text:
Right at Home is always looking for qualified individuals in our offices and in our clients' homes. If any of our available positions interest you, please don't hesitate to submit the requested information.
Personal Care Aide / Certified Nursing Assistant
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Home Care Pulse
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text:
Shore schools look at budget options
JERSEY SHORE – Despite approving a proposed final budget that included a tax increase past the Act 1 Index, the Jersey Shore Area School Board did so in order to keep all options open until it approves a final budget on June 24. The board insisted the increase was not final.
Like he said in a previous meeting, Superintendent Richard Emery explained that the tax increase in the proposed final budget was made so the board can continue to look at three options: raising taxes past the Act 1 Index; raising to the Act 1 Index and making about $250,000 in cuts to programs; or closing a school and making about $60,000 in additional cuts.
"That is not final," Emery said of the increase.
Emery said if the district is forced to cut $250,000, it would do so either by limiting and cutting programs and athletics, or by increasing class sizes.
"The last thing we want to do is cut programs, period," Emery said.
The additional $60,000 in cuts that would be needed if a school was closed would come from a variety of places, Emery said after the meeting.
The only school eligible to be closed is Nippenose Valley Elementary School, as it was the lone school discussed at a public hearing earlier this year.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Check here to find out what's happening in the world of poetry. From the riveting to the ridiculous, we post poetry news from around the world.
A Poetry Garden: Retired Teacher Bill Myers Still Sharing Inspiration
Actor Bill Murray Loves Poetry
Barn bards!
British bard takes poetry on the road
E-books not a good fit for poetry
Film about Carl Sandburg
How a Poem Gets Where It's Going
Kwame Alexander's secret for getting teens interested in poetry
New Keats bio explores poet's passion for medicine
Poetry as music
Poetry at the gym
Persian food has a poetic history
Poetry goes Hollywood
Poetry in Comics
Poetry in Iraq
Poetry on the bus
Poetry on your iPhone
Poetry Pals
Poetry provides insights for students and inmates
Poetry Trail in Princeton
Proliferation of poets in New Jersey
Review of the movie, "Poetry"
Take a poem, leave a poem
Teacher uses poetry to reach teens in jail
Underground poetry picking up speed


text:
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Air Intake Screens for PorscheMany Suncoast PCAers are familiar with ZunSport, anEnglish manufacturer of stainless steel intake screens forEuropean cars. Only too many Porsche owners have discoveredthat their front radiator intakes have, by design, been leftwide open, leaving expensive radiators pro...
Chariots of Ire
Over the last few months I have been following various car forums. Sad, I know but (I add hastily) it was all in the cause of research – I promise. Well, maybe tinged with a hint of enthusiasm. What has surprised me is the number of threads that have been dominated by a desire to improve t...
To Grille, or Not to Grille. What is the Question?
To Grille, or Not to Grille. What is the Question? Being somebody who grew up with a major motor manufacturer I can understand their viewpoint on people who would change the looks of a vehicle that they have lovingly created and developed. But there is another side to that industry whi...
Now is the Winter of Our Discontent
It comes round every year and at this time we start to speculate just how bad it will be. Winter, that is. We wonder about the snow, and how cold it will get. Will I be able to get to work? Will the trains be delayed because of leaves on the line? We should also be taking ...
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In the words of Ronan Keating (and I don't quote him very often), "You say it best when you say nothing at all". In this case we are going to say nothing but let you do the talking for us: The BRZ has a wide open grille. After 5 days of driving check out the insects, I hate to imagine w...
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It's usually a two-seat vehicle, though some have back seats, designed for nimble handling and spirited performance. Aside from exceptional speed, it offers a more powerful engine and more horsepower.In choosing a sports car, think about what you need and how the brand makes you feel. There's more t...
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Hypergraphs for breakfast!
With npm do
npm install iper
With bower do
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Hypergraph constructor.
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Add an hyperedge that connects given nodeIds.
{Array} nodeIds
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2016 Rates
UPDATED: $10 discount after reaching 80% of reserved beds during multi-night retreats!
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text:
Leslie G. Biesecker, M.D., chief of NHGRI's Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, has been elected to the National Academy of Medicine (NAM). Dr. Biesecker is a clinical and molecular geneticist who studies the cause of rare disorders, such as Proteus syndrome, to improve medical treatment for affected individuals. NAM recognizes individuals who have made major contributions to the advancement of medical science, health care and public health.
In this issue of The Genomics Landscape, we feature an overview of NHGRI's impressive technology development programs and the many accomplishments and goals those programs have achieved. There's also a story on an NHGRI training program that "turns docs into researchers," a review of a recent workshop that focused on family health history tools and a welcome to two new policy and education fellows.
NHGRI is pushing beyond current capabilities in genome sequencing. New funding awards, totaling approximately $6.7 million, are part of a technology investment that began in 2004. The aim is to advance the development of genome sequencing technologies that are faster, cheaper, and more accurate and sensitive than those we already have.
The Physician-Scientist Development Program (PSDP) at the National Human Genome Research Institute helps physicians develop research programs dedicated to the disorders they specialize in. The program trains fellows to use the tools that unlock information in the human genome for real world applications, such as finding cures for genetic diseases. Armed with training from the PSDP, Dr. Peter McGuire joins the Division of Intramural Research as its newest faculty member.
Researchers have begun identifying genetic mutations that evolved over thousands of years to protect Africans from disease pathogens. NHGRI Researcher Charles Rotimi, Ph.D., calls for comprehensive DNA sampling and genetic characterization of Africans and the people of the African Diaspora in an opinion article in the journal Current Opinion in Genetics & Development.


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OAKLAND, Calif. -- The National Meat Association here is holding a Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point training workshop May 18 to 20 in San Francisco in conjunction with the consulting firm PhF Specialists. rvice for the installation of HACCP monitoring procedures. The seminar is structured to provide hands-on training in developing a program for sausage and ground meat. Activities will include case studies and small group participation.
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Hotel Costa Caddu - San Teodoro
Along with free buffet breakfast, this hotel offers a restaurant and free self parking. Go for a dip in the outdoor pool and enjoy the sun loungers. The bar/lounge is a perfect place to have a drink.
Multilingual staff are available at the front desk 24 hours-a-day and can provide tour/ticket assistance, express check-in and express check-out. Free WiFi is available.
Hotel Costa Caddu - San Teodoro
Hotel Info: 1-877-214-4288from $160
- Family Room
- Family Room, Connecting Rooms
- Triple Room
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- Double or Twin Room
Also popular with travelers from the USA
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 42 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 1 floor
- Check-in time 3 PM-midnight
- Check-out time is 10 AM
- Express check-in/out
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
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Travelling with others
- Pets allowed *
- Restrictions apply *
- 1 per room
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Airport shuttle *
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- Free self parking
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- Free buffet breakfast daily
- Restaurant
- Bar/lounge
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- 24-hour front desk
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- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Year Built 2006
- Rooftop terrace
- Garden
- Television in common areas
- Accessible bathroom
- In-room accessibility
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- In-room climate control (air conditioning)
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- Shower only
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Hotel Costa Caddu - San Teodoro's small print
Also known as
- Costa Caddu
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- Hotel Costa Caddu
- Hotel Costa Caddu San Teodoro
- Hotel Costa Caddu San Teodoro, Sardinia
All guests, including children, must be present at check-in and show their government-issued photo ID card or passport.
Cash transactions at this property cannot exceed EUR 2999.99, due to national regulations. For further details, please contact the property using information in the booking confirmation.
The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation.
Pet-friendly rooms can be requested by contacting the property at the number on the booking confirmation.
For transfers, guests must contact the property before arrival at the number on the booking confirmation.
Optional extras
Cribs/Infant beds are available for EUR 12,00 per night
Pets are allowed for an extra charge of EUR 10 per pet, per night (maximum EUR 10 per stay)
Airport shuttle service is offered for an extra charge
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.


text:
9 Christmas Movie Cliches to Retire
It's the Most Repetitive Time of the Year… So yeah, let's talk about Christmas movies. For every classic, there are...Read More
7 Ways to Know You're in the Wrong Church
I don't know about you, but every once in a while I need a break from all the seriousness. I love devotions, encouraging words, even...Read More
Finding Joy in the Little Things
This year I'm teaching a 10th grade English class. It's a lot of work, for sure, but I love the kids. Besides that, I get the...Read More
Thoughtfully Funny
My wife, Andrea, and I are out of town today attending a foster parent training. It'll be a long one! But I thought I would keep it...Read More
4 Ways to (Possibly) Feel Better about Yourself
I tend to be fairly serious around here and I enjoy it, but sometimes, it's just good to be silly–and in this case, possibly...Read More
Busy? I'll Make This Short
I love encouraging and digging into the word around here, but I have to admit I'm spent. The busyness of the past few weeks coupled...Read More


text:
Expired SSL Certificate Brings Down Windows Azure Cloud
An expired SSL certificate brought down Windows Azure cloud storage for 12 hours over the weekend, according to a post Sunday on the Windows Azure blog.
The worldwide outage impacted HTTPS traffic, and a number of Windows Azure services dependent on storage, Steve Martin, general manager, Windows Azure Business and Operations, said. The scope of the outage was enough for Windows Azure to decide to "proactively provide credits to impacted customers in accordance with [its] SLA," he said, which will be reflected on a subsequent invoice.
The mistake of allowing a SSL certificate to expire is not something that would be expected of an organization like Microsoft. The trivial error will cost Microsoft big time as it promises to reimburse customers impacted by the lengthy outage.
Subscribe to WHIR Newsletters Get Our Exclusive Report on "The Hosting Infrastructure Ecosystem".
In the Data Center Knowledge report, Windows Azure Cloud Crashed by Expired SSL Certificate, Rich Miller asked how a company that has spent more than $15 billion building its cloud infrastructure could make such a mistake. So how did an expired SSL certificate crash the Windows Azure storage cloud computing platform Friday and Saturday? It's an expensive question for Microsoft."
A year ago, Windows Azure customers were credited after a "Leap Day" bug with a security certificate caused a 12 hour outage.
Both Windows Azure outages show that small details can have a big impact when it comes to outages and downtime in the cloud.
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Watch New Girl Season 1 Episode 23 online via TV Fanatic with over 5 options to watch the New Girl S1E23 full episode. Affiliates with free and paid streaming include Amazon, iTunes, Vudu, YouTube Purchase, and Google Play.
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- Show:
- New Girl
- Season:
- New Girl Season 1
- Episode Number:
- 23


text:
Chiat\Day's Virtual Office
Big Idea: No walls, no desks, and no hierarchies in a Frank Gehry-designed Los Angeles wonderland, all in pursuit of the notion that chaos breeds the best creative work.
What happened? Workers revolted at the lack of personal space and privacy, and constantly fought for elbow room and resources (computers and phones, which had to be checked in and out each day, were soon not returned). The result was lost productivity and diminished effectiveness. Launched in 1994, the virtual office was officially killed in 1998, but had been dead long before that.
Chiat\Day's Agency of the Future
Big Idea: In 1992, advertising legend Jay Chiat saw his industry as an anachronism and decided to figure out what was next. After two years of brainstorming, his team came to believe that advertising itself should be jettisoned in favor of strategic consulting that helped clients understand their "total role in society," centering on ethics.
What happened? When staffers suggested that Chiat\Day be the first company to live up to these values—its workers were fried from top-down experiments such as the virtual office, among other things—Chiat effectively killed the project. The agency's board soon after sold Chiat\Day to Omnicom's TBWA.
St. Luke's Ad Agency to End All Ad Agencies
Big Idea: The London office of Chiat\Day rose up in response to the TBWA sale and spun off into its own agency, designed to live by the values that the Agency of the Future tried to create. Everyone from assistants to creative directors owned equal shares of the company.
What happened? The kibbutz-style utopia imploded in 1999 when egos and a debate over international expansion unraveled its management team, and a vote forced Andy Law, its cofounder, to resign—embarrassingly, the same month his book, Creative Company: How St. Luke's Became "the Ad Agency to End All Ad Agencies," was published.
A version of this article appeared in the October 2005 issue of Fast Company magazine.


text:
- Text Size:
- ASmall Text
- AMedium Text
- ALarge Text
A verdict was announced Friday in the case of a man who ran over and dragged another man for several blocks.
Richard Halterman was found guilty Friday afternoon of vehicular homicide while under the influence.
Cristobal Archila, 48, was working on his car on 400 East 19th St. in Des Moines on Nov. 13 when he was hit. Archila was dragged down the street, and later died of his injuries.
Halterman's sentencing is scheduled for May 11.


text:
The presentation is free and open to the public.
Lazan was 13 years old when she arrived in the United States after surviving Nazi concentration camps, including Bergen-Belsen in Germany. As an eyewitness to history, she will recount the ordeal of life in the camps. During her presentation she will stress the importance of positive thinking to overcome adversity as well as exercising tolerance and respect for others.
Organizers of the event say the current generation of students will be the last to hear a first-hand account of the tragedy of the Holocaust.
Lazan has spoken to thousands of students in Central New York in recent years.
Last year, she visited Eagle Hill Middle School in the Fayetteville-Manlius school district. She told students there how she was imprisoned at Bergen-Belsen during the years she should have been learning the alphabet and how to read.
When her family was liberated, Lazan was 10 years old and weighed less than 35 pounds. She had never been in a store, never had any formal education and didn't understand table manners. She hadn't been able to brush her teeth in over a year and a half.
"It was like learning to live all over again, " she said.
Organizers in the North Syracuse Central School Distict say Lazan's presentation will be powerful once again at Roxboro Road Middle School. They are encouraging students in sixth grade and above, their parents, teachers, community leaders, pupils studying the Holocaust and world history, anyone interested in promoting and preserving human rights, and anyone seeking hope and inspiration to attend.
"As painful as it is, the horror of the Holocaust must be told, studied and kept alive," Lazan told Eagle Hill Middle School students last year. "That is the only way to keep it from ever happening again."
For more information on Lazan's presentation at Roxboro Road Middle School, call the school at (315) 218-3300.


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The ATH-CKM500..The best CKM earphone yet.
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Edisto Escape
Sometimes high expectations are doomed by real life. Like watching your grown daughters become friends, and grandchildren become brothers, in the space of half a day.
And I became the queen of Sheba.
We met at "Hurricane House" in Edisto (or Edisto Beach or Edisto Island – we never were sure of the municipal parameters). Second floor, of course. It seems that everything in Edisto is built to allow freaky high tides and hurricanes the right of way.
What a wonderful forest of pilings, crisscrossing each other, reached by an elaborate trim of white stairways and sundeck rails that look, from a little distance, like ruffles on a pleated dress. And in what must have been a planning commission coup, the only external paint is in muted "natural colors," sea-gray, soft blues, off-white, dusty sand.
I liked the harmony, the weathered look.
The house was pristine, just loaded with wonderful pottery decorated by all things palm. Palm-glazed plates, mugs, towels, storage containers, rugs – yes, almost everything in the house was for sale, prices tastefully offered in a notebook in a drawer rather than sticky notes stuck on the bottom of items.
But my mission today was to let you know how it went with the girls and the grandsons under the same roof. In a word: splendidly. Most of the inevitable sibling flair-ups were perfectly justified, in their eyes, and could be worked out quickly by one word from their mother. "Attitude, gentlemen," she snapped, and I was left to try to sort out which one was the aggrieved brother.
U.J., the nearly-7-year-old, launched a case of crocodile tears, complete with chest-deep sobs. Apparently he was taken aback by something Dave said or scolded him about.
"What's your problem," someone asked him after the first volley, and U.J. paused long enough to blurt, "He hurted my feelings!" When we laughed and told him hurt feelings never killed anybody, he got well in a jiffy.
For the most part, he and Samuel, 10, were happy. What's not to love about sea and sand and seafood? It was too cold for anyone to want to go into the water, although, of course, the sand was slippery and one could fall in accidentally. One didn't last another 10 minutes on that breezy porch, wearing a wet T-shirt.
But my plan was to submit myself to whatever royal indulgence I could demand. The boys catered to me briefly and promised to be forever by my side. It's too soon to know if their vows would be carried out. Forever is quite a long time. Their strong legs carried most of my stuff up to the apartment when we arrived and took it down when we left.
Beautiful as the stairway and new deck are, 25 steps are 25 steps. Going down was even worse. The steps naturally lie crossways to the risers and it's impossible to see which straight line is at the edge.
I read some, but that was mostly a matter of being overwhelmed with loaded bookshelves in several rooms, plus a few DVDs or videotapes. Mary had bought me a couple of movies, including "Quartet" which we watched, "Murder at 1600," and "Cookie's Fortune" that we enjoyed despite the violence.
The nicest aspect of a vacation, for me, was doing nothing, nothing at all. "Can I help with dinner, girls?" "No, Mom, but would you like a cup of tea?" Breakfast was prepared for me and served to me and cleaned up afterwards, for me.
And all I had to do was take a shower every day or two, and eat, and sleep. And welcome any little boys that needed to cuddle.
[Sallie Satterthwaite of Peachtree City has been writing for The Citizen since our first issue Feb. 10, 1993. Before that she had served as a city councilwoman and as a volunteer emergency medical technician. She is the only columnist we know who has a fire station named for her. Her email is firstname.lastname@example.com.]
- Sallie Satterthwaite's blog
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The Only Thing You Need to Know About the Fiscal Cliff
I'm going to lay out everything you need to know about the fiscal cliff negotiations. After reading this, you can ignore all of the media's coverage of this topic as well as various politicians' announcements pertaining to this subject. All you need to know consists of just one sentence. Politicians


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Trailers have popped up recently for three new creature features: the Devon Sawa-starring Creature of Darkness, the remake of Attack of the Giant Leeches, and the extraterrestrial battle royal Alien Grey Area-X. Wanna take a look see?
Let's start with the Creature of Darkness, the monster movie starring Devon Sawa I first wrote about ">back in March. Fangoria is hosting the exclusive trailer for the fright flick about a group of friends in the woods being hunted by a monstrous being known as "The Catcher" that's been haunting Sawa's dreams. I harken back to that Don Dohler documentary ">Blood, Boobs, & Beast (review) that was named so after Dohler's mantra about the three things needed to help sell your monster movie. Indeed, Creature of Darkness looks to deliver plenty of blood, quite a few boobs, and a rather cool looking beast. Joe Bob says check it out.
Then there's the remake of Roger Corman's 1959 cult favorite Attack of the Giant Leeches from Ottawa-based microbudget filmmaker Brett Kelly (official site), whose latest effort, Prey for the Beast, was just released to DVD this week. Kelly's version of Leeches looks like it could be even lower budget than Corman's, but the spirit of the original is still there, albeit in color this time. Hey, backwater melodrama and big ugly leeches that'll drain you dry – what more could you ask for? Head over to Kelly's website and have a look.
Lastly, a big head's up to a guy named Avery for steering me in the direction of writer/director Thomas R. Dickens' Alien Grey Zone-X, a science fiction thriller with some impressive digital effects especially given the obvious low budget nature of the flick. Actual plot details are sketchy but all one need do is watch the trailer and you can figure out it has to do with some people trapped in the desert being stalked by a madman who all make the grievous error of wandering into a restricted government area lorded over by some not-so-friendly grey aliens and their monstrous creations, such a giant cyborg spider and a dinosaur-like behemoth.
The AGZ-X trailer is most definitely worth a look just to see what kind of impressive CGI can be pulled off on so little a budget. You can find more clips at the film's official website. I'd be lying if I said I was all that impressed with the acting. I'd also be lying if I said I wasn't very interested in seeing this one myself.
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CNN's Amber Lyon Ambushed Craigslist — But She Won't Talk to The Village Voice:
Not satisfied with going after Ashton Kutcher and his crusade against human trafficking The Village Voice has taken to going after CNN reporter Amber Lyon.
For those of you who may not know Amber Lyon has been instrumental in reporting on human trafficking in the United States. She is probably most famous for her 'ambush' interview of Craig Newmark, the Craig in craigslist. In the interview she asked Mr. Newmark about the obvious prostitution ads on craigslist to which Mr. Newmark had no answer. A lot of activists say that this was crucial into getting craigslist to shut down their adult/erotic services sections worldwide.
Now in the ultimate case of the pot calling the kettle black The Village Voice has accused Ms. Lyon of bad journalism. That's funny coming from The Village Voice since their parent company, Village Voice Media, owns backpage.com. The craigslist clone that still has a plethora of ads where children and women are bought and sold into sexual slavery.
Once again The Village Voice claims that this is a First amendment issue which couldn't be further from the truth. This has always been a money issue as in Village Voice Media is making money hand over fist through the prostitution ads on backpage.
The fact that The Village Voice is supporting backpage's trafficking ads shows not only that they have zero objectivity but zero credibility as well.
3 Comments
Hmm… did you read the article? Do you have any response to the argument that the incidence of child prostitution in the US is wildly overstated by Ms. Lyon and her sources? What about the conflict of interest in her raising funds for her sources?↓
I read every word and if you think that Village Voice's numbers are even close to accurate you're sadly mistaken. It seems to me like VVM sat down and said "How can we get the lowest number of child trafficking stats possible" then worked their way backwards from there. Not to mention that numbers don't really matter because the fact remains that Village Voice Media is making money off of the trafficking of women in children.↓
Isn't just ONE illegal ad selling CHILD prostitution and trafficking (you know, innocent, helpless children) enough for you? How many children's lives need to be ruined to be considered "wildly overstated?" I hope to the heavens that you do not have children of your own.↓


text: MainStoriesWisconsin Athlete Nominated Team Co-Captain by his Peers at Team USA Training Camp! Wisconsin Athlete Nominated Team Co-Captain by his Peers at Team USA Training Camp! Alex Guild Christina Harris | Jan 25, 2013 | North America: Wisconsin Special Olympics Wisconsin (SOWI) athlete Alex Guild, 22 of De Pere, was recently selected to compete in snowshoeing at the 2013 Special Olympics World Winter Games in PyeongChang, South Korea. Alex is the only representative from Team USA who is competing in the longest three snow shoeing races offered at the World Games. Alex will compete in the 5K, 1,600 meter and 4x400 meter relay. His parents, Laurie and Rick, are making the journey to South Korea and will cheer him on every step of the way! He was voted Team Co-Captain by his peers at the training camp in Lake Placid in December. Guild, who is one of three SOWI athletes representing Team USA, said, "This is a tremendous opportunity to represent Wisconsin and the USA in competition, to travel to another part of the world, and meet, interact, and compete with teammates and foreign competitors." During his time with Special Olympics, he has received a total of ten State Games medals, including four gold, four silver and two bronze. About Me:Director of Communications Read More Stories My friend Tony Alaina TorkelsonWhen I was a kid I used the r-word frequently even picking on kids that were different....that is until I met Tony.Traditional Leaders in Malawi Support Family Health ForumsRomi ReineckePablo Ulises Lázaro: Successes of a mother and her sonLeilani GonzalezHe no longer fears dentistsGenevieve JiangVisiting a dental clinic made Bhavya Jain very anxious. Special Olympics helped.From shy and isolated, to confident leaderGenevieve JiangBefore Punsara Dissanayake joined Special Olympics Serendib, she was reluctant to attend school as she feared being bullied.Medical help gave her winning edgeGenevieve JiangJohn Lucas: From Introvert to Spokesman in BrazilCaroline ChevatA Special Olympics athlete took part in the signing of an agreement between Special Olympics and the International Volleyball Federation.Special Olympics Saved my Life!Marquis Antwan GarnerJuan Atilio: Overcoming prejudiceLeilani GonzalezMaking a Difference in India and NepalDavid HircockThank You, Special Olympics LouisianaJude and Paula BernardDo You Have A Story to Share?Share Your Story More Stories


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Patent application title: METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR ELIMINATING DC BIAS ON ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITORS AND SHUTDOWN DETECTING CIRCUIT FOR CURRENT FED BALLAST
Timothy Chen (Aurora, OH, US)
Timothy Chen (Aurora, OH, US)
Hailiang Miao (Shanghai, CN)
Nitin Kumar (Mayfield Heights, OH, US)
IPC8 Class: AH05B4124FI
USPC Class:
Class name: Electric lamp and discharge devices: systems periodic switch in the supply circuit periodic switch cut-out
Publication date: 2009-05-07
Patent application number: 20090115340
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A system and method is provided that eliminates DC bias on at least one of
a first electrolytic capacitor and a second electrolytic capacitor of a
bipolar junction transistor (BJT) based inverter ballast having a
shutdown control circuit in association with only one of at least two BJT
switches. A duty cycle dependent capacitor is connected in a series with
a bus of the ballast, and a resonant circuit, including primary winding
of the output transformer and a resonant capacitor. A balancing/charging
resistor is connected at one end between the first electrolytic capacitor
and the second electrolytic capacitor, and at another end to the duty
cycle dependent capacitor and the resonant circuit.
1. A system that eliminates DC bias on at least one of a first
electrolytic capacitor and a second electrolytic capacitor of a bipolar
junction transistor based inverter ballast having a shutdown control
circuit optionally associated with only one of at least two bipolar
switches, the system comprising:a duty cycle dependent capacitor
connected in series with a bus of the ballast and a resonant circuit
including a inductor winding and a resonant capacitor;a
balancing/charging resistor connected at one end between the first
electrolytic capacitor and the second electrolytic capacitor and at
another end to the duty cycle dependent capacitor and the resonant
2. The system according to claim 1, wherein the duty cycle dependent capacitor is configured and positioned to shift an imbalance in a voltage on the first electrolytic capacitor and the second electrolytic capacitor that can occur upon shutdown of the ballast.
3. The system according to claim 1, wherein a voltage rating of the duty cycle dependent capacitor is at least as great as a maximum bus voltage of the ballast.
4. The system according to claim 1, wherein the balancing/charging resistor is configured to allow charge to charge up the duty cycle dependent capacitor to a voltage value on at least one of the electrolytic capacitors.
5. The system according to claim 1, including a shutdown detecting circuit configured to detect a signal at a winding of one of the ballast or a lighting system and configured to supply a shutdown signal to the shutdown control circuit.
6. The system according to claim 1, wherein a ratio between one of the electrolytic capacitors and the duty cycle dependent capacitor is in the range of 50.about.600.
7. The system according to claim 1, wherein the ratio between one of the electrolytic capacitors and the duty cycle dependent capacitor is approximately 470.
8. The system according to claim 1, wherein the time constant between the duty cycle dependent capacitor and the balancing/charging capacitor is in the range of 25 milliseconds and 100 milliseconds.
9. The system according to claim 1, wherein the time constant between the duty cycle dependent capacitor and the balancing/charging capacitor is in the range of 25 milliseconds and 75 milliseconds.
10. A method of eliminating DC bias on at least one of a first electrolytic capacitor and a second electrolytic capacitor of a bipolar junction transistor based inverter ballast having a shutdown control circuit on only one of at least two bipolar switches, the method comprising:starting shut down of the inverter ballast; andshifting voltage imbalance from at least one of the electrolytic capacitors to a duty cycle dependent capacitor connected in series with a bus of the ballast and a resonant circuit including a transformer winding and a resonant capacitor.
11. The method according to claim 10, further including accelerating the shutdown of the inverter ballast by shifting voltage to the duty cycle dependent capacitor.
12. The method according to claim 10, further including charging the duty cycle dependent capacitor by a balancing/charging resistor connected at one end between the first electrolytic capacitor and the second electrolytic capacitor and at another end to the duty cycle dependent capacitor and then resonant circuit prior to start-up of the inverter ballast.
13. The method according to claim 10, wherein a voltage rating of the duty cycle dependent capacitor is at least as great as a maximum bus voltage of the ballast.
14. The system according to claim 10, including a shutdown detecting circuit configured to detect a signal at a winding of one of the ballast or a lighting system and configured to supply a shutdown signal to the shutdown control circuit.
[0001]The present application is directed to lighting devices, and more particularly to ballast circuitry for discharge lamps.
[0002]Electronic ballasts utilize electronic circuitry to stabilize current for fluorescent lamps, high-intensity discharge lamps, and the like. Electronic ballasts may be started using one of several starting techniques, including "instant" start, "rapid" start, and "programmed" start. The instant start technique starts a lamp in the short term, because it starts and operates the ballast without preheating a cathode associated therewith, which results in low cost in ballast design but wears out the lamp more rapidly than other starting protocols due to the violent nature of the starting method. The rapid starting technique starts the ballast and heats the cathode concurrently, resulting in a relatively long start time while mitigating the deleterious effects of a cold start on the lamp's cathode. Finally, the programmed start technique employs a cathode preheating period at low glow discharge current which increases the lamp's life for frequency switching applications.
[0003]Description of a ballast which includes an instant program start configuration for use with parallel lamps has been set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 7,193,368, titled, Parallel Lamps With Instant Program Start Electronic Ballast, to Chen et al., issued Mar. 20, 2007. This ballast takes advantage of the beneficial aspects of a program start ballast (e.g., longer lamp life) and combines it with the advantages of an instant start ballast (e.g., quick start time) to produce an improved lamp ballast wherein parallel lamps are driven.
[0004]U.S. application Ser. No. 11/645,939, titled, Switching Control For Inverter Startup And Shutdown, filed Dec. 27, 2006, which includes a low cost shutdown circuit.
[0005]Both U.S. Pat. No. 7,193,368 to Chen et al., and U.S. application Ser. No. 11/645,939 to Chen et al. are both hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.
[0006]Drawbacks such as described above, which have startup and shutdown circuitry, are that the shutdown control circuitry acts on only one of the bipolar junction transistor (BJT) switches. Therefore, when the complete turnoff of that particular BJT switch does not occur in a short time interval, an imbalance will exist on series connected electrolytic capacitors of the ballast. As a result of the imbalance, one of the two series electrolytic capacitors of the ballast is subject to overvoltage, leading to the failure of the overloaded capacitor.
[0007]A system and method is provided that eliminates DC bias on at least one of a first electrolytic capacitor and a second electrolytic capacitor of a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) based inverter ballast having a shutdown control circuit in association with only one of at least two BJT switches. A duty cycle dependent capacitor is connected in a series with a bus of the ballast, and a resonant circuit, including primary winding of the output transformer and a resonant capacitor. A balancing/charging resistor is connected at one end between the first electrolytic capacitor and the second electrolytic capacitor, and at another end to the duty cycle dependent capacitor and the resonant circuit.
[0008]FIG. 1 illustrates an current fed based electronic ballast in which the concepts of the present application may be implemented.
[0009]FIG. 2 illustrates a simplified circuit similar to that of FIG. 1, including a duty cycle dependent capacitor and balancing resistor.
[0010]FIG. 3 depicts the concepts of FIG. 2, and further illustrates an inverter shutdown detection circuit.
[0011]In accordance with various aspects and features described herein, systems and methods are presented that facilitate elimination of DC bias on an electrolytic capacitor of an current fed based electronic ballast circuit with shutdown control on one of the switching device (BJT), and to provide a shutdown detecting circuit for such electronic ballast.
[0012]Bi-level control has become popular for high intensity discharge (HID) lamp systems due to its simplicity and energy cost-efficiency. This control has also gained popularity for fluorescent discharge lighting systems with electronic ballasts due to high energy savings at low cost. According to various features, a current-fed self-oscillating instant program start ballast is described, such as may be utilized in a number of lamp lighting systems, including but not limited to T5 lamp applications, and is designed in a manner that mitigates problems associated with conventional integrated circuit (IC) controlled ballasts, which tend to be expensive and less reliable.
[0013]With reference to FIG. 1, a schematic diagram of a ballast topography 100 is illustrated, wherein the ballast permits bi-level control for a lighting system by providing a line control step-level switching mechanism for the ballast 100. For instance, in a scenario in which it is desirable to turn off a lamp/inverter for energy savings, such as in a room in which no occupants are present, ballast 100 may facilitate lamp shut-off. The ballast 100 may be utilized in conjunction with a T5 discharge lamp, as well as other size discharge lamps, including but not limited to T8, T4, T3, T2, or any other size lamp in which line control step-level switching is desired. The ballast 100 comprises an input and power factor control (PFC) portion 102 comprising a first set of components, and an inverter portion 104. The input-PFC portion 102 includes a full-bridge rectifier (D1-D4), inductor L1, diode D5, capacitors C1, C2, C3, and switch Q1. The inverter portion 104 includes switching portions (Q2, R2, W2) and (Q3, R3, and W1), as well as capacitors C4, C5, C6, inductors L2, L3, diode D6, diac D7, resistor R4, and winding T1.
[0014]The PFC 102 and inverter 104 are coupled by a switching line 106 that facilitates triggering a shutdown/restart mechanism in accordance with various aspects. For instance, a switch 108 in switching line 106 may be triggered by a remote sensor (not shown), such as a motion sensor or the like, which detects a presence or absence of an occupant in an area that is illuminated by one or more lamps associated with ballast 100. When the motion sensor is activated, the switch 108 may be in an open state to permit the ballast to operate normally. When the motion sensor is not activated (e.g., when no occupants are detected), the switch 108 may be triggered to close, resulting in an initiation of the aforementioned events.
[0015]For instance, upon applying input power to ballast 100, capacitor C5 is charged up by resistor R4. When a voltage across C5 reaches a breakdown voltage of diac D7, a high di/dt current is applied to base drive winding W1 to initiate inverter oscillation. A diode D6 discharges capacitor C5 when Q3 is on. In accordance with various aspects, Q3 may be a bipolar junction transistor (BJT). A low-voltage MOSFET Q4 is connected in parallel with diac D7. Zener diode D8, resistor R5 and capacitor C7 are in parallel and connected from gate to source of Q4. A resistor R1 (in series with diode D9) is connected to one end of the switching line 106, and the other end of the switching line 106 is connected either to a "Neutral" or a "Hot" input line.
[0016]When switch 108 in switching line 106 is in an "off" position (e.g., switch 108 is open), there is no voltage developed across Q4 gate-to-source of a trigger circuit 110. Therefore, switch Q4 is the off position, and current-fed inverter 104 is in a normal operating condition. When switching line 106 is on (or off in a case where reverse logic is utilized), the half-rectified input voltage will be scaled down and the averaged voltage is applied to the gate-to-source of switch Q4. This voltage turns on Q4 and puts capacitor C5 in parallel with winding W1 and resistor R3. The capacitor C5 effectively bypasses the base drive current away from Q3, and the inverter oscillation stops. At the same time, switch Q4 prevents a voltage build up on capacitor C5 from startup resistor R4. Upon opening switch 108 on switching line 106, the gate-to-source voltage of switch Q4 drops and switch Q4 turns off, allowing capacitor C5 to charge by resistor R4 at which point, the breakdown of diode D7, the inverter restarts and ballast operation resumes.
[0017]Thus, upon applying power to the ballast 100 (e.g., turning on a light switch connected thereto), the PFC section 102 is operational. Current traversing resistor R4 charges up capacitor C5. Once the voltage on capacitor C5 reaches a breakdown point of diac D7, the diac D7 breaks down and a high current (di/dt) is applied to the base of Q3, which turns on Q3. During a subsequent half-cycle of an applied voltage waveform, Q2 turns on and Q3 turns off. This sequence may repeat every half cycle with switches Q2 and Q3 alternating respective on and off states. Whenever switch Q3 turns on, capacitor C5 begins to discharge because D6 is conducting. However, when switch Q3 turns off the capacitor C5 is charging. Because the time constant associated with capacitor C5 is longer than the half-cycle period for which switch Q3 is in the off state, the voltage on C5 does not reach the breakdown voltage of the diac D7. By positioning capacitor C5 in parallel with the base drive winding W1 of Q3, current through the base of Q3 is reduced, thereby turning Q3 off and shutting down its portion of the circuit, and thus the ballast 100 shuts down as well.
[0018]Turning to FIG. 2, illustrated is a simplified circuit 120 of the preceding circuit, including newly-implemented concepts of the present application. In FIG. 2, components previously called out have similar designations. Circuitry not needed for the description of this portion of the current fed ballast is not provided for clarity reasons. For example, for simplicity, the shutdown circuit used to shut down BJT switch Q3, is shown as shutdown circuit block 122.
[0019]Newly added components, which are implemented to eliminate DC bias within circuit 120 include a duty cycle dependent capacitor C8 and a balancing/charging resistor R6. Duty cycle dependent capacitor C8' is provided in dotted connection illustrating an alternative embodiment for eliminating the DC bias. Diodes, D10 and D11, are considered to have been included in the previously described circuits. However, in those circuits, they may be understood to have been incorporated within the BJT switches Q2, Q3. Here they are shown external to the transistors.
[0020]FIG. 2 also shows a lamp system 124 including a secondary winding T2 to primary winding T1, as well as capacitors C9, C10, C11, placed in series with lamps Lamp 1, Lamp 2 and Lamp 3, respectively.
[0021]The circuit design of FIG. 2, is intended to address issues which may occur due to implementation of the previously-described ballast configurations, which include low-cost shutdown circuits. As identified in FIG. 2, the shutdown control circuitry 122 is implemented in conjunction with only a single one of switches Q2 and Q3--in this instance Q3. An issue which may arise due to the shutdown control circuit only being associated with one of BJT switches Q2, Q3, is that if a complete turnoff of the BJT does not occur in a short time interval, an imbalance on one of electrolytic capacitors C2, C3 occurs. As a result of this imbalance, one of the two series electrolytic capacitors C2, C3 may be subject to an overvoltage condition leading to the failure of one of the capacitors. The voltage rating of capacitors C2 and C3 is well below the maximum bus voltage of the ballast 120.
[0022]In order to address this potential situation, FIG. 2 illustrates the inclusion of duty-cycle dependent capacitor C8 connected in series with a resonant circuit of the ballast, which includes the primary winding T1 and resonant capacitor C6. By this arrangement, during shutdown of the ballast, and in the event the selected switch (e.g., Q3) does not shut down in a short enough time period, the imbalance in the load between capacitors C2 and C3 is shifted to duty cycle dependent capacitor C8. More particularly, C8 is provided at a voltage value rated to at least the bus voltage of the ballast, thereby obviating overvoltage issues. Further, by reducing the voltage on the capacitor (in this case C8), the shutdown of the inverter will be accelerated without overstressing electrolytic capacitors C2, C3.
[0023]Balancing/charging resistor R6 is provided to allow the balance of charge to be maintained on capacitors C2 and C3, and to also aid in charging of duty cycle dependent capacitor C8 to the midpoint of the bus voltage prior to the start of the oscillation of the inverter system, which sets the initial state of the inverter.
[0024]With continuing attention to FIG. 2, circuit 120 is particularly useful to eliminate unbalanced DC situations during shutdown operation of the ballast, such as but not limited to times when the shutdown is occurring at high temperatures, which is a particular situation where such undesirable imbalance may occur.
[0025]Typically, during normal operation, which means, for example, a 50/50 duty cycle between switches Q2 and Q3, the maximum voltage on electrolytic capacitors C2 and C3 will be half of the bus voltage. For example, if the bus voltage is 450 volts, capacitor C2 will have a approximately 225 volts, and capacitor C3 will also have a 225 volts. Of course, these values are simply examples, and other bus voltages may be used dependent upon the particular implementations.
[0026]Again, as shutdown circuit 122 of this implementation is only associated with one of switches Q2, Q3, the shutdown period may result in changing the on/off times of Q2 and Q3 to be other than at the 50 percent duty cycle. Rather, when attempting to, for example, shut down Q3, prior to the complete shutdown, Q3 may operate at less than 50 percent of the duty cycle. This results in switch Q2 operating at more than 50% of the duty cycle. Of course, these two duty cycles will add up to the 100 percent duty cycle. However, with switch Q2 on for a longer part of the duty cycle, capacitor C3 will charge up for a longer time period, since the charge-up of capacitors C2 and C3 are based on the duty cycles of switches Q2 and Q3. At some point during the shutdown operation, this un-equal duty cycle of switches Q2, Q3 may result in capacitor C3 seeing the entire bus voltage and therefore it will try to charge up to the bus voltage. This causes C3 to become overstressed, and may result in failure and/or damage to the ballast.
[0027]As summarized above, in order to address this situation, duty-cycle dependent capacitor C8 and balancing/charging resistor R6 are added to the circuit. During normal running, capacitor C8 will have half of the bus voltage charge impressed upon it, due to its position in the circuit. When, however, the ballast enters shutdown operation and the duty cycles become unbalanced, the charge on capacitor C8 will begin to reduce, allowing the charge on capacitors C2 and C3 to remain balanced. Particularly, due to the charge on capacitors C2 and C3, there is high impedance path through R6, which therefore causes the circuit to act as if C8 is not connected to C2 and C3 due to the time constant. By this design, all the voltage induced stress, at this point, has been taken over by capacitor C8, which is rated to the bus voltage.
[0028]Also, as capacitor C8 is discharging through T1 and C6 and there is less and less voltage on capacitor C8 (this is occurring when Q2 is turning on), there is less energy available to sustain the "on" state of Q2. Thus, this design also helps in turning off the ballast, resulting in a quicker shutdown than previous arrangements. Therefore, the addition of capacitor C8 provides a solution to the unbiased DC previously occurring in certain situations and decreases the turn-off time of the ballast.
[0029]However, addition of capacitor C8 introduces an issue related to initial turn-on of the ballast when oscillations are just starting. Particularly, if without balancing/charging resistor R6, and C8 voltage is very low during the start-up, circuit 120 is maintained on for Q3 for a much longer time duration. Therefore, the ballast is unbalanced at start-up, which means that over many starts Q3 is subject to failure. Balancing/charging resistor R6 is connected between C2 and C3 on one side, and between C8, C6 and T1 on its other side to address this issue. By this arrangement, prior to circuit oscillation, resistor R6 is used to charge capacitor C8 up to the half-bus voltage. For example, as charge is stored on C2 and C3, there is also a path from C3 through resistor R6 to capacitor C8, which charges capacitor C8 up to the half-bus voltage level. This will need a slight oscillation delay to allow C8 to charge-up to the half-bus voltage. In one embodiment, a ratio between one of the electrolytic capacitors (C2, C3) and duty cycle dependent capacitor (C8 or Ci') is in the range of 50˜600.
[0030]As R6 is a large value compared to C2 or C3, the RC time constant is fairly large. So during shutdown, R6 provides isolation between C8 as to C2 and C3.
[0031]While the component values for the circuits of the present application may be selected, dependent upon the various implementations, in at least one embodiment the capacitors C2 and C3 may be approximately 47 micro-fared capacitors, with resistor R6 being approximately a one-half mega-ohm resistor. This results generally in a time constant of approximately 23 seconds during inverter shutdown. The time constant between capacitor C8 and resistor R6 is much smaller, and may be approximately a 25-100 millisecond time constant and more particularly a 75 millisecond time constant during start-up. So the charge-up time is very fast during start-up of the ballast system.
[0032]With continuing attention to FIG. 2, the circuit as described above may be implemented in alternative embodiments. For example, duty cycle dependent capacitor C8', shown in dotted line, represents an embodiment where capacitor C8' is used in place of capacitor C8. Also, the shutdown circuit 122 shown on switch Q3 can also be, of course, on switch Q2. Still further, while a half-bridge switching arrangement is shown, a full-bridge BJT switching system may also benefit from the concepts described herein.
[0033]Thus, by implementing a circuit design including capacitor C8 and resistor R6, the issues of unbalanced duty cycles during shutdown causing unbalanced DC bias on capacitors C2 and C3 is addressed, as well as eliminating issues regarding start-up.
[0034]To initiate a shutdown of the ballast, shutdown circuit 122 will normally receive a shutdown instruction which has, for example, been described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/645,939, incorporated herein in its entirety.
[0035]Turning to FIG. 3, provided is an improvement to circuit 120 which will detect whether the shutdown operation has been completed, or if another shutdown instruction needs to be issued to shutdown circuit 122. In this illustration C8' is not shown for convenience. Particularly, in this embodiment a shutdown detection circuit 126 is provided, which includes winding T-3 placed in operational coupling with secondary winding T2 of lamp system 124. Once shutdown circuit 122 has initiated a shutdown operation, micro-controller 128 of detection circuit 126 is configured to, after a time delay, sense for a voltage at node 1130 to determine whether the value at node 1 is 0 volts or some other non-zero voltage value. In operation, a voltage is placed at node 1 through winding T3, which passes any voltage on winding T2. If a voltage is detected at T2, it is passed through diode D12, R7 and R8, where R7 and R8 form a divider circuit. Capacitor C12 is placed in parallel with resistor R8 to store voltage. Essentially, if node 1 is determined to have a 0 value, then shutdown of the ballast is complete, as no energy has been detected at winding T2. On the other hand, if a voltage is found at node 1, micro-controller 128 will send a second shutdown signal via line 132 to the shutdown circuit 122. It is understood line 132 may be any known manner of transmitting signals.
[0036]The invention has been described with reference to the preferred embodiments. Obviously, modifications and alterations will occur to others upon reading and understanding the preceding detailed description. It is intended that the invention be construed as including all such modifications and alterations.
Patent applications by Timothy Chen, Aurora, OH US
Patent applications in class Periodic switch cut-out
Patent applications in all subclasses Periodic switch cut-out
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The company has a dominant share of the network market and its products are increasingly a target for hackers. Threats like the Cisco Global Exploiter hacker toolkit, released last month, have made managing network security on a Cisco-based infrastructure a high priority for IT users.
Cisco has made a number of acquisitions recently to boost its portfolio of security products. These include buying Twingo, a provider of mobile data protection, personal firewalls and IPVPN products, in March.
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