text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Feb 28, 2006
|Filing date
|Oct 25, 2002
|Priority date
|Oct 26, 2001
|Fee status
|Publication number
|David L. FRANK
|Original Assignee
|Frank David L
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (8), Referenced by (69), Classifications (7), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is based upon and claims priority from prior U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/347,997, filed on Oct. 26, 2001, the entire disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates in general to security and remote monitoring systems, and more particularly to a monitoring system for use as a security system for detecting and identifying biological, chemical, DNA and radioactive hazardous materials within carrier receptacles and carrier vehicles.
2. Description of Related Art
Current attempts at providing hazardous material detection within a delivery system are limited to chemical detection systems located at carrier facilities. New attempts at launching chemical detection systems are focused on the mail, cargo, and package sorting machines where the chemical or biological contaminants are dislodged and disseminated across the sorting facility and numerous packages. The resulting action when a contaminant is detected is typically the closure of the facility. The source of the contaminated mail, cargo or packages and the carrier personnel that delivered the contaminated materials are not identified by these systems. The carrier personnel within the sorting facilities are protected by evacuating the facility such as when an audible alarm is sounded and/or a visual alarm is visually indicated.
These systems do not provide the field personnel with an alarm to indicate that they have been exposed during mail, cargo or package pickup and delivery. The current systems do not prevent contaminants from entering the carrier facility and do not protect the carrier facility or carrier assets. The closure of a carrier facility is a very costly event. Postal facilities closed by the Anthrax contamination of 2001 are not expected to be re-opened for an extended period of time.
Therefore a need exists to overcome the problems with the prior art as discussed above, and particularly for a monitoring system for use as a security system for detecting and identifying biological, chemical, DNA and radioactive hazardous materials within carrier receptacles and carrier vehicles.
The present invention provides a method of detecting and identifying hazardous material within mail, cargo or packages before they can be delivered to the carrier facility or as they are presented at the collection facility. This provides for the protection of carrier facilities, personnel, assets and the general public. The present invention also provides a method of alarming the carrier in the field that a hazardous material has been identified within the collection box or within the carrier vehicle.
The present invention also provides a method of alerting the authorities that a contaminant has been identified at a specific location at a specific date and time to allow the authorities to take the appropriate actions.
Additionally, the present invention provides a method of eliminating biological agents from mail sorting machines so that the dissemination of a contaminant across a large number of mail, packages or containers is avoided.
A preferred embodiment of the present invention focuses on preventing hazardous materials from entering the carrier facility to avoid the closure of the building and notifies workers in the field of potential exposure.
A preferred embodiment of the present invention preferably provides for the detection and identification of chemical, biological, DNA and radioactive materials, such as explosives, biological agents and viruses, within the collection/delivery vehicles, collection boxes and collection facilities with local alarms and communications capabilities to notify authorities. A preferred embodiment of the present invention also determines if hazardous materials have been collected on the route or at the collection facility. A monitoring facility receives the alarms generated from the detection and identification systems within the mail carrier vehicles and collection boxes.
The detection and identification technology associated with present invention preferably would be provided in two phases to expedite deployment. In the first phase the carrier vehicles would be tested as they approach the carrier facility to prevent the hazardous materials from entering the facility. A central monitoring facility could monitor the testing across the region or nation. In phase two, a real-time detection device would notify the carrier worker that a hazardous material has been collected while on the route or at the collection facility. An alarm notifies the worker that a hazardous material is present. The system communicates with a central monitoring station that receives vehicle ID, GPS positioning and identification of the hazardous material. A HAZMAT team is then dispatched to the site.
A preferred embodiment includes a system that preferably is comprised of the following elements:
An overview of an exemplary carrier security system is illustrated in
Referring to
Real-Time Devices provide a real-time detection device that can notify the worker that a hazardous material has been detected immediately. These devices are used to support the static detection devices. A port is provided on the real-time device for analysis of a filter from a static device.
Real-Time collection facilities 1102 provide automated detection systems. Static collection systems 1104 require the use of a verification station 1106 or support of a real-time detection system 1102.
Real Time Vehicle systems 1108 provide automated detection systems. Real-time vehicle systems 1108 can support static collection boxes 1116.
Verification stations 1112 can support static detection systems deployed in vehicles 1118 or collection boxes 1126.
1.0 Central Monitoring Station
The central monitoring station, as shown in
The central monitoring station is connected to database information describing the shipping data associated with all mail, parcels or containers within the vehicle, collection box, or facility that has been identified in the alarm message.
The central monitoring station has communications access to hazardous materials agencies that are responsible for addressing the alarm. The local detection station and the central monitoring station comprise an alarm notification system for contacting authorities and personnel to alert the responsible parties of the incident.
Referring to
When a carrier detection system recognizes an alarm, the carrier detection system contacts the monitoring station and sends an alarm message. The alarm data provides the GPS positioning, the hazardous material identification and measurement, the time and date and the carrier security system identification number. If the carrier security system is equipped with a video camera, digital video is transmitted to the monitoring station. If the carrier security system is equipped with a video recording device, video events, especially those associated with an alarm condition, are recorded and can be downloaded to the monitoring station.
2.0 Real-Time Evaluation Systems
The real-time evaluation systems, as shown in
The detection devices provide real-time analysis for chemical, biological and radioactive detection and identification of elements. These elements when detected in carrier storage environments may comprise unauthorized elements that the system alerts (and/or alarms) authorities and personnel to take appropriate actions.
The real-time detection systems also provide verification ports for filters used in the Static Detection systems. For example, a real-time evaluation system in a carrier vehicle could also be used to verify static detection systems deployed in collection boxes prior to releasing the contents of the box.
2.1 Vehicle System
Real-time detection devices in carrier vehicles provide the capability to determine if hazardous materials such as chemicals, explosives, biological agents, or radioactive materials have deposited into the vehicle as the mail, cargo, packages etc. are collected. When a hazardous material is detected, an alarm notifies the driver to exit the vehicle. The system communicates with a central monitoring station that receives vehicle ID, GPS positioning and identification of the hazardous material. A HAZMAT team is then dispatched to the vehicle site. Should digital video surveillance equipment be deployed in the vehicle, remote video monitoring is utilized by central monitoring and the local HAZMAT team.
The real-time detection systems also provide verification ports for filters used in the Static Detection systems. For example, a real-time evaluation system in a carrier vehicle could also be used to verify static detection systems deployed in collection boxes prior to releasing the contents of the box.
2.2 Collection Facility
Real-time detection devices in carrier facilities provide the capability to determine if hazardous materials such as chemicals, explosives, biological agents, or radioactive materials are being deposited as mail, cargo, packages etc. at the facility. Protective staging areas are provided for the incoming mail, cargo, packages, etc. When a hazardous material is detected, an alarm notifies the workers at the facility. The system communicates with a central monitoring station that receives vehicle ID, GPS positioning and identification of the hazardous material. A HAZMAT team is then dispatched to the vehicle site. Should digital video surveillance and recording equipment be deployed in the vehicle, video history files may be able to provide important data to the investigation team.
The real-time detection systems also provide verification ports for filters used in the Static Detection systems. For example, a real-time evaluation system in a carrier vehicle could also be used to verify static detection systems deployed in collection boxes prior to releasing the contents of the box.
2.3 Collection Box
Real-time detection devices in collection boxes provide the capability to determine if hazardous materials such as chemicals, explosives, biological agents, or radioactive materials have deposited into the collection box as the mail, cargo, packages etc. are collected. When a hazardous material is detected, an alarm notifies workers. The system communicates with a central monitoring station that receives vehicle ID, GPS positioning and identification of the hazardous material. A HAZMAT team is then dispatched to the vehicle site. Should digital video surveillance and recording equipment be deployed in the vehicle, video history files may be able to provide important data to the investigation team.
The real-time detection systems also provide verification ports for filters used in the Static Detection systems. For example, a real-time evaluation system in one collection box may support a number of other collection boxes in the area. The collection box with the real-time detection system can be used to verify filters from static detection systems.
3.0 Static Detection Systems
Static detection systems use air handling systems and filters to trap evidence of hazardous materials. The filters are tested at verification stations to determine if any hazardous materials are present.
Self-Sealing Filters are used to protect the personnel from contamination. The filters deployed in static detection systems have an exposed handle to grab and pull the filter out of the static air handler. As the filter is removed, a film attaches and seals the filter area.
3.1 Verification Station: Chemical Biological Detection System
An example of a Verification Station is the Chemical Biological Mass Spectrometer (CBMS). The CBMS is an ion trap mass spectrometer that is capable of biological agent detection.
The unit works by collecting an air sample, classifying it according to size, then heating it to break down its molecules. The sample is then moved into an ion trap mass spectrometer, where its mass-to-charge ratio and its chemical signature are compared against an extensive onboard library of known toxic agents, such as anthrax and VX gas.
The CBMS Block II is a compact, lightweight, rugged system capable of concurrent chemical and biological agent detection and identification. The system can identify all significant chemical agents (nerve, blister), in either liquid or vapor state, in less than 15 seconds and biological agents (ITF6A) at 25 ACPLA in less than 4 minutes. Its ion-trap configuration allows MS/MS analysis of samples that reduces false positives even in areas of high background. The system is designed to meet the vibration, temperature, and nuclear ruggedness requirements of military NBC reconnaissance systems. The CBMS Block II is easily maintainable and uses a minimum of consumables.
3.2 Vehicle System
The static vehicle system uses an air handling unit and a filter trap to monitor the environment in the vehicle for hazardous materials. The filter traps materials from within the vehicle on a continuous basis. At selected intervals the self-sealing filter is removed and placed in a verification station to be tested for hazardous materials.
3.3 Collection Facility
The static collection facility system uses an air handling unit and a filter trap to monitor the environment in the collection facility for hazardous materials. The filter traps materials from within the collection facility on a continuous basis. At selected intervals the self-sealing filter is removed and placed in a verification station to be tested for hazardous materials.
3.4 Collection Box
The static collection box system uses an air handling unit and a filter trap to monitor the environment in the collection box for hazardous materials. The filter traps materials from within the collection box on a continuous basis. At selected intervals the self-sealing filter is removed and placed in a verification station to be tested for hazardous materials.
4.0 Processor
Processors are used to integrate subcomponents such as detection devices, communications equipment, GPS and video equipment. These processors are typically personal computers and/or brick computers.
5.0 Communication Device
A communications device is used in conjunction with the detection devices to transmit alarm data to a monitoring station. Example communications devices include wire-line, wireless Communications Systems and cellular communications.
6.0 Global Positioning System (GPS) Device
The GPS System collects satellite signals from the NAVSTARS satellite constellation; the constellation consists of 24 satellites, each having internal and external clocks; the GPS System has the ability to receive multiple signals from different satellites and geometrically calculates the position of the it; these operations and calculations can be performed once a second; the GPS System calculates the distance in fractions of seconds from the satellite to it, and with several satellites sending this signal the GPS System can be accurate down to 5–10 meters, but with the additional satellite or beacon correction, the GPS System is accurate to a matter of inches.
There are essentially two broad categories of GPS positioning which can be described as real-time navigation and high precision carrier phase positioning. Navigation uses a minimum of four pseudorange measurements to four satellites that are used to solve for the three-dimensional coordinates of the receiver and the clock offset between the receiver oscillator and GPS system time. An extension to this mode is differential GPS (DGPS) which again uses the pseudorange observable for positioning, but also incorporates real-time corrections for the errors inherent in the measurements.
The second category uses the much more precise carrier phase observations to compute baselines between two locations. Since the two carriers have short wavelengths (19 and 24 cm for L1 and L2 respectively), they cannot be used in the same manner as the pseudorange. The whole number of complete wavelengths (integer ambiguities) between the satellite and receiver must first be determined and this is carried out by post processing (static) or in Real-Time (RTK) using linear combinations of the two frequencies and differencing techniques.
Differences between these two modes are becoming less distinguishable. Combining the pseudorange with the phase data reduces the noise error within the pseudorange measurement resulting in a much higher positioning accuracy. New techniques are also being developed to solve for the integer ambiguities in a single epoch leading to very high baseline positioning in real-time. These are known as on-the-fly or fast ambiguity resolution techniques have already proved to provide accuracies of less than 1 cm on moving platforms over short baselines.
7.0 Local Alarms
Local alarms are provided to alert personnel of the potential contamination or the presence of hazardous materials. Local alarms are typically provided by means of contact points that change state when an alarm is generated. The contact points cause a light, buzzer or other activity to occur warning the personnel of the alarm.
8.0 Overview of Chemical and Biological Detection and Identification Processes
The effective detection of biological agents in the environment requires a multi-component analysis system because of the complexity of the environment. Other variables contributing to the effectiveness of detection of biological agents are the detection process itself and the efficient use of consumables in the field. Biological agent detection systems generally consist of four components: the trigger/cue, the collector, the detector, and the identifier. The function of these components is described in the remainder of this section, while section 8.1 will provide representative examples of each component.
Trigger technology is the first level of detection that determines any change in the particulate background at the sensor, indicating a possible introduction of biological agents. Detection of an increase in the particulate concentration by the trigger causes the remaining components of the detection system to begin operation. The trigger function typically provides a means of continuously monitoring the air without unnecessary use of consumables, thus keeping the logistical burden of biological agent detection low.
To reduce false positives (alarm with no biological agent) and false negatives (no alarm with agent), many detection systems combine trigger technology with a second detector technology (such as fluorescence that provides more selectivity) into a single technology known as cueing.
Most effective cueing technologies can detect airborne particulates in near real time and can discriminate between biological agent aerosol particles and other particles in air, avoiding unnecessary system activation. For example, a cueing device monitors the air for particulates, as does any other trigger device. When the particulate concentration increases, the cue determines if the particulates are biological in nature. The cue device generally uses a fluorescence detector to make this determination. If the particulates are found to be biological, the cue device activates the collector for sample collection.
8.1 Collector
Sampling of the biological agent is a crucial part of the identification system. The effective dose for some agents is extremely small; therefore, highly efficient collection devices must be employed. One type of collector pumps large volumes of air through a chamber where the air mixes with water. The water scrubs all the particulates from the air, resulting in a sample containing particulates suspended in water. Once collected in the water, the sample is further concentrated by evaporation of a portion of the water. After concentration, the sample moves into the analytical section of the biological agent detection system.
8.1.1 Samplers/Collectors
Since an extremely low airborne concentration of biological agents can be difficult to detect but still cause severe effects, a device to concentrate particles/aerosols in the air stream is needed. A collector/concentrator samples the atmosphere and concentrates the airborne particles into a liquid medium for analysis. Several types of samplers/collectors have been evaluated for biological agent detection. The principal differences between collection for biological agent detection and other types of aerosol or particulate sampling are (1) biological agent sampling is normally targeted at living organisms, so the sampling techniques must preserve and not harm the collected sample; (2) most biological detection and identification technologies require a liquid sample, so the collection must be from an aerosol or particulate in a liquid; and (3) the liquid sample must be highly concentrated and available for rapid analysis since response time is critical.
A collector is most useful when it is part of a detection system. When the collector receives a signal from a trigger indicating a change in the background level, an air sample is collected, and airborne particles are concentrated into a liquid medium.
The efficiency of a collector at capturing and concentrating aerosol samples typically affects several downstream functions. In virtually all systems, the collectors feed into the identification component of the biological detection system and also provide the samples that are used for confirmatory identification and forensic analysis.
Collectors can be broadly divided into two groups. One group contains collectors that are large and consume much power. These collectors, on the whole, have a high collection and concentration efficiency and are candidates for detection systems that operate well away from the line or point of agent release. The other group contains those collectors that consume little power, are hand-portable, and have relatively low collection and concentration efficiencies.
Whereas these collectors would work well in high agent concentrations (e.g., near the point or line of release, or perhaps indoors), they would fail to provide an adequate sample to downstream instruments. It should also be noted that collectors significantly contribute to the overall weight, size, and power requirements of a detection system. Examples of sampler/collector technologies include Viable Particle Size Samplers (Impactors), Virtual Impactors, Cyclones, and Bubblers/Impingers.
8.1.2 Viable Particle Size Samplers (Impactors)
A conventional impactor operates by accelerating an air stream of particles through a nozzle and diverting the air stream against an impaction plate maintained at a fixed distance from the nozzle. The larger particles are unable to Follow the fluid streamlines (air in this case) because of their large inertia; smaller particles follow the fluid streamlines and exit the sampler. The impactor usually has multiple stages and each stage contains a number of precision-drilled orifices that are a constant size for each stage. Particle laden air enters the instrument, and the airborne particles are directed towards the collection surfaces by the jet orifices. Any particle not collected by a specific stage follows the stream of air around the edge of the collection surface to he next stage. The collection plate is typically a petri dish with selective agar (selective to a specific organism). The plates are incubated (typically 24 h to 48 h) and after incubation, the number of colonies on each plate is counted.
8.1.3 Virtual Impactors
A virtual impactor is similar to a conventional impactor but uses a different impaction surface. The flat plate of the conventional impactor is replaced by a collection probe, and the larger particles penetrate the collection probe instead of striking a flat plate. By properly controlling the airflow in the impactor, it is possible to collect particles in a specific size range. In addition, the final stage can then aim the particle stream onto a liquid, resulting in a highly concentrated liquid sample. Power Engineering and Manufacturing, Inc manufactures the Liquid Sampler (PEM-0020) with carousel. The device uses virtual impaction to collect and concentrate airborne particles onto liquid film. The operator can select the number of samples to be collected (up to 10) and can choose from several preprogrammed sampling protocols that vary the volume and the collection time for each tube. Initiation of the sample collection is by external trigger or manual push button. The unit automatically repositions the carousel at the end of the collection cycle. The entire carousel can be quickly removed and replaced.
The BiOVIC™ Aerosol Collector, developed by MesoSystems Technology, Inc., serves as a front-end air sampler for biological detection systems. It is an impactor that preconcentrates the air stream, capturing large numbers of particles either into a small volume of liquid, into a small air stream, or onto a solid surface for delivery into the sensor. The BioVIC™ can be used with PCR, fluorescent-based optical sensors, mass spectrometry, pyrolysis GC mass spectrometry, or flow cytometry.
8.2 Chemical and Biological Detector/Identifier
Once a sample has been collected/concentrated, it must be determined if the particulates are biological or inorganic in origin. To accomplish this, the sample is passed to a generic detection component that analyzes the aerosol particles to determine if they are biological in origin. This component may also classify the suspect aerosol by broad category (e.g., spore, bacterium, toxin/macromolecule, or virus). In its simplest form, the detector acts as a "gateway" for further analysis. If the sample exhibits characteristics of biological particles, it is passed through to the next level of analysis. If the sample does not exhibit such characteristics, it is not passed to the next level of analysis, thereby conserving analytical consumables.
It is important to note that detection has traditionally taken place after the trigger function. For example, an aerosol particle sizer (APS) triggers, then a detector (e.g., flow cytometer) examines the aerosol for biological content. Many of the newer detection technologies combine the trigger and detection functionalities into a single instrument, creating a cueing instrument. The cue first detects a rise in particulates then determines if the particulates are of biological origin. If the sample is biological, the collector gathers a sample and passes it directly to the identifier.
An identifier is a device that specifically identifies the type of biological agent collected by the system. Identifiers are generally limited to a preselected set of agents and cannot identify agents outside of this set without the addition of new identifier chemistry/equipment or preprogramming. Because the identifier performs the final and highest level of agent detection, it is the most critical component of the detection architecture and has the widest variety of technologies and equipment available. The information obtained from the identifier is then used to determine protection requirements and treatment of exposed personnel.
8.2.1 Sample Chemical, Biological and Viral Detector and Identifier
220.127.116.11 Wet Detection (Flow Cytometry)
Cytometry is the measurement of both physical and chemical characteristics of cells. Flow cytometry (widely used as a wet detector for biological agents) uses the same technique as cytometry but makes the measurements of cells or other particles present in a moving fluid stream as they pass through a testing point. It measures particle sizes and counts particles in liquid suspensions through the use of laser light scattering. Flow cytometers involve sophisticated fluidics, laser optics, electronic detectors, analog to digital converters, and computers to provide an automated method for biochemical analysis and to process thousands of cells in a few seconds. Typically, the sample will also be treated by addition of a fluorescent dye that reacts with biological material (e.g., DNA). Flow cytometers have been commercially available since the early 1970s and increasingly have been used since then. Examples utilizing this technology are the Los Alamos National Laboratory Flow Cytometer (LANL) and the Becton Dickenson Flow Cytometer (FACSCaliber). They will be briefly discussed below.
The Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) Flow Cytometer employs a green (HeNe) laser diode. Particle size is measured by two light-scatter detectors, and fluorescence is measured by two photomultiplier tubes. This instrument is also known as the "Mini-Flow Cytometer" and is just 1.15 ft3 in size, 30 lb in weight, and requires 1 kW of power. The B-D Flow Cytometer FACSCount, manufactured by Becton Dickenson, employs a direct two-color immunogluorescence method and uses a green (HeNe) laser. The B-D Flow Cytometer FACSCaliber, manufactured by Becton Dickenson, is a four-color Modular Analytical Flow Cytometer that uses a 15 mW air-cooled blue argon-ion laser and a red laser diode. The FACSCalibur also has an optional sorter.
126.96.36.199 Dry Detectors (Mass Spectrometry)
Mass spectrometry (MS) is a microanalytical technique that requires only a few nanograms of analyte to obtain characteristic information on the structure and molecular weight of the analyte. The technique ionizes molecules and breaks them apart into characteristic fragments (the fragmentation pattern constitutes its "mass spectrum"). The mass spectrometer requires that samples be introduced in the gaseous state. Sample introduction into the mass spectrometer can be by direct air/gas sampling, a direct insertion probe, membrane inlets, effluent from a gas chromatograph (GC), effluent from a high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC), capillary electrophoresis, and effluent from pyrolysis devices. Several examples of detection equipment utilizing mass spectrometry are discussed below.
The Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Spectrometer (PY-GC-IMS) combusts, or pyrolyzes, the biological particles. The biological pyrolysis products are then separated using gas chromatography. Once separated, the individual pyrolysis products are introduced into an ion mobility spectrometer for analysis. This technology is still quite new and was developed in a collaborative effort between Edgewood Chemical Biological Center (ECBC) and the University of Utah.
The Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometry (MALDITOFMS) is a variation of mass spectrometry that attempts to use a more gentle method of ionizing the suspect biological agent than pyrolysis to allow identification of the agent rather than just broad characterization.
Chemical Biological Mass Spectrometer (CBMS) uses a multistage process to analyze aerosols for biological content and categorize any biological constituents. The instrument first concentrates the aerosol, combusts or pyrolyzes it, then introduces the sample into a mass spectrometer for analysis. An on-board computer is used to analyze the mass spectra for patterns indicative of biological substances. The instrument is able to categorize biologicals as spores, cells, or toxins.
8.3 Identifiers (Specific Identification Technologies)
Identifiers are those components/instruments that are able to identify the suspect biological agent to the species level (for cellular and viral agents) and toxin type. Specific identification technologies determine the presence of a specific biological agent by relying on the detection of a specific biomarker that is unique for that agent. Antibody-based identifiers are used for systems where speed and automation are required. Where time and manpower are available, gene-based systems start to take the lead.
The technologies that are used to specifically identify a biological agent are the most critical components of the detection architecture. These components have the widest variety of technologies and equipment available.
8.4 CALSPEC Detection and Identification Device
To address the chemical detection and identification problem, we have focused primarily on absorption spectroscopy because spectroscopic information can provide essentially unambiguous selectivity from the unique spectral signature. In absorption spectroscopy, each element present in a sample absorbs different colors (wavelengths) of light from a source, and the resulting spectrum of nonabsorbed light-a series of bright and dark lines of different heights, widths, and colors-indicates which elements are present and in what amounts. A chemical compound like TNT, for example, has a specific signature; mercaptan odorants in methane and in propane in natural gas each have a different characteristic signature. We have developed and demonstrated several novel absorption spectroscopy techniques. In addition, we have developed promising miniature packaging schemes and fabrication approaches. Therefore, we believe that our development of microspectrometers provides the best compromise, providing high chemical specificity and sensitivity in a portable, compact package at a reasonably low cost for most applications.
Three different spectroscopic absorption techniques are demonstrated that could be used in a miniature instrument: dispersive spectroscopy (DS), Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and calorimetric spectroscopy (CalSpec). The DS has a sensitivity of approximately one part per million (ppm). The dispersive microspectrometer can operate from the ultraviolet (UV) to the far-infrared (IR) part of the electromagnetic spectrum. It can operate in one of three modes to produce a unique spectral signature: emission, transmission, or reflection. In the emission mode, molecules are excited so they emit photons at particular wavelengths. In the transmission mode, atoms or molecules in the species preferentially absorb certain wavelengths of photons passing through the medium containing the target chemical species. Finally, in the reflection mode, certain wavelengths of photons reflected off a surface under investigation are preferentially absorbed, leaving a characteristic reflection spectrum.
The FTIR configuration provides an even higher sensitivity-one part per billion (ppb). FTIR spectroscopy is based on optical interferometry. A beam of photons from an IR source is split into two paths, with the first beam passing through the sample and later recombining with the second beam at an IR detector. Because the beams travel different distances before they reach the IR detector, they will constructively interfere at only a given wavelength. As the optical path for one of the beams is continuously changed (usually by moving a mirror), a complete interferogram is produced. The mathematical Fourier transform of the interferogram will result in a detailed infrared absorption spectrum of the molecules to be detected.
Finally, the CalSpec-based approach is a novel absorption spectroscopy technique that may allow us to reach detection limits of one part per trillion. Chemical and biological detection using CalSpec occurs in a two-step process. In the first step, the target molecules enter the device and are allowed to interact with, and adsorb onto, the surfaces of ultrasensitive micromechanical thermal detectors. These detectors sense the sample's changes in temperature as it absorbs photons from an IR source. In the second step, a calorimetric (photothermal) spectrum is obtained by scanning a broadband wavelength region with the aid of a monochromator, which disperses photons according to their wavelenths. For wavelengths at which the target molecules absorb incident photons, heat is generated, causing a temperature change in those particular thermal detectors. In response to these temperature changes, the detectors produce a photothermal spectrum that indicates that the target chemical has been detected and reveals its concentration in air.
Additional information can be obtained regarding the CalSpec device by reviewing U.S. Pat. No. 5,923,421, the entire teachings of which being hereby incorporated by reference.
9.0 Radioactive Detector Devices
Radioactive detection devices can be incorporated into the detection system to protect against such devices as dirty bombs. A variety of radioactive detection systems exist and can be incorporated into the system.
9.1 Sample Radioactive Detector
The following information describes a variety of radioactive detection systems that are currently available and that are under development.
9.1.1 Conventional Gamma Ray Detection Devices
The Radiant 200 Cadmium Telluride Spectroscopy System is a high performance thermoelectrically cooled portable x-ray and gamma ray spectroscopy system. Radiant 200 offers a combination of superior detection and spectroscopy characteristics. It exhibits very high sensitivity due to its large volume CdTe detector (10�10�2 mm3) and its unique charge loss correction amplifier which provides improved spectral performance without throwing away counts. In addition it offers uncompromising energy resolution, which until recently was achievable only with cryogenically cooled systems.
The system includes a detector unit and power supply module. The device can operate autonomously using three L1 rechargeable batteries that can supply power for the whole system for up to 8 hours.
The detector unit consists of the detector head, charge-sensitive preamplifier and temperature stabilization system, which compensates for varying ambient temperature. The detector head includes our high performance CdTe detector and a preamplifier module, both mounted on a Peltier cooler. It features a conical shape, which allows the detector to be placed in close proximity to the sample for optimal collection and to collect from hard-to-reach spots.
9.1.2 Advanced and Miniature Radioactive Detectors
Gallium arsenide detectors have been under development as neutron detectors for several years at Argonne National Laboratory and the University of Michigan. Novel new detectors have been fabricated which exhibit marked improvement in the detection efficiency for thermal neutrons. The novelty of the design is based on etching minute holes in the surface of the semiconductor, which forms a matrix of via holes over the surface. Contacts are then deposited on the rough surface and the holes are filled with enriched boron.
In many nuclear applications, detection of neutrons in harsh environments is often vital to the project. These harsh environments include high radiation fields (i.e. weapons and fissile material detection and characterization), field operations (where size, portability, and durability are essential), high vacuum operations (i.e. physics or space applications), or a variety of other environmental considerations.
Gallium arsenide (GaAs) detectors with various surface coatings are being developed to provide improved neutron detectors with a wide range of potential applications. These detectors are small (1 cm2 or smaller), low power (50 volts, 10 nano-amps), low cost (fabricated using semi-conductor manufacturing techniques), and radiation resistant. Variations in the type of surface coating can provide sensitivity over a range of neutron energies from thermal to fast (14 MeV) while still providing an excellent discrimination capability against background gamma radiation. The use of recoil particles from neutron interactions within the surface coating gives the detectors intrinsic directional sensing capability. It is also possible to create large relatively inexpensive arrays of these detectors using semiconductor manufacturing techniques.
Gallium arsenide is a semi-conductor material that acts like silicon. However, GaAs Schottky devices can withstand relatively high radiation fields and operate at room temperature with low leakage currents. Detectors are fabricated from GaAs wafers using conventional microchip processing techniques. Coatings are applied to the surface of the wafer to convert incident neutrons into charged particles. The detector response can be varied based on the coatings applied. For example, 10B is used to detect thermal neutrons via the 10B(n,α)7Li reaction, and plastics are used to detect fast neutrons via proton recoils in the hydrogenous material.
When a small voltage is applied across the GaAs wafer, a truncated high field or active region is produced near the contact. The incident neutrons are converted into charged particles in the coating, i.e. recoil protons in the figure, which excite free charge carriers in the GaAs detector active region.
The charge carriers drift to the detector contacts, and a preamplifier circuit measures the induced charge. Charges excited in the low field or substrate region are not collected. In addition, because the active region is so thin (10–20 μm), background gamma-ray interactions are reduced. Gamma rays that interact in the active region are easily discriminated from the recoil protons.
The GaAs detectors are versatile and offer distinct advantages over other detector types. Several concepts have been developed which employ coated GaAs detectors for neutron detection for a broad range of applications. Some of these applications are described below.
Fissile materials emit characteristic and identifying radiation. Gamma ray emissions are discreet, and special nuclear materials (SNM) can be identified simply by the gamma ray energies that are detected. Yet, gamma ray emissions can be easily shielded, and many natural sources do emit gamma rays of similar energies. Neutron emissions are much more suspect, in that relatively few isotopes undergo spontaneous neutron emissions. Those that do are mostly controlled substances.
Neutron detection is generally performed by second order effects—a neutron reacts through either absorption or scattering within a medium thereby producing detectable by-products. Thermal neutrons can be detected with a variety of absorption reactions, the most common being the 10B(n,α)7Li, the 6Li(n,α)3H, and the 3He(n,p)3H reactions. These reactions, however useful, all demonstrate a 1/v cross section dependence, and their reaction cross sections are comparably low for neutrons of energies approaching 1 MeV.
11.0 Video Surveillance Equipment
Video equipment is used to support remote video surveillance and digital video recording capabilities. The following equipment provides an example of the devices that can be used in the system.
Devices such as the PelcoNet™ provide an easy-to-use, all-in-one solution that allows users to view real-time video over Local Area Network (LAN) and even Wide Area Networks (WAN). Security professionals can view digital video on any standard CCTV monitor or on a PC using popular web browser software. With PelcoNet, all the video security equipment—with video, audio and complete p/t/z control—can be easily and cost effectively integrated into existing digital network systems.
Devices such as the DX1000 Series Digital Video Recorder (DVR) is a high-quality compact recorder that combines the functions of a recorder and multiplexer into one unit. Having no tapes to maintain, replace, or rewind means that this recorder can be set up once and virtually forgotten about until and unless a review of the video becomes necessary. It also dramatically reduces the down time for maintenance or repair that is generally associated with VCRs.
Devices such as the Spectra III Series Discreet Video Security Positioning System BY Pelco is an integrated dome/camera system for the video security industry. Spectra III SE offers many innovative features and technologies that greatly expand the benefits of using integrated dome systems. New memory storage and data transfer technologies, window-blanking features, and breadth of this line make Spectra III a perfect fit for a wide range of applications.
12.0 Exemplary Processes
Referring to
When the workstation is assigned the alarm data is forwarded to the workstation 1012. The workstation analyzes the alarm and notifies proper authorities of the event 1016 and notifies the HAZMAT team 1018.
Workstation personnel contact the site personnel 1020 and gather additional information. The workstation personnel continue to monitor the site 1022 and store the alarm data 1024. The workstation personnel manage the incident until closure and complete incident reports 1028.
13.0 Exemplary Alarm Messages
The monitoring station could send commands 1214 to the carrier detection system to shut off the local alarms, to move the camera, to download stored video or alarm data, etc. The carrier detection system would respond to the commands providing an acknowledgement 1222 and act upon the commands by sending data 1218 or video 1220 or moving the camera, etc.
The preferred embodiments of the present invention can be realized in hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software. A system according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention can be realized in a centralized fashion in one computer system, or in a distributed fashion where different elements are spread across several interconnected computer systems. Any kind of computer system—or other apparatus adapted for carrying out the methods described herein—is suited. A typical combination of hardware and software could be a general purpose computer system with a computer program that, when being loaded and executed, controls the computer system such that it carries out the methods described herein.
A preferred embodiment according to present invention can also be embedded in a computer program product, which comprises all the features enabling the implementation of the methods described herein, and which—when loaded in a computer system—is able to carry out these methods. Computer program means or computer program in the present context mean any expression, in any language, code or notation, of a set of instructions intended to cause a system having an information processing capability to perform a particular function either directly or after either or both of the following a) conversion to another language, code or, notation; and b) reproduction in a different material form.
Each computer system may include one or more computers and at least a computer readable medium allowing a computer to read data, instructions, messages or message packets, and other computer readable information from the computer readable medium. The computer readable medium may include non-volatile memory, such as ROM, Flash memory, Disk drive memory, CD-ROM, and other permanent storage. Additionally, a computer medium may include, for example, volatile storage such as RAM, buffers, cache memory, and network circuits. Furthermore, the computer readable medium may comprise computer readable information in a transitory state medium such as a network link and/or a network interface, including a wired network or a wireless network, that allow a computer to read such computer readable information.
Although specific embodiments of the invention have been disclosed, those having ordinary skill in the art will understand that changes can be made to the specific embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The scope of the invention is not to be restricted, therefore, to the specific embodiments, and it is intended that the appended claims cover any and all such applications, modifications, and embodiments within the scope of the present invention.
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|U.S. Classification
|340/539.26, 436/57, 340/539.17
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jul 14, 2006
Owner name: INNOVATIVE AMERICAN TECHNOLOGY INC., FLORIDA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:FRANK, DAVID L.;REEL/FRAME:017931/0090
Effective date: 20060629
|Aug 1, 2006
|Certificate of correction
|Aug 11, 2009
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Aug 28, 2013
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8


text:
Performances & Activities
Click Here For Our SCHEDULE AT A GLANCE Arranged By Time
Evening Rides & Interactive Activities (Alphabetical)
Come join us in celebrating this North Carolina native's most famous movies! Read more →
Get up close and personal with some of North Carolina's resident creatures. Read more →
Enjoy the game of miniature golf and the nine holes created by local artists at the same time! Read more →
Featuring some of the most talented High School performers and artists in the area, come and enjoy a venue especially for high school students. The giant First Night "Twisted Acorn" game will be featured here as well, our own take on Twister! Cereal and Interactive Fun! Read more →
Back by popular demand! Don't miss the visual center of First Night Raleigh with our Fantastical First Night Ferris Wheel! Take a spin 90 feet in the air atop the gondola-style Ferris wheel. Read more →
Modeled after the pop-culture LITE BRITE toy first introduced in the late 1960′s, First Night Raleigh presents its own, larger-than-life version of this interactive, illuminating toy. Read more →
Get your cell phone ready as you pose with some North Carolina Firsts and create your very own New Year's Eve greeting to post for all of your friends to see. Read more →
You are invited to share an idea for what you can do to make the world a better place in the coming year. Sculpture created by artist Heath Satow. Read more →
Catch a ride on a horse-drawn sleigh as it makes a loop around the historic North Carolina State Capitol. Read more →
Henna artist Deepika Bhatt has been drawing in henna since she was seven years old. Born and raised in India, Deepika eventually went on to apprentice with three henna artists, and although she has her Ph.D. in genetics, her passion is henna painting. Read more →
Line up beginning at 5:30pm along Edenton Street, north of the State Capitol.
As the Children's Celebration ends and the evening entertainment begins, mark the passage of time… from afternoon to evening… from old year to New Year… in the People's Procession! Read more →
A just for fun wedding chapel right in the heart of First Night Raleigh; renew your vows or just pretend to get hitched! Read more →
Start the New Year right by getting on camera and sharing your thoughts about the arts in Raleigh with folks from the City of Raleigh Arts Commission. Plus, hear music by the Raleigh Ukulele Ensemble, The Raleigh Street Piano, all while charging up your smartphones! Read more →
Got a resolution for 2016? Write it on a "leaf" and addit to the First Night Raleigh Resolution Oak Tree, created by local sculptor Jennifer Van Orden. Read more →
An update of the classical Scrambler ride—this is one of the first rides at the NC State Fair! Read more →
Ur Mom is a Wake Forest, NC rock band, comprised of 4 teenage girls who play a blend of face melting Rock covers and originals in and around the Triangle area. Read more →
Performances (Alphabetical)
PG rated (suggested audience ages 14 and up). Original Stories based on the extraordinary photography of David Spear featuring the original writing by Eric Slater, Jeni Smith, Erin Lennox and Mary Guiteras featuring the music of Big Fat Gap. Read more →
A First Night Raleigh tradition – join Chuck Davis and celebrate community spirit to the beat of ancient rhythms depicting custom, traditions and occasions of African life. Read more →
Join USA Ballroom dancers as they provide instruction for those who want to dance. There are chairs too, if you just want to watch! Read more →
Peter Ingram, Elmer Gibson, and Ray Codrington—make up some Jazz FIRSTS for First Night—come and listen and bring your instruments to jam along! Read more →
Making the Triangle laugh since 1989 with improv with two teams performing different scenes and playing out audience suggestions with a North Carolina "Firsts" twist! Read more →
This Durham street piano player takes the piano out of the parlor and onto Bicentennial plaza just for First Night Raleigh! Read more →
The number one dance in NC is Clogging! Enjoy these amazing dancers from Christy's Dance Explosion! Read more →
Flor y Canto is a newly created artistic ensemble born from the desire to spread the beautiful sounds of Mexican folk music and the joyful colors of their traditions. You?re invited on a journey through the folkloric richness of Latin America with a focus on traditional Guerrero music. Bursting with song and dance, Flor y Canto is poetry in movement. Read more →
Help celebrate the winners of the First Night Star Search winners! These guys are truly #1 in our community! Come cheer them on! Read more →
Family-friendly scenes performed by Happy Accidents from Enloe High School! Read more →
Asheville's favorite puppeteer Hobey Ford's puppets delight audiences with the magical natural world of animals and insects, large and small. Read more →
Winner of the North Carolina Heritage Award. "He's such a genuine bluesman that I want to touch him and hope it rubs off on me." – Harvey Arnold, Music Maker guitarist. Read more →
This Raleigh based fine tribute to the late Johnny Cash, from A Boy Named Sue to Ring of Fire. Four of Raleigh's favorite musicians will delight! Read more →
Jonathan Byrd is a North Carolina flatpicker, a Gulf War veteran and an award winning songwriter whose songs you have probably heard even if you have not heard him sing. Byrd won a 2011 SESAC Americana Music award. The Chicago Tribune calls him "One of the top 50 songwriters of the past 50 years." Read more →
Celebrating all things that North Carolina succeeds in, Josh Dumbleton will present a program of organ music that features two of North Carolina's finest organ composers, Dan Locklair and Margaret Sandresky. Read more →
Formed in 2010 in Raleigh, it is dedicated to presenting operatic performances at the highest level throughout the Triangle. Read more →
Since 1998, Paperhand Puppet Intervention has been using cardboard, corn starch, bamboo, your old house paints, and other assorted junk to create giant puppets, masks, shadow plays, and performances for all ages. They tell stories, beat drums, paint cardboard, sew cloth, get sweaty, push. Read more →
Based on North Carolina native Carl Sandburg's Rootabaga Stories, enjoy these amazing young performers performing the original play for youth, American Fairy Tale. Read more →
For the FIRST time this headlining band will have a special set JUST for the early countdown!! Bluegrass meets Punk meets Early Countdown to 2016!!!
*Scythian will also play a 90 minute set beginning at 10:30 here on the main stage! Read more →
Energetic whip-smart pop-punk debut record You Can't see Cheap England football shirts Me earned them an immediate reputation as an act on the rise. Read more →
Experience these Teen virtuosos mixing elements of jazz and rock and Americana to bluegrass. Talent that can only be described as "jaw dropping" this Lexington, NC band will amaze! Read more →
Featuring Derek Torres. Experience dance inducing beats and effervescent synth tracks from one of Raleigh top bands! Read more →
Transactors Improv is the longest-running improvisational theater in the south. Our work focuses on emotion, physicality, character, commitment, teamwork, and fun. Read more →
Join us at First Baptist Church on Cheap Real Madrid football shirts Wilmington Street as we once again bring gospel music to fill the rafters! Two separate performances! Read more →
What do Twitter, air-conditioning, and Babe Ruth cheap football shirts have in common? Find out at "Who's @First?", a new First Night Raleigh moving-play by local playwright, Ian Finley. Follow Sir Walter Raleigh, the Wright Brothers Cheap AC Milan football shirts and their Carolina-connected cohorts through this zany, interactive theater experience. The fun begins at the City of Raleigh Museum and ends on at the State Capitol.
Please note that Seed Art Share moves throughout different venues in First Night Raleigh. Read more →
Jam with some local Media Celebs and Other cheap football kits Stars with the best party music as we get ready to usher in 2016! Read more →

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Delta Tokyo Seattle Flights
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|Departure (Tokyo)
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|Flight no.
|We, Th
Frequently Asked Questions
- Which airline brands fly from Tokyo to Seattle? These airline brands fly from Tokyo to Seattle - Delta, Thai Airways and United
- How many weekly flights from Tokyo to Seattle? There are 7 weekly flights from Tokyo to Seattle. Following airlines and corresponding weekly flights - Delta has 7,
- When does the first flight leave from Tokyo? The first flight from Tokyo to Seattle is at 4:40 PM, which is Delta airline 166 .
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- What is the airport code of Tokyo and Seattle? Airport code of Tokyo is TYO and Seattle is SEA.
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text:
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Hokie offer is dream come true
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text:
RE: Everyday jokes from Deepblue :-) page 9
This is a discussion thread · 236 replies
Looking for ESL work?: Try our EFL / TOEFL / ESL Jobs Section!
Your jokes always give me good laugh.... thanks.
BTW, did you get my apology? Sorry about it. I think I have made you laugh....haven't I??
to maj: It's my pleasure to make all of you here feel good, I'll keep it goning.
to Candy: Hi, I've gotten it. Hehehe~~~~~~ It really doesn't matter at all.
"What I Want In A Man"
What I Want In A Man, Original List ... (at age 22)
1. Handsome
2. Charming
3. Financially Successful
4. A Caring Listener
5. Witty
6. In Good Shape
7. Dresses with Style
8. Appreciates the Finer Things
9. Full of Thoughtful Surprises
10. An Imaginative, Romantic Lover
What I Want In A Man, Revised List ... (at age 32)
1. Nice Looking - preferably with hair on his head
2. Opens car doors, holds chairs
3. Has enough money for a nice dinner at restaurant
4. Listens more than he talks
5. Laughs at my jokes at appropriate times
6. Can carry in all the groceries with ease
7. Owns at least one tie
8. Appreciates a good home cooked meal
9. Remembers Birthdays and Anniversaries
10. Seeks romance at least once a week
What I Want In A Man, Revised List ... (at age 42)
1. Not too ugly - bald head OK
2. Doesn't drive off until I'm in the car
3. Works steady - splurges on dinner at McDonalds on occasion
4. Nods head at appropriate times when I'm talking
5. Usually remembers the punchlines of jokes
6. Is in good enough shape to rearrange the furniture
7. Usually wears shirt that covers stomach
8. Knows not to buy champagne with screw-top lids
9. Remembers to put the toilet seat lid down
10. Shaves on most weekends
What I Want In A Man, Revised List ... (at age 52)
1. Keeps hair in nose and ears trimmed to appropriate length
2. Doesn't belch or scratch in public
3. Doesn't borrow money too often
4. Doesn't nod off to sleep while I'm emoting
5. Doesn't re-tell same joke too many times
6. Is in good enough shape to get off couch on Weekends
7. Usually wears matching socks and fresh underwear
8. Appreciates a good TV Dinner
9. Remembers your name on occasion
10. Shaves on some weekends
What I Want In A Man, Revised List ... (at age 62)
1. Doesn't scare small children
2. Remembers where bathroom is
3. Doesn't require much money for upkeep
4. Only snores lightly when awake (LOUDLY when asleep)
5. Doesn't forgets why he's laughing
6. Is in good enough shape to stand up by himself
7. Usually wears some clothes
8. Likes soft foods
9. Remembers where he left his teeth
10. Remembers when...
What I Want In A Man, Revised List ... (at age 72)
1. Breathing
I don't know whether such kind of guy exist.
"How to earn money"
A young man asked an old rich man how he made his money.
The old guy fingered his worsted wool vest and said, "Well, son, it was 1932. The depth of the Great Depression. I was down to my last nickel.
"I invested that nickel in an apple. I spent the entire day polishing the apple and, at the end of the day, I sold the apple for ten cents.
"The next morning, I invested those ten cents in two apples. I spent the entire day polishing them and sold them at 5:00 pm for 20 cents. I continued this system for a month, by the end of which I'd accumulated a fortune of $1.37.
"Then my wife's father died and left us two million dollars."
Show more
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realmagick.com The shrine of knowledge.
Chevrolet Corvair Engine 164
A selection of articles related to chevrolet corvair engine 164.
Original articles from our library related to the Chevrolet Corvair Engine 164. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Chevrolet Corvair Engine 164.
- Trance-formation (The Cosmic Tao of the Sexes)
- The purest outpouring of love between the sexes, is as a miniature super-nova of ecstatic union. Reciprocating pleasure becomes the engine that feeds the fires of passion. Passion becomes dynamic fuel for love. It is an engine that runs with the force of a...
Body Mysteries >> Yoga
- Survivalists' Guide for the New Millennium: Chapter 4
- THE TRANSFORMATION OF CATERPILLAR TO BUTTERFLY It is not difficult to see that the whole Agenda behind owning a bigger home, a newer car and more land is one of ego. This is an orientation toward the building of an empire of material wealth, in a vain...
Philosophy >> Survivalists Guide for the New Millennium
- Love and Clarity
- Literally any state of mind may be created or enhanced within. It is commonly assumed that our thoughts and feelings are difficult, if not impossible, to change at will. But this is not so. The meditator soon realizes that it is they who are primarily...
Mind >> Telepathy and Group Mind
- Looking For The Hub Of The Sacreed Wheel: Part 1
- It is often said that all paths are like spokes on a wheel. We start at the rime and follow a spoke to the hub of central truth from which all paths arise and to which they all return. Those of you who've been following my articles should also know that to a...
Religion & Philosophy >> Religions
- Story of the Celts: The Celts Today
- The Celts Today [ 40 ] The Celts, and Celtic peoples, are alive and well today. Celtic culture is well documented and preserved, and there are millions of people on different continents who make it a point to identify with that culture. In Ireland Irish...
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- Raising the World Mind (GM10-11)
- Part 1 | Part 2 Part 1 The wise live in accord with natural laws. It is they who understand that the laws of nature are much higher than the laws of man, because breaking them implies penalties far greater than a fine or prison sentence. When a person...
Mind >> World Mind
Chevrolet Corvair Engine 164 is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Chevrolet Corvair Engine 164 books and related discussion.
Suggested Pdf Resources
- pages - GM Heritage Center
- 164 Cubit: Inch 6-Cy11nder, P-ů (RPO-LIÓ2). RU Optionen engine, 3 ai' 4speed ... Width.
- www.gmheritagecenter.com
- pages - GM Heritage Center
- www.gmheritagecenter.com
- Corvair / Yenko Stinger - SVRA.com
- (1965-69) Chevrolet Corvair (164cid, ohv, opposed, 6 cylinder) 1967-72 scca A/ sedan ... Engines: .047" (1.
- www.svra.com
- Download the current Vegas Vairs Vision Newsletter
- Strange as it may seem, the Corvair Powerglide transmission was patterned after the ... the Corvair Powerglide was simply a slightly smaller version of the Chevrolet big-car ... to handle the greater torque available from the 164 CID engines.
- www.corvair.org
- Download - American Autowire
- CHEVROLET: Corvair ... Wiring Harnesses. 164.
- www.americanautowire.com
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- Tim Gippert is partial to rear-engine Corvair
- The car needed engine and brake repairs which, with the help of fellow Corvair enthusiasts, were completed quickly.
- Junkyard Treasure: 1976 BMW 2002
- The BMW 2002 is one of those cars that, like the Chevy Corvair or Volvo 164, is worth plenty when in great condition… and barely over scrap value in rough condition. In California ... Still, someone might grab this engine at the next Half Price Day sale.
- 200 Chevys from NPD's Annual All GM Oktoberfest
- Super Chevy was on-site to capture all of the Bow Tie's that made it out to what was another excellent NPD Oktoberfest.
- 1967 Chevrolet Camaro SS 350 - Archived Instrumented Test
- The Corvair may—in a roundabout way—be partially responsible for the Camaro gap. The Corvair was ...
Suggested Web Resources
- Chevrolet Corvair engine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- Chevrolet Corvair 164 Turbo engine.jpg. Overview ...
- en.wikipedia.org
- Chevrolet Corvair - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- The Corvair's powerplant was an aluminum air-cooled 140 cu in (2.3 L) flat-six ( later enlarged, first to 145 and then to 164 cubic inches). The first Corvair engine ...
- en.wikipedia.org
- Chevrolet Corvair General Specs
- Year, Engine, Carb, Bore and.
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- Builders considering a project for their Corvair motor should recognize this. ..... Chevrolet offered the 164 cubic inch Corvair engine in several models from ...
- www.flycorvair.com
- The Chevrolet Corvair Engine - Streetdirectory.com
- The Chevrolet Corvair engine was a flat-6 (or boxer engine) piston engine ... The engine was stroked out (from 2.6" to 2.
- www.streetdirectory.com
Great care has been taken to prepare the information on this page. Elements of the content come from factual and lexical knowledge databases, realmagick.com library and third-party sources. We appreciate your suggestions and comments on further improvements of the site.
Chevrolet Corvair Engine 164 Topics
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17 years of experience
James J Peters Va Medical Center
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A medical license is required for a doctor to practice medicine in a particular state. Requirements vary by state but most require, at a minimum, post-graduate training in the doctor's specific specialty. An NPI number is a national identifier unique to an individual health care provider and is managed by the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS).
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Spider Morphology And Development
A selection of articles related to spider morphology and development.
Original articles from our library related to the Spider Morphology And Development. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Spider Morphology And Development.
- Our Pagan Village: The Importance and Persuit of Honor
- Candlelight flickers over the Beltaine revels. Food is laid out in the circle for the feast. Only one rule – no one can feed themselves. Each is dependent on friends and loved ones for sustenance, joy and delight. After an hour of laughter and revels and way...
Paganism & Wicca >> Daily Life
- What is hypnotic trance? Does it provide unusual physical or mental capacities?
- 2.1 'Trance;' descriptive or misleading? Most of the classical notions of hypnosis have long held that hypnosis was special in some way from other types of interpersonal communication and that an induction (preparatory process considered by some to be...
Parapsychology >> Hypnosis
- Pagan Mythology
- Is the traditional story presented as an historical event that serves to illustrate part of the world view of a people or explain a practice, belief, or natural phenomenon. The mythological beliefs a culture shares gives shape to its actions and choices....
Paganism & Wicca >> Holidays
- The Religious Experience: A Wiccan Viewpoint
- What is religion? Religion is a set of beliefs which allow us to understand and categorize our world and our place in it. A set of beliefs which define our culture, our expectations, our views of people and behaviors we expect. I have found several different...
Religion & Philosophy >> Religions
- Survivalists' Guide for the New Millennium: Chapter 6
- AS THE WORM TURNS Health and well being are part of the natural birthright of the human being. With all of its organs intact, the right diet, exercise and mental focus, a human body can overcome any disease. Even so, the effects of living in this...
Philosophy >> Survivalists Guide for the New Millennium
- Bringing it Down to Earth: A Fractal Approach
- 'Clouds are not spheres, mountains are not cones, coastlines are not circles, and bark is not smooth, nor does lightning travel in a straight line.' B. Mandelbrot W e want to think about the future - it's our nature. Unlike other creatures, humans possess an...
Mystic Sciences >> Astrology
Spider Morphology And Development is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Spider Morphology And Development books and related discussion.
Suggested News Resources
- Life ain't easy for a spider named Johnny Cash
- Dr Chris Hamilton, from the Florida Museum of Natural History, who named the spider, said: "We often hear about how new species are being discovered from remote corners of the Earth, but what is remarkable is that these spiders are in our own backyard.
- Here's what Theranos customers need to know
- A warning letter that the US Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services sent to Theranos last week could have serious consequences for the blood testing company, which has been valued at $9 billion. Theranos' Newark, California, laboratory poses ...
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- In June, some of the same researchers that developed CRAM built a robot that borrowed a different aspect of cockroach morphology: their exoskeleton. By adding a rounded dome, similar to a cockroach shell, to a crawling robot, they discovered it would ...
- Plant Lovers' Almanac: Mother Nature inspires wonder of discovery
- He returned there (it was where he earned his doctorate) two years ago following a 17-year administrative career as an associate director at Ohio State University's Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC) in Wooster. ...
Great care has been taken to prepare the information on this page. Elements of the content come from factual and lexical knowledge databases, realmagick.com library and third-party sources. We appreciate your suggestions and comments on further improvements of the site.
Spider Morphology And Development Topics
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Safety Collins' agent 'optimistic' of new deal with Packers
Indianapolis — It took Alan Herman more than five months in 2008 to get a lucrative long-term contract from the Green Bay Packers for running back Ryan Grant, an exclusive rights free agent.
Now the New York-based agent is confident that he can produce the same results for safety Nick Collins, a restricted free agent.
In fact, Herman used the word "optimistic" five times regarding Collins, who is coming off back-to-back Pro Bowl seasons in which he intercepted 13 passes.
"I think it's Nick's time," Herman said at the National Football League scouting combine. "What more can he possibly do to prove himself? I think once we get past this combine situation and go in and talk to them, I'm optimistic that this is going to be resolved."
Under the old NFL order, the 26-year-old Collins would become an unrestricted free agent March 5, and the Packers undoubtedly would be working feverishly on a long-term deal.
But with an uncapped year looming in 2010, Collins probably won't be going anywhere.
By Thursday, the Packers will have tendered Collins $3.350 million, or 110% of his $3.045 million base salary from last year. That would force any team interested in signing Collins to hand Green Bay first- and third-round draft choices if the Packers elected not to match an offer sheet.
"Look," said Herman. "I'm not worried about tenders. It's five years. It's time to get something done."
Nevertheless, Herman understands that the system now favors the Packers. Collins would have to play this season, his sixth, at the tender rate before becoming unrestricted in 2011.
Some teams probably will cut back player costs in preparation for a lockout in 2011.
General manager Ted Thompson refused to divulge the Packers' financial strategy, saying, "What we do internally will have to stay internal."
It remains to be seen what the Packers do this time in negotiations with Herman and his associate, David Butz.
A source close to the situation said the organization had painful regrets, at least initially, in August 2008 after increasing its offer before settling with Herman on a four-year, $18 million deal for Grant during the Brett Favre brouhaha.
"They have to maintain a commitment to winning, and there has to be a sense of fairness with their players if they're to continue along this track," Herman said. "I've been in this business for 27 years, and one of the most demanding fan bases is in Green Bay.
"More often than not, they try to be fair with their players. They've got a very tough guy to negotiate with in Russ Ball, but I think he is a guy of high integrity. I think the whole organization has high integrity people in it, and I can't say that about a lot of other teams.
"I just feel the team will be receptive to what we propose, there will be a compromise and we'll get something done."
Collins' original five-year contract averaged $752,000. His base salary in 2009 increased by $2.5 million because an escalator clause was reached.
When the Packers tender Collins, he isn't obligated to sign it and could withhold his services. Would he blow off the off-season program and training camp?
"It's a great question, but I'm not getting into that now," Herman said. "I'm not threatening anybody or doing any of that. We didn't get it done last year. I don't know why I'm optimistic in this kind of crazy climate, but let me be optimistic. They are a winning organization, and they have to do the right thing."
Coach Mike McCarthy made the point that Collins, one of five starters and seven players headed for restricted free agency, has enough experience so the team might not be damaged by an off-season absence.
"I'm not going to lose any sleep over it," he said.
In terms of average per year, Arizona's Adrian Wilson ($7.938 million), Pittsburgh's Troy Polamalu ($7.548 million) and Indianapolis' Bob Sanders ($7.54 million) lead all safeties.
On way out
The Packers have informed DeShawn Wynn that he will not receive a restricted free-agent tender of $1.101 million, a source close to the running back said Friday.
The source said the Packers informed Wynn that they would like to resign him, presumably for the minimum salary of $545,000. However, the oft-injured Wynn appears eager to test the market in a week as a "street" free agent.
Injury front
McCarthy said defensive end Justin Harrell wasn't "100% back" from the back woes that ruined his last two seasons, but continues to make progress.
"Best he's looked in Green Bay, physically," said McCarthy.
Defensive end Ronald Talley has undergone routine arthroscopic knee surgery, according to McCarthy. Talley was resigned in January after spending all year on the practice squad.
Thompson said no decision had been reached on the future of linebacker Jeremy Thompson. He continues getting medical opinions on a spinal concussion suffered Dec. 4 in practice.
On the spot
McCarthy made pointed remarks about the number of penalties (32 penalties, including 14 for holding) on special teams as well as the inferior punting of Jeremy Kapinos.
The Packers finished 31st last season in a 22-category analysis of special-teams performance by The Dallas Morning News. Cleveland ranked first and Carolina finished 32nd.


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All of these problems viagra wieviel mg complicate attempts to apply the usual standards of beneficence, autonomy, and justice to the consideration of the ethics of abortion. The APA's position statement seems to imply that not allowing a potential child to come into being can be beneficent for that child. Although cells biopsied from human tissue are alive, capable of reproduction, and endowed with a full complement of human chromosomes, it would be difficult to argue that such a collection of cells constitutes human life or a human being.
Publicity about the survival of some infants born extremely prematurely has led the public to believe that the medical community is steadily moving back the point in pregnancy at which the fetus can live outside the mother. Scientific evidence does not support this belief, however, and some perinatologists think it likely that we have already approached the limits of our abilities to support extrauterine life in prematurely born infants. Fetal viability has been raised as an issue both by ethicists and lawmakers.
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Meinl Daf
African Brown 20 in.
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The Meinl Daf interprets a classical Persian frame drum with a rich tradition. With ring snares nearly all the way around the inside of the drum, the...Read More
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The sounds of Persia in a lightweight, modern design.
The Meinl Daf interprets a classical Persian frame drum with a rich tradition. With ring snares nearly all the way around the inside of the drum, the Daf is played with a lot of movement.
Meinl placed the rings in 3 sections, at the top of the Daf, and on the left and right sides. This tempers the effect of the ring snares while saving some weight. It also enables you to readily develop new techniques. Meinl equips the Daf with a great sounding and super-stable True Feel synthetic head, that is both comfortable to play and produces warm, open tones.
- Size: 20" x 2-1/2"
- Rubberwood frame
- True Feel synthetic head
- Features metal rings for special effects
- Extra lightweight construction
Reviewed by 1 customer
- Flat Sound
- Not Sensitive
Best Uses
Comments about Meinl Daf:
First, the good stuff:
The frame is well-constructed. It feels solid to the hands, and yet it is light and easy to manipulate in the traditional upright playing position. The metal rings are attached to the inside of the rim by means of eye-screws - nice, clean appearance. Overall, it is an attractive and well-crafted instrument.
However: the head on this drum was very slack. So slack, in fact, that the various attacks (doum, pah, etc) completely lacked definition and character. Seriously, it was flapping in the wind. I've never held a daf that was tuned so low as to be this lacking in character regardless of technique. Now, I understand that a larger daf is going to be low in pitch, but the skin on this guy was so loose that it was visually noticable.
For example: the zone at the rim was completely unresponsive to sharp attacks. Techniques that typically produce sharp accents on other daf I've played produced only washed-out pongs that were lost in overtones typical to a poorly-tuned drum.
Given that I may not have the best technique in the world, I spent a while taking this instrument for a spin, working with it to see what I could wring out of it. I gave this daf the benefit of the doubt and ran through all my exercises. Remembering the high resonance I could get playing the rim of my buddy's daf, I remained unsatisfied. In the end, I began wondering if it wasn't just poor quality control or bad design.
If this model had been tunable, these issues may have been remedied. But, in the absence of a tuning system, I found it hard to fall in love with the tone of this drum.
In fairness, styles vary and you may enjoy the deep and boomy overtones of a poorly-tuned drum with an extremely slack head. Me? I returned it.