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Castle, Philip E. PhD, MPH*; Escoffery, Carlos MD†; Schachter, Julius PhD‡; Rattray, Carole MRCOG, DM, MBBS†; Schiffman, Mark MD, MPH*; Moncada, Jeanne MT‡; Sugai, Karlyn MT‡; Brown, Claudette MPH, FMT†; Cranston, Beverly BSc†; Hanchard, Barrie FRCP(Edin), MBBS, FRCP(C)†; Palefsky, Joel M. MD§; Burk, Robert D. MD∥; Hutchinson, Martha L. MD¶; Strickler, Howard D. MD, MPH*∥
From the *Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; †University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica; ‡Chlamydia Research Laboratory (Department of Laboratory Medicine) and the §Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Stomatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California; ∥Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; and ¶Women's and Infants' Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
Some of the contents of this article were presented at the 20th International Papillomavirus Conference, in Paris, October 4–9, 2002.
The authors thank Roberta McClimens (IMS) for her role in data management and analysis in this study, Dr. Rhoda Ashley (University of Washington) for HSV-2 serologic testing, and Richard S. Stevens (University of California San Francisco).
Support for this research was provided by the Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (DCEG), National Cancer Institute, including support for the collaborating clinical center, University of West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica. Additional support for Philip Castle was provided by a Cancer Prevention Fellowship from the Office of Preventive Oncology, NCI, and support for Howard Strickler was provided by DCEG and the Cancer Center of Albert Einstein College of Medicine (NCI grant number CA13330).
Reprint requests: Philip Castle, PhD, MPH, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics National Cancer Institute, 6120 Executive Boulevard, MSC 7234, Bethesda, MD 20892. E-mail: email@example.com
Received November 7, 2002,
revised December 31, 2002, and accepted January 28, 2003.
Background: A few recent studies have suggested that other sexually transmitted infections may increase the likelihood of a human papillomavirus (HPV) infection progressing to high-grade cervical neoplasia and cancer.
Goal: The goal was to assess whether exposures to Chlamydia trachomatis, human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type 1 (HTLV-I), and/or human simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) are greater in colposcopy patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 or cancer (CIN3+) than in patients with low-grade cervical neoplasia (CIN1).
Study Design: Sequential patients (n = 447) attending a colposcopy clinic in Kingston, Jamaica, a country with high cervical cancer rates and high HTLV-I prevalence, were tested for (1) HPV DNA by L1 consensus primer (MY09/11) polymerase chain reaction assays, (2) C trachomatis DNA by ligase chain reaction, (3) C trachomatis antibodies by both microimmunofluorescence and a peptide (VS4) enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), (4) HTLV-I antibodies by ELISA confirmed by western blotting, and (5) HSV-2 antibodies by a recombinant HSV-2-specific ELISA. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated with use of multinomial logistic regression models.
Results: HPV DNA detection was associated with grade of cervical neoplasia but other evaluated sexually transmitted infections were not.
Conclusions: HTLV-I, C trachomatis, and/or HSV-2 were not associated with severity of cervical neoplasia in Jamaican women.
HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS (HPV), a sexually transmitted DNA virus, is widely accepted as the central cause of cervical cancer. 1,2 However, infection by HPV is common and rarely results in a malignant outcome. It is important, therefore, to identify factors that may operate in the presence of HPV infection (HPV cofactors) to increase the likelihood of progression from CIN1 (mild morphologic changes associated with HPV infection) to cancer or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 (CIN3), a well-established cancer precursor lesion. 3
A few recent studies have provided support for a long-held idea that sexually transmitted infections (STIs) other than those due to HPV, such as Chlamydia trachomatis4,5 and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infections, 6 may be such HPV cofactors. Mechanistically, coinfection of these STIs with HPV could increase risk of CIN progression by interfering with local immune responses, by inducing other (e.g., paracrine and autocrine) changes in the local cellular milieu, or by simply causing direct tissue damage and thus increasing the likelihood that HPV infection and associated lesions persist and progress.
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-I), like HIV, is a sexually transmitted retrovirus that may act as an HPV cofactor by interfering with general immune function. 7 A study in Japan found a significant association of HTLV-I with cervical cancer, 8 and a pilot study we conducted of sequential colposcopy patients (n = 198) in Jamaica, a country with high rates of cervical cancer and HTLV-I, showed elevated rates of HTLV-I infection among subjects with CIN3 or cancer (CIN3+) (OR = 3.82; 95% CI = 1.03–14.2) in comparison with subjects who had CIN1 or more benign pathologic conditions. 9 Although we controlled for detection of HPV DNA in the pilot study, the study lacked data regarding other STIs or additional cervical cancer risk factors.
To address these issues in the current investigation, we enrolled a much greater number of patients from the same Jamaican colposcopy clinic as the pilot study, obtained detailed questionnaire data, and assessed exposure to multiple different STIs.
Between 1993 and 1997, we enrolled sequential patients (n = 447) presenting to the colposcopy clinic at the University of West Indies (UWI), Kingston, Jamaica, as part of a UWI and NIH institutional review board–approved study of cervical neoplasia. Eligibility was restricted to women 20–49 years of age, an age group in which both CIN3 and CIN1 are common, so that cases (CIN3+) and controls (CIN1) would be broadly representative of women with these conditions in the general population. 3,10 CIN1 was believed to be the most appropriate for comparison, since women with CIN1 are similar to cases except that they have not developed neoplasia of a high grade. Left untreated, only a small fraction of CIN1 patients would eventually be diagnosed with CIN3+, a circumstance suggesting that the comparison of CIN1 and CIN3+ does not, however, represent "overmatching."11
The UWI colposcopy clinic is a referral center for follow-up of abnormal Papanicolaou smears in the Kingston, Jamaica, vicinity, representing one of just a few facilities where patients without a private gynecologist can receive colposcopic evaluation, although many women with a private physician are also frequently referred. Consequently, the clinic serves a broad range of women of poor, lower middle, and middle socioeconomic classes.
Each subject completed a detailed (30-minute) questionnaire regarding demographic, general health, obstetrical, and gynecological history and other risk-factor information administered by a trained interviewer. Just before colposcopy, cervical specimens for cytology and for DNA testing were obtained as follows. First, a standard Papanicolaou smear was prepared with use of an endocervical brush and Ayre's spatula. Both implements were then placed in PreservCyt medium (Cytyc Corporation, Boxborough, MA) and agitated to collect residual exfoliated cervical cells for preparation of a ThinPrep monolayer Papanicolaou smear (Cytyc Corporation), in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations.
A second sample of exfoliated cervical cells was obtained for DNA testing with a polyester swab rubbed gently across the ectocervix and cervical os, placed in 1 ml of standard transport medium (STM; Digene Corporation, Gaithersburg, MD), and then stored at −70 °C until used for testing. Colposcopy was conducted, and biopsy specimens of any aceto-white cervical lesions and tissues suggestive of neoplasia were obtained for histologic evaluation. Blood was also collected by venipuncture and permitted to clot, and the resulting serum was stored at −70 °C until used for serologic testing.
A single expert pathologist (C. E.) examined all standard Papanicolaou smears, and a single cytopathologist (M. L. H.) specifically expert in the evaluation of thin-layer cytologic specimens examined all ThinPrep Papanicolaou smears. Both cytologists were asked to distinguish between high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs) of the moderate dysplasia subtype, consistent with a histologic diagnosis of CIN2, and HSILs of the severe dysplasia subtype, consistent with a histologic diagnosis of CIN3. Histologic specimens were examined for cervical pathology (C. E.), masked to the original cytology interpretations.
The final diagnosis used in our analyses was the highest grade of disease detected by either cytology or histology. This reflects the growing awareness that both cytology and histology have limited intrarater and interrater agreement 12 (i.e., Kappa values in the range of 0.3–0.6, considered just fair to good, and awareness that histology is dependent on the colposcopist obtaining a biopsy specimen from the most severely neoplastic region.) To further address variability in diagnosis, we classified the "certainty" of each result as good (all cytologic and histologic results agreed exactly with regard to the presence and exact grade of lesion), intermediate (all agreed within one grade of disease), or poor. The exclusion of CIN2 from either the primary case definition (CIN3+) or control group (CIN1) also created a buffer, thereby reducing the likelihood of misclassification due to overlap between mild and moderate lesions and between moderate and severe lesions that would otherwise have occurred.
HPV DNA was detected with use of L1 consensus primer MY09/MY11/HMB01 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. 13 Control primer set PC04/GH20, amplifying a 268-bp cellular β-globin DNA fragment, was included in each assay to serve as an internal amplification control. Following proteinase K digestion of a specimen aliquot, 2–10 μL of each cell digest was used in reactions containing 10 mmol/l Tris-HCL, 50 mmol/l KCL, 4 mmol/l MgCl2, 200 μM of each deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate, 2.5 U Taq DNA polymerase, and 0.5 μM of each primer. There were 40 amplification cycles (95 °C for 20 seconds, 55 °C for 30 seconds, and 72 °C for 30 seconds), with a 5-minute extension period at 72 °C in the last cycle. Amplified material was then detected on filters individually hybridized with biotinylated type-specific oligonucleotide probes for multiple HPV types, including HPV 6, 11, 13, 16, 18, 26, 31–35, 39, 40, 42, 45, 51–59, 61, 62, 64, 66–70, 71 (AE8), 72, 73 (PAP238A), 81 (AE7), 83 (PAP291), 82(W13B and AE2), 84 (PAP155), 85 (AE5), 89 (AE6), AE9, and AE10.
Sera were screened for antibodies to HTLV-I/HTLV-II with both a recombinant p21e enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA; Cambridge Biotech, Worcester, MA) and a whole-virus ELISA (Dupont, Wilmington, DE, or Genetic Systems, Redmond, WA). Reactivity of sera in either ELISA was confirmed by western blotting (Biotech Research Laboratories, Rockville, MD). Reactivity to both p24 and rp21e were defined as HTLV-positive. HTLV-I and HTLV-II infections were differentiated by synthetic peptide ELISA (United Biomedical/Olympus, Hauppage, NY), recombinant protein-enhanced western blotting (Diagnostic Biotechnology, Singapore), or an algorithm comparing western blotting p24 and p19 band strength. 14,15
LCR assays (LCx, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL) targeting the cryptic plasmid of C trachomatis were performed as previously described. 16 In brief, 100 μl of each cervical STM specimen was placed in an LCR transport tube containing 0.5 ml of buffer and Mg2Cl and then heated to 100 °C for 15 minutes to denature DNA. LCR amplification reactions were conducted by adding 100 μl of each denatured test sample or a control into a microfuge tube containing a predispensed LCx reaction mixture of probes, polymerase, and ligase. The tubes were placed into a thermocycler (Perkin Elmer) programmed for 40 cycles. A microparticle enzyme immunoassay was then run to detect C trachomatis amplicons.
A modified microimmunofluorescence (MIF) technique utilizing yolk sac–grown elementary bodies specific for the 15 serovars of C trachomatis (A–L3) was used to measure antichlamydial antibodies in sera. 17 Antibody titers were determined with serial twofold dilutions. MIF titers ≥1:8 were considered positive, and positive results were subcategorized as low (1:8–1:128) or high titers (1:256 and higher). To reduce the effects of cross-reactive antibodies against either strains that cause trachoma or broadly reactive antibody presumably due to C pneumoniae infection, we further limited our data to serovars D–K, which are predominantly associated with gynecologic infections. 4 Thus, in keeping with an earlier positive report, 4 only MIF titers ≥1:8 against a D–K serovar were considered positive, and a titer ≥1:256 was categorized as a high titer.
A previously described in-house experimental ELISA was modified to use the major outer membrane protein of the VS4 peptide of C trachomatis (SS1-E). 18 In brief, 96-well microtiter plates were coated with the synthetic VS4 peptide. Diluted sera (1:100) were placed into the precoated plates and incubated for 1 hour at 36 °C. Plates were washed and incubated with goat antihuman IgG-HRP conjugate (Zymed Laboratories Inc., So. San Francisco, CA). After incubation, o-phenylenediamine substrate (Dako Corp., Carpinteria, CA) was added. The reaction was stopped with 8N H2SO4. Plates were read on a spectrophotometer at 492 nm. These ELISA optical density (OD) results were categorized into tertiles.
A recombinant gG-2-specific HSV-2 ELISA developed by Focus Technology (formerly MRL; Cypress, CA) was utilized for the detection of antibody to HSV-2. 19 OD values for each test specimen were compared to a standard ("cutoff calibrator"), and index values above 1.1 were considered positive. Test results classified as equivocal (0.90–1.1; n = 2) were conservatively called negative for these analyses.
Standard contingency table methods, with Pearson chi-square tests or, when appropriate, the Mantel extension test for trend, were used to assess possible univariate associations of categorical variables with grade of neoplasia. The associations of continuous variables with grade of neoplasia were assessed with analysis of variance. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) adjusted for relevant parameters (e.g., identified as part of preliminary data analysis) were determined with multinomial logistic regression. Our a priori main comparison was between patients with CIN3+ and those with CIN1, but for completeness, results comparing subjects with CIN2 to those with CIN1 are also shown. Dose–response relationships (pTrend) were assessed in multivariate logistic regression by treating ordinal variables as continuous (which assumes a linear trend).
Although limiting controls to those with CIN1, in part controlled for HPV and other risk factors for the development of cervical lesions, HPV infection was further controlled for by including detection of HPV DNA as a variable in multivariate statistical models and, in one set of models, by entirely restricting analysis to just those who were HPV DNA–positive for any type (HPV-restricted analysis). Thus, we attempted to minimize potential confounding by HPV when evaluating other STIs as cofactors.
Control for HPV type (e.g., oncogenic versus not oncogenic) was believed to be unnecessary in a cross-sectional study such as this, since the cross-sectional detection of HPV is only a proxy for lifetime level of exposure to all HPV (an exposure that is both common and often repeated in sexually active women 20). In any event, secondary analyses controlling for detection of oncogenic HPV types through statistical adjustment in multivariate models did not meaningfully alter the estimated associations (data not shown).
The study enrolled 447 sequential colposcopy patients, aged 20 to 49 years, consistent with the enrollment goals set in our investigational design. Table 1 shows selected sociodemographic, behavioral, and laboratory data from the subset of subjects found to have cervical lesions, according to grade of neoplasia. The only significant behavioral or demographic factors found to be associated with grade of cervical neoplasia were age (P = 0.013), with the median age of CIN3+ cases being approximately 2 years older than patients with CIN1, and ever being pregnant (P = 0.013). HPV DNA prevalence rates among the subjects with CIN1 (n = 201), CIN2 (n = 117), and CIN3+ (n = 92) were 54.3%, 87.4%, and 95.4%, respectively.
It is interesting that the low HPV DNA prevalence among those with CIN1 was similar to the findings observed during the earlier pilot study 9 and was not meaningfully affected (data not shown) by limiting analysis to only those women for whom the diagnosis was made with high certainty (i.e., those cases in which both results of cytology and histology all agreed exactly on the presence and grade of disease). Of those women who were HPV DNA–positive, 33.7% of CIN1 (n = 34), 73.2% of CIN2 (n = 71), and 79.3% of CIN3+ (n = 65) patients were infected with one or more oncogenic types. HPV type 16 was almost 10-fold more prevalent in CIN3+ patients (34.9%) than in CIN1 patients (3.8%).
The results of STI serological assays were correlated with one another and with sexual behavior. MIF titers restricted to serovars D–K, for example, were strongly associated with lifetime number of sex partners (P = 0.005, Pearson chi-square test) as well as with C trachomatis MIF ELISA OD values (P = 0.03). Similarly, HSV-2 seropositivity was strongly related to higher numbers of lifetime sex partners (P < 0.001, Pearson chi-square test) and with HTLV-I seropositivity (P = 0.01, Pearson chi-square test) and was nonsignificantly associated with C trachomatis MIF titers for serovars D–K (P = 0.1, Pearson chi-square test).
None of the STIs examined (except for HPV), however, had a clear association with CIN3+ (Tables 1 and 2). HTLV-I seroprevalence was 4.0% among subjects with CIN1, compared with 7.8% among those with CIN3+ (P = 0.10). In a multivariate model adjusting for age (<25, 25–29, 30–34, and ≥35 years), ever being pregnant, and the presence of HPV DNA, HTLV-I seroprevalence was not significantly associated with CIN3+ (OR = 1.9; 95% CI = 0.51–6.7), and restricting this analysis to just those cases and controls who were HPV DNA–positive for any type did not alter the findings (OR = 1.4; 95% CI = 0.36–5.3).
Exposure to C trachomatis as measured by DNA positivity, an indicator of current infection, showed no association with CIN3+ (OR = 0.82; 95% CI = 0.29–2.3, HPV adjusted). Nor was C trachomatis seropositivity, an indicator of past infection, associated with CIN3+, regardless of whether C trachomatis seroreactivity was measured by a positive MIF result (titers ≥1:8) for any C trachomatis serovar (OR = 1.2, 95% CI = 0.60–2.3, HPV adjusted), for serovars D–K (OR = 1.8, 95% CI = 0.58–5.7, HPV adjusted), for high MIF antibody titers (≥1:256) (OR = 1.5; 95% CI = 0.47–5.0, HPV adjusted), or for high MIF antibody titers (≥1:256) for serovars D–K (OR = 1.5; 95% CI = 0.53–4.1, HPV adjusted) or by using the VS4 peptide ELISA. Restricting the analysis to HPV DNA–positive (any type) cases and controls did not appreciably alter the results.
HSV-2 seroprevalence was high among all subjects. Among patients with CIN1, the HSV-2 seroprevalence was 60.8%, compared with 73.5% among those with CIN3+ (P = 0.12), but neither the multivariate model with HPV adjustment (OR = 1.2; 95% CI = 0.61–2.3) nor the multivariate model restricted to HPV DNA–positive women (OR = 1.2, 95% CI = 0.58–2.4) suggested any association of HSV-2 seropositivity with CIN3+.
To assess the possibility that certain STIs may increase the risk of developing CIN-3 and cancer, we determined the prevalence of antibodies to HSV-2, C trachomatis, and HTLV-I among sequential colposcopy clinic patients in Kingston, Jamaica. Jamaica is of special interest because Jamaican women have high rates of cervical cancer 21 and high rates of infection with HTLV-I. 22 Two earlier studies, 8,9 including a pilot study conducted in Jamaica by our research group, had suggested an association of HTLV-I with CIN3+. In the current investigation, however, we failed to detect differences between patients with CIN3+ and those with CIN1 in their seroprevalence for HTLV-I or the other STIs evaluated.
Based on an a posteriori assessment, the current investigation had 80% power to detect an OR of 2.3 for the associations of both C trachomatis and HSV-2 seropositivity with CIN3+, an effect size in keeping with recent positive reports. 4–6 Given our negative results, it is also noteworthy that few previously published studies regarding the effects of STIs on cervical neoplasia appropriately controlled for HPV infection. 23,24 Several studies, for example, used statistical adjustment for HPV seropositivity to control for HPV exposure, 5,24 an approach that could have resulted in a positive bias due to the insensitivity of HPV serology and the mutual sexual association of HPV and other STIs. 25
Among the few previous studies that controlled for HPV infection by detection of HPV DNA are two positive reports from a single research group that combined the data of several cervical cancer case-control studies it had conducted in different countries. 4,6 In these combined data sets, seropositivities for C trachomatis (OR = 2.1; 95% CI = 1.1–4.0) 4 and for HSV-2 (OR = 2.4; 95% CI = 1.1–5.2) 6 were found to be significantly greater in cervical cancer cases than in HPV DNA–positive normal controls. In the latter study, it is of note that there was significant heterogeneity in the association of HSV-2 seroprevalence with invasive cervical cancer by country.
Interestingly, in those countries (The Philippines and Spain) with the lowest HSV-2 seroprevalence among controls (9.2% and 9.4%, respectively), the association of HSV-2 seroprevalence with cancer was the strongest. By contrast, in those countries (Brazil and Columbia) with the highest HSV-2 seroprevalence among controls (42.0% and 56.9%, respectively), the association was attenuate or null, consistent with the null results in our Jamaican population with high seroprevalence (≥ 0%).
The current negative results and the reduced HSV-2 effect previously observed in countries with high HSV-2 seroprevalence raises the possibility that, in general, the epidemiologic relation of STIs with CIN3+ is weaker in populations with high rates of STIs. This would be expected if these relationships were not biologic in nature. That is, in populations with low rates of STIs, the few seroprevalent individuals are atypical and are likely to be unusual for their high-risk sexual behavior, making STI seropositivity a potentially strong surrogate marker for exposure to oncogenic HPV.
In contrast, in populations that have high rates of STIs and presumably more universal exposure to oncogenic HPV, STI seropositivity may not be as strong a surrogate marker of oncogenic HPV infection. Were there a true biologic relationship between STIs and high-grade cervical neoplasia, though, the effect would still be observed even in populations with high rates of STIs, assuming adequate statistical power.
Alternatively, these conflicting findings could also be explained by several relevant differences between our study design and that of earlier studies. In particular, we used patients with CIN1 as the comparison group, whereas other investigations used normal individuals or normal individuals with HPV infection. 4–6,24 Null results in our study but positive results in these prior investigations would have been expected if the STIs studied had an effect on the probability of low-grade cervical neoplasia but did not affect the likelihood of its progression.
Analogously, inclusion of women with CIN3 in the case group (78 CIN3 and 14 cancer cases) in the current study but not in the aforementioned studies could explain our null results if the STIs assessed mainly promote progression from carcinoma in situ to frank carcinoma. We also cannot entirely exclude the possibility that in examining a population with universally high rates of STIs, as reflected in the high prevalence of HSV-2 antibodies detected in this study and the high rates of HPV seropositivity in Jamaica as a whole, 26 we may have inadvertently matched on the risk factors we had hoped to study.
Our current results are also inconsistent with the findings of our own pilot study that suggested a strong association between HTLV-I and grade of neoplasia. 9 Because recent data indicate that HTLV-I-associated immune suppression may increase with age or duration of infection, 27 we believed it was important to explore whether the differences in our two sets of results could be explained by the younger age of the cases in the current investigation (mean = 33.5 years) in comparison with the pilot study (mean = 39 years). However, secondary analysis of the pilot study data demonstrated that the greatest effect was observed among those 30–49 years of age (data not shown) versus those >49 years of age and therefore suggests that age differences between the participants in the two studies do not explain the discordant HTLV-I results.
We note that only women attending this colposcopy clinic were enrolled in this study. Women who never attended a screening clinic and were not referred for colposcopy would not have participated in this study. Likewise, women who visited private physicians would not have been included in this study.
Thus, we did not have a fully representative population. We also selected controls with microscopic indications of HPV infection, which represents a subset of HPV-positive women who may be less able to control infection and/or more likely to have persistent infection. Selection of these controls may lead to a bias toward null association if these women are on average more likely to remain coinfected and therefore more likely to seroconvert than all HPV-infected women.
In conclusion, we infer from our data that coinfections by HTLV-I, C trachomatis, and HSV-2 did not contribute significantly to the risk of high-grade cervical neoplasia, after controlling for HPV. Given the conflicting findings to date, we suggest that the next step in understanding these relationships needs to be retrospective cohort investigations that permit accurate assessment of the temporality of STI infections in relation to disease, involving direct DNA measurements of HPV and relevant STIs in the cervix.
This article has been cited 2 time(s).
© Copyright 2003 American Sexually Transmitted Diseases Association
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Canadian Solar lowers Q3 guidance17. October 2011 | Industry & Suppliers, Markets & Trends | By: Becky Stuart
In line with a number of other photovoltaic companies, Canadian Solar has revised its third quarter guidance downwards, due to the continuing flat market.
While the Canadian company expects its photovoltaic module shipments to stay in line with its previous predictions, at between 350 and 360 megawatts, and despite the fact it saw a revival in customer demand at the end of the third quarter, it has significantly lowered its gross margin guidance from between nine and 12 percent to between two and five percent.
In a statement issued, Canadian Solar explained, "Management believes that demand was initially lower earlier in the third quarter as customers appear to have been waiting as long as possible before committing to purchases given continued pressure on average selling prices (ASP's) throughout the solar supply chain."
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Most faculty members don't have the hours in a day to do everything they are supposed to do, writes Nate Kreuter.
Higher Education Career Advice
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Academics who make a career shift to the for-profit sector sometimes face the added challenge of being "tarred" by the move, writes Trenda Boyum-Breen. She and others discuss why it's worth it.
April 17, 2013
You may not need to share the faith of the institution, but you need to understand it to figure out if you might be a good fit, writes Melanie Springer Mock.
April 15, 2013
The difficult academic job market gives new responsibilities to professors who are asked by undergraduates about pursuing Ph.D.s, writes Martin S. Edwards.
April 12, 2013
Monica Jacobe explains the mindset switch that accompanies a move from faculty to administration.
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Kernrate on Windows 7
Hello, I'm just trying to perform a kernrate test because I suspect some issue with a driver but when I'm trying to perform the test I've got the following: c:\Program Files\KrView\Kernrates>Kernrate_i386_XP.exe -v 5 /==============================\ < KERNRATE LOG > \==============================/ Date: 2009/06/20 Time: 19:48:36 Machine Name: JB-DELLD620 Number of Processors: 2 PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE: x86 PROCESSOR_LEVEL: 6 PROCESSOR_REVISION: 0e08 Physical Memory: 2047 MB Pagefile Total: 4302 MB Virtual Total: 2047 MB PageFile1: \??\C:\pagefile.sys, 2256MB OS Version: 6.1 Build 7100 Service-Pack: 0.0 WinDir: C:\Windows Kernrate User-Specified Command Line: Kernrate_i386_XP.exe -v 5 KERNRATE: current IMAGEHLP SymOptions: UNDNAME DEBUG Kernel Profile (PID = 0): Source= Time, Using Kernrate Default Rate of 25000 events/hit KERNRATE: IMAGEHLP symbol search path is: .;srv*c:\symbols*http://msdl.microsoft .com/download/symbols;cache*c:\symbols;C:\Windows\System32\Drivers;C:\Windows\Sy stem32;C:\Windows NtCreateProfile on module PROCMON20, source 0 failed c0000005 Does someone know how to make it work ?
June 20th, 2009 8:52pm
There's a tutorial on using kernrate with Vista here:http://blogs.technet.com/markrussinovich/archive/2008/04/07/3031251.aspxI don't know if this will work with Windows 7. The tools here:http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/performance/default.aspxmay work better with Vista and possibly Windows 7.Kerry Brown MS-MVP - Windows Desktop Experience
Free Windows Admin Tool Kit Click here and download it now
June 20th, 2009 9:37pm


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An overview of what's canceled, postponed and still happening this festival season.
Hands up, hairies! Let the Ministry of Waxing trim down those furry bushes of yours in super quick time. After openings in Singapore, London, New York and Hong Kong, they bring their signature 15-minute Brazilian wax job to our shores. Despite their name, they also go beyond waxing with the IPL semi-permanent hair reduction. All staff are highly trained by specialists, and they definitely don't double dip—ever. From soft wax to their special berry chocolate hard wax, the prices range from B150 to B1,750, depending on the wax and the area you select. You might need to pay more for IPL sessions, (B1,500-B30,000) but the result lasts longer while promising less ouch. They also offer post waxing products for an even smoother outcome. Narisa Pokunchanan
An overview of what's canceled, postponed and still happening this festival season.
The year's most exciting art openings.
Check out the openings adding new color to the seaside resort town.


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WISN-TV wins May sweeps
WISN-TV (Channel 12) won three of four major news rating time periods in the just ended May sweeps ratings period among total households.
The results were announced Thursday.
The sweeps period, during which networks and local stations air original entertainment and high-profile news programing in the hope that increased ratings will allow them to charge more for advertising, ended Wednesday »Read Full Blog Post(2)
Olympic viewers stick with WTMJ-TV during shooting coverage
Overnight television ratings for Sunday show that WTMJ-TV (Channel 4), which abandoned NBC's Olympics coverage to join other local stations in reporting on shootings at a Sikh temple in Oak Creek, brought its Olympic viewers with it.
Despite beginning its coverage shortly after two other stations, WTMJ-TV won every quarter-hour time period all afternoon.
Through 4:30 p.m., the station averaged a 10.3 rating, compared with a 4.4 for WISN-TV (Channel 12) and a 3.8 rating for WITI-TV (Channel 6). WDJT-TV (Channel 58) earned a statistically insignificant half rating point. A local rating point represents 9,100 households. »Read Full Blog Post
WISN-TV 10 p.m news wins by whisker
The 10 p.m. news on WISN-TV (Channel 12) won the February ratings sweeps by a whisker.
The station earned an 8.4 rating. Second-place WTMJ-TV (Channel 4) earned an 8 rating.
And the WDJT-TV (Channel 58) news came in third at 10 p.m. for the first time ever, beating WITI-TV (Channel 6).
WDJT averaged a 6.7 and WITI averaged a 5.9. (13)


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American Sailing Institute is a Community Sailing Organization that is teaching the joy of sailing in Southeast Michigan.
Sailing all summer – only $380.00. Includes shore school and water classes, sailing lessons and practice sails with mentors , includes course materials and unlimited sailing opportunities at Kensington and Stony Creek Metroparks in boats provided by ASI!
Returning membership only $245.00 for the sailing season.
Click to see Eye On Detroit Vid here.
ASI featured on "Eye On Detroit"
Come Join ASI !
Level One Classes Forming Now…Schedule Details.
Early sign up before April 15th! Classes are in May, June and Sept. (call to check on late openings) September class openings still available this season.
CALL OUR OFFICE TO SIGN UP or ask questions 248-393-4280
Classes are forming now
For details about beginner or intermediate sailing classes, sailing club membership or our advanced sailing curriculum, please see our class schedule and Class Overview or contact American Sailing Institute's sail secretary, Traci at 248-393-4280.
Our Invitation To You
ASI Southeast Michigan's Premier Sailing Organization
American Sailing Institute is a Michigan Sailing School that teaches the joy of sailing in a social environment to adult sailors of all ages and interests.
We are an energetic, enthusiastic, diverse group of sailors who want to share with you the joy of sailing, seamanship and safety on Michigan's waterways. American Sailing Institute (ASI) has a 50 year history of teaching adult sailing classes and small boat safety courses. Our members sail on our large fleet of boats from three locations in Southeast Michigan.
Our Fleet of Sailboats have convenient docking privileges on Kent Lake at Kensington Metropark in Milford, MI and Stony Creek Lake at Stony Creek Metropark in Shelby Township, MI. Our larger sailboats are located at Jefferson Beach Marina in St. Clair Shores, MI on beautiful Lake St. Clair.
We hope you'll join us for our adult sailing safety classes, our captains training, our small boat certification or just to enjoy a wonderful sailing experience with other members in our organization.
- ASI Fleet of Sailboats: Click here to view powerpoint.Or here to download it.
ASI is a non-profit 501(C)(3) organization. Call us for information on tax deductable Donations or Membership forms 248-393-4280.


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'Shamed' councils hit out at Y2K slur
Caroline Davis
Ten councils that were "named and shamed" over Y2K preparations have hit out at the Audit Commission and the...
This Article Covers
Risk management
Caroline Davis
Ten councils that were "named and shamed" over Y2K preparations have hit out at the Audit Commission and the Government's Action 2000 taskforce after experiencing a completely trouble-free millennium changeover.
Your exclusive guide to CIO trends
A collection of our most popular articles for IT leaders from the first few months of 2016, including: - Corporate giants recruit digitally-minded outsiders to drive transformation - Analytics platforms to drive strategy in 2016 - Next generation: The changing role of IT leaders.
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Six English and four Scottish councils were given a red light by Action 2000 last July and were named, while red lighted private sector organisations were allowed to remain anonymous.
Nigel Nicholson, head of IT at Rugby Borough Council, told Computer Weekly that being "named and shamed" was a kick in the teeth for his staff. "The Audit Commission asked us what we were doing," he said, "and we told them honestly. The next thing we knew was that we were being singled out for criticism. Despite the Audit Com-mission we stuck to our plan and had no major problems."
Angus McArthur, IT manager at Western Isles Council, reported no Y2K problems "of any significance" and expressed anger at the red coding.
John Serle, of the local government IT managers' body Socitm, said, "Naming and shaming was an unhelpful distraction. The Government wanted to make sure it could point the finger at someone if things went wrong."
Criticised councils
- Charnwood Borough Council (Leicestershire)
- Hart District Council (Hampshire)
- East Northamptonshire District Council
- Restormel District Council (Cornwall)
- Rugby Borough Council (Northamptonshire)
- Warwick District Council
- Argyll & Bute Council
- East Dunbartonshire Council
- Orkney Council
- Western Isles Council
Enjoy the benefits of CW+ membership, learn more and join.
Reinventing Bahrain's Kanoo Group through digital technology
Read more on IT risk management
Security Think Tank: Five tips for creating a patch management strategy
Security Think Tank: Security patching an essential element of outsourcing contracts
Security Think Tank: Allocate maintenance processes to each piece of key software
Security Think Tank: Using vulnerability management to support the patching process
Lancaster and Newcastle researchers tackle Met Police email challenge
InfoSec Europe 2012: A look at IT security skills in the current climate
Tim Wilson, deputy head of ICT at NHS City & Hackney, on ISO 27000 compliance
Input from the business vital to risk management in infosec, says CISO for Steria UK


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Artist: Oceana
Album: Birth.Eater
Genre: Rock
Divided I'm carelessly counting my sins
The sight of growing too old to begin
Sentenced to find the one that is gold
In a pile of nothing.
To our hearts we wreck we're reborn
I grow inside you I feel nothing
And when I'm born I will be ready
There's not enough of a reason to be ugly
I'll crucify you and burn until you're nothing
And if my body is bruised would you believe me that
I am more than you and what you're reading
Medic I feel headless
Leave me
Divided I'm carelessly counting my sins
The sight of growing too old to begin
And if the world never died
I'd live long enough to forget what its shape is
I lost each one of my eyes
In a world mind versus the question
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At Lazy Lizard Studios you will find experienced designers offering individually designed websites and logos at sensible prices.
Whether you are running your own business, renting a gite or holiday property or trying to sell your house, a good website is crucial to maximise your success.
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We also specialise in logos, corporate identities and marketing materials such as brochures & flyers.
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Top 100 Freelance Job Sites For Article Writers In 2016
Some are general sites while others specialize. Have personally verified that all the links work and that the sites are in business. However, I suggest go through the list one site at a time to verify the same. Open the site, check whether they are accepting writers and note their requirements. When you have a list of about 10 that you prefer, start applying.
|Typical freelance writer's desk - Free Image via Google
General Freelance Sites
1. Freelancer
2. Write Jobs
3. Upwork
4. Guru
5. Craigs List
6. Demand Studios
7. iFreelance
8. People Per Hour
9. Freelance Switch (now part of Evanto)
10. Journalism Jobs
11. Freelance Writing Jobs
12. iWriterThis is for those who want work but not good at bidding. At iwriter you simply pick an task from the available tasks, write according to client's request and wait for your money. Payments is weekly or as you wish.
That I have explained numbers 1-12 doesn't make the sites more special. I just did. So, don't be surprised if you end up making nothing more from the sites below. I have also linked every site to the 'how it works' or 'about us' section. Enjoy!
Academic Writing Sites
29. Best Term Paper
32. Prof Essays.com
38. CustomEssayMeister
44. Accepted Papers
45. Buy-TermPaper.com
46. Best Custom Writing
47. VALWriting
48. Big Papers
Content/SEO writing Sites
49. About.com
50. Answers.com
52. Writers Access
54. Africanlit.com
56. AllEperts
57. Problogger
58. How Stuff Works
66. Blogging.org
67. Content Row
68. Fiverr
69. Constant-Content
70. Work At Home
71. BlogMutt
72. GhostBloggers
73. Interact Media
74. OverBlog
76. WebAnswers
Content Mills
Paid To Comment
Revenue Sharing Sites
96. Article Insider
97. Zujava
98. Wizzley
99. Xomba
100. Brighthub
I know the above list is not conclusive. So, if there is any site you know of which you believe should make it to the list, don't hesitate to share it via the comment box. I'll endeavor to update the site and remove the one that no longer work or accept writers.
As at the time of publishing this list however, all the sites are working and accepting writers. You may also want to run a blog of your own to complement your income from freelance writing. When that time comes, just jump to Blogging Tips. Good luck in all you do.


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Swedish Defence Materiel Administration, FMV, is a civil authority. Our mission is to deliver defence logistics to our key partner, the Armed Forces. In collaboration we design and provide the military with defence materiel and services.
The objective is efficient defence logistics - when and where it is needed.
Read more about FMV
Tests that provide answers
To be able to see if anything deviates from the normal in this flood of data, to find patterns indicating that something unwanted is about to happen. That was the aim of the FMV project concerning sea surveillance.
Our current procurements are published and managed via the electronic service e-Avrop. Under the tab Procurement you can read about how we work with procurementsat FMV.
FMV:s current procurements
Finnish Patria won the competitive procurement FMV conducted. Now the project is working intensively to obtain the protected vehicles to the Swedish Armed Forces.
CSEC, an independent unit within FMV, is responsible for the establishment, operation and administration of a system for evaluating and certifying IT security in products and systems according to the standard ISO/IEC IS 15408,also known as Common Criteria
CSEC – The Swedish Certification Body for IT Security
The Test and Evaluation Directorate is the FMV resource for the testing and evaluation of technical systems, mainly for the Swedish Armed Forces but also for agencies and defense industries from all over the world.
FMV Test and Evaluation
International materiel cooperation is a tool to streamline the Swedish procurement. Preferred countries is the Nordic countries, countries in the European six nation cooperation (LoI) and theUnited States.
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Focus in our environmental work is to minimize the environmental impact both on the contractors' work and on the products and systems delivered. But also in our test range activities and in our office operations.
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- Genre: Drama, Fantasy, Historical, Mystery, Shoujo, Supernatural
- Status:Ongoing
It is the Heian era (794-1185); Yorimichi is a young onmyouji, the son of a famous onmyouji leader of the imperial court. As a boy, he had been hailed for his incredible talent - but a certain incident during childhood stripped him of all his memories and the ability to 'see'. Lord Koretaka, once the crown prince renowned for his brilliant mind and steadfast personality, is now in exile - supposedly as punishment for murder. Upon their first meeting, Yorimichi's powers are instantly re-awakened. Intrigued by what he believes to be Koretaka's amazing abilities, Yorimichi decides to swear allegiance to the prince.
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- 2 years agoAkatoki no Yami 2: Second Night
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PM Narendra Modi's New Cabinet 2016 : Complete Ministers List with 19 New Faces
PM Narendra Modi included 19 new faces to his cabinet. After Modi government came to rule, this is the 2nd expansion of the council of minister. Prime Minister Narendra Modi has attempted to balance caste equations in the run-up to the UP assembly polls and also increase the governance of poll-bound states in the central government. To Get more information about PM's cabinet Click here PM Modi's New Cabinet Ministers: PP Chaudhary SS Ahluwalia MJ Akbar Anupriya Patel Parshottam Rupala Mahendra Pandey Vijay Goel Anil Madhav Dave Arjun Meghwal Ramesh…Read More


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The Melancholy Fantastic on Facebook
Some early evening distribution news has come out of the bustling American Film Market, and we've got the latest for you on tap and ready to go. Into tales of creepy dolls and Christmastime? Then, brother and sisters, do we have a fix for you!
A.D. Calvo's uniquely titled The Melancholy Fantastic has been acquired by Lightning Media for distribution within the U.S.
The flick stars Amy Crowdis, Robin Lord Taylor, Josh Caras, Geneva Carr, David Pirrie, and Shirley Knight and is said to be a very different kind of holiday film.
Dig on the trailer and artwork below.
Against the objections of a life-size doll, a delusional young girl falls for an alluring Goth in this unconventional psychological thriller.
Got news? Click here to submit it!
Spend your holiday in the comments section below!


text:
Obama challenges Congress to help create jobs
WASHINGTON (AP) – President Barack Obama is challenging Congress to help him create jobs and rebuild the nation's infrastructure.
In his weekly radio and Internet address, Obama points to the launch of two new high-tech manufacturing hubs and a competition to rebuild the nation's roads, bridges, mass transit, ports and railroads. Obama says Congress can help in both areas.
He says a bill now before Congress would create a network of high-tech manufacturing hubs all across the country. And he says he'll send Congress a budget next week that would rebuild transportation systems and support millions of jobs.
In the Republican address, Rep. Ann Wagner of Missouri is asking the president to explain government reports that up to 11 million workers will pay higher insurance premiums because of the new health care law.
Obama's address:
Republican address:
(Copyright 2014 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.)
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- Search CSN:
- Members: Login to search all areas
- Not a member? Click here to search public areas
Nov 18, 2009 - 9:27 am
My husband has end stage laryngeal cancer. No treatment options. He had a trach tube put in September to help with breathing. The lymph nodes on neck and collarbone are growing. Some days there is blood coming out under trach. Went to Dr. last week to have trach tube changed. Some bleeding upon change. Dr. said everything looked good. What does that mean? He never commented on lymph nodes. I know the cancer is spreading. Today 11/18 husband having difficulty breathing through trach tube, becoming more restricted, there is blood under it and his shoulder hurts. What direction should I take? Not much help from the Dr. Anyone out there who has experienced this?
Nov 18, 2009 - 10:51 am
I would take him to another hematology/oncology center for second opinion. Life and death at this stage can be determined by what drs you are seeing. Laryngeal cancer is a fast moving cancer therefore do not wait. There are many cancer treatment options available including recurrences and even if you do not find one there you can look at the alternative treatments, so always have hope that there is an option for him.
Nov 21, 2009 - 8:53 am
There is a product out there called Lifeone just type it in and read about it if interested I have a number you can call for the Doc that is involved with it anything at this point is worth a try God Bless
Nov 21, 2009 - 9:36 pm
In the broader scope of head and neck, I live in the midwest. Don't know where you are, but if you can- Iowa City, AKA the University of Iowa, is said to be #2 on the list of cutting-edge places for oral cancer. From my own personal experience, Rush University might warrant a phone call from you. They are in Chicago, just off the Ike, and have been cutting-edge with the larynx for decades- which includes cancer. It is my experience that what is most critical with the larynx, and all matters of it, is the Dr./medical team, rather than the establishment. I lived with a tracheaostomy from 11/68-12/70, thanks to a car accident, and a Doctor in far away Chicago at Rush-Presbyterian-St.Luke's was the one who did what only a few in the entire world could do, back then. And, now that I've gone thru a bout with Nasopharyngeal cancer, I have searched the net for info on head and neck. The University of Iowa hospital has cut their workforce, thanks to the financial times and current Governor, but it has a great reputation for head and neck. Wherever you are- find the best possible Dr. and place, and at least pay said a visit.


text:
Special Coverage
Auto Interiors Conference
DEARBORN, MI – Auto makers looking for ways to hike their customer-satisfaction scores should focus their attention down and to the right.
Designers who figure out a better center-console configuration will win the hearts of car buyers, panelists agree at a session on "Consumer Wants and Needs" at the Ward's Automotive Interiors Conference here.
Mike VanNieuwkuyk, executive director-vehicle consulting research for J.D. Power and Associates, says consumers are bringing an awful lot with them when they enter a vehicle, and the center console – where most of these items end up – isn't doing a great job of storing and providing easy access to them.
"The center console is the object of least satisfaction for customers," VanNieuwkuyk says. "It's just a big hole."
Pat Murray, president of Murray Design LLC, agrees. "Center consoles are not what they need to be," he says.
VanNieuwkuyk says Americans now spend an average of 2 hours and 52 minutes in their cars each weekday and pile up a total of 18.34 hours each week behind the wheel. They're bringing more items with them when they do, and they want the interior to provide the functionality to store and operate them easily.
"We've done a great job on the flexibility side," he says, citing fold-in-the-floor seating in minivans. "But we're falling short on functionality."
As proof consumers will pay for functionality, he cites growing installation rates for such functional features as steering-wheel controls, which have increased from 53% in 2006 to 72% in 2009, and rear-view cameras, up from 5% three years ago to 21%.
HomeLink-type features that allow drivers to open their garage door and turn home lights on via a button in the car have grown from 14% to 24%.
"In every one of these cases, consumer satisfaction is boosted," VanNieuwkuyk says.
But more basic needs remain to be met, he adds. "Some simple things are not being addressed."
Among the top 10 items people bring with them into a vehicle – and often can't find a convenient place to put them – are cell phones, pens/pencils, sunglasses, wallets, tissues, loose change, CDs/DVDs and garage-door openers, according to J.D. Power surveys. Women have purses with them 90% of the time, VanNieuwkuyk says.
Most things end up in a tangle in the center console, with cell phones often lodged in cupholders and purses stashed on the front passenger seat or thrown less conveniently in the back.
"A woman's purse needs to be accessible," Murray says. "If we don't provide space for it in the console, we are in trouble."
Panelists say in addition to designing clever center consoles, there may be room that can be freed up on the instrumental panel for new features.
Richard Vaughan, design leader for Visteon Corp., says suppliers of car audio equipment should expect declining demand as in-dash head units are replaced by mobile devices that simply connect with the car.
There may be additional opportunities to clear some of the unnecessary clutter that exists now, says Murray, who characterizes today's IPs as "over-contented."
"There's a lot of Malibu beachfront property that could freed up," he says. "If we can get to the point where we know what has to be on an IP, then maybe we can get there."


text:
realmagick.com The shrine of knowledge.
Human Feces Feces Disposal
A selection of articles related to human feces feces disposal.
Original articles from our library related to the Human Feces Feces Disposal. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Human Feces Feces Disposal.
- Survivalists' Guide for the New Millennium: Chapter 7
- MAKING FRIENDS WITH NATURE AND NATURAL LAW The fall of human society has not occurred overnight. It has taken many centuries, many millennia in fact, for the Divine potentials and inherent genius of the human being to degrade into the modern...
Philosophy >> Survivalists Guide for the New Millennium
- The Earthmind Material
- Part 1 | Part 2 Author's Note All references made in the first person(s) herein, are grammatical conveniences created for the sake of the reader. Such words as "I", "OUR", and "I/WE" are therefore not meant to be taken as literal...
Mind >> World Mind
- Transforming World Mind Inertia (GM7)
- Our entire world society is ultimately governed by the components of consciousness, not governments, corporations or institutions. Regardless of the apparent creativity of the architectural sciences, engineering or the ideologies we create, the true...
Mind >> World Mind
- The Perpetual Raising: Part 3
- (Part 3 of 5) The body is an instrument through which we interact with the physical plane, as souls or conscious beings. As we refine this instrument through meditation, and ideally with pure foods and sufficient exercise, the body becomes, "a spiritual...
Mind >> World Mind
- Human Evolution
- The first hominids evolved some 3 or 4 million years ago, and so we have only limited means of determining how they evolved. Although human evolution is an important phase of the history of religion, the evolution of humans in itself is more a matter of...
Saga of Times Past >> Archaeology
- Bibles Do Not Equal Wisdom
- Bibles do not equal wisdom. In other words, all forms of spiritual text no matter how eloquently stated, cannot actually grant wisdom to the reader, merely through the act of reading. Words are only the representations of things, but not the things themselves....
Religion & Philosophy >> Religions
- Archetypal Astrology
- Jungian Psychology | Archetypal Astrology | The Myths The Horoscope What is below is like what is above. And what is above is like what is below, so that the miracle of the One may be accomplished. -Tabula Smaragdina This is not an explanation of all the...
Mystic Sciences >> Astrology
Human Feces Feces Disposal is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Human Feces Feces Disposal books and related discussion.
Suggested News Resources
- Coliform report threatens livelihood,resorts in Lapu
- Coliform bacteria is associated with the feces of humans and animals. Radaza expressed ...
- 'Jungle' encampment posing public health problem with disposal of waste
- Seattle city leaders are concerned over the amount of human and animal waste likely flowing into and blocking drainage pipes leading to the Duwamish River. Since a shooting on Jan.
- UNL research aimed at improving swine disease control
- PEDV is spread among pigs through the fecal to oral route. It causes severe ...
- UN's own experts chastise Ban Ki-moon over handling of Haiti cholera outbreak
- Sanitation arrangements at the base were grossly inadequate, leading to the disposal of feces into a river that is widely used by thousands of Haitians for drinking, bathing, washing clothes and irrigation.
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text:
This is the first book I have read by Card. I really enjoyed that it was different from other books that I have read; it was refreshing. I think most readers would enjoy this book. However, like I said, I have not read any of his other books and have no room for comparison where that is concerned.
"Not what I expected"
I purchased this book because I loved Orson Scott Card's previous work, but I was definitely let down. Card says in the afterword that he had a friend keeping him true to the African American experience and dialect, but that friend must not have been paying much attention. The characters are flat, while the dialect is outdated and overpowers the story.
The plot is loosely held together by mythical characters adapted from "Midsummer Night's Dream," who advance the story through the use of magic. I love fantasy, and I have no problem reading about magical people and creatures and their adventures. However, in this story Card uses magic to distract us from the fact that nothing is happening and the characters aren't interesting.
"Not compelling"
I have read a number of Orson scott Card and this one simply missed the mark with me. Not to say it was a bad read, I certainly finished it. But it was different by far from his other books. The authors narrative explained some of the awkwardness I felt while reading the book.
"Great listen.."
Love the narrator too.. Harry Potter esque, but more grown up.
Love Mack and Cease!! Two unique characters, loved their relationship.
He's a natural for this story and he does such a good portrayal of the various characters.
Had some good humor, but it was mostly the story line that I liked. I don't usually like scienced fiction.
"Is this what OSC has come to"
As I listen to this book I get the feeling that Mr. Card did not write this. As many books of his that I have read and listen to, I think I have a good feeling for his work. This is a good story and told well, but if OCS was a painter and I looked at this as one of his works I would see that it does not have the color and depth of field that I see in his other works. I hope this is not what fame and fortune has done. I look eagerly for anything that may be coming from him and I am constantly watching for anything new, I hope this is just a fluke of a story and not a glimpse of what is to come.
It sometimes seems that Mr. Card has a somewhat mechanical method to his writing: slice up a dictionary, toss the pieces in the air, pull out a few random entries and see what kind of unlikely drama he can cobble from them. Yes, Shakespeare is forced into the black box this time along with "I just been to L.A.". All this in Card's consistently strident, argumentative tone, signature since Ender's Game (I haven't read many of his earliest works). Magic Street is not among his best efforts. I have truly enjoyed a number of his other works, but I hope not to see any more of this derivative kind of stuff.
It was a fun listen and a welcome addition to the SF/Fantasy genre - a genre that sorely lacks African American characters. That said, for me, there really weren't any surprising twists in the story. It was a fairly predictable fairy tale. But, as I said - it was fun.
"This was fun!"
I'm a Card fan so I knew I was going to like it. It was refreshing in a way because it was an planet earth. Well ? ? ? Sort of!
"out of control religion"
The Ender series is one of the best stories I have ever read. Lost Boys brings Orson's Mormon religion into the open and has great writing and wonderful observation. Magic Street must have been written by Orson's Bishop - all Jesus and evil and preaching and miracles. Don't waste your time with this book.


text:
Next Person has A White ds lite
true, next person works for mcdonalds
wii owner as of 01/10/2007, modded as of 02/12/2007!!
I got Wii Sports(completed fitness), Madden 07 (Completed all star), Red steel (completed game), Super Monkeyball (completed 1p), Zelda TP (completed 98/100) Tony Hawk (haven't played yet), NEW ADDITIONS: Smooth Moves, Play(JAP VER), and Excite Truck bought yesterday.
Next Person has A White ds lite
I'm Currently NOT Adding People To My Friend List So dont Ask To Be Added!
False, onyx
Next person has at least 2 next-gen consoles
True.Next person has at least 2 next-gen consoles
The next person lives in Canada.
False der hey?
The next person play MMORPGs
The Next Person Plays Animal Crossing(either)
nice sig
falseOriginally Posted by +Maniacal=Maniac+
the next poster has a normal DS and doesn't wish they have a lite
i need a new sig!!! if you can be bothered, pm me and say that you can help me! (if you are good at making sigs lol)
The Next Persom Has Every Ninendo Console Including Handheld!


text:
Venice preview, part four: 'The Zero Theorem,' 'Joe,' 'Tracks,' 'Via Castellana Bandiera,' 'Sacro GRA'
"Tracks," directed by John Curran: I was surprised to find out just how long "Tracks" has been loitering in Hollywood's pre-production purgatory: Julia Roberts was attached to make it in the mid-1990s -- before, it seems, "Mary Reilly" clipped her creative wings. Her loss (and that of anyone curious to hear Roberts' attempt at a Down Under accent) is Mia Wasikowska's gain. The prodigiously talented 23-year-old has already proven her unconventional leading-lady chops in "Jane Eyre" and "Stoker," but this may be her most challenging showcase yet: as Robyn Davidson, the young Australian explorer who trekked 1,700 miles across the Outback desert in 1977, she'll be sharing large stretches of screen time with only a dog and four camels. An extra red-carpet draw, meanwhile, is the presence of Adam Driver -- best-known for his compellingly strange, Emmy-nominated work in "Girls" -- as a National Geographic photographer following her progress.
Davidson's mad quest is one made for big-screen treatment, and it's exciting to see Curran attached to it. The American filmmaker stumbled with his starry 2010 thriller "Stone," but deserved far more credit than he received for 2006's lyrical, watercolor-textured adaptation of "The Painted Veil" -- if he can match that film's combination of prettiness and character-based intimacy to this material, he could be onto a winner. He's got a helpful ally in cinematographer Mandy Walker, who previously gave the Outback desert the sweeping travelogue treatment for Baz Luhrmann's "Australia." Iain Canning and Emile Sherman, the Oscar-winning producing team behind "The King's Speech" and "Shame," are steering the project.
The film is currently without US distribution, though Venice buzz will help in that department as it heads to the meat market of Toronto. As could an award, of course. Venice has a history of choosing young Best Actress winners -- could Wasikowska be the latest?
"Via Castellana Bandiera," directed by Emma Dante: For whatever reason, Italy's biggest international festival successes rarely seem to emerge from Venice, which often seems to house less accessible local fare. Certainly, this debut feature from well-regarded Palermo-based theater director Emma Dante, an adaptation of her own novel, sounds fascinatingly eccentric: billed as a "Sicilian western," the film is set entirely in a single Palermo street, one too narrow to allow two cars to pass each other. As the female drivers of said cars (Elena Cotta and Alba Rohrwacher, whom you may recognize from "I Am Love") mutually refuse to back up, they remain in a deadlocked duel at the wheel, staring at each other for days on end. It would appear to be an allegorical conceit, though how the first-time director sustains it for 90 minutes is one of the more intriguing mysteries of the festival.
"Sacro GRA," directed by Gianfranco Rosi: The lesser-hyped of two documentaries in this year's Competition (the other being Errol Morris's "The Unknown Known"), "Sacro GRA" is the fourth feature doc from Italian filmmaker Rosi -- the previous two both won awards in lower-profile strands at Venice, so fest director Alberto Barbera clearly felt he was due a promotion. Perhaps the fact that it's Rosi's first film on an Italian subject made the difference: a study of Rome's gigantic GRA ring road, and the individuals living around it, it's the product of over two years' filming on a minivan around the vicinity. I suspect it's a tad too specialized to be a threat for the Lion, but you can't accuse Barbera of not throwing curveballs into Competition.
Catch up with the first three parts of our Venice preview here, here and here. Our Venice Film Festival coverage kicks off on Wednesday, with the world premiere of Alfonso Cuaron's "Gravity." What films are you most looking forward to?


text:
realmagick.com The shrine of knowledge.
- Salt Lake City Acting Company Playwrights' Lab Promotes Playtime
- The lab is led by playwright David Kranes, former artistic director of the Sundance Theatre Lab (then known as the Sundance Institute). SLAC has produced seven of Kranes's plays and approached him about building a Sundance-style program at the theatre.
- Opportunity for playwrights to shine
- Almasi Collaborative Arts, who are organisers of the African Playwrights Festival, have called upon playwrights across the country to submit their plays for the festival, which will take place next month.
- OU playwrights see their creations take the stage for the first time
- Eight young playwrights will see their created worlds come to life at the 2016 OU Student Playwriting Festival. Student actors and directors will perform these short plays, many for the first time.
- Festival puts young playwrights center stage
- Students, faculty and members of the New Haven community gathered for the annual Playwrights Festival last weekend, which featured readings and discussions of five original scripts by student playwrights.
- Playwrights and Pathos at New Group Gala
- As artists and patrons of the New Group mingled at the company's annual gala Monday night, playwrights David Rabe and Thomas Bradshaw huddled in a corner of the Tribeca event space, enjoying the rare chance to kibbitz.
Playwrights is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Playwrights books and related discussion.
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Charlotte Branwell
created by: Jessica Chhour
Inspired by the Infernal Devices: Charlotte is more than your average Victorian woman. Though she's constantly underestimated because of her gender and appearance, Charlotte has proven that she's just as capable at running the institute as any male shadowhunter. Charlotte is strong, spicy and warm, with a hint of smokiness. Update: reblended 2/2016
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ingredients & lore
blended with black tea, toasted mate, cloves, ginger root, cardamom, lapsang souchong, natural cinnamon flavor, cinnamon bark
teas: masala chai, toasted mate, lapsang souchong
accented with rose hips and lavender
All characters belong to Cassandra Clare and not me.
steep at 200° for 6 mins
This tea contains a high level of caffeine
this tea is part of the THE INFERNAL DEVICES fandom
Love Charlotte Branwell? This is just one of 14 teas in this fandom. Check out the whole series.
20 additional blends by Jessica Chhour
Jem Carstairs
by Jessica Chhour
vanilla oolong, thai chai, rooibos cocomint
Tessa Gray
by Jessica Chhour
pumpkin spice, rooibos cocomint, cream
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by Jessica Chhour
mango melange, cream, valentines
Annie's Fancy Lipton
by Jessica Chhour
ceylon sonata, orange, lemon grass


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