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|VIEW THE MOBILE VERSION of www.breeds.ca
| Informational
Most ViewedPoints Of Fat Cattle
Treatment Before Calving
Quarter Evil
Worms In The Bronchial Tubes
Crossing And Breeding
Puerperal Fever
Black Water
Inflammation Of The Bladder
Inflammation Of The Liver
Least ViewedPoints Of Fat Cattle
Treatment Before Calving
Quarter Evil
Worms In The Bronchial Tubes
Crossing And Breeding
Puerperal Fever
Black Water
Inflammation Of The Bladder
Inflammation Of The Liver
Category: Diseases and their Remedies
Mange, or leprosy, is one of the most unpleasant and difficult diseases
to manage of all the ailments to which cattle are subject requiring the
nicest care and attention to render it easy of cure. An animal badly
nursed will not, under the most skillful treatment, quickly recover. Its
causes are in the main, due to poor food, which produces a debilitated
condition of the system, and in connection with a want of cleanliness,
causes a development of the acari, or minute insects, exciting very
great irritation upon the skin and causing the cow to rub herself
against every object with which she comes in contact. The hair falls
off; a scurfy appearance of the skin is perceptible; and the animal is
poor in condition and in milk. The great trouble in treating this
disease springs from its contagious character; for, no sooner is the
animal, oftentimes, once free from the acari than it comes in contact
with some object against which it has previously been rubbing, when the
acari which were left upon that object are again brought in contact
with the animal, and the disease is reproduced. If, immediately after
the proper applications are made, the animal is removed to other
quarters, and not allowed to return to the former ones for six or eight
weeks, there is, generally speaking, but little trouble in treating the
Take the animal upon a warm, sunny day, and with a scrubbing-brush
cleanse the skin thoroughly with Castile-soap and water; when dry, apply
in the same manner the following mixture; white hellebore, one ounce;
sulphur flower, three ounces; gas-water, one quart; mix all well
together. One or two applications are, generally, all that will be
required. Give internally one of the following powders in the feed,
night and morning: flowers of sulphur, two ounces; black antimony, one
ounce; nitrate of potassa, one ounce; mix, and divide into eight
Next: Murrain
Previous: Lice
Viewed 1372


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Exclusive Pre-Sale: Mary Poppins at the Ahmanson
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The last date listed for Mary Poppins: Exclusive Pre-Sale was Sunday November 29, 2009 / 1:00pm.
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It was SO much fun! We had GREAT seats and it was a fantastic show with some of the original London Cast. It was really cool being there on Opening Night and hanging out at the Stage door after the performance. WONDERFUL NIGHT... Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious!!!
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Cast, set, story adaptation for the stage, special effects, etc, etc... ALL WONDERFUL!!! Ashley Brown and Gavin Lee were incredible along with the rest of the cast. Show started at 8 and ran for almost 3 hrs... my 4 yr old (who is sick) stayed...continued
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Wonderful show for kids and adults. Set design was incredible, looked like a pop-up book. The story is a bit different, but still a great story nonetheless. The supercalifragilistic scene was amazing and so was the step in time.
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This was by far, the best musical i have ever gone to. Mary Poppins was spectacular---the music, the costumes, even the excitement with the audience...this show makes one feel like a child again for nearly three hours...its truly magical!
More than your imagination will take flight at Mary Poppins, the classic Broadway musical. The nanny who's "practically perfect in every way" will take you back to a time and place you wish you'd never left behind—and just wait until you see her fly! Produced by Disney and Cameron Mackintosh, Mary Poppins combines the stories of P.L. Travers and the Academy Award®-winning film to create this perfectly magical musical, filled with priceless memories, timeless songs ("Chim Chim Cher-ee," "Let's Go Fly a Kite," "Supercalifragilisticexpialadocious") and more than just a spoonful of Disney stagecraft. So come, visit the one place on earth where more than just your imagination takes flight, and you too will believe in the magic of Mary Poppins.

subset: commoncrawl


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Olympian Michael Johnson makes a personal genealogical and scientific journey to discover if African American and Caribbean athletes are successful as a result of slavery
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Bg-gledai.tv Web Analysis
Our web analysis service harvested the source of this domain and found its title to be: Gledai Tv - Гледай всички български и чуждестранни телевизии онлайн безплатно при нас. . This report is generated on 2015-11-08 03:09:24.
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Gledai Tv - Гледай всички български и чуждестранни телевизии онлайн безплатно при нас.
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Domain Name: BG-GLEDAI.TV
Domain ID: 100561325
WHOIS Server: whois.name.com
Referral URL: http://www.name.com
Updated Date: 2015-08-16T21:12:16Z
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My name is Billie (West) Swanson. This is my eleventh year teaching in Franklin Township. I taught one year of 5th grade resource and one year of 6th grade resource at Kitley Intermediate. Then when South Creek Elementary opened, I moved there to teach 4th grade. I taught 4th grade there for four years. I taught 4th grade at Adams for four years. This year I am a 5th grade teacher at Adams Elementary!
I have a Bachelor's in Elementary Education and Special Education from Indiana University. I also have a Masters in Education from Indiana Wesleyan University.
I LOVE teaching! In my classroom we work hard but we play hard too. I try to make learning fun and exciting for my students. I have very high expectations for my students. They take ownership for their own learning.


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221 posts tagged with reference.
Displaying 1 through 50 of 221. Subscribe:
Looking for book on Latin and Greek word roots from the 1980s.
I took a class back in the 1980s in public school in Indiana in which I was taught about Latin and Greek word roots found in the English language. [more inside]
Solution for matching citations to bibliography
I need to be able to match in text citations to reference list(s) and back again in very large documents (1000+ pages) WITHOUT the use of referencing software like Endnote*. I'd like to automate this as much as possible. [more inside]
Finding a place to rent after leaving behind a dirty apartment
I recently graduated from college, and will be finding a place to rent within the next month or two, likely in either the SF Bay Area or NYC (so the market will be rather competitive). While in college, due to being five young guys who were apathetic about cleaning, we didn't leave our apartment in the best condition, and incurred significant cleaning fees (~$450), much more than our landlord usually charged. (Not that we literally destroyed anything, though.) How badly would this affect our rental applications in the near future, and what should I say if asked? [more inside]
What painting is referenced in this Simpsons screen grab?
Can you tell me what painting the Simpsons are referencing in this screen grab? [more inside]
How far does reference checking go?
I was fired from a job like 5 years ago, and I am thinking of just saying that I was laid off if I am asked "why I left". I am not planning to give any references from that company but I heard that sometimes they will call the company and fish around for a reference without you knowing. [more inside]
Should I give a LinkedIn reference to someone I don't rate?
I was head hunted by a recruitment agent through LinkedIn about 6 months ago, which has resulted in me starting a job I LOVE this week. Today the agent called me up and asked me to give her a LinkedIn reference . I felt a little on the spot so I said yes. [more inside]
How to navigate the 'current boss as work reference' Catch-22?
I would have to break a small teaching contract to take a much more stable and lucrative admin job I interviewed for at the same university. I haven't told my current supervisor that I'm looking for other work, but the application form required me to put them down as a reference. What should I do if HR gives me the heads-up that they are going to call my references? [more inside]
Did the Founding Fathers have a "Sent Mail" folder?
Did people commonly make and keep copies of their handwritten personal correspondence? [more inside]
Maybe the professor just isn't funny
Do you have any suggestions for books, websites, other to help a new arrival to the US with learn general cultural references? I'm mentoring a Chinese student who is attending a mid-size US university. This is her first time in the US, and her English is fantastic. She asked me if I knew of any resources that could help her understand more US cultural references since sometimes she feels lost. [more inside]
Origin of an old joke about James Bond
Help me remember where this joke about James Bond came from. [more inside]
Should I decline to sign this O-1 visa letter?
A young designer asked me to write a letter on her behalf for an O-1 visa application. She has a job offer from a certain fruit-named tech company. I don't want to go into detail here about how I know her; I'm familiar with one of her projects, but don't know her well at all. Her lawyers provided a letter, but it uses language I'm uncomfortable with ("I can say without hesitation that X represents the best of the best in Y industry") and that the lawyers say is important. The rest of the letter also doesn't sound like anything I would ever say. What should I do? I don't want to hurt her application, and I initially said that I would do this, but I don't think my actual letter would offer the kind of support they're looking for.
Congratulations! Your INFANT evolved into TODDLER!
I've read several baby books that provide a comprehensive overview of the first year of an infant's life: development, basic care, etc. Can you recommend a book that covers the toddler years in a similar way? [more inside]
Probability distributions and their practical applications
I am looking for a resource that lists probability distributions and their common real-world applications. For example, I'd expect to see: Lognormal - daily returns in the stock market. Poisson - failure rates for mechanical equipment, ... [more inside]
Reference suddenly stopped responding - when to move on?
What to do when a reference suddenly flakes? Just wondering what happened as it is such an awful feeling. [more inside]
Help me Internet-kenobe! You're my only hope!
I was told that I am the finalist for a position in a school district, but that the last step would be to contact my current employer for a reference. I told them no, not until I see something in writing. But how do I handle once I do see something in writing? Help me navigate these tricky waters! [more inside]
Books on molecular biology: technical and historical
My +1 is outfitting the molecular biology and biochemistry side of a physics lab. He would like to get books (electronic and/or paper) to fulfill two needs: 1. protocols and reference - for in lab use 2. history or textbook of molecular biology - to help familiarize physics people with the field. Looking for suggestions for solid books that are readable and have good figures. [more inside]
Your favourite instructional video
Which short instructional videos do it really well? [more inside]
Current issues in archival reference
I'm interviewing tomorrow for a reader services position in an archives and need some help thinking about what current topics the committee might want to talk about. [more inside]
Looking for video sources/movie references for natural phenomena
I'm searching for visual reference material, in the area of kinetic natural phenomena - think falling rocks, volcanic eruptions, flowing magma, good tornado sequences, anything menacing, optimally POV. Photorealistic preferable, CG perfectly suitable, any duration, web or DVD sourced, docs or movies. Thanks!
What counts as "unlawful conduct"?
I'm a reference for a friend who is applying for a license to practice law. The reference form asks me whether my friend has ever "been arrested, or engaged in unlawful conduct". My friend has not, to my knowledge, ever been arrested (or had any other trouble with the law), but like most people consumed alcohol before the age of 21, jaywalks, downloaded music as a teen, etc. Nothing serious at all. What should I say? [more inside]
Efficient Strategy for Problem Management
When I encounter a problem that I want to improve my management of, what is a better strategy than, "find book on Amazon/ order book/ never read book or only read 1st chapter? [more inside]
Essential Medical Books
I've been tasked with putting together a medical library for my small disability law firm. Doctors, what are five essential medical books that we should look at obtaining regarding general medical practice? [more inside]
What's the best viewer reference for the 2014 Winter Olympics?
Last Olympics there was an FPP linking to a thorough Olympics prospectus. Among other things, it has a condensed three-event-a-day set of viewing recommendations, a per-sport set of athletes and countries to keep an eye on, and bunches of athlete and sport context sprinkled throughout for flavor. I loved being able to tune in to a random event, pull up the prospectus, and quickly find a few sentences/a paragraph that gave me the gist of the narrative/context for that event. Is there an equivalent this year? Failing that, what are other good resources for Olympics viewers this year?
Book / textbook recs for learning basic (art) painting techniques?
Decided to take a break from photography. Would like to learn how to draw / paint. Can anyone recommend a good book / textbook for reference purposes?
Was I slandered, or am I just paranoid?
I recently got the opportunity to apply for a cherry job that would have solved a lot of my current problems, but I seem to have blown it. I'm wondering if a bad employer reference might have done me in? [more inside]
Would it be ok to ask this person for a reference letter?
I haven't known him for that long. And am in a position of privilege [more inside]
Writing a letter of recommendation via email: in body or as attachment?
A question about writing letters of recommendation. Specifically, when the letters are not hand-written and snail mailed, but are emailed instead. [more inside]
Macroeconomics textbook for reference purposes
I'm looking for a Macroeconomics textbook to use for future reference. [more inside]
Good "owners manuals" for new dog owners?
What are good "owners manuals" for new dog owners? [more inside]
Glamorous Cairo of the 1920s. Visual references, please?
Help! I need to know what high society Cairo looks like in the 1920s - the sophisticated, opulent, and fashionable - people and settings. More parties and interiors than architecture. It's really important that the references be of Egyptian people, not travelers visiting from abroad bringing their own style with them. But, if it was fashionable for the well-heeled to import furniture and clothing styles from Europe, that's important too. What does a party look like, and how would it differ from a party set in Paris or London? The things that are different are the things that are important. My best resource so far is the Egyptian Royalty pool on Flickr. That and Indiana Jones is all I've got. It's for a painting. Thanks!
Use headhunter as well as the boss-approved method to get an interview?
I was contacted about a job with a company by a HR recruiter (not from that company) on LinkedIn. I was aware of this job from the company's website and also I have a friend who is working at that company in a peer position. That friend said he spoke to his boss, and his boss said I should apply for the job via the company's website, so I did. Would there be any benefit following up with the HR recruiter from LinkedIn anyway? [more inside]
How to deal with false allegations in employment background check?
Just got extended a dream job offer, but I'm afraid a background check will turn up a skeleton in my closet (that I didn't put there) that I don't know how to deal with. How do I prepare to refute it clearly, professionally, and without weaving an unnecessarily epic tale of drama? [more inside]
Suggestions for a poetry collection book
Looking for recommendations for a book of poetry collections for someone new to poetry. [more inside]
ISO: Confit Reference
I have an immersion circulator. Confit is delicious. What's the best reference for making lots of interesting confits? [more inside]
Movie reference for Sacred Hoops
What movie had a reference to Sacred Hoops? [more inside]
What does a 9-year-old boy need to know?
I will be giving a newly minted 9-year-old gentleman of my acquaintance a wallet for his birthday. I was thinking of printing and laminating a card full of important reference information for a young man of his age. Sort of an ultra condensed Schott's Original Miscellany. What should I put on it?
What are your most badass web-based reference resources?
What are the best obsessively cataloged reference websites from your field? I mean the kinds of places you can go to when things are being reported on in a confusing way, or just seems off and worth checking, where you can cut through the bullshit and easily find either original source material or otherwise solid answers to technical questions. [more inside]
Who to use as a reference for a temp job?
Do I have to use my direct supervisor as a reference? [more inside]
Linux CLI Filter: Complete Linux Command Line Book?
Is there a book (or a way to have one made) that would list all available Linux commands with options and what they mean for any shell I'm interested in learning? (Currently bash) [more inside]
Saying "That won't be possible" isn't really possible
The question: Should I provide a lukewarm reference for my recently fired ex-manager to avoid awkwardness? Or should I tell him no, and if so, what is the code language to use? I can't say "Sorry, that won't be possible" for reasons outlined herein. [more inside]
What resources are there for people with Olfactory Reference Syndrome?
A friend's life is being ruled by something resembling ORS, a psychological condition in which you believe you smell like a trash can, move to another city and hide from society. She insists that it's an odor issue, and when everyone tells her she's OK, she writes it off as white lies to make her feel better. [more inside]
What are the rules for drawing from a reference photo that is not yours?
Lets say I found an amazing macro photograph of a flower or of an old building and I wanted to do a very detailed graphite drawing of the photo. Am I able to claim this drawing as 'my' artwork? Can I use it in a painting to sell? Does the photographer need to be credited? Do I need permission in the first place to use the photo as reference or should I just avoid all the potential hassle and take my own darned photographs for reference from which to draw?
Diodes, transistors, resistors, oh my!
What are the best resources and references for a novice interested in modern electrical engineering? [more inside]
Is it acceptable to seek out a reference from someone in the past?
I am applying for an internship and I want to ask someone to give me a reference. However, I haven't been in contact with them for two years. We parted on good terms. Is it acceptable for me to ask them for a reference still? [more inside]
Modern jazz recordings reference?
Which book should I buy to replace the (non-existent) 10th edition of "The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings"? [more inside]
Bladdered bat book...?
What's this novel? I just got a reference request to identify the book/series that has vampires and "bats with big bladders under their bellies". Vampire books are not my forte. Complete question inside. Help? [more inside]
Help me find out more about photographic route atlases
I'd like to know more about a type of photographic route guide used in the early 20th century, definitely in the US if not elsewhere. They're a series of photographs of junctions with an arrow drawn over them. Librarians, map lovers, can you help me? [more inside]
What's the best sewing reference book?
I would like to buy a good book on how to sew. I don't mean a beginner's instructional book, since I can already sew quite well, but a comprehensive reference book that covers everything from the basics to advanced tailoring and couture techniques. I want a sewing book that is the equivalent of Vogue Knitting, which is revered among knitters as the knitter's Bible. I've come across Vogue Sewing, and Power Sewing by Sandra Betzina. Would you recommend either one of these as the best choice, or do you know of another book you think is better?
How do I explain why my advisor isn't a reference?
My supervisor/thesis advisor has dropped off the face of the earth as I'm applying for jobs, so I can't count on him as a reference. How bad does this look, should I explain it in writing somewhere, and how? [more inside]
Help me write a character reference for my friend awaiting sentencing in a US prison.
Help me write a character reference for my friend awaiting sentencing in a US prison. [more inside]


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Related terms for "backwash ":
backwash turbidity companies
, backwash filter companies
, backwash media filter companies
, automatic backwash companies
, gravity backwash filter companies
, automatic backwash filter companies
, backwash sand filter companies
, continuous backwash filter companies
, continuous backwash sand filter companies
, backwash clarifier companies
Since 1967, Markland Specialty Engineering has been designing and manufacturing process monitoring and control instrumentation that is valued by operators, managers and consultants, in diverse sectors, around the globe. Municipal water & wastewater treatment to measure primary, secondary, return-activated, and backwash sludge. Industrial processing and water & wastewater ...
based in Georgetown, ONTARIO (CANADA).
Since 1977 Alex-Tronix has been a leading innovator of irrigation controller technology, and manufactured high-quality commercial controllers. From filter backwash to battery operated "Smart" controllers, Alex-Tronix prides itself on manufacturing a reliable controller that holds up in extreme environments. Today the company supplies about 60% of all the filter backwash ...
based in Fresno, CALIFORNIA (USA).
IDROCONSULT S.r.l. works in the water conditioning sector. Right from the initial operating phases, the foundations for operating in two distinct directions were laid: the depollution of civil and industrial backwash water and systems for producing top quality water. The first sector involves the conditioning of backwash water drained from complex production processes ...
based in San Giorgio di Piano, ITALY.
Vacuum Pumps and Compressors in Environmental Technology. The challenge in modern environmental technology. Water treatment, filter backwashing, air analysis, and also process recycling and waste disposal are central application foci for Becker vacuum pumps and compressors. Technology for Water Treatment and Aeration.
based in Wuppertal, GERMANY.
Automatic Tube Brush Cleaning Systems and Automatic Backwash Systems for chillers and heat exchangers. Permanent Solutions to tube fouling, plate fouling within chillers, heat exchangers. Increase your heat transfer coefficient and heat recovery by as much as 25%.
based in WISCONSIN (USA).
AMB Bio Media Makes very compact wastewater plants, robust and stable operation, no backwash required, no membranes, self cleaning media, never need to replace, 20 years guarantee. AMB Bio Media represents the latest in proven MBBR Bio TechnologyAMB Bio Media has been extensively tested and implemented into numerous wastewater plants worldwide for decades.
based in Laguna Beach, CALIFORNIA (USA).
Continental Blower, LLC is a leading manufacturer of vertically split, cast iron and cast aluminum, multistage, centrifugal blowers and exhausters for air and gas handling applications. Wastewater aeration, filter backwash, digester gas blowers, combustion air, fluidizing air blowers, gas boosters, incineration air blowers,LNG processing, vacuum blowers, carbon black, ore ...
based in East Syracuse, NEW YORK (USA).
EMS Industries Ltd World leading ram pump solutions including sludge pumps, grit pumping, grit removal, classifiers and separation, de-sludging using pump with density monitor to determine dry solids. Often referred to as plunger, reciprocating or piston pumps they offer a greater suction lift for dredging and pumping sewage, waste water, backwash and chemical slurry, ...
based in Stoke on Trent, UNITED KINGDOM.
Aqua Ultraviolet manufactures UV sterilizers used in Aquaculture, Manufacturing, Catchment system, Drinking water, Ponds, Public and private Aquariums. The hallmark of this wide product line is reliability and ease of use. The Ultima II Filter Series is designed to support aquatic life and is used around the world by fish growers of ornamentals, aquaculture facilities ...
based in Temecula, CALIFORNIA (USA).
TAYFUR WATER SYSTEMS, with its Engineers, thechnical staff and thechnologic foundation; provides Project-consultation, commitment, equipment sales, production and service facilities, to meet the complete needs of the sector. Our productions under the brand name of ``TYPHOON`` are: Hydraulic Control Valves, Plastic Hydraulic Control Valves, Back Flushing Control Valve, Air ...
based in Izmir, TURKEY.
HETA Verfahrenstechnik GmbH is a globally operating manufacturer of filter and deposition systems for the mechanical separation of solids from liquids and gases, as well as separators of condensate/waters from fuels, air, and gases. Since January 1, 2010 HETA has been part of the PACO-Group in Steinau an der Straße, Germany.Filtration of solids from liquids, air, and ...
based in Lich, GERMANY.
Leopold has long been a worldwide leader in the water and wastewater treatment industry supplying both filtration and clarification systems. Leopold both designs and supplies systems for gravity filtration, clarification, denitrification, sludge collection and backwash water recovery. Leopold solutions are ideal for algae, contaminant, and nutrient removal, desalination ...
based in Zelienople, PENNSYLVANIA (USA).
Bluewater FilterClear, innovators of water filtration solutions. Simplicity by design, our family of robust solutions are field proven with supplied capacity for approximately 180 Million Litres of water treatment per day. Our solutions features include: Low cost – competitive with sand and dual media. High capacity filtration throughout the entire bed depth. High Service ...
based in Glasgow, UNITED KINGDOM.
PEP FILTERS, an Amiad USA company, has 35 years of experience in the design and manufacturing of automatic self-cleaning filters. Implementing green and clean-water technologies, we provide cost-effective and advanced filtration solutions for industrial, municipal, and commercial applications. Through our global distribution network, PEP is a world leader of process water ...
based in Mooresville, NORTH CAROLINA (USA).
Shanghai Future Filtration Equipment Co., Ltd is located in Shanghai, China. We are high-tech and environment protection company specialized in manufacturing and developing filter products. Our strength is state of the art technology, advanced equipment and strict quality system. We are ISO9001: 2000 certificated company.Our products are widely used in various fields such ...
based in Shanghai, CHINA.
Shanghai SAM Environmental Protection Co., Ltd is located in Jin Qiao Export Processing Zone in Pudong New District, Shanghai, China. It is an ISO 9001:2000 certified high technical environmental protection company specialized in manufacturing and developing filter products. Our products are widely used in various fields such as Fine Chemistry, Water Treatment, Industrial ...
Forsta Filters, Inc. specializes in design and fabrication of self-cleaning screen water filtration systems. Using an efficient point-of-suction backwash technique, Forsta products offer filtration solutions that do not interrupt system flow during the self-cleaning cycle. Offering a variety of materials including stainless steel, carbon steel with powder coating, duplex ...
based in Los Angeles, CALIFORNIA (USA).
Vortisand by Neptune Benson (formerly Sonitec) is an industry leader in submicron sand filtration. Utilizing the innovative Vortisand technology, Vortisand filters are high performance automatic backwashable microsand filters which filter down to the submicron level. Vortisand filters excel within the pharmaceutical, petroleum refining, biotechnology, pulp & paper, ...
based in Holyoke, MA, MASSACHUSETTS (USA).
Arcadia Filter focuses on precision liquid filters developing and manufacturing.To satisfy all the industries and environment protection required.Products widely use in all the industries, like waste water treatment, petrochemical, food, pulp & paper, steel and all general application.
based in Chung-Li, TAIWAN.
The Saint-Gobain Weber is the leading premix and exclay producer and provider of premix plants and machinery in Europe with more than 100 plants in some 30 countries. 10.000 employees contribute to an annual turnover exceeding about 2 billion EUR. The Saint-Gobain Weber manufactures lightweight aggregates that are sold as finished products or are used to manufacture ...
based in Alnabru, NORWAY.
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Tiamat, Queen of Dragons
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Deadpool approves!
Join Date: Aug 2009
Location: Nuclear Capital of the World
Posts: 1,281
Blog Entries:
iTrader: (
IGN: -points at name-
Guild: None
Name: Tamar
Age: ??
Gender: Female
Race: Nephilim - Bipedal Dragon
Occupation: Seeker
Height: 6'7'' (200.66cm)
Weight: 271 lbs. (122.92kg)
Eyes: Bright Yellow
Hair (Mane): Snowy Blue
Notes: Often seen cloaked all around, concealing her face with a bronze mask revealing only the fullness of her eyes, two downward slits in her cloak for her wings in absolute emergencies, long sleeves to cover her retracted claws, and a wide, regal gown to allow her hooves and tail ample hiding space. The most notable attire is the necklace worn, the centerpiece of it being occupied by a large, glass butterfly.
Appearance: This dragoness is donned in a light, turquoise armor of scales, reflecting even the slightest light off of her form. Tall and regal, her braided and beaded mane flares from her forehead down the length of her back to the mid-tail. She has an even, overbite maw, revealing only her serrated teeth when she speaks, else her countenance thereof is welcoming.
Two midnight blue horns crest and arch downward from the back of her head, and smaller horns adorn her head like a crown. Her eyes, though piercing from the usual narrow irises, are even and gaze without prejudice.
Her retractable hoof and toe claws sport the same midnight blue tint as her crest horns, as well as the slender needle protruding from the tip of her tail. Her wings are of a mixture of feathers and membrane, as if she were the offspring of an angel and a demon, their traits evenly commingling in the design. Her form is supple and acrobatic with fair breasts.
Personality/Character: Benevolent to a fault, Tamar tries to see the best in even the most downtrodden and lowly of ponies, but stands firm on the belief that there is a threshold of morality that must be maintained. She says nothing of the right or wrong of habits, but only compliments how interesting the subject is, and may even ask a few questions. For the ones she cares for, she places herself to carry the load of their burdens, which may put her in the position of taking on too much at a time. She is a Seeker of Truth, wandering in search for salvation, and hoping she may bring others hanging by her skirts to blissful eternity.
History: The little information known about this spectral being is that she was indeed born from one of the Watchers interbreeding with pony females. A rumor states that she despised the way she looked, being not even similar in appearance to her mother or father, and as a result wanders the land in search for her own salvation from her cursed body. Another rumor states she took it upon herself to be Death's envoy and travels the land to lead the dying to eternal rest, collecting souls until her business above ground was done. The cloak protected her from being set on fire. Whether these rumors are true or not, no one truly knows the motives of this silent, yet surprisingly charitable apparition...
Equipment: Acolyte's staff, adorned with the emblem of the Watcher she was born from. The emblem is in the form of a symmetrical palm tree. The outer perimeter of the circular emblem is adorned with spikes for close combat.
Abilities: Manipulates cosmos to uplift the spirits of others around her, as well as soothe the wounds sustained in battle. Cosmos wielded in the form of Light to purge her enemies.
Random quirks?:
-Her roars and speech are accompanied by various ringing sounds, their pitch in accordance with her mood.
-The butterfly pendant glows along with her emblem staff when casting.
-Hides in shrubbery or trees to sleep in camouflage.
-Her name, "Tamar," means "palm tree" in Hebrew, which is the emblem carved upon her staff.
Pinkie Pool's archnemesis: Oatmeal.
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It's interesting that google came up with several step-by-step examples on the first page when I entered "mingw linux" in the search box. There appears to be many pages of results.
Yeah, but It's weird I use Mingw in Linux but there's too many hoops to jump through to try to get it to work. I spent an a whole day trying to figure it out what's going wring, but it works with windows.
I guess it's not worth pursuing because it's wasting production time to try to get a distraction-free environment that linux offers. (because there's no steam on my old laptop)


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How to Spot a Fitness Gimmick
So we've definitely heard all of the gimmicks, commercials, testimonials, and spokespeople during late-night informercials… "Turn your body into a super fat-burning machine!" "You can get washboard abs in just 5 minutes per day!" "Exciting new development!" "Research-proven!"
How can you spot a fraud? What sort of warning signs should you be on the lookout for if you think something might be a gimmick? Check out today's quick tips on how to spot a potential fitness fraud… Be Well!
If It Sounds To Good Too Be True, It Probably Is…
How many times have you heard this? Ads and infomercials can be so seductive that you really want to believe the wild claims they promise. You may be tempted to suspend good judgement and buy into the fantasy. Substandard and fraudulent products hurt more than just your wallet. When a product doesn't do what it claims to do, you feel let down. This can lower your self-confidence and can even lead you to believe that your fitness goals will never be achieved.
Buyer Checklists
Gimmicks and scams are not always easily detected. Use this checklist before purchasing a product advertised in a mail-order catalog or on television (especially during late-night!):
- Is the product supported entirely by testimonials?
- Is there any controlled, randomized scientific evidence supporting the sales claims?
- Do the experts associated with the program have the proper credentials?
- Is the person selling the product a believable salesman?
- Does the promotion use any pseudo-medical jargon?
- Does the promotion boast a "secret" formula or "miracle" answer?
- Do the claims seem miraculous or far-fetched?
- Is the product appealing exclusively to your vanity?
- Does the suggested use of the product seem unrealistic in regards to the desired outcome (i.e., "just seven minutes a day toward slimmer thighs")?
- Does the fine print contain any long-winded disclaimers?
- Does the offer include additional free prizes?
Online Buying Tips
You need to have confidence in the company and product you're buying online. Does the company have your best interests at heart? If in doubt, search for clues as to their reliability. Do they have a phone number? You may want to call to check them out further.
Ask a question by e-mail and see how long they take to respond. Ask the company for independent research that substantiates their claims and promises. You can check out the company on the Better Business Bureau's Business Report page to see how others in your situation have reviewed them, too.
If In Doubt, Ask The Experts
The media is quick to announce a new fitness discovery, regardless of the source's legitimacy. Unfortunately, this new claim may quickly be retracted when proper, scientific studies are made. Gimmicks will misuse the initial, questionable data to convince you to buy their product. What should you believe? If you don't have the time to sort through information dispensed from reputable sources, you should ask an expert. A certified fitness instructor will, hopefully, be able to separate fact from fiction.
Avoid the lure of fitness-product charlatans and increase your skills at making educated buying decisions. Try not to buy the hype and stick to the age-old adage, "if it sounds to good too be true, it probably is."


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Three Schenectady teens stand accused of possessing a stolen car, authorities said. The trio was arrested Friday evening on State Street, near Broadway, with a 2012 Subaru Outback reported stolen Thursday, according to papers filed in court. Facing one count each of fourth-degree criminal possession of stolen property are: Gordon A. Scott, 17, of Foster Avenue; Jason Ormond, 19, of Pleasant Street; and Marcus Jeffress, 17, of Schenectady Street.
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Tilted Kilt: New Brestaurant Opens in Hallandale (Photos)
Oh, Tilted Kilt Pub & Eatery. You describe yourself as the "best looking sports bar you've ever seen", but we're guessing that you're not talking about your Irish pub theme or your wooden bar.
Nope -- it's all about the Kilt Girls. Servers and bartenders dressed in teeny-tiny plaid kilts and oh-so-tight white shirts. Knee socks and Mary Janes complete the outfit.
Remember when Britney Spears dressed as a hot schoolgirl? That's what we're talking about! Oh, and there's food and beer too (because you need some sort of excuse to walk into the place, don't you?).
The food...of course. Food. Classic pub food like Olde Dublin Irish Stew and Maggie Mae's Fish & Chips are on the menu, as is a "Fat Bastard's" meatloaf sandwich.
"Big Arse" burgers go well with their beer selection (over a dozen on tap including Smithwick's and Newcastle). Beer is good -- but you might want to go for the "shakers", cocktails hand-shaken by a Kilt Girl at your table.
Like that other "brestaurant" that boasts girls in orange shorts, there's a calendar, complete with Kilt Girls in tartan bikinis (nothing wrong with that picture).
Upcoming Events
Intermezzo Lounge prior to Bonnie Raitt
Tue., Nov. 1, 8:00pm
Intermezzo Lounge prior to Kansas
Sat., Nov. 12, 8:00pm
Intermezzo Lounge prior to The Doobie Brothers
Sun., Nov. 13, 7:00pm
Intermezzo Lounge prior to Neil Degrasse Tyson
Wed., Nov. 16, 8:00pm
The "Kilt" is also a sports bar, with live viewing parties for major sporting events, including boxing. These Kilt Girls look like they're into the sport.
If you want a side of eye candy with your burgers and beer, Tilted Kilt is open Monday - Wednesday from 11 a.m. - 1 a.m.; Thursday - Sunday from 11 a.m. - 2 a.m.
Follow Laine Doss on Twitter @LaineDoss and Facebook.
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Intermezzo Lounge prior to Sesame Street
Sat., Oct. 22, 10:30am
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Sat., Oct. 22, 2:00pm
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text:
At the end of the Civil War in May 1865, a throng of Union soldiers marched along the streets of Washington, D.C., victorious in the Grand Review of the Armies. Missing at the march, however, were the surviving black soldiers who counted themselves among the ranks of nearly 200,000 African Americans who fought during the last two years of the war. Only white soldiers were allowed to take part.
Black troops held their own parade in Harrisburg, Pa., in November 1865. They marched through the state capital celebrating not only the end of the war but also the end of slavery.
This is one of the many little-known tales that black Civil War re-enactors are keeping alive as the nation celebrates the 150th anniversary of the beginning of the conflict. "It's a very surreal kind of experience to try to tell what those guys might have felt at the time, to tell that they were doing something important," says Malcolm Beech, who is part of the 37th U.S. Colored Troops re-enactment unit. His unit took part in a November 2010 commemoration of the parade by black troops.
Beech began sharing the stories of black troops through re-enactments and symposiums in 2001, when he founded the Cultural Heritage Museum in Kinston, N.C. His group is among the nearly 20 African-American-focused re-enactment units nationwide, in addition to the host of men and women who portray major historical figures such as abolitionist Frederick Douglass and activist Hallie Quinn Brown. The re-enactors can be found in action at local schools, conferences, churches and other historical events.
Forgetting History
Blacks haven't always taken part in Civil War-themed celebrations to nearly the same degree. In the decades following the War Between the Atates, commemorations included little, if any, recognition by whites of how black people figured into the reason for the war and the waging of it. Southerners celebrated — even romanticized — their loss through parades and ceremonies. In the process, the history of black people "got submerged in efforts [by whites] to interpret the Civil War in different ways," says James Stewart, president of the Washington, D.C.-based Association for the Study of African American Life and History Inc.
That reinterpretation continues to the present day, as shown in the current debate over whether the Civil War was fought mainly over slavery or states' rights. In a CNN/Opinion Research Corp. poll of Americans in April, 52 percent said that the leaders of the Confederacy seceded to keep slavery legal in their states, while 42 percent said that slavery was not the main reason those states seceded.
Nevertheless, within last two decades, there has been heightened awareness of the stories of black Civil War troops, says Stewart. Ken Burns produced the acclaimed 1990 documentary film The Civil War, which acknowledged the roles of both free and enslaved blacks in the conflict. A year earlier, with the release of the 1989 movie Glory, Hollywood had gotten into the act of depicting African-American contributions to the war.


text:
realmagick.com The shrine of knowledge.
- Garden Detective: Mystery plant is poisonous pokeweed
- Pokeweed plants are highly toxic to humans, pets and livestock. According to the National Institutes of Health, all parts of the plant and seeds are poisonous for humans.
- Polk Salad, Annie: Poking around for the edible plant pokeweed
- Dozens upon dozens of edible plants grow wild in our region, but only one was ever featured in a hit song. 'Polk Salad Annie,' a ditty by a Southern boy named Tony Joe White about the joys of foraged pokeweed shoots, made it to No. 8 on the Billboard ...
- Fanatical Botanical: Nip poisonous pokeweed in the bud
- The invasion is so widespread that you may see it anywhere you go, if you are tuned into it. This intruder is just as poisonous as it is prolific, causing symptoms that could easily kill an adult human.
- Pokeweed and giant ragweed: Common look-alikes to giant hogweed
- Pokeweed can grow 9-12 feet tall under good conditions. Stems are smooth and soft green when the plant is young. As the plant grows and stems age, they are uniformly reddish or soft purple and are relatively smooth.
- Searching for spotted wing drosophila
- She mentioned Cornell University research that described numerous noncrop hosts for adult SWD, including barberry, buckthorn, choke cherry, honeysuckle, laurel, mulberry, pokeweed and many others. With that in mind, she and other Michigan extension ...
Pokeweed is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Pokeweed books and related discussion.
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Brussels Hotel
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Cappuccino without chocolate
... all up the Maurienne valley has been cloudy and rainy – and snowy higher up – all day. Generally grim in other words. Here is actually sunny, albeit a bit chilly.
The other thing is I have just had a cappuccino in Italy. There was no chocolate powder on top. Just frothy milky coffee. I have no idea if that's an authentic cappuccino or not, but it tasted good.
A knife display in McDonalds
McDonald's, 9.15pm
I'm in McDonalds because it's open and it sells food. Finding something vegetarian that constitutes a meal is a little tricky. Two cheese croque-monsieurs, large fries and a vanilla milk shake. As I sit here in the four-seat diner style booth, I can smell something funny. It smells like a horse has ...
Arriving in kebab town
... vending machine in reception. In this case I don't take offence at out-of-date produce; it all adds to the charm of the place.
I spent more than an hour this evening getting lost and not finding an open supermarket. In fact I only found one closed one. Yet I found numerous banks, insurance offices, and hairdressers. Oh, and multiple kebab shops. I conclude that everyone here either eats out or eats kebabs. ...
4,809 m above sea level or there about
... hike up the stairs to the cafe but I'm using the excuse that I was carrying my kid! I was really surprised how much the height affect but and equally surprised that my ears didn't give me a lot of problems.
It was so high obliviously but it was amazing. I don't think I've ever been that high except for in a plane. It was amazing. It was really neat. To check out the views. It was beautiful up there. However once obviously didn't ...
Italian Alps - Last day in Italy
... times. There are many ancient ruins in this tiny Roman town and we found most of them on our bikes. It was good to explore and surprisingly busy. I have been trying to post an ad on Gumtree to sell the beast for the last few days with much frustration as it won't post. I've finally found out that its from their end and they have technical issues so I've wasted a few hours writing the same advert out several times as there is no way to save it. Lucky I'm not on a tight ...


text: sea level rise Rising Seas Push Too Much Salt Into The Florida Everglades By Christopher Joyce • May 25, 2016 The Florida Everglades is a swampy wilderness the size of Delaware. In some places along the road in southern Florida, it looks like tall saw grass to the horizon, a prairie punctuated with a few twisted cypress trees. The sky is the palest blue. But beneath the surface a different story is unfolding. Because of climate change and sea level rise, the ocean is starting to seep into the swampland. If the invasion grows worse, it could drastically change the Everglades, and a way of life for millions of residents in South Florida. Adapting To A More Extreme Climate, Coastal Cities Get Creative By Tegan Wendland • Apr 13, 2016 Coastal cities across the globe are looking for ways to protect themselves from sea level rise and extreme weather. In the U.S., there is no set funding stream to help — leaving each city to figure out solutions for itself. New Orleans and Philadelphia are two cities that face very similar challenges of flooding from rising tides. But they've chosen to pay for the solutions in very different ways. New Orleans: Post-Disaster Payments And Grants Pave Future Sea Levels Rose Faster Last Century Than In Previous 2,700 Years, Study Finds By Geoff Brumfiel • Feb 23, 2016 A new study suggests that sea levels are rising at an unprecedented rate and that the problem will continue well into this century. "Sea level rise in the 20th century was truly extraordinary by historical standards," says Bob Kopp, an associate professor of Earth and planetary sciences at Rutgers University, and who is lead author on the study, which appears in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Calling Citizen Photographers: Help Researchers Visualize Future Sea Level Rise By Bellamy Pailthorp • Jan 3, 2014 Bellamy Pailthorp / KPLU Listen Listening... / 1:24 Researchers want you to grab the camera, head to the beach and capture this weekend's king tide. The highest tides of the year are taking place, and the state is asking citizens to help document potential impacts of rising sea levels. Sea Level Rise Map Shows 30 Wash. Towns Inundated By Bellamy Pailthorp • Aug 15, 2013 Listen Listening... / 1:40 Update: The original version of this story incorrectly summarized this study as showing populations to be displaced by 2100 if current trends continue. Author Ben Strauss sent the following correction: "by 2100, we would most likely be *locked in* to such an outcome in a more distant future, time unspecified, but essentially inevitable." We have updated the story accordingly. The warming climate is causing sea levels to rise as oceans expand, and, combined with more frequent storms, the effects could be devastating. A new map shows more than 1,400 towns in the U.S., 30 in Washington state, where half the population will be displaced if current trends continue through the end of this century. Seattle planners predict bigger flood zones due to climate change By Bellamy Pailthorp • Jan 14, 2013 Bellamy Pailthorp photo / KPLU News It's data that's been collected and analyzed for several years now. But predictions on how high tides and extreme storm events might combine to cause flooding in Seattle are seeming less and less like science fiction. The City has unveiled a new map, showing huge areas that are much more likely to end up waterlogged during storms. And it says the estimates are no longer considered extreme. Study: Rising seas will hit Calif. hardest, but Washington still sees damage By Bellamy Pailthorp • Jun 25, 2012 Photo by andreyphoto.com / Flickr Rising sea levels in the Puget Sound region may prove costly to taxpayers. A city like Olympia could have to re-build its sewer system. Other cities may find waterfront roads washed out. The culprit is global warming. Warmer water expands, bringing sea levels higher. And glacial ice that is above water now is expected to chunk off and fall into oceans, causing additional sea level rise. King tides: a "teachable moment?" By Liam Moriarty • Feb 22, 2011 Kay Schultz / DOE Flickr feed Shorelines around Washington are experiencing extreme high tides through the end of the month. Known as "king tides," they're a natural wintertime phenomenon in the Northwest. But they may also provide a glimpse into our future.


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By: Connor Threlkeld on February 9, 2015 - 3:00am - Add new comment
Some animals like to see other animals on TV.
I used to have a dog that scrambled up to the front door every time he heard the three-tone NBC chimes.
But George? George loves tennis.
By: Connor Threlkeld on January 30, 2015 - 1:15am - Add new comment
It's rare to find temperatures in the triple digits anywhere in the United States in January, but Arizona dealt with a heat wave that reached four digits recently. At least on one local weather report.
Watch as the weather man for FOX 10 Phoenix maintains a sense of humor during what's clearly a computer glitch.
By: Kim Luciani on January 28, 2015 - 6:26pm - Add new comment
By: Connor Threlkeld on January 26, 2015 - 2:58am - Add new comment
Cars catch on fire sometimes. It happens. Less common? The vehicle rolling away as firefighters in Norway work to put the fire out.
If you're looking for the fun part, the firefighters arrive about one minute into the clip.
Two weeks after publishing, the video is fast approaching one million views.
By: Connor Threlkeld on January 15, 2015 - 10:45pm - Add new comment
Know how writing "Will You Marry Me?" in the sand is a classic way to propose? Pretty soon, you may be able to hire a robot to handle the legwork for you.
That, or draw any other words or picture you can load into its memory. But this being a Disney project, you can imagine they are mostly focused on their characters.
By: Connor Threlkeld on January 8, 2015 - 1:25am - Add new comment
For some reason, this video of panda bears playing in the snow at the National Zoo has gone viral. Nearly 1.5 million views.
If someone could enlighten me as to just whyOMGTHISISSOCUTE!!!!!!
By: Connor Threlkeld on January 8, 2015 - 1:23am - Add new comment
Someday you'll remember a time when you had never seen video of a robot playing beer pong.
By: Connor Threlkeld on January 5, 2015 - 2:07am - Add new comment
Gaston, the villain from the movie Beauty and the Beast, was challenged to a push-up contest by a guest at Disney World.
Guess who wins?
By: Connor Threlkeld on December 26, 2014 - 2:21am - Add new comment
Though guns and alcohol are a dangerous combination when used irresponsibly, that doesn't mean this video of a man shooting the cork out of a bottle of champagne should be any less entertaining.
He starts the video with wise words, a reminder to be safe when celebrating with alcohol during the Christmas and New Year season.
By: Connor Threlkeld on December 19, 2014 - 1:51am - Add new comment
When I think about it, a pineapple is one of the weirdest things I've ever seen. Compared to most fruits, they're just bizarre looking. And apparently this pit bull agrees with me.


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I have immense respect for the New York Yankees. Derek Jeter and Mariano Rivera — first-ballot Hall of Famers who have spent their entire careers with the same franchise — are class personified. Even amid talk of the mythical $189 million ceiling for next year, the Yankees (unlike other franchises) have an enduring commitment to winning, with 27 World Series championships to prove it. Their run of 17 postseason appearances in the past 18 years — a major league record — stands as one of baseball's great achievements in an era of increased competitive balance.
Why Yanks Will Finish in Last Place
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River Grove Senior Village in Wisconsin Rapids, WI is a quiet, affordable housing community for seniors 55 or better and the disabled that offers all the perks of a modern metro area. Our 1 and 2 bedroom apartments in Wisconsin Rapids offer private entrances, in-home washer and dryer connections, comfortable living spaces, and a private, attached garage with automatic opener. Call River Grove Senior Village apartments for a tour today!
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The mission of the Office of Regulatory Reinvention (ORR) is to simplify Michigan's regulatory environment by reducing obsolete, unnecessary, and burdensome rules that are limiting economic growth. The ORR is in charge of overseeing the administrative rulemaking process for each department in the State of Michigan.
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Current opportunities
PhD scholarship opportunities
|Closing Date
PhD Studentship in Application of Al Techniques to Managing Supply Chains
|31 Oct 16
|Prof P Humphreys
|4 Nov 2016
|Prof Phil Jordan
PhD Studentship in Advanced Materials for Additive Manufacturing
|11 Nov 16
|Prof E Harkin-Jones
Want to study on a self-funded basis? Or have a private sponsor?
If you plan to self-fund your studies or have a sponsor who will fund your research study, you may apply at any point in the year – just download the Research Prospectus to find out more about project areas which we are able to support at Ulster.
Annual Studentship Competition - now closed
The University's main competition for funding for full-time PhD and MRes for entry in the 2016/17 academic year closed on 26 February 2016. We have two types of awards; for those with UK/EU residency we have awards through Department for Employment and Learning (DEL) and for those of all nationalities we have Vice Chancellor's Research Studentship (VCRS) awards. The awards will comprise fees together with an annual stipend of £14,296 and will be awarded for a period of up to three years' subject to satisfactory progress. These awards can be applied to any of the advertised projects which are available via the faculty links below.
Applicants should hold or expect to obtain a first or upper second class honours degree in a subject relevant to the proposed area of study; applicants deemed by Senate to hold an equivalent qualification will also be considered.
All applicants should also hold relevant English language qualifications. All applications for studentships will be considered on a competitive basis and with regard to the candidate's qualifications, skills, experience and interests.
Applicants should be aware that the competition for funded entry is very high and are advised to discuss their application prior to submission with the staff noted within the project description.
Applicants should note that disclosure of disability or personal circumstances should be made as part of the application process or as soon as possible thereafter in order to facilitate any necessary accommodation.
Available projects listed by Faculty:
- Arts
- Art, Design and the Built Environment
- Computing and Engineering
- Social Sciences
- Life and Health Sciences
- Ulster University Business School
Timetable for annual scholarship competition
|Projects advertised
|December 2015
|Closing Date
|26 February 2016
|Interviews by Faculties
|March/April 2016
|Letters to applicants
|May/June/July/August 2016
|Studentships commence
|September 2016


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Comparing Two Methods of Detection for Chlamydia trachomatis in Liquid-Based Papanicolaou Tests
This study compared the performance of Chlamydia trachomatis testing using 2 methods: the BD ProbeTec Chlamydia trachomatis Qx Amplified DNA Assay (CTQ) on the BD Viper System with XTR technology (CTQ assay) and the Hybrid Capture (HC) 2 assay. A total of 1,054 Surepath and ThinPrep specimens were tested for C trachomatis nucleic acids using the CTQ assay and the HC2 assay. For positive and discrepant C trachomatis test results, confirmatory test for C trachomatis was performed using a reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction. Of 1,054 liquid-based gynecologic cytology samples tested for C trachomatis using both assays, 1,041 tested negative on both. In 6 (0.57%) samples, findings were discordant. The CTQ assay and the HC2 assay had sensitivity rates of 100% and 66.7%, respectively, with comparable specificity (99.9%). The positive predictive values were 92.3% and 88.9% with the CTQ and HC2 assays, respectively. In this study, the CTQ assay was found to be more sensitive than the HC2 assay in detecting chlamydial infection; the CTQ assay also demonstrated a higher positive predictive value.
- Chlamydia trachomatis
- Liquid-based Pap test
- CTQ assay
- Hybrid Capture assay
Chlamydia trachomatis infection is considered the most prevalent sexually transmitted disease in women in the United States. In 2010, 1.3 million chlamydial infections were reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) from 50 states and the District of Columbia.1 Underreporting is substantial because most people with Chlamydia are not aware of their infection and do not seek testing. An estimated 2.8 million infections occur annually in the United States. Several important complications can result from C trachomatis infection in women, the most serious of which include pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, infertility, and adverse pregnancy outcomes.2 In addition, C trachomatis is also one of the most common causes of eye infections and pneumonia in neonates. Chlamydia is often known as a "silent" disease because the majority of infected patients are asymptomatic.2 When confined to the lower genital tract, the disease can be easily and effectively treated with antibiotics. However, treating pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility can be costly both psychologically and financially.
To detect chlamydial infections, health-care providers frequently rely on screening tests. The primary goal of Chlamydia screening is to reduce morbidity in individuals through early detection and treatment of uncomplicated lower genital tract infections. Annual screening of all sexually active women aged 25 years or less as well as older women with risk factors (ie, those who have a new sex partner or multiple sex partners) is recommended by various government and professional organizations including the CDC and the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG).3,4 In addition, all pregnant women should be screened for chlamydial infection.
The Papanicolaou (Pap) test has become a routine procedure for women at their annual gynecologic visit because of its success in preventing cervical cancer and precursor lesions. In addition to its primary benefit as a cancer screening test, another benefit of the Pap test is the detection of cervicovaginal microorganisms. With the widespread use of liquid-based cytology, additional samples are readily available for other tests, such as screening for chlamydial infection.5,6 Assays that are used for diagnosing chlamydial infection are frequently based on the detection and identification of C trachomatis DNA. Most of the commercially available methods including the Hybrid Capture 2 (HC2) assay (Qiagen, Gaithersburg, MD) are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for ThinPrep Pap tests (Hologic, Boxborough, MA), but not for SurePath Pap tests (BD Diagnostic, Burlington, NC). Recently, the BD ProbeTec Chlamydia Trachomatis Qx Amplified DNA Assay (CTQ) on the BD Viper System with XTR technology (BD Diagnostic) was approved by the FDA for the detection of C trachomatis in both ThinPrep and SurePath liquid-based preparations. As part of a validation process, we compared the performance of the Viper System using XTR technology and the HC2 assay in the detection of C trachomatis using liquid-based preparations.
Materials and Methods
Specimen Collection and Storage
During a 1-month period, all liquid-based Pap tests with a concurrent request for C trachomatis testing were included in this study. The specimens consisted of both SurePath and ThinPrep samples. The specimens were collected routinely by gynecologists and obstetricians in PreservCyt solution (Hologic) and SurePath preservative solution (BD Diagnostic) for ThinPrep and SurePath specimens, respectively. The method of collection did not vary from the standard procedure used for obtaining samples for cytologic evaluation only. Although the specimens could be stored at room temperature for up to 21 days before testing, all samples were tested within 48 hours from the time of accession.
CTQ Amplified DNA Assay
An aliquot of 0.5 mL of SurePath or PreservCyt fluid was transferred to a liquid-based specimen dilution tube (BD Diagnostic) before cytology preparation. The tubes containing the 0.5-mL aliquots were loaded onto the Viper system, which then performed all the steps necessary for extraction and amplification of target DNA without further laboratory personnel assistance. DNA samples were extracted by transferring each sample to an extraction tube containing ferric oxide particles in a dissolvable film, together with fluorescent-labeled extraction control oligonucleotides; the same process was performed on the control specimens to confirm the validity of the extraction process for each individual specimen.
In the extraction tube, the bacterial cells and nuclei were disrupted, and the bacterial DNA released into solution, using a high-pH lysis buffer. An acidic buffer was then added to lower the pH and induce a positive charge on the ferric oxide particles, which in turn bound to the negatively charged bacterial and fluorescent-labeled control DNA in the solution. The ferric oxide particles with bound DNA were extracted using magnetic capture and a high pH buffer.
After the addition of a neutralization buffer to lower the pH for optimal amplification of the target, the DNA solutions were then transferred to priming microwells containing the specific primers and probes for the target DNA sequences, nucleotides, and other reaction components necessary for the assay. When present, C trachomatis DNA was detected by means of strand displacement amplification of the target sequence within open reading frame 3 in the presence of a fluorescent-labeled detector probe. The priming wells containing the mixture were then heated to 70°C for 10 minutes. To initiate the amplification and detection process, an aliquot of fluid would then be transferred from the priming microwells to the amplification microwells, which were preheated to 52.5°C. The fluorescent signals from each sample were then measured and positive or negative results were determined by comparing the maximum relative fluorescent signal obtained from a given specimen to a determined threshold.
HC2 Assay
The HC2 assay was performed as a combined test for C trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The assay detected DNA-RNA hybrids with signal amplification technology and therefore did not include a DNA amplification control. The initial denaturing step was performed manually by transferring an aliquot of 2 or 4 mL of SurePath or PreservCyt fluid, respectively, from the residual fluid after cytology preparation of a denaturing agent. The mixtures were then processed in batches of up to 88 samples (plus 8 controls) by incubating at 65°C for 45 minutes. The denatured samples were then loaded onto the Rapid Capture System (Qiagen), a programmable 96-well microplate processor for performing all steps before signal detection.
Signal detection was accomplished using a DML 2000 luminometer. Relative light units (RLUs) for the positive and negative controls were used to calculate the run-specific cutoff and results were reported as RLU/cut-off ratios. Samples with an RLU/cut-off ratio less than 1 and more than or equal to 2.5 were considered negative and positive, respectively. Samples with ratios more than or equal to 1 and less than 2.5 were considered equivocal and the samples were retested in duplicate. The samples were considered positive if the results of at least 2 of the 3 tests (the initial test and the 2 retests) were more than or equal to 1. An initial positive result meant that the specimen tested positive for either C trachomatis or N gonorrhoeae, or both. Reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed on specimens that yielded an initial positive result to identify whether the initial signal was caused by the presence of chlamydial or gonococcal DNA, or both.
All samples that were positive for CTQ assay, HC2 assay, or both were tested with RT-PCR. Oligo-nucleotide sequences in RT-PCR testing for C trachomatis include the following: forward primer, 5′-CCA-CAGAATTCCGTCGATCA--CT-3′ ; reverse primer, 5′-TGCCGCTTTGAGTTCTGCTT--CT-3;' and the probe FAM-ATTCCCCACAGGCAGAGCTTGCCA. PCR reactions were performed on an ABI Prism 7000 Sequence Detection System (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA). For each PCR run, a master mixture was prepared on ice with 1× TaqMan buffer; 5 mmol/L of magnesium chloride; 200 mmol/L of deoxyadenosine triphosphate, deoxycytidine triphosphate, and deoxyguanosine triphosphate, and 400 mmol/L of deoxyuridine triphosphate; 300 nmol/L of each primer; 150 nmol/L probe; and 1.25 U of AmpliTaq Gold DNA polymerase (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). Ten microliters of each appropriately diluted DNA sample was added to 40 μL of the PCR master mixture. The thermal cycling conditions comprised an initial denaturation step at 95°C for 10 minutes, and 50 cycles at 95°C for 15 seconds and 65°C for 1 minute. Experiments were performed in duplicate for each data point for each run. Data were normalized to the quencher dye tetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA) and analyzed. The final results represented duplicate experiments of each specimen. Cases reaching the threshold level were further confirmed with a visual inspection of the output real-time PCR graphs for final reporting.
Statistical Analyses
The concordance between the CTQ and HC2 assays was analyzed using the κ statistic. The measure of agreement was generally interpreted as follows: less than 0.20, poor agreement; 0.21 to 0.40, fair agreement; 041 to 0.60, moderate agreement; 0.61 to 0.80, good agreement; and more than 0.80, excellent agreement.7 We also calculated the sensitivity and specificity, as well as positive and negative predictive values of both the CTQ and HC2 assays. A sample was treated as a true negative if results of both the CTQ assay and the HC2 assay were negative or if the result of the confirmatory RT-PCR test was negative. However, a sample was considered a true positive only if the result of the RT-PCR test confirmed a positive assay result.
During a 1-month period, a total of 1,054 liquid-based gynecologic cytology samples were tested for C trachomatis using both the CTQ and HC2 assays; 99 (9.4%) of these were ThinPrep samples and 955 (90.6%) were SurePath samples. Table 1 summarizes the results of the CTQ assay and the HC2 assay. Among these samples, 1,041 were negative with both the CTQ assay and the HC2 assay. Eight were positive with both the CTQ and HC2 assays, as well as with RT-PCR. Five were positive with the CTQ assay only; 4 of these 5 cases were also positive with RT-PCR. One sample was positive with the HC2 assay, but negative with the CTQ assay and RT-PCR. As a result, 6 samples had discordant CTQ assay and HC2 assay results, accounting for 0.57% of all cases. The kappa statistic was 0.72. None of the samples that were positive with the HC2 assay were positive for Neisseria by RT-PCR or the BD ProbeTec Neisseria gonorrhoeae Qx Amplified DNA Assay.
The numbers of true negative and true positive cases were 1,042 and 12, respectively. Therefore, the prevalence of Chlamydia infection was 1.13% (95% confidence interval, 0.62% to 2.04%). Table 2 summarizes the performance of both methods in the detection of C trachomatis in liquid-based preparations. The CTQ assay demonstrated a significantly higher sensitivity than the HC2 assay, and a slightly higher positive predictive value (PPV) than the HC2 assay.
Until recently, most commercially available C trachomatis assays, which were based on the detection of C trachomatis DNA, were approved by the FDA for ThinPrep liquid-based preparations only. In the winter of 2010, the BD Viper System with XTR Technology and the ProbeTec Qx Amplified DNA Assay was approved by the FDA for C trachomatis detection in both ThinPrep and SurePath specimens. In the spring of 2011, we decided to replace the HC2 assay with the CTQ assay to detect C trachomatis. When switching from one method to another, it is important to demonstrate that the new platform performs equally, if not better than, the existing one. Therefore, as part of the validation process, we compared the performance of the 2 assays for detecting C trachomatis with samples from a patient population with a relatively low prevalence of chlamydial infection (1.13%).
Both assays showed good agreement with a κ score of 0.72. Results were discordant in 6 cases. Using RT-PCR as the "gold standard," the false-negative rates for the CTQ assay and the HC2 assay were 0.0% and 33.3%, respectively, whereas the false-positive rates for the CTQ assay and the HC2 assay were both 0.01%. The sensitivity and specificity for CTQ assay were 100% and 99.9%, respectively, which were comparable to the performance data published by the manufacturer, namely, 95.0% sensitivity and 95.3% specificity.8 Taylor et al9 also reported a sensitivity and specificity of 91.3% and 98.3% using endocervical swab specimens.
Based on our observations, the sensitivity of the CTQ assay in identifying C trachomatis was superior to that of the HC2 assay (100% vs 66.6%), while demonstrating similar specificity (100%). The probes and the primers used for the CTQ assay and PCR were complementary to sequences of C trachomatis cryptic plasmids, whereas the probes for the HC2 assay were complementary to both cryptic plasmid and genomic C trachomatis sequences. This may explain the "false-positive" case of HC2 assay. However, the differences in the probes would not explain the observed differences in sensitivities between the 2 assays. In general, it has been agreed that the sensitivities of nuclei acid amplification tests (NAAT) such as CTQ assay have consistently exceeded those of non-NAATs such as the HC2 assay.3 The limit of detection of the HC2 assay was 50 elementary bodies per milliliter10 with endocervical specimens whereas that of the CTQ assay was 14 elementary bodies per milliliter with urine specimens.11 In contrast to our observations, other studies have reported that the sensitivity for the HC2 assay with or without the use of the Rapid Capture System for detecting C trachomatis was above 90%.10,12–15 One plausible explanation may be the types of samples being tested. Most of these studies use endocervical specimens collected with a cervical sampler and placed in a Digene sample transport medium (Qiagen), whereas the current study used aliquots from the residual fluid after cytology preparation.
Because RT-PCR was only used as a confirmatory test and to adjudicate discordant results in this study, it is possible that there were true-positive specimens in the test population that were not detected with either HC2 assay or CTQ assay. On the other hand, one specimen was considered a presumptive false positive with the CTQ assay because it was not detected with RT-PCR. It is possible that this specimen might actually contain C trachomatis DNA, but was not amplified in the PCR reaction because of the presence of an inhibitor. Because this "false-positive" case represented fewer than 0.1% of all specimens tested, the specificity of the CTQ assay for the detection of C trachomatis still approached 100%.
Although commercially available NAATs used for screening chlamydial infections are sensitive and specific for detecting C trachomatis in cytologic specimens, questions have been raised about their PPV, particularly in a screening population with a low prevalence of chlamydial infection.15 Because a false-positive test result for C trachomatis can have adverse social and psychological effects on a patient, the CDC has recommended performing a confirmatory NAAT when the PPV is less than 90%.3 The PPV of detection would increase unless the screening and confirmatory tests are falsely positive for the same reasons (ie, mislabeled specimens, cross-contamination, and cross-reactivity with a nonchlamydial organism). In the current study, the PPV was more than 90%; in theory, a confirmatory test would not be necessary. However, because our patient population has a very low prevalence of chlamydial infection and the 95% confidence intervals of PPV were between 62% and 100%, a confirmatory test with RT-PCR was required after an initial positive result with the CTQ assay. In a population with a low prevalence of chlamydial infection such as ours (~1%), our average daily volume of fewer than 1 of 50 samples would require confirmatory testing. In a population with a high prevalence of chlamydial infection (ie, ~18%), approximately 9 of 50 samples would require confirmatory testing, resulting in a substantial increase in workload.
The cost per test for the CTQ assay ($9.91) and the HC2 assay ($8.67) were comparable. For HC2 assay, each kit contained 96 wells. Because each kit required 8 control samples, each kit had the capacity to test up to 88 samples. If fewer than 88 samples were run, the remaining unused wells were discarded. Therefore, it might not be cost-effective in laboratories such as ours that performs fewer than 88 tests per kit. On the other hand, the CTQ assay had a very flexible format that allowed any number of specimens to be run without having to discard any unused test kits. The total cycle times from sample preparation to processing and reporting results for the HC2 assay and the CTQ assay were 16.5 hours and 4.5 hours, respectively. The actual hands-on time was 3.5 hours and 2 hours for the HC2 assay and the CTQ assay, respectively. After switching from the HC2 assay to the CTQ assay, our turnaround time for C trachomatis testing decreased by 50% from 4.4 days to 2.2 days (results not shown).
In conclusion, the CTQ assay is a cost-effective, quick, and reliable method for detecting C trachomatis in liquid-based cytology specimens. A confirmatory test is recommended in a population with a low prevalence of chlamydial infection to minimize the number of false positives. The CTQ assay can be easily adopted in a clinical laboratory setting because of its sensitivity, accuracy, high throughput, and short cycle time.
- © American Society for Clinical Pathology