text:
Scrub Typhus
- Author: David J Cennimo, MD, FAAP, FACP, AAHIVS; Chief Editor: Russell W Steele, MD more...
Practice Essentials
Scrub typhus is an acute, febrile, infectious illness that is caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi. The name derives from the type of vegetation (ie, terrain between woods and clearings) that harbors the vector. The image below depicts a typical eschar seen in scrub typhus.
Signs and symptoms
Elements brought out in the history may include the following:
Travel to an area where scrub typhus is endemic
Chigger bite (often painless and unnoticed)
Incubation period of 6-20 days (average, 10 days)
Headaches, shaking chills, lymphadenopathy, conjunctival injection, fever, anorexia, and general apathy
Rash; a small, painless, gradually enlarging papule, which leads to an area of central necrosis and is followed by eschar formation
Although many other conditions can present with a high fever, the presentation of the rash, a history of exposure to endemic areas, and the presentation of the sore caused by the bite can be diagnostic of scrub fever.
Physical findings may include the following:
Site of infection marked by a chigger bite
Eschar at the inoculation site (in about 50% of patients with primary infection and 30% of those with recurrent infection)
High fever (40-40.5°C [104-105°F]), occurring more than 98% of the time
Tender regional or generalized lymphadenopathy, occurring in 40-97% of cases
Less frequently, ocular pain, wet cough, malaise, and injected conjunctiva
Centrifugal macular rash on the trunk
Enlargement of the spleen, cough, and delirium
Pneumonitis or encephalitis
Central nervous system (CNS), pulmonary, or cardiac involvement
Rarely, acute renal failure, shock, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
See Presentation for more detail.
Laboratory studies in patients with scrub typhus may reveal the following:
Early lymphopenia with late lymphocytosis
Decreased CD4:CD8 lymphocyte ratio
Hematologic manifestations may be confused with dengue infection
Elevated transaminase levels (75-95% of patients)
Hypoalbuminemia (50% of cases)
Laboratory studies of choice are serologic tests for antibodies, including the following:
Indirect immunoperoxidase test
Indirect fluorescent antibody test
Dot immunoassay
Rapid immunochromatographic tests for detection of IgM and IgG
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay
Rapid diagnostic reagent for scrub typhus
Weil-Felix OX-K strain agglutination reaction
Chest radiography may reveal pneumonitis, especially in the lower lung fields.
See Workup for more detail.
Current treatment for scrub typhus is based on antibiotic therapy. Relapses may occur if the antibiotics are not taken for long enough. Agents that have been used include the following:
Tetracycline derivatives (standard; especially doxycycline)
Macrolides (eg, azithromycin, roxithromycin, and telithromycin)
Fluoroquinolones (not currently recommended; results have been mixed)
Diet and activity are as tolerated. Inpatient care may be necessary for patients with severe scrub typhus. In such cases, meticulous supportive management is necessary to abort progression to DIC or circulatory collapse.
Preventive measures in endemic areas include the following:
Protective clothing
Insect repellents
Short-term vector reduction using environmental insecticides and vegetation control
Chemoprophylaxis regimens have included the following:
A single dose of doxycycline given weekly, started before exposure and continued for 6 weeks after exposure [1]
A single oral dose of chloramphenicol (typically not used in the United States) or tetracycline given every 5 days for a total of 35 days, with 5-day nontreatment intervals
No vaccine is available.
See Treatment and Medication for more detail.
Scrub typhus is an acute, febrile, infectious illness that was first described in China in 313 AD. It is caused by Orientia (formerly Rickettsia) tsutsugamushi, an obligate intracellular gram-negative bacterium, which was first isolated in Japan in 1930. Although scrub typhus was originally recognized as one of the tropical rickettsial diseases, O tsutsugamushi differs from the rickettsiae with respect to cell-wall structure and genetic composition.
The term scrub typhus derives from the type of vegetation (ie, terrain between woods and clearings) that harbors the vector. However, this term is not entirely accurate, in that scrub typhus can also be prevalent in areas such as sandy beaches, mountain deserts, and equatorial rain forests.
US cases have been imported from regions of the "tsutsugamushi triangle," which extends from northern Japan and eastern Russia in the north to northern Australia in the south and to Pakistan and Afghanistan in the west, where the disease is endemic. The range includes tropical and temperate regions, extending to altitudes greater than 3200 meters in the Himalayas. Scrub typhus is often acquired during occupational or agricultural exposures[2] because active rice fields are an important reservoir for transmission.[3]
Western medicine became especially interested in scrub typhus during military campaigns fought in East Asia. During World War II, 18,000 cases were observed in Allied troops stationed in rural or jungle areas of the Pacific theatre.[3] Scrub typhus was the second or third most common infection reported in US troops stationed in Vietnam[4] and still infects troops in the region.[5, 6] The US military continues to work on vector control, more accurate diagnostic tests, better vaccines, and improved surveillance methods.[7]
Currently, it is estimated that about 1 million cases of scrub typhus occur annually and that as many as 1 billion people living in endemic areas may have been infected by O tsutsugamushi at some time.[6] Because of reports of O tsutsugamushi strains with reduced susceptibility to antibiotics,[8] as well as reports of interesting interactions between this bacterium and HIV, a renewed interest in scrub typhus has emerged.[9, 10]
O tsutsugamushi, the pathogen that causes scrub typhus, is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected chigger (see the image below), the larval stage of Leptotrombidium mites. These 6-legged, 0.2-mm larvae are not host specific and feed for 2-10 days on the skin fluids of the host. Wild rats serve as the natural reservoir for the chiggers (and represent a risk factor for human infection[2] ), but they are rarely infected with O tsutsugamushi.[3] When the chiggers feed on humans, infection occurs.
Orientia is also transmitted transovarially in mites and can unbalance the sex ratio of offspring in favor of females, further propagating infection.[3, 11] Chigger activity and subsequent human infection rates are determined by the particular Leptotrombidium species present (eg, akamushi, deliense, or pallidum), as well as by local conditions. Not surprisingly, positive correlations have been noted between chigger population abundance and human cases of scrub typhus.[12]
In tropical regions, scrub typhus may be acquired year round. In Japan, the chigger of Leptotrombidium akamushi is only active between July and September, when the temperature is above 25°C (77°F). In contrast, Leptotrombidium pallidum, which is found over a wide range, is active at temperatures of 18-20°C (64.4-68°F), from spring into early summer and autumn).[3, 13]
Humans acquire scrub typhus when an infected chigger bites them while feeding and inoculates O tsutsugamushi pathogens. The bacteria multiply at the inoculation site, and a papule forms that ulcerates and becomes necrotic, evolving into an eschar, with regional lymphadenopathy that may progress to generalized lymphadenopathy within a few days. In experimental infection, humans developed an acute febrile illness within 8-10 days of the chigger bite. Bacteremia was present 1-3 days before onset of fever.[14]
As in rickettsial diseases, perivasculitis of the small blood vessels occurs. The endothelium is involved; however, the basic histopathologic lesions suggest that macrophages might be more affected.[15]
O tsutsugamushi stimulates phagocytosis by the immune cells, and then escapes the phagosome. It replicates in the cytoplasm (see the image below) and then buds from the cell. The bacteria are able to harness the microtubule assembly inside the human cell for movement. Antibody-opsonized bacteria are still able to escape the phagosome but cannot effectively move on the microtubule; as a result, overall infectivity is decreased.[3]
Scrub typhus may disseminate into multiple organs through endothelial cells and macrophages, resulting in the development of fatal complications.[16, 17] In 2009, an apparent association was reported apparent between high O tsutsugamushi blood polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-determined DNA loads and disease severity.[18]
Scrub typhus is caused by O tsutsugamushi, an obligate intracellular gram-negative bacterium that lives primarily in L akamushi and L deliense mites . This organism is found throughout the mite's body but is present in the greatest number in the salivary glands. When the mite feeds on rodents (eg, rats, moles, and field mice, which are the secondary reservoirs) or humans, the parasites are transmitted to the host. Only larval Leptotrombidium mites (chiggers) transmit the disease.
O tsutsugamushi is very similar to the rickettsiae and indeed meets all of the classifications of the genus Rickettsia; this connection is demonstrated by the high degree of homology (90-99%) on 16S ribosomal sequencing. However, the cell walls are quite different, in that those of O tsutsugamushi lack peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide.[3] This pathogen does not have a vacuolar membrane; thus, it freely grows in the cytoplasm of infected cells.
There are numerous serotypes,[19] of which 5—Karp, Gilliam, Kawazaki, Boryon, and Kato—are helpful in serologic diagnosis. About half of isolates are seroreactive to Karp antisera, and approximately one-quarter of isolates are seroreactive to antisera against the prototype Gilliam strain.[20]
Risk factors
In 2009, behavioral factors were shown to be associated with scrub typhus during an autumn epidemic season in South Korea.[21] Taking a rest directly on the grass, working in short sleeves, working with bare hands, and squatting to defecate or urinate posed the highest risks. Wearing a long-sleeved shirt while working, keeping work clothes off the grass, and always using a mat to rest outdoors showed protective associations.
United States statistics
Scrub typhus has no significant presence in the United States itself. The only cases of scrub typhus reported in the United States derive from elsewhere—for example, US travelers who have recently been to one of the endemic areas, military personnel who have been stationed abroad, or persons who have emigrated from other countries.[13, 22]
International statistics
Scrub typhus is endemic in regions of eastern Asia and the southwestern Pacific (Korea to Australia) and from Japan to India and Pakistan.[2, 15, 23, 24, 25, 26]
It is generally a disease of rural villages and suburban areas and is normally not encountered in the cities.
Although most cases are undiagnosed, prospective studies in endemic areas reveal in incidence of 18-23%.[3, 27] Community surveys in Malaysia reported an incidence of 3.2-3.5% per month and a seroprevalence exceeding 80% in those older than 44 years.[28] Surveillance of military personal deployed in southeast Asia demonstrated seroconversion in 484 per 1000 population.[5]
The seasonal occurrence of scrub typhus varies with the climate in different countries because the mites are able to thrive as conditions change. The mites prefer the rainy season and certain areas (eg, forest clearings, riverbanks, and grassy regions). In the past few years, cases have been noted earlier in the season because of increased mite activity as the weather warms.[29] Areas in which mites thrive pose a greater risk to humans. The prevalence of scrub typhus in Japan has been rising, and much of the current research is based in Japan.
Age-, sex-, and race-related demographics
People of all ages are affected equally by scrub typhus. Men and women are affected with equal frequency. No race-related differences in incidence have been documented.
Prognosis varies and depends on the severity of illness, which relates to the different strains of O tsutsugamushi, as well as to host factors. Severe disease is uncommon with antimicrobial treatment. Prognostic indicators for severe disease have not been established.[30] Incomplete immunity and strain heterogeneity open the door to frequent reinfections. Immunity to the same strain is believed to last 3 years, whereas immunity to other strains may last as little as 1 month; however, repeat infections may be attenuated.[3]
In patients who are not treated, mortality ranges from 1% to 60%, depending on the patient's age, the geographic area, and the particular strain responsible for the infection. In the preantibiotic era, mortality in Japan averaged 30%: 15% in patients aged 11-20 years, 20% in those aged 21-30 years, and 59% in those older than 60 years. In Taiwan, overall mortality was estimated at 11% but was only 5% in children and 45% in the elderly.
With appropriate antibiotic treatment, mortality from scrub typhus is quite rare, and the recovery period is short and usually without complications.[3, 29] However, mortality is still approximately 15% in some areas as a consequence of missed or delayed diagnosis.[31] If severe complications such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) arise, mortality may still be high.[32]
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San Diego & Imperial Counties: Gems & Lithia Minerals by Frederick Merrill 1914Last Updated: 21st Sep 2010
By Scott L. Ritchie
Reprinted from: Merrill, F. J. H. 1914. Geology and Mineral Resources of San Diego and Imperial Counties: Gems, Lithia Minerals. California State Mining Bureau, San Francisco, Cal. California State Printing Office, December. Chapter 1, pages 61-110.
Table of Contents
- Chapter I.
- Chapter II.
- Footnotes.
Geology and Mineral Resources of San Diego and Imperial Counties: Gems & Lithia Minerals
By Frederick J. H. Merrill, Ph. D.
Chapter I.
The gem minerals of California have been described at great length in Bulletin 37 of the State Mining Bureau, by Dr. George F. Kunz, of New York City, whose long experience and commanding position in the gem trade of America have given him exceptional opportunities for knowing of the material produced and judging of its quality. In that bulletin is much invaluable, historic and descriptive detail relating to gems mined in San Diego County, which can not here be repeated. Since this most valuable bulletin is still for sale, those wishing minute detail regarding the occurrence and character of the gems are referred to it for more complete information. The purpose of this article is to concisely review the subject and supply all details which have become current since 1905, when Bulletin 37 was issued, together with some facts hitherto omitted. Also, the geology of the deposits more fully discussed and the relation and position of the principal mines are defined more accurately than heretofore, since in Bulletin 37 some of the section numbers are incorrect.
The gem industry of this county has at times attained considerable prominence though at present much depressed. At the time of the writer's visit none of the gem mines were in operation. This is partly due to a decline in the demand for San Diego County gems. For a long time there was an active demand by Chinese merchants for the red tourmaline which is highly prized in their country, and this served as an outlet for the material of medium quality so that the finest specimens of gem quality could be used for local consumption in the tourist trade, or sent to the New York market. With the death of the Dowager Empress of China and the outbreak of the revolution in that country the demand for such luxuries was suspended and at present, there being no market for medium quality tourmalines, it hardly pays to work the mines. Good specimens of kunzite find a ready sale, but the principal source of this material, the Pala Chief mine, has not been recently in operation. The other gems, while very beautiful, are not now in sufficient demand to create an active market.
The list of San Diego County gems and gem minerals is large and interesting and comprises 17 species which may logically be arranged in two groups, (A) those of commercial interest and (B) those not yet commercially important.
Commercial Gem Minerals.
It should be noted that fine specimens of these minerals are in demand for mineralogical collections in museums as well as for gems, and in this way possess commercial interest apart from their value to the lapidary. Further they are not only commercially important, but also in this county they all occur in pegmatite dikes and therefore, in their geologic relations, must be discussed together. For a minute description of the gems found in the San Diego mines the reader is referred to Bulletin 37, for Dr. Kunz having had the opportunity of seeing all the best material, his descriptions are detailed and authoritative. For this report a condensed summary must suffice but in several cases the writer has freely used Dr. Kunz's statements.
Topaz: Bull. 37, pp. 46-47.
Silico-fluoride of alumina.
Brittle, luster vitreous. Color yellow to brown and pale green to blue, often colorless.
The chief locality in the county is Ramona, where in the Little 3 and Surprise mines were found crystals varying in color from white, light yellow and sea green to sky blue. Some of these were over a pound in weight.
Spinel: Bull. 37, p. 47.
Aluminate of magnesia, often with iron oxide.
Color usually various shades of red.
At Rincon, in the Mack mine, blue crystals of small size have been found.
Beryl: Bull. 37, pp. 48-50.
Silicate of alumina and glucina.
Luster vitreous. Color green, yellow and white to rose red.
The more familiar forms of this mineral are the rich green gem known as emerald and the sky blue and sea green stone called aquamarine.
In San Diego County rose colored beryls have been found in the Himalaya mine at Mesa Grande and on Aguanga Mountain. The principal specimen from the latter weighs nearly 2 pounds and is in the United States National Museum. Other beryls of pink color have been found in the Katrina Mine at Pala; in the Esmeralda mine at Mesa Grande, together with golden beryl and aquamarine; both pink and green shades at the Crystal Gem mine, 8 miles northwest of Jacumba, and in the Surprise and A B C mines at Ramona. Golden beryl has been found 1 mile northwest of Jacumba. Other beryls are reported from the Hercules and Lookout mines at Ramona and the Mack mine near Rincon has produced very beautiful aquamarines.
Garnet: Bull. 37, pp. 50-54.
Silicate of alumina, lime, magnesia, iron, manganese, chromium, or titanium.
According to composition they are mineralogically classed as follows:
Garnet Classifications.
By jewelers these stones are classed more by color than by chemical composition. Essonite has been found in limestone at several points 9 to 10 miles northeast of Jacumba, also near San Vicente. The finest crystals have been found at Ramona in the Hercules, Lookout, Surprise and Prospect mines. From some of these, gems have been cut up to 6 and 8 carats weight.
Tourmaline: Bull. 37, pp. 54-63.
Silicate of alumina, magnesia, iron, boron and alkalies (soda, potash, lithia) with small amounts of water and fluorine.
Brittle, luster vitreous. Colors, black, blue, green, yellow, red, brown, colorless. Silicate of alumina, magnesia, iron, boron and alkalies (soda, potash, lithia) with small amounts of water and fluorine.
The red or pink variety, called rubellite, is highly prized by the Chinese.
Gem tourmalines were first found in this county at Mesa Grande about 1895. The rubellite in lepidolite at Pala was first reported in 1890. Mesa Grande has yielded perhaps the largest number of fine crystals. The two-color stones, red and green, are especially fine. Dr. Kunz estimates that $30,000 worth of mineralogical specimens have obtained here and that the gems aggregate up to 1905, some $200,000. The Pala Chief mine and the Hiriart Mountain claims have also yielded much valuable material.
Spodumene: (var. Kunzite) Bull. 37, pp. 81-93.
Silicate of alumina and lithia, usually with a little sodium.
Brittle, luster vitreous, on cleavage surfaces pearly. Lamellar structure parallel to vertical axis.
This handsome lilac and pale pink to white spodumene discovered in 1902 and found only at Pala in this county, and at the Fano mine near Coahuila in Riverside County, has become of world-wide interest. The darker stones are especially beautiful but are said to fade slightly after long exposure to light. The Pala Chief and White Queen mine at Pala are the chief sources, but the former has yielded the largest masses. Some very large specimens have been found weighing up to 24 ounces.
It has long been known that in San Diego and Riverside counties the principal sources of tourmaline, kunzite and garnet, together with the less abundant beryl, topaz and spinel, are pegmatite dikes of large size and substantial extent, often occurring in diorite or gabbro.
Pegmatite is a granitic rock consisting of quartz and together with mica which, in a fluid state, has been injected into fissures in some other rock, under conditions which have permitted its material to cool slowly and its constituent minerals to crystallize and develop freely and fully and therefore to form large masses.
In all the gem-bearing dikes the outer zone or marginal portion at both sides is a micaless granite or aplite, a granular mixture of quartz and feldspar of moderately fine grain, owing its texture and condition to the more rapid cooling of the material at its contact with the country rock. Within a second zone, where cooling was more gradual, the feldspar and quartz appear in larger masses, and other minerals show themselves. Generally the first foreign mineral to appear is black tourmaline in its characteristic long prisms, usually embedded in quartz. Garnet crystals, of small dimensions, are often visible, which through their higher gravity, when the dike lies nearly flat, gather in its lower portion, forming lines or bands and giving rise to the name of "Line rock." Graphic granite, a massive development of feldspar with angular quartz inclusions, also abounds in the second zone. The third or central zone is more irregular in the arrangement of its minerals and contains cavities of substantial size, bordered by and containing large crystals of quartz and feldspar. Filling these cavities in the Stewart vein at Pala are found the lithia minerals, lepidolite and amblygonite, and in the gem-bearing veins are found tourmaline; spodumene, var. kunzite; beryl, topaz and garnet; for the most part enclosed in a clay-like substance[1] which fills the cavities.
On account of these details of interior structure some observers have described the whole dike as a vein, but the conditions are clearly more complex. Through movements of the earth's crust, which resulted in the opening of wide fissures, the pegmatite dike material found its way toward the surface, but the fissures remained planes of movement and after the central portion of the dike had fully cooled and hardened, or perhaps even before, it was shattered and a new fissure opened through which gem forming mineral solutions might pass. Thus within the dike was formed a vein. In several of these dikes are undoubted fissures and gouges, particularly in the Tourmaline Queen, and there is evidence to confirm the view that the shoot-like cavities in which the gems occur, are portions of fault fissures within the dikes. It is true, all of the gems are not free in the clay, for some are locked or "frozen" into crystals of quartz. This, however, is unquestionably due to silicious solutions which flowed up through the secondary fissures and formed the quartz crystals which abound in them.
The persistent recurrence over a large area of similar phenomena in connection with these dikes is, indeed, striking. First came an intrusion of granite diorite or gabbro and later an injection of pegmatite into its fissures. Then occurred a secondary fissuring of the pegmatite and a flow of solutions depositing usually tourmaline and sometimes also beryl, kunzite, topaz, or garnet, together with quartz crystals. On the central axis mentioned below lithia minerals everywhere occur.
Such are the dikes which contain the gem bearing veins. Their chief localities are Pala, Rincon, Mesa Grande, Moosa Canyon, Ramona and Aguanga Mountain.
By referring to the accompanying economic map on which the gem and lepidolite deposits have been plotted, it will be seen that Pala, Rincon and Mesa Grande lie in a line which bears about north 50° west and therefore coincides in general direction with the axis of the granite ranges and the strike of the metamorphic rocks. These gem deposits and the lepidolite deposit on Granite Mountain southeast of Banner, are on a central axis, Ramona and the Moosa Canyon locality lie in a parallel line about 8 miles southwest, and Aguanga Mountain is about the same distance northeast. The Pala dikes are mostly in diorite, as are those of Aguanga Mountain and Rincon, those at Mesa Grande are in gabbro and the others are in granite. Many conclusions might be drawn which would require further field work to confirm them, but the repeated occurrence of the lithia minerals, kunzite and lepidolite, in a gem-bearing zone 40 miles long, is highly interesting. The Riverside County kunzite locality near Coahuila lies some 23 miles northeast of the San Diego zone.
Pala is a small village on the Indian Reservation of that name, in the valley of San Luis Rey River, about 28 miles from Oceanside. It takes its name from the Franciscan mission chapel of San Antonio de Pala. the gem bearing dikes here occur in three hills, or small mountains, immediately north and east from Pala village, rising 1,000 feet or more above the plain of the San Luis Rey River and lying with Secs. 13, 14, 15, 22, 23, 24 and 25, T. 9 S., R. 1 W., S. B. M. The dikes are of exceptional size and penetrate a country rock of granite and diorite. In several cases, erosion has removed the country rock above the dike or, in miner's parlance, the "hanging wall," so that the dike itself, for some distance, forms the surface of the mountain slope and is described by miners as a "blanket vein."
The westernmost hill, 1,800 feet high, called Tourmaline Queen mountain[2], is cut by 4 approximately parallel dikes of slight southwesterly dip, the 3 lower being nearly horizontal in their intersection with the east face of the mountain. The lowest is of small thickness and minor importance, being known as the Douglass vein, from the Douglass claim located upon it. The next in altitude, on which are the Stewart and Mission claims of the American Lithia and Chemical Company, is about 400 feet above the arroyo bottom. This is exposed for a distance of 3,000 feet or more on the east side of the mountain, and its line of outcrops has a southward pitch of 5° from the horizontal. The chief feature of this dike, which is 40 feet or more in width, is a vein of lepidolite 10 to 20 feet thick, lying along the central plane. In the upper portion of this, at intervals, have been found pockets of amblygonite or lithia phosphate. The red tourmaline, rubellite, abounds imbedded in the lepidolite, in radiating masses. No abundance of gems has been found in this vein, but light pink kunzite and some gem tourmaline have been taken from the north end of the Stewart claim and considerable quantities of small but fine green tourmaline have been taken from the Gem Lepidolite mine, belonging to A. M. Labaugh, which adjoins the Stewart claim on the north. South of the Stewart is the Mission claim, on the south face of the hill and, on patented land still farther south, is the old Alvarado mine.
About 600 feet above the Lithia Company's dike and parallel to it, is the Tourmaline Queen dike. Its outcrop is hundreds of feet in length, its extent to the south having been limited by the erosion of the hill. The claim which bears this name is partly in Sec. 15 and partly in Sec. 22. The workings on it are quite extensive. This dike is about 14 feet wide and dips southwest 15°. On this mountain are also the Pala King and Homestake claims.
Dr. Eakle determines the country rock of the Tourmaline Queen as hornblende-diorite. A thin section shows large broad plates of dark green hornblende and plagioclase feldspar as essentially composing the rock. Smaller amounts of orthoclase and some irregular grains of magnetite are present.
Still higher, on the Tourmaline Queen Mountain is the Tourmaline King mine, belonging to F. B. Schuyler, of Berkeley, Cal. The outcrop is on the north face of the summit peak, the vein being about 7 feet wide and dipping 40° southwest. Other minor claims on the south face of this mountain are Maud and Happy Hooligan, also Buster Brown, formerly White Cloud, belonging to John Reed, of Fallbrook, and Adolph Shoulders, of Pala.
Pala Chief is the largest of all the gem bearing pegmatites. As the photograph shows, it is exposed on the west side of the summit of a hill, about 1,500 feet in height. It is about 1 mile east of Tourmaline Queen and lies mainly in the SE. 1/2 of Sec. 14. Its thickness seems to vary from 30 to 50 feet and it dips about 15° west. the hanging wall appears to be a mica diorite and the foot wall a granite, but over a considerable area the hanging wall has been removed by erosion so that it has been called a "blanket vein." The gem material, chiefly kunzite, occurs in a reddish clay in pocket of considerable size. One of these was 3 1/2 feet high and 20 feet long. Lepidolite in small masses is of frequent occurrence.
Pala Chief Mine and Hiriart Mountain. Looking Eastward from Tourmaline Queen Mountain. F.J.H.M. Photo.
The following are Dr. Eakle's determinations of the wall rocks:
Hanging-wall, dark hornblende-diorite. A thin section shows the rock to consist almost wholly of plagioclase feldspar and fibrous green hornblende. Magnetite occurs scattered throughout.
Foot wall, biotite-granite. A disintegrated granitic rock. A thin section shows biotite flakes, little plagioclase, considerable orthoclase and small amounts of quartz and hornblende. An occasional titanite crystal is seen.
The Pala Chief claim is one of a group of 5, the others being Ocean View, Goddess, Hazel W. and Knickerbocker. This group, together with the Tourmaline Queen, Pala King, and Homestake, is controlled by the Pala Chief Gem Mining Company, of San Diego, Frank A. Salmons president; R. Fenton, secretary.
South of the Knickerbocker claim is the Olla, owned by John Reed and Adolph Shoulders. South of the Olla is Butterfly, owned by T. A. Blakely, of San Bernardino. This has produced some pink kunzite.
West of Hazel W. lies Redlands King, belonging to Mascart, of Redlands. East of Knickerbocker and Olla and south of Goddess is Redwings, belonging to B. T. Cooper, of Pala. This claim has yielded aquamarine beryls of inferior quality.
Hiriart Mountain. This hill, about 1,700 feet high, lies about 1 1/2 miles southeast of Pala Chief, mainly in the SE. 1/4 of Sec. 24, T. 9 S., R. 2 W., extending into Sec. 25. Here are numerous pegmatite dikes, varying in direction and dip, as shown in the photograph. The claims located on these are in 3 groups, based on ownership.
(A) Domingo Hiriart, Pala.
San Pedro.
(B) M. M. Sickler, Pala.
K. C. Naylor.
White Queen.
Center Drive.
El Molino.
(C) M. M. Sickler and D. Hiriart, Pala.
The White Queen claim is of historic interest as being the source, in 1902, of the first specimens of Kunzite discovered. This material was sent to Dr. G. F. Kunz, in New York, who identified it as Spodumene and subsequently it was given the variety name of Kunzite by Professor Charles Baskerville.
Bull. 37. pp 137-39.
Gems have been found on the east side of the Rincon Indian Reservation between Pala and Mesa Grande, about 9 miles southeast of the former place. At this point the chief deposit was opened by J. W. Mack and is known as the Mack mine. It lies in Sec. 25, T. 10 S., R. 1 W. The dike is described as 5 to 6 feet wide with granite footwall and diorite hanging wall. The chief product was beryl of various colors, some of it deep blue. No work has been done here for some years, probably because the pocket became exhausted and the demand was not sufficiently great to justify much expenditure in searching for a new one.
Bull. 37. pp 133-35.
The gem deposits of Mesa Grande lie about 1 1/2 miles northwest of the Indian Rancheria. The principal properties are those formerly operated by the San Diego Tourmaline Mining Company and the Himalaya Mining Company. The latter control the Se. 1/4 of SW. 1/4 of Sec. 17, T. 11 S., R. 2 E. The holdings of the former are the NE. 1/4 of NW. 1/4 and NW. 1/4 of NE 1/4 of Sec. 20, in the same township and range.
These properties, which adjoin one another, are both on the same fissure, which has been filled with an extensive pegmatite dike. This traverses the two properties, with a serpentine course, in a northwesterly direction for a distance of half a mile, the country rock being dark green gabbro. The width of the dike varies considerably. At times its width is somewhat less than that of the drifts which have been cut in it and at times it is greater. The average might be stated at 4 feet. At the contacts on either side, the dike matter is a fine grained aplite but, in the center it is a coarse pegmatite, with frequent cavities, pockets and shoots in which the more perfect specimens of tourmaline and other gem material occur, imbedded in clay.
Dr. A. S. Eakle determines the country rock here to be a hypersthene-gabbro. A thin section shows the rock to mainly consist of labradorite feldspar and rounded crystals and plates of hypersthene with a sprinkling of magnetite. The hypersthene is pale red and shows pleochroism, pale red to pale green.
On the San Diego property the dike winds considerably in its course, and, at the south end of the property, has divided into two diverging forks or spurs. These have not yet been explored as far as the south boundary of the property, and have not been opened on the adjoining claim southward. In the beginning, throughout the two properties, the work was done by open cuts in which the gem bearing mass was mined for a depth of some 20 feet. After this had progressed to a certain point, it was found too expensive to prevent the sides of the open cuts from caving in. This work was, therefore, abandoned and further exploitation of the deposit was made by entering the dike at a lower level and working underground. On the San Diego property two cross cut tunnels were driven, the more southerly of which is over 200 feet long and cuts the two spurs above described. On this property the present level is about 200 feet vertically below the surface of the ground. The ground slopes northward until, on the Himalaya claim, the surface intersects the vein at the adit level. On the latter the main working is by an adit on the north outcrop of the vein, which has been mined for about half the length of the property.
At present time both properties have been idle for some time. The San Diego tunnel has caved in and access is not at present possible. The Himalaya property is locked up and not open to visitors. The San Diego Tourmaline Mining Company's interests are now represented by Jas. G. Naylor of San Diego. The Himalaya Company is undergoing reorganization and a letter to the New York address brought no reply.
Bull. 37. pp 136-37.
About 1 1/2 miles west of the Himalaya property and in the east edge of SE. 1/4 of SE. 1/4 of Sec. 13, T. 11 S., R. 1 E., is the gem mine known as Esmeralda. This property is owned by the Native Gem Mining Company, the controlling interest being held by Dr. C. C. Vallé, Walter N. Burnell, and Mrs. Nicholson, all of San Diego.
Here is a wide dike nearly vertical, and about north and south in its trend, but, a few feet below the surface, branching upward to east and west. The workings are below the fork.
As described in Bulletin 37, this mine at one time produced some very interesting gem material, but it has long been idle and the portals of its adits have caved in. The gems are said to have occurred in pockets of large size but these pockets were somewhat far apart.
Bull. 37. pp 62.
The locality is about 12 miles southwest of Pala and 3 or 4 miles southeast of Bonsall. In Bulletin 37, its position is stated to be in Sec. 26, T. 10 S., R. 3 W. The writer was unable to verify this, as one of the owners, Mr. T. A. Freeman, who was interviewed at Bonsall, declined to give any information about the position of the property. Later information, undoubtedly reliable, gives the location of this deposit as in the east half of section 27 of the same township and range.
There are said to be two claims, Vista Chief and Mountain Belle. Tourmalines have been found here, but not in large quantity. The reported occurrence of Kunzite here could not be verified. It is said that tourmalines have been found in Gopher Canyon, which lies 2 miles southwest of Moosa Canyon.
Bull. 37. pp 140-150.
The gem deposits here are noteworthy in that the dikes all occur in granite instead of in diorite or gabbro. No mining has been done here for some years, though in assessment work on unpatented claims some gems are produced.
The claims lie in T. 13 S., R. 2 E., on one mineral zone, which includes several dikes, and nearly all are in Sec. 8.
List of Ramona Gem Claims.
Bull. 37. pp 123-24.
At present only one mine is being worked here. It is the Mountain Lily, 6 miles southeast of Oak Grove, located by Bert Simmons, owned by Dr. C. C. Vallé, of San Diego, and operated under lease by J. W. Ware & Co., 1414 F street, San Diego. The dike is described as about 4 feet wide in diorite, the gem bearing vein being on the contact between the pegmatite and the hanging wall of diorite.
The special product at this time is a "Nile Green" tourmaline. These stones are very attractive in color but mostly small, not averaging much more than one carat, when cut. Fluorite in small quantity has been found here.
Bull. 37. p. 150.
Nine and a half miles east of Jacumba, near Mountain Springs, are some deposits of essonite garnet in crystalline limestone associated with gneiss. Some fine gems have been mined here under the name of California hyacinth. The San Diego Gem Company formerly held claims here, but they have lapsed.
Eight and a half miles northwest of Jacumba is the Crystal Gem mine. Here, in a pegmatite dike, have been found pink and green beryl and essonite garnet. Some 40 miles north of Jacumba, near Seventeen Palms, fine garnets have been reported as abundant.
The following minerals, while of interest as gems, are insufficiently abundant to be of commercial interest or, while occurring in gem quality elsewhere, are not known in this condition in San Diego County:
Corundum: Bull. 37, p. 45.
Aluminum oxide.
Luster adamantine to vitreous. Colors all prismatic hues to colorless.
The common varieties of this mineral are used as abrasives under the name emery. Transparent corundum ranks among the most valuable of gems and includes the ruby and sapphire. Ruby is red corundum. Sapphire includes all colors except red, but the name is more particularly applied to the blue colors. Mr. W. H. Trenchard reports light pink corundum from a locality 26 miles east of San Diego, on the north slope of Mt. San Miguel, 8 miles northeast of Sweetwater Dam, where it occurs in hydromica schist associated with garnet. He also reports bluish corundum from Tule Mountain north of Jacumba.
Dumortierite: Bull. 37, p. 71.
Basic aluminum silicate.
Five miles northeast of Dehesa and 1 mile south of Alpine Heights, on the line between Secs. 4 and 5, T. 16 S., R. 2 E., is a large body of quartz, enclosing crystals of dumortierite. When cut and polished this makes handsome specimens and would be available for ornamental work. Thus far no commercial use has been make of this material.
Graphic Granite: Bull. 37, p. 79.
This material consists of large masses of feldspar, in which are angular individuals of quartz, resembling Hebrew letters. It appears in the pegmatite veins at Mesa Grande, Pala and elsewhere. When sufficiently solid and susceptible of polish it is available for ornamental work, boxes, vases, etc.
Labradorite: Bull. 37, p. 80.
Lime—soda feldspar.
Colors, gray, brown, greenish.
The cleavable varieties show on their striated surfaces a beautiful play of colors like those of mother of pearl, caused by the phenomena of color interference. This mineral is reported from the gem mines but does not occur in especially good size or quality.
Vesuvianite: Bull. 37, p. 93.
A Calcium-Aluminum Silicate.
Color brown to green.
This mineral in gem quality, is reported by W. H. Trenchard from Jacumba and San Vicente.
Axinite: Bull. 37, p. 96.
A silicate of alumina, calcium and manganese, with some iron, and magnesia and also boric acid and water.
Color, clove brown, plum blue, violet, pearl gray, honey yellow and greenish yellow.
In 1904 a discovery of this mineral was reported near Bonsall, 12 miles southwest of Pala, by Thos. A. Freeman. This was at the Moosa Canyon tourmaline locality.
Lazulite: Bull. 37, p. 98.
Aluminum phosphate, with some magnesia and water.
Color azure blue.
A specimen of this mineral was reported from the vicinity of Oceanside in 1893. State Mining Bureau Museum No. 13591. As there are no crystalline rock outcrops near Oceanside, this may have been drift or float material.
Epidote: Bull. 37, p. 99.
Silicate of alumina, iron and lime, with some water.
Color yellow-green, pistachio-green to red-gray and colorless.
Found in clear transparent crystals at the McFall mine, 7 1/2 miles southeast of Ramona. These were handsome crystals of gem quality.
Lepidolite: Bull. 37, p. 100.
Lithia mica; Silicate of alumina and lithia with fluorine and water.
Luster pearly. Color rose red, violet gray, lilac, yellowish, grayish, white, translucent. In rhombic crystals or granular massive.
The massive variety is used to some extent for ornaments such as ash trays, dishes, vases and paper weights. The chief deposit in this county is at Pala, in the Stewart vein (See Lithia Minerals, this Report, p. 74). In small quantities it occurs in all the veins at Pala and at Mesa Grande and at the Royal mine, southeast of Banner.
Chrysocolla: Bull. 37, p. 101.
Hydrous copper silicate.
Color, various shades of green.
When occurring in masses of sufficient size, this mineral is cut for table tops and similar decorative purposes. In small masses it is used to some extent for jewelry. One specimen is in the State Mining Bureau Museum, locality not given. No. 7187.
Apatite: Bull. 37, p. 102.
Calcium fluo-phosphate with some chlorine.
Color, green to blue. Occasionally yellow, brown, red or gray.
Reported from Dos Cabezas mine, near Jacumba.
Fluorite: Bull. 37, p. 102.
Calcium fluoride.
Luster vitreous. Color varied. White, yellow, green, blue, violet, crimson, rose, pink and brown.
This mineral, though rather soft, is often cut into paper weights, vases and other ornamental articles. It has been reported from the Mountain Lily mine on Aguanga Mountain.
Gold Quartz: Bull. 37. pp. 68-9.
Auriferous quartz in which the gold occurs in conspicuous filaments and masses has long been used in certain forms of jewelry, such as brooches, links for watch chains, inlaying watch cases, etc. In the bonanza days of gold mining in this county, much of this material was found at mines near Julian, the Ready Relief in particular being quite productive.
Bull. 38. pages 306-10.
Lithia is used in commerce for medicinal purposes, in artificial mineral waters and in tablets. On account of its red flame the nitrate is used in making red fire.
This substance occurs in several minerals, the principal ones being lepidolite, amblygonite and spodumene. The first occurs in commercial quantities at Pala and in smaller amount at many points. The second occurs also at Pala, in small quantities, associated with the first. A rare variety of spodumene, called kunzite, also occurs at the same locality but as a gem mineral and not as a source of lithia.
Lepidolite, lithia mica, has a complex composition. The general formula given by Dana is KLi[Al(OH,F)2]Al(SiO3)3. Analyses of specimens from different localities, show percentages of lithia ranging from 3.87 to 5.88. It occurs usually in scaly, granular masses, sometimes in aggregates of short six-sided prisms. The cleavage is basal, luster pearly, and the color rose-red, violet-gray and yellowish, or grayish white to white. Its hardness is 2.5 to 4, its specific gravity 2.8 to 2.9. It fuses easily to gray or white glass and colors the blow pipe flame red. it is distinguished from other micas by it fusibility by the red flame and by the reaction for fluorine.
Amblygonite is a fluophosphate of lithia and alumina, containing 10 per cent of lithia. It crystallizes in large coarse crystals in the triclinic system. Its hardness is 6, its specific gravity 3.01 to 3.09. The color is white to pale greenish, bluish, yellowish or brownish white. The Pala material is almost entirely white and to the eye closely resembles a feldspar, but it fuses easily in the blowpipe flame and tinges the latter red. Should the mineral be found in commercial quantity, it will be more valuable than the preceding, since it contains a larger percentage of lithia and the phosphoric acid is valuable as a by-product.
Spodumene, var. Kunzite, is a lithia alumina silicate, containing 8.4 per cent of lithia. It is found at Pala, but is not a commercial form of lithia. Its characters are given under the head of Gems.
As already stated under that head, these lithia minerals occur in San Diego County, on a northwesterly trending axis, parallel to the strike of the granite ranges and extending from the old Royal mine, southeast of Banner, through Mesa Grande to Pala.
The Royal mine lies southeast of Banner on the southwest slope of Granite Mountain, in Sec. 18, T. 13 S., R. 5 E. Lepidolite occurs here in a pegmatite dike and, from all accounts, the quantity is quite limited. The property, which has never been productive, is said to belong to Henry Blumenberg, Jr., of Los Angeles.
At Mesa Grande, lepidolite occurs in small masses, in the gem bearing veins on the San Diego, Himalaya, and Esmeralda properties. Commercially the quantities are insignificant. The Rincon locality is on the Pala axis, but lithia minerals have not been reported.
This widespread and persistent lithia mineralization culminates at Pala, where are the commercially important deposits of lepidolite and also those of the gem mineral kunzite.
Here as shown in the photograph on the east side of Tourmaline Queen Mountain, about 400 feet above the base, is exposed a great pegmatite dike 35 to 45 feet wide, and nearly horizontal in its main outcrop, which strikes about north 7° east and dips to the south about 5°. Westward the dike dips 10° to 15°. It is exposed for a length of 3,000 feet or more, from north to south, and has been opened at several points. Filling a fissure in this dike, somewhat below its central plane, is a vein of lepidolite from 15 to 20 feet thick. Throughout the lepidolite, radiating masses of rubellite or pink tourmaline occur abundantly and in occasional pockets are masses of amblygonite. As stated, the wider portion of the dike is above the lepidolite and the amblygonite, when found, was mostly in the lower part of the pegmatite above the lepidolite. About 30 tons of amblygonite were shipped from this mine and it is not known whether any substantial quantities remain. It was found mostly west of the ridge under which the dike passes. From each face of the hill, a tunnel was driven and, as they did not quite coincide in level, they were connected by a short winze. The lepidolite was chiefly mined from the east tunnel and the amblygonite from the west.
The principal portion of the lithia vein is controlled by the American Lithia and Chemical Company, 206 Broadway, New York City; Wm. N. Crane, president; Theo Ludlum, secretary. This company owns the claims known as Mission and Stewart. Adjoining the latter to the north, is the Gem Lepidolite mine, belonging to A. M. Labaugh, of Pala. The American Lithia and Chemical Company also owns a half interest in the Douglass claim on the small vein at the foot of the hill. The remaining interest is held by T. A. Blakeley, of San Bernardino.
While this Pala lepidolite deposit is of great size, its tonnage having been estimated at from 500,000 to 1,500,000 tons, the writer is informed that only 5 cars of 30 tons each have been shipped from the property, but there are said to be over 1,000 tons of ore on the dump and this has been reported under the head of production. Its distance of 28 miles from railroad, at Oceanside, should not add more than $4.00 a ton to the cost of production, and it is greatly to be hoped that an adequate market will soon be found.
Small masses of lepidolite are found in the veins of the Tourmaline Queen and Tourmaline King mines, on the same mountain. In the Pala Chief vein also, the lithia mica occurs in small quantities. It is also found in the gem bearing veins on Hiriart Mountain, but not in substantial tonnage.
Chapter II.
The gem deposits so abundant in San Diego County are not found in Imperial County. Although pegmatite dikes occur at many points in the metamorphic rocks they do not contain the gem bearing veins. Further, the garnetiferous limestones of the Jacumba region do not extend east of the San Diego border.
A few peridots of good quality have been reported from the gravels of the Picacho region. On the slopes of Signal Mountain just across the Mexican boundary a few small turquoise have been found. From the region along the San Diego border some small diamonds are reported but this has not been confirmed.
|W. T. Schaller, Am. Jour. Sci., Vol. XVII, p. 191.
|Incorrectly called Pala Mt. in Bull 37. Pala Mt. lies SE. and has no gem bearing dikes or veins.
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To celebrate the exciting Silhouette Giveaway that's going on now, I am sharing a project each day this week that was created using the Silhouette. I'm working on my bathroom remodel right now, it's going to be a Board and Batten room with beachy colors. So I thought it would be fun to make some Beachy art to do in that room. I chose this phrase because I think it's so true -- your day … [Read more...]
Beachy-ish Subway Art Sign {using the Silhouette}
20-minute Flip Flop Project
Here's a fun project to do this Summer. My kids loved being able to pick out the fabric and embellishments so their flip flops were 100% their own creation. I bought cheap flip flops from Old Navy. They have flip flops in almost any color you can imagine. Two pair = $5 and they are even $1/pair when they are on sale! Here's what you need: Flip flops Fabric scraps Button covers … [Read more...]
I ♥ the Dollar Store
I just love the Dollar Store. There are so many potential projects inside! Some of my favorite Dollar Store projects I have made have been: Tiered Dollar store Tray made out of Pizza Pans Burlap Dollar Store Napkin Rings Dollar Store Burlap Children Wall Grouping Dollar Store Burlap Magnet Frames Dollar store Serving Tray Dollar Store Fall Frames … [Read more...]
Anthro-inspired T-Shirt for $4
I am always on the lookout for stylish, cute t-shirts for the Summer. One of my favorite stores -- Anthropologie, recently had a great t-shirt they were selling. But for almost $80 I wondered if I could find a way to make something similar for a fraction of the cost. I bought two t-shirts on clearance for $2 each. I bought one for the t-shirt and one to cut up for embellishments. Materials … [Read more...]
Guest Project: Gingham & Pearl Necklace Tutorial
Hi! My name is Elizabeth and I'm so happy to be here on Tatertots and Jello today. I am the author of the blog, To Be Charmed. I post crafty tutorials, decor and just about anything else I find inspiring in hopes I inspire you too! Come on over and take a peek at my blog! Today I am going to show you how you can create a cute, very easy Gingham and Pearl necklace for you or that little gal … [Read more...]
Quatrefoil Wreath Tutorial
My Quatrefoil obsession continues. I decided to try to make a quatrefoil wreath to hang in front of my house. Here's what I did: 1. I took two small foam wreaths and cut it each in half with scissors. 2. Then I laid the pieces on my works surface and lined up the edges so it was even. I trimmed a couple of the sides so they would line up correctly. 3. I pinned the wreath edges … [Read more...]
This n' That
Check out this new Plaid website--Paint Me Plaid -- that Amy from Mod Podge Rocks has been working on. It's dedicated to paint projects! I was so excited to see my Quatrefoil project over there. {how cute is that polka dot screen?} {these glasses are amazing} Goes right along with The CSI Project's Paint Challenge that just ended. Come over and see who Sarah @ Thrifty … [Read more...]
Quatrefoil Obsession Update
Thanks for your sweet comments on my Quatrefoil Stencil/Project. I wanted to share a couple projects that people made with the stencil I shared: Amanda from Imperfectly Beautiful made this wonderful canvas. And Julie from My Lil' Budget Book turned this entertainment center from this: to this: So cute! And here's something really cool. Ashley from Cute as a Fox … [Read more...]
The DIY Club — My Saucepan Birdhouses
This has been the craziest week! I have been thinking about what to make for the DIY Club for a while. I just couldn't make up my mind! I decided to go to D.I. (which is a local Utah thrift store) and see what I could come up with. I really wanted to make an outdoor project since it's Spring -- I'm excited to be out in the sunshine! c Hmmm, those might be able to be transformed into something … [Read more...]


text: WBH Golden Butter Cake 3 Reviews By jobartwo recipe Comments | 0 Favorites | 142 Print WBH Golden Butter Cake Ingredients WBH GOLDEN BUTTER CAKEGrease two 10 x 3 inch round pans. Preheat the oven to 350F. Have all ingredients at room temperature.In the bowl of an electric mixer, beat at high speed until light and fluffy:8 oz. (2 sticks) unsalted butter2 cups sugarAdd and beat on medium speed until fluffy:6 large egg yolks1 ½ teaspoons pure vanilla extractOn a piece of wax paper, sift together:3 ½ cups cake flour1 tablespoon plus ½ teaspoon baking powder¾ teaspoon saltAt low speed add the dry ingredients to the butter and egg mixture alternately with:1 ½ cups milkPour 3 ½ cups of the batter into one prepared pan and the remaining batter into the other. Bake the less full pan for 20-25 minutes and the fuller pan for 30-35 minutes, or until a cake tester inserted into the center of the cake comes out clean. Cool the cakes on a wire rack for 15 to 20 minutes before turning them out of their pans.Yield: 9 cups of batter Instructions


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Insight, intelligence and ideas for microenterprises
15th June 2016 at Lyceum Theatre, Edinburgh
Learn from the world's leading thinkers on microbusinesses
Microenterprises are on the rise across the UK and internationally. This is not a direct consequence of the economic crisis. People are making choices to thrive in ways that sustain their relationships to family, community, networks and to the planet?
The third annual 'Small is Beautiful' Conference will take place in Edinburgh on 15 June 2016 to provide insight, intelligence and ideas about how to thrive as a committed micro.
Join our mailing list to be first to hear news about Small is Beautiful 2016!
Small is Beautiful attracts the world's leading doers and thinkers on microbusiness – come and learn from their experience.
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Join the Small is Beautiful mailing list to hear more about our speakers, workshops and other news and events.


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GSA Human Resources
GSA is an Equal Employment Opportunity and Affirmative Action Employer
Job opportunities currently available
GSA Headquarters in Boulder, Colorado:
- Sales and Service Specialist
The Geological Society of America
Location: Geological Society of America Headquarters, Boulder, Colorado
Reports to: Sales and Service Manager
Employment Type: Full Time / Non Exempt
Primary Responsibilities:
Provide service and support to individuals contacting GSA for a variety of reasons and through a variety of contact methods. Some of the major functions include: Member benefits of all kinds, Front Desk/Reception duties including; processing new member/member renewal dues and subscription sales; processing meeting information requests and registrations; providing support to GSA governance; processing publication sales and new contracts for standing order accounts, maintaining inventory control for scientific publications; providing customer support for GSA. Click on the link above for more information (PDF).
[ posted 17 Oct. 2016 ]
For information on listed job opportunities send an e-mail to .


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Which Joe gave his name to 'sloppy joes'? We look at five interesting sandwiches and their lexical origins.
Definition of Dagwood sandwich in English:
Dagwood sandwich
(also Dagwood)
A thick sandwich with a variety of different fillings.
- 'Halftime filler bonus: Now there's plenty of time to make that Dagwood sandwich.'
- 'As multi-layered as a Dagwood sandwich and as forlorn as the last day of summer, the album makes the most out of misery.'
- 'I try to support them all, but suppose you can say my favourite is The Dagwood (nice big helpings and good steak).'
1970s: named after Dagwood Bumstead, a comic-strip character who makes and eats this type of sandwich.
Dagwood sandwich/ˌdaɡwo͝od ˈsandwiCH/
Further reading
You have been warned: the debate on trigger warningsRead more
Are you looking for a word for a foolish person? We explore twelve interesting words to describe the dunderheads in your life.
6 'run' phrases you probably don't knowRead more
Before you run for the hills, let's run through a list of 'run' expressions that are running through our minds.
How brothers became buddies and brosRead more
The definitions of 'buddy' and 'bro' in the OED have recently been revised. We explore their history and increase in popularity.


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Your 'Breaking Dawn' fix: Behind-the-scenes peek at latest 'Twilight' installment
As Tom Petty once sang, "The waiting is the hardest part", and that phrase will certainly ring true for fans of the "Twilight" franchise currently, with still more than two weeks to go before "Breaking Dawn - Part 1" hits theaters.
So to tide you over on the long, endless slog between now and Nov. 18th, Summit Entertainment has released a 2 1/2 minute clip that briefly recounts the film series thus far before offering a few behind-the-scenes clips from the set of "Breaking Dawn", in addition to snippets from interviews with Taylor Lautner, Robert Pattinson, Kristen Stewart, author Stephenie Meyer, director Bill Condon and several other cast members.
While it won't make "Breaking Dawn" come any faster, I'm afraid, the following video will at least help to distract you from the bottomless anticipatory ache that's been plaguing your every waking hour...and haunting every moment of your dreams.
Hold on, kids. It won't be much longer yet.


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For election day: Louis C.K. parodies Spielberg's 'Lincoln' on 'SNL'
The popular stand-up comic Louis C.K., whose weirdly personal show "Louie," appears on FX, parodied himself and Steven Spielberg's upcoming film "Lincoln," on last weekend's "Saturday Night Live."
The sketch is modeled after the format of his FX show. »Read Full Blog Post(1)
Christmas Family Feast goes on without broadcast sponsor
Some things in the community fall by the wayside without being noticed.
The Salvation Army's annual Christmas Family Feast is not one of them. »Read Full Article(2)
Milwaukee Symphony plays program of new works by young composers
If you think writing a piece of music for a full symphony orchestra is a tough task, you should try finding an orchestra to play that piece.
Five young composers, chosen from among 90 applicants, were in Milwaukee for the rare opportunity of hearing their works performed for an audience by a professional orchestra Saturday evening. »Read Full Article


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Classic John DeSoto. John, on his CZ, out jumping Jammin? Jimmy Weinert's works Kawasaki. Back in the 1970's Kawasaki had a dress code for every
Six-time 250 World Champion Joel Robert could ride his bike faster than anyone in the 250 World Championships, but if he raced it as fast
By Tom White Adolf Hitler tried. So did the Russians. But nothing could stifle the Czechoslovakian spirit?a society that honored its engineers and technicians with
By Tom White Manufactured in Czechoslovakia (the first CZ bike was made in 1932), the 1971-1972 yellow tankers were very similar to other CZ's of
By Tom White In 1975 there were a host of Japanese entries into the highly competitive motocross market. Czechoslovakian brand CZ responded with a machine
Before Roger DeCoster and Joel Robert were teammates at Suzuki, the six-time 250 Champion and five-time 500 Champion were on the Czechoslovakian CZ team together.
Do you remember when Joel Robert could do virtually anything on a motorcycle? The six-time 250 World Champion made his bones on a CZ twin-piper.
By Tom White By 1966 the writing was on the wall for the heavy British four-stroke scramblers. Competition motorcycles from CZ, Husqvarna, Bultaco and Greeves
Tony D not only won AMA Nationals on a privateer CZ, but he almost won the 1974 AMA 500 National Championship on it (but he
What goes around, comes around. Bad things come in threes. What goes up must come down. You can't win 'em all. All's fair in love
Do you remember when Rex Staten (24) led the USGP on a CZ? He had a chance to win until the motor mounts broke.


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Prototype 2 Review :
Hell is just the beginning of a new NYZ - Prototype 2 Review
May 03, 2012
S'up guys. Dave 'ere. Prototype 2 is one of my favorite games ever. From choice of two missions, too free roam, black boxes, and different zones. This is one game that'll NOT stop giving. You are Sergeant James Heller, infected, and after your creator Alex Mercer. You want that a**hole dead! You have god-like powers including claws, tendrils, running up walls, gliding, and consuming. Yes, literally take somebody's body. Camouflage. Yes, smart. And Heller curses NON-STOP. Ever...
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If government shutdown was a TV show, what show would it be?
Welcome to the intractable pox-on-both-their-houses government shutdown in which all parties involved are disinclined to find common ground.
With approval ratings for both parties, Congress and the president at record lows the popular culture barometer of the national mood seems to have shifted from "The Greatest American Hero" to "The Dark Knight." »Read Full Blog Post(2)
'Glee' says goodbye to Cory Monteith in tonight's must-see episode
It will be fascinating to see how the Fox series "Glee" deals with the death of regular cast member Cory Monteith, who played the sensitive jock Finn in tonight's episode.
Monteith died of a heroin overdose in June. He was an integral part of an already emotional and sentimental show, and tonight's episode will surely trigger the water-works as cast members, among them Lea Michelle, pay tribute to the beloved character.
The tears they shed will surely be genuine. Co-star Jane Lynch has called the episode "cathartic" and "beautifully written." »Read Full Blog Post(7)
'Glee'-inspired reality show set in La Crosse
La Crosse's "ambassadors of music," the Grand River Singers are stars of a reality show "Off Pitch," premiering on VH1 April 17.
Watch a trailer for the show - which looks like a cross between "Glee" and the ensemble comedy mockumentary stylings of Christopher Guest - below.
The trailer describes the singing group as the only "all adult 'Glee'-inspired community singing group." You can watch the full first episode on the VH1 website. »Read Full Blog Post(2)
In the matter of Packers vs. 'Glee'
Everyone knows football trumps all.
Which means the Green Bay Packers game against the dreaded but not feared Chicago Bears tonight, airing on Fox affiliate WITI-TV (Channel 6), will pre-empt the premiere of "Glee" and the second night of "The X-Factor."
The NFL Network allows stations in each team's market to bid for the rights to carry the game, which would not otherwise be available to Time Warner Cable Subscribers. The cable service does not carry the channel. »Read Full Blog Post(18)
Kristen Wiig, Will Ferrell in Milwaukee this week
It's a big week for Milwaukee on film.
"Bridesmaids" is set - and exteriors were filmed - here and the film is filled with iconic local references. Star Kristen Wiig, for instance, lives in an apartment on Kinnickinnic.
And Will Ferrell drinks a couple cases if what made Milwaukee famous - Pabst Blue Ribbon - in "Everything Must Go." The poignant film about a depressed man selling all his possessions is based on a story by Raymond Carver. Of the two films, this is the one I recommend. »Read Full Blog Post(3)
Grab bag - Cebar, Palin and Vince Condella
Which of these things is not like the others? All of them.
Check out this random grouping of items that caught my eye today.
Soup is liquid lunch. Mashed potatoes are stomach spackle. Tom Haver of "Parks and Recreation" moonlights as a food writer. Click on his picture for different phrases. »Read Full Blog Post
'Glee' beats Beatles? Not on my watch!
You've probably already read the news that songs by the cast of "Glee" have made more appearances on Billboard's Hot 100 list than the Beatles.
Songs by the show's cast members have made appearances in the Top 100, 75 times to the Beatles 71 times. Elvis Presley and James Brown, however, still beat them both - 108 and 91 respectively.
I mention this as someone who as a young person would actually have to ride my bike or get a ride to Woolworths or GEX or Arlans and have an interaction with a sales clerk to buy a record, which seems to me a bit harder than impulsively clicking a button on iTunes or Amazon. I really wanted that 45rpm. »Read Full Blog Post(4)
Jimmy Fallon's "Born To Run"
I know it's been a week since the Emmys, but people are still talking about host Jimmy Fallon's opening sketch in which he, the cast of "Glee," Tina Fey of "30 Rock," Jon Hamm of "Mad Men," and Randy Jackson of "American Idol," do an infectious version of "Born to Run." He should have pulled Courtney Cox out of the audience to join in. I wonder what Bruce Springsteen thought?
Check it out below. (6)
"Glee" Madonna episode repeats Friday
Fox in its wisdom has decided to repeat Tuesday night's episode of "Glee," featuring the music of Madonna, Friday at 8 p.m. locally. It will air on WITI-TV (Channel 6). Adjust your DVRs accordingly.
When "Glee" aired last night, anyone who DVRd it found the entire show wasn't recorded because "American Idol" ran several minutes longer than usual. See my earlier blog entry on the problem.
Was this a calculated stick in Madonna's eye by Idol producer Simon Cowell? Madonna, meanwhile, hasn't been this relevant in years. Fox has even scheduled another Madonna-centric "Glee" this fall.
The soundtrack from the "Glee" episode became the number one most downloaded album on iTunes overnight. The repeat of "Glee" on Friday pre-empts "Kitchen Nightmares."
'Lost,' 'Idol' & most of 'Glee'
It's tough to be a couch potato on Tuesday nights. There's too much on television.
It's why God invented DVRs.
Since sitting through Monday's 90-minute season ending episode of the convoluted "Damages" seemed too much of a chore, I settled for the much hyped Madonna episode of "Glee" which was "already in progress" on my DVR. My favorite part of the show is its reinterpretation of familiar tunes - just thinking about last season's show stopping "Don't Rain on My Parade" gives me goosebumps. »Read Full Blog Post(4)
I'm no Gleek - an obessive fan of "Glee" which returns tonight on Fox - but it is part of my pop culture diet.
The show, about a high school glee club, is entertaining and even uplifting, and it has a huge cult following. The show is "for anyone who ever got a wedgie in high school," its creator Ryan Murphy has said.
He was on "Oprah" last week, with the cast which performed Queen's "Somebody to Love." »Read Full Blog Post(7)
Jimmy Fallon, "Parks & Rec" and "Glee"
Watch a parody of "Glee," below, from last week's "Late Night with Jimmy Fallon" show in which his staff Amy Poehler and the characters from "Parks & Recreation" compete in a sing-off. Pretty funny stuff.
(Sadly there's a commercial embedded in the clip. Click on the little speaker to turn off the volume.) (2)


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Collection Civil War Maps
Results: 1-1 of 1 | Refined by: Part of: Civil War Maps Remove Contributor: Mills, Robert Remove Subject: Orangeburg County (s.c.) Remove
[Orangeburgh District, South Carolina]
Title, date, and scale from Stephenson's Civil War Maps, 1989. Relief shown by hachures. LC Civil War maps (2nd ed.), S150 Incomplete; the eastern and western portions of the map are wanting. Pen and ink tracing of part of a map in Robert Mills's Atlas of the State of South Carolina . . . Baltimore, F. Lucas, Jr. [1825] Available also through the Library ...
- Contributor: Mills, Robert - Busby
- Date: 1820


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As a university undergraduate, I'm hopefully poorer than I shall ever be again. Actually, that's probably a lie. But negative job and property-ladder prospects aside, as a student, isn't it my prerogative to lament my current financial situation? And is it not, therefore, permitted to be as socially irresponsible as I see fit?
Ignore the cynical business bashing by politicians playing to a gallery that is not listening. Smart voters know that entrepreneurship and innovation fuel greater national and personal prosperity. As do most business leaders who believe that Britain has been great for business, despite five decades of boom and bust.


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Hammered today
Study of Abbott,Reata Kidney-Disease Drug Stopped Over Safety Concerns 10/18 09:36 AM
Abbott Laboratories (ABT:$65.16,00$-3.88,00-5.62%) said Thursday a clinical trial of an experimental treatment for kidney disease was discontinued due to safety concerns including an excessive death rate among the drug's users.
Abbott was informed of the trial's discontinuation Wednesday by its partner for the drug, Reata Pharmaceuticals Inc., Abbott said in a filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Reata confirmed the news in a separate statement.
Abbott licensed rights for the drug, bardoxolone, outside the U.S. from Reata in 2010.
According to Abbott, Reata discontinued a late-stage, or Phase 3, study evaluating bardoxolone in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease and Type 2 diabetes.
The discontinuation was based on a recommendation by the study's independent data monitoring committee, due to "excess serious adverse events and mortality in the bardoxolone methyl arm." The drug was being compared with a placebo, according to clinicaltrials.gov.
Abbott said regulatory agencies have been notified, and study sites and study participants are being informed.
The companies will review the data to determine whether there is an appropriate path forward for development of the drug in chronic kidney disease or other potential uses.
(END) Dow Jones Newswires
Me, yesterday :D
Sentiment: Buy
I heard Cramer say buy ABT ahead of split so hopefully he'll mention it on his show tonight
and say buy, buy, buy. I just bought today, haven't traded this in a long time!!!
Sentiment: Strong Buy


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McGuinness, Gerard (2015) The impact of the financial crisis on the working capital of SMEs: a panel data analysis. PhD thesis, Dublin City University.
Boehm, Diana Nadine (2012) Collaborative networks for scientific knowledge commercialisation: A science-to-business marketing approach. PhD thesis, Dublin City University.
Chalkley, Louise V. (2012) What is entrepreneurship? A phenomenological enquiry into the venture creation processes of a rapidly growing firm: The archaeology company. PhD thesis, Dublin City University.


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Thank you to everyone for helping make the Rhode Island Free to Breathe Run/Walk an enormous success! The efforts and commitment by those who participated, donated or fundraised to help lung cancer patients and their families is inspiring.
Check back for more details about next year's event!
Did you know you can start fundraising for next year's Run/Walk now? Our Community Fundraising program allows you to fundraise year-round with unique tools to help you succeed. All of your proceeds can be designated to your 2016 team!
• 350 participants
• over $60,000 raised so far
Find out how you placed on event day.
Donation Form
Pledge Form
Free parking is available by Daggett Farm.
|486 participants
|425 participants
|506 participants
|over $60,000 raised
|over $29,500 raised
|over $54,000 raised
|2014 Photos
|2013 Photos
|2012 Photos
|2014 Race Results
|2013 Race Results
|2012 Race Results
Free to Breathe depends on the kindness and dedication of volunteers to make the event a success. A variety of volunteer opportunities exist, and whether part of the planning committee or event day festivities, each person makes a difference.
Find out how you can get involved by filling out the volunteer survey, or by contacting:
Donna Perry, Volunteer Local Event Chair
Email: email@example.com
As a sponsor of the Rhode Island Free to Breathe event, your support can mean the world to people affected by lung cancer. It can also provide an unparalleled opportunity to create a unique selling proposition for your organization. As a Free to Breathe sponsor, you will increase visibility, build credibility, gain access to important markets, and differentiate your organization.
View the sponsorship package.
Kristen Connolly-Smith, Regional Events Manager, Northeast
Email: email@example.com
Donna Perry, Volunteer Local Event Chair
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Kristen Connolly-Smith
Regional Events Manager, Northeast
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Phone: 386.566.9870
Fax: 608.833.7906
1 Point Place, Suite 200
Madison, WI 53719
©2016 Free To Breathe | All rights reserved. | Federal tax exempt ID number: 45-0505050.


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