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Peanut Butter and Jelly Thumbprint Cookies Recipe
Additional Information
Step 1
Preheat oven to 325°F.
Step 2
In medium bowl, combine flour, baking soda and salt; set aside. In large bowl, beat shortening, peanut butter and sugars with electric mixer until well blended. Add egg and vanilla. Stir in flour mixture; blend well. Shape cookie dough into 1-in. balls. Place on cookie sheets 1-1/2 inches apart. Using thumb, make a small depression in center of each ball.
Step 3
Bake 11-13 minutes or until golden brown. Remove from oven. In a small bowl, microwave jam for 20-30 seconds. Stir until jam is smooth. Spoon 1 teaspoon jam on each cookie.
1/2 teaspoon pure vanilla extract
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1-1/2 cups all-purpose flour
1/2 teaspoon baking soda
1/4 teaspoon salt
1/2 cup solid vegetable shortening
1/2 cup creamy peanut butter
1/2 cup granulated sugar
1/2 cup firmly packed brown sugar
1 egg
1/2 cup seedless raspberry jam
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PB&J sandwiches are every child?s favorite lunchtime choice. This nostalgic sweet treat will definitely steal the spotlight at your next party. Pair cupcakes with a cold glass of milk and enjoy!


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About jdbates1987 : I am me and that's all you need to know
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Today, I was on the phone with my boyfriend, and I cheekily told him about something I'd read that's supposed to feel really good during sex. I then heard his sister sarcastically say, "Yeah, that does feel pretty good". Apparently he'd had me on speaker the whole time. FML
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- {{matchup.date.fullday}}{{matchup.date.month + ' ' + matchup.date.day}}
Portland Downs San Francisco 78-76 - Match Report
Portland earned a 78-76 victory over San Francisco on Thursday, getting 18 points from Kevin Bailey at War Memorial Gymnasium.
Portland was the ATS victor, as they covered the 9.5-point spread as an underdog.
Portland got 15 points from Ryan Nicholas and another 14 points from Thomas van der Mars. Derrick Rodgers contributed 8 assists, while Thomas van der Mars cleaned the glass with 9 rebounds.
San Francisco got 17 points from Cole Dickerson in a losing cause and another 17 points from Chris Adams. Cody Doolin contributed 6 assists for them, while Frank Rogers had 7 rebounds.
Portland hit the break leading 40-33 before taking care of business in the second half.
Portland had a 40-33 advantage in the rebounding department as they won the battle in the paint.


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Advancing Productivity, Innovation, and Competitive Success Today is: Saturday, 22 October 2016 ..
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Arizona Strong Beer Festival™ 2017 will be February 11th at Steele Indian School Park
- Arizona Strong Beer Festival 2016 was a success!
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French Onion Soup with Shaved Swiss Cheese
- 1 tablespoon olive or vegetable oil
- 3 pounds yellow onions, peeled and julienned
- 1/3 cup bourbon whiskey
- 2 quarts beef stock
- 1 quart chicken stock
- 1 tablespoon plus 1 teaspoon fresh lemon juice
- 1 1/2 teaspoons salt
- 1 teaspoon freshly ground white pepper
- 1 teaspoon hot red pepper sauce
- 1/2 teaspoon Worcestershire sauce
- 1 cup freshly grated Swiss cheese
In a Dutch oven or large, heavy pot, heat the oil over medium-high heat. Add half of the onions and cook, stirring, until dark golden brown and caramelized, about 15 minutes. Add the remaining onions and cook, stirring occasionally, until a deep caramel color, about 1 hour. Add the bourbon and cook, stirring occasionally, until evaporated, about 5 minutes. Add the remaining ingredients except the cheese, and stir well. Reduce the heat to medium-low and simmer, stirring occasionally, until thick and fragrant, about 1 hour. Remove from the heat and cover to keep warm.
To serve, sprinkle each portion with grated Swiss cheese.
Recipe courtesy of Emeril Lagasse, 2002
Cooking Tips
More Recipes and Ideas
French Onion Soup Topped French Bread Pizzas and Salad with Dijon Vinaigrette
Recipe courtesy of Rachael Ray
French Onions
Recipe courtesy of Food Network Kitchen
French Onion Dip with Gruyere Toasts
Recipe courtesy of Food Network Kitchen


text:
Even for contending teams, it's commonplace to lose star players to free agency. But while subtracting an ace pitcher or slugging outfielder can create a huge roster void for teams, general managers must find ways to replace the departed.
In the case of the New York Yankees, the team might find themselves sporting a lineup without Robinson Cano for the first time since the homegrown star took the field in 2005. With poor internal options and uninspiring free-agent replacements, the Yankees might find themselves overpaying Cano to avoid a headache.
But not all teams are enduring sleepless nights. The Cincinnati Reds, for instance, will likely use super prospect Billy Hamilton to replace Shin-Soo Choo, who is projected to cash in on his superb 2013 campaign. And while Hamilton will never be the power hitter Choo is, the speedster does boast 395 career minor league stolen bases over just five seasons.
Read on to see all the backup plans for MLB contenders losing their own star free agents.
Note: DRS is a metric created by Fielding Bible, but FanGraphs.com lists it in their defensive statistics section for every player.
All statistics sourced from Baseball-Reference.com and FanGraphs.com.


text:
realmagick.com The shrine of knowledge.
Fail Safe Themes
A selection of articles related to fail safe themes.
Original articles from our library related to the Fail Safe Themes. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Fail Safe Themes.
- The Magician's Pyramid
- Of the Magician's Pyramid, the tip of the pyramid is the work performed and the power used, and the four corners of the base, the four sources of that power. They are, equally and in no order, Imagination, Will, Faith, and Secrecy. Imagination (Air): You must...
Mystic Sciences >> Magick
- What are the risks or dangers of hypnosis?
- The risks of using hypnosis for change are roughly the same as those for other forms of psychotherapy. Competently performed hypnosis in itself has virtually no risk or danger. Even incompetently performed hypnosis usually has only a very minimal risk....
Parapsychology >> Hypnosis
- Christ's Role, As He Might Have Meant It: a Discussion
- It seems that organized religion has assumed the role of Christ in the dispensation of Truth, be it relating to the church itself or in the very Word of God. The Pope, when speaking in his official capacity, is considered to be the mouthpiece of God."...
Religions >> Christianity
- Archetypal Astrology
- Jungian Psychology | Archetypal Astrology | The Myths The Horoscope What is below is like what is above. And what is above is like what is below, so that the miracle of the One may be accomplished. -Tabula Smaragdina This is not an explanation of all the...
Mystic Sciences >> Astrology
- Thurisaz
- Thurisaz is the third rune of the first aett (group of eight) of the Elder Futhark, and has the phonetic value of "TH." Thurisaz is reconstructed Common Germanic for a creature later called Thurs or Jotun. These are the Giants of Norse Mythology....
Divination >> Rune Stones
- Nauthiz
- Welcome again to the Rune-of-the-Month Club. Actually, it seems like it's become more like the Rune-of-the-Season Club, since the last time I sat down to write one of these, I was snowed it; and now, daytime highs are well into the 80's! I'll try to write a...
Divination >> Rune Stones
- King James Bible: Deuteronomy, Chapter 31
- Chapter 31 31:1 And Moses went and spake these words unto all Israel. 31:2 And he said unto them, I am an hundred and twenty years old this day; I can no more go out and come in: also the LORD hath said unto me, Thou shalt not go over this Jordan. 31:3 The...
Old Testament >> Deuteronomy
Fail Safe Themes is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Fail Safe Themes books and related discussion.
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- Aug 8, 2008 Maintain a clean & safe environment when working in public areas. ... Fail Safe.
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- Literature Featuring Propaganda Techniques and Themes
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- www.readwritethink.org
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- It's a very high-up look at things, so we can explore wider themes, I think. The old gods is ... Yep, even robots aren't safe from the horrifying influence of the old gods.
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- The plan is for those themes to be amplified later by two prominent surrogates: To fight Mr. Trump's ability to sway the news cycle, Mr. Clinton would not hold back on the stump, and President Obama has told allies he would gleefully portray Mr.
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- www.bookrags.com
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- Complete summary of eugene Burdick's Fail-Safe. eNotes plot summaries cover all the significant action of Fail-Safe. ...
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- allreaders.com
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- It was Columbia's "Fail Safe," a suspense drama based on the menace of the ... which uses a classic theme for melodrama — man menaced with destruction by ...
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- Fail Safe dramatizes cold war anxieties about the meaning of automation -- i.e., the ....
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Great care has been taken to prepare the information on this page. Elements of the content come from factual and lexical knowledge databases, realmagick.com library and third-party sources. We appreciate your suggestions and comments on further improvements of the site.
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Published May 18, 2011
Former Disney starlet Vanessa Hudgens has been taking over the big screen for years, but is a small screen role next? Find out in today's daily 411 links.
POPEATER: Vanessa Hudgens Nabs New Role?
CELEBUZZ: 'Glee' Star Covers Women's Health in Red Bikini
GOSSIP CENTER: Armie Hammer Cast As 'Lone Ranger'
X17 ONLINE: Ellen Pompeo Shows Off Beautiful Baby


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Saints super fans the Sainturions
Friday, November 30, 2012 3:23 PM
Inappropriate photo? Alert us.
New Orleans Saints super fan, the Sainturion Mark Glorioso, poses with last year's Saints themed Christmas tree. (Photo courtesy Mark Glorioso)
Related articles
- Meet New Orleans Saints super fans Mark Glorioso, Stephen Leger: The Sainturions December 01, 2012, 5:40 PM


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I copied this cross off the invitation.
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Galena, OHUSA
Hometown: Galena, OH
August 22, 2014
My name is Angie Michaels and I am a Southern Girl from the State of Georgia. I am a working mom (Wendy's Real Estate) who loves her kid & who enjoys life & who loves to dream. I have a bubbly personality and I love to be creative & do fun things.
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From Barbara's Blog
Luxury Home Prices Finally Getting Too High?
March 4, 2016 By Barbara Reaume Leave a Comment
The tables have turned in the real estate industry as luxury listing prices fell for the first time since 2012, according to a Redfin report. The brokerage firm suggests that the drop in prices stems from wealthy buyers and foreign investors refusing to buy at the top of the market. Prices for luxury homes fell […]
CFPB to Relax TRID Enforcement Actions
February 25, 2016 By Barbara Reaume Leave a Comment
After a recent letter to the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, the Mortgage Bankers Association released a response from CFPB Director Richard Cordray that should bring some much-needed clarity to the industry on the current expectations for lenders in implementing the new TILA-RESPA Integrated Disclosure rule — also known as Know Before You Owe. Since the […]
Landlords Face Slowing Price Gains After U.S. Records Shattered
February 16, 2016 By Barbara Reaume Leave a Comment
For commercial real estate investors, the good times may be over. The Federal Reserve's first interest-rate increase in nine years has removed a crutch that's helped sustain 33 consecutive months of price growth of at least 10 percent and padded returns for buildings from office towers to luxury hotels. While values won't necessarily fall, they aren't […]
Home Prices in 40% of Areas are Back to Peak
February 11, 2016 By Barbara Reaume Leave a Comment
American homeowners are finally digging out of the financial crater formed by the mid-2000's real estate crash. Single-family house prices in nearly 40% of 401 metro areas were at or above their pre-recession peak in the third quarter, according to an analysis of CoreLogic Case-Shiller home-price data by Moody's Analytics. That's up from 30% of […]
30-Year Fixed-Rate Mortgage Ends Year at Its Highest Level since July
February 3, 2016 By Barbara Reaume Leave a Comment
Mortgage rates increased, following a rise in Treasury yields. Prices on the 10-year Treasury note fell this week in response to an uptick in oil prices, pushing yields higher as a result. The 10-year yield rose from around 2.22% Monday to 2.32% Wednesday. Mortgage rates usually follow the direction of yields on long-term government bonds. […]
~ Alejandro Bonilla and Davorka Zakosek
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Hello there! I'm Dr. Vinifera, or "Vinny" for short. Ask me your toughest wine questions, from the technical aspects of winemaking to the fine points of etiquette. I hope you find my answers educational and even amusing. Looking for a particular answer? Check my archive and my FAQs. You can also follow me on Twitter: @AskDrVinny.
Do you have a question for Dr. Vinny? Ask it here...
Dear Dr. Vinny,
Do the tasters for Wine Spectator truly blind-taste ALL wines? Often a tasting note will make a specific reference such as "best yet from this estate." Do they go back later and adjust the notes once they know who, where, and what?
—Liesl, Tahoe, Calif.
Dear Liesl,
All Wine Spectator reviews of newly-released wines are based on blind tastings, where the producer and price of the wine are not identified (vintage, varietal and appellation may be identified). The wines are not unveiled until after the scores are given. At that point, tasters may modify the tasting note—to explain, for example, that a wine received the highest score ever for the estate. But the scores are never changed. Some wines are tasted non-blind—in vertical tastings, for example—but this is always disclosed in the tasting note.
—Dr. Vinny
We break down the basics—how to taste, serve, store and more. Plus:
» Maps of major wine regions
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April 2, 2014
HOUSTON, Texas – With the 2013-14 season in the rearview mirror, the Rice Owls women's basketball team immediately shifts their attention to next season and with it the infusion of three newcomers who will hope to make an impact for years to come.
Two of the future Owls received good news this past week when it was announced that both Shani Rainey (4-A, Guard, 5-11, Lovejoy HS) and Wendy Knight (5-A, Guard, 5-9, Reagan HS) were selected to the Texas Association of Basketball Coaches (TABC) All-State squads.
Rainey was a 2014 McDonald's All-American Team nominee, as well as a Texas Girl's Coaches Association (TGCA) All-State selection. She was named to the District 13-4 First Team All-District (fourth consecutive season) and was the District 13-4A Offensive Player of the Year. Rainey was also selected to the TABC All-Region squad.
Knight is also a 2014 McDonald's All-American Team nominee, and along with being named All-State, has been selected to the TABC All-Region teams. She is also a First-Team All-District selection and has been chosen to play in the TABC, TGCA and Texas Sports Hall of Fame All-Star Games.
Rice's other incoming freshman is Courtney Brown, a 6-2 post from Cedar Ridge HS in Round Rock, Texas. Brown helped lead her squad to a 30-4 record this past season and a share of the 5A Region II District title.
More Headlines
Women's Basketball Signs Ozoude for 2016
04/15/2016 - Rice University head women's basketball coach Tina Langley announced the signing of Gabby Ozoude (Spring Valley, OH, Bellbrook HS) to a National...
Langley Announces Addition of Ogwumike Sisters
04/14/2016 - Rice University women's basketball has signed sisters Olivia and Erica Ogwumike from Pepperdine University, head coach Tina Langley announced...
Lang Earns Spirit of Service Award
04/07/2016 - Women's basketball player Alyssa Lang was named Rice's Conference USA Spirit of Service Award winner for winter sports, the league...
Owls Fall in C-USA Quarterfinals to Middle...
03/10/2016 - The No. 10 seed Rice Owls women's basketball team saw their 2015-16 season come to a close with a 74-54 loss to No. 2 seeded Middle Tennessee...
Owls Take Down LA Tech in Overtime, 72-67
03/09/2016 - The Rice Owls advanced to the C-USA Championship quarterfinals with a 72-67 overtime win over Louisiana Tech in the second round on Wednesday.
Women's Hoops Set to Face LA Tech at C-USA ...
03/08/2016 - The 10th seed Rice Owls women's basketball team will open up the C-USA Championships with a second round matchup against the No. 7 Louisiana ...
Owls Drop Regular Season Finale at Old Dominion
03/05/2016 - A late second half run propelled the Old Dominion Lady Monarchs to a 61-52 victory over the Rice Owls women's basketball team in the regular ...
Owls Close Out Regular Season Saturday at Old...
03/04/2016 - Rice concludes their 2015-16 regular season on Saturday when they face the Lady Monarchs of Old Dominion at 12 p.m. (CT) in Norfolk, Va.
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realmagick.com The shrine of knowledge.
Dan And Frank Carney
A selection of articles related to dan and frank carney.
Original articles from our library related to the Dan And Frank Carney. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Dan And Frank Carney.
- Our Pagan Village: The Importance and Persuit of Honor
- Candlelight flickers over the Beltaine revels. Food is laid out in the circle for the feast. Only one rule – no one can feed themselves. Each is dependent on friends and loved ones for sustenance, joy and delight. After an hour of laughter and revels and way...
Paganism & Wicca >> Daily Life
- What is hypnotic trance? Does it provide unusual physical or mental capacities?
- 2.1 'Trance;' descriptive or misleading? Most of the classical notions of hypnosis have long held that hypnosis was special in some way from other types of interpersonal communication and that an induction (preparatory process considered by some to be...
Parapsychology >> Hypnosis
- Pagan Mythology
- Is the traditional story presented as an historical event that serves to illustrate part of the world view of a people or explain a practice, belief, or natural phenomenon. The mythological beliefs a culture shares gives shape to its actions and choices....
Paganism & Wicca >> Holidays
- The Religious Experience: A Wiccan Viewpoint
- What is religion? Religion is a set of beliefs which allow us to understand and categorize our world and our place in it. A set of beliefs which define our culture, our expectations, our views of people and behaviors we expect. I have found several different...
Religion & Philosophy >> Religions
- Survivalists' Guide for the New Millennium: Chapter 6
- AS THE WORM TURNS Health and well being are part of the natural birthright of the human being. With all of its organs intact, the right diet, exercise and mental focus, a human body can overcome any disease. Even so, the effects of living in this...
Philosophy >> Survivalists Guide for the New Millennium
- Bringing it Down to Earth: A Fractal Approach
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Dan And Frank Carney is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Dan And Frank Carney books and related discussion.
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text:
Job openings in the U.S. unexpectedly dropped in October, while the rate of hiring held steady. more
By Victoria Stilwell
Job seekers here lead the nation when it comes to employment searches on Indeed.com, a career website. more
By Lori Stabile
Rhode Island's foreclosure inventory rate rose slightly over the year in October to 1.9 percent, but remained above the national rate of 1.2 percent, CoreLogic said Tuesday. more
By Lori Stabile
Rhode Island's leading economic indicator increased again, fueled by growth in building permits and fewer jobless claims. more
The Providence-Warwick metropolitan area had the second-highest unemployment rate decrease over the year in October in the nation among 51 metro areas with a 2010 Census population of 1 million or more, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics said Monday. more
A sharper decline in U.S. railroad cargo this quarter points to weak spots in the U.S. economy as a strong dollar crimps exports, retailers whittle down excess inventory and energy investment stalls. more
By Thomas Black
The index of U.S. leading economic indicators decreased in January for a second month, reflecting a slump in stock prices as well as a pickup in jobless claims that has since reversed. more
By Tatiana Darie
The number of Americans filing for unemployment benefits unexpectedly declined last week to a three-month low, signaling durability in the labor market. more
By Victoria Stilwell
Personal spending barely increased in February and the prior month's advance was revised down as Americans saved more of their incomes. more
By Michelle Jamrisko
Gasoline prices in Rhode Island fell 3 cents from last week, but were unchanged in Massachusetts, according to AAA Northeast. more


text:
Most Cited Veterinary Microbiology Articles
The most cited articles published since 2011, extracted from Scopus.
Organ distribution of Schmallenberg virus RNA in malformed newbornsS. Bilk | C. Schulze | M. Fischer | M. Beer | A. Hlinak | B. Hoffmann
Volume 159, Issues 1-2, September 2012, Pages 236-238
A novel orthobunyavirus was first detected in German dairy cows in autumn 2011 and was subsequently found in the brains of malformed lambs, kids and calves in the Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, France, Italy, Great Britain, Luxembourg and Spain. For rapid detection of this novel virus, named Schmallenberg virus, a real time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) was developed at the Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut and provided to the federal veterinary state laboratories in Germany. For diagnostic purposes, the organ distribution of this new virus was analyzed in several organs and body fluids of 15 lambs and two calves showing typical malformations. Spleen, cerebrum, meconium, spinal cord, rib cartilage, umbilical cord, placental fluid out of the stomach as well as external placental fluid scraped from the coat of the foetuses were collected during necropsy. All animals were tested RT-qPCR positive in the external placental fluid, and all but one were also RT-qPCR positive in the cerebrum, the umbilical and the spinal cord. Our results suggest that both the external placental fluid and the umbilical cord could be suitable sample materials for the confirmation of an infection with Schmallenberg virus in malformed newborns, at least in lambs. This is of special interest since those samples can be collected very easily on the farm without the need of a necropsy. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.
Canine parvovirus-A review of epidemiological and diagnostic aspects, with emphasis on type 2cNicola Decaro | Canio Buonavoglia
Volume 155, Issue 1, February 2012, Pages 1-12
Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) emerged in late 1970s causing severe epizootics in kennels and dog shelters worldwide. Soon after its emergence, CPV-2 underwent genetic evolution giving rise consecutively to two antigenic variants, CPV-2a and CPV-2b that replaced progressively the original type. In 2000, a new antigenic variant, CPV-2c, was detected in Italy and rapidly spread to several countries. In comparison to the original type CPV-2, the antigenic variants display increased pathogenicity in dogs and extended host range, being able to infect and cause disease in cats. Epidemiological survey indicate that the newest type CPV-2c is becoming prevalent in different geographic regions and is often associated to severe disease in adult dogs and also in dogs that have completed the vaccination protocols. However, the primary cause of failure of CPV vaccination is interference by maternally derived immunity. Diagnosis of CPV infection by traditional methods has been shown to be poorly sensitive, especially in the late stages of infections. New diagnostic approaches based on molecular methods have been developed for sensitive detection of CPV in clinical samples and rapid characterisation of the viral type. Continuous surveillance will help assess whether there is a real need to update currently available vaccines and diagnostic tests. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
Novel H1N2 swine influenza reassortant strain in pigs derived from the pandemic H1N1/2009 virusAna Moreno | Livia Di Trani | Silvia Faccini | Gabriele Vaccari | Daniele Nigrelli | M. Beatrice Boniotti | Emiliana Falcone | Arianna Boni | Chiara Chiapponi | Enrica Sozzi | Paolo Cordioli
Volume 149, Issues 3-4, May 2011, Pages 472-477
Swine influenza monitoring programs have been in place in Italy since the 1990s and from 2009 testing for the pandemic H1N1/2009 virus (H1N1pdm) was also performed on all the swine samples positive for type A influenza. This paper reports the isolation and genomic characterization of a novel H1N2 swine influenza reassortant strain from pigs in Italy that was derived from the H1N1pdm virus.In May 2010, mild respiratory symptoms were observed in around 10% of the pigs raised on a fattening farm in Italy. Lung homogenate taken from one pig showing respiratory distress was tested for influenza type A and H1N1pdm by two real time RT-PCR assays. Virus isolation was achieved by inoculation of lung homogenate into specific pathogen free chicken embryonated eggs (SPF CEE) and applied onto Caco-2 cells and then the complete genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis was performed from the CEE isolate.The lung homogenate proved to be positive for both influenza type A (gene M) and H1N1pdm real time RT-PCRs. Virus isolation (A/Sw/It/116114/2010) was obtained from both SPF CEE and Caco-2 cells. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all of the genes of A/Sw/It/116114/2010, with the exception of neuraminidase (NA), belonged to the H1N1pdm cluster. The NA was closely related to two H1N2 double reassortant swine influenza viruses (SIVs), previously isolated in Sweden and Italy. NA sequences for these three strains were clustering with H3N2 SIVs. The emergence of a novel reassortant H1N2 strain derived from H1N1pdm in swine in Italy raises further concerns about whether these viruses will become established in pigs. The new reassortant not only represents a pandemic (zoonotic) threat but also has unknown livestock implications for the European swine industry. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
Prevalence of Coxiella burnetii infection in domestic ruminants: A critical reviewRaphaël Guatteo | Henri Seegers | Anne Frieda Taurel | Alain Joly | François Beaudeau
Volume 149, Issues 1-2, April 2011, Pages 1-16
Reliable detection of Coxiella burnetii is a critical point for the control of the spread of this zoonotic disease (Q fever), ruminants being considered as the main source for human infection as confirmed by the recent human outbreak in the Netherlands since 2007. Considering both public and animal health, providing consolidated prevalence data could be relevant within the decision process of public policy makers or producers organizations. The objective of this study was to conduct a critical review of the literature focused on the prevalence of C. burnetii infection at animal, herd and within-herd levels in cattle, goat and sheep. A qualitative assessment of the 69 selected publications, based on the analysis of the sampling frame and testing procedures, was also performed. While the number of publications increased recently, major methodological issues were still evidenced. These critical issues were related to (i) the absence of description of the sampling strategy and (ii) the lack of sensitivity of the testing procedure. The lack of well designed studies makes not possible to estimate accurately the current prevalence of the infection. Nevertheless, the literature review reported the detection of C. burnetii infection in the all 5 continents with a wide range whatever the species. The apparent prevalence was slightly higher in cattle (20.0% and 37.7% of mean apparent prevalence at animal and herd level respectively) than in small ruminants (around 15.0% and 25% respectively for animal and herd level in sheep and goat). The present conclusions and the current situation support the persistent need of conducting well designed studies, aiming at estimating the true prevalence of C. burnetii infection in the three main domestic ruminant species. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.
Detection and molecular analysis of West Nile virus infections in birds of prey in the eastern part of Austria in 2008 and 2009Eveline Wodak | Susanne Richter | Zoltán Bagó | Sandra Revilla-Fernández | Herbert Weissenböck | Norbert Nowotny | Petra Winter
Volume 149, Issues 3-4, May 2011, Pages 358-366
The emergence of West Nile virus (WNV) was expected in Austria since the initial discovery of the infection in neighbouring Hungary in 2003/2004. In 2008 six cases of West Nile disease were diagnosed at the Institute for Veterinary Disease Control Mödling, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), involving five goshawks (Accipiter gentilis) and one gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus), which were found dead in the eastern Austrian federal states of Lower Austria, Vienna and Styria, respectively. Pathomorphological and immunohistochemical findings suggested a WNV infection. Virus was isolated in embryonated specific pathogen free chicken eggs and propagated in mouse neuroblastoma cells (NA), in which a cytopathic effect occurred. The virus was identified and characterised by electron microscopic examination and molecular detection using RT-PCR, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis. The Austrian WNV sequences exhibited nucleotide identities of 99.9% to the lineage 2 WNV sequences described in Hungary since 2004. In addition, 71 sera of 14 different bird species were screened for the presence of WNV antibodies using a commercial ELISA: 43.7% of the tested samples showed antibody titers. Selected positive sera were also subjected to WNV neutralisation tests, in which the ELISA results were verified in 66%. The results of this study confirm unambiguously the presence of a lineage 2 WNV infection in birds of prey in the eastern part of Austria. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.
Explosive spread of a neuroinvasive lineage 2 West Nile virus in Central Europe, 2008/2009Tamás Bakonyi | Emoke Ferenczi | Károly Erdélyi | Orsolya Kutasi | Tibor Csörgo | Bernhard Seidel | Herbert Weissenböck | Katharina Brugger | Eniko Bán | Norbert Nowotny
Volume 165, Issues 1-2, April 2013, Pages 61-70
For the first time outside sub-Saharan Africa, a lineage 2 West Nile virus (WNV) emerged in Hungary in 2004. It caused sporadic cases of encephalitis in goshawks (Accipiter gentilis), other predatory birds, and in mammals. As a consequence, a surveillance program was initiated in Hungary and in Austria, which included virological, molecular, serological and epidemiological investigations in human beings, birds, horses, and mosquitoes. The virus strain became endemic to Hungary, however only sporadic cases of infections were observed between 2004 and 2007. Unexpectedly, explosive spread of the virus was noted in 2008, when neuroinvasive West Nile disease (WND) was diagnosed all over Hungary in dead goshawks and other birds of prey (n = 25), in horses (n = 12), and humans (n = 22). At the same time this virus also spread to the eastern part of Austria, where it was detected in dead wild birds (n = 8). In 2009, recurrent WND outbreaks were observed in Hungary and Austria, in wild birds, horses, and humans in the same areas. Virus isolates of both years exhibited closest genetic relationship to the lineage 2 WNV strain which emerged in 2004. As we know today, the explosive spread of the lineage 2 WNV in 2008 described here remained not restricted to Hungary and Austria, but this virus dispersed further to the south to various Balkan states and reached northern Greece, where it caused the devastating neuroinvasive WND outbreak in humans in 2010. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.
Campylobacter control in poultry by current intervention measures ineffective: Urgent need for intensified fundamental researchDavid Hermans | Kim Van Deun | Winy Messens | An Martel | Filip Van Immerseel | Freddy Haesebrouck | Geertrui Rasschaert | Marc Heyndrickx | Frank Pasmans
Volume 152, Issues 3-4, September 2011, Pages 219-228
Campylobacter-contaminated poultry meat is an important source of foodborne gastroenteritis and poses a serious health burden in industrialized countries. Broiler chickens are commonly regarded as a natural host for this pathogen and infected birds carry a very high Campylobacter load in their gastrointestinal tract, especially the ceca. This results in contaminated carcasses during processing. While hygienic measures at the farm and control measures during carcass processing can have some effect on the reduction of Campylobacter numbers on the retail product, intervention at the farm level by reducing colonization of the ceca should be taken into account in the overall control policy. This review gives an up-to-date overview of suggested on-farm control measures to reduce the prevalence and colonization of Campylobacter in poultry. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
Evidence of West Nile virus lineage 2 circulation in Northern ItalyG. Savini | G. Capelli | F. Monaco | A. Polci | F. Russo | A. Di Gennaro | V. Marini | L. Teodori | F. Montarsi | C. Pinoni | M. Pisciella | C. Terregino | S. Marangon | I. Capua | R. Lelli
Volume 158, Issues 3-4, August 2012, Pages 267-273
A West Nile virus (WNV) strain belonging to lineage 2 was for the first time detected in two pools of Culex pipiens collected in the province of Udine and in tissues of a wild collared dove (Streptopelia decaocto) found dead in the province of Treviso, in North East of Italy. It was molecularly identified by group and WNV lineage specific RT-PCRs and characterized by partial sequencing of the NS3 and NS5 genes. When compared with the sequences of same fragments of NS3 and NS5 of the WNV lineage 2 strain isolated from birds of prey in Hungary (2004), the phylogenetic analysis of these sequences revealed 100% and 99% similarity, respectively. As the Hungarian strain, the NS3 selected sequence differed from the 2010 Greek isolate by one amino-acid located at 249 site which is the site involved in genetic modulation of WNV pathogenicity. The Italian and Hungarian strains have histidine rather than proline at this site. The presence of a lineage 2 strain in regions where the lineage 1 strain is still circulating, creates a new scenario with unpredictable consequences. In this situation comprehensive investigations on the occurrence, ecology, and epidemiology of these different WNV strains circulating in Italy become the highest priority. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius among dogs admitted to a small animal hospitalUlrike Nienhoff | Kristina Kadlec | Iris F. Chaberny | Jutta Verspohl | Gerald F. Gerlach | Lothar Kreienbrock | Stefan Schwarz | Daniela Simon | Ingo Nolte
Volume 150, Issues 1-2, May 2011, Pages 191-197
The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) among dogs admitted to a small animal hospital during a 17-month period, to characterize these isolates and to initially screen for possible factors associated with MRSP carriage. Swabs were taken from the nose/pharynx and the perineum as well as from wounds and skin infections (if present) of 814 dogs before entering the small animal hospital. A questionnaire for background information was completed. The staphylococcal species and methicillin resistance were confirmed pheno- and genotypically. The identified MRSP isolates were characterized by SCC. mec typing, testing for susceptibility to 25 antimicrobial agents and SmaI-directed pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. A first screening for possible risk factors for MRSP carriage was performed by means of unifactorial contingency tables and CART analysis. Sixty (7.4%) dogs were positive for MRSP. All MRSP isolates harboured a type II-III SCC. mec cassette and showed extended resistance to antimicrobial agents. Fifteen different SmaI patterns were observed. The major factors that clustered with MRSP carriage were former hospitalization and antibiotic treatment within the last six months before sampling. This study showed that only a minor part of the sampled dogs carried multi-resistant MRSP isolates. The facts that prior hospitalization and/or antibiotic therapy are potential associated factors for MRSP carriage underline the necessity of a judicious use of antibiotics in small animal medicine. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.
Transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius between infected dogs and cats and contact pets, humans and the environment in households and veterinary clinicsE. van Duijkeren | M. Kamphuis | I. C. van der Mije | L. M. Laarhoven | B. Duim | J. A. Wagenaar | D. J. Houwers
Volume 150, Issues 3-4, June 2011, Pages 338-343
The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) in people, pets and the environment in households with a pet with a clinical MRSP-infection within the past year. Personnel and the environment at veterinary clinics were also screened. Nasal swabs (humans), nasal and perineal swabs (pets) and environmental wipes were examined using selective culturing. Twenty households were enrolled; 10/20 index cases still had clinical signs of infection at the start of the study and all were MRSP-positive. Of the remaining 10 index cases five were MRSP-positive in nasal and/or perineal samples. Five of 14 (36%) contact dogs and four of 13 (31%) contact cats were found MRSP-positive. In the households with an index case with clinical signs of infection 6/7 (86%) contact animals were MRSP-positive. MRSP was cultured from 2/45 (4%) human nasal samples. Domestic contamination was widespread as positive samples were found in 70% of the households and 44% of all environmental samples were MRSP-positive. In all but one of these MRSP-positive households the index case was still MRSP positive. Among the personnel in veterinary clinics 4/141 (3%) were MRSP-positive. MRSP was cultured from 31/200 environmental samples in 7/13 clinics at the first sampling and in 3/6 clinics the environment remained MRSP-positive after cleaning and disinfection indicating that current cleaning procedures often were unable to eliminate MRSP. These results show that transmission of MRSP between infected or colonized dogs and cats and healthy people does occur but is relatively uncommon, while transmission to contact pets occurs frequently, especially when the index case still has clinical signs of MRSP-infection. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
Characterization of three H5N5 and one H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in ChinaKunkun Zhao | Min Gu | Lei Zhong | Zhiqiang Duan | Yan Zhang | Yanmei Zhu | Guo Zhao | Mingjun Zhao | Zhaoyang Chen | Shunlin Hu | Wenbo Liu | Xiaowen Liu | Daxin Peng | Xiufan Liu
Volume 163, Issues 3-4, May 2013, Pages 351-357
One H5N8 and three H5N5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses which derived their HA genes from the Asian H5N1 lineage were isolated from poultry during 2009-2010 in mainland China. Pathogenicity studies showed that these viruses were all highly virulent to chickens, while they varied from moderate to high virulence in mice and from mild to intermediate virulence in mallards. Phylogenetic analyses showed that these viruses were reassortants bearing the H5N1 backbone while acquiring PB1, NP and NA genes from unidentified non-H5N1 viruses, and had developed into three distinct genotypes (B-D). Molecular characterization indicated that all these viruses might resist to antiviral agents. Our findings highlight the emergence and development of HPAI H5 viruses of other NA subtypes in H5N1 endemic areas and their potential threat to poultry industry and public health. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.
Pathogenesis of leptospirosis: The influence of genomicsBen Adler | Miranda Lo | Torsten Seemann | Gerald L. Murray
Volume 153, Issues 1-2, November 2011, Pages 73-81
Leptospirosis is the most widespread zoonosis worldwide and is caused by serovars of pathogenic Leptospira species. The understanding of leptospiral pathogenesis lags far behind that of many other bacterial pathogens. Current research is thus directed at identification of leptospiral virulence factors. Saprophytic Leptospira species are environmental organisms that never cause disease. Comparative genomics of pathogens and saprophytes has allowed the identification of more than 900 genes unique to either Leptospira interrogans or Leptospira borgpetersenii; these genes potentially encode virulence-associated proteins. However, genes of unknown function are over-represented in this subset of pathogen-specific genes, accounting for 80% and 60% of open reading frames, respectively. This finding, together with the absence of virulence factor homologues among the proteins of known function, suggests that Leptospira possesses unique virulence mechanisms. Whole genome microarray studies have identified genes whose expression is differentially regulated under a range of simulated in vivo conditions, such as physiological temperature and osmolarity, low iron levels, and the presence of serum. The subset of genes identified by these studies is likely to include virulence factors. However, most such genes encode proteins of unknown function, consistent with the hypothesis that leptospiral virulence genes do not have homologues in other bacterial species. The recent development of mutagenesis systems for pathogenic Leptospira spp. has allowed the screening of defined mutants for attenuation of virulence in animal infection models and has identified definitively for the first time a range of virulence factors, including lipopolysaccharide, flagella, heme oxygenase, and the OmpA-family protein, Loa22. Interestingly, inactivation of a number of genes hypothesised to encode virulence factors based on in vitro virulence-associated properties did not result in attenuation of virulence, suggesting a degree of functional redundancy in leptospiral pathogenic mechanisms. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
Review of group A rotavirus strains reported in swine and cattleHajnalka Papp | Brigitta László | Ferenc Jakab | Balasubramanian Ganesh | Simona De Grazia | Jelle Matthijnssens | Max Ciarlet | Vito Martella | Krisztián Bányai
Volume 165, Issues 3-4, August 2013, Pages 190-199
Group A rotavirus (RVA) infections cause severe economic losses in intensively reared livestock animals, particularly in herds of swine and cattle. RVA strains are antigenically heterogeneous, and are classified in multiple G and P types defined by the two outer capsid proteins, VP7 and VP4, respectively. This study summarizes published literature on the genetic and antigenic diversity of porcine and bovine RVA strains published over the last 3 decades. The single most prevalent genotype combination among porcine RVA strains was G5P[7], whereas the predominant genotype combination among bovine RVA strains was G6P[5], although spatiotemporal differences in RVA strain distribution were observed. These data provide important baseline data on epidemiologically important RVA strains in swine and cattle and may guide the development of more effective vaccines for veterinary use. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.
Multidrug-resistant extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli of sequence type ST131 in animals and foodsJoanne L. Platell | James R. Johnson | Rowland N. Cobbold | Darren J. Trott
Volume 153, Issues 1-2, November 2011, Pages 99-108
Multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli sequence type 131 (ST131) has recently emerged as a globally distributed cause of extraintestinal infections in humans. Diverse factors have been investigated as explanations for ST131's rapid and successful dissemination, including transmission through animal contact and consumption of food, as suggested by the detection of ST131 in a number of nonhuman species. For example, ST131 has recently been identified as a cause of clinical infection in companion animals and poultry, and both host groups have been confirmed as faecal carriers of ST131. Moreover, a high degree of similarity has been shown among certain ST131 isolates from humans, companion animals, and poultry based on resistance characteristics and genomic background and human and companion animal ST131 isolates tend to exhibit similar virulence genotypes. However, most ST131 isolates from poultry appear to possess specific virulence genes that are typically absent from human and companion animal isolates, including genes associated with avian pathogenic E. coli. Since the number of reported animal and food-associated ST131 isolates is quite small, the role of nonhuman host species in the emergence, dissemination, and transmission of ST131 to humans remains unclear. Nevertheless, given the profound public health importance of the emergent ST131 clonal group, even the limited available evidence indicates a pressing need for further careful study of this significant question. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
One dose of a porcine circovirus 2 subunit vaccine induces humoral and cell-mediated immunity and protects against porcine circovirus-associated disease under field conditionsPaolo Martelli | Luca Ferrari | Marina Morganti | Elena De Angelis | Paolo Bonilauri | Stefano Guazzetti | Antonio Caleffi | Paolo Borghetti
Volume 149, Issues 3-4, May 2011, Pages 339-351
This study investigated the efficacy of a one-dose porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) subunit vaccine based on the PCV2 Cap protein expressed in a baculovirus system on two different farms at which a history of porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVD) was present. Morbidity, mortality, average daily weight gain, carcass weight, PCV2 load in serum and vaccine immunogenicity were assessed. Serology to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae was performed. A double-blind, randomised, and controlled field trial was performed distributing 818 piglets between two treatment groups. At inclusion (weaning at 21±3 days of age), 408 animals (group B) received a 2-mL intramuscular dose of Porcilis PCV ® (vaccinated group). Controls (group A, 410 pigs) received 2mL of the adjuvant Diluvac Forte ® intramuscularly. Weights were recorded at inclusion and at 12 and 26 weeks of age, and the average daily weight gain (ADWG) was calculated. The carcass weights of the pigs from farm 2 were recorded at slaughter (274 days old). All dead animals (died or culled) underwent autopsy to classify them as PMWS-affected or not. At each farm, blood samples were taken from 22 pigs/group for serologic studies. A beneficial effect was found after vaccination with a single dose of a PCV2 Cap vaccine against PCVD. The vaccination reduced the mortality rate and morbidity, reduced PCV2 viremia and viral load, improved productive performances (e.g. ADWG: +70g/day between 12 and 26 weeks of age when viremia and the specific disease occurred) as well as carcass weight at slaughter age (+4.5kg). These effects were associated with virologic and clinical protection from the immunogenicity of the vaccine measured as activation of both a humoral and a cellular immune response. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.
Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N8) in domestic poultry and its relationship with migratory birds in South Korea during 2014Jipseol Jeong | Hyun Mi Kang | Eun Kyoung Lee | Byung Min Song | Yong Kuk Kwon | Hye Ryoung Kim | Kang Seuk Choi | Ji Ye Kim | Hyun Jeong Lee | Oun Kyong Moon | Wooseog Jeong | Jida Choi | Jong Ho Baek | Yi Seok Joo | Yong Ho Park | Hee Soo Lee | Youn Jeong Lee
Volume , Issue , September 2014, Page
Highly pathogenic H5N8 avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) were introduced into South Korea during 2014, thereby caused outbreaks in wild birds and poultry farms. During the 2014 outbreak, H5N8 HPAIVs were isolated from 38 wild birds and 200 poultry farms (up to May 8, 2014). To better understand the introduction of these viruses and their relationships with wild birds and poultry farm, we analyzed the genetic sequences and available epidemiological data related to the viruses. Genetic analysis of 37 viruses isolated from wild birds and poultry farms showed that all of the isolates belonged to clade 188.8.131.52 of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene, but comprised two distinct groups. During the initial stage of the outbreak, identical isolates from each group were found in wild birds and poultry farms near Donglim Reservoir, which is a resting site for migratory birds, thereby indicating that two types of H5N8 HPAIVs were introduced into the lake at the same time. Interestingly, the one group of H5N8 HPAIV predominated around Donglim Reservoir, and the predominant virus was dispersed by wild birds among the migratory bird habitats in the western region of South Korea as time passed, and it was also detected in nearby poultry farms. Furthermore, compared with the results of the annual AIV surveillance of captured wild birds, which has been performed since 2008, more HPAIVs were isolated and H5 sero-prevalence was also detected during the 2014 outbreak. Overall, our results strongly suggest that migratory birds played a key role in the introduction and spread of viruses during the initial stage of the 2014 outbreak. © 2014.
Maintenance, spillover and spillback transmission of bovine tuberculosis in multi-host wildlife complexes: A New Zealand case studyGraham Nugent
Volume 151, Issues 1-2, July 2011, Pages 34-42
The causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (bTB; Mycobacterium bovis) has a broad host range. The role of each animal species in spreading the disease depends on how transmission occurs, on the abundance of each host, and on the interactions between hosts. This paper explores differences in the roles individual host species can play in allowing M. bovis infection to persist and spread within a multi-species complex, using New Zealand as a case study.In New Zealand, four wild mammal species are frequently infected. Of these the brushtail possum is now regarded as the only true " maintenance" host. Red deer and ferrets can become maintenance hosts where their densities are exceptionally high, but more often they are " spillover" hosts, with most infection arising from moderately frequent inter-species transmission from possums. The latter situation is even more strongly the case for feral pigs. Spillover hosts may occasionally play a crucial epidemiological role by transmitting infection back to a potential maintenance host (spillback). Three key factors make spillback transmission far more epidemiologically important than its low frequency of occurrence might suggest-amplification of the reservoir of bTB, far greater spatial spread than by the maintenance host, and greater persistence of bTB in long-lived spillover hosts extending the risk of spillback far into the future. The risk of spillback is undoubtedly low, but it nonetheless determines the nature, scale and duration of management required. Eradication of the disease may require management of both the infection in maintenance hosts and reduction or elimination of any risk of spillback. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
Progress in the control of bovine tuberculosis in Spanish wildlifeChristian Gortazar | Joaquín Vicente | Mariana Boadella | Cristina Ballesteros | Ruth C. Galindo | Joseba Garrido | Alicia Aranaz | José de la Fuente
Volume 151, Issues 1-2, July 2011, Pages 170-178
Despite the compulsory test and slaughter campaigns in cattle, bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is still present in Spain, and the role of wildlife reservoirs is increasingly recognized. We provide an update on recent progress made in bTB control in Spanish wildlife, including aspects of epidemiology, surveillance, host-pathogen interaction and wildlife vaccination.At the high densities and in the particular circumstances of Mediterranean environments, wild ungulates, mainly Eurasian wild boar and red deer, are able to maintain Mycobacterium bovis circulation even in absence of domestic livestock. Infection is widespread among wild ungulates in the south of the country, local infection prevalence being as high as 52% in wild boar and 27% in red deer. Risk factors identified include host genetic susceptibility, abundance, spatial aggregation at feeders and waterholes, scavenging, and social behaviour. An increasing trend of bTB compatible lesions was reported among wild boar and red deer inspected between 1992 and 2004 in Southwestern Spain. Sporadic cases of badger TB have been detected, further complicating the picture.Gene expression profiles were characterized in European wild boar and Iberian red deer naturally infected with M. bovis. The comparative analysis of gene expression profiles in wildlife hosts in response to infection advanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of infection and pathogenesis, revealed common and distinctive host responses to infection and identified candidate genes associated with resistance to bTB and for the characterization of host response to infection and vaccination.Ongoing research is producing valuable knowledge on vaccine delivery, safety and efficacy issues. Baits for the oral delivery of BCG vaccine preparations to wild boar piglets were developed and evaluated. The use of selective feeders during the summer was found to be a potentially reliable bait-deployment strategy. Safety experiments yielded no isolation of M. bovis BCG from faeces, internal organs at necropsy and the environment, even after oral delivery of very high doses. Finally, preliminary vaccination and challenge experiments suggested that a single oral BCG vaccination may protect wild boar from infection by a virulent M. bovis field strain. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
Diversity and zoonotic potential of rotaviruses in swine and cattle across EuropeSofie E. Midgley | Krisztián Bányai | Javier Buesa | Nabil Halaihel | Charlotte K. Hjulsager | Ferenc Jakab | Jérôme Kaplon | Lars E. Larsen | Marina Monini | Mateja Poljšak-Prijatelj | Pierre Pothier | Franco M. Ruggeri | Andrej Steyer | Marion Koopmans | Blenda Böttiger
Volume 156, Issues 3-4, May 2012, Pages 238-245
Group A rotaviruses can infect both humans and animals. Individual rotavirus strains can occasionally cross species barriers and might hereby contribute to the emergence of new genotypes in heterologous hosts. The incidence and impact of zoonotic rotavirus are not well defined, and one reason for this is a lack of data about strains circulating in suspected reservoir animal hosts. In this study we report the incidence, genetic diversity, and molecular epidemiology of rotaviruses detected in domestic cattle and swine in 6 European countries. From 2003 to 2007, 1101 and more than 2000 faecal specimens were collected from swine and cattle, both healthy and diarrhoeic, and tested for rotaviruses. Viruses from positive stools were genotyped and a subset of strains was characterized by nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the VP7 (G) and VP4 (P) genes. Rotaviruses were detected in 43% of bovine samples and in 14% of porcine samples. In cattle, 10 different combinations of G and P types were identified and the most common strains were G6P[11] and G6P[5]. In swine, the number of identified G-P combinations was higher (n=21), however, no single combination was predominant across Europe. Newly described genotype specificities, P[27] and P[32], were identified in swine. When compared at the nucleotide sequence level, the identified porcine rotavirus strains and contemporary human strains grouped together phylogenetically, whereas bovine rotavirus strains formed separate clades. These data demonstrate large genetic diversity of porcine and bovine rotavirus strains across Europe, and suggest that livestock herds may serve as potential reservoirs for human infections. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
Usutu virus in ITALY: An emergence or a silent infection?Giovanni Savini | Federica Monaco | Calogero Terregino | Annapia Di Gennaro | Luca Bano | Chiara Pinoni | Roberta De Nardi | Paolo Bonilauri | Monica Pecorari | Luigina Di Gialleonardo | Lebana Bonfanti | Andrea Polci | Paolo Calistri | Rossella Lelli
Volume 151, Issues 3-4, August 2011, Pages 264-274
A two year study (2008-2009) was carried out to monitor the Usutu virus (USUV) circulation in Italy. Sentinel horses and chickens, wild birds and mosquitoes were sampled and tested for the presence of USUV and USUV antibodies within the WND National Surveillance plan. Seroconversion evidenced in sentinel animals proved that in these two years the virus has circulated in Tuscany, Emilia Romagna, Veneto and Friuli Venezia Giulia regions. In Veneto USUV caused a severe blackbird die-off disease involving at least a thousand birds. Eleven viral strains were detected in organs of 9 blackbirds (52.9%) and two magpies (0.5%) originating from Veneto and Emilia Romagna regions. USUV was also detected in a pool of Culex pipiens caught in Tuscany. According to the alignment of the NS5 partial sequences, no differences between the Italian USUV strains isolated from Veneto, Friuli and Emilia Romagna regions were observed. The Italian North Eastern strain sequences were identical to those of the strain detected in the brain of a human patient and shared a high similarity with the isolates from Vienna and Budapest. Conversely, there were few differences between the Italian strains which circulated in the North Eastern regions and the USUV strain detected in a pool of C. pipiens caught in Tuscany. A high degree of similarity at both nucleotide and amino acid level was also found when the full genome sequence of the Italian North Eastern isolate was compared with that of the strains circulating in Europe. The North Eastern Italian strain sequence exhibited 97% identity to the South African reference strain SAAR-1776. The deduced amino acid sequences of the Italian strain differed by 10 and 11 amino-acids from the Budapest and Vienna strains, respectively, and by 28 from the SAAR-1776 strain. According to this study two strains of USUVs are likely to have circulated in Italy between 2008 and 2009. They have developed strategies of adaptation and evolution to spread into new areas and to become established. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
Management of bovine tuberculosis in Michigan wildlife: Current status and near term prospectsDaniel J. O'Brien | Stephen M. Schmitt | Scott D. Fitzgerald | Dale E. Berry
Volume 151, Issues 1-2, July 2011, Pages 179-187
Surveillance and control activities for bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in free-ranging Michigan white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) have now been underway for over a decade. Significant progress has been made, lowering apparent prevalence in deer in the core area by >60%, primarily via reduction of deer densities through hunting, and restrictions on public feeding and baiting of deer. These broad strategies of the Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR), implemented with the cooperation of Michigan deer hunters, halved the deer population in the bTB endemic area. However, as hunters see fewer deer, their willingness to sustain aggressive harvests has waned, and public resentment of control measures has grown.During the past four years, apparent prevalence in core area deer has held approximately steady just below 2%. After bottoming out in 2004 at an estimated 10-12 deer/km2, deer numbers have since rebounded by ∼30%. Public compliance with baiting and feeding restrictions has been variable. In general, hunters in the core area do not perceive bTB as a problem, in spite of 13 years of MDNR outreach. To date, MDNR has expended more than US$23 million on TB-related activities. Of late, a substantial portion of that funding has been diverted to support other programs which have suffered from budget shortfalls.Livestock herd breakdowns continue to occur sporadically, averaging 3-4 per year 2005 to present. In total, 46 cattle and 4 captive deer herds have been diagnosed bTB positive statewide, the majority yielding only 1 positive animal. Five cattle herds were twice infected, one thrice. Michigan Department of Agriculture (MDA) policy emphasis has shifted towards obtaining producer support for wildlife risk mitigation and farm biosecurity. Funding has proven a limiting factor, with the majority of the US$63 million spent to date devoted to whole herd testing.Nevertheless, some initiatives justify cautious optimism. Promising research to support eventual vaccination of wild deer continues. Some hunters and landowners have begun to recognize the costs of high deer densities and supplemental feeding. A peninsula-wide ban on baiting and feeding was enacted. Some cattle producers, recognizing their precarious circumstances, have begun work to change long-held prevailing opinions among their peers about farm biosecurity. Yet formidable challenges remain, and evidence suggests that eradication of bTB, if it can be achieved, will take decades, and will require greater public and political resolve than has been demonstrated thus far. © 2011.
Genetic diversity of H9N2 influenza viruses from pigs in China: A potential threat to human health?Hai Yu | Yan Jun Zhou | Guo Xin Li | Ji Hong Ma | Li Ping Yan | Bin Wang | Fu Ru Yang | Meng Huang | Guang Zhi Tong
Volume 149, Issues 1-2, April 2011, Pages 254-261
Pandemic strains of influenza A virus might arise by genetic reassortment between viruses from different hosts. Pigs are susceptible to both human and avian influenza viruses and have been proposed to be intermediate hosts or mixing vessels, for the generation of pandemic influenza viruses through reassortment or adaptation to the mammalian host. In this study, we summarize and report for the first time the coexistence of 10 (A-J) genotypes in pigs in China by analyzing the eight genes of 28 swine H9N2 viruses isolated in China from 1998 to 2007. Swine H9N2 viruses in genotype A and B were completely derived from Y280-like and Shanghai/F/98-like viruses, respectively, which indicated avian-to-pig interspecies transmission of H9N2 viruses did exist in China. The other eight genotype (C-J) viruses might be double-reassortant viruses, in which six genotype (E-J) viruses possessed 1-4 H5-like gene segments indicating they were reassortants of H9 and H5 viruses. In conclusion, genetic diversity of H9N2 influenza viruses from pigs in China provides further evidence that avian to pig interspecies transmission of H9N2 viruses did occur and might result in the generation of new reassortant viruses by genetic reassortment with swine H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 influenza viruses, therefore, these swine H9N2 influenza viruses might be a potential threat to human health and continuing to carry out swine influenza virus surveillance in China is of great significance. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.
Acquisition of Clostridium difficile by pigletsN. E M Hopman | E. C. Keessen | C. Harmanus | I. M J G Sanders | L. A M G van Leengoed | E. J. Kuijper | L. J A Lipman
Volume 149, Issues 1-2, April 2011, Pages 186-192
Clostridium difficile is recognized as an important cause of nosocomial diarrhoea in humans especially in association with administration of antibiotics. In pigs, C. difficile can cause neonatal enteritis and can be isolated from faeces from both diseased and healthy animals. The presented prospective study describes how soon C. difficile can be isolated from newborn piglets after normal parturition and how C. difficile spreads within a pig farm. Six sows, their farrowing crates and their litters at one farm were sampled until C. difficile was found in all piglets. Within 48. h after birth, all 71 piglets became positive for C. difficile (two piglets were already positive within 1. h post partum), all sows became positive within 113. h after parturition and the farrowing crates were found intermittently positive. C. difficile could also be detected in air samples and in samples of teats of the sows. All isolates belonged to PCR ribotype 078. Twenty-one C. difficile ribotype 078 isolates, found at the farm, were further analyzed by MLVA (multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis) and belonged to one clonal complex, except one isolate. To be sure that piglets were not born already infected with C. difficile ribotype 078, 38 caesarean derived piglets were sampled immediately after surgery. All piglets tested negative at delivery and stayed negative for C. difficile ribotype 078 during the 21 days in which they were kept in sterile incubators. This study shows that C. difficile ribotype 078 spreads easily between sows, piglets and the environment. Vertical transmission of C. difficile ribotype 078 was not found and is very unlikely to occur. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.
Recent advances in understanding the biology, epidemiology and control of chlamydial infections in koalasAdam Polkinghorne | Jon Hanger | Peter Timms
Volume 165, Issues 3-4, August 2013, Pages 214-223
The koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) is recognised as a threatened wildlife species in various parts of Australia. A major contributing factor to the decline and long-term viability of affected populations is disease caused by the obligate intracellular bacteria, Chlamydia. Two chlamydial species infect the koala, Chlamydia pecorum and Chlamydia pneumoniae, and have been reported in nearly all mainland koala populations. Chlamydial infections of koalas are associated with ocular infections leading to blindness and genital tract infections linked to infertility, among other serious clinical manifestations. Diagnosis can be based on clinical presentation alone, however, it is complicated by the observation that many koala chlamydial infections occur with no overt signs of clinical disease. Instead, accurate diagnosis requires detailed clinical assessment and confirmatory testing by a range of PCR-based assays. Antibiotic treatment for koala chlamydial infection is possible, however, results on its success are mixed. A more practical solution for the protection of diseased populations is the application of a koala Chlamydia vaccine, with recent trials indicating promising results. Interestingly, molecular epidemiology studies of koala C. pecorum infections and recent comparative genomic analyses of koala C. pneumoniae have revealed potential differences in their origin that will have wider ramifications for our understanding of human chlamydial infections and host adaptation of the chlamydiae. This review summarises changes to the taxonomy of koala chlamydial infections and recent advances in our understanding of the epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, control and evolution of Chlamydia infections in this iconic wildlife species. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.
OmpA is a virulence factor of Riemerella anatipestiferQinghai Hu | Xiangan Han | Xiaojin Zhou | Chan Ding | Yinyu Zhu | Shengqing Yu
Volume 150, Issues 3-4, June 2011, Pages 278-283
Riemerella anatipestifer infection is probably the most economically important disease of farm ducks worldwide. The pathogen R. anatipestifer causes septicemia anserum exsudativa in ducks, but little is known about the molecular basis of its pathogenesis and the virulence factors involved. In this study, by deleting ompA gene from R. anatipestifer serotype 2 strain Th4, we constructed a mutant strain Th4ΔompA to investigate whether R. anatipestifer OmpA is an important virulence factor. Results showed that although the growth curve, bacterial and colony morphology of Th4ΔompA in tryptic soybean broth (TSB) or on TSB agar were similar to its parent strain Th4, the adhesion and invasion capacities of mutant strain to Vero cells were decreased significantly. Furthermore, the median lethal dose (LD 50) of both strains was determined to measure the virulence with 10-day-old Cherry Valley ducklings. The results showed that LD 50 of Th4ΔompA mutant was >10 10 colony forming units (CFU), it was attenuated significantly in comparison with that of Th4 which LD 50 was 4.41×10 8 CFU. Additional analysis indicated that blood bacterial loading of ducklings infected with the Th4ΔompA mutant were much lower than those of Th4-infected ducklings. The results demonstrate that OmpA is a virulence factor of R. anatipestifer, and that it may act as an adhesin. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.


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Canfield Masons honor member
CANFIELD- The Argus Lodge #545 F&A.M. in Canfield honored Brother Ted Paul Underhill, one of its longtime members, with the "Mason of the Year Award" on Sept. 27. The award was established to honor a brother who has diligently served Argus Lodge and is viewed by its master and officers as a mason who has singled himself out through his actions in the last year.
Underhill has been an active member of the lodge for 13 years where he is now a member of the Fellowcraft team for the Lodge. He is also a member of the Youngstown Shrine Club, for which he is a driver for Wheels of Mercy.
Underhill is the son of Helen and Harvey Underhill of Youngstown. He and his wife, Loretta, whom he married on July 24, 1976, reside in Boardman. They have three children, Adam of Akron, Zac of Austintown and Julie of Canal Fulton.
Underhill graduated from Youngstown State University in 1977 with a bachelor's degree in education and is also a Brother of Alpha Phi Omega. After Graduation he has worked at Meander Nursery where he has since become the owner and operator.


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'Scandal' - 'Sweet Baby': Gladiators in suits
Okay, I've already published my review of ABC's "Scandal" and interviewed producers Shonda Rhimes and Betsy Beers. Now it's your turn. What did everybody think of the new drama? Do you truly understand what it means to be a gladiator in a suit, or do you think the client of the week should've just hired a traditional law firm? Did you enjoy Rhimes' trademark dialogue in a non-medical context? (And did Josh Malina and Liza Weil — both veterans of other rapid-fire banter-loving writers — work well with Rhimes' rhythms?) Are you happy to see Tony Goldwyn acting again, or did the stuff in the White House seem too much? Were you distracted by Henry Ian Cusick's true "wandering accent," or would it have been more distracting if he'd sounded mega-Scottish and called everyone "brutha"? And how about that Kerry Washington?
Have at it. Don't think I'm going to do weekly write-ups. I learned my lesson after a while with "Grey's Anatomy" that Rhimes' shows and I get along much better when I'm not reviewing every episode of them.


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Today, I logged onto a website that offered free tutoring. After chatting with the online tutor, he started flirting with me. I was just looking for some help with my homework, not a creeper. FML
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Contrary to what that little groundhog predicted on the 2nd, I believe that spring is just around the corner, and what better way to get ready for it than with flowers. Dress up a simple outfit with a colorful floral crown, or make a flower parasol for the next sunny day. I don't know about you, but I'm ready to say bye-bye gloom and hello bloom with these 25 DIY Flower Projects…
Flower Crown 1 of 25Dress up your next outfit with a colorful flower crown.
Get the tutorial at Bluebird Vintage
Flower Tissue Garland 2 of 25This flower garland makes for a beautiful decoration at your next party.
Get the tutorial at Prudent Baby
Anthro Inspired Q-Tip Flowers 3 of 25If you are looking for a new modern way to bring flowers into the home you may want to check these out.
Find out more at Homemade Ginger
Flower Shirt 4 of 25Spice up an old t-shirt with fabric flowers.
Get the tutorial at Blue Cricket Design
Dahlia Garland 5 of 25Add some color to your entryway with this dahlia garland.
Check it out at Me Oh My
Flower Pillow 6 of 25Give your bed a makeover with new flower throw pillows.
Get the tutorial at Kiki Creates
Spring in Your Step Shoes 7 of 25Embellish a pair of her favorite shoes with spring flowers.
Get the tutorial at Martha Stewart
Flower Mobile 8 of 25The perfect touch to a baby girl's nursery.
Get the tutorial at Create Loves
Flower Votives 9 of 25Embellish your many mason jars with flower print fabric.
Get the tutorial at Fellow Fellow
Flower Beanies 10 of 25Keep your little girl's head warm with an easy to make flower beanie.
Get the tutorial at Make It and Love It
Throw Pillows 11 of 25Spice up an old couch with colorful pillows.
Check it out at The DIY Dish
The Must Have Clutch 12 of 25Before tossing out an old purse learn how you can give it a total makeover.
Get the tutorial at Scissors and Spatulas
Ribbon Flower Belt 13 of 25Spice up any outfit with a beautiful flower belt.
Get the tutorial at According to Kelly
Flower Ear Warmers 14 of 25Keep your ears nice and toasty with stylish ear warmers.
Get the tutorial at Prudent Baby
The Perfect Gift 15 of 25Top the perfect gift with a perfect flower.
Check it out at Prudent Baby
No More Lost Keys 16 of 25This key holder is not only useful but looks pretty on a wall too.
Get the tutorial at Fiskars
Night Light 17 of 25Add the perfect hint of light to a room with this beautiful night light.
Get the tutorial at Instructables
Spring Wreath 18 of 25Show that you are ready for spring by adding this flower wreath to your door.
Get the tutorial at Delia Creates
Flower Magnets 19 of 25Turn old brooches into magnets to give a girly touch to your refrigerator.
Check it out at Country Living
Bouquet to Last Forever 20 of 25Add a bouquet of fabric flowers to your home or office without having to keep buying new ones.
Get the tutorial at Snowy Bliss
Flower Necklace 21 of 25A flower necklace makes for a totally affordable accessory.
Check them out at Oh Hello Friend
Flower Coasters 22 of 25I think I may make my own right now.
Get the tutorial at Two Shades of Pink
Floral Lampshade 23 of 25This beautiful lampshade would be perfect for a little girls room.
Get the full tutorial at Killer B
Posy Parasol 24 of 25Learn how to make a pretty parasol just in time for spring.
Get the full tutorial at Martha Stewart
Flower Fairies 25 of 25These flower fairies make for a fun indoor project.
Get the tutorial at The Magic Onions
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12 Days of Christmas: Day 7 – Escape
Shake off your hangover and go ride your bike. Jenn reminds us why we should…
Shake off your hangover and go ride your bike. Jenn reminds us why we should…
This is it – the report, photos and video from the last stage of the 2015 Trans Provence. Enjoy
Are they nearly there yet? Yes, they are! In the meantime, here's news and views from days 3, 4 and 5 on the T-P trail
You've seen the videos, now read the story – and stoke your envy further…
The baked trails and dust of yesterday's trails was too good to last. This is Scotland after all.
Inspired freehand sharpie artwork from snapper Sam Needham
Pre-summer might be over but we're here to keep you going 'til real summer arrives
Altura are showcasing their winter range with a sweet little movie that'll get you jonesing for a bit of trail pinning this weekend
This issue's Premier Exclusive is a great big EWS gallery
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Rich double-chocolate cake is filled with a light, milk-chocolate mousse, and it's top is dipped and set in a thickened dark-chocolate ganache and frosted with a very chocolatey swirl of buttercream dotted with lil colored chocolate fondant flowers! NOMNOM!
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Our Valentine Program began in 1972 and has grown over the years to include a variety of Valentine community activities, as well as our nationally-known cachet stamping and postmark program. Valentines are hand-stamped with our unique cachet, which is modeled after the year's winning card, and then hand-cancelled with a special Loveland, Ohio, postmark. Each year, we re-mail thousands of cards to all 50 states and many foreign countries. We also stamp wedding invitations throughout the year.
To send your Valentines with our romantic cachet stamp and the Loveland postmark, prepare your cards, affixing proper postage, the addressee and your return address, and include them in a larger envelope addressed to:
The Valentine Lady
Loveland Area Chamber of Commerce
123 S. Second Street
Loveland, OH 45140
Our Loveland Valentine Breakfast is a wonderful way to celebrate Valentine's Day in the Sweetheart of Ohio. Join us for a lovely community breakfast on Valentine's Day, but be sure to register early! This popular event sells out fast! The Loveland Valentine Breakfast is sponsored by Oasis Golf Club and Conference Center.
The Valentine Card Design Contest is held annually to create our special commemorative Valentine Card. Our Valentine Committee selects the winning card design for our Loveland Valentine Card. Cards are sold at the Chamber office and various locations in Loveland. Click here for card design rules and entry form. Our Loveland Valentine Card is sponsored by Loveland Health Care Center.
The Loveland Valentine Poetry Contest showcases winning poems that are published online at http://communitypress.cincinnati.com/ and may be printed in the Loveland Herald. The poets also read their poems aloud at our exclusive community Loveland Valentine Breakfast. Please click here for a poetry contest flyer with the rules and guidelines. The Loveland Valentine Poetry Contest is sponsored by the City of Loveland.
Our Valentine Coloring Contest is great fun! Decorate "Valentino ," our special little character with a lot of heart, and then look to see if yours is featured online at http://www.cincinnati.com/communities/loveland/ or printed in the Loveland Herald. Our Valentine Coloring Contest is sponsored by Pizazz Studio, INC.
Valentine Breakfast Sponsor
Valentine Card Sponsor
Valentine Poetry Contest Sponsor
Valentino Coloring Contest Sponsor
1982 Doris Pfiester
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Closet Doors in River Falls, WI
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Sliding closet doors in River Falls, WI are a good solution for those who don't have much space around their closet. If you want to conserve as much space as possible, a River Falls sliding closet door is definitely an option worth considering. There are also the classic swinging closet doors, which you will have many options to choose from with as well. Take the time to look for doors that are also aesthetically pleasing, because the last thing you want is for the doors on your closets to stand out as eyesores. When you take a decent amount of time to review these options, pick out your favorite closet doors in River Falls, WI.
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Great Plains Restoration, Inc.407 Second Street Hudson, WI 54016
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text: Burger King Launches French Fry Burger Hamburger topped with 4 fries weighs in at 360 calories By Newsy, a Newser Video Partner Posted Aug 27, 2013 12:17 PM CDT 21 comments Comments Burger King Launches French Fry Burger Some say it's an attempt by Burger King to keep up with cheap eats offered by McDonald's. (Newsy) Back to story » (Newser) – Burger King has plans to combine the crown jewels of fast food with a new burger concoction called the French Fry Burger. You heard right—a french fry burger. But it's not as crazy as it sounds. View 1 image


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Who we are
Growponics, Ltd. is registered in the UK. The company's business is building and operating agriculture projects in the UK, Continental Europe, Asia, North & South America and the rest of the world. Subsidiary partnerships include Growponics Americas, Growponics Hong Kong and Growponics Israel. read more…
What we do
Growponics Ltd., designs and builds automated greenhouses that use modern agronomics and high technology to maximize food/plant production and profitability on crop yields grown 365 days a year, specializing in a unique, shallow-bed, rotating using hydroponic growing methods. read more…
Mission Statement
To provide a unique business model, patented technology license and management agreement that allows anyone, from any industry, to become food producers. To provide customized hydro-organic greenhouse facilities that maximize efficiency through automated growing systems throughout the World. Our technology optimizes food yields, flavor and nutrition; extends shelf life; offers herbicide and pesticide residue-free, and pathogen-free produce, which are environmentally-friendly and sustainable, using fewer resources. Our technology feeds more people healthier food.
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Hydroponic or Organic?Different countries have different view whether hydroponic crops can be labeled organic. Both growing methods attempt to do the same thing: grow high-quality crops at minimum resources. Organic agriculture is based on growing in soil, with natural plant/animal manure... read more
Hydroponics Lettuce Yields 11 Times More ProduceResearch: Hydroponics Lettuce Yields 11 Times More Produce and Saves 250 Times on Water Compared to Conventional Grown A recent Research conducted in Arizona, lettuce growing capital of the US, compared lettuce growing using hydroponics vs. conventional agriculture.... read more
Watch New Chinese Video from Weifang Project
The new video presents the ambitious project in Weifang, Shandong, China. The high-tech automated hydroponic greenhouse is growing leafy greens as lettuce and bock choy, as well as various vine crops (cucumbers, peppers, bitter gourd, tomatoes and strawberries).read more


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