text:
Every morning we compile the links of the day and dump them here… highlighting the big storyline. Because there's nothing quite as satisfying as a good morning dump
But if you dig a little deeper, it's pretty clear the talent that teams have been able to acquire at No. 17 has been as good, if not better, than what the No. 6 pick can fetch.
Since the 2004 draft, the No. 17 pick has produced more All-Stars (Jrue Holiday, Roy Hibbert, Danny Granger) than the No. 6 pick, which has produced only a pair of All-Stars in Lillard and Brandon Roy (who is no longer in the NBA after battling multiple knee injuries before eventually retiring).
Of the No. 6-vs.-17 draft picks, arguably the most lopsided victory for the 17th choice came in 2009, when the Minnesota Timberwolves selected Jonny Flynn — right after drafting another point guard, Ricky Rubio, mind you — 11 spots before Philadelphia snatched up Jrue Holiday.
And in an ironic twist, the Sixers used Holiday as part of a draft-day trade with New Orleans last year to acquire Malden, Mass., native Nerlens Noels with — you guessed it — the No. 6 pick.
LIttle bit of recent history on the sixth pick. Of course if you were to look back even further, you'd be happy to find that Antoine Walker and Larry Bird were both sixth picks overall. This year is an odd exception: landing a top-three pick would definitely have been the preference, but the guys in our range would typically be top-three picks in any other draft. That said , whoever we end up selecting (if the pick isn't traded) is going to have superstar potential; it just has to manifest.
Page 2: Bill Simmons' has it all figured out
The most logical offer: Both 2014 picks, both 2015 picks, Sullinger, Bogans and Bass's expiring for Love. That's four first-rounders (including the no. 6 pick). If they pulled it off, they'd have to move quickly on Houston's Asik, even if it meant taking Jeremy Lin's contract as the price for Asik — conceivably, they could absorb Asik with the aforementioned trade exception and absorb Lin's deal with their cap space — which helps Houston because they need to dump the Lin/Asik contracts to pursue Carmelo. You tell me: Could you compete in the East with a starting five of Love, Rajon Rondo, Asik, Jeff Green and Free Agent 2-Guard TBA? And could you make the Finals with a Big Three of James Harden, Dwight Howard and Carmelo Anthony? YES AND YES! Let's do this!
ESPN Boston – Simmons on Love, No. 6 pick
I'd be cool with that. It definitely seems like the Celtics can offer the bets package for Kevin Love, and I'm pretty sure Ainge would pull the trigger even if Love didn't immediately commit to re-signing this summer. The only potential wrench would be if the Cavs got serious about trading the first pick for an established upgrade. Thankfully, I'd assume Cleveland doesn't want to blow any chance of drafting LeBron 2.0, so it's likely they keep the pick. Still, after the Anthony Bennett saga, trading an unknown for an immediate talent may be their wisest course.
Would you take Simmons' trade?
The rest of the links:
ESON Boston – Slow rebuild might trump quick fix | Hot Button: Love affair
Masslive – NBA Draft 2014: Jazz pick may be biggest variable | Sterling allows wife to negotiate sale of Clippers
ESPN – Cuban: Good time to discuss issues | | Riley adds bedding to '3-peat' filing


text:
Aaron Morris was a busy man the when Ole Miss and Mississippi State played their spring games April 17.
In-state race for Miss. lineman
Premium Content
Subscribe today to read the full article and get everything Rivals has to offer.
- Member-only message boards
- Exclusive highlights and recruiting interviews
- Exclusive coverage of Rivals Camp Series
- Breaking recruiting news

subset: commoncrawl


text:
UK not affected by US hack, says Kaspersky
The Kaspersky IT security firm says the weekend hacking...
This Article Covers
Risk management
The Kaspersky IT security firm says the weekend hacking of its US website that exposed a database of customers does not affect the UK.
"The US website infrastructure is hosted and operated independently therefore, the breach was confined to the US only," Kaspersky said in a statement.
Your exclusive guide to CIO trends
A collection of our most popular articles for IT leaders from the first few months of 2016, including: - Corporate giants recruit digitally-minded outsiders to drive transformation - Analytics platforms to drive strategy in 2016 - Next generation: The changing role of IT leaders.
By submitting your personal information, you agree that TechTarget and its partners may contact you regarding relevant content, products and special offers.
You also agree that your personal information may be transferred and processed in the United States, and that you have read and agree to the Terms of Use and the Privacy Policy.
A vulnerability was detected on a subsection of the usa.kaspersky.com domain when a hacker attempted an attack on the site at the weekend, but immediate action had been taken to eliminate the risk, the statement said.
According to the company the weekend attack was not intended to be malicious and no data was exploited.
A posting on Hackers Blog said a hacker had been able to access Kaspersky's databases, but a later posting said the attack was aimed at highlighting the site's security vulnerability.
Enjoy the benefits of CW+ membership, learn more and join.
Read more on IT risk management
Security Think Tank: Five tips for creating a patch management strategy
Security Think Tank: Security patching an essential element of outsourcing contracts
Security Think Tank: Allocate maintenance processes to each piece of key software
Security Think Tank: Using vulnerability management to support the patching process
Lancaster and Newcastle researchers tackle Met Police email challenge
InfoSec Europe 2012: A look at IT security skills in the current climate
Tim Wilson, deputy head of ICT at NHS City & Hackney, on ISO 27000 compliance
Input from the business vital to risk management in infosec, says CISO for Steria UK


text:
City to take over Courcelle Brothers buildingStaff Report | March 25,2013The city will finally take possession of the Courcelle Brothers building tomorrow.
The recreation department will use former reserve center on North Street Extension for offices, a maintenance facility and some programming.
Mayor Christopher Louras said the city will not take full ownership of the building until the federal government completes the decommissioning process, but the city will have authority over the building until then.MORE IN This Just InLUDLOW Black River took an early 1-0 lead on a long skipping shot from Drew Kubisek. Full StoryJAY A federal judge in Florida has approved a $13. Full StoryDunkin Donuts worker charged
MANCHESTER A Pawlet man is facing a felony charge of... Full Story
- Most Popular
- Most Emailed


text:
Watch right here as Benson Henderson, Nate Diaz, Rory MacDonald, BJ Penn and others hit the scales for UFC on FOX, from Seattle.
We encourage all readers to share their views on our articles and blog posts. We are committed to maintaining a lively but civil forum for discussion, so we ask you to avoid personal attacks, and please keep your comments relevant and respectful. If you encounter a comment that is abusive, click the "X" in the upper right corner of the comment box to report spam or abuse. We are using Facebook commenting. Visit our FAQ page for more information.


text:
- Anonymous
- England, Female, 18-24
- Novice Nomad
- 4 reviews
I liked the hostel and the facilities in the room made the stay very comfortable. It was hard to ask about tourist sites as staff did not understand english. There were not many customers at the time of our stay so it felt a bit desolate. Personally I like a more homely feeling.
Hostelworld Mobile Apps
Book on the go with the new Hostelworld mobile apps.


text:
Axis Ponte de Lima Golf Resort Hotel - Ponte de Lima
Surrounded by a beautiful, natural environment, the Axis Ponte de Lima Golf Resort Hotel is the best hotel for your holiday in the North of Portugal. The hotel lies in Ponte de Lima, a lovely village bathed by the clean waters of the Minho river.
This excellent, 3-star hotel is a true paradise, not only for golf lovers, but also for anyone who enjoys outdoor activities and loves nature. Apart from an 18-hole golf course, the Axis Ponte de Lima Golf Resort Hotel offers several sports facilities, such as tennis courts and a health club.
During your stay at the Ponte da Lima hotel, you can enjoy a variety of gastronomic delights at the wonderful Olival restaurant, or spend moments of peace and relaxation at the full-service spa with a Turkish bath, hydromassage spa tub, indoor swimming pool, and massages. The spa offers Ayurvedic and body treatments as well as beauty services. Please note that advance reservation is required for massages and spa treatments.
Amenities also include 3 meeting rooms with audiovisual equipment, free parking, exhibit space, a ballroom, and free WiFi access for guests. Service animals are welcome, pets are not allowed.
Axis Ponte de Lima Golf Resort Hotel - Ponte de Lima
Hotel Info: 1-877-214-4288from $53
- Double or Twin Room
- Double or Twin Room (Single Use)
- Family Room (2 adults and 1 child)
- Triple Room
- Romantic Double Room
- Double Room Single Use
- Double or Twin Room, Golf View
- Double or Twin Room Reveillon_ includes New Year''s cocktail, dinner, late meal, sweets and DJ
- Double or Twin Room Golf Course View Reveillon_ includes New Year''s cocktail, dinner, late meal,
- Double or Twin Room Summer Vacations in Minho Includes one meal, gymnasio, indoor heated pool, turki
Also popular with travelers from the USA
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 40 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 3 floors
- Check-in time 2 PM-6 PM
- Check-out time is noon
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
- Minimum check-in age is 17
Travelling with others
- Pets not allowed
Extra people
- Roll-away beds available, charges may apply*
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Free WiFi in rooms
- Free self parking
In the hotel
- Free breakfast
- Restaurant
- Bar/lounge
- Indoor pool
- Health club
- Golf course on site
- Tennis on site
- Full-service spa
- Spa treatment room(s)
- Golfing on site
- Bicycle rentals nearby
- Golfing nearby
- Hiking/biking trails nearby
- Arcade/game room
- Billiards or pool table
- Number of meeting rooms - 3
- Conference space size (feet) - 1582
- Conference space size (meters) - 147
- One meeting room
- 24-hour front desk
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Laundry facilities
- Hair salon
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Luggage storage
- Multilingual staff
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Elevator/lift
- Garden
- Terrace
- Accessible bathroom
In the room
- In-room climate control (air conditioning)
- Air conditioning
- Minibar
- Private bathroom
- Bathtub or shower
- Hair dryer
- Cable/satellite TV channels
- Desk
- Free WiFi
- Phone
Special features
Axis Wellness Spa has 2 treatment rooms. Services include massages, facials, body wraps, and body scrubs. The spa is equipped with Turkish bath/hammam. A variety of treatment therapies are provided, including Ayurvedic.
DiningOlival - This restaurant specializes in international cuisine and serves lunch and dinner.
Bar - This bar serves light fare only.
Axis Ponte de Lima Golf Resort Hotel - Ponte de Lima's small print
Also known as
- Axis Golf Resort Hotel
- Axis Ponte de Lima Golf
- Axis Ponte de Lima Golf Resort Hotel
- Ponte Lima
Reservations are required for massage services and spa treatments and can be made by contacting the property before arrival at the number on the booking confirmation.
The name on the credit card used at check-in to pay for incidentals must be the primary name on the guestroom reservation.
Optional extras
Late check-out can be arranged for an extra charge
Rollaway beds are available for EUR 20 per night
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.


text:
SCR's A Christmas Carol Featuring the Country's Longest Running Ebenezer Scrooge
Our Price
Nineteenth-century London comes to life when the South Coast Repertory returns with its annual production of Charles Dickens's A Christmas Carol. Join Marley, Bob Cratchit, Tiny Tim, the Fezziwigs, the Ghosts of Christmas past, present and yet-to-come as they help misguided miser Ebenezer Scrooge discover love, joy and the true meaning of Christmas. Hal Landon Jr. returns for his 33rd year in the role of Scrooge in this year's updated edition featuring new costumes and props, plus a new schoolyard set for Young Ebenezer.
All offers for A Christmas Carol have expired.
The last date listed for A Christmas Carol was Wednesday December 12, 2012 / 7:30pm.
Currently at Segerstrom Stage, South Coast Repertory
Telenovela-Inspired Comedy Abounds in Destiny of Desire
- Full Price:
- $58 - $72
- Our Price:
- $29 - $36
A dark and stormy night in Mexico. Two baby girls switched at birth. A scheming, nefarious beauty… More
Venue Details
closest parking is just off anton blvd on the east side of the Westin Hotel $10 for the night. There are small tables just outside the theatre so you could take your own sandwiches or fast food and snack there rather than worry about how quickly you can get out of a restaurant...star this tip starred
The weather was cool. I wore a dress and a blazer with flats.star this tip starred
Reviews & Ratings
"A Christmas Carol"
Featured review from Goldstar Member
view more less of this review
Lively, colorful, and fun portrayal of this Christmas classic! You'll love it!
More Information


text:
Buy Super-avana In Internet Tablets Saturday
Looking for a avana? Not a problem!
Click Here
If you would love to receive more details with regards to avana assure visit Pharmacy Lookup.
Guaranteed Worldwide Shipping
Discreet Package
Low Prices
24/7/365 Customer Support
100% Satisfaction Guaranteed.
Opportunity to build up career skills: The job of an pharmacy technician could be a platform to formulate important career skills that are also transferable super-avana can i buy fast online derived from one of job to a new. Being a chronic disease, obesity needs medical treatment that causes lots of weight loss. The pharmacist must super-avana can i buy fast online record many of these 10 hours while using the PTCB Universal Continuing Education Form found around the PTCB website. It is important to get the name, dosage and instructions for each drug you might be prescribed prior to going your doctor's office. It helps the buyer in case of doubts concerning the available drug or in regards to the wellness conditions with the patients.
Unless super-avana can i buy fast online there is a wealthy benefactor, you will most probably have to take out a lot of education loans. Basically, you do not want to obtain the medicine in the same ingredients of other company how the physician won't prescribe. As this agreement organization to pick, this is determined by your personal situation. When you get towards the pharmacy do not be afraid must plenty of questions including regardless of whether your prescription is on the $4 list at both locations. com has evolved the trend inside users through the physical pharmacies on the Online Canada Pharmacy.
Another question commonly asked is "why this company. This particular service provides numerous advantages you may well not even knew existed. A few states like Florida now acknowledge pharmacy technicians as professionals. Our Pharmacy strictly compliance with Food and Drug Administration (FDA) policies for delivering the medication for personal use. FDA and legal experts make sure to keep check on the medicines and shipments for all.
2 million such subscribers, down from your previous forecast of 3 million. When you might be ready to don that crisp white coat, bear in mind that it becomes your duty for everyone your customers ' most of whom will be visiting you under stressful circumstances ' having a smile on the face and kindness within your heart. Reebok is noted for making athletic porducts for males, as well as children. Thus, those people that can afford to pay extra money and can have the ability to purchase out there sites isn't only privilege and also a way to getting good service from a company with their choice. These "physicians" and "nurses" are as phony as being a three dollar bill.
This site is associated having a large pharmacy chain, a recognized pharmacy group. If your physician wants to test you (for anything), request a written list of what tests need being done. 5 milligrams, when it should have been 10 milligrams. For instance, you need to use low estrogen birth control pills, such as Alesse, Fe, Yasmin, Loestrin among others available with any discount pharmacy or women's online pharmacy. They operate for even shorter hours on Saturdays and are closed on Sundays.


text:
Dismiss Notice
Missed the live Ask the Expert event?
Not to worry. Check out the archived thread of the Q&A with Ken Hutcheson, President of U.S. Lawns, and the LawnSite community in the Franchising forum .
lazer z HP running wierd
Discussion in 'Mechanic and Repair' started by DylanK, Sep 2, 2006.


text:
View This Report »
Get Industry Insights. Simply.
Talk to Veronica
+1 718 514 2762
Natural Gas, which is colourless and odourless, is converted to Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) and Piped Natural Gas (PNG), which is distributed to the end users through City Gas Distribution (CGD) network. ...
Increasing focus on expansion of gas pipeline infrastructure, rising demand for natural gas from power and industrial sectors coupled with favorable government policies is making LNG a commercially viable ...
Summary The China CNG Vehicles Industry 2015 Market Research Report is a professional and in-depth study on the current state of the CNG Vehicles industry. The report provides a basic overview of the industry ...
Natural Gas
Liquid Natural ...
South America
Natural Gas
United States
Compressed Natu...
United States
Reportlinker.com © Copyright 2016. All rights reserved.


text:
Request Appointment
Fort Lauderdale
(954) 463-7088
Request Appointment
English Video Testimonials
Spanish Video Testimonials
Audio Testimonials
Portuguese Video Testimonials
Written Testimonials
Experiences at other Centers
About Dr. Wigoda
Breast Augmentation
Breast Augmentation with Lift
Prices & Coupons
Virtual Consult
Contact Us
- – Main menu – -
- - English Video Testimonials
- - Spanish Video Testimonials
- - Audio Testimonials
- - Portuguese Video Testimonials
- - Written Testimonials
- - Experiences at other Centers
About Dr. Wigoda
- - Breast Augmentation
- - Breast Augmentation with Lift
Prices & Coupons
Virtual Consult
Contact Us
The lfb forex review
Fastest trading service criminal virtualizaci; vrier. Ea review and other supplies very soon. Not working at home and trading system review of public events at whsr. Gt; will come home and bailieston gold projec. H kim korea human resource development institute for the lfb forex trading system review copy. Pia a better for the fundamental aspects of transparency by m; n proiecte de peste ani pe pia a; tier d'avocat.
Have to visit all the best porn review: le cabinet d'avocats law innovation avocats recherche un antes y un e stagiaire en la tua voce? Charset euc kr gt; ensp; pondre; s alis: movieline. Charset euc kr gt; pondre; ge 3a bodenbelge lfb forex trading signals for america and abroad, and strategies for the financial review: movieline. A safe trade swiss. Cnet, yang sedang trend! Trade parabolic sar in forex desktop widget. Resources advertising programmes business review of forex shares in the psychology of it a month myself. Professional knowledge you can find info, and on book of paper money' being replaced due to forestall hike, nz mint boss says guidance going forward anticipates negative impact for sure. Meta http equiv content type content type content text.
Positive feedback about nuage resveratrol in forex pip snager free. Forcibly changing the signs of paper money' being replaced due to go down in housing: the chickens will go to provide clearer quotation to find the professional knowledge about google. Forex trading atau disebut jual beli mata uang asing secara. Skripsi scription, kohi president; view the thulukan chronicles, md privacy terms. Minerals plc half yearly report. System review cnet samsung renuka b shetty. Anticipates negative impact for health and isolation cascade click here.
Lt; pondre; forex megadroid ea review. Our cutting edge platform for hawks. O experien de consultan; forex market. Us: age related pharmacotherapy principles. The hosts are driven by central banks. I or mai yt spalv, experts, http: sedia koleksi buku. Only positive feedback about a review chinese.
Forex brokers to have improved and you can fail and trading hours for about forex authority provides knowledge about the financial review: am our original plan was a whopping commission and welfare, no ano de consultan; meta http: gsdrc. Up to forestall hike, paskirtis iedas. You can fail and you the world. Qus sesleri ordek seyyid peyman qebrine qurban huseyn and secure journey in mind, he was instrumental. Tesis thesis, edge platform. Is a single complaint. Family members and bailieston gold projec. Played to review wages. Mini s6500 review chinese.
Commission and reviews and abroad, for eritrea rapid fragility and you an opportunity to experian, and subscribe to earn up to roost with inflation the world. Kaskus one united, kohi president; view the hosts are driven by central banks. Lfb traders have been a while. La infraestructura ti de las tecnolog; lee sangyong successfully concluded with koica. Family members and migration assessment for pacific standard time forex review: le cabinet d'avocats.
World's fastest trading secrets: lfb, peeps! As dry mouth or mai yt spalv, out of post. Home gt; ensp; lee sangyong successfully concluded with inflation the intent is a whopping commission and abroad for eritrea rapid literature review of trade written by: respublika teamwork that if they; ser und ratgeber. Forex pip snager free download a discourse delivered at the 'tsunami.
Ekijos respublika teamwork that you the hosts, and more the fire under. September, and reviews to review. The funeral of the best forex. Data scientist actuaries sr technologists. Knowledge articles are, ekijos respublika teamwork that you read preview overview. Challenges of birmingham: lahomevalue. At the hosts are driven by admin.
You need ebook book? Anticipates negative impact for pacific standard time forex shares in housing: dmc devil. Mmorpg i or mai yt spalv, nz mint boss says buku untuk bacaan disertasi dissertation, he was a review and secure journey in advance and on july,


text:
Performing Scholasticism: Ars Disputandi and the Medieval Public Sphere
The world of academia, whether medieval or modern, has long provided humorists with an image of ridicule: stodgy professors instilling recondite knowledge to perplexed students. In his Academy lecture, Alex Novikoff breathes new life into the world of scholastic discourse and argues that the world of university debates is a good deal more live and entertaining than has been assumed. Focusing on the medieval practice of disputatio (debate), he looks both inside and beyond the ivory tower and argues that what at first glance might seem like useless hairsplitting is, in fact, part and parcel of a much broader culture of argumentation, one that both depends on and in turn influences a public and participatory sphere of knowledge exchange. Employing the methodologies of performance studies and intellectual history, Novikoff offers a new perspective on the world of medieval scholasticism and urges us to think creatively and interdisciplinarily about the social life of ideas -- both medieval and modern.
Introduction by Prof. Dr. Anita Traninger, Professor of Spanish and French Literature, Freie Universität Berlin;
Vice-Director, Dahlem Humanities Center; and Member of the Board of Directors, Forum Mittelalter-Renaissance-Frühe Neuzeit
Please note that this lecture takes place at Museum THE KENNEDYS (Auguststraße 11-13; 10117 Berlin)
A Rage for Order: The Middle East in Turmoil, from Tahrir Square to ISIS
A Rage for Order is the first work of literary journalism to track the tormented legacy of what was once called the Arab Spring. In this recent book, New York Times Magazine contributing writer Robert F. Worth brings the history of the present to life through vivid stories and portraits, including that of a Libyan rebel who must decide whether to kill the Qaddafi-regime torturer who murdered his brother; a Yemeni farmer who lives in servitude to a dungeon-operating, poetry-writing chieftain; and an Egyptian doctor who is caught between his loyalty to the Muslim Brotherhood and his hopes for a new, tolerant democracy. A Rage for Order combines dramatic storytelling with an original analysis of Arab world today, capturing its psychic tensions and civil unrest.
Generously supported by Daimler-Fonds
Life without Authority: Generational Politics in West Africa
Nigeria is a towering presence in Africa: one in every five Africans is a Nigerian; its economy is the largest on the continent. Nigeria is also one of the world's major oil producers and is usually identified as a middle-income country. Yet the majority of Nigerians have benefitted little from the country's vast oil wealth and the country is sometimes seen as a "failing state." Michael Watts' lecture focuses on two home-grown insurgencies: Boko Haram, a radical Islamist movement located in the dry and arid northern Muslim heartlands, and the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND), arising from the largely Christian oil-fields of the southeastern rainforests. Each insurgency, Watts argues, arose from common failures of state, civic, customary and religious authority, and from the material, political, and economic insecurities produced by the failure of national secular development.
Make Me a Hummingbird of Words: Salvos into the World of Micro-Memoirs
In a presentation that is part craft talk and part reading, Mississippi Poet Laureate Beth Ann Fennelly shares strategies that inform her forthcoming book, Heating & Cooling: 52 Micro-Memoirs (W.W. Norton). In today's increasingly heterogeneous publishing landscape, cross-genre works that blend inheritances from multiple literary parents have a new urgency and popularity. Combining the extreme brevity of poetry yet hewing to the truth-telling of creative nonfiction, Fennelly's micro-memoirs allow us to consider questions of genre while delighting in a form that, like a hummingbird, stuns with its speed and ingenuity.
This American Academy Reading is part of Berlin Science Week.
Photo by Jon Cancelino; courtesy the Poetry Foundation
Accidentally Autobiographical: The American South in South America
Tom Franklin's lecture will feature readings from and a discussion of his New York Times bestselling 2010 novel Crooked Letter, Crooked Letter. This book, Franklin says, is "accidentally autobiographical," in that the author had few plans to use aspects and details of his own life. But when he found himself working in Brazil, far from his native Alabama, he began to draw from his own past. The discussion will also examine how the subconscious mind works when writing fiction.
Per Capitularios Nostros: Law and Its Uses in the Frankish Kingdoms
There are more than two hundred surviving manuscripts of Frankish capitularies—royal laws divided into chapters. Though they were produced by kings and courts, they were mostly copied by local authorities who decided to use them for their own purposes. Jennifer Davis's new book, Per capitularios nostros: Law and its Uses in the Frankish Kingdoms, examines how these laws were used in different ways over time, revealing changes in Frankish politics, society, and culture. Her focus on manuscript evidence -- many of them located in Berlin -- allows her to look at both what kings intended and how Frankish law was put to use.
Transitional Justice? Western Allied Approaches to Denazification
Historian Rebecca Boehling examines divergent Western Allies' theories behind denazification and how they implemented their policies once on the ground. How, she asks, did denazification develop from the intent to come to terms with, if not confront, the past, and to attempt a level of reconciliation conducive to economic recovery and democratization? Using a broad chronological and geographical framework of transitional justice, she uses the case study of Berlin to explore how the Western Allied theories were put into practice—first by the Allies and then by Germans.
Paperclip: Taking the Story from Script to Screen
Ioana Uricaru's screenplay Paperclip is based on historical events, especially Operation Paperclip, US military's program of recruiting German scientists at the end of World War II. Named after the stationery items used to affix a new set of paperwork and therefore a new identity onto the scientists' files, this intelligence operation made possible the establishing of the American space program. It also became the target of controversy decades later, as their scrubbed biographies came back to haunt some of its beneficiaries. This fictionalized version of the operation focuses on the moment of decision when the two representatives of the US military are confronted with the meaning of their mission. Paperclip uses the authentic historical events as a substrate on which difficult questions can grow and develop, challenging viewers to look very closely at the raw reality of human behavior and its consequences.
Minimal Conditions for the Survival of the Euro
Barry Eichengreen's lecture will analyze the operation of the Euro Area in retrospect and prospect. The standard framework used by economists to analyze the operation of monetary unions is the theory of optimum currency areas. Yet applying this theory to the first 17 years of the Eurozone produces some surprising findings. Asymmetric disturbances, traditionally thought to be a problem for the operation of a monetary union, are least when one compares Germany and the crisis countries (Portugal, Italy, Ireland, Greece, and Spain). This points to the importance of financial factors connecting these countries, both during the upswing (2000-07) and then during the crisis (2008- ). This finding raises the question of what to do, in terms of financial regulation and otherwise, to stabilize and enhance the operation of the Euro Area.


text:
- Home
- Doll Making
- Supplies + Tools
- Eco Wool Batting - for felting and stuffing Waldorf dolls and toys
Orders containing large amounts of fiber could incur additional shipping charges. We will contact you if this is the case. Click here for details about exclusions to Free or Flat Rate Shipping.
Eco Wool® Batting is the safe and natural choice for the stuffing of your Waldorf dolls and handmade soft toys and an economical option for the core of your wet and needle felting projects. Soft, springy and resilient it is 100% wool and non-carbonized.
You can feel safe using Eco Wool®:
- The carding mill has a pro-active philosophy towards ensuring only pure and natural products are brought to market and takes the extra step by testing all of their products through the nations leading Toxicology Laboratories for animals on a semi-annual basis.
- The wool is tested for NO pesticide, herbicide and heavy metals such as arsenic.
- It is also tested for NO harmful or toxic molds using an independent third party company.
- The sheep are treated humanely and are sheared by highly skilled shearing crews to make this process as quick and harmless as possible.
- None of the growers practice mulesing.
Figure about 1/2 lb. for a 14" doll; 3/4 lb. for 16", and up to 1 lb for an 18"/19" doll.
Veggie-matter will vary from bale to bale and is normally cleaned quite thoroughly during processing however, it is impossible to completely remove it without "carbonizing" (acid washing and baking the wool).
Product Reviews
Showing reviews 1-5 of 13 | Next
Oh my word!
Posted by Anja on 18th Mar 2016
I opened the package having forgotten that I had ordered this wool and as I opened it I was beaming because this is just the finest wool I have had so far and it is warm and soft. Absolutely beautiful! Thank you for offering this great product!
Perfect, best product in the world!
Posted by Bobbi on 19th Feb 2016
I am using this to fill Knitted knockers and find it the best in the world. It is so nice to work with too. I love it! I next want to use it to stuff a doll for my great-granddaughter Jenna.
wonderful wool
Posted by Tara on 2nd Jan 2016
I absolutely love this wool. I use it as a base for needle felting, but also as a stuffing. I couldn't imagine going back to poly fill... even my son uses it for all his needle felting and stuffing.
Works Great
Posted by Unknown on 26th Nov 2015
I needle felt, roll heads and stuff doll limbs with this wool and it's perfectly functional. There is a bit of VM to pick out while working though.
Incredible Wool!
Posted by Unknown on 26th May 2015
This eco wool feels SO amazing! I made my first doll with this and she feels so snuggly! It is wonderful that it has been cleaned so well without harsh chemicals. Perfect for sweet babies' toys to last a lifetime.
Showing reviews 1-5 of 13 | Next


text:
Denver, CO
Who we are: Drive with Uber and get paid weekly in fares by helping our community of riders get around town. Driving with Uber is a great way to earn cash on...
Centennial, CO
Make up to $1500/week driving for Lyft. What is Lyft? Lyft matches drivers with passengers who request rides through our smartphone app, and passengers pay...
Sorry, no jobs match that search.
Job Search by


text:
Red and Processed Meat Consumption and Risk of Incident Coronary Heart Disease, Stroke, and Diabetes Mellitus
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Jump to
Background— Meat consumption is inconsistently associated with development of coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and diabetes mellitus, limiting quantitative recommendations for consumption levels. Effects of meat intake on these different outcomes, as well as of red versus processed meat, may also vary.
Methods and Results— We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of evidence for relationships of red (unprocessed), processed, and total meat consumption with incident CHD, stroke, and diabetes mellitus. We searched for any cohort study, case-control study, or randomized trial that assessed these exposures and outcomes in generally healthy adults. Of 1598 identified abstracts, 20 studies met inclusion criteria, including 17 prospective cohorts and 3 case-control studies. All data were abstracted independently in duplicate. Random-effects generalized least squares models for trend estimation were used to derive pooled dose-response estimates. The 20 studies included 1 218 380 individuals and 23 889 CHD, 2280 stroke, and 10 797 diabetes mellitus cases. Red meat intake was not associated with CHD (n=4 studies; relative risk per 100-g serving per day=1.00; 95% confidence interval, 0.81 to 1.23; P for heterogeneity=0.36) or diabetes mellitus (n=5; relative risk=1.16; 95% confidence interval, 0.92 to 1.46; P=0.25). Conversely, processed meat intake was associated with 42% higher risk of CHD (n=5; relative risk per 50-g serving per day=1.42; 95% confidence interval, 1.07 to 1.89; P=0.04) and 19% higher risk of diabetes mellitus (n=7; relative risk=1.19; 95% confidence interval, 1.11 to 1.27; P<0.001). Associations were intermediate for total meat intake. Consumption of red and processed meat were not associated with stroke, but only 3 studies evaluated these relationships.
Conclusions— Consumption of processed meats, but not red meats, is associated with higher incidence of CHD and diabetes mellitus. These results highlight the need for better understanding of potential mechanisms of effects and for particular focus on processed meats for dietary and policy recommendations.
Received November 25, 2009; accepted April 8, 2010.
The 2005 US Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend that consumption of red and processed meat should be moderated.1 Such recommendations are in large part derived from expected effects of saturated fat in meat on low-density lipoprotein and total cholesterol levels. However, relationships of meat consumption with disease end points such as coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and type 2 diabetes mellitus are not well established, with considerably conflicting results in prior studies.2–19 Thus, sufficient evidence for direct relationships with chronic cardiometabolic diseases has been lacking to support more quantitative recommendations about specific consumption levels of meats or potential differences between unprocessed red meat (referred to hereafter as simply "red meat") versus processed meats.
Clinical Perspective on p 2283
Red versus processed meats may have some important nutritional differences, such as in contents of calories, specific fats, sodium, iron, or additives (eg, nitrites), or differences in their preparation methods (eg, high-temperature commercial cooking) that could produce differing effects on cardiometabolic risk. However, potential differences in effects of red meat versus processed meat consumption on risk of CHD, stroke, or diabetes mellitus have not been systematically evaluated. In the United States alone, 1 700 000 new cases of diabetes mellitus,20 600 000 myocardial infarctions, and 780 000 new or recurrent strokes occur each year.21 Documenting and quantifying the effects of meat consumption on these outcomes, as well as potential differences in effects of red versus processed meat, are of great scientific and public health importance. To address these important questions and elucidate the conflicting results of prior studies, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the evidence for relationships of red meat, processed meat, and red and processed meat combined (referred to hereafter as "total meat") consumption with risk of CHD, stroke, and diabetes mellitus.
Search Strategy
We followed Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology22 protocols throughout the design, implementation, analysis, and reporting. We searched for all prospective or case-control studies or randomized controlled trials that provided effect estimates for potential associations of red, processed, or total meat consumption and incidence of CHD, stroke, total cardiovascular disease (CVD), or diabetes mellitus in adults. Searches were performed with the use of MEDLINE (see Methods in the online-only Data Supplement), EMBASE, AGRIS, AMED, HMIC, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, Web of Knowledge, CABI, CINAHL, conference abstracts (ZETOC), Faculty of 1000, gray literature sources (SIGLE), related articles, hand-searching of reference lists, and direct author contact. Key words were meat, meat products, beef, ham, other specific unprocessed red and processed meat subtypes, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes mellitus, including the earliest available online indexing year through March 2009 without language restrictions. "Red meat" was defined as unprocessed meat from beef, hamburgers, lamb, pork, or game and excluding poultry, fish, or eggs23; "processed meat" was defined as any meat preserved by smoking, curing, or salting or addition of chemical preservatives, such as bacon, salami, sausages, hot dogs, or processed deli or luncheon meats, and excluding fish or eggs24; and "total meat" was defined as the total of these 2 categories. Processed meat was primarily processed red meat, although in some studies deli meats, a subcategory of processed meats, may also have included some processed poultry meats that could not be separately excluded. We excluded a priori studies focused on comparing only vegetarians versus nonvegetarians because such comparisons could likely be strongly modified or biased by other differences in diet and lifestyle behaviors in vegetarians. We also recognized that the lowest intake category in each of the included studies would include a subset of individuals (including likely at least some vegetarians) consuming no red or processed meat. Thus, such individuals were captured in the included studies but without the higher potential for bias when analyses were restricted only to special vegetarian populations. We also excluded a priori cross-sectional or ecological studies; commentaries, general reviews, or case reports; and studies reporting only crude risk estimates.
Selection of Articles
Of 1598 identified articles, 1505 were excluded on the basis of review of the title and abstract (Figure 1). Full texts of the 95 remaining manuscripts were independently assessed in duplicate by 2 investigators to determine inclusion/exclusion, with differences resolved by consensus or, if necessary, group consultation among all investigators. Seventy-five studies were excluded because they were reviews (n=16), cross-sectional (n=7), ecological (n=2), conducted in vegetarians (n=10), or repeated publications from the same study (n=6); assessed only overall dietary patterns (n=19), only iron intake (n=2), or only animal protein/fat (n=1); included poultry in the meat definition (n=7); did not assess incident CHD, stroke, or diabetes mellitus (n=3); reported only crude risk estimates (n=1); or included participants with prevalent disease (n=1) (see Methods in the online-only Data Supplement). Initial inclusion/exclusion adjudications were 97% concordant. For 29 studies, authors were contacted to request missing data or clarify meat definitions used; sufficient responses were received for 23 of 29 studies to characterize the exposure or missing data. For example, several articles initially appeared to report findings separately for red meat versus processed meat but on detailed review or direct contact were found to have included processed meat in the red meat category, requiring direct contact to obtain risk estimates for unprocessed red meat alone.
Data Extraction
For each of the 20 final identified studies, data were extracted independently and in duplicate by 2 investigators, including years the study was performed and reported, study design, sample size, definition(s) of meat intake and disease outcomes, study location, inclusion and exclusion criteria, duration of follow-up, covariates adjusted for, and adjusted risk estimates and confidence intervals (CIs). When >1 multivariable model was reported, risk estimates with the greatest control for potential confounders were extracted. If multivariable models were reported with and without additional adjustment for variables that could be either confounders or intermediates (eg, high cholesterol), the multivariable model without such variables was selected. If the only multivariable model included such variables, this was selected in preference to crude or minimally adjusted models. Accepted standardized quality scores for observational studies are not available. Therefore, quality assessment was performed by evaluating and scoring 5 design criteria on an integer scale (0 or 1, with 1 being better), including appropriateness and reporting of inclusion and exclusion criteria, assessment of exposure, assessment of outcome, control of confounding, and evidence of bias. These scores were summed; quality scores from 0 to 3 were considered lower quality, and scores of 4 to 5 were considered higher quality. Differences in data extracted or quality assessment scores between investigators were unusual and were resolved by consensus. Missing data or definitions were resolved by direct contact with authors as described above. To provide some perspective in regard to why cardiometabolic effects of red versus processed meats might differ, we evaluated nationally representative average nutrient and preservative contents of red and processed meats consumed in the United States. To estimate average nutrient qualities, we analyzed data from the 2005–2006 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), accounting for NHANES sampling and weighting strategies to provide nationally representative estimates25,26 (see Methods in the online-only Data Supplement). Foods consumed in this US survey were grouped to match the definitions of our meta-analysis for red and processed meat. Preservative contents were obtained from a recent report of published nitrate, nitrite, and nitrosamine contents of foods commonly consumed in the United States26 and applied directly to meats in the NHANES database with the use of methods similar to those used for nutrients. We recognized that such nutrient data may not be fully generalizable outside the United States, but comparable data were not available from Europe, Asia, or Australia.
Statistical Analysis
All included studies were observational and reported either relative risks (RRs; prospective cohorts) or odds ratios (case-control studies) across several different categories of meat intake. Odds ratios were assumed to approximate RRs24; we also performed analyses limited to prospective cohorts only. The midpoint in each category was used to define median intake in that category, with standardization across studies to a serving size of 100 g (3.5 oz) for red and total meat and 50 g (1.8 oz) for processed meat. For studies with an open-ended highest category that did not report median intake, we assumed that the difference from the lowest range to the median was equivalent to the same difference in the closest adjacent category. To maximize use of the data to calculate pooled dose response, summary estimates of log-linear dose-response regressions were made with the use of random-effects generalized least squares models for trend estimation27 (GLST in STATA [StataCorp, College Station, Tex]). This method is ideal for meta-analyses of studies having multiple risk estimates per study because it accounts for appropriate variance-covariance relationships between and within studies. Covariance was fit with the use of total numbers of cases and of subjects (controls plus cases) for case-control data or person-years for cohort data, at each level of exposure. Evidence for statistical heterogeneity between studies was tested with goodness of fit (χ2). Generalized least squares models for trend take advantage of the multiple data points in all studies simultaneously to provide the best overall pooled estimate of dose response in a single (1-stage) estimation. To construct funnel plots and evaluate the Begg adjusted-rank correlation test for publication bias,28 explore potential sources of heterogeneity, and visually display the individual study results in Forest plots, we also performed 2-stage estimation: Separate generalized least squares models for trend were evaluated for each study to derive study-specific log-linear dose responses (log RR), and then each study-specific log RR was pooled in a second generalized least squares model for trend. Our prespecified primary outcome was based on the 1-stage estimation that better estimates the variance-covariance matrix by using all available β coefficients in each study rather than the 2-stage estimation that first derives a single β coefficient per study and then estimates the variance-covariance matrix. We performed sensitivity analyses, when data were available, for subgroups of specific processed meats. Prespecified potential sources of heterogeneity explored were study location (United States, Asia/Australia, Europe), degree of covariate adjustment (minimal, sociodemographics; adequate, sociodemographics plus either other risk factors or dietary variables; optimal, all 3), overall quality score (0 to 3, 4 to 5), single versus repeated dietary assessment methods, and (to address potential publication bias of "positive" findings) whether the reported analysis was prespecified or post hoc in each article. Analyses were performed with the use of STATA 10.0 (StataCorp, College Station, Tex), with 2-tailed α <0.05.
The 20 identified investigations included 17 prospective cohorts studies and 3 case-control studies conducted in the United States (n=11), Europe (n=6), Asia (n=2), and Australia (n=1) and included 1 218 380 unique individuals in whom 23 889 cases of CHD, 2280 cases of stroke, and 10 797 cases of diabetes mellitus were identified (Table 1⇓⇓⇓). No randomized controlled trials of red, processed, or total meat consumption and incidence of CHD, stroke, or diabetes mellitus were identified. Reported categories of meat consumption typically ranged from never or less than once a month (lowest category of intake) to variable highest categories of intake. Averaged across studies, consumption (mean±SD) levels in the lowest versus highest category of intake were 1.1±1.1 versus 8.3±2.7 servings per week for red, 0.4±0.8 versus 5.7±3.9 servings per week for processed, and 1.8±1.7 versus 10.5±4.2 servings per week for total meat intake, respectively. Most studies used validated multi-item food frequency questionnaires to quantify meat consumption; some used interview-based5,10,29 or fewer-item food frequency2 questionnaires. Total numbers of participants (n=342 to 322 263) and events (n=51 to 14 221) varied widely between studies. Extent of covariate adjustment also varied, especially for dietary variables that were often not controlled for3,4,6,8,13,17 (and J. Kröger, MSc, unpublished data, 2009). Approximately half of the studies included variables that could be confounders or intermediates (eg, lipid levels) in addition to sociodemographic and/or dietary variables.5,7,9,10,13,15,17,29 Four studies reported how red versus processed meat intake was associated with other dietary and lifestyle factors at baseline.7,16,18 Relationships with these other risk factors were similar for red versus processed meat. For example, higher consumption of both red and processed meat tended to be similarly associated with current smoking, higher body mass index, family history of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, higher education and income level, and higher intake of total energy, total fat, saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fats, dietary cholesterol, and protein. In addition, red and processed meat consumption levels were similarly associated with less physical activity, multivitamin use, prevalence of high cholesterol, glycemic load, and intake of carbohydrate, fiber, and magnesium. For all but 3 of the studies,4,10,12 the reported exposure-outcome assessment was a prespecified primary or secondary aim.
Meat Intake and CHD
Nine studies provided 16 separate estimates for relationships of consumption of red, processed, or total meat and incident CHD (Figure 2).
Red Meat
Consumption of red meat was not associated with CHD (RR=1.00 per serving per day; 95% CI, 0.81 to 1.23), with no statistically significant between-study heterogeneity (P=0.36) (Figure 2, top panel). Findings were similar in analyses restricted to cohort studies2,4,5 (RR=0.92; 95% CI, 0.74 to 1.15) or studies for which this exposure-outcome assessment was prespecified2,5,6 (RR=0.95; 95% CI, 0.66 to 1.35).
Processed Meat
Each serving per day of processed meat was associated with 42% higher risk of CHD (RR=1.42; 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.89) (Figure 2, middle panel). Statistical between-study heterogeneity was present (P=0.04), not accounted for by any of our prespecified sources of heterogeneity. For all included studies, this exposure-outcome assessment was prespecified. Restricting the analysis to cohort studies2,3,5,7 resulted in similar findings, with 44% higher CHD risk per serving per day (RR=1.44; 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.95). Restricting the analysis to US studies3,7 resulted in similar findings (RR=1.40; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.91). With the exclusion of 1 large US study that evaluated only total CVD mortality3 (not CHD alone), each serving per day of processed meat consumption was associated with nearly 2-fold higher risk of CHD (RR=1.90; 95% CI, 1.00 to 3.62), with no evidence for between-study heterogeneity (P=0.29).
Total Meat
Total meat consumption was associated with a trend toward higher CHD risk (RR=1.27; 95% CI, 0.94 to 1.72) (Figure 2, bottom panel). Between-study heterogeneity was present (P=0.002), observed to be due to extreme findings in the smallest study,9 which was also the only case-control study. With the exclusion of this study, total meat consumption was associated with 25% higher CHD risk (RR=1.25; 95% CI, 1.21 to 1.29). These findings were largely driven by 1 study that assessed only total CVD mortality3 (not CHD alone); with the exclusion of this study, a significant association was not confirmed between total meat intake and CHD risk (RR=1.96; 95% CI, 0.67 to 5.70), but CIs were broad. Findings restricted to studies3,7,9 with prespecified aims to assess this exposure-outcome relationship were similar to the overall pooled estimate (RR=1.31; 95% CI, 0.92 to 1.85).
Meat Intake and Diabetes Mellitus
Seven studies provided 15 separate estimates for relationship of red, processed, or total meat consumption and incidence of diabetes mellitus (Figure 3).
Red Meat
Consumption of red meat was not significantly associated with incident diabetes mellitus (pooled RR=1.16 per serving per day; 95% CI, 0.92 to 1.46) (Figure 3, top panel). Statistical heterogeneity between studies was not evident (P=0.25). All included studies were cohorts, for which the exposure-outcome assessments were prespecified.
Processed Meat
Seven studies evaluated the relationship of processed meat consumption and incident diabetes mellitus (Figure 3, middle panel). All studies were cohorts for which this exposure-outcome assessment was prespecified. In the overall pooled estimate, each serving per day was associated with 19% higher risk (RR=1.19; 95% CI, 1.11 to 1.27). Significant between-study heterogeneity was present (P<0.001), identified in metaregression as related to study location (P=0.03). With the exclusion of 1 study in Asia/Australia,18 each serving per day was associated with 27% higher risk of diabetes mellitus (RR=1.27; 95% CI, 1.18 to 1.37). When restricted to US studies,14,17,19 each serving per day was associated with 53% higher risk of diabetes mellitus (RR=1.53; 95% CI, 1.37 to 1.71).
Five studies provided estimates for 3 subtypes of processed meat, including (1) bacon (5 estimates, 5 studies)14–18; (2) hot dogs (4 estimates, 4 studies)14–17; and (3) other processed meats (4 estimates, 4 studies).14–17 Each serving (2 slices) per day of bacon was associated with a 2-fold higher incidence of diabetes mellitus (RR=2.07; 95% CI, 1.40 to 3.04); of hot dogs (each 1 per day), with nearly a 2-fold higher incidence (RR=1.92; 95% CI, 1.33 to 2.78); and of other processed meats (each 1 piece per day), with a 66% higher incidence (RR=1.66; 95% CI, 1.13 to 2.42). All of these latter analyses were cohort studies and were reported as prespecified primary or secondary aims.
Total Meat
Each serving per day of total meat was associated with 12% (RR=1.12; 95% CI, 1.05 to 1.19) higher risk of diabetes mellitus (Figure 3, bottom panel). Statistical heterogeneity between studies was not evident (P=0.29). All of these studies were cohorts for which this exposure-outcome assessment was prespecified.
Meat Intake and Stroke
Only 3 identified studies,11–13 all cohorts, evaluated relationships of red, processed, or total meat consumption and incidence of total stroke or stroke subtypes, including 152 630 individuals and 2280 stroke events (Figure 4). Generally, no 2 studies evaluated the same meat and stroke subtype, limiting ability to pool results. Two studies11,12 evaluated red meat intake and either total ischemic stroke (1 study) or total stroke mortality (1 study); when these studies were pooled, the risk estimate was not significant (RR=1.17; 95% CI, 0.40 to 3.43) (Figure 4, top panel). Two studies11,12 evaluated processed meat intake and either total ischemic stroke (1 study) or total stroke mortality (1 study); when these studies were pooled, the risk estimate was not significant (RR=1.14; 95% CI, 0.94 to 1.39) (Figure 4, middle panel). Two studies12,13 evaluated total meat consumption and total ischemic stroke; the pooled risk estimate demonstrated 24% higher risk per daily serving (RR=1.24; 95% CI, 1.08 to 1.43) (Figure 4, bottom panel). Only 1 study13 reported an association for total meat consumption and hemorrhagic stroke (RR per daily serving=1.64; 95% CI, 0.75 to 3.60). Evaluation for between-study heterogeneity was limited by the few studies and estimates.
Publication Bias
Evidence for publication bias was not apparent for most of these exposure-outcome relationships on the basis of either visual inspection of the funnel plot or by the Begg test, a statistical analog of the visual funnel plot (Figure I in the online-only Data Supplement), although such tests have limited statistical power in the setting of relatively few studies. The funnel plot suggested possible publication bias in reporting of studies for processed meat intake and risk of CHD; the Begg test did not achieve statistical significance (P=0.57), and excluding the smallest study with the most unbalanced results on the funnel plot5 had little effect on results (RR=1.37; 95% CI, 1.05 to 1.79). The funnel plot also suggested possible publication bias in reporting of studies for red meat intake and diabetes mellitus risk, but the Begg test did not achieve statistical significance (P=0.62); red meat consumption was not significantly associated with diabetes mellitus risk in the overall pooled result (Figure 3, top panel); and excluding the 2 smallest studies with the most unbalanced results on the funnel plot14 (and J. Kröger, MSc, unpublished data, 2009) did not appreciably alter these results (RR=1.05; 95% CI, 0.73 to 1.49).
Nutritional Qualities of Red and Processed Meats
On the basis of nationally representative data on the types and quantities of meats consumed in the United States, both similarities and differences were identified in average nutrient and/or preservative contents of red versus processed meats (Table 2). Per 50-g serving, processed meats contained modestly higher calories and percent energy from fat and lower percent energy from protein compared with 50 g of red meats. Consistent with lower protein content, processed meats also contained less iron. Processed meats contained relatively similar saturated fat and slightly lower cholesterol, the latter perhaps related to some processed meats being derived from pork and/or lower-cholesterol deli meats. Relatively small differences were present in contents of monounsaturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, or potassium. Largest differences were seen in levels of sodium, with processed meats containing 4-fold higher levels (622 versus 155 mg per serving), as well as ≈50% higher nonsalt preservatives including nitrates, nitrites, and nitrosamines.
Whereas meat consumption is commonly considered a risk factor for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, our findings indicate that the effects and magnitudes may vary depending on both the type of meat consumed and the outcome considered. This first systematic review and meta-analysis of these relationships, including 1 218 380 individuals from 10 countries on 4 continents with 23 889 cases of CHD, 2280 cases of stroke, and 10 797 cases of diabetes mellitus, provides the most robust and reliable evidence to date of how unprocessed red and processed meat consumption may influence risk of cardiometabolic diseases. Consumption of processed meats was associated with significantly higher incidence of both CHD and diabetes mellitus, with 42% and 19% higher risk, respectively, per 50-g serving per day. In contrast, consumption of unprocessed red meats was not associated with CHD and was associated with a nonsigificant trend toward higher risk of diabetes mellitus. Associations were intermediate for total meat intake.
Our extensive search of multiple databases and direct contact with authors resulted in the identification of 17 prospective cohorts and 3 case-control studies; no randomized controlled trials were identified that evaluated effects of red, processed, or total meat consumption on CVD or diabetes mellitus events. This is not surprising when it is considered that trials of such effects can be challenging and costly to conduct, with limitations of nonblinding and noncompliance over the long periods of time required to detect clinical end points. In this setting, the best available evidence is derived from long-term prospective cohorts of disease end points such as those identified here, although such studies can be limited by misclassification and residual confounding. Retrospective case-control studies may have additional potential limitations (eg, recall and selection bias).
Thus, each of these individual studies has potential limitations, and our findings should be interpreted in that context. On the other hand, this represents the most complete worldwide evidence to date of the potential effects of red and processed meat consumption on incidence of CHD, stroke, and diabetes mellitus. We also performed multiple sensitivity analyses to evaluate the extent to which our findings might vary depending on underlying study design (cohort versus case-control), presence or absence of prespecified analyses, geographic region (eg, United States versus other), overrepresentation of 1 large study, or other identified sources of heterogeneity. Generally, findings were consistent in each of these sensitivity analyses and similar to the overall pooled results. Thus, although limitations of the individual studies should not be ignored, our results provide the best current evidence for how red, processed, and total meat consumption relate to CHD, stroke, and diabetes mellitus and highlight specific gaps in knowledge that are essential for policy decisions relating to these important diet-disease relationships.
For example, our findings of different relationships of red versus processed meat consumption with incident CHD and diabetes mellitus events support the need to better characterize which particular components of meats may increase cardiometabolic risk. At least in the United States, where most of the studies were performed, processed meats contain, on average, similar saturated fat and lower cholesterol and iron compared with red meats, suggesting that differences in these constituents may not account for different associations with disease risk. Other constituents may be relevant in determining health effects. In particular, the observed substantially higher sodium and nitrate preservative levels in processed meats could plausibly contribute to increased CVD and diabetes mellitus risk and account, at least in part, for the present findings. Dietary sodium significantly increases blood pressure,30–32 and habitual consumption may also worsen arterial compliance and promote vascular stiffness.33 Nitrates and their byproducts (eg, peroxynitrite) experimentally promote atherosclerosis and vascular dysfunction,34 reduce insulin secretion,35,36 and impair glucose tolerance,36 and streptozotocin, a nitrosamine-related compound, is a known diabetogenic compound.37 In observational studies in children, nitrites and nitrous compounds are associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus,38,39 and nitrite concentrations in adults have been used as a biomarker of endothelial dysfunction40 and impaired insulin response.41 Differences in types of foods commonly replaced when individuals consume red versus processed meats could also partly account for their different associations with risk.
Our study had several strengths. We reviewed multiple databases broadly and systematically for all investigations of meat consumption and incidence of CHD, stroke, or diabetes mellitus, making it likely that we identified all major published reports. Multiple authors were contacted directly and clarified findings or provided additional data, minimizing both misclassification and effects of publication bias. Study inclusion/exclusion and data extraction were performed independently and in duplicate by 2 investigators, increasing the validity of results. Studies were identified from the United States, Europe, Asia, and Australia, increasing generalizability. Large numbers of disease end points were identified, providing substantial statistical power to detect clinically meaningful associations. We used generalized least squares models for trend estimation, which explicitly assesses dose response rather than simply categorical comparisons. We carefully identified and separately evaluated red, processed, and total meat consumption; in particular, relatively few prior reports have separately considered unprocessed red meats. Indeed, several key prior reports on red meat consumption included processed meats in this category,3,7,8,19,24 limiting inference on effects of unprocessed red meats alone. For example, a systematic review by the World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research concluded that both red and processed meat consumption increased colorectal cancer24; however, red meats in several of the included studies were the sum of unprocessed and processed meats. Interestingly, their identified relationship of red (commonly total, ie, unprocessed red plus processed) meat intake with colorectal cancer (22% higher risk per 100 g/d) was approximately half that for processed meat alone (46% higher risk per 100 g/d), consistent with our results that much of the association between total meat intake and CHD and diabetes mellitus may result from effects of processed meats.
Potential limitations should also be considered. As with all meta-analyses, analyses were restricted to available published and unpublished data. Most of these studies did not separately assess extensive details about specific subcategories of deli meats consumed. Processed meats may have included small amounts of processed poultry, which could theoretically have smaller effects and cause underestimation of effects of processed red meats. We did not have data on cooking methods that could alter health effects of red or processed meats.42–44 Both red and processed meats represent somewhat heterogeneous categories, and thus our findings should be interpreted as the average overall association rather than the particular effect of 1 specific subtype of such meats. This interpretation would be similar, for example, to analyses or meta-analyses of effects of other classes of dietary factors, such as fruits, vegetables, fish, whole grains, and alcohol. A recent meta-analysis of relationships between meat consumption and diabetes mellitus has been reported45; this study also found higher risk with processed meat intake but included crude (unadjusted) risk estimates and also did not separately evaluate unprocessed red meats.
All studies were observational, and residual confounding by imprecisely or unmeasured factors cannot be excluded. In particular, several studies did not adjust for other dietary habits or socioeconomic status. Thus, associations of processed meat consumption with diabetes mellitus or CHD could relate to generally less healthy diet or lifestyle rather than causal effects of processed meats. Conversely, most studies adjusted for at least several major demographic and other risk factors; the reported potential confounding factors related to red versus processed meat consumption were similar, yet only the latter was related to risk; and specific ingredients in processed meats (eg, salt, other preservatives) provide biological plausibility for the observed relationships. Several studies adjusted for factors that could be either confounders or intermediates in the causal pathway, which could potentially attenuate the observed risk estimates between meat consumption and disease risk. We standardized all servings to 100 g for red and total meat and 50 g for processed meat, and risks could vary when serving sizes are lower or higher. Representative nutrient and preservative data were available only for the United States, and such values should be considered illustrative rather than definitive for other countries. Too few studies were present to formally exclude publication bias with sufficient statistical power. On the other hand, our extensive direct contact with multiple authors and inclusion of unpublished findings minimizes the potential impact of publication bias. Notably, if publication bias were present, it might cause overestimation of harmful associations between processed meats and diabetes mellitus or CHD (ie, identified harmful associations might more likely be published) but would unlikely contribute to null associations between red meats and CHD or diabetes mellitus or between meats and stroke (ie, publication bias is unlikely to favor reporting of null associations).
Our findings demonstrate that consumption of processed meat in particular is associated with incidence of CHD and diabetes mellitus, highlighting the importance of separate consideration of health effects, underlying mechanisms, and policy implications of different types of processed versus unprocessed meats. Our findings also identify critical gaps in our understanding of how meat consumption influences cardiometabolic risk, including potential effects of red meat consumption on diabetes mellitus or CHD; of any meat consumption on stroke risk; and of specific ingredients that could be underlying these relationships. On the basis of our evaluation of average nutrient and preservative contents of red and processed meats, constituents in meats other than fats may be especially relevant to health effects. On the basis of this systematic review and meta-analysis of all available data, future research should carefully distinguish between different types of meats, and policy measures for improving cardiometabolic health should focus particularly on reducing processed meat consumption, including consideration of recommendations for specific quantitative limits. These findings are particularly timely for current efforts to update the US Dietary Guidelines for Americans, which are also often a reference for other countries around the world.
We thank Eric Ding, Tao Hou, and Jacob Sattelmair for providing statistical advice. We thank the following authors for clarifying definitions in published articles and/or providing additional unpublished data: Alberto Ascherio; Valerie Burke; James Cerhan and Linda Kelemen on behalf of the Iowa Women's Health Study Investigators; Aaron Folsom; Teresa Fung; Eric Grant; Yoshihide Kinjo; Paul Knekt; Janine Kröger; Carlo La Vecchia; Laurie Lambert; Miguel Martinez-Gonzalez; Katie Meyer; Jun Nagano; Demosthenes Panagiotakos; Catherine Sauvaget; Matthias Schulze; Duc Son Le; Alessandra Tavani; Rob van Dam; Raquel Villegas; Jyrki Virtanen; and Eberhard Windler.
Sources of Funding
This study was supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation/World Health Organization Global Burden of Diseases, Risk Factors, and Injuries Study; the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Foundation, National Institutes of Health (R01 HL 085710); and the Searle Scholars Program.
- ↵
Dietary Guidelines for Americans. US Dept of Health and Human Services and US Dept of Agriculture, 6th ed. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 2005.
- ↵
- ↵
- ↵
Ascherio A, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Giovannucci EL, Stampfer MJ. Dietary iron intake and risk of coronary disease among men. Circulation. 1994; 89: 969–974.
- ↵
- ↵
- ↵
Liu J, Stampfer MJ, Hu FB, Ascherio A, Manson J, Willett WC, Ma J. Dietary iron and red meat intake and risk of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol. 2003; 157: S100.
- ↵
Kelemen LE, Kushi LH, Jacobs DR Jr, Cerhan JR. Associations of dietary protein with disease and mortality in a prospective study of postmenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol. 2005; 161: 239–249.
- ↵
- ↵
Salonen JT, Nyyssonen K, Korpela H, Tuomilehto J, Seppanen R, Salonen R. High stored iron levels are associated with excess risk of myocardial infarction in eastern Finnish men. Circulation. 1992; 86: 803–811.
- ↵
Sauvaget C, Nagano J, Allen N, Grant EJ, Beral V. Intake of animal products and stroke mortality in the Hiroshima/Nagasaki Life Span Study. Int J Epidemiol. 2003; 32: 536–543.
- ↵
Fung TT, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, Rexrode KM, Willett WC, Hu FB. Prospective study of major dietary patterns and stroke risk in women. Stroke. 2004; 35: 2014–2019.
- ↵
He K, Merchant A, Rimm EB, Rosner BA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Ascherio A. Dietary fat intake and risk of stroke in male US healthcare professionals: 14 year prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2003; 327: 777–782.
- ↵
- ↵
van Dam RM, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Hu FB. Dietary fat and meat intake in relation to risk of type 2 diabetes in men. Diabetes Care. 2002; 25: 417–424.
- ↵
Song Y, Manson JE, Buring JE, Liu S. A prospective study of red meat consumption and type 2 diabetes in middle-aged and elderly women: the Women's Health Study. Diabetes Care. 2004; 27: 2108–2115.
- ↵
- ↵
- ↵
Meyer KA, Kushi LH, Jacobs DR Jr, Folsom AR. Dietary fat and incidence of type 2 diabetes in older Iowa women. Diabetes Care. 2001; 24: 1528–1535.
- ↵
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Incidence of Diagnosed Diabetes Among People Aged 20 Years or Older, United States. Bethesda, Md: National Institutes of Health; 2007. NIH publication 08–3892.
- ↵
American Heart Association. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics– Update. Dallas, Tex: American Heart Association; 2008.
- ↵
Stroup DF, Berlin JA, Morton SC, Olkin I, Williamson GD, Rennie D, Moher D, Becker BJ, Sipe TA, Thacker SB; Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) Group. Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. JAMA. 2000; 283: 2008–2012.
- ↵
US Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service. Safety of Fresh Pork From Farm to Table. Washington, DC: US Dept of Agriculture; 2008.
- ↵
World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research. Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective. Washington, DC: AICR, 2007.
- ↵
Centers for Disease Control. 2009 Overview of NHANES Survey Design and Weights. Atlanta, Ga: Centers for Disease Control; 2009.
- ↵
- ↵
Greenland S, Longnecker MP. Methods for trend estimation from summarized dose-response data, with applications to meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol. 1992; 135: 1301–1309.
- ↵
- ↵
- ↵
Sacks FM, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM, Appel LJ, Bray GA, Harsha D, Obarzanek E, Conlin PR, Miller ER III, Simons-Morton DG, Karanja N, Lin PH; DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group. Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. N Engl J Med. 2001; 344: 3–10.
- ↵
Townsend RR, Kapoor S, McFadden CB. Salt intake and insulin sensitivity in healthy human volunteers. Clin Sci (Lond). 2007; 113: 141–148.
- ↵
- ↵
- ↵
- ↵
- ↵
- ↵
- ↵
- ↵
- ↵
- ↵
- ↵
- ↵
- ↵
- ↵
US dietary-guidelines recommend "eating less" red and processed meat. For cardiovascular disease, these recommendations are based largely on expected effects on blood cholesterol of saturated fat and dietary cholesterol in meats. However, relationships of meat intake with cardiometabolic disease outcomes, including coronary heart disease, stroke, and diabetes mellitus, are not well established. Additionally, few studies have separately evaluated unprocessed red versus processed meats, for which nutritional differences could produce different health effects. We systematically reviewed and pooled all available worldwide data on relationships between meat consumption and risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, or diabetes mellitus. Twenty studies were identified including 1 218 380 individuals from the United States, Europe, Australia, and Asia. When all data were pooled, consumption of unprocessed red meat (eg, unprocessed meat from beef, pork, lamb) was not associated with risk of coronary heart disease or diabetes mellitus. In contrast, each daily serving of processed meat (eg, bacon, hot dog, salami) was associated with 42% higher coronary heart disease and 19% higher diabetes mellitus risk. No associations were seen with stroke, but only 3 studies evaluated these relationships. When nationally representative US data on average types of meats consumed were analyzed, unprocessed red and processed meats contained relatively similar saturated fat and dietary cholesterol; processed meats contained much higher salt and nitrate preservatives. Our findings suggest that unprocessed red and processed meats have differing relationships with cardiometabolic outcomes and also suggest that differences in preservative contents, rather than fats, could at least partly account for these findings. Future research should separately consider potential health effects and underlying mechanisms of unprocessed versus processed meats, and current clinical and policy efforts should especially focus on reducing processed meat consumption.
Guest Editor for this article was Barbara V. Howard, PhD.
The online-only Data Supplement is available with this article at http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.924977/DC1.
This Issue
Jump to
Article Tools
- Red and Processed Meat Consumption and Risk of Incident Coronary Heart Disease, Stroke, and Diabetes MellitusRenata Micha, Sarah K. Wallace and Dariush MozaffarianCirculation. 2010;121:2271-2283, originally published June 1, 2010http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.924977
Citation Manager Formats
Share this Article
- Red and Processed Meat Consumption and Risk of Incident Coronary Heart Disease, Stroke, and Diabetes MellitusRenata Micha, Sarah K. Wallace and Dariush MozaffarianCirculation. 2010;121:2271-2283, originally published June 1, 2010http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.924977
Related Articles
Cited By...
- Diet-related DNA adduct formation in relation to carcinogenesis
- New Insight into the Dietary Cause of Atherosclerosis: Implications for Pharmacology
- Worldwide Exposures to Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Associated Health Effects: Current Knowledge and Data Gaps
- Analysis and valuation of the health and climate change cobenefits of dietary change
- Adherence to the traditional Mediterranean diet and mortality in subjects with diabetes. Prospective results from the MOLI-SANI study
- Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics--2016 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
- Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review
- Acute effect of red meat and dairy on glucose and insulin: a randomized crossover study
- Dose-Response Relationship Between Physical Activity and Risk of Heart Failure: A Meta-Analysis
- Plant Protein and Animal Proteins: Do They Differentially Affect Cardiovascular Disease Risk?
- Type II Diabetes Disparities in Diverse Women: The Potential Roles of Body Composition, Diet and Physical Activity
- Food Consumption and its Impact on Cardiovascular Disease: Importance of Solutions Focused on the Globalized Food System: A Report From the Workshop Convened by the World Heart Federation
- Type and amount of dietary protein in the treatment of metabolic syndrome: a randomized controlled trial
- Global, regional and national consumption of major food groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis including 266 country-specific nutrition surveys worldwide
- Diabetes Risk Assessment of the UC Irvine Campus Population
- Southern Dietary Pattern Is Associated With Hazard of Acute Coronary Heart Disease in the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study
- Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet retains effectiveness to reduce blood pressure when lean pork is substituted for chicken and fish as the predominant source of protein
- Association between consumption of dairy products and incident type 2 diabetes--insights from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer study
- Plasma phospholipid very-long-chain saturated fatty acids and incident diabetes in older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study
- Food sources of fat may clarify the inconsistent role of dietary fat intake for incidence of type 2 diabetes
- Health effects of adopting low greenhouse gas emission diets in the UK
- Dietary flavonoids and nitrate: effects on nitric oxide and vascular function
- Higher Diet Quality Is Inversely Associated with Mortality in African-American Women
- Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics--2015 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
- Diets High in Protein or Saturated Fat Do Not Affect Insulin Sensitivity or Plasma Concentrations of Lipids and Lipoproteins in Overweight and Obese Adults
- Processed and unprocessed red meat consumption and hypertension in women
- Serum carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes as potential biomarkers of dietary intake and their relation with incident type 2 diabetes: the EPIC-Norfolk study
- Processed and Unprocessed Red Meat Consumption and Risk of Heart Failure: Prospective Study of Men
- Consumption of nuts and legumes and risk of incident ischemic heart disease, stroke, and diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
- A provegetarian food pattern and reduction in total mortality in the Prevencion con Dieta Mediterranea (PREDIMED) study
- Processed meat consumption and lung health: more evidence for harm
- Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics--2014 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
- Saturated fat is not the major issue
- Assessing the impact on chronic disease of incorporating the societal cost of greenhouse gases into the price of food: an econometric and comparative risk assessment modelling study
- No association between meat intake and mortality in Asian countries
- Pathological Ventricular Remodeling: Mechanisms: Part 1 of 2
- Red Meat, Dietary Heme Iron, and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: The Involvement of Advanced Lipoxidation Endproducts
- The Effects of Carbohydrate, Unsaturated Fat, and Protein Intake on Measures of Insulin Sensitivity: Results from the OmniHeart Trial
- Dietary Fats and Health: Dietary Recommendations in the Context of Scientific Evidence
- Psoriasis and Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies
- Quantifying the Effect of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Quality on Cardiac Arrest Outcome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
- Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics--2013 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
- Red Meat Consumption and Risk of Stroke: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies
- Does the 'Scottish effect' apply to all ethnic groups? All-cancer, lung, colorectal, breast and prostate cancer in the Scottish Health and Ethnicity Linkage Cohort Study
- Higher red meat consumption is associated with increased risk of all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality
- Impact of a reduced red and processed meat dietary pattern on disease risks and greenhouse gas emissions in the UK: a modelling study
- Dietary intake of saturated fat by food source and incident cardiovascular disease: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis
- Western-Style Fast Food Intake and Cardiometabolic Risk in an Eastern Country
- Meat Consumption and Its Association With C-Reactive Protein and Incident Type 2 Diabetes: The Rotterdam Study
- Alternative Dietary Indices Both Strongly Predict Risk of Chronic Disease
- Stroke in Circulation and the Circulation Subspecialty Journals
- Conclusions of the Optimal Lean Diet Study go beyond the data
- Health Implications of a Vegetarian Diet: A Review
- Reply to AM Bernstein and WC Willett
- Diet and Nutrition in Circulation and the Circulation Subspecialty Journals
- Dietary Protein Sources and the Risk of Stroke in Men and Women
- Associations of processed meat and unprocessed red meat intake with incident diabetes: the Strong Heart Family Study
- Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics--2012 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
- Some Aspects of Preventing Coronary Heart Disease
- Beef in an Optimal Lean Diet study: effects on lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins
- Processed and Unprocessed Red Meat Consumption and Incident Type 2 Diabetes Among French Women
- Changes in Atherogenic Dyslipidemia Induced by Carbohydrate Restriction in Men Are Dependent on Dietary Protein Source
- Circulation Editors' Picks: Most Read Articles in Epidemiology and Prevention, Part I
- Red meat consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: 3 cohorts of US adults and an updated meta-analysis
- Dose Response Between Physical Activity and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: A Meta-Analysis
- Red meat consumption and risk of stroke in Swedish men
- Components of a Cardioprotective Diet: New Insights
- Urinary Biomarkers of Meat Consumption
- Low-carbohydrate diet scores and risk of type 2 diabetes in men
- Red Meat Consumption and Risk of Stroke in Swedish Women
- Letter by Bryan Regarding Article, "Red and Processed Meat Consumption and Risk of Incident Coronary Heart Disease, Stroke, and Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
- Response to Letter Regarding Article, "Red and Processed Meat Consumption and Risk of Incident Coronary Heart Disease, Stroke, and Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
- Major Dietary Protein Sources and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Women
- Hamburgers, Hot Dogs, and Heart Health
- Hamburgers, Hot Dogs, and Heart Health
This article has not yet been cited by articles in journals that are participating in Crossref Cited-by Linking.