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- 1 Monetary value
- 2 Origen and reincarnation
- 3 Reincarnation and Matthew
- 4 Origen a church father
- 5 Is this necessary?
- 6 Castration
- 7 People lying
- 8 Origen's influence on the later Church
- 9 WikiProject class rating
- 10 POV tag
- 11 Transmigration, et al
- 12 Same teacher?
- 13 Move
- 14 Requested move
- 15 And the consensus is:
- 16 Media junk
- 17 Location of Caesarea Maritima
- 18 His torture and death
- 20 "Christian Reincarnation"
- 21 Neoplatonist?
- 22 Universal salvation
- 23 Did Origen teach Christ is the LORD?
- 24 Instance of Ambrose?
- 25 Complete re-write
- 26 The unnecessary re-write of this introduction and the course ahead
- 27 File:Origen2.jpg Nominated for Deletion
- 28 All intelligences created equal by God ?
- 29 Philo
- 30 Two introductions?
- 31 "There is significant evidence" - source for 'significant'?
- 32 Name
- 33 Lede addition undue
- 34 Asceticism and castration - subheading
- 35 "Origen in the 1970s"
- 36 External links modified
Monetary value[edit]
4 obols (about twelve cents)??? What cents? US cents? Roman cents? 200 cents? 2006 cents? Inflation? PPP? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 220.127.116.11 (talk • contribs) 23:45, January 30, 2006 (UTC)
Origen and reincarnation[edit]
The following statement is biased and false : "The book Reincarnation in Christianity, by the theosophist Geddes MacGregor (1978) asserted that Origen believed in reincarnation. MacGregor is convinced that Origen believed in and taught about reincarnation but that his texts written about the subject have been destroyed. He admits that there is no extant proof for that position. The allegation was also repeated by Shirley MacLaine in her book Out On a Limb.
This cannot be confirmed from the existent writings of Origen. He was cognizant of the concept of reincarnation (metensomatosis "re-embodiment" in his words) from Greek philosophy, but he repeatedly states that this concept is no part of the Christian teaching or scripture."
See the letters of St. Jerome, especially "To Pammachius Against John of Jerusalem", and "Letter CXXIV. To Avitus."
In the former, point 16, Jerome says, "We want to know ...whether the doctrine of Origen is true, who said that all reasonable creatures, incorporeal and invisible, if they grow remiss, little by little sink to a lower level, and, according to the character of the places to which they descend, take to themselves bodies. (For instance, that they may be at first ethereal, afterward aërial.) And that when they reach the neighbourhood of earth they are invested with grossest bodies, and last of all are tied to human flesh; and that the demons themselves who, of their own choice, together with their leader the devil, have forsaken the service of God, if they begin to amend a little, are clothed with human flesh, so that, when they have undergone a process of repentance after the resurrection, and after passing through the same circuit by which they reached the flesh, they may return to proximity to God, being released even from aërial and ethereal bodies..."
More to the point, in the letter to Avitus, Jerome says :
"He maintains that after every end a fresh beginning springs forth and an end from each beginning, and that wholesale variation is possible; so that one who is now a human being may in another world become a demon, while one who by reason of his negligence is now a demon may hereafter be placed in a more material body and thus become a human being." (pt. 3)
"...and according to what they have done shall have special duties assigned to them in particular worlds." Moreover, the very demons and rulers of darkness in any world or worlds, if they are willing to turn to better things, may become human beings and so come back to their first beginning. That is to say, after they have borne the discipline of punishment and torture for a longer or a shorter time in human bodies, they may again reach the angelic pinnacles from which they have fallen. Hence it may be shewn that we men may change into any other reasonable beings, and that not once only or on emergency but time after time; we and angels shall become demons if we neglect our duty; and demons, if they will take to themselves virtues, may attain to the rank of angels."" (pt. 3)
"...he has finally reasoned with much diffuseness that an angel, a human soul, and a demon—all according to him of one nature but of different wills—may in punishment for great negligence or folly be transformed into brutes. Moreover, to avoid the agony of punishment and the burning flame the more sensitive may choose to become low organisms, to dwell in water, to assume the shape of this or that animal; so that we have reason to fear a metamorphosis not only into four-footed things but even into fishes. Then, lest he should be held guilty of maintaining with Pythagoras the transmigration of souls, he winds up the wicked reasoning with which he has wounded his reader by saying: "I must not be taken to make dogmas of these things; they are only thrown out as conjectures to shew that they are not altogether overlooked." " (pt 4)
These ideas are clearly in line with doctrines of reincarnation, and it is obvious why a reader would think Origen believed in, or at least took seriously the speculation of, reincarnation. The fact that Jerome says that Origen tries to distance himself from Pythagoras is only so that he will be taken seriously in a Christian context ; from what Jerome reports, the similarity is evident, and Jerome says so :
"In speaking thus he clearly pleads for the transmigration of souls as taught by Pythagoras and Plato." (pt. 7)
"In the third book the following faulty statements are contained. "If we once admit that, when one vessel is made to honour and another to dishonour,[1] this is due to antecedent causes; why may we not revert to the mystery of the soul and allow that it is loved in one and hated in another because of its past actions, before in Jacob it becomes a supplanter and before in Esau it is supplanted?"[1] And again: "the fact that souls are made some to honour and some to dishonour is to be explained by their previous history." And in the same place: "on this hypothesis of mine a vessel made to honour which fails to fulfil its object will in another world become a vessel made to dishonour; and contrariwise a vessel which has from a previous fault been condemned to dishonour will, if it accepts correction in this present life, become in the new creation a vessel 'sanctified and meet for the Master's use and prepared unto every good work.'"[1] And he immediately goes on to say: "I believe that men who begin with small faults may become so hardened in wickedness that, if they do not repent and turn to better things, they must become inhuman energies;[1] and contrariwise that hostile and demonic beings may in course of time so far heal their wounds and check the current of their former sins that they may attain to the abode of the perfect. As I have often said, in those countless and unceasing worlds in which the soul lives and has its being some grow worse and worse until they reach the lowest depths of degradation; while others in those lowest depths grow better and better until they reach the perfection of virtue." Thus he tries to shew that men, or rather their souls, may become demons; and that demons in turn may be restored to the rank of angels. In the same book he writes: "this too must be considered; why the human soul is diversely acted upon now by influences of one kind and now by influences of another." And he surmises that this is due to conduct which has preceded birth." (pt. 8)
These letters of Jerome were based upon Origen's "First Principles", which Jerome had a copy of and could thus refer to. Obviously, he quotes Origen.
Origen speculates or postulates that the soul can pass into different kinds of bodies, from the most etherial to the lowest of beasts, and that this condition is due to conduct in past existences. Jerome himself summarizes that Origen's philosophy is Pythagorean in its doctrine of transmigration of souls.
Thus it is evident that not only is there strong evidence for Origen's ideas about reincarnation, but even Geddes MacGregor apparently did not do his homework. While Origen's originals on this topic may have been destroyed, summaries and long quotations from the work exist in Jerome's letters, just as Celsus' work, while destroyed, exists in large part in quotations and summaries. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 188.8.131.52 (talk • contribs) 04:15, February 6, 2006 (UTC)
- Even if Jerome quoted the On First Principles it is not to vindicate or support Origen but to discredit him. It is Origen's practice to cite and mention ideas in his On First Principles for discussion that he does not himself hold to be true. It lies within the didactic scope of the work to familiarize the reader with false ideas so as to provide an anti-dote as well as establishing the truth. When we see several texts of Origen where he denounces reincarnation as false, yet Jerome quotes from On First Principles in support of Origen teaching reincarnation the most obvious explanation is that Jerome has selected a portion that does not give Origen's own opinion but that of an opponent quoted or referred to by Origen. It is also possible that Jerome has distorted Origen's actual argument as we know he has in fact done (Mark. J. Edwards Origen against Plato). The evidence gleaned from Jerome concerning Origen is quite simply demonstrably unreliable. Reincarnation was never part of Origen's teaching - as Origen himself says (as the article under discussion correctly quoted).
--Gregorios 03:29, 31 August 2007 (UTC)
There are two distinct viewpoints about the teachings of Origen: 1) as one in a line of Christian contributors, but with some ideas that were heretical and needed to be cleansed by the church 2) as one of the teachers/comforters that Jesus had promised to send (as in John14:26), who clarified the words of the Old and New Testaments and built bridges to Judaism and Platonism.
There are two undisputed facts about Origen that support the latter, but it has only been relatively recently that we have been able to study the full implications of his teachings with fear of severe repercussions from the church.
- The research that he performed on the Hexapla is unparalleled in all of history and make him biblical scholar second to none (Remember, Jerome said in his own words that he should not read in his lifetime all that Origen had written.)
- With unsurpassed knowledge of the texts, Origen critically and thoroughly analyzed all ideas associated with them to the point that not one single new idea has been introduced to Christianity since Origen.
We cannot forget to take into account the grave impact that the by the Emperor Justinian in 543 AD had on the people who held the beliefs taught by Origen and his vast writings on the subjects deemed heretical by the Emperor. It took the church 10 years to ratify this action by the Emperor, but they were not able to overturn Origen's teachings with the same level of expertise with which they were written. Justinian destroyed the teachings cherished by free men and women, and replaced it replaced them with tyrannical teachings to control the mind and spiritual destiny of his subjects.
Origen brought to life the teachings that Jesus was persecuted for, and again, political power tried to destroy the message. What message is so dangerous that compels scribes, pharisees, and emperors to destroy it? Until we are able to face this question, Christianity will not be able to escape the chains that bind it.
I, therefore, suggest that the contributors of this article preserve the distinct views of Origen for the reader to make up there own minds. To close the research on the Greatest Christian teacher before it gets started would be a disservice to humanity. Shawn Murphy (talk) 12:57, 14 April 2008 (UTC)
Reincarnation and Matthew[edit]
So much of what Origen wrote was destroyed, and much of what was left was "translated" to fit with the dogma of the time. (See the apology of Rufinus http://biblestudy.churches.net/CCEL/...3/NPNF2046.HTM ) This is the case for book 8 of the Commentary on Matthew. It comes from a Latin translation out of the sixth century and it is clear that the translator only took what he wanted out of Origen's work to suit his purposes. (See Hermann J. Vogt's introduction to his German translation of the Commentary on Matthew.) Only books 10 to 17 are available to us in the original Greek, so we are unable to find Origen's original teachings about the second coming of Elijah from this section.
- The extent to which Rufinus' translations are doctored up doctrinally is relatively minimal as recent studies have shown (see the Origeniana convention publications and the works of R. E. Heine on the subject) and especially the recent finds (sixties if memory serves me right at Tura ? ) of Greek catena that we were able to compare to Rufinus' Latin translations. It is precarious to make an argument that Origen taught reincarnation but we just can't find it anymore - it lacks any strength to convince.
--Gregorios 03:42, 31 August 2007 (UTC)
When you look at what is missing from Origen's commentary on John, you find that the discussion between Jesus and Nicodemus about reincarnation in John 3.2-21 is also missing. (Book 10 goes to John 2.25 and book 13 starts up again at John 4.13; books 11 and 12 are conveniently missing/destroyed.) Everything that directly supported his teaching of the Restoration of All Things was destroyed after the "The Anathematisms of the Emperor Justinian against Origen" in 543 AD. Shawn Murphy 22:03, 12 November 2006 (UTC)
- Again one cannot establish an argument for the presence of something by noticing its absence. The lack of proof is not itself proof. An argument or assertion lacking proof is not considered proven by the absence of proof. Especially in the face of proof for a different opposing argument.
--Gregorios 03:42, 31 August 2007 (UTC)
There is enough modern and ancient evidence of reincarnation for us to keep the subject open for discussion. A conspiracy theory is hard to prove, you are right, but that does not mean that it should not be considered. If you consider the full body of Origen's work, as Edward Moore has done in his paper "Origen of Alexandria and apokatastasis: Some Notes on the Development of a Noble Notion", it become clear that the only way God can be seen as Good is for Him to to be infinitely patient with His children.
Please see additional comments above in the section "Origen and reincarnation". The conspiracy theory is compelling when you we see how far the actions of the Roman Catholics strayed from the teachings of Jesus "Love thy neighbor as thyself", after destroying a vast majority of Origen's work to support their earthly power base. Shawn Murphy (talk) 13:34, 14 April 2008 (UTC)
Origen a church father[edit]
Please note that the article's claims that the Catholic Church does not consider Origen a Church Father are false. The Catholic Encyclopedia, found at www.newadvent.org, list's Origen as one of the Church Fathers. Unless there is proof otherwise, that claim should be removed from the article. -- John Tuturice —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 184.108.40.206 (talk • contribs) 13:49, July 12, 2006 (UTC)
- Yep, he is on all the lists. Someone had downgraded him a few weeks ago, but now it's fixed. You are encouraged to make these kinds of corrections yourself if you like. --Blainster 21:43, 12 July 2006 (UTC)
- While I can't speak for the Roman Catholic Church, in the Eastern Orthodox Church there is a distinction made between a "Church Father" (or, more commonly in Orthodox parlance, "Holy Father") and a "Christian Teacher." A person must be a saint to be considered a Holy Father; those who have not been glorified as saints, but nonetheless whose writings (at least in part) can be beneficial to the Christian reader, are referred to as "Christian Teachers." Origen is considered to be one such Christian Teacher. The Church separates the wheat from the chaff, gathering in what is useful and discarding the rest. This is the reason for II Constantinople's condemnation of Origen and the others mentioned in the Three Chapters in 553 AD. This is part of the reason why only a portion of Origin's works survive: in the days before the printing press, Chistians had no reason to expend the money and energy copying out material that was of no benefit to them spiritually. MishaPan 19:08, 17 February 2007 (UTC)
- I believe he is considered merely an ecclesiastical author by the Roman Catholic church. Philip Shaft states
In fact the Roman church excludes a Tertullian for his Montanism, an Origen for his Platonic and idealistic views, an Eusebius for his semi-Arianism, also Clement of Alexandria, Lactantius, Theodoret, and other distinguished divines, from the list of "fathers" (Patres), and designates them merely "ecclesiastical writers" (Scriptores Ecclastici). History of the Christian Church, vol 2, ch 13, sec 160, 5th paragraph.
However, Origen is often called a church father by protestants, who occasionally use the term to apply to all relatively orthodox early christian writers.--Blkgardner (talk) 02:33, 6 November 2008 (UTC)
- I believe he is considered merely an ecclesiastical author by the Roman Catholic church. Philip Shaft states
- There is some ambiguity in the Catholic Church. The term "Church Father" is not a canonical title but is one that is given through acclamation or some other informal process. So whether he is a church father or not is not as telling as the fact that he has is not a canonized saint or doctor of the church both of which are formal titles bestowed by the authority of the church. He has no feast days in the liturgical calendar as such. The fact that he is not one of the doctors of the church (East or West)is a reflection of the unreliabilty and or questionable nature of his orthodoxy. If he is considered a church father in the Catholic Encyclopedia this would not settle the issue since that source does not represent the authoritative magesterium of the church. However the Catholic church does consider him a father for his witness to the Apostolic Tradition. I think the article describing him as "reluctantly" being recognized as a father is about right. --126.96.36.199 (talk) 08:14, 8 April 2009 (UTC)
- Below is the relevant information from the Catholic Encyclopedia which refers to Origen's status as not being a Church Father. I have bolded the areas in question and I have referenced a link to the article. Stylteralmaldo (talk) 21:39, 25 March 2010 (UTC)
- PER CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: In the last years of the fifth century a famous document, attributed to Popes Gelasius and Hormisdas, adds to decrees of St. Damasus of 382 a list of books which are approved, and another of those disapproved. In its present form the list of approved Fathers comprises Cyprian, Gregory Nazianzen, Basil, Athanasius, Chrysostom, Theophilus, Hilary, Cyril of Alexandria (wanting in one manuscript), Ambrose, Augustine, Jerome, Prosper, Leo ("every iota" of the tome to Flavian is to be accepted under anathema), and "also the treatises of all orthodox Fathers, who deviated in nothing from the fellowship of the holy Roman Church, and were not separated from her faith and preaching, but were participators through the grace of God until the end of their life in her communion; also the decretal letters, which most blessed popes have given at various times when consulted by various Fathers, are to be received with veneration". Orosius, Sedulius, and Juvencus are praised.
- Rufinus and Origen are rejected. Eusebius's "History" and "Chronicle" are not to be condemned altogether, though in another part of the list they appear as "apocrypha" with Tertullian, Lactantius, Africanus, Commodian, Clement of Alexandria, Arnobius, Cassian, Victorinus of Pettau, Faustus, and the works of heretics, and forged Scriptural documents.
- What difference does it make how the RCC or some branch of the Orthodox Group define "Church Father," etc. Wikipedia is not a branch of any such organization. Actually in any theological area the Bible is the ultimate authority. It does use the word "saint," and it uses it for all Christians! There is no special group of "saints" otherwise in the NT. So "Church Father" should be used in a general sense for an early writer in Christendom, that's all.(EnochBethany (talk) 01:38, 30 June 2010 (UTC))
- It is worth noting that while Origen's writings have been critiqued more harshly at times, the Catechism of the Catholic Church, 2nd ed, 1997 cites five of Origen's works in support of its arguments in nine articles (750). His seminal contributions to the theological conversation are acknowledged, as well, by his inclusion in seven volumes of the Patrologia Graeca. Lambert OP (talk) 20:45, 3 July 2010 (UTC)
Is this necessary?[edit]
"himself preserved from harm as if by a miracle". Surely this is not appropriate? I won't change it yet, but I'm pretty sure that it should be removed. Ste175 10:41, 12 March 2007 (UTC)
"According to some traditions" . . . This sentence is using weasel words, isn't it? Why not just cite the source - Eusebius.
People lying[edit]
What is those naked people laying before Origen in Image:Origen2.jpg? Are they dead? Sleeping? Tired of taking dictation? --18.104.22.168 16:14, 5 June 2007 (UTC)
- Sunbathing? (I like the dictation one better, though!). They'd have to be dead or acolytes/disciples of some sort, wouldn't they? Be nice if we could locate the picture originator. It may need to be replaced if we can't. It looks too peculiar to go uncommented. Must be online somewhere else. Student7 19:39, 6 June 2007 (UTC)
- The alt attribute says: "Origen initiating neophytes into the death and re-birth experience". It seems suspect. Why would medieval people paint Origen preaching such a doctrine? Anyway the image is cropped and colorshifted. --18.104.22.168 08:20, 7 June 2007 (UTC)
Origen's influence on the later Church[edit]
There is an "ibid" in this section which doesn't, to me, have a clear antecedent. In the normal process of footnoting, "ibids" shouldn't appear anyway. Can someone help?
Also, "Shirley Maclaine" is quoted. Does she really have the theological credentials to be quoted in here? I think mine are equal to hers and I'm not quoted! If mention of her beliefs is allowed, I would like equal space! :) Student7 13:47, 11 June 2007 (UTC)
Why is this opinion stated? "Reluctantly he remains a father of the church", Should this not be removed? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.108.40.206 (talk) 19:51, 12 March 2008 (UTC)
I agree. I don't see any relevance in that statement. --DavidD4scnrt (talk) 08:15, 12 April 2008 (UTC)
The relevance of the use of "reluctance" is explained in the section "Origen and reincarnation" above. Christianity cannot deny the unparalleled contributions of Origen, yet it cannot embrace all of his teachings.
Also, I have added references to Origen scholars who show that he did teach reincarnation; namely Robert Sträuli and Edward Moore so the Shirley Maclaine reference can be deleted. Shawn Murphy (talk) 15:31, 14 April 2008 (UTC)
WikiProject class rating[edit]
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 04:20, 10 November 2007 (UTC)
POV tag[edit]
This concerns POV tag cleanup. Whenever an POV tag is placed, it is necessary to also post a message in the discussion section stating clearly why it is thought the article does not comply with POV guidelines, and suggestions for how to improve it. This permits discussion and consensus among editors. This is a drive-by tag, which is discouraged in WP, and it shall be removed. Future tags should have discussion posted as to why the tag was placed, and how the topic might be improved. Better yet, edit the topic yourself with the improvements. This statement is not a judgement of content, it is only a cleanup of frivolously and/or arbitrarily placed tags. No discussion, no tag.Jjdon (talk) 21:31, 28 April 2008 (UTC)
Transmigration, et al[edit]
Okay, I can see where this is going now. The material that was footnoted explaining about Celsus, needs a better sub-footnote than Dodds. This is an internal link to Wikipedia which cannot substitute here as a sub-footnote. The Dodds article anyway, is totally unfootnoted, so no help there! (Otherwise you could just copy one of their footnotes here). So it needs a scholarly footnote from somewhere. Student7 (talk) 21:07, 31 July 2008 (UTC)
Student7 I do not understand you. Would you please fix it for me. I do the best I can. I took it for granite (no spell checker) the reader would know "Contra Celsus" by Origen presented Celsus' charges. I think people should know what Celsus said. The Dodds thing was an attempt to show how "magically irrational" the Greeks were. So you could understand Celsus. You can see this again (my last entries) when I brought up the Christian persecution as the blame for the Antonine Plague. [After the plague books were destroyed and higher learning became suspect. Books were dangerous they contained magic and sorcery.(And most likely some of them did). But to those frightened uneducated people, Christian and Pagan alike, you just destroyed books and those who read them. People who read and studied books were not to be trusted]. (This still goes on today) If you "can see where this is going" you are doing a lot better than I am. Kazuba (talk) 03:51, 2 August 2008 (UTC)
- IIRC Dodds, a genuine and reliable scholar, whose major work is cited, ends his work pretty much with the fourth century BC. Does he even mention Celsus? This is during the Antonine enlightment; we need a source which makes this claim about this period, and applies to this author. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 03:41, 8 October 2008 (UTC)
Same teacher?[edit]
no section`
So is it unimportant that origen and plotinus had the same teacher? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 18.104.22.168 (talk) 05:51, 12 September 2008 (UTC)
- Is it possible that you are thinking of the other Origen? Origen the Pagan?Student7 (talk) 12:44, 12 September 2008 (UTC)
I did not notice the proposal to move. I thought that there was one main Origen, just like their are many "Aristotles" yet I suspect that if I reference "Aristotle" I will get the one from Athens even though I did not specify. He kind of predominates, as I think Origen does. Student7 (talk) 01:39, 3 October 2008 (UTC)
- He does predominate, as you say. However, I believe that we should go after consistency in the pagenames – compare Augustine of Hippo, Irenaeus of Lyons, and more – and therefore I keep thinking the move was right. --Dampinograaf (talk) 07:34, 3 October 2008 (UTC)
- We "consistently" refrain from disambiguating in article title when there is no reason to. WP:MOS is fairly consistent, I think. Ford MF (talk) 20:18, 4 October 2008 (UTC)
- The actual article is and should be at Irenaeus; I'm not convinced that we shouldn't call Augustine Augustine, and disambiguate the Archbishop. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 03:33, 8 October 2008 (UTC)
- We "consistently" refrain from disambiguating in article title when there is no reason to. WP:MOS is fairly consistent, I think. Ford MF (talk) 20:18, 4 October 2008 (UTC)
The consensus reached at Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Origen was that that page should either be moved to Origen (disambiguation) or deleted, and in either case Origen of Alexandria be moved to Origen. Neither approach received the consensus, but what was rejected was the current status quo. I therfore propose that we simply choose the move option as the least dramatic. All in favour... — Gareth Hughes (talk) 14:48, 7 October 2008 (UTC)
Requested move[edit]
Origen of Alexandria → Origen — To return article name to primary topic. See preceding section of this page. — Deor (talk) 03:15, 8 October 2008 (UTC)
- Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with
*'''Oppose''', then sign your comment with
~~~~. Since polling is not a substitute for discussion, please explain your reasons, taking into account Wikipedia's naming conventions.
- Support, especially since Alexandrian citizenship is open to question; this is the primary meaning of Origen. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 03:34, 8 October 2008 (UTC)
- Support per Wikipedia:Disambiguation#Is there a primary topic?. Origen is obviously and by far the primary topic. Ford MF (talk) 03:45, 8 October 2008 (UTC)
- Support. The disambiguation as cleaned up is only three-way, between someone who is truly famous, versus a contemporary of his about whom we know little apart from his name and that he was a philosopher, and a marginally notable band. No contest. Andrewa (talk) 04:02, 8 October 2008 (UTC)
- Clean-up was hastily done; several links were removed that in effect point to different topics. --Dampinograaf (talk) 10:42, 8 October 2008 (UTC)
- Support, this is clearly the primary topic. --Rogerb67 (talk) 10:05, 8 October 2008 (UTC)
- Oppose: I remain convinced that, when talking about a person, the pagename should -as much as possible- be the full name. Consider what disambiguation pages are for: to lead those who are not sure. --Dampinograaf (talk) 10:42, 8 October 2008 (UTC)
- The relevant policy pages contradict your conviction unambiguously: WP:NAME says "Titles should be brief without being ambiguous", WP:NCCN says "...use the most common name of a person or thing...", WP:NCP echoes WP:NCCN. This does not prove that your page move was wrong; interpretation and judgment is required. However the discussion will go better and your arguments are more likely to be accepted if you make them in reference to accepted policy, including if necessary WP:IAR. --Rogerb67 (talk) 11:47, 8 October 2008 (UTC)
- Support - the old Catholic Encyclopedia, which uses full titles when necessary, calls him only Origen. Ottava Rima (talk) 13:45, 8 October 2008 (UTC)
- Neutral – the disambiguation page's AfD was closed as "no consensus," and the primary reason to get rid of the disambiguation page was that it was a spamlink-farm. Spam is no longer present; therefore, reason to remove the disambiguation page is moot. On the other hand, I doubt that "Origen of Alexandria" was his full name. Bwrs (talk) 18:03, 8 October 2008 (UTC)
- Any additional comments:
From the survey above:
Clean-up was hastily done; several links were removed that in effect point to different topics. --Dampinograaf (talk) 10:42, 8 October 2008 (UTC)
Of the three links you've added, I agree that two should be there, but neither Adamantius (Pseudo-Origen) nor Penitence of Origen have any more chance then the existing links of challenging the primary usage, and Adamantius (journal) probably shouldn't be there. Are you really claiming that it's ever referred to as Origen rather than as Adamantius? Andrewa (talk) 12:29, 8 October 2008 (UTC)
- It should be a See also, here. If anyone searches for "Origen", they will eventually find it that way.
Also from the survey:
I remain convinced that, when talking about a person, the pagename should -as much as possible- be the full name. Consider what disambiguation pages are for: to lead those who are not sure. --Dampinograaf (talk) 10:42, 8 October 2008 (UTC)
As has been noted above, this is a very big departure from current policy. I suggest you spell out your reasons, and also the scope of the proposal. Would we also move Paul McCartney, for example? Andrewa (talk) 12:29, 8 October 2008 (UTC)
If you play it blindly by the book, then you'll have a lot of moving to do! Just a few examples: Eusebius of Caesarea >Eusebius (how many Eusebiusii does the average Wikipedian know) – Hippolytus of Rome to Hippolytus (same question).
- I should stress that I'm talking about persons only. --Dampinograaf (talk) 13:07, 8 October 2008 (UTC)
- Each case is necessarily unique and needs to be taken on its merits; the examples you mention are possible. It will indeed be a lot of work to make every article comply with every policy, but there are many contributors, and the deadlines are long. --Rogerb67 (talk) 17:13, 8 October 2008 (UTC)
- I do not believe Hippolytus of Rome is the primary meaning of Hippolytus; if there is one, it's Theseus' son, not the doubtful martyr who happened, by pure coincidence, to be also dragged to death by horses. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 19:07, 8 October 2008 (UTC)
- Eusebius is a close call; it should probably be a dab, because of Eusebius of Nicomedia.
- But to deny that the simple name has a primary meaning, there must be some other meaning or meanings which have mentions of the same order of magnitude. Is this the case here? I doubt it. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 19:10, 8 October 2008 (UTC)
- Each case is necessarily unique and needs to be taken on its merits; the examples you mention are possible. It will indeed be a lot of work to make every article comply with every policy, but there are many contributors, and the deadlines are long. --Rogerb67 (talk) 17:13, 8 October 2008 (UTC)
- It is clear that the consensus is for the main article to be at Origen and the little-know at Origen (disambiguation). One editor moved the article without discsussion, and is the only one opposing it. Everyone else here felt it to be wrong, and the more important issue was to remove the spam. The AfD was more a distraction as we couldn't agree whether to delete the disambiguation page or not. I think it's fairly harmless in its present position. Whereas it had been moved to a more prominent position than the article all readers would be looking for. — Gareth Hughes (talk) 19:46, 8 October 2008 (UTC)
- I'm not suggesting we play it blindly by the book. But ignoring the book is no wiser. Andrewa (talk) 19:57, 8 October 2008 (UTC)
And the consensus is:[edit]
Thanks to all who intervened in the brief discussion
- initiated 8 October, 03:15:24
- closed 8 October, 19:31:54
Sometimes the deadlines are very short indeed.
Good luck to the editor(s) who are – following the precedent set so quickly, and the excellent arguments used in the discussion – going to move Paul the Apostle to Paul, possibly after adjusting Paul (disambiguation). Paul "is obviously and by far the primary topic", is it not?
--Dampinograaf (talk) 23:59, 8 October 2008 (UTC)
It's still listed at WP:RM. I guess we could invoke the snowball clause but I'd prefer to see the normal period of discussion expire, owing to the strong feelings expressed and the slightly involved history with the AfD and all.
Disagree that Paul should be moved. Strongly suggest reading WP:POINT and perhaps also the Wikipedia creed if you're even considering making it a formal proposal. Andrewa (talk) 01:14, 9 October 2008 (UTC)
Media junk[edit]
In the meantime, we seem to have gotten rid of all the games, media, etc. that were supposedly named after Origen! Right! And a tip of the hat to whoever did it! Can we keep the article clean of them in the future? What likelihood is it that anything popular and secular would be deliberately named after him? Student7 (talk) 00:38, 9 October 2008 (UTC) C
Location of Caesarea Maritima[edit]
The location of this city is in Israel. See, for example, Wikipedia own article on the topic which is linked in the article BTW: Caesarea Maritima. Student7 (talk) 12:37, 5 February 2009 (UTC)
- we need a reliable third-party source that confirms this. see WP:SPS. —Chris Capoccia T⁄C 12:44, 5 February 2009 (UTC)
- The point is, it wasn't in Israel when Origen died there. See, for example, Rainer Maria Rilke, where the infobox gives his birthplace as Prague, Bohemia—not Prague, Czech Republic. I didn't make the change to "Palestine," but it seems right to me, and it certainly wasn't vandalism. Deor (talk) 13:16, 5 February 2009 (UTC)
This is not rocket science or opinion. Nor is it a matter of paying somebody to place a reference someplace. This is fact. As I mentioned I traveled there last year through Israel to get there. It is a port. How many ports do the Palestinians have?????? Not very many, I can assure you. There is a reason for that.Here are a bunch of references I first ran across in google. a reference,the "Israel" may refer to ancient Israel unfortunately,maybe this one too, I haven't yet found one that says "Palenstine." Where are you finding that reference? another ref, yet another. Student7 (talk) 22:15, 5 February 2009 (UTC)
- I re-read your reply which I should have done earlier. I see your point. I'm not sure Palestine existed then. Judea or Samaria maybe? Your are right, we need a reference. Student7 (talk) 22:19, 5 February 2009 (UTC)
- If you have a footnote, why not change it to Syria Palestina and let the redirect take the reader where it may? "Palestine" seems to be taking sides (if you read the discussion page for Palestine). It sounds funny to English-speaking ears (that is discussed as well). BTW, you can also change the redirect though that might result in a discussion! Student7 (talk) 13:13, 6 February 2009 (UTC)
His torture and death[edit]
I cited two of the facts mentioned related to his torture and death. I cited Church History in Plain Language, Second Edition by Bruce L. Shelley. I do not know how to format it into a wiki link so I did so as I would in a term paper. This book makes no mention how he was tortured though. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Joshualeasure (talk • contribs) 16:25, 28 June 2009 (UTC)
Placed this tag today because of various language used throughout article, example: "In Origen the Christian Church had its first theologian in the highest sense of the term. Attaining the pinnacle of human speculation, his teaching was not merely theoretical, but was also imbued with an intense ethical power. To the multitude to whom his instruction was beyond grasp". Also text of this sort lacks citation. 126.96.36.199 (talk) 11:26, 1 September 2009 (UTC)
- I agree that the subsection you are quoting seemed to be a bit overreaching. I tried modifying it a little bit. Still needs work and citations. You've placed a label on the entire article. Is it all that bad? Just glancing through it, it didn't seem that way.Student7 (talk) 12:40, 3 September 2009 (UTC)
"Christian Reincarnation"[edit]
The material added in this edit appears to have been a verbatim lift from the book Reincarnation for the Christian (1974) by Quincy Howe, and thus a copyvio. The replacement of much of the material with direct quotations from the Commentary on Matthew didn't really solve the problem, as it still left one copyvio paragraph and still constituted an intrusive interruption in the biographical section of the article. If any material on reincarnation is deemed necessary in the article, it should go in the "Views" section and should be based on a summary of reliable secondary sources. Deor (talk) 17:02, 7 February 2010 (UTC)
I'm not sure the edit needs to be altered, but just wanted to be sure that we all understood that the term "neoplatonism" was invented after-the-fact; that it still was based on the teachings of Plato, and maybe not, for Origen, Plotinus. Student7 (talk) 18:10, 12 September 2010 (UTC)
Universal salvation[edit]
"Origen supported the early Church Fathers majority position on Universal Salvation, a position held by the most respected of the Church Fathers and 4 of the six schools of thought. The doctrines of the Apostles were now under attack and was overturned by a state-influenced Church under Constantine. In its place, the church began to teach the tradition of eternal torment. The position on Universal Salvation was the majority position of the Early Church Fathers until the 5th century. It was at this time Origen was declared a heretic."
Some problems with this: -the idea that universal salvation was the majority position of the Church Fathers is controversial; -equating it with 'the doctrines of the Apostles' goes beyond controversial to the language of an universalist polemic; -Origen was not declared a heretic in the 5th century but the 6th; -and he was not declared a heretic for his doctrines on universal salvation anyway! Our article links to the anathemas against him; of the 15 statements, only two even touch on it - one condemning "the fabulous pre-existence of souls .... the monstrous restoration which follows from it", the other the idea "that in this pretended apocatastasis, spirits only will continue to exist, as it was in the feigned pre-existence". The whole thrust of the anathemas is condemning the idea that matter is evil and humans (and the sun and moon!) were originally pure spirits who acquired bodies through sin -- the apocatastasis here is more the idea that we will go back to being pure spirits.
Since there is essentially nothing in this paragraph that isn't either POV or factually incorrect, I think deleting it wholesale is the right way to go, but I'll wait a bit in case someone else sees things in it worth salvaging. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.108.40.206 (talk) 04:55, 9 February 2011 (UTC)
Did Origen teach Christ is the LORD?[edit]
Here's from his commentary on the Gospel of John 2:47-54:
But he who is on the white horse is called "Faithful," (Rev 19:11) not so much because he trusts as because he is trustworthy, that is, he is worthy of being trusted, for according to Moses, the Lord is faithful and true. (Deut 32:4)
You might want to add this reference somewhere...220.127.116.11 (talk) 20:33, 19 February 2011 (UTC)
- Huh? Chrysologus (talk) 21:29, 14 June 2011 (UTC)]
- But isn't the question whether or not Origen taught that Christ was LORD = YHWH (Yahweh), rather than whether Origen taught that Christ was Lord (master, boss)? In the NT the word kyrios is used both for master/boss and for YHWH, the tetragrammaton. For example, when Rom. 10:13 quotes Joel it says: "πᾶς γὰρ ὃς ἂν ἐπικαλέσηται τὸ ὄνομα κυρίου σωθήσεται; "For whosoever shall call upon the name of YHWH shall be saved." When the NT quotes the OT, kyrios is used for YHWH (Yahweh). Now if one has a reference where Origen applies Rom. 10:13 to Christ, that would be evidence. English Bible translations routinely use LORD (4 caps) to stand for YHWH and Lord to stand for Adonai or Lord in a lesser sense. (EnochBethany (talk) 16:11, 3 February 2012 (UTC))
Instance of Ambrose?[edit]
In the paragraph "Extant commentaries of Origen" I suspect what the author meant was not "at the instance of Ambrose" but "at the insistence of Ambrose". I'm a newbie, so I'd rather not change this, but rather let others make the call. Pianomoose (talk) 02:23, 30 May 2011 (UTC)
- It's an obscure but legitimate use of the word instance. Chrysologus (talk) 21:29, 14 June 2011 (UTC)
Complete re-write[edit]
As the note at the top of the page says, this article does not meet Wikipedia's standards. This is unfortunate, given how important Origen is for the fields of theology and biblical studies. I have completely re-written the introductory material. No doubt it can use further improvement, including the addition of citations, though the material there can be found in many, many works about Origen. I doubt that I will have the patience to re-write the entire article, so I hope that someone else who knows something about Origen will help re-write this to bring it up to snuff. Chrysologus (talk) 21:29, 14 June 2011 (UTC)
to do[edit]
- The lead is way too long. 5 or 6 sentences should be plenty.
- Check the text for WP:copyvio a lot of it looks "cut and pasted".
- Agreed, re: length. I have moved much of the material to the biographical section and elsewhere. Chrysologus (talk) 13:32, 17 June 2011 (UTC)
- Still too long I suggest this;
Origen (Greek: Ὠριγένης Ōrigénēs), or Origen Adamantius, 184/5–253/4,[1] was an early Christian Alexandrian scholar and theologian, and one of the most distinguished writers of the early Church. As early as the fourth century, his orthodoxy was suspect, in part because he believed in the preexistence of souls. However, thanks to the works of such 20th-century scholars as Henri de Lubac, SJ, and Jean Daniélou, SJ, his reputation as a first-rate theologian has been rehabilitated, and today he is widely regarded as one of the so-called Church Fathers.[2]
Origen excelled in multiple branches of theological scholarship. Old and New testament.
Some of his teachings quickly became controversial.
- Add a little filler but the rest should be in the body of the page
The unnecessary re-write of this introduction and the course ahead[edit]
It has come to the attention of many of us that a Wiki user named Chrysologus has taken it upon him or herself to wipe out the Origen introduction contributions of a number of other scholarly types. No offence intended, but Chrysologus wiping out the longstanding introduction to Origen was a very unwise move to make, and when Wikipedia reviews what he/she has done, if it comes to that, they will likely reverse his/her overly heavy handed erasing of the editing and contributions of fair-minded academics who had contributed to this page faithfully over the past many years. This introduction is for important aspects of Origen's contributions to the religion of Christianity - with prudent acknowledgement of his life simpliciter - and any other tack would be disastrously unadvised. With this in mind, no one should doubt Chrysologus' wish to help the page; but in destroying years of amendments and contributions, we are now faced with repairing what took years of agreement to come to, and will continue to be amended as new evidence comes to light, one can only imagine. We all know Crouzel, we can all quote in depth from his work, but even Crouzel is not the "end" of Origenic studies, and to insist otherwise is mistaken. Origen's life and work is constantly being brought into clearer focus, and this from a number of quarters, all of which deserve to be heard and judged by the aggregate, as the former introduction was, over the course of years. If someone wishes to undo Chrysologus' overly zealous wiping out of the Origen Wiki intro, I would not dispute it, but perhaps the seasoned veterans can simply just add or take away a bit here or there where needed, and make the intro more what it had become, versus what one person deemed it should be.
Furthermore, no one should take it upon themselves to do a complete re-write of the Origen page as Chrysologus suggested above. To do so would defeat the point of Wikipedia altogether. This page is meant to be a source for general information and further academic studies on Origen. Let none of us go so wrong as to pretend we own the last word on Origen, or any other subject. Saintorigen (talk) 09:18, 17 June 2011 (UTC)
- ---
- I'm happy to see that someone else here shares my passion for Origen. I think that between the two of us and others this article can be improved. You're probably right that my initial go at this was "over-zealous," but, after all, it is Wikipedia's motto to be bold! I'd be very happy to see others continue to make changes and even to restore some things that I may have deleted or reworked too hastily.
- I must, however, politely re-affirm my commitment to seeing this entire article re-written (not by me personally, though!). It is not for no reason that the top of the page informs us that this article does not meet Wikipedia's standards. I agree with whoever added that assessment and it's precisely why I issued my exhortation to improve -- boldly -- this article. I look forward to working together with others toward the common aim of bringing this important article up to snuff. Chrysologus ([[User
talk:Chrysologus|talk]]) 14:11, 17 June 2011 (UTC)
- Well, we get these re-writes from time to time. I kind of gulped too. On the other hand, we did leave that tag up. Kind of an invitation to do "something." We probably shouldn't leave generic tags with no specific templates up for more than a few months on "relatively" non-controversial topics. After a couple of months, editors with general tags need to be forced/requested to be more specific, either by individual sentence/paragraph tagging or in the discussion, point by point. Student7 (talk) 20:04, 17 June 2011 (UTC)
File:Origen2.jpg Nominated for Deletion[edit]
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Was Origen a Priest?[edit]
Quote: "Caesarea, where he was heartily welcomed and was ordained a priest." There is no citation to substantiate that claim. Since the NT has no Christian class called "priests" at all (but all Christians are a kingdom of priests), the question arises as to when did the class of "priests" arise? I wonder if the correct word that belongs in this article is presbyteros or presbyter (elder). To be sure our modern English word "priest" is probably a corruption of the Greek word presbyteros, but "priest" has a quite different denotation from elder. The Greek word for priest is hiereus, but there is special hiereus class in the NT among Christians. Interestingly enough, in the NT a qualification for being a presbyteros is to be the husband of one wife. At any rate, unless someone has a citation to support this claim, it ought to be removed. (EnochBethany (talk) 16:03, 3 February 2012 (UTC))
All intelligences created equal by God ?[edit]
If it's true that Origen stated that all rationale beings were created equal in mental power or abilities, losing part of them in connection to the severity or absence of a sin in their line, this would enter in conflict with the Bible statement, that with no place for doubt, says that mankind was created "Slightly inferiors to angels". There are several quotations linking to "The Catholic Encyclopedia"; this is a very well intentioned attempt to summarize religious knowledge, but it seems lacking a feature that not long ago was considered imprescindible for a work to be fully trusted by Roman Catholics: the "Nihil Obstat" - No inconvenients -, meaning that the text was reviewed by an Episcopal authority, who gives his approval to the work. A comic feature of the "Catholic Encyclopedia" is that the cover for the CD-ROM containing its texts, depicts a blonde haired, blue eyed Jesus Child, that evenmore, is amazingly similar to the face of the journalist, a long time character in CNN, Lou Dobbs. ??? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jgrosay (talk • contribs) 19:45, 28 February 2012 (UTC)
As an aside, it seems odd that Philo of Alexandria gets one brief mention in this article. Origen is the only reason we still have Philo's complete works and he was a major influence on Origen. But that's not my main reason posting.
The Philo article needs lots of work and I wanted to advertise this on relevant talk pages. Please check it out and chip in if you can. You can reply to my section on the Talk:Philo page if you want to discuss. Thanks. Mnnlaxer (talk) 16:25, 21 December 2012 (UTC)
Two introductions?[edit]
What has happened to the introductory paragraph? Someone has re-written it so that it now has two paragraphs that repeat a lot of the same information! Can these edits be rolled back?
188.8.131.52 (talk) 19:21, 2 May 2013 (UTC)
Nevermind. I made the changes myself (above comment is me). Feel free to complain or change it.
Chrysologus (talk) 20:02, 2 May 2013 (UTC)
"There is significant evidence" - source for 'significant'?[edit]
I fact tagged "There is significant evidence[citation needed] that some of Origen's books were intentionally mistranslated into Latin due to religious bias, and that he taught reincarnation in his lifetime." This was removed and sources added that show evidence. However, there is no source that says "there is significant evidence" which is why I added the fact tag. I'm at 2RR and replacing my fact tag would be 3RR which is getting close to edit warring, but we should not claim significant evidence without sources making that specific claim. Dougweller (talk) 19:32, 24 December 2013 (UTC)
His name is spelled here in Greek Ώριγένης, whereas in Migne it is Ώριγένους. Is the former an incorrect latinisation or is either correct?Ocyril (talk) 20:13, 7 April 2014 (UTC)
- Ώριγένους is just declined in the genitive, it's the same word as the nominative Ώριγένης. --Atethnekos (Discussion, Contributions) 20:31, 7 April 2014 (UTC)
Lede addition undue[edit]
- 21:04, 23 August 2014 by Lipsio (Added statement, with references, that the sixth ecumenical council upheld the previous ecumenical council's anathemas against Origen (even though the latter may be spurious).)
- 19:43, 24 August 2014 by Telpardec (Undid revision 622516959 by Lipsio - addition contrary to its own sources and section →Anathemas (544, 553): 553CE was 5th, not 6th - (image left :)
- 20:07, 24 August 2014 by Lipsio (Origen was condemned by sixth ecumenical council by its upholding the fifth's anathemas (whether or not the fifth's anathemas are authentic)Undid revision 622642885 by Telpardec (talk))
- 20:22, 24 August 2014 by Lipsio (Supplied quote from the sixth ecumenical council in an attempt to halt the editing war.)
My removal of the addition was based on information available at that time. Note that the 1st reference, http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/NPNF2-14/Npnf2-14-110.htm#P5504_1142201 , redirected to: http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.toc.html which only mentions Origen in the 5th ecumenical council section. The 2nd reference, Price's work on the council of 553CE, does not mention the 6th ecumenical council AFAICT. With the quote supplied by the 4th edit above, the following was found:
Wherefore this our holy and Ecumenical Synod having driven away the impious error which had prevailed for a certain time until now, and following closely the straight path of the holy and approved Fathers, has piously given its full assent to the five holy and Ecumenical Synods (that is to say, to that of the 318 holy Fathers who assembled in Nice against the raging Arius; and the next in Constantinople of the 150 God-inspired men against Macedonius the adversary of the Spirit, and the impious Apollinaris; and also the first in Ephesus of 200 venerable men convened against Nestorius the Judaizer; and that in Chalcedon of 630 God-inspired Fathers against Eutyches and Dioscorus hated of God; and in addition to these, to the last, that is the Fifth holy Synod assembled in this place, against Theodore of Mopsuestia, Origen, Didymus, and Evagrius, and the writings of Theodoret against the Twelve Chapters of the celebrated Cyril, and the Epistle which was said to be written by Ibas to Maris the Persian), renewing in all things the ancient decrees of religion, and chasing away the impious doctrines of irreligion.— "The Definition of Faith."
NPNF2-14. The Seven Ecumenical Councils
Christian Classics Ethereal Library
@Lipsio: It is evident that there was no especial condemnation of Origen in the sixth ecumenical council. That council merely gave its "assent" to the previous five synods, mentioning the name of "Origen" in the parenthetical list by way of reference only. It was a minor note during the last session (XVIII) of the synod – hardly a footnote in history. The lede/intro generally should summarize the "most important points" from the body of the article. That sixth council is not mentioned in the body, and it is not important enough for the lede even if it was added to the body after the Origen#Anathemas (544,553) section.
Cheers. —Telpardec TALK 00:54, 25 August 2014 (UTC)
- It is *NOT* "a minor note" or "hardly a footnote in history"!
- It is part of the Definition of Faith which is what Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholics, etc., consider infallible! And this would naturally be done by the council's last session. Thus, it is doctrine in these churches that Origen is a heretic, even if that means acceptance of the authenticity of the fifth ecumenical council's anathemas against him.
- "The 2nd reference, Price's work on the council of 553CE, does not mention the 6th ecumenical council" Yes, and thus I referenced him concerning only the fifth ecumenical council, "although in recent times the full conciliar authority of the latter council's canons against Origen has been called into question."
- Please explain you deletion, or I will revert it, albeit making most of it a footnote since, as you rightly note, an entire paragraph "is not important enough for the lede"; it only grew that long in an attempt to stop your deletions. Vincent J. Lipsio (talk) 15:16, 25 August 2014 (UTC)
Asceticism and castration - subheading[edit]
It is surely misleading to have his 'castration', about which the article currently states that there is doubt, paired (in the subheading) with his 'asceticism' which is not held to be similarly doubtful by the article in its current state. 22.214.171.124 (talk) 16:52, 16 November 2014 (UTC)
"Origen in the 1970s"[edit]
This subsection has bloated beyond any usefulness it once had, and its location has become disruptive.
It seems to have started out as a brief (but not brief enough) mention of a theosophist's 1978 claim that Origen believed in reincarnation, a claim popularized by Shirley MacLaine (who has since disappeared from the article), followed by a non-brief-enough counter-claim. Largely through the efforts of User:NickLaz777, it has ballooned to a long argument that Origen really did believe in reincarnation which takes up 10% of the article.
Could somebody who has a sense of the history of this article, and of Origen, please evaluate whether this needs to stay in the article at all. If it does, please move it from its current location. It has very, very little to do with the 1970s and nothing at all to do with "Origen's influence on the later church". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.127.116.11 (talk) 18:40, 12 January 2015 (UTC)
- I've deleted it. One Theosophist + a lot of OR = not notable. Mangoe (talk) 19:09, 11 April 2016 (UTC)
External links modified[edit]
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World Vision's goal: $50 milion for relief efforts
By ERICA HALL
The Mirror
As the death toll rose to an estimated 140,000 people, humanitarian aid organizations including World Vision in Federal Way continued working over the New Years holiday to provide immediate relief, reunite loved ones separated in the chaos and comfort those who lost everything in the South Asia tsunami Dec. 26.
World Vision, a Christian humanitarian aid organization based here, announced New Years Eve Day that it plans to raise $50 million for relief efforts. World Vision International president Dean Hirsch left Monday to survey the damage and to direct the organizations short and long-term responses in the region. In the meantime, the organization was preparing to send at least eight airlifts of food and supplies to the region this week, Hirsch said.
The Commons at Federal Way (formerly SeaTac Mall) has joined with World Vision to serve as a donation center for victims of the tsunami. Donation boxes will be available at guest services in the mall.
World Vision also has partnered with Tullys Coffee to raise money for tsunami relief efforts. all of the net proceeds from sale of specially-marked tsunami relief coffee packages will be donated to World Visions relief effort.
Tullys and World Vision hope to raise $1 million with the special packages of coffee, which will be available in regular and decaffeinated varieties for the next three months.
President Bush announced on New Years Eve the United States would commit $350 million to help the tsunami-stricken areas. As of Monday, the international community had committed more than $2 billion. The money will be available for ongoing relief efforts, to help with future employment opportunities and to boost the regions economies later, officials said.
Relief efforts hit a snag last week as supplies piled up at ports and in warehouses in areas without the infrastructure or vehicles to distribute them. Since then, workers have found ways to get the supplies to where theyre needed.
Where bridges and roads were washed out, helicopters have been airlifting in supplies.
By Monday, 15 Americans were confirmed killed in the tsunami. Officials estimated between 4,000 and 5,000 Americans were still unaccounted for but expected that number to drop as State Department officials check back with families who have heard from loved ones since initially reporting them missing.
World Vision has more than 5,000 workers in the countries affected by the tsunami, many of whom were affected by the disaster themselves. Several workers have opened their own homes, taking in up to 100 displaced men, women and children, officials reported.
One staff member lost 16 members of her extended family, another lost his mother and daughter, and another lost his mother-in-law. Five staff members in one community lost their homes, World Vision reported.
In addition, World Vision officials are concerned that children orphaned or separated from their parents are being kidnapped from hospitals and camps to be used as domestic help or sold into the sex trade.
But there have been some positive developments since the tsunami, according to World Vision. Political animosities have been set aside as groups work together to repair the damage and distribute relief supplies.
Andrew Natsios, administrator of the U.S. Agency for International Development, said aid workers are beginning to see signs of psychological shock in survivors who have lost their entire families, homes and livelihoods. He said the presence of high-level officials could restore hope and help reassure people they havent been forgotten.
Aid organizations also are trying to put survivors to work as a way to help them work through the devastation to their communities and their own lives, Natsios said.
Just the physical evidence of the mess is a reminder every hour of every day that everything is gone, he said. And if we can begin to get them moving, working as a community again, it has an effect psychologically, economically and just physically.
Staff writer Erica Hall: 925-5565, email@example.com
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Category:Charles Long, 1st Baron Farnborough
English: Charles Long, 1st Baron Farnborough GCB PC PC (Ire) FRS FSA (2 January 1760 – 17 January 1838) was an English politician and connoisseur of the arts.
|Authority control
Media in category "Charles Long, 1st Baron Farnborough"
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- 1stLordFarnborough.jpg 173 KB


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Four Points by Sheraton Surrey - Surrey
This hotel has its own restaurant serving breakfast and dinner where you'll find a selection of items to try. Go for a dip in the outdoor pool during your stay. The bar/lounge is a perfect place to have a drink.
A fitness center and a spa tub are among the leisure facilities on offer. Guests can make use of the free WiFi.
Four Points by Sheraton Surrey - Surrey
Hotel Info: 855-239-9480from $76
- Traditional Double Room, 2 Queen Beds
- Traditional Room, 1 King Bed
- Traditional Room, 1 Queen Bed
- Suite, Accessible
- Suite, 1 King Bed
- Traditional Room
- Deluxe Room
- Suite, 1 King Bed
- Deluxe Room, 1 Queen Bed
- Superior Room
- Standard Room, 2 Queen Beds
Also popular with travelers from the USA
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 77 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 3 floors
- Check-in time 3 PM-2 AM
- Check-out time is 11 AM
- Express check-out
Required at check in
- Credit card deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
Travelling with others
- No cribs (infant beds)
- Pets not allowed (service animals welcome)
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Free WiFi in rooms
- Free self parking (limited)
- Extended parking
In the hotel
- Breakfast (surcharge)
- Restaurant
- Bar/lounge
- Outdoor pool
- Fitness facilities
- Spa tub
- 24-hour business center
- Number of meeting rooms - 2
- Meeting rooms
- Computer station
- 24-hour front desk
- Concierge services
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Multilingual staff
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Elevator/lift
- Designated smoking areas
- Picnic area
- Library
- Television in common areas
- Accessible bathroom
- In-room accessibility
- Roll-in shower
In the room
- In-room climate control (air conditioning)
- Air conditioning
- Coffee/tea maker
- Iron/ironing board
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer
- 37-inch LCD TV
- Cable TV channels
- Desk
- Free newspaper
- Free WiFi
- Free local calls
- Refrigerator
- Microwave
- Daily housekeeping
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
Special features
DiningCitrus Bar and Grill - This family restaurant serves breakfast, dinner, and light fare. Guests can enjoy drinks at the bar. A children's menu is available. Open daily.
Awards and affiliations
Green / Sustainable Property
This property participates in Green Key Eco-Rating Program, a program that measures the property's impact on one or more of the following: environment, community, cultural-heritage, the local economy.
Four Points by Sheraton Surrey - Surrey's small print
Also known as
- Coast Guildford
- Surrey Guildford Hotel
- Four Points Sheraton Surrey Hotel
- Four Points Sheraton Surrey
- Coast Guildford Hotel
- Coast Hotel Guildford Surrey
- Coast Hotel Surrey Guildford
- Coast Surrey Guildford
- Coast Surrey Guildford Hotel
- Coast Surrey Hotel
- Guildford Surrey Hotel
- Surrey Coast
The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation.
Parking height restrictions apply.
The name on the credit card used at check-in to pay for incidentals must be the primary name on the guestroom reservation.
Optional extras
Breakfast costs between CAD 7 and CAD 14 per person (approximately)
Cribs/Infant beds are available for an extra charge
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.


text:
Attackers use the bug in Bash to scan for vulnerable servers, augment backdoor Trojans and create botnets, aiming to strike before the systems are patched
Cyber-Attackers Use NTP To Overwhelm Servers
In the first quarter attackers have shown a preference for reflection attacks, often using simple tools that make use of the Network Time Protocol
It's The End Of XP – Not The World
Windows XP had to go because it lacks modern security features, says Robert Lemos. But you can take a measured approach to removing it.
CryptoLocker Copycat CryptoDefence Has Fatal Flaw
The developers of the latest ransomware, CryptoDefence, made one major mistake – they left the decryption keys on the infected system
Report: US Agency Created 'Cuban Twitter' To Foster Dissent
USAID has admitted secretly creating a Twitter-like social network in Cuba, but denies the project was specifically aimed at helping to overthrow the Cuban government
Black Markets Broaden Access To Cutting-Edge Malware Tools
Two studies have found an increasing level of sophistication in the black markets for selling cyber-crime tools and services
Panda Warns Over Malware Variant Threat
As the number of malware variants soars, Panda Security has warned that companies must learn from attacks on other firms
Don't Blame Antivirus Software, Warns NSS Labs
Criticism of antivirus software for the malware it misses is unjustified says NSS Labs in a new report
RSA 2014: US Government Warns Smart Device Makers Over Security
Device manufacturers face US government action if they do not improve on basic security efforts, according to the FTC
FIDO Standard Aims To Eliminate Passwords
The FIDO industry group has released its final technical specification, in an effort to push the industry toward more advanced security techniques


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The group of 11 freshmen and one transfer brings the total number of 2014 signees to 17, as the resurrection of the Yotes long dormant program continues. Every player on the list was honored as all-conference selections, with four players named to the all-state team.
The Yotes will load up on the defensive side of the ball - including four defensive backs, a linebacker, and two linemen. Highlighting the group is Beau White, a 5A All-State selection from Mountain View High, as the six-foot defensive back had eight interceptions as a senior and holds the MVHS school record with 18 career picks.
"Beau is the perfect fit for us," said Moroski. "He proved to be a very skilled coverage player, he has extraordinary ball skills and he has very good speed. He is also a fine young man and a serious student."
Joining him in the secondary is Kuna safety Josiah Kotte, fellow Mountain View defensive back Bryan Dilworth, and Southern Virginia transfer, Grant Darrington. Kotte earned 4A All-State honors following a senior season that saw him rack up 41 tackles; Dilworth earned 5A All-SIC honors during the 2013 season; while Darrington, a Borah High grad and former All-SIC selection, was a special teams player as a freshman at the Division III school.
Heading to Caldwell is California native, Kyle Ashby, of Torrey Pines High in San Diego. The 6-1, 220 pound linebacker was a first-team All-Palomar League selection as a senior, leading his team to the postseason.
Kade Paulsen of Century High and Jordan Duncan of Mountain View High will be key members of the defensive line after stellar prep careers. Paulsen, a 6-3, 225 pound end, had 44 tackles as a senior and was a member of the Idaho State Journal All-Area team. Duncan, a 6-2, 265 pound tackle, earned All-SIC honors for the Mavericks.
The Yotes inked three offensive linemen - all with impressive resumes - including Sam Ball of Capital High. Ball was a 5A All-State selection, as the 6-3, 265-pounder helped his team to the state semifinals.
"Sam is one of the best offensive linemen in the Northwest," stated Moroski. "He has been very well coached at Capital. He will compete for a starting job immediately - and I believe he will have a great career as a Yote!"
Joining him is Isaac Reyna, a 6-1, 265 pound guard, who earned All-Southern Idaho Conference honors in helping the Grizzlies to the state playoffs, along with James Roy, a 6-1, 265 pound product of Damien High in Hawaii, was a two-time All-Interscholastic League I/II all-star.
C of I has added a quality running back in Joe Murphy, an All-SIC selection out of Centennial High, along with kicker Isaac Dodd of Mountain View High - a second-team 5A All-State pick who connected on 10-of-12 field goals this season.


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realmagick.com The shrine of knowledge.
Sacred Thread
A selection of articles related to sacred thread.
Original articles from our library related to the Sacred Thread. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Sacred Thread.
- Mother Of The Gods And The Father Of The Gael
- There is no surviving, or as yet translated, Creation story within Irish mythology. We learn from the Lebor Gabala Erenn, a text from the Christian Middle Ages, of the Tuatha De Danann, or "People of the Goddess Danu", who came to Ireland either...
Deities & Heros >> Celtic, Welsh, Irish & Brittish
- Rituals, invocations and sacred space
- "There is a single main definition of the object of all magickal Ritual. It is the uniting of the Microcosm with the Macrocosm. The Supreme and Complete Ritual is therefore the Invocation of the Holy Guardian Angel; or, in the language of the Mysticism,...
Paganism & Wicca >> Ritual
- Everyday is Sacred
- Throughout history, people of nature religions found something sacred everywhere they looked. There was no clear-cut boundary between what was religious and what was not, what was magical and what was not. Examples of this can be found all over Europe, where...
Paganism & Wicca >> Daily Life
- Sacred Space: Circles and Altars
- The magic circle or sphere is a well-defined, non-physical temple. There are two main types -- those used by ceremonial magicians are designed to protect the magician from the forces he or she raises. Our circles are used to create sacred space to commune...
Paganism & Wicca >> Ritual
- The Sacred Wheel: The Sabbats
- The Wheel of the Year honors the never ending cycle of life, death, and rebirth. It expresses the belief which Pagan religions hold that time is circular, not linear. The Sabbats are derived from the rich traditions of seasonal festivals as celebrated by...
Paganism & Wicca >> Holidays
- In Nomine Babalon: Sacred Whoredom in a Thelemic Context
- Naked and trembling, pressed against my bare body, he whispered into my hair, "can I kiss you?" Instead of answering with words, I turned my face up to him. When our lips met, it felt as if some part of him opened up around me like a cocoon. I...
Body Mysteries >> Sexuality
Sacred Thread is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Sacred Thread books and related discussion.
Suggested News Resources
- Hanging up sacred thread: Yechury on combining class and caste struggle
- When I was 11, I went to my father's ancestral place to learn the Vedic rituals and slokas for the thread ceremony. It was a Brahminical indoctrination ceremony.
- Gardner's masterpieces, up close and personal
- On regular visits to Fenway Court, hard-nosed questions can easily be blurred by the waning light, the sacred hush, and above all that insanely beautiful courtyard, which can disturb anyone's critical composure. ...
- The Empire's New Clothes
- Each tongue was so densely embroidered with gold thread that its surface looked chased. Some of the pairings of sacred art and decadent couture gave off a whiff of sacrilege.
- Rediscovering Shivas of the South - II: From the Gudimallam lingam to Rock Fort
- If you notice, unlike other Shivas elsewhere, here the sacred thread does not adorn his body. The entire Lingam has seven facets and the whole sculpture is several feet below ground level.
- Trumpism Is a Sign that Faith in the American Civil Religion May Be Collapsing
- But the perennial thread which connects individuals as disparate as John Winthrop, Martin Luther King, and Ronald Reagan, was a sense of the nation itself as somehow covenentally sacred. Historian Sacvan Bercovitch has argued that this almost ...
Great care has been taken to prepare the information on this page. Elements of the content come from factual and lexical knowledge databases, realmagick.com library and third-party sources. We appreciate your suggestions and comments on further improvements of the site.
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LowlandsDouble click on any word to get a popup explanation of the word and sample sentences Dictionary | Wikipedia | Synonyms | News
Lowlands Meaning and Definition in Dictionary
Definitions from Wordnet 2.0
- the southern part of Scotland that is not mountainous
Definitions from Wiktionary
- the southern part of Scotland that is not mountainous
Would you like to add your own explaination to this word 'Lowlands'?
Wikipedia Meaning and Definition on 'Lowlands'
- Silesian-Lusatian Lowlands: Silesian-Lusatian Lowlands (or Silesian-Lusatian Uplands, Polish: Nizina Śląsko-Łużycka) are lowlands located in Silesia, Poland and Germany. Silesian
- Western Lowlands: Western Lowlands (Albanian: Ultësira Bregdetare or Ultësira Perëndimore) is the geographical region of western Albania defined by plains and lowlands. It
- Saint Lawrence Lowlands: The St. Lawrence Lowlands is an ecoregion of Mixedwood Plains and a physiographic region of Canada. The Great Lakes-St.Lawrence Lowland is a bowl-shaped
- Scottish Lowlands: topographic regions: the Midland Valley (or Central Lowlands) and the Southern Uplands. The term "Lowlands" mainly refers to the Midland Valley. However, in
- Eastern Ridges and Lowlands: The Eastern Ridges and Lowlands is a geographical region in the eastern part of the U.S. state of Wisconsin, between Green Bay in the north, and the border
- Richmond Lowlands, New South Wales: Richmond Lowlands is a town of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is located in the City of Hawkesbury south-west of Freemans Reach
- Silesian Lowlands: Oderebene) are lowlands located in Silesia, Poland and the Czech Republic. It is part of the North European Plain. Silesian Lowlands is a physical-geographical
- Arctic Lowlands: The Arctic Lowlands and Hudson Bay Lowlands are a physiographic division, lying between the Canadian Shield and the Innuitian region To the south of the
- Lowlands (festival): A Campingflight to Lowlands Paradise, mostly just known as Lowlands, is an annual three-day music and performing arts festival, held in the Netherlands
Words and phrases related to 'Lowlands'


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HP channel chief to leave, lead workstation group
HP channel chief to leave, lead workstation group.
This Article Covers
Technology Vendors/OEMs
Hewlett-Packard Co. has announced its channel chief will be leaving Jan. 1 to take over its global workstation division. No replacement has been named.
New Guide: Are You Making the Cloud Lucrative for your Channel Business?
Learn the best strategies IT solution providers can leverage for starting up and securing a cloud practice, successful approaches to selling and marketing cloud, and why it is urgent partners to transition now.
By submitting your personal information, you agree that TechTarget and its partners may contact you regarding relevant content, products and special offers.
You also agree that your personal information may be transferred and processed in the United States, and that you have read and agree to the Terms of Use and the Privacy Policy.
John Thompson has been VP and general manager of the Solutions Partner Organization (SPO) at HP for two years; a statement from HP credits him with increasing revenue for the SPO for 11 consecutive quarters and for cutting costs in HP's PartnerOne program. After Jan. 1, 2007 he will take over the global workstation division of HP's Personal Systems Group.
HP will name a successor within the next few weeks, according to the announcement.
Dig Deeper on Technology Vendors-OEMs
Find more PRO+ content and other member only offers, here.


text:
WIC PASSES PRODUCE DEADLINE WASHINGTON — WIC, the federal government's Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children, on Oct. 1 began requiring all states participating in the program to distribute vouchers for fruit and vegetable purchases. Every mother on the program will now receive an $8 per month produce voucher — or $10 for breast-feeding mothers — while every child on the program will receive $6 per month. Given WIC's total national caseload, the new vouchers ...
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ContentList volumes - List articles in this issue
Time-course and determinants of spasticity during the first six months following first-ever stroke
doi: 10.2340/16501977-0509
OBJECTIVE: To explore the occurrence of, and risk factors for, spasticity until 6 months after first-ever stroke.
METHODS: Forty-nine patients were examined at day 2–10, at 1 month, and at 6 months. The modified Ashworth Scale was used to assess resistance to passive movements. A comprehensive clinical examination was performed to identify other positive signs of upper motor neurone syndrome, in accordance with a broader definition of spasticity, and to evaluate whether spasticity was disabling. Neurological impairments were determined by use of the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and global disability by use of the modified Rankin Scale.
RESULTS: Spasticity was present in 2 patients (4%) at day 2–10, in 13 patients (27%) at 1 month, and in 11 patients (23%) at 6 months. Severe paresis of the arm at day 2–10 was associated with a higher risk for spasticity at 1 month (odds ratio = 10, 95% confidence interval 2.1–48.4). Disabling spasticity was present in one patient at 1 month and in 6 patients (13%) at 6 months.
CONCLUSION: Spasticity according to the modified Ashworth Scale usually occurs within 1 month and disabling spasticity later in a subgroup. Severe paresis of the arm is a risk factor for spasticity.
Erik Lundström, Anja Smits, Andreas Terént, Jörgen Borg
- Pandyan AD, Gregoric M, Barnes MP, Wood D, Van Wijck F, Burridge J, et al. Spasticity: clinical perceptions, neurological realities and meaningful measurement. Disabil Rehabil 2005; 27: 2–6.
- Lance JW. The control of muscle tone, reflexes, and movement: Robert Wartenberg Lecture. Neurology 1980; 30: 1303–1313.
- Ward AB. Spasticity treatment with botulinum toxins. J Neural Transm 2008; 115: 607–616.
- Francisco GE, Yablon SA, Schiess MC, Wiggs L, Cavalier S, Grissom S. Consensus panel guidelines for the use of intrathecal baclofen therapy in poststroke spastic hypertonia. Top Stroke Rehabil 2006; 13: 74–85.
- World Health Organization. International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. World Health Organization; 2001 [updated 2001; cited 2008 Nov 21]. Available from: http://www.who.int/classifications/icf/en/
- Burridge JH, Wood DE, Hermens HJ, Voerman GE, Johnson GR, van Wijck F, et al. Theoretical and methodological considerations in the measurement of spasticity. Disabil Rehabil 2005; 27: 69–80.
- Hufschmidt A, Mauritz KH. Chronic transformation of muscle in spasticity: a peripheral contribution to increased tone. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1985; 48: 676–685.
- Lundström E, Terent A, Borg J. Prevalence of disabling spasticity 1 year after first-ever stroke. Eur J Neurol 2008; 15: 533–539.
- Sommerfeld DK, Eek EU, Svensson AK, Holmqvist LW, von Arbin MH. Spasticity after stroke: its occurrence and association with motor impairments and activity limitations. Stroke 2004; 35: 134–139.
- Watkins CL, Leathley MJ, Gregson JM, Moore AP, Smith TL, Sharma AK. Prevalence of spasticity post stroke. Clin Rehabil 2002; 16: 515–522.
- Welmer AK, von Arbin M, Widen Holmqvist L, Sommerfeld DK. Spasticity and its association with functioning and health-related quality of life 18 months after stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 2006; 21: 247–253.
- Fellows SJ, Ross HF, Thilmann AF. The limitations of the tendon jerk as a marker of pathological stretch reflex activity in human spasticity. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1993; 56: 531–537.
- Thilmann AF, Fellows SJ, Garms E. The mechanism of spastic muscle hypertonus. Variation in reflex gain over the time course of spasticity. Brain 1991; 114: 233–244.
- Leathley MJ, Gregson JM, Moore AP, Smith TL, Sharma AK, Watkins CL. Predicting spasticity after stroke in those surviving to 12 months. Clin Rehabil 2004; 18: 438–443.
- van Kuijk AA, Hendricks HT, Pasman JW, Kremer BH, Geurts AC. Are clinical characteristics associated with upper-extremity hypertonia in severe ischaemic supratentorial stroke? J Rehabil Med 2007; 39: 33–37.
- Aho K, Harmsen P, Hatano S, Marquardsen J, Smirnov VE, Strasser T. Cerebrovascular disease in the community: results of a WHO collaborative study. Bull World Health Organ 1980; 58: 113–130.
- Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 1581–1587.
- Hacke W, Kaste M, Fieschi C, von Kummer R, Davalos A, Meier D, et al. Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial of thrombolytic therapy with intravenous alteplase in acute ischaemic stroke (ECASS II). Second European-Australasian Acute Stroke Study Investigators. Lancet 1998; 352: 1245–1251.
- Adams HP Jr., Davis PH, Leira EC, Chang KC, Bendixen BH, Clarke WR, et al. Baseline NIH Stroke Scale score strongly predicts outcome after stroke: A report of the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST). Neurology 1999; 53: 126–131.
- Brott T, Adams H, Jr, Olinger C, Marler J, Barsan W, Biller J, et al. Measurements of acute cerebral infarction: a clinical examination scale. Stroke 1989; 20: 864–870.
- Lyden P, Brott T, Tilley B, Welch K, Mascha E, Levine S, et al. Improved reliability of the NIH Stroke Scale using video training. NINDS TPA Stroke Study Group. Stroke 1994; 25: 2220–2226.
- Gregson JM, Leathley M, Moore AP, Sharma AK, Smith TL, Watkins CL. Reliability of the Tone Assessment Scale and the modified Ashworth scale as clinical tools for assessing poststroke spasticity. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1999; 80: 1013–1016.
- Bohannon RW, Smith MB. Interrater reliability of a modified Ashworth scale of muscle spasticity. Phys Ther 1987; 67: 206–207.
- Kasner SE. Clinical interpretation and use of stroke scales. Lancet Neurol 2006; 5: 603–612.
- Burke D. Spasticity as an adaptation to pyramidal tract injury. Adv Neurol 1988; 47: 401–423.
- Sheean G. Neurophysiology of spasticity. In: Barnes MP, Johnson GR, editors. Upper Motor neurone syndrome and spasticity: clinical management and neurophysiology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2001, p. 12–78.
- Lin FM, Sabbahi M. Correlation of spasticity with hyperactive stretch reflexes and motor dysfunction in hemiplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1999; 80: 526–530.
- Katz RT, Rovai GP, Brait C, Rymer WZ. Objective quantification of spastic hypertonia: correlation with clinical findings. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1992; 73: 339–347.
- O'Dwyer NJ, Ada L, Neilson PD. Spasticity and muscle contracture following stroke. Brain 1996; 119: 1737–1749.
- Pandyan AD, Johnson GR, Price CI, Curless RH, Barnes MP, Rodgers H. A review of the properties and limitations of the Ashworth and modified Ashworth Scales as measures of spasticity. Clin Rehabil 1999; 13: 373–383.
- Malhotra S, Pandyan AD, Day CR, Jones PW, Hermens H. Spasticity, an impairment that is poorly defined and poorly measured. Clin Rehabil 2009; 23: 651–658.
- Barnes S, Gregson J, Leathley M, Smith T, Sharma A, Watkins C. Development and inter-rater reliability of an assessment tool for measuring muscle tone in people with hemiplegia after a stroke. Physiother Res Int 1999; 85: 405–409.
Related articles
Related articles
Print information
Pages: 296-301
View at PubMed


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Of all professional sports, baseball has to be the strangest when it comes to predictability. It seems like almost every day some play happens that people swear they've never seen before. But more notably, in the game of baseball, things can just turn on a dime, be it for a team or a player, be it for the better or the worse. A guy can be red hot at the plate and then go 0-for the next week. A pitcher can seem unhittable and then get destroyed in the ninth inning. A batter can look like he's literally sick at the plate, and the next day he can be hitting that baseball like it's a beach ball. As much as we use statistics to try to notice trends and see if the past can predict the future, the one trend we can see without a doubt is that with each pitch, each at-bat, each game, each season, new opportunities constantly appear to dismiss rough patches in the past or be humbled by how difficult it is to relive past moments of glory. And that's why we watch it, why we love it, and why guys like Roger Clemens can't get enough of it.
East Division
New York Mets (24-14) - The Mets sent a message to the Brewers, taking two of three this weekend and reminding them that they are the reigning regular season champs of the National League. After a shaky postseason, Billy Wagner has erased doubts of his ability to bounce back in 2007. Wagner is perfect in nine save opportunities and has a brutal 0.56 ERA, having given up just one earned run in 15 appearances. But for the Mets to get back to that form that dominated the NL last year, they definitely need David Wright to get back on track. The third baseman struggled at the plate against the Cardinals in the NLCS last October, and his .276 batting average, four home runs, and 17 RBI are far off the pace he set the past two seasons.
Central Division
Cincinnati Reds (16-24)
- Ken Griffey Jr. was named NL player of the week cranking out 10
hits, including three home runs, and a league-high nine RBI. Too bad the Reds
just keep losing. They've dropped 11 of their last 13. Aaron Harang gave his best effort to snap their latest four-game skid,
by tossing 9.0 innings of two-hit, one-run ball against the Padres. The team
didn't give him enough run support in the first nine innings of the game, but
Harang's effort was solid enough to position the team for a much-needed 2-1
victory in extra innings. David Weathers ended up pitching the final three innings to earn his
first win of the season.
West Division
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John Boner, seated, a merchant Tailor of Franklin, PA, and an interpreter for the Courthouse, with 2 unknown friends, standing.
John Boner was born in Austria 1874 and could speak five languages. He lived in Franklin most of his life and died in 1932.
Submitted by Kenneth E. Boner, grandson


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You Pay: $238.50
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Barndoors narrow the beam spread of a light fixture. They help create a 3-dimensional look to a lighting scheme by placing light in a specific area, or by keeping it away.
The more leaves a barndoor set has, the more precisely the beam can be controlled.
This is an 8 leaf barndoor set for the Desisti Leonardo 5K and Picccolo 10K Frensel Lights.


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Think you know the answer? Click through to see if you're right!
Our final edition of WIG for April is filled with news link goodness covering topics such as Google Drive for Linux is in the works, 1 in 5 Macs is harboring some type of malware, Hotmail accounts were being hacked for $20 apiece, and more.
The dash on Ubuntu's Unity desktop allows you to search for applications, files, music, and videos – but you're not just limited to these. Install custom lenses and scopes to extend the dash with more features.
Think you know the answer? Click through to see if you're right!
We all use text editors to take notes, save web addresses, write code, as well as other uses. Every operating system comes with a default, basic text editor, but most of us install our own enhanced text editors to get more features.
Two years ago we took your desktop on a journey into scenic rural areas and today we are back with more rural beauty. Fill your desktop with pleasant, peaceful vistas from the second in our series of Rural Scenes Wallpaper collections.
Ubuntu 12.04 is upon us. Aside from the usual assortment of bug fixes and updated software, Ubuntu's Unity desktop environment has been polished and offers new features and more configurability.
What do you do when attending a boring party that happens to have balloons as part of the decorations? Liven things up by pulling out a homemade replica phaser from the original Star Trek series! YouTube user RemixCB demonstr...
There is such a thing as loving an operating system and then there is…
Think you know the answer? Click through to see if you're right!
This photography light strip is practically snap-together; read on to see how you can build a 15,000 lumen continuous lighting system with hardware store parts.
Earlier this week we asked you to share your three golden rules that all computer newbies should follow; now we're back to highlight the rules and advice you dispensed.
This giant art installation on the side of the under-construction Manchester City Hall is an enormous game of Space Invaders built from, what else, construction barricades.
Wendir Ruin [deviantART]
Go Right is a tribute to side scrolling video games and the epic journey to the right we all take when playing them.
In this week's game you engage in an epic quest to defeat the Orcs that control the wilderness lands and bring civilization to that which has been ruled by evil. Can you achieve victory and free the surrounding lands from evil or will you fall before the oncoming Orc hordes?
Microsoft launched its new SkyDrive desktop app which is set to compete head-to-head with Dropbox and Google Drive. Here's how to sync folders that are outside of your SkyDrive folder.