be maintained 2.5–3.0 min (as determined from a separate practice session). The first six tests (2.5 min each) consisted of two bouts with no ventilatory interventions (control), two bouts of inspiratory muscle unloading, and two bouts of inspiratory muscle loading. The first test of each day was a trial with no ventilatory intervention (control), whereas the order of the remaining five bouts was randomized. Subjects first increased work rate progressively to maximum over 30 s, and then, within the subsequent 2.5 min, the sequence of measurements was blood sampling (1:00–1:15 min) followed by simultaneously measured femoral venous Q˙ and arterial blood pressure (1:16–1:30 min). This sequence was then repeated (2:00–2:30 min).
The seventh test of each day was a 3-min continuous WL test, consisting of 30 s of progressive increase in work rate to maximum, 1 min of no breathing intervention-1 min of either inspiratory muscle loading or unloading-1 min of no breathing intervention. Blood sampling,Q˙leg, and arterial blood pressure measurements were made during the final 30 s of each minute. The rationale for this continuous test was twofold. First, we were interested in the transitions (10–15 s) from control to load/unload and back to control to determine whether the changes in respiratory load transiently affected systemic blood pressure and heart rate. Second, we wished to confirm, by using data obtained during the final 30 s of each min of the 3-min exercise test, whether the change inQ˙legs (LVR,V˙o 2 tot) with unloading/loading changed with a changing Wb in a direction similar to the changes seen during the 2.5-min intermittent tests.
Statistical analysis.
We wished to determine whether, at exercise requiringV˙o 2 max, significant relationships existed between Wb and the dependent variables under three conditions: control, inspiratory muscle load, and inspiratory muscle unload. Therefore, we computed the best fit regression equations across all exercise trials, first within a single subject and then across all subjects. The software packages were Sigmaplot and SPSS. An analysis of variance was used to determine treatment differences between group mean values under each of the three conditions. Tukey's post hoc test was used to determine where the differences existed. Significance was set at P < 0.05.
Table 1 shows the reproducibility ofQ˙legs, arterial-femoral venous O2 difference [(a-fv)Do 2], leg V˙o 2, and LVR measurements within the 2.5-min trials for all tests and between the first trials (controls) for each subject over both days. The coefficients of variation (CV) were ≤ ± 3.9% for the within-trial measurements and ≤ ± 8.3% for between-trial measurements. No systematic changes (between-group mean values) were found over time within each exercise trial or between trials at the 2.5-min time point (P > 0.05).
We present our findings concerning the effects of changing the Wb on several variables of O2 transport by showing the regression of Wb vs. each variable atV˙o 2 max 1) in absolute values for each subject and 2) as a percentage of control across all subjects. The relationships between the dependent variables and Wb during those 3-min trials in which inspiratory muscles were unloaded or loaded within the trial were similar (P > 0.05) to those obtained during the constant-load exercise. Thus the findings from both types of trials were combined to determine the relationships of Wb to several variables of O2 transport. The group mean changes for each variable measured during inspiratory unloading, control, and inspiratory loading are summarized in Tables2 and 3.
Figure 1 depicts a representative pressure-volume loop in one subject from an inspiratory muscle unload, inspiratory muscle load, and control trial atV˙o 2 max. Table2 shows the average change in Wb, peak inspiratory and expiratory Pes, and ventilatory output achieved with inspiratory unloading and loading. Inspiratory muscle unloading during exercise reduced the Wb by highly variable amounts to average 36.7 ± 26.6% of control, whereas with resistive loads, Wb was increased to 128.2 ± 25.2% from control with all trials combined. Peak inspiratory Pes was reduced 50 ± 3% with inspiratory unloading and increased 28 ± 5% with inspiratory loading. Peak expiratory Pes was reduced 32 ± 4% with inspiratory unloading but was not different from control with inspiratory loading. The difference between peak inspiratory and peak expiratory Pes was 50.3 cmH2O during control, 29.1 cmH2O during unloading trials, and 55.2 cmH2O during loaded trials. Mean Pes was −6, 1, and −13 cmH2O during control, unloading, and inspiratory loading, respectively. The Wb during the exercise when no ventilatory intervention occurred varied randomly from trial to trial and averaged 91.6 ± 26.6% of the initial control trial (range 48–188%). Within each subject, Vt, f, minute ventilation (V˙e), arterial , pH, , O2 saturation, lactate, hemoglobin, and arterial plasma electrolytes (Na2+, K+, Cl−) did not change systematically (P > 0.05) across the range of Wb values (see Table 2). The ratio of inspiratory time to total time was 0.48 ± 0.22 during unloading, 0.48 ± 0.24 during control, and 0.54 ± 3.2 during loading.
Effects of changing Wb on O2 transport.
Figure 2 shows individual absolute values and each subject's regression for Q˙legs,V˙o 2 legs, O2 extraction, and mean arterial pressure (MAP) vs. Wb. Q˙legs andV˙o 2 legschanged linearly and significantly and at similar slopes with Wb in six out the seven subjects. O2extraction averaged 89–91%, and MAP averaged 125.7 ± 2.7 mmHg, neither of which varied across the range of Wb values.
Figure 3 shows the relationship betweenQ˙legs and Wb and betweenV˙o 2 legsand Wb across all subjects. Table 3 compares the mean values during control Wb and during unloading and loading. As seen in Fig.3 A, during maximal exercise,Q˙legs (expressed as %control, across all subjects) showed a significant curvlinear inverse relationship to Wb (r = −0.84), with a greater effect occurring during loaded conditions. In absolute terms, during unloading, with a 63% reduction from control in Wb,Q˙legs increased an average of 0.8 ± 0.3 l/min (P = 0.007), and, with a 28% increase from control in Wb, the decrease in Q˙legs averaged 1.3 ± 0.2 l/min (P = 0.002) (Table 3). We also emphasize that the effect of the changing Wb onQ˙legs was observed even when subjects' Wb varied among control trials, showing that artificially altering intrathoracic pressure at maximal work was not required to demonstrate these cardiopulmonary dependencies.
(a-fv)Do 2and %O2 extraction atV˙o 2 max across all trials averaged 18.2 ml/dl and 90.3%, respectively. Figure3 B demonstrates thatV˙o 2 legswas inversely related to Wb (r= −0.77), and this was due entirely to the change inQ˙legs because no change in O2 extraction occurred (Fig.2 C). In absolute terms, with a 67% reduction from control in Wb,V˙o 2 legsincreased an average of 0.10 ± 0.07 l/min (P < 0.05) and with a 28% increase from control in Wb,V˙o 2 legsdecreased an average of 0.28 ± 0.06 l/min (P < 0.05) (Table 3).
Effects onV˙o2 tot.
Figure 4 Ademonstrates that pulmonaryV˙o 2 (i.e.,V˙o 2 tot) at V˙o 2 max did not change systematically, as Wb was increased >100% of control. But with ventilatory unloading and reduced Wb,V˙o 2 totdecreased in most trials, although these effects were highly variable from trial to trial. Also, meanV˙o 2 totduring all trials with unloading (3.96 ± 0.13) was significantly lower than all trials with loading (4.29 ± 0.11;P = 0.007) or control (4.22 ± 0.08; P = 0.02) (Table 3).
The significance of a decreasedV˙o 2 totwith inspiratory unloading and unchangedV˙o 2 totwith inspiratory loading becomes apparent when viewed in relation to the increase inV˙o 2 legs when Wb was decreased and reducedV˙o 2 legs when Wb was increased. Figure 4 B shows the significant relationship of the ratioV˙o 2 legs/V˙o 2 totto Wb. V˙o 2 legsas a percentage ofV˙o 2 totwas 81 ± 1% during control, 89 ± 1% during trials with unloading (P = 0.009), and 71 ± 1% during trials with loading (P = 0.005) (see Table 3).
LVR and NE spillover.
MAP averaged 125–126 mmHg atV˙o 2 max under all conditions. Figure 5,A andB, shows the significant linear positive relationship between LVR and Wb within each individual subject and across all subjects and trials, respectively. Mean values in Table3 show that with unloading, LVR decreased an average of 7.1 ± 0.5% or 0.5 ± 0.1 mmHg ⋅ l−1 ⋅ min (P = 0.04) and with loading, LVR increased an average of 6.2 ± 0.8% or 1.0 ± 0.3 mmHg ⋅ l−1 ⋅ min (P = 0.001). Percent changes were similar between LVR and leg vascular conductance.
Figure 5 C shows the relationship between LVR and NE spillover, and mean values are shown in Table 3. NE spillover was significantly related to LVR (r = 0.71). NE spillover increased an average of 78 ± 5% above control with loading, coinciding with a 12.6 ± 3.4% increase in LVR (P = 0.004). NE spillover decreased an average of 11 ± 3% below control with unloading and was related to a 1.8 ± 0.4% decrease in LVR (P = 0.02).
Effect of transient changes in Wb during constant maximal work rate.
Figure 6 shows a representative tracing from one subject of blood pressure, heart rate, and Pes during a 3-min trial at the transitions where inspiration was unloaded or loaded within the trial. Systemic arterial blood pressure or heart rate did not change significantly between the transition of the control period to the initiation of inspiratory load or from inspiratory load to control, although Pes changed markedly during these transitions. The 5-beat MAP and heart rate averages for all subjects were 125.6 ± 4.6 mmHg and 184 ± 4 beats/min, respectively, immediately before inspiratory loading (P > 0.05) and were 127.2 ± 4.9 mmHg and 185 ± 4 beats/min, respectively, at the onset of inspiratory loading (P> 0.05). With inspiratory unloading, the 5-beat MAP averages before and immediately after a decrease in Pes were 126.2 ± 3.9 and 128.1 ± 4.2 mmHg, respectively (P > 0.05), whereas systolic and diastolic blood pressure were unchanged. The 5-beat heart rates in these same time periods averaged 185 ± 5 and 184 ± 4 beats/min, respectively (P > 0.05).
Mean values for selected variables during the 3-min trials are shown in Table 4. During these continuous tests, a time-dependent effect was present, as noted in the difference in mean values between the first and second control periods of each test. Nevertheless, the changes in Q˙legs andV˙o 2 legswith changing Wb were in a similar direction to those found in a comparison of the intermittent 2.5-min tests with each test conducted at a fixed respiratory load (as reported above). There were no differences in MAP or heart rate between control and loading/unloading conditions during these continuous tests.
Summary of findings.
Our findings demonstrate a significant effect of the Wb during maximal exercise on locomotor muscle perfusion andV˙o 2 in the healthy trained human. We found that changing (increasing and reducing) Wb during maximal exercise caused significant changes in locomotor muscle vascular resistance and perfusion. Significant regressions ofQ˙legs to Wb were obtained both within individual subjects and across all subjects. The changes in Q˙legs were not accompanied by changes in O2 extraction across the limb; thusV˙o 2 legsalso changed directly with Q˙legs and with the Wb. Furthermore, with reduced Wb during maximal exercise,V˙o 2 tot(respiratory) fell significantly, an effect which, when considered in combination with the corresponding increase inV˙o 2 legs, meant that reducing the normal amount of the work of the respiratory muscles at maximal exercise resulted in a substantial increase in the fraction ofV˙o 2 tot(and presumably total Q˙) devoted to working locomotor muscles. Changes in NE spillover across the working limb suggested active, sympathetically mediated alterations in limb vascular resistance triggered by changes in respiratory muscle work, possibly mediated by a respiratory muscle chemoreflex effect. These findings suggest that the level of respiratory muscle work normally engendered during maximal exercise in humans attenuates the rise inQ˙ and O2 transport to working limb locomotor muscles.
Evidence for cardiovascular effects of a changing Wb.
The interpretation of our findings is critically dependent on our ability to detect systematic changes in the 1- to 3-liter/min range of limb Q˙ during maximal exercise. We believe this degree of sensitivity was achieved through our use of the thermodilution technique and by our experimental design.
The thermodilution technique for the determination of limbQ˙ does not have an absolute gold standard for comparison. Thus, criteria for acceptable measurements are based on how stable and reproducible the obtained values are, sensitivity of the technique to be able to detect expected differences, and agreement with the values repeated by others. Accordingly, we found that theQ˙legs measurement showed no significant systematic variation within subjects within a maximum WL trial or between trials during maximal exercise. Furthermore, the random variations under these repeat-test conditions were <±8%. In a separate study with one subject, we also found that repeat Q˙legs thermodilution measurements were highly sensitive to small (<10%) changes in work rate. These limited observations agree with the sensitivity previously reported by others (17). We also note that our absolute Q˙legs values agree with those obtained by others at similar levels of maximal work rate (17, 18, 20,21).
Equally important, we employed a study design requiring randomly assigned repetitions of maximal work rates under the three conditions of respiratory muscle loading, unloading, and control. These multiple trials allowed us several different means of testing the hypothesis of a significant Wb-Q˙legs relationship, that is1) within a single subject (at same maximal work rate) as well as across subjects (each at different maximal work rates); and 2) between maximal work rates conducted intermittently, during which the levels of respiratory muscle loading or unloading were constant throughout the work load, vs. within a maximal work rate, during which loading and unloading were altered during the exercise. These different approaches consistently confirmed a significant association of respiratory muscle work with limb locomotor Q˙ at maximal exercise. Furthermore, observed changes in Q˙legs and in LVR were indirectly supported by appropriate directional changes in measurements of NE spillover across the working muscle (see Fig. 5).
We presumed that the significant correlations of Wb toQ˙legs at constant maximal work rate reflected cause and effect. This interpretation required that our imposition of mechanical unloading (via PAV) or loading (with increased inspiratory resistors) did not exert some additional influences on cardiac output or locomotor muscle vasoreactivity in addition to the postulated effects of changes in intrathoracic pressure and Wb. We noted thatV˙t and f during maximal exercise remained unchanged with loading and unloading,1as did arterial and femoral venous blood gases, acid-base status, and electrolyte concentrations. These findings imply that at least the potential vasomotor effects of pulmonary stretch receptor feedback (26) and several known circulating vasoactive agents (K+, H+, , ) remained unchanged with respiratory muscle loading and unloading at maximal exercise.
For us, a major remaining unknown in quantifying the effects of changes in Wb on local Q˙legs is the effect of a changing intrathoracic pressure on total cardiac output. Considerable literature reveals significant but variable effects of changing intrathoracic and ventricular transmural pressures on preload and afterload (and therefore stroke volume) of the healthy heart (19). During maximal exercise, substantial negative and positive intrathoracic pressures occur at peak inspiration (−25 to −30 cmH2O) and expiration (20 to 25 cmH2O), respectively. Our unloading and loading protocols had marked effects primarily on inspiratory pressure, and to a lesser extent on expiratory pressure and the difference in pressure from inspiration to expiration (see Table 2; Figs. 1 and 6). Theoretically, a case may be made for either no effect or an enhancing effect of a changing negative intrathoracic pressure and abdominal pressure on stroke volume during exercise. This depends on whether the dominant effect of these pressure changes is on venous return (preload) or on transmural pressure across the myocardium (afterload). Over several breaths, the effect on cardiac output may also depend on changes in the magnitude of pleural pressure differences between inspiration and expiration or the mean pleural pressures. In addition, there may also be significant reflex sympathoexcitatory affects on myocardial contractility and heart rate triggered via feedback from respiratory muscles during respiratory muscle unloading and loading (8, 19).
Our own indirect data on this question of effects of changing intrathoracic pressure on cardiac output are inconsistent. We observed no immediate transient changes with an increased or decreased inspiratory load (and Pes) on systemic pressures or heart rate (see Fig. 6). This implied to us that left heart stroke volume had also remained unchanged in response to the immediate increases or decreases in intrathoracic pressure. Furthermore, with inspiratory muscle loading,V˙o 2 totdid not change systematically, also implying that maximal cardiac output had not changed, i.e., the measured reduction in limbQ˙ (andV˙o 2 legs) was presumably matched by an equal increase in respiratory muscleQ˙ (and V˙o 2). However, with respiratory muscle unloading, we did observe a variable yet significant 9.3% (0.39 ± 0.09 l/min) reduction inV˙o 2 tot. If no change occurred in the arterial to mixed venous O2 content difference with unloading, this reduction inV˙o 2 totwould mean that cardiac output was also reduced. As explained above, direct measurements of cardiac output are needed to test this proposed effect of unloading.
Another unknown in our study is the actual muscle mass engaged in the exercise. For example, with respiratory muscle loading,Q˙legs was reduced andV˙o 2 legsfell 280 ml/min, and yet the external work rate was maintained for 2.5 min. From what source is the energy expenditure derived to maintain this work rate? An increased lactate metabolism may account for a small portion of this (10), although this was not reflected in changes in circulating lactate concentrations across the working limb (Table 2). A more likely explanation may be to recall that ourQ˙legs, (a-fv)Do 2, and V˙o 2 measurements pertain principally to the quadriceps and hamstring muscles. Accordingly, asQ˙ and V˙o 2 are reduced in these muscles during respiratory muscle loading, additional "nonfemoral" locomotor muscles such as the gluteus may have been recruited to maintain external power output.
Effects on limb Q˙ of changing the mass of working muscle.
Although we found that increases in the amount of working respiratory muscle mass significantly reduced limb Q˙, most previous studies using arm work added to leg work found no significant effect on limb Q˙ (see above). Addition of arm work was shown to increase LVR (21) and to increase NE spillover across the working muscle (20, 21, 25), and this is similar to our findings with added respiratory muscle mass. However, in a study with added arm work, Richter et al. (21) reported that systemic pressure also rose sufficiently to preserve flow to the working limb. The difference in our findings of a reduction in limb flow with added respiratory muscle work is not attributable to the amount of added muscle mass because respiratory and accessory muscles would weigh only about one-third of the estimated 10–15 kg mass of added muscle with arm work (22).
There are two explanations for these disparate findings. First, respiratory muscles may compete more effectively than limb muscles for total Q˙ (see below). This possibility is suggested by the increase in diaphragm Q˙ and decrease in limb locomotor muscle Q˙ during submaximal exercise in rats when Wb was presumably increased via experimental congestive heart failure (14). A second explanation for the apparent discrepancy in findings is the exercise intensity used. That is, the use of submaximal leg exercise intensities in previous studies (see above) meant that substantial reserve was available to increase cardiac output and MAP, and therefore preserve local Q˙, whereas during our maximal WL, these reserves were not available when extra working (respiratory) muscle mass was added. A first step toward examining these questions in humans would be to determine the effects of respiratory muscle loading and unloading on locomotor muscle vascular resistance and Q˙ at several submaximal exercise intensities.
Q˙ redistribution effect—magnitude and mechanism.
Our data indicate that respiratory muscles under load competed effectively with limb locomotor muscles for a significant portion of available total cardiac output at maximal exercise. Across the range achieved for respiratory muscle work (7 to 198% of control) at maximal exercise, Q˙legs changes averaged 13% or ∼2 l/min. Furthermore, changes in Q˙legs with changes in Wb were greatest when ventilatory work was increased (rather than decreased) at maximal exercise. This substantial redistribution effect between locomotor and (presumably) respiratory muscles may reflect two important properties of respiratory muscles. The diaphragm and accessory respiratory muscles are of high oxidative capacity; accordingly, their resistance vessels may be especially responsive to local vasodilator influences, as shown in the highly trained limb muscle vasculature (11, 12). Second, increased work by the respiratory muscles has been shown to promote reflex sympathoexcitation and vasoconstriction of systemic vascular beds (8), similar to the reflex pressor responses attributed to type III and IV afferents from contracting limb muscles (Ref. 16; also see below for details). We do not know whether the sensitivity of these vasoactive characteristics are sufficiently different in limb and respiratory muscles to explain the redistribution phenomena we have observed. Finally, a reduced total available cardiac output during unloading (seeLimitations) may explain in part why the increase in Q˙legs during unloading was less than the reduction in Q˙legs with loading.
The change in vascular resistance and redistribution ofQ˙ between respiratory and locomotor muscles as Wb was altered at maximal exercise was accompanied by changes in NE spillover across the working limb muscle. These findings imply an increased muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) and vasoconstriction with respiratory muscle loading and reduced MSNA and vasodilation with respiratory muscle unloading (25). The vasodilatory effect in response to respiratory unloading is consistent with the concept that a significant level of sympathetically mediated vasoconstriction is normally present in active limb skeletal muscle at maximal exercise (24). Our findings imply further that a significant portion of this vasoconstrictor sympathetic outflow during maximal exercise may emanate from tonically active respiratory muscle chemoreflexes (see below).
Two reflexes might be invoked to explain the changes in sympathetic outflow. First, arterial baroreceptor stimulation may have triggered reflex sympathetic excitation/withdrawal as changes in Wb caused changes in respiratory muscle perfusion. However, the role of baroreceptor feedback effects on sympathetic efferent activity is difficult to evaluate in these complex conditions of large dynamic changes in intrathoracic pressure during maximal exercise:1) we did not observe even transient changes in systemic blood pressure with loading or unloading (see Fig.6); however, aortic arch baroreceptor tissue might undergo deformation even in the absence of changing blood pressure, as shown during lower body negative pressure at rest (28);2) ventricular mechanoreceptors sensitive to cardiac filling pressures would be influenced by any changes in venous return; and 3) aortic baroreceptors are also affected "directly" by changes in intrathoracic, and therefore in aortic, transmural pressures (3). The predicted changes in cardiac filling pressure or aortic transmural pressure with respiratory muscle loading/unloading would be in the opposite direction expected to elicit the observed reflex vasoconstriction/vasodilation in limb locomotor muscle. Furthermore, our findings that transient changes in heart rate did not occur with unloading/loading are also indicative that systemic baroreceptors were not influenced by the respiratory changes. A more likely candidate for mediation of reflex vasoconstriction is the muscle chemoreflex, a sensitive feedback mechanism known to originate from type III and IV afferents in contracting limb muscles (24) and in the diaphragm (8). On stimulation of their thin-fiber phrenic afferent pathways in the diaphragm, sympathoexcitation and vasoconstriction in both respiratory and resting limb skeletal muscle can be induced (8).
Effects of Wb on distribution of total maximal O2 transport.
The effects of partial respiratory muscle unloading on increasing limb muscle Q˙ speak directly to the question of the physiological relevance of Wb normally achieved during maximal exercise to O2 transport to locomotor muscles. It is not unexpected that the respiratory muscle work normally achieved in maximal exercise would require a significant share of maximal cardiac output. In humans, indirect estimates of the O2 cost of maximal exercise hyperpnea are as high as 15% ofV˙o 2 totin highly fit subjects who achieve significant expiratory flow limitation in heavy exercise and 8 to 12% in the normally fit who undergo little or no airflow limitation at maximal exercise (1). Most of our fit subjects in the present study would have been grouped with those with the higher O2 cost of breathing, although we would also expect to see significant but smaller effects of unloading on Q˙legs in less fit subjects at lower maximal work loads and with little or no expiratory flow limitation.
Our findings from unloading the respiratory muscles also showed that the Wb normally achieved at maximal exercise has a significant effect on leg locomotor muscle V˙o 2. At maximal exercise, reducing (or increasing) Wb had no effect on O2 extraction across the leg locomotor muscles, which was probably at its maximum capacity; thus, asQ˙legs increased, locomotor muscleV˙o 2 also increased. Along with this increase inV˙o 2 legs, respiratory muscle unloading also reducedV˙o 2 tot. Accordingly,V˙o 2 legs, as a fraction ofV˙o 2 tot, increased markedly with respiratory muscle unloading (see Fig.7), showing that the effect of respiratory muscle work onV˙o 2 legsis even more substantial in terms of redistributing the "available" total O2transport. The reducedV˙o 2 totalso indicates that with unloading, all O2 uptake "released" by the respiratory muscles was not manifested inV˙o 2 legs; however, as discussed earlier, we are unable to evaluate the cause of this reducedV˙o 2 totuntil we know the coincident effects on cardiac output.
We are especially indebted to Dr. Magdy Younes, who invented the Proportional Assist Ventilator and loaned us one of his prototypes to conduct this study. We are also grateful for the very helpful advice and critique supplied by Dr. Loring Rowell. Drs. Russell Richardson, Greg Cartee, and Jack Barclay also provided valuable advice.
Address for reprint requests: C. A. Harms, Dept. of Preventive Medicine, 504 N. Walnut St., Madison, WI 53705.
This research was supported by National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Grant RO1 HL-15469. C. A. Harms and S. R. McClaran were supported by an NHLBI Training Grant, and M. A. Babcock was supported by a Parker B. Francis Foundation Fellowship.
↵1 We do not interpret these unchanged ventilatory responses with loading and unloading to mean that respiratory muscle work has no significant influence on the physiological control of breathing during exercise (6). Rather, it was clear that loading the respiratory muscles with inspiratory resistors and unloading them via PAV at maximal exercise elicited strong and variable behavioral responses to the foreign sensory inputs imposed by these unnatural perturbations. Accordingly, we think that ventilation under these conditions is largely under cortical control, which probably overrides any feedback mechanisms that might be present in response to normally occurring mechanical loads during strenuous exercise.
- Copyright © 1997 the American Physiological Society


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It is always great to get a little recognition.
Bullitt County needs as much good publicity as it can get these days.
Last Wednesday, Bullitt County was in center stage in the state capitol in Frankfort.
It was time for the annual Ashland Teacher of the Year recognition ceremony.
For the first time ever, Bullitt County had the Middle School Teacher of the Year.
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The Pioneer News Online is your source for local news, sports, events and information in Bullitt County and Shepherdsville, KY, and the surrounding area.


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Captain America
Clark Gregg: 'SHIELD's' last 2 episodes will have lots of 'Captain America' tie-ins
Posted on Tuesday, May 6, 2014
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Box office: 'Amazing Spider-Man 2' swings to $35.5 million on Friday
Posted on Saturday, May 3, 2014
5 million at the box office on Friday, leaving "The Other Woman," "Heaven is For Real," and "Captain America: The Winter Soldier&q ...
Nerdgasm: Marvel superheroes are being added to 'Disney Infinity'
Posted on Wednesday, Apr 30, 2014
LOS ANGELES (AP) — Buzz Lightyear, meet Captain America ...
When You Think About It, S.H.I.E.L.D. Is The Worst Black Ops Intelligence Agency
Posted on Wednesday, Apr 30, 2014
Combined with the recent events of both 'Captain America: The Winter Soldier' and the 'Agents of S ...
Box office: 'The Other Woman' wins slow Friday with $9.3 million
Posted on Saturday, Apr 26, 2014
3 million, well ahead of holdovers "Captain America" and "Heaven is For Real ...
'The Avengers' director Joss Whedon on the sequel's 'genuinely disturbed' Ultron
Posted on Thursday, Apr 24, 2014
In addition to Iron Man, Hulk, Thor, Captain America, Black Widow, Nick Fury and what's left of S ...
Is Stephen Colbert secretly a Hydra sleeper agent?
Posted on Wednesday, Apr 23, 2014
For the past eight and a half years, we've been fooled by the talk-show host, who's so adept at the art of subterfuge that, in the wake of Steve ...
Robert Downey Jr. and Mark Ruffalo share 'Avengers: Age of Ultron' set pics
Posted on Wednesday, Apr 23, 2014
and Mark Ruffalo -- but don't expect to see Iron Man, Hulk, Thor, Captain America, Black Widow, Nick Fury, Quicksilver or Scarlet Witch in action ...
Pete Holmes wants to see a Wonder Woman movie as much as you do: Video
Posted on Monday, Apr 21, 2014
Watch the full interview above with Holmes, on Captain America ("'roided-out lacrosse player") a Wonder Woman movie ("She's got an in ...
Box Office: 'Transcendence' flops as 'Captain America' stays at No. 1 on Friday
Posted on Saturday, Apr 19, 2014
Holdovers "Captain America: The Winter Soldier" and "Rio 2" ruled the box office on Friday, while the new Johnny Depp sci-fi film " ...
HitFix Poll
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A buddy and I are going to be hunting 54 for the first time this year, [we have either sex tags but will pass on cows until the last day]. Just wondering if anyone is more familiar with it than I and would be willing to give me a heads up about where I might want to look. Thanks for the help.
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Fargo, ND - "clothing stores" search results
About Clothing Stores
Did you know that it is easy to find local clothing stores? In fact, if you have computer with internet access, you are already on step one. All you need to do is open up any search engine and search for clothing stores in your area. You can find all different types of local clothing stores that you would have never known existed. There are so many local clothing stores out there that sell many different items; it is hard to list them all. First of all, there are local clothing stores that make their own clothing. These local clothing stores are unique and usually family run. They offer a line of clothing that no one has ever seen before. You will be surprised what amazing things you can find at homemade local clothing stores. You may be able to find that perfect unique prom dress, or even a new purse. There are local clothing stores that sell designer clothing that is only available in the big cities. These types of local clothing stores can save you the time it takes to travel to the big cities, and may even save you money. Not a lot of people know about local clothing stores that sell designer clothing, as they are secrets well kept. So, if you are one who is into designer clothing, make sure you see if your local clothing stores sell them.
Rcc Western Stores
W Acres Mall, West Fargo, ND 58078(701) 282-6717 Write a review
Trade Home Shoe Stores
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Jo-Ann Stores Inc 1865
4340 13th Ave, Fargo, ND 58103(701) 492-2379 Write a review
One Herd NDSU Clothing
502 1st Ave N # 101 , Fargo, ND 58102(701) 478-7763
North Dakota State University Clothing!Write a review
Walgreen Drug Stores
110 11th St N, Moorhead, MN 56560(218) 236-0252 Write a review
Target Stores
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NAPA Auto Parts - Farnams Genuine Parts
800 Center Ave , Moorhead, MN 56560(218) 236-6272
Click to see what's on sale at NAPA this month!Write a review
Dakota Boys and Girls Ranch Another Chance Thrift Stores
2525 Highway 10 E, Moorhead, MN 56560(218) 233-1266 Write a review
Big Lots
1500 13th Ave, West Fargo, ND 58078(701) 282-4414 Write a review
Evco Petroleum
1321 11th St Se Detroit Lks, Fargo, ND 58102(800) 362-7497 Write a review
Second Time Around
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415 34th St, Dilworth, MN 56529(218) 233-9837 Write a review
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Wal-Mart Supercenter
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More on Clothing Stores
There are a lot of local clothing stores that sell used clothing. This is becoming more and more popular as more consignment shops are opening. A lot of people have a bad idea about these local clothing stores, thinking that only the unfortunate shop there, but these local clothing stores offer so much. You can find clothing with their tags still on them. Some people just buy clothing, and do not get a change to wear them. You can also find a lot of great vintage items at these stores. Some clothing from the seventies are coming back into style, and what better place to look for them than a consignment shop. Before you judge used local clothing stores, make sure you check them out. If you do not want to shop at your local clothing stores, you may be able to sell your old clothing to them. If you have new or used clothing in good condition most consignment shops will buy them off you. There is always that shirt someone bought for you two sizes too big, or those baby clothes that your son never got to wear. You could make a little bit of money off of your local clothing stores. There are so many different types of local clothing stores, no matter what you are looking for you are sure to find something; whether you are looking to buy a designer purse or sell that box of clothes that has been sitting in your attic. So, get on the computer and see what kind of local clothing stores are in your area.


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Slaughter Mature Swine south of Orgrimmar and bring me back 6 of their Swine Bellies. I will be waiting for you here in The Drag.
|Swine Belly (6)
DescriptionFeeding a hungry orc army is never an easy task. Luckily for us, we have a good supply of mature swine meat from the pig farms and surrounding areas south of Orgrimmar. Do me a favor and slaughter some of those pigs for their delicious belly meat. I will slice it up and make bacon for the troops' breakfast.
Have you finished slaughtering the swine?
Good work, <name>. These will do nicely.
RewardsYou will receive: 19 40
|Epicurean's Award
GainsUpon completion of this quest you will gain:
A Guide to Cataclysm Zone Dailies
BrekeMart: Your Cooking Achievements One Stop Shop! [Updated for Warlords!]
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