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Victims of Crime Research Digest, Issue No. 7
Let's "Paws" to Consider the Possibility: Using Support Dogs with Victims of Crime
Susan McDonald and Lara Rooney
Today, a service dog helping an individual with sight limitations is accepted and relatively common. There are other trained dogs including those who serve individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing and those who serve individuals with mobility limitations. Provincial, territorial, and federal human rights legislation ensures that these service dogs are able to accompany those they serve just about anywhere including public transportation, the workplace, stores, and restaurants. Dogs and other animals have also been part of treatment for a wide range of people, including children who have been abused and adults with mental illness.
There is evidence that animals, and in particular dogs, are breaking down more barriers to provide support for victims, witnesses, and offenders by entering the criminal justice domain. As awareness about the role dogs can play in supporting victims of crime grows in Canada, this article provides a timely review of the social science research on the efficacy of therapy/victim services/assistance/support dogs and how they are being used in the United States and Canada to make a difference for victims of crime.
A Note About Names
Considering the number of different names given to therapy/victim services/intervention/assistance/ support dogs, it is no wonder that there is some confusion about their status and their role. There are also psychiatric service dogs (PSDs, a term from the United States) that a psychiatrist may recommend to lend support to persons with mental health issues. For the purpose of this article, the term "support dog" shall be used in keeping with the purpose of the Criminal Code testimonial support provisions. The key distinction is between service dogs and other support dogs that provide comfort and a calming presence to vulnerable persons or groups.
The Canadian Service Dog Foundation defines a service dog as "a dog individually trained to do work or perform tasks for a person with a disability."[1] Each province and territory has legislation that establishes the legal status of service dogs: in some jurisdictions, there is a general provision in human rights legislation; in others, the legislation is very specific, such as Alberta's Service Dogs Act (S.A.2007, c.S-7.5) where service dogs are defined as "a dog trained as a guide for a disabled person and having the qualifications prescribed by the regulations." The regulations name a training and accreditation organization for service dogs.[2] Service dogs are considered work dogs, not pets.
Support dogs do not have the legal status that service dogs do. Most organizations, as well as legislation and research, make a clear distinction between support dogs and service dogs. While service dogs belong to an individual, support dogs tend to belong to an organization and will work with many different persons or groups.
Social Science Research
Is there empirical evidence demonstrating the benefits of support dogs for victims of crime? Because this is a relatively new role for support dogs, there have been no specific studies on support dogs working with victim services inside or out of the courtroom. Related evidence suggests that this type of support may prove beneficial for victims of crime. For example, there have been studies on the role of dogs in therapy for victims of child sexual and physical abuse (see Dietz et al. 2012) and on patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (Lefkowitz et al. 2005). It is therefore necessary to draw conclusions from the more general research on the benefits of support animals and from research where animals have been used with specific groups.
Benefits of Animals in General
Studies have shown the psychological benefits of support dogs in areas such as depression (Francis et al. 1985; Siegal 1990), aggression (Kanamori et al. 2001), and stress and anxiety (Barker and Dawson 1998; Beck et al. 1986; Davis 1988; Siegal 1990). Social science research provides evidence that animal companions have positive impacts on physiological symptoms of stress and anxiety such as high heart rate, high blood pressure, rapid, shallow breathing, and dissociation. (see Johnson 2010). Put simply, animals may be able to calm people down and can have a positive impact on their emotions. The presence of such an animal can divert attention away from what is causing the stress and/or anxiety (Leaser 2005, 955).
Animals in Therapy
Dr. Boris Levinson, a psychologist, began to incorporate animals into his therapy sessions in the 1960s. He found that his patients were often able to trust the animals, and this helped them open up and trust him (Levinson 1969).
Animals that are involved in Animal Assisted Therapy (AAT) serve different roles, such as a companion, a social facilitator, or as a substitute to develop a relationship of trust. Sockalingham et al. (2008) note that animals can also provide emotional support, reinforce feelings of independence, and stimulate awareness. Beck (1985) noted that one advantage of using AAT is that therapeutic results are often immediate, even in difficult-to-treat patients who were previously withdrawn, uncooperative, and uncommunicative. This is especially important in the context of supporting victims of crime during the forensic interview or at other key stages in the criminal justice system, such as testifying.
Why AAT is beneficial is not clear. Sockalingham et al. (2008, 75) note that:
Although attachment to another human also may aid in well-being (Sable, 1995), the attachment with an animal can be regarded as less complicated (Rynearson, 1978). In one preliminary study, measurements of neurochemicals linked to affiliation behavior indicated a mutualistic fulfillment of attention needs during AAT (Odendaal, 2000). This would suggest a physiological basis for the effectiveness of AAT.
In a more recent article, Chur-Hansen et al. (2010) note that while there have been numerous studies on the health impacts of animals on human beings, some of the results are inconclusive and, as noted above, the why and how on the benefits are not clear. These authors focus on two research gaps:
"(i) a preponderance of anecdotal reports and cross-sectional research designs; and (ii) failure to control for a host of other known influences on human health including health habits, level of attachment to the companion animal and human social supports" (2010, 140).
Another area where there exists very little evidence-based research is in the field of communication disorders. This is important in the context of support dogs and victims of crime given the value of the victim being able to communicate his or her experience fully and clearly to criminal justice professionals (e.g., police, the judge, or jury). One study explores the effects of a therapy dog on the communication skills of a patient with aphasia receiving intensive speech and language therapy within a rehabilitation setting. The researchers conclude that the presence of the dog has the potential to stimulate both overt social-verbal and social-nonverbal communication (LaFrance et al.2007).
Furthermore, a recent study by Dietz et al. (2012) compared three different therapy groups for children who had experienced sexual abuse. The study was facilitated through a Children's Advocacy Centre in the southern United States and involved 153 children between the ages of 7 and 17. Children in the groups that included therapy dogs showed statistically significant decreases in trauma symptoms including anxiety, depression, anger, post-traumatic stress disorder, and sexual concerns.
While this article focuses on support dogs, there is also a body of research on the benefits of introducing horses to support work with vulnerable individuals.[3] Data also indicate that both patients and staff from varied hospital units report greater happiness, decreased sadness, and a greater sense of being loved when AAT is administered (Cole and Gawlinski 2000).
In Canada
Over the past several decades in Canada, there has been a growing recognition of the need to support victims of crime as they engage with the criminal justice system. This includes crisis response at the time of an incident or shortly thereafter, during the forensic interview for example, as well as prior to and during a criminal trial, and during the period in which an offender is incarcerated. These programs, generally referred to as victim services, are largely funded by the provinces and territories and are organized in a variety of ways including police-based, system-based, and community-based services. The programs vary widely between and within jurisdictions. It has only been in the past decade that Statistics Canada has attempted to document these programs and the services provided to Canadians (see Kong 2004). And it has only been in the past couple of years that victim services programs have started to incorporate support dogs into their work with victims of crime.
In the Criminal Code, there are specific provisions to support those who testify in a criminal trial. Parliament enacted the first support person provision in 1993 to allow a support person to be close to a child witness while he or she tenders evidence in court. The original legislation applied only to charges related to sexual or violent offences. In 2005, Bill C-2 introduced a presumptive provision (s.486.1(1)) on application by a prosecutor or witness under age 18 or of a witness who has a mental or physical disability in any criminal proceeding, unless the judge concludes that the order would interfere with the proper administration of justice. Section 486.1(2) introduced a discretionary provision where the judge may order a support person of the witness's choice if the judge is of the opinion that the order is necessary to obtain a full and candid account from the witness. In making such an order, the judge may consider factors such as age, a mental or physical disability, the nature of the offence, and the nature of the relationship as well as any other factors the judge deems relevant.
As Bala et al. (2011, ix) note in their report on testimonial aids,
The courts have accepted that in enacting ss. 486.1, 486.2, and 486.3, Parliament intended to increase the use of accommodations for child witnesses, by increasing the use of support persons, closed-circuit television and screens, and counsel appointed to cross-examine child witnesses where accused persons are self-represented. There are very few reported cases in which use of an accommodation was requested and the accused satisfied the court that use of the accommodation would "interfere with the administration of justice."
A support person might be a social worker or a victim witness worker. In some cases, a parent may also be an appropriate support person, although a judge may decide that this interferes with the proper administration of justice if the allegation involves abuse by the other parent or a relative or if the parent is also testifying. There has yet to be a case in Canada where a support dog has accompanied a vulnerable person during testimony, nor has an application for a support dog ever been made. There are, however, numerous such cases in the United States.
Support Dogs in the United States
Dogs in victim services and dogs in courtrooms are more common in the United States than in Canada. In at least 21 states, dogs are able to, upon application by the prosecutor, accompany sexually abused children into the courtroom when they take the stand, offering support and comfort while the children testify (Courthouse Dog Foundation).
Dellinger (2008-09) provides a history and arguments for a legal foundation to allow assistance animals (specifically support dogs) into courtrooms. As part of her research, Dellinger undertook interviews with judges involved in a pilot program in King County, Washington, which involved the use of dogs in the courtroom. She suggests that the support from "canine attendants" should be codified like the support from human attendants to provide more direction on instances in which the use of a dog in the courtroom should be allowed (Dellinger 2008-09, 186-187). Dellinger notes further that, "...awareness of victims' rights appears to be increasing in legal circles; with this comes an interest in modern solutions that help victims yet still respect the bounds of the traditional legal system. Canine emotional support programs are such a solution" (ibid.).
While there are no specific provisions in state or federal legislation that articulate the acceptance of assistance animals in the courtroom, most states have similar provisions to those in the Criminal Code as described above, at least for child victims. Most applications for assistance animals during testimony are granted on more general provisions for support during testimony, and often just for children, as in the Arkansas Annotated Code (16-43-1202) below:
Safeguards for child victims testifying in judicial and administrative proceedings.
(6) If it is in the child's best interests, the prosecuting attorney, attorney ad item, or Office of Chief Counsel attorney may file a motion for the child to have a support person present when the child testifies in a judicial proceeding or an administrative proceeding;
The Federal Rules of Evidence 611 (FRE 611) also provide:
The court shall exercise reasonable control over the model and order of interrogating witnesses and presenting evidence so as to (1) make the interrogation and presentation effective for the ascertainment of the truth, (2) avoid needless consumption of time, and (3) protect witnesses from harassment or undue embarrassment.
There are also similar rules at the state level.[4] The flexibility in FRE 611 is very important and gives the presiding judge a fair amount of discretion to adapt circumstances to the unique characteristics of a given case. In interpreting the legislation on "safeguards" or "testimonial supports" for child witnesses, there are a number of court decisions at the trial and appellate levels which examine the issue of dogs in the courtroom (Dellinger 2008-2009, 181-188). In the US, one of the concerns is the "confrontation issue" (Dellinger 2008-2009, 182). This refers to the Sixth Amendment of the US Constitution[5] which guarantees an accused, among other things, the right to confront witnesses. In Canadian criminal law, there is no such guarantee.
The website http://www.courthousedogs.com provides numerous legal tools to assist organizations and the State to make persuasive arguments regarding the use of dogs in the courtroom. For example, one section describes techniques for "minimizing prejudice"[6]; in several cases, the support dog entered the courtroom before the jury and stayed behind the witness box so that the jurors were not aware of its presence. In another section on appellate cases, it is possible to access the facta used by defence counsel and the State in the cases.[7]
Canada's First Victim Services Dogs
Canada's very first victim services dog is a Yellow Labrador Retriever named Caber.[8] Caber joined the Delta Police Victim Services, serving Delta, British Columbia, in July 2010 for the K9 Trauma Project, funded in part by the Victims Fund of the Department of Justice Canada. Caber was bred and trained by the Pacific Assistance Dogs Society (PADS).[9]
Caber is a Canine Assisted Intervention trained intervention dog and will support the work of the victim services personnel as required. For example, Caber may attend at the scene of the crime, in the hospital, or at the police station to help calm a victim so he or she can provide a statement or just talk about what has happened. PADS retains ownership of all the dogs they place in therapy and service capacities until the dog retires. Retaining ownership of the dog is important as the dog can be taken back if he or she is ever misused or abused and this also keeps the dog handlers, who are employees of the organization, and PADS staff well connected with each other for support and assistance. When a dog officially retires as a working dog, the handler gets the first option to adopt him or her.
The K9 Trauma Project Summary Report noted the following in terms of intangible benefits of Caber:
Intangibly speaking, our K9 services have reached and connected with clients in an incredibly meaningful and positive way. It is difficult to summarize the impact that the K9 and this service has had on clients he has had contact with. Clients report the following: being incredibly comforted by the K9, finding immense cathartic benefit to petting the K9, being more receptive to services as a result of the K9, and a different and more positive opinion/outlook on police and police services because of the K9. Victim Services K9 handlers report: the K9 calms clients down who are excessively agitated, clients begin to talk more easily when the K9 is present, the cathartic benefit to petting an animal is obvious and overt in many situations, and clients approach Victim Services in a more positive and receptive manner.
In early 2013, Caber moved into the courthouse and, as a pilot project, attends Crown Counsel pre-trial interviews to provide comfort to victims when they are discussing their testimony. It is hoped that eventually Caber will be able to act as a support dog when vulnerable witnesses are testifying in court.
Lucy, a black Labrador, joined the Camrose Police at the end of April 2013 and is Canada's second victim services dog and the first in Alberta.[10] Lucy was trained by Dogs with Wings, which is the only accredited assistance dog training centre in Alberta. In addition, in the fall of 2013, a support dog joined the Calgary Police Services Victim Assistance Support Team.
In July, Fossey and Wren, mother and daughter golden Labradors arrived at the Zebra Child Protection Centre in Edmonton.[11] The dogs play different roles depending on the needs of the child or youth and his or her family. This may include greeting the family, staying in the forensic interview room during the interview, or just being present in the waiting area for the child to pat.
It is important to add that the handlers of the support dogs always ask permission of the vulnerable individual before introducing the support dog. If someone has allergies or is afraid, or expresses any kind of discomfort, the support dog would not be introduced.
So What Happens Next?
Research clearly shows the benefits of animals to vulnerable individuals in general and in supportive or therapeutic-like contexts, although some results are inconclusive. These inconclusive results may be attributed to weaknesses or limitations in the research design. Research specific to victim services or support dogs would provide evidence as to whether greater involvement of support dogs with victims of crime would be beneficial or not. Such research needs to be designed carefully to ensure it is as rigorous as possible given the particular context.
Support animals can make a difference physiologically, emotionally and mentally. Given the impact victimization can have on children and adults, such interventions appear to be worth considering. So let's "paws" and consider this possibility.
- Bala, Nicholas, Joanne J. Paetsch, Lorne D. Bertrand, and Meaghan Thomas. 2011. Testimonial support provisions for children and vulnerable adults (Bill C-2): Case law review and perceptions of the judiciary. Ottawa: Department of Justice Canada.
- Barker, Sandra B., and Kathryn S. Dawson. 1998. The effects of animal-assisted therapy on anxiety ratings of hospitalized psychiatric patients. Psychiatric Service 49:797-801.
- Beck, Alan M., Louisa Seraydarian, and G. Frederick Hunter. 1986. The use of animals in the rehabilitation of psychiatric inpatients. Psychological Reports 58:63-66.
- Beck, Alan M. 1985. The therapeutic uses of animals, veterinary clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice 15(2).
- Chur-Hansen, Anna, Cindy Stern, and Helen Winefield. 2010. Gaps in the evidence about companion animals and human health: Some suggestions for progress. International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare 8(3): 140-146.
- Cole, Kathie M., and Anna Gawlinski. 2000. Animal-assisted therapy: The human-animal bond. AACN Clinical Issues Advanced Practice in Acute Critical Care 11(1): 139-149.
- Davis, Janet Haggerty. 1988. Animal-facilitated therapy in stress meditation. Holistic Nursing Practice 2:75-83.
- Dellinger, Marianne. 2008-09. Using Dogs for Emotional Support of Testifying Victims of Crime. Animal Law 15:171-192.
- Dietz, Tracy J., Diana Davis, and Jacquelyn Pennings. 2012. Evaluating animal-assisted therapy in group treatment for child sexual abuse. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse 21:665-683.
- Francis, Gloria, Jean T. Turner, and Suzanne B. Johnson. 1985. Domestic animal visitation as therapy with adult home residents. International Journal of Nursing Studies 22(3): 201-206.
- Johnson, Rebecca A. 2010. Psychosocial and therapeutic aspects of human-animal interaction. In Human-animal medicine: clinical approaches to zoonoses, toxicants, and other shared health risks, ed. Peter M. Rabinowitz and Lis A. Conti, chap. 5, 24-36. Maryland Heights, MO: Saunders/Elsevier.
- Kanamori, Masao, Mizue Suzuki, Kiyomi Yamamoto, Masahiro Kanda, Yumi Matsui, Emi Kojima, Hirono Fukawa, Tomomi Sugita, and Hajime Oshiro. 2001. A day care program and evaluation of animal-assisted therapy (AAT) for the elderly with senile dementia. American Journal of Alzheimers Disease and Other Dementias 16:234-239.
- Kong, Rebecca. 2004. Victim services in Canada, 2002/03. Juristat 24(11). Ottawa: Statistics Canada. Catalogue no. 85-002-XPE
- LaFrance, Caroline, Linda J. Garcia, Julianne Labreche. 2007. The effect of a therapy dog on the communication skills of an adult with aphasia: Case report. Journal of Communication Disorders 40(3): 215-24.
- Leaser, Andrew. 2005. See Spot mediate: Utilizing the emotional and psychological benefits of "dog therapy" in victim-offender mediation. Ohio State Journal on Dispute Resolution 20(2): 943-980, at 955.
- Lefkowitz, Carin, Indira Paharia, Maurice Prout, Dennis Debiak, and James Bleiberg. 2005. Animal-assisted prolonged exposure: A treatment for survivors of sexual assault suffering Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Society & Animals 23(4): 275-295.
- Levinson, Boris M. 1969. Pet-oriented child psychotherapy. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
- Morton, Dave. 2005. Dogs can help alleviate depression. Voices of Save - Suicide Awareness Voices of Education (Fall): 4.
- Odendaal, Johannes. 2000. Animal Assisted Therapy - magic or medicine? Journal of Psychosomatic Research 49:275-280. Quoted in Sockalingam, Sanjeev, Madeline Li, Upasana Krishnadev, Keith Hanson, Kayli Balaban, Laura R. Pacione, and Shree Bhalerao. 2008. Use of animal-assisted therapy in the rehabilitation of an assault victim with a concurrent mood disorder. Issues in Mental Health Nursing 29:73-84.
- Rynearson, Edward. 1978. Humans and pets and attachments. British Journal of Psychiatry 133:550-555. Quoted in Sockalingam, Sanjeev, Madeline Li, Upasana Krishnadev, Keith Hanson, Kayli Balaban, Laura R. Pacione, and Shree Bhalerao. 2008. Use of animal-assisted therapy in the rehabilitation of an assault victim with a concurrent mood disorder. Issues in Mental Health Nursing 29:73-84.
- Sable, Pat. 1995. Pets, attachment, and well-being across the life cycle. Social Work 40(3): 334-341. Quoted in Sockalingam, Sanjeev, Madeline Li, Upasana Krishnadev, Keith Hanson, Kayli Balaban, Laura R. Pacione, and Shree Bhalerao. 2008. Use of animal-assisted therapy in the rehabilitation of an assault victim with a concurrent mood disorder. Issues in Mental Health Nursing 29:73-84.
- Siegal, Judith M. 1990. Stressful life events and use of physician services among the elderly: The moderating role of pet ownership. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 58(6): 1081-1086.
- Sockalingam, Sanjeev, Madeline Li, Upasana Krishnadev, Keith Hanson, Kayli Balaban, Laura R. Pacione, and Shree Bhalerao. 2008. Use of animal-assisted therapy in the rehabilitation of an assault victim with a concurrent mood disorder. Issues in Mental Health Nursing 29:73-84.
[1] Canadian Service Dog Foundation, Frequently Asked Questions, from http://www.servicedog.ca/about-us/faq (accessed September 30, 2013).
[2] "A dog that has qualifications resulting from the successful completion of a training program delivered by a school or institution accredited by Assistance Dogs International, Inc. has the qualifications of a service dog for the purposes of the Act."( AR 197/2008 s1;1/2010)
[3] See www.petpartners.org for up-to-date annotated bibliographies on research related to service and support animals. In the late1960s, the Delta Foundation was established; it was later renamed the Delta Society, then in the last couple years, Pet Partners. The organization was founded to ensure robust research on the impact of animals in treating individuals. The website states that: "Pet Partners, formerly Delta Society, is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization that helps people live healthier and happier lives by incorporating therapy, service and companion animals into their lives. The organization is funded through individuals, foundations and corporations."
[4] For example, Washington Rules of Evidence 611(a) is identical to the FRE 611.
[5] "In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation, to be confronted with the witnesses against him, to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense." (Emphasis added). For more context see the Legal Information Institute at Cornell University Law School at http://www.law.cornell.edu/anncon/html/amdt6frag6_user.html#amdt6_hd30.
[6] http://www.courthousedogs.com/legal_minimizing_prejudice.html.
[7] http://www.courthousedogs.com/legal_appellate_cases.html.
[8] See http://deltapolice.ca/services/victimservices/trauma-k9/.
[9] See www.pads.ca for more information.
[10] See http://www.camrosebooster.com/node/2546.
[11] For media coverage of the arrival of Fossey and Wren, see http://globalnews.ca/news/824426/dogs-help-child-victims-open-up-about-their-experiences/. For more information about the Zebra Child Protection Centre, see http://www.zebracentre.ca/awareness/.
Susan McDonald, LLB, PhD, is Principal Researcher with the Research and Statistics Division, Department of Justice Canada, in Ottawa. She is responsible for victims of crime research in the Department and has extensive research experience on a range of victim issues.
Lara Rooney is a policy analyst with the Policy Centre for Victim Issues, Department of Justice Canada, in Ottawa. She is responsible for the Children's Advocacy Centres initiative at the PCVI and also provides policy input on a range of Victims Fund projects as well as general oversight to the Victims Fund.
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Donald E. Mears Sr.December 11,2012Donald E. Mears Sr.
BENNINGTON Donald E. Mears Sr., 68, died Sunday, Dec. 9, 2012, at his residence.
The funeral will be held at St. Peters Episcopal Church on Wednesday, Dec. 12, at 11 a.m., where the Burial Office with Holy Eucharist will be offered by the Rev. Justin Lanier, rector.
Friends may call Tuesday, Dec. 11, from 5 to 7 p.m. at the Mahar & Son Funeral Home in Bennington.
A complete obituary will be published in a future edition of the Rutland Herald.MORE IN ObituariesDonald F. Full StoryDonald F. Jones
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All Articles Tagged "rosie perez"
Karma Coming Heavy: Kelly Osbourne Asks If Latinos Were Deported Who Will Clean Your Toilets?
Giuliana Rancic is somewhere laughing her head off right now. During a recent appearance on "The View," her former "Fashion Police" co-host Kelly Osbourne put her foot all the way in her mouth in an attempt to scold Donald Trump for his ignorant and racist comments against Latinos in this country.
In a clip that's already beginning to circulate around the internet, Osbourne said, "If you kick every Latino out of this country, then who is going to be cleaning your toilet Donald Trump."
With Rosie Perez sitting on the panel, the reaction was swift.
There were moans and groans of disappointment before Osbourne tried to explain: "In the sense that…you know what I mean? What I'm saying is, in L.A., they always…"
But the damage had already been done.
Rosie countered, naturally, that Latinos aren't the only people who clean toilets in this country.
And Osbourne probably beginning to realize the error in her ways said sympathetically, "No, that's not what I'm saying."
Ooo girl. This is a failure of epic portions. It really is all bad.
I'm not going to be quick to write homegirl off as a racist. Buuuuuut, if we were to look at this comment in isolation, it's racist as all hell. And if I were Osbourne, I would be trying to do some serious soul searching to try and figure out what mental lack would cause me to say something like that. To immediately associate Latinos with cleaning toilets is severely screwed up and I really don't know what she might have been trying to say with this particular word choice
It's bad, real bad.
In fact, on the scale of racially offensive, it's much worse than what Giuliana Rancic said about Zendaya's faux locs.
As unfortunate as this is for Kelly Osbourne, I can't help but get a little chuckle out of this because Osbourne represents so many White people in our society. There are quite a few White people who think they get it. They believe they sympathize with minorities, understand White privilege and will even come to the aid of their friends who have been made the pit of some off color joke. But in the right conversation, whether public or private, their own mouths will betray their deepest, truest feelings.
And I'm not saying that as a way to condemn White folks who are trying to do and better.
I see this as karma showing Kelly that while she was so ready to drag Rancic for her comments, there is some work she still has to do for herself.
Rosie Perez Is Leaving "The View"
After nearly six months of speculation, ABC has confirmed Rosie Perez's departure from "The View," USA Today reports.
In an internal memo Tuesday, Executive Producer Bill Wolfe told members of "The View" staff that Perez will be leaving the panel to pursue acting full time.
Our friend Rosie Perez has decided to leave the show at the conclusion of this season to pursue full time her love for acting. Stepping into the role of talk show host at the same time she has been starring on Broadway has been incredibly impressive.
Rumors regarding Perez's departure began circulating in January when she took time off from the daytime talk show to appear in Broadway stage play A Fish In The Dark. However, those whispers were quickly silenced when the actress returned to her post full time on February 3.
Perez will complete the current season, but will not return next season. The panelists are expected to formally announce her departure today.
Follow Jazmine on Twitter @JazmineDenise
Tags:rosie perez, The View
"All I Wanted To Do Was Hump Her" About The Time Rosie Perez Had A Girlfriend
If you've ever taken a psychology class, you know they teach you that sexuality is fluid, meaning very few people identify as 100 percent heterosexual throughout every period of their life, 100 percent of the time.
As we become more honest and progressive in society, people, particularly celebrities, feel more and more comfortable admitting to their own period of questioning or exploration.
"The View" co-host Rosie Perez is the latest celeb to admit to her same-sex attraction when she was in middle school.
According to The Hollywood Reporter, Perez revealed this little tidbit during a speech at the TrevorLIVE event in New York City. The Trevor Project, the organization who hosted the event, is a national LGBT youth organization. Perez was there to speak to the importance of teens having someone to talk to about their sexuality.
She said:
"Every human being, whether they want to admit it or not, went through a period of questioning. I know I did."
Perez then told a story about the feelings she had for and the relationship she had with another girl during junior high.
"All I wanted to do was hump her. And I suppressed the urge and suppressed the urge and suppressed the urge until Michelle one day started humping on me."
Perez said that when she and Michelle broke up, they also lost their friendship. And after the relationship, she felt that she couldn't speak to anyone about the questions she had regarding her sexuality.
"I'm not the only one that went through this questioning period. I'm not the only one that suppressed those feelings, who hid their story. I know I'm not lesbian, gay or whatever–I'm a quasi-straight person- I still went through that period. And I thought I was all alone."
Perez praised The Trevor project, specifically their crisis hotline fro providing that outlet for people who may be struggling to define or embrace their sexuality.
"If I had other people, specifically adults, if I was just able to call up and they said, 'Oh, I humped the Michelle-type person, too. You're normal, don't worry. You're either gonna go here, there or in the middle. Don't worry about it. It'll pass. You're just figuring it out,' even that simple statement, … that would have made all the difference in the world."
Tags:LGBT, rosie perez, sexuality
"It Must Have Really Hurt Her": Rosie Perez Blames "Whitney" Biopic For Bobbi Kristina Tragedy
As people continue to pray for the improvement of Bobbi Kristina's condition, and for her family, who are by her side during this tumultuous time, others are trying to figure out what could have happened to her and why. There have been many theories and allegations thrown around about that Saturday morning when she was found unresponsive in a tub in her home in Atlanta. However, no one knows (early investigations haven't provided much as of yet) what really happened other than Bobbi Kristina…and God.
However, some people think that there are many things that probably didn't help Bobbi Kristina move forward in the grieving process–like the Whitney biopic for instance.
It is the opinion of "The View" co-host, Rosie Perez, that the unauthorized biopic on Whitney's life (though moreso about Bobby) must have hurt, not helped Bobbi's progress. This is what she had to say when the ladies were talking about her current situation:
"I just thought that movie that came out, and this is no disrespect to Angela Bassett because I love Angela Bassett, but an unauthorized biography about her mom? It must have killed her. That was a terrible phrasing, let me take that back. It must have really hurt her deeply to watch that. We forget that these people are human beings and we sit there and we talk about people. We put people into the tabloids and we forget, we're human beings."
A part of me thinks that Bobbi Kristina probably didn't even watch the movie, as most of the family was very outspoken in their disapproval of the project from the beginning. But I do wonder what she thought about her father's very intimate interview about his relationship with Whitney after the movie aired last month on Lifetime.
As for that biopic, Yaya DaCosta, who played Whitney in the film, let it be known that she's praying for Bobbi Kristina's recovery:
Check out what Rosie had to say in full below and share your thoughts:
Rosie Perez Says Bye, Bye To "The View"
In an exclusive, Variety reports Rosie Perez will no longer be a co-host on ABC's The View. For the month of January, Perez took off in order to act in the Broadway show "Fish in the Dark," but will not return after she is done with the play. In her absence, producers of The View have enlisted younger celebrities like Naya Rivera to co-host in her place. Perez was chosen to be on the show by its new executive producer Bill Wolff, at the last minute on the heels of the show's creator Barbara Walters' retirement. Sources also told Variety, despite her dynamic personality Perez never got comfortable reporting "hard and soft news and she had trouble reading from a TelePromp Ter." Variety also reports, more changes will be made to The View behind and in front of the camera.
Sources are not certain if ABC will announce Perez's departure but a representative for The View also denied Perez leaving the show. In a statement, they said:
"Her status with the show has not changed."
Rosie O'Donnell says the same.
This past Tuesday, sources told The Daily Mail, ABC may cancel The View after this current season because of its low ratings and verbal altercations between the show's co-hosts. Since the formation of its newest co-hosts Whoppi Goldberg, Rosie O'Donnell, Nicole Wallace and Rosie Perez, the Daily Mail reports the show has seen its ratings struggle. As for its other ratings, the ABC network is surpassing other networks with their morning show Good Morning America (GMA). An insider told the Daily Mail:
"ABC feels it's exhausted their options with The View and now it's time to expand the existing franchise, GMA. They feel that since GMA is already beating NBC's Today during the first two hours of the broadcast, why not extend the morning broadcast."
Will you miss Perez and The View if it goes off air?
Tags:ABC The View, rosie perez, The View
Rosie O'Donnell Shades Sherri Shepherd, Talks New Season Of "The View"
While it's a move I can't say I saw coming, it's one I'm kind of looking forward to. Rosie O'Donnell is returning to ABC's daytime talk show, "The View." Apparently, no one was more surprised than O'Donnell herself.
But this time around she's signed a one year contract in case she has to jet out…again.
In a recent interview withVariety, she said: "My goal is to come in peace. And the contrast between what the show will be and what it was is going to be is glaring."
For one, she says the show is going to be smarter. And she made a point to take a jab at former co-host Sherri Shepherd. "No one is going to think the Earth is flat," referring to a statement Sherri made saying that she didn't know whether or not the earth was flat or not. Rosie, like most of us I'm sure, was shocked by the comment. "When I was at home watching that, I thought I was going to have an aneurysm."
Love Sherri…but that wasn't one of her shining moments.
She also wants the show to rely less on celebrities because we're living in a different day now, with the internet, social media and the paparazzi.
"The necessity for celebrity in daytime TV has diminished as access to celebrity has increased 100-fold. When I was a kid, and Barbra Streisand was on TV, I would stay home from school."
And this time around, O'Donnell says the co-hosts are going to give an objective perspective on the story before launching into their own opinions.
She noted that in the past, the argument itself took precedent over the actual story.
Rosie knows about that personally. While she served as a co-host, she and Elisabeth Hasselbeck got into it quite a bit and one time, in particular. It made for great television but it also took a toll on O'Donnell and she had to leave.
"The day it happened, I was definitely crying. I got my stuff and walked out." Rosie told Variety that she called her publicist and said, "'I'm never going back. You have to call and tell them. Call the lawyer. No matter what they say, I will not go back."
But things change. And Rosie's in a better place these days, even if she's glad not to be working with Hasselbeck again.
The two didn't have the best memories together.
"Elisabeth would go into the dressing room with [Bill Geddie, the show's former executive producer] and go over Republican talking points that are sent out every day, and then come out and recite what she had ingested. I tried to get her to talk more about her own self and how she felt rather than being a robotic pundit."
The two seemed to be getting along a bit better when they saw each other, for the first time in seven years, at the reunion show for Walters' retirement. But when Elisabeth learned that Rosie was coming back to the show, she attacked her on "Fox & Friends, saying, among other things, that Rosie "spits in the face of the military."
Rosie, whose son is currently in military school, says she wasn't surprised.
"I've come to expect nothing from her, even though I feel I continually make the effort to break through."
And about the audition process, O'Donnell compared it to The Hunger Games.
I think Whoopi and I were both a little shocked at having to do a chemistry test," O'Donnell says. "I don't know if there's a way to test that. It felt very negative and competitive."
But she is happy with the casting of the woman who bears her first name: Rosie Perez.
"I love Rosie Perez, I didn't even know she was being considered."
These days, O'Donnell is optimistic about her role on the show. At 52, having had a heart attack, gone through a divorce, raised and continuing to raise five children, and endured menopause, Rosie is less concerned about what people think of her.
She no longer googles herself.
"My kids sometimes do." O'Donnell says."I'll say, Honey, I don't need to know. I don't' think it's going to affect me the way that it did before. But who knows? Let's see how controversial it becomes."
Rosie Perez Joins "The View" Cast
Remember when Sherri Shepherd said "The View" could benefit from having a Latina host? Well, it seems like someone took heed to her opinion.
ABC announced yesterday, that Rosie Perez would be joining the panel alongside Whoopi Goldberg and Rosie O'Donnell.
As many of you well know Perez is an actress, choreographer– who notably worked with the "Fly Girls" on "In Living Color"– and activist. In 2010, President Obama appointed her to the Presidential Advisory Council on HIV/AIDS.
Rounding out the group of ladies is Republican media operative Nicolle Wallace, who served as a communications chief for President George W. Bush's reelection campaign. She was also an adviser to John McCain during his 2008 bid for the presidency.
Whoopi Goldberg is the only remaining cast member from last season after Sherri Shepherd and Jenny McCarthy decided not to renew their contracts. Even producer Bill Geddie, the solemn looking man they showed off screen sometimes, left after he learned he would now be reporting to a new boss off screen.
The show's new season will begin on September 15.
What do you think about this choice? How do you think Rosie Perez will do on the show?
Where Are They Now? The Cast Of "Do the Right Thing"
Do the Right Thing is one of the greatest black films and one of the greatest films of all time, period. With Spike Lee's recent "rant" backed by facts about gentrification in New York City — prompting vandalization, it has us thinking about well, doing the right thing — a movie set on a scorching hot summer day in Brooklyn where the heat isn't the only thing boiling, but racial tension.
Not only that, this year is the film's 25th anniversary and let's celebrate the film, which has been entered into the US Library of Congress — calling the film culturally significant. Also, it's preserved in the National Film Registry.
Some of the cast recently reunited for Entertainment Weekly, but where are they now? The film definitely had an ensemble cast, so click through and find out what these stars are up to these days.
Tags:Do the Right Thing, rosie perez, spike lee
"I Don't Hate Jennifer Lopez" Rosie Perez Addresses The Supposed Feud
A few weeks ago, we told you about the "beef" between Rosie Perez and Jennifer Lopez. Turns out we may have gotten the story a bit twisted. While it's true that Perez and Lopez did get into it two decades ago, Rosie told Piers Morgan that today, there's no bad blood between she and J Lo.
"I don't hate Jennifer Lopez. I have great respect for her. When I first saw her, I knew she was going to be a star. Yes, we had a tiff and it was 20 years ago. It's unfortunate that the tabloids try to portray it as something that is current. I've moved on, and I'm sure she has also. We're grown women. And it's really disgusting to me that the media tried to pit two Latinas against each other. It's just so difficult, and so hard, to make it in this industry, especially if you're a person of color. And for them to do that was really shameful."
Ok Rosie we hear you. Old stuff. So by now I'm sure you're wondering why did she even bring her up then? It was all a part of the greater message, of her learning to deal with her anger issues.
"I don't only talk about her. I talk about how I was rude to Jamie Foxx, how I was rude to Spike Lee, how I was rude to Don Cornelius. I hit the poor man in the head–in his forehead– with a chicken wing. And it was all because I didn't know how to articulate my anger."
By the time she was 8 years old, Rosie was sent to live at a group home and came into contact with some characters. She learned to develop a tough exterior to cope with her new surroundings and the people there. Unfortunately, took that attitude with her even after she'd left that environment.
"One of the counselors in the group home, this wonderful man, his name is Nigel Johnson. One day he told me when I was leaving the group home, he said, 'Life dealt you a shitty hand.'" I went 'Gee thanks for the encouragement. And good life to you too' Then he says, 'But you can always ask for new cards.' And I said, 'How?' And he said, 'You're going to figure it out when you get tired of holding that hand."
Valuable lesson for Rosie and for us. It is a shame that the media focused on an old argument rather than the healing Rosie had to find in her own life. Though we received this information about this alleged feud from another source, and didn't have access to the book ourselves, we share in some of the responsibility in reporting that the tension between the two was still present.
The other lesson here is that mainstream media really doesn't care about a Latina woman disrespecting a black man. The story about Rosie Perez "beefing" with Jennifer Lopez, who is heavily recognizable in mainstream media, is far more juicy.
Now that you understand what Rosie is really trying to articulate in her book and her various interactions with other celebrities, are you more likely to pick it up? Why do you think the media was so quick to paint this story as though it was a current issue?
You can watch this clip from her Piers Morgan interview in the video below.
Tags:beef, Feud, jennifer lopez, rosie perez
What's The Beef? Rosie Perez Talks 20-Year Feud With Jennifer Lopez In New Memoir
Though we always think of Rosie Perez as the bubbly woman with the funny voice, it seems that she's had a problem with Jennifer Lopez for some time now. 20 years to be exact.
In her new memoir, Handbook for an Unpredictable Life, Rosie explains why the two fell out during the "In Living Color" days.
We know that these two Puerto Rican entertainers met when Rosie was a choreographer and J Lo was auditioning to be a "Fly Girl" dancer.
According to the NY Post, Perez says she immediately noticed Jennifer, describing her as the beautiful girl with the "big a**." And while Perez saw her potential, Keenan Ivory Wayans, the show's creator wasn't a believer. Instead, he called her "chubby and corny" and refused to hire her.
Perez came to Lopez's defense eventually convincing Wayans that she would be good for the show. She suggested that J Lo cut her hair and lose 20 pounds.
But Perez would so regret going so hard for her. Shortly after she was hired, her divatude emerged.
Perez writes, "All of the girls were coming into my office complaining how she was manipulating wardrobe, makeup, and me, all to her advantage."
At the time Jennifer shrugged off the complaints, calling the other women jealous. But, according to Perez, it wasn't long before she saw J Lo's true colors for herself. Soon, Perez says, Lopez was going off on her like "some ghetto biatch, screaming and pounding her chest."
"You pick on me, me and only me, every f–king day! Every f–king day! I work my a** off, deliver and you keep pushing me aside, treating me like sh-t! I know I'm good! I'm better than any of these girls, and you know it!," J. Lo reportedly said.
Lopez left the show after two seasons but didn't leave the drama behind her. Perez says after she made it big in Hollywood, Jennifer made disparaging comments about her.
Perez was shocked.
"I was blindsided. I'd thought we were cool. I called her up. She wouldn't pick up. Frustrated, I left her an irate message on her answering machine. Instead of calling me back and hashing it out like friends do, she went on a major talk show and reiterated my lashing."
Months later the two ran into each other in the club.
"Jennifer came over to me, smiling, saying hello as if nothing had happened. I should've let it go, played it off, too. Instead, I killed her with my biting tongue," Perez writes.
No word on what she actually said to her.
According to the National Enquirer, (Which is suspect to say the least.), the bad blood extends beyond what happened 20 years ago. Both Lopez and Perez have been fighting for the rights to bring the story of Sonia Sotomayor, the first Latina elected to the Supreme Court, to the big screen.
Perez agrees that this feud is not helpful for either one of them.
"We ladies of color all know how hard it is for us in the entertainment business. This kind of sh*t hurts us all and those that follow in our footsteps."
Whoa. We had no idea! Did you know Rosie Perez and Jennifer Lopez had beef? Do you believe Rosie's claims?
You can get the rest of the juicy details in Perez's Handbook for an Unpredictable Life that will hit shelves on February 25.


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Forget the expression 'letting your hair down', Rihanna literally took her hair off after her Brit Awards performance on Tuesday night.
The 24-year-old pop princess performed at the awards ceremony and during her time on stage had a paint fight, which ended up all over her cream jumper and in her new blonde tresses.
After posing splattered in paint, Ri-Ri then went to get changed and put on a different head of hair in the process. Her choreographer tweeted these before and after pictures:
If only we could all afford to do this when we have a bad hair day.


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Sweet stuff: Pie eating contest, berry dessert baking competition test your taste buds
The Festival at Mount Si lets you indulge your sweet tooth in some berry-licious activities.
Juicy events at this year's event again include the Burstin' with Blueberries cooking contest, at 12:30 p.m. Saturday, and the cherry pie eating contest, 2:15 p.m. on Saturday, Aug. 10.
Pie contest
In this competition, hungry competitors attempt to eat as many pies as possible in five minutes. The winner usually eats close to two whole pies, berries, crust and all.
Entrants will be divided into two age groups; ages 5 to 12, and 13 and above. Winners will take home a mini-pig trophy and bragging rights.
Twede's Cafe, which has sponsored the event since its inception, supplies the fresh-baked, homemade pie.
Participants devise creative stage names to represent themselves, and spectators cheer for their favorites by 'name' as competitors pig-out on pie.
Those interested in competing are encouraged to register at 1 p.m. at the information booth on Saturday, as there will only be enough pie for a limited number of adults and children. Then it's just a matter of working up an appetite and scarfing down as many pies as possible. The event draws upwards of 300 spectators and creates quite a bit of noise.
Contestants need to be at the second stage by 1:45 p.m., and all eaters must fill out a waiver form. Children under 18 must have their parents sign; you must be at least 5 to take part.
The contest has made good use of the staple cherry pies at Twede's Cafe. The pastries got a shot of fame from the Twin Peaks cult mystery series; Café owner Kyle Twede says he goes through about 70 pies a week.
Twede advises contestants to stretch their stomachs prior to the contest. Another tip: Be hungry.
Blueberries galore
Lower on the mess scale, but just as heavy in food and fun, is the Burstin' with Blueberries Dessert Contest.
Lifelong foodie and host Jan Marie Johnson started the blueberry dessert contest for cooks throughout the Valley to show what they can do.
Participants whip up their favorite home-made, blueberry-themed desserts to present to the contest judges. You can enter as many dishes as you wish.
"I like to promote the local businesses and berry heritage of the Valley," Johnson said. "It's a great time to celebrate the season and what is home grown."
First, second and third prize winners will each receive a trophy. The top contestant will also take home $25 cash and five pounds of blueberries from the Bybee family farm. Those interested in entering one of their original creations can register at the information booth at 11:45 a.m. Judging begins at 12:30 p.m. and the winners will be announced at 1:15 p.m.
To learn more, contact Cynthia Golpe of My Cakes at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Or, visit http://www.festivalatmtsi.org/
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Key Legislature: Wizards 99 at Sixers 94 — Whiskey at Halftime, A Win in the Jar
►Bryan Frantz | Mar 18, 2016
TAI's Key Legislature… The game's defining moment, its critical event, the wildest basketball thing you ever saw, or just stuff that happened. Wizards at Sixers, Regular Season Game 68, March 17,...
Bulldog'd by a Mack — Wizards at Jazz, DC Council 64
►Kyle Weidie | Mar 14, 2016
The D.C. Council… TAI's highlights, seen and heard, from each Washington Wizards game. Now: Wizards at Jazz, Game 64, March 11, 2016 from Salt Lake City, Utah, via Kyle Weidie (@truth_about_it). #Mood....
Opening Statements: Wizards at Jazz, Game 64
►Bryan Frantz | Mar 11, 2016
Teams: Wizards at Jazz Time: 9:00 p.m. ET Venue: Vivint Smart Home Arena, Salt Lake City, UT Television: CSN Radio: WNEW-FM 99.1 Spread: Jazz fav'd by 4.5 points. Things seem bad, but have no fear, Wizards fans:...
The Reaction: A Big Moment for Little Isaiah Thomas
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Rapid reactions from TAI's Adam McGinnis and John Converse Townsend, who saw the Washington Wizards fall to 11-32 after Kings PG Isaiah Thomas swished a last-second floater.
The Wizards Run-Down: R.I.P. 16-Game Losing Streak
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This is Capt. Jeff Bower, been with the 'force for years … too long to count. He was a Lieutenant forever, but then finally said, "I'm getting too old for this...


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Previous conferences have brought together well known investors including Michael Price, Neil Woodford CBE, Howard Marks, Charles Brandes, Anthony Bolton, Don Yacktman, Will Browne, David Harding and Jonathan Ruffer, as well as other investors running both large and small funds.
The 2016 Conference will have some of the world's leading investors speaking at it, including such well-known names as Howard Marks, Jean-Marie Eveillard and James Montier. It will also be a showcase for less well known and smaller firms. The speakers will provide valuable insights into the methods and approaches that have made them successful, comment on the current investment climate and offer specific investment ideas.
In addition to the conference this year, the London Value Investor Conference is now requesting nominations from all Value Investor Digest subscribers for three Awards, which will be awarded to two listed Company CEOs and to a Fund Manager in recognition for their achievements. Please visit the Awards Page to make a nomination.
2016 conference overview video
Value Investing
Value Investing was developed in the early Twentieth Century by Benjamin Graham and has been popularised in recent decades by the success of many investors who follow the approach, most notably Warren Buffett. It is now a well respected investment style in the US but is still a nascent sector of the investment universe elsewhere.
Numerous academic studies have shown that a disciplined value-based approach to investing in securities outperforms the market over the long term. It is under-pinned by research into behavioural investing which demonstrates both why it is so psychologically difficult to do (because it involves taking positions that are contrary to the received wisdom of the crowd) and why it is so financially rewarding when done well.
Photos from London Value Investor Conference 2016


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- You are here:
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- History of Medicine
- Health, disease and society: Scottish influence in the 19th century
- 4.2 Social factors in the growth of ...
This free course, Health, disease and society: Scottish influence in the 19th century, examines the role that Scots played in contributing to the developments in healthcare during the nineteenth century. The radical transformation of medicine in Europe included the admission of women as doctors and the increased numbers of specialised institutions such as asylums. Such developments were also influenced by wider social, economic, political and cultural backgrounds these are also examined.
After studying this course, you should be able to:
- describe the Scottish contributions to the history of medical thinking and practice in the nineteenth century
- give examples of many medical advances that were influenced by wider social, economic, political and cultural contexts
- understand how developments in medical education permitted women to qualify and practise as doctors
- appreciate that the laboratory had a limited impact on medical practice until the twentieth century
- describe the status of medical practitioners in Europe during the nineteenth century.
- Duration 10 hours
- Updated Thursday 20th February 2014
- Intermediate level
- Posted under History of Medicine
- Introduction
- Learning outcomes
- 1 The rise of laboratory medicine
- 2 The emergence of a modern profession?
- 3 Women in medicine: doctors and nurses, 1850–1920
- 4 The rise of the asylum
- 4.1 Introduction
- Current section: 4.2 Social factors in the growth of the asylum: industrialisation, urbanisation and migration
- 4.3 Social factors in the growth of the asylum: social control, the family and the asylum
- 4.4 Outside the asylum walls: limits to the primacy of the asylum as a solution
- 4.5 Section summary
- Conclusion
- Next Steps
- Keep on learning
- References
- Acknowledgements
Study this free course
Enrol to access the full course, get recognition for the skills you learn, track your progress and on completion gain a statement of participation to demonstrate your learning to others. Make your learning visible!
4.2 Social factors in the growth of the asylum: industrialisation, urbanisation and migration
Many historians link the rise of the asylum with the huge social changes of the nineteenth century. Some link the rise to industrialisation and urbanisation, pointing to the fact that asylums grew up in industrial regions and large cities. Frank Rice, for example, argues that in Scotland the great majority of asylums grew up if not within urban centres, then at least servicing urbanised communities, in the central belt of Scotland (Figure 6). Only two of twenty-three Scottish private mad-houses identified as being in existence in 1855 'were situated outside the central belt', and demographic research suggests that after 1811 there was never less than 81 per cent of the Scottish population concentrated within the urbanised central regions (Rice, 1985, p.44). Rice emphasises (but fails to offer specific statistics on) the chronological correlation between the size of Scottish towns and the number of institutions erected within them. Many cities appear to have embarked on new and enlarged asylum programmes out of a recognition of the inadequacy of existing, mainly urban-sited, provision for the insane in hospitals and poorhouses. Furthermore, Rice argues, these new asylums were built just as urban communities were attaining the peak of their industrial and demographic growth rates.
However, other historians have questioned the simplicity of the link between the new cities and the asylum. They point out that asylums were in many cases sited in rural areas that had little, or limited, industrial and urban growth. The first Victorian asylums were characteristically sited at some distance from towns and cities. The archetypal model of the nineteenth-century asylum, the Quaker York Retreat, opened in 1796, was a 'retreat' offering 'asylum' from the strains and stresses of everyday life (Figure 7). Early prints emphasised the idyllic situation of asylums, in expansive grounds with sheep and cattle grazing nearby (Figure 8). Many asylums' physician-superintendents emphasised the rural nature of their catchment areas, and the easy recruitment of staff from among the servants and farmworkers of the surrounding country. In England, as Scull argues, while rural communities enthusiastically built public asylums from the 1780s onwards, few of the counties in England's most industrial, urban Midlands and northern regions built asylums until obliged to do so by the 1845 Lunacy Act (Scull, 1979, p.29). Even in Scotland, it would be stretching the point to characterise Montrose (1781–2) and Dumfries (1839), the sites of two of the earliest asylums in Scotland, as highly urbanised and industrialised regions. Elgin, the site of Scotland's first district asylum for paupers only (1835), was even further distant from the central belt. The industrialisation–urbanisation theory also fails to explain why poor-houses with lunatic wards attached grew up in rural areas like Stranraer or Irvine. My own studies of the catchment area for Glasgow Asylum (later Glasgow Royal Asylum) during the first decades of the nineteenth century show how broadly the institution spread its net outside Glasgow and the more industrialised regions of Lanarkshire and Renfrewshire, with significant numbers of patients coming from the more rural regions of Argyllshire, Ayrshire and Fifeshire. Unfortunately, we still lack enough detailed surveys of the origins of Scottish asylums and their demographic profiles to attempt an overall model.
Another issue in question is whether or not the growth of asylums occurred at the same time as the growth of cities. Andrew Scull argues that the main growth of asylums took place before Britain was truly urbanised. While more than half of the populations of England and Wales lived in cities or towns by the middle of the nineteenth century, most of these communities were small. Only around one-third of the population lived in cities of 20,000 or more people. By this time, the asylum movement was well established, with all the major pieces of legislation in place and large numbers of asylums founded.
However, recent historical research has produced new evidence in two areas that challenges Scull's assertion that asylum-building preceded urbanisation and industrialisation. This work has shown that there was a significant phase of proto-industrialisation which preceded and laid the foundations for larger-scale industrial, urban and commercial growth. There was no radical divide between urban and rural areas in terms of industrial development, with many factories (especially textile works) and proto-industrialised crafts growing up within urban networks but closely linked to rural economies. Recent surveys of English urbanisation have emphasised the dramatic nature of the shift away from rural dwelling-places into townships and cities in the period c.1780–1850, and suggest that towns of 5,000 ought to be ranked as urbanised in contemporary terms (King and Timmins, 2001).
Scull and other historians have pointed to capitalism and the rise of an economy based on the payment of wages, rather than urbanisation or industrialisation, as important factors in the growth of institutional care for the insane. The next reading, from Scull's book The Most Solitary of Afflictions: Madness and Society in Britain, 1700–1900, reviews the debate over whether urbanisation or capitalism drove the increase in asylum populations.
Exercise 4
Read 'The impact of industrialisation [Tip: hold Ctrl and click a link to open it in a new tab. (Hide tip)] '.
What aspects of capitalism does Scull believe contributed to the rise of the asylum?
Scull argues that capitalism and the emergence of a commercial society in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, which occurred before large-scale industrialisation, destroyed the old ways of dealing with insanity within a domestic setting. A money-based, highly competitive economy broke the old social bonds between upper and lower classes that had helped poorer families to care for a mentally disordered person. In cities, where housing costs were high, families were unable to support an unproductive member, or to care for them, especially as their wages rose and fell dramatically during periods of boom and bust.
This is a very appealing argument. However, recent work by a number of historians suggests that we need to treat it with a certain degree of caution. This new research is built on a different approach: rather than trying to link a broad asylum movement with major social change, it focuses on particular institutions and the experience of individual patients, and forms part of the movement to study 'history from below'. It uses hitherto neglected sources such as medical certificates, family members' descriptions of patients' behaviour prior to admission, and patient records from asylums. This provides a quite different perspective on the asylum, one that highlights issues of demand and need as well as supply. On the question of why patients were admitted to asylums, studies of accounts provided by the friends and families of the mentally disordered lend only qualified support to Scull's view that economic strain was the main trigger for seeking admission. Families and friends occasionally spoke of loss of income to the household through the expenses associated with nursing and managing a mentally disordered individual, through their own, or that individual's, inability to get employment. But there is little evidence yet from these sources that such rationales for committal figured any more prominently than they had done in previous times (Adair et al., 1998; Walton, 1981, 1985; Wright, 1998).
Similarly, detailed work on the geographical origins of asylum patients has also questioned the portrayal of the link between urban migration, social dislocation and the asylum. We might assume that the migration of families into towns in search of work would have loosened networks of support, and ultimately led to families placing members in asylums. The story is not that simple, however. My research on Glasgow Royal Asylum shows that although there were recent migrants to the city among the inmates, they were not a conspicuously large group. An extensive survey of the route to the asylum in the Devon region during the second half of the nineteenth century by Adair et al. (1997) has argued that the relationship of migration to asylum admission was actually the reverse – at least in some areas. They find that it was not the migrants who were more prone to end up in the region's asylums. On the contrary, it was 'from the deeply rooted, physically less mobile and more socially entrenched families that the bulk of … patients came', and thus from those sectors of society where kinship and household ties would be expected to be more resilient (Adair et al., 1997, p.393). Longer distance migration in Devon was actually associated with lower admission rates. The key factor here seems to be that insanity (like other forms of illness) prevented families from being mobile and moving into the cities.
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text:
Trevor Hightower is Vice President in the Occupier Advisory and Transaction Services division of CBRE's Houston office. He has the ability to combine his interpersonal and analytical skills with a strong ambition to gain customer confidence and establish long-term relationships. He was previously Managing Director of the office with a primary focus on expanding the firm's office occupier market share and Global Corporate Services platform. In this role, Trevor is responsible for the management and development of CBRE's tenant representation and transaction management professionals within the Houston region, as well as running the downtown Houston office.
Prior to joining CBRE, Mr. Hightower served as a Managing Director and Leasing Director for the office REIT Parkway Properties, where he was responsible for a 12-building office portfolio comprised of more than 2 million square feet. Before that, Trevor worked as a Senior Project Manager and Financial Analyst for the REIT Ridge Property Trust and served as an officer in the United States Air Force. He is a graduate of the United States Air Force Academy where he was an honor officer and elected by teammates and coaches as captain of school's football team his junior and senior year.
Trevor has a passion for leadership and service which fuels his professional and personal life. He is active in various leadership roles including organizations to fight human trafficking in the U.S. and abroad. He has admittedly "out-punted his coverage" with his wife Tyler. They have two awesome children: Chase and Grace.


text:
Cor-J Seafood: Fresh Seafood - Very Fresh
A small white cottage with a gravel parking lot houses this Hamptons institution. You will have to wait for a parking spot ( and often just to get into the lot ) and the queue snakes outside the door, but the reward is the freshest fish around. What you buy was inside the fish ten minutes before, the single small room containing not only the sales area but the preparation areas as well.
Offerings include live lobsters, fresh fillets, shellfish, and shrimp. A call before coming and the shellfish will be opened for you and special orders similarly prepared. The service staff is, given the hectic atmosphere, remarkably cheerful and accomodating.
If one has the way to cook or grill the fish, this is the best you can get. No prepared meals.
What to pay: This is the Hamptons, be serious.
Address: 36 Lighthouse Road, Hampton Bays, NY 11946
Directions: just before the bridge over to the barrier island ( see image 5 ) - follow the signs to the beach from the traffic light in Hampton Bays downtown. Or just follow the long slow line of cars going exactly where you are.
Phone: 631 728 5186
Roosevelt Field Mall: Largest mall in New York State!
Roosevelt field mall is likely to have any store you need. It's in the prime location of Garden City which is near both the 495 highway and the northern state. It caters to just about any shopper as it has cheap to expensive stores. It has all the stores you can think of from Macy's to Banana Republic to J Crew to Tourneau to smaller specialty stores like the NY Mets store. It's highly accessible and there are a lot to eat in the area.
The store is shaped in a long rectangular fashion with halls extending from the sides like tenticles. The food court is also huge. It has at least 15 eateries ranging from Johnny Rockets to japanese and greek cuisines. Right next door to the mall, you have a movie theater and other restaurant options as well such as Grand Lux, Houstons and Legal Seafood. It is a must-go if you are looking to shop or kill a few hours just browsing.
The location also has some history to it. Back in the 20's the land Roosevelt Field Mall sits on served as an airfield where aviators such as Amelia Earhart and. Charles Lindbergh launched some of their most famous flights.
shops in Greenport
I poked in an antique shop, health food store, gift shop...there is plenty to keep you busy for a while. They have a Starbucks on this street as well. If you have time before taking the ferry to Fire Island...wander the little shops of Greenport.
- Arts and Culture
- Road Trip
antiques by the side of the road...
This is one of those little shops with not so perfect old stuff sold cheap. I love poking around in a place like this. They are actually becoming a thing of the past. So many people want perfect collectibles and antiques...to display and never use. I use all my old stuff. Live with old linens and bowls and furniture...doesn't matter if it's imperfect...so am I !
I found another bowl...I love bowls. . . and a 4 cup tin with handle.
- Road Trip
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Jamesport Clountry Store: a country store worth the visit
All sorts of things here. Lots of home goods, reproductions, antiques, cards, soaps, and furniture. I found an iron scarecrow which is now stationed outside our front door...all dressed for Halloween. I poked for quite a while here. Loved the old truck out front. Plenty of fun stuff.
I really liked the way they displayed things in old cabinets inside their kitchen areas. Very creative arrangements.
- Arts and Culture
- Road Trip
Renee's Fashions: Extensive collection ... in an unexpected spot
This store has one room after another of clothing for all seasons and occasions. I couldn't believe the assortment and volume when I kept poking around until I was lost in a maze of rooms. She must bring designer clothes from NYC cause there were lots of unusual items not found in the average small shop in a strip of stores.
I found her cause she's 2 doors over from a Starbucks Coffee Cafe. I was in search of my usual fix of Iced Coffee when I found her.
Worth a stop to check out her sale items.
Directions: Rte 25
- Women's Travel
- Road Trip
Summer Girl
Actually this little shop had quite an interesting assortment. There were women's clothes and jewelry...household items....soaps and toiletries...a few linens...some antiques and prints...just anything she felt like putting together to create a very eclectic mix. I found a great old box to hold books and magazines beside my reading chair. Also picked up some specialty soaps as gifts.
What to buy: Soaps, clothing, vintage linens, jewelry, antiques, dishware, household items
Address: First St next to Legends Restaurant, New Suffolk
Directions: from Rte 25...follow those little signs to Legends Restaurant and you'll find Summer Girl next door
- Road Trip
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- 1
Instant Answers: Long Island
Get an instant answer from local experts and frequent travelers


text:
For unit testing, sometimes it's useful to change verbosity level of output and Django gives you less or more information as desired. However, nothing seems to happen any different for v0, v1, v2, or v3. I think I'm always getting verbosity level 1. How do I change the verbosity level to something other than 1?
Here are the details of what I tried (app called "survey"):
Select manage.py
Select test (hit shift enter)
type: survey -v2
Pycharm accepts as valid input -v0, -v1, -v2, or -v3, as it should. But the output is always exactly the same (this example purposely has an error):
/opt/bitnami/python/bin/python2.7 /home/bitnami/pycharm-2.6.3/helpers/pycharm/django_test_manage.py test survey -v3 /home/bitnami/PycharmProjects/marketr
Testing started at 11:37 PM ...
Creating test database for alias 'default'...
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/home/bitnami/PycharmProjects/marketr/survey/tests.py", line 19, in test_basic_addition
self.assertEqual(1 + 1, 3)
AssertionError: 2 != 3
Destroying test database for alias 'default'...
Process finished with exit code 1
and here's the tests.py file:
This file demonstrates writing tests using the unittest module. These will pass
when you run "manage.py test".
Replace this with more appropriate tests for your application.
Example of Docstring test:
1 + 1 == 2
from django.test import TestCase
class SimpleTest(TestCase):
def test_basic_addition(self):
Tests that 1 + 1 always equals 2.
self.assertEqual(1 + 1, 3)


text:
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text:
Art From 400 Years Ago Still Shocking Viewers
As human civilization continues forth, our eyes regress.
The exhibition "Sex and Pleasure in Japanese Art" at the British Museum in London displays works of shunga, or "spring pictures," that are up to 400 years old. According to the BBC, they remain absolutely shocking to innocent Western eyes. These paintings and prints of people kissing and having sex are "spellbinding, exhilarating and often eye-popping."
So we must ask, in this delicate year of 2013, can we handle this stuff? Is this what porn is? Who can explain?
Timothy Clark, the exhibition's curator, took it upon himself to field these questions. His statement amounts to ugh, guys, grow up:
Today shunga gets treated like obscene pornography. People who haven't seen shunga before will be surprised by how explicit it can be. But this is sexually explicit art, not pornography, produced to exactly the same technical perfection as art in other formats by the same people.
Between 1600 and 1900, many Japanese printmakers and painters created shunga, which is, indeed, erotic art. It wasn't a huge deal. All sorts of people owned this stuff and other people didn't wither, die, or constantly encounter other people howling What the fuck is that shit? The careers of these artists weren't affected. People were like, fine, whatever, sex, cool, okay cool, what else do you got?
Clark says that all this modern shock is modern:
The division between art and obscene pornography is a Western conception. There was no sense in Japan that sex or sexual pleasure was sinful.
Stop putting your divisions on another society. Just act like adults, and stand next to each other at a museum and pretend that you don't think you're looking at porny filth-smut together.


text:
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You heard that right. We invite you to take vacation as needed so you can bring an energetic, enthusiastic, and creative spirit to work. On top of that, enjoy 7 paid company holidays every year.
Annual Performance Bonus
Just a little reward for kicking ass. You can earn a bonus of up to 5% of your salary, based on individual and company performance.
100% Paid Health & Dental Insurance
We provide premium health and dental insurance plans, and we pay 100% of premiums for you, 75% for your children, and 50% for your spouse.
100% Paid Life & Disability Insurance
We provide life insurance and short- and long-term disability insurance, and we pay 100% of your premiums.
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We equip you with everything you need to do your best work. For most, that's a fully-loaded MacBook Pro with a big external display and your choice of accessories.
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You'll love working at our studios in Conshohocken and Center City Philadelphia. They've got high ceilings, open floor plans, and lots of great spaces for collaboration.
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We put $25 each week (up to $5000) into a training budget just for you. Plus, enjoy free access to training videos and courses on Treehouse and Lynda.com.
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Paid Volunteer Time Off
We give you 16 hours each year to volunteer for a cause you believe in. Our team members are making a big impact in the Philadelphia region and in places all over the world.
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We love working and living in the city of brotherly love with its uniquely passionate, creative people and a spirit all its own. But don't take our word for it — tons of city dwellers write love notes to the city every day.
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text:
Buddy's Burnin' Bass Drum Riff
Buddy's Burnin' Bass Drum Riff
In 2008, I played at the Buddy Rich Memorial Concert at the Hammerstein Ballroom in New York. There were lots of other great drummers there, like Neil Peart and Terry Bozzio.
I really studied up before the show because I had to play Buddy Rich arrangements. I was watching one of his drum solos and he did this thing where he hit the bass drum with his stick. He played these really fast patterns between his hand and feet that way. I said, "Wow, I've never seen anybody hit their bass drum with a stick." So I stole it. I don't use it a lot, but it's definitely a lick I stole from Buddy. Here are a few ways I use it


text:
realmagick.com The shrine of knowledge.
Vanity Fair Criticism
A selection of articles related to vanity fair criticism.
Original articles from our library related to the Vanity Fair Criticism. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Vanity Fair Criticism.
- Cliona of the Fair Hair
- Irish. South Munster Goddess of great beauty, daughter of Gebann the Druid, of the Tuatha De Danaan. Connected with the O'Keefe family....
Deities & Heros >> Celtic, Welsh, Irish & Brittish
- A Quick Guide to Reading Ordinary Playing Cards
- Divining from regular playing cards is an old practice and I am sure many of us know at least one fortune-telling game done with this tool. Reading regular cards is called cartomancy or metasymbology. Playing cards have been called "The Devil's Picture...
Divination >> Tarot Cards
- Weight of the World
- A man and his son were once going with their donkey to market. As they were walking along a countryman passed them and said: "You fools, what is a donkey for, but to ride upon?" So the man put the boy on the donkey and they went on their way. But...
Paganism & Wicca >> Daily Life
- Aurum metallicum (Gold)
- Aurum is gold. Astrology places the metal gold under reign of the Sun. Through nuclear reactions the Sun generates its own energy. The planets are born from the Sun; the Sun is in a way the father/mother of the family of our solar system. All life on the...
Remedies >> Remedies A
- King James Bible: Genesis, Chapter 12
- Chapter 12 12:1 Now the LORD had said unto Abram, Get thee out of thy country, and from thy kindred, and from thy father's house, unto a land that I will show thee: 12:2 And I will make of thee a great nation, and I will bless thee, and make thy name great;...
Old Testament >> Genesis
- The Seven Deadly Sins
- According to the writings of the monk, the seven sins were: gastrimargia; porneia; philargyria; lupē: orgē; akedia; kenodoxia; and hyperephania which when translated to Latin for Roman Catholicism are as follows:
Religions >> Christianity & Paganism
Vanity Fair Criticism is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Vanity Fair Criticism books and related discussion.
Suggested Pdf Resources
- Thackeray's Vanity Fair and Commodities in Circulation - DiVA
- vanities of the different characters in the fictitious society of Vanity Fair, it is also a social criticism of early nineteenth century British society. The essay examines.
- www.diva-portal.se
- William Makepeace Thackeray's Vanity Fair: The - Universiteit Gent
- Vanity Fair is probably the best known novel by William Makepeace ... In this way the narrator functions as a social critic, ridiculising whatever he dislikes. Harriet.
- lib.ugent.be
- Vanity Fair, A Novel without a Hero - Bartleby.com
- Biographical Note Criticisms and Interpretations. I. By James Hannay ....
- www.bartleby.com
- The Politics of Re-presenting Vanity Fair - Atlantis. Journal of the
- firstname.lastname@example.com. W.
- www.atlantisjournal.org
- William Makepeace Thackeray (1811-1863)
- Vanity Fair he gave a panoramic picture of high life in England, and created one ..... This is just an example of the criticism Thackeray directs to those aristocrats ...
- www.ucm.es
Suggested News Resources
- Daisy Ridley Says She Will "Not Apologize for How She Looks" After Internet
- Star Wars: The Force Awakens star Daisy Ridley has had a very rapid rise to stardom (which is what happens when, uh, your first starring role is in a Star Wars movie). Since the film premiered in December, she has now racked up close to 1.5 million ...
- Critics of Vanity Fair's Jordan and Coogler photo reveal black masculinity is
- In a recent article for Vanity Fair, actor Michael B. Jordan and director Ryan Coogler — who worked together on the critically acclaimed films Fruitvale Station and Creed — posed for a glamour shot that disturbed a number of people.
- People Are Freaking out Over This 'Homoerotic' Picture of This Famous Actor
- Others were just as quick to criticize the homophobic backlash.
- Facebook Could Have Its Own Battle with the F.B.I.
- President Barack Obama obliquely weighed in on the debate at SXSW last week, offering a veiled criticism of Apple and other tech companies. "We have engaged the tech community aggressively, and what my conclusion is so far is that you cannot take an ...
Suggested Web Resources
- Thackeray, William Makepeace. 1917. Vanity Fair, A Novel without a
- Vanity Fair, A Novel without a Hero. Vols. V & VI.
- www.bartleby.com
- Second Glance at Vanity Fair, by W.M. Thackeray | Open Letters
- That man was William Makepeace Thackeray, whose Vanity Fair was then ..... and P. D.
- www.openlettersmonthly.com
- Overview of Thackeray's "Vanity Fair" - Academic Home Page
- Feb 16, 2011 Vanity Fair was a turning point in Thackeray's life and career. A gentleman .... Criticisms and interpretations of the novel by eight critics.
- academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu
- Vanity Fair (novel) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- [edit]. Even before the last part of the serial was published, critics hailed the work as a literary treasure. Although the critics ...
- en.wikipedia.org
- Daisy Ridley Says She Will "Not Apologize for How She - Vanity Fair
- 4 days ago Ridley posts an essay on Instagram responding to an online critic.
- www.vanityfair.com
Great care has been taken to prepare the information on this page. Elements of the content come from factual and lexical knowledge databases, realmagick.com library and third-party sources. We appreciate your suggestions and comments on further improvements of the site.
Vanity Fair Criticism Topics
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