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News stories featuring EMVCo:
NFC Ring circles the globe
August 24th, 2016
NFC Ring has made its payments ring available to order worldwide, enabling wearers to make purchases with a tap of their finger at any contactless terminal. More
EMVCo to certify mobile devices for NFC and HCE payments
August 18th, 2016
EMVCo has introduced a formal industry testing and certification process for contactless mobile payment devices. The new process "incorporates Level 1 tests traditionally managed by the individual payment systems," the payments standards body says, "bringing… More
EMVCo and the Fido Alliance to review authentication standards
July 12th, 2016
EMVCo and the Fido Alliance have signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) to review how Fido authentication standards can support EMV payment use cases. "A key aim of the initiative is to investigate providing simpler and stronger authentication for cardholders making mobile payments using on-device authenticators such as biometrics," EMVCo says. "Initial activities will explore how Fido's authentication protocol can be used to support EMVCo's cardholder verification technology."
EMV claims more than a third of global card-present payments
June 23rd, 2016
Some 35% of all card-present transactions conducted globally between January and December 2015 used the EMV chip card standard, up from 32% in 2014, standards body EMVCo has revealed. The number of EMV payment cards in global circulation also increased by 1.4bn to 4.8bn over the 12-month period. More
EMVCo updates tokenization specification with new payment account reference data element
March 30th, 2016
EMVCo has updated its tokenization specification to include a new payment account reference (PAR) that can be used to link a cardholder's payment token with their primary account number (PAN) without needing to use their underlying… More
SIMalliance updates OMAPI secure element specification
February 15th, 2016
SIMalliance has updated its Open Mobile API (OMAPI) specification, which sets out how mobile applications may access different secure elements on a mobile device and is mandated by EMVCo for mobile contactless payments. "A key update in v3.2 addresses requirements from ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) and GSMA to give the mobile application additional control to properly retrieve information from the secure element (SE)," the trade association says.
NXP unveils NFC frontend for contactless payment readers
January 4th, 2016
PARTNER NEWS: NXP has launched a new NFC frontend for contactless payment readers that simplifies the work needed to gain certification and delivers four times more output power than its previous model. The PN5180 supports… More
One in three card transactions now EMV
December 21st, 2015
One in three of all card-present transactions made globally between July 2014 and June 2015 used EMV chip technology, research from EMVCo shows. 97% of card-based payments in Europe Zone 1 used EMV, followed by 87% in Latin America, 84% in Africa and the Middle East, 65% in Europe Zone 2 and 34% in Asia. "The US is just beginning to establish its EMV infrastructure with EMV chip payments accounting for less than 1% of transactions during this reporting period," EMVCo says.
Clear2Pay adds certified testing solutions for US move to EMV
October 2nd, 2015
PARTNER NEWS: Conformance testing specialist Clear2Pay Open Test Solutions has received certification from major payment networks for a suite of solutions and services that are designed to make it easier for US merchants, VARs and payment… More
EMV claims 32% of global card-present transactions
May 7th, 2015
Some 32% of all chip card-present transactions conducted globally between January and December 2014 used the EMV chip card standard, EMVCo has revealed, with adoption rates of EMV payment cards increasing in every region worldwide to total 3.4bn by the end of last year. More
Bell ID reports 75% growth in orders
March 24th, 2015
PARTNER NEWS: Orders are up 75% year-on-year at HCE and tokenization specialist Bell ID, the company reports, "with 90% of all new orders and requests for proposals focusing on mobile solutions." The growth in sales… More
NXP offers pre-validated NFC mPOS module
February 9th, 2015
PARTNER NEWS: An mPOS module that provides developers with "a complete hardware and software reference demonstrator for secure near field communication enabled mobile point of sale solutions" has been developed by NXP in partnership with… More
EMVCo publishes guide to EMV chip technology
November 25th, 2014
EMVCo has published A Guide to EMV Chip Technology, a report that provides an introduction to the EMV specifications and processes as well as the role of the technology within the wider payments industry. "Of particular interest to parties migrating to EMV Chip, it summarises implementation considerations for issuers, acquirers and merchants, as well as the responsibilities of EMVCo and its ongoing activity to advance the technology," the standards body explains.
EMV hits nearly 30% of global card-present transactions
November 4th, 2014
Almost 30% of all card-present transactions conducted globally between July 2013 and June 2014 used the EMV chip card standard, EMVCo has revealed, with the highest usage in Western Europe and the lowest in the… More
NXP unveils secure NFC solution for connected cars
November 4th, 2014
PARTNER NEWS: NXP has launched a portfolio of NFC products designed to make it easier for car manufacturers to enable drivers and passengers to securely connect their mobile phone with a range of in-vehicle services…. More
SimplyTapp launches open source tokenization project
October 24th, 2014
A new open source software project designed to help banks offer tokenized card payments has been launched by HCE specialist SimplyTapp. "We feel the accessibility and control of current offerings are pretty restrictive and there… More
Samsung Pay lands in China
October 2nd, 2014
Samsung's version of Apple Pay is now live in China, Korea's Yonhap news agency reports. The phone maker has taken a similar route to Apple by partnering with EMVCo member China UnionPay, which has an installed base of 3.6m contactless POS terminals, for the launch of an NFC payment service for users of its devices. "The tie up with UnionPay, which controls 80% of China's offline payment market, is expected to give Samsung a head start in the mobile payment sector," the agency says.
Federal Reserve gives cautious backing to tokenization
September 24th, 2014
The US Federal Reserve's Mobile Payments Industry Workgroup (MPIW) has given cautious backing to the potential of tokenization in mobile payments and formed a subgroup dedicated to exploring the impact of the technology in more… More
Visa launches token service to support Apple Pay and more
September 10th, 2014
Visa Token Service, the payment network's new platform that enables card account numbers to be replaced with digital tokens that ensure the cardholder's actual card number is never shared with merchants, is now live and… More
US merchant groups call for creation of open tokenization standards
August 1st, 2014
Leading merchant groups in the US have come together to call for the creation of an alternative set of open standards for tokenized payments that would be managed by an independent body such as ISO or ANSI — rather than by the payments industry. More
Feed for stories featuring EMVCo.
• Find a list of all the companies and other organisations that have been featured in NFC World in our directory.


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Katrin Leschke
address: Department of Mathematics
University of Leicester
Leicester, LE1 7RH
office: CH203
office hours: see my time table (or sent me an email for an appointment)
phone: +44(0116) 252 5237
email: email@example.com
This year, I will be on study leave in the first semester and teach in the second one "Curves and Surfaces".
I'm Head of Student support (this includes organisation of houses).
I'm a member of DMG, MCP, SSC, LTC, RC, ISET, appeals panels, co-director of the VisLab.
I'm the webmaster of EWM and as such, member of the standing panel of EWM.
I have been awarded an international network grant Minimal surface: integrable systems and visualisation by The Leverhulme Trust.
My research interests lie in the field of Differential Geometry; the study of surfaces into 3-space using quaternionic holomorphic maps has immediate connections to classical complex-analytic geometry, visualization and conformal field theory.
The focus in my recent research is in surface theory, where I study conformal maps into the 4 sphere. In papers with Burstall, Ferus, Pedit and Pinkall [FLPP], [BFLPP], we generalize methods and statements known in complex algebraic geometry (such as the Riemann-Roch theorem, Plücker formula) to complex quaternionic line bundles, and derive this way new results in surface theory. The main idea of our theory - which has come to be known as "Quaternionic Holomorphic Geometry" - is to consider the 4 sphere as quaternionic projective space and use the conformal maps into the 4 sphere as the holomorphic functions of the theory.
Particular interest lies on the transformation theory of surfaces: various surface classes are given by solutions to associated partial differential equations. Given one (simple) solution to the PDE, one hopes to construct new and more interesting examples by using transformations which preserve the surface class and are obtained by solving (simpler) ODEs, e.g. [L2].
Examples are Bäcklund and Darboux transformations which have been extensively studied in the past. In recent papers, we discussed such transformations for Willmore surfaces, for example, we classified Willmore tori with non-trivial normal bundle [LP2], linked the Bäcklund transformation to a well-known complex algebraic construction, the envelopes and tangents of complex curves [LP1], and discussed dressing of Willmore surfaces and its connection to the Darboux transformation [L4].
Moreover, it turned out that a generalization of the classical Darboux transformation allows to define and to give a geometric interpretation of the spectral curve of a conformal torus [BLPP]. As an application of this ansatz, we have a unified view of the integrable system theory for CMC [CLP], Hamiltonian stationary Lagrangians [LR] and Willmore surfaces [GL]. Generically, the Darboux transformation preserves these surface classes. However, at singular points of the spectral curve the Darbouxtransformation may change geometric properties, e.g. break the mean curvature property [L3]. If the surface is given by a harmonicity condition, then Darboux transforms are generically given by parallel sections of the associated family of flat connections of the harmonic map. In particular, an induced transformation on harmonic maps can be defined, and we show in [BDLQ] that this transformation is indeed the simple factor dressing of the harmonic map. An interesting special case are minimal surfaces in 3-space, [LM]. Here the simple factor dressing is the well-known Lopez-Ros deformation applied to all rotations of the surface. The Darboux transformation of a minimal surface is in general not minimal but a Willmore surface in the 4-sphere.
An important tool in my study of surfaces is their visualisation: it allows both to demonstrate a geometric situation and to experiment to obtain new results in surface theory. With I. Tyukin and A. Gorban, we have created a Visual Intelligence Lab in the Department of Mathematics with various visualisation tools (e.g., touchscreen computer, 3D projector). This provides equipment for interdisciplinary researchc, e.g. a joint project with Apical on image processing and vision systems, as well as an interdisciplinary project with Aldo Rona (Engineering and Alstom) investigating optimal shapes of turbines and with Andrew Hudson (Chemistry) on aerosol coalescence. Here are links to my picture gallery and to some of my labs. I'm proud that some of my pictures found their way onto the EWM webpage (even though some are unfortunately slightly distorted).
Before turning to surface theory, I've worked on isoparametric manifolds: I provided a constructive geometric method to decide whether an isoparametric manifold is homogeneous [L1] by using algebraic tools (root systems, Jordan algebra
s and representation theory) as much as geometric ones (canonical connections). This ansatz allows to investigate infinite dimensional isoparametric submanifolds (see PhD thesis of K. Weinl, Uni Augsburg) and to give a unified proof of the inhomogeneity of the FKM examples.
For a quick look at my research profile please see scholar.google.co.uk.
Differential Geometry Workshop at the BMC 2011 in Leicester (with Mark Haskins, Imperial College).
LMS Midlands Regional Meeting, June 11th 2013, in Leicester (with Ian McIntosh, University of York). Workshop on "Advances in Surface Theory", June 12-14 2013 in Leicester (with Ian McIntosh, University of York).
Current PhD students: L. Collard (with A. Hudson, Chemistry), H. Obaida (co-supervisor), H. Kadhim (co-supervisor).
Diplom students (at Universität Augsburg): A. Gouberman, Title of Thesis: "Darboux-Transformationen des Clifford-Torus"
Former student projects: M. Pirashvili (QHG), J. Habdank (discrete minimal surfaces),Pearce Dedmon (Visualisation of Wente tori and touch screen viewer)
Former MMath projects: Z. Sapi Mkwawa (minimal surfaces), N. Lomas (Wente torus), K. Reed (discrete surfaces), H. Raistrick (Delaunay surfaces), L. Fernandez (CMC & aerosols), Chris Cuthbert (The history of the Willmore conjecture).

subset: commoncrawl


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Most Cited International Journal of Pharmaceutics Articles
The most cited articles published since 2011, extracted from Scopus.
The mechanisms of drug release in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-based drug delivery systems - A reviewSusanne Fredenberg | Marie Wahlgren | Mats Reslow | Anders Axelsson
Volume 415, Issues 1-2, August 2011, Pages 34-52
Poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) is the most frequently used biodegradable polymer in the controlled release of encapsulated drugs. Understanding the release mechanisms, as well as which factors that affect drug release, is important in order to be able to modify drug release. Drug release from PLGA-based drug delivery systems is however complex. This review focuses on release mechanisms, and provides a survey and analysis of the processes determining the release rate, which may be helpful in elucidating this complex picture. The term release mechanism and the various techniques that have been used to study release mechanisms are discussed. The physico-chemical processes that influence the rate of drug release and the various mechanisms of drug release that have been reported in the literature are analyzed in this review, and practical examples are given. The complexity of drug release from PLGA-based drug delivery systems can make the generalization of results and predictions of drug release difficult. However, this complexity also provides many possible ways of solving problems and modifying drug release. Basic, generally applicable and mechanistic research provides pieces of the puzzle, which is useful in the development of controlled-release pharmaceuticals. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Formulation design for poorly water-soluble drugs based on biopharmaceutics classification system: Basic approaches and practical applicationsYohei Kawabata | Koichi Wada | Manabu Nakatani | Shizuo Yamada | Satomi Onoue
Volume 420, Issue 1, November 2011, Pages 1-10
The poor oral bioavailability arising from poor aqueous solubility should make drug research and development more difficult. Various approaches have been developed with a focus on enhancement of the solubility, dissolution rate, and oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. To complete development works within a limited amount of time, the establishment of a suitable formulation strategy should be a key consideration for the pharmaceutical development of poorly water-soluble drugs. In this article, viable formulation options are reviewed on the basis of the biopharmaceutics classification system of drug substances. The article describes the basic approaches for poorly water-soluble drugs, such as crystal modification, micronization, amorphization, self-emulsification, cyclodextrin complexation, and pH modification. Literature-based examples of the formulation options for poorly water-soluble compounds and their practical application to marketed products are also provided. Classification of drug candidates based on their biopharmaceutical properties can provide an indication of the difficulty of drug development works. A better understanding of the physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties of drug substances and the limitations of each delivery option should lead to efficient formulation development for poorly water-soluble drugs. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
In vitro and in vivo antioxidant properties of chlorogenic acid and caffeic acidYuki Sato | Shirou Itagaki | Toshimitsu Kurokawa | Jiro Ogura | Masaki Kobayashi | Takeshi Hirano | Mitsuru Sugawara | Ken Iseki
Volume 403, Issues 1-2, January 2011, Pages 136-138
Dietary polyphenols are thought to be beneficial for human health as antioxidants. Coffee beans contain a common polyphenol, chlorogenic acid. Chlorogenic acid is the ester of caffeic acid and quinic acid. Although these polyphenols have received much attention, there is little evidence indicating a relationship between the effect and the rate of absorption. In this study, we focused on the beneficial effects of chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid, a major metabolite of chlorogenic acid. We carried out in vitro and in vivo experiments. In the in vitro study, caffeic acid had stronger antioxidant activity than that of chlorogenic acid. The uptake of chlorogenic acid by Caco-2 cells was much less than that of caffeic acid. The physiological importance of an orally administered compound depends on its availability for intestinal absorption and subsequent interaction with target tissues. We then used an intestinal ischemia-reperfusion model to evaluate antioxidant activities in vivo. We found that both chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid had effects on intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Since caffeic acid has a stronger antioxidant activity than that of chlorogenic acid and chlorogenic acid is hydrolyzed into caffeic acid in the intestine, it is possible that caffeic acid plays a major role in the protective effect of chlorogenic acid against ischemia-reperfusion injury. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Stimuli-responsive magnetic particles for biomedical applicationsS. F. Medeiros | A. M. Santos | H. Fessi | A. Elaissari
Volume 403, Issues 1-2, January 2011, Pages 139-161
In recent years, magnetic nanoparticles have been studied due to their potential applications as magnetic carriers in biomedical area. These materials have been increasingly exploited as efficient delivery vectors, leading to opportunities of use as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) agents, mediators of hyperthermia cancer treatment and in targeted therapies. Much attention has been also focused on "smart" polymers, which are able to respond to environmental changes, such as changes in the temperature and pH. In this context, this article reviews the state-of-the art in stimuli-responsive magnetic systems for biomedical applications. The paper describes different types of stimuli-sensitive systems, mainly temperature- and pH sensitive polymers, the combination of this characteristic with magnetic properties and, finally, it gives an account of their preparation methods. The article also discusses the main in vivo biomedical applications of such materials. A survey of the recent literature on various stimuli-responsive magnetic gels in biomedical applications is also included. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Near infrared and Raman spectroscopy for the in-process monitoring of pharmaceutical production processesT. De Beer | A. Burggraeve | M. Fonteyne | L. Saerens | J. P. Remon | C. Vervaet
Volume 417, Issues 1-2, September 2011, Pages 32-47
Within the Process Analytical Technology (PAT) framework, it is of utmost importance to obtain critical process and formulation information during pharmaceutical processing. Process analyzers are the essential PAT tools for real-time process monitoring and control as they supply the data from which relevant process and product information and conclusions are to be extracted. Since the last decade, near infrared (NIR) and Raman spectroscopy have been increasingly used for real-time measurements of critical process and product attributes, as these techniques allow rapid and nondestructive measurements without sample preparations. Furthermore, both techniques provide chemical and physical information leading to increased process understanding. Probes coupled to the spectrometers by fiber optic cables can be implemented directly into the process streams allowing continuous in-process measurements. This paper aims at reviewing the use of Raman and NIR spectroscopy in the PAT setting, i.e., during processing, with special emphasis in pharmaceutics and dosage forms. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.
Higuchi equation: Derivation, applications, use and misuseJuergen Siepmann | Nicholas A. Peppas
Volume 418, Issue 1, October 2011, Pages 6-12
Fifty years ago, the legendary Professor Takeru Higuchi published the derivation of an equation that allowed for the quantification of drug release from thin ointment films, containing finely dispersed drug into a perfect sink. This became the famous Higuchi equation whose fiftieth anniversary we celebrate this year. Despite the complexity of the involved mass transport processes, Higuchi derived a very simple equation, which is easy to use. Based on a pseudo-steady-state approach, a direct proportionality between the cumulative amount of drug released and the square root of time can be demonstrated. In contrast to various other "square root of time" release kinetics, the constant of proportionality in the classical Higuchi equation has a specific, physically realistic meaning. The major benefits of this equation include the possibility to: (i) facilitate device optimization, and (ii) to better understand the underlying drug release mechanisms. The equation can also be applied to other types of drug delivery systems than thin ointment films, e.g.; controlled release transdermal patches or films for oral controlled drug delivery. Later, the equation was extended to other geometries and related theories have been proposed. The aim of this review is to highlight the assumptions the derivation of the classical Higuchi equation is based on and to give an overview on the use and potential misuse of this equation as well as of related theories. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Pharmaceutical cocrystals: An overviewNing Qiao | Mingzhong Li | Walkiria Schlindwein | Nazneen Malek | Angela Davies | Gary Trappitt
Volume 419, Issues 1-2, October 2011, Pages 1-11
Pharmaceutical cocrystals are emerging as a new class of solid drugs with improved physicochemical properties, which has attracted increased interests from both industrial and academic researchers. In this paper a brief and systematic overview of pharmaceutical cocrystals is provided, with particular focus on cocrystal design strategies, formation methods, physicochemical property studies, characterisation techniques, and recent theoretical developments in cocrystal screening and mechanisms of cocrystal formations. Examples of pharmaceutical cocrystals are also summarised in this paper. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
CyclodextrinsSergey V. Kurkov | Thorsteinn Loftsson
Volume 453, Issue 1, January 2013, Pages 167-180
Although cyclodextrins (CDs) have been studied for over 100 years and can be found in at least 35 pharmaceutical products, they are still regarded as novel pharmaceutical excipients. CDs are oligosaccharides that possess biological properties that are similar to their linear counterparts, but some of their physicochemical properties differ. CDs are able to form water-soluble inclusion complexes with many poorly soluble lipophilic drugs. Thus, CDs are used to enhance the aqueous solubility of drugs and to improve drug bioavailability after, for example, oral administration. Through CD complexation, poorly soluble drugs can be formulated as aqueous parenteral solutions, nasal sprays and eye drop solutions. These oligosaccharides are being recognized as non-toxic and pharmacologically inactive excipients for both drug and food products. Recently, it has been observed that CDs and CD complexes in particular self-assemble to form nanoparticles and that, under certain conditions, these nanoparticles can self-assemble to form microparticles. These properties have changed the way we perform CD research and have given rise to new CD formulation opportunities. Here, the pharmaceutical applications of CDs are reviewed with an emphasis on their solubilizing properties, their tendency to self-assemble to form aggregates, CD ternary complexes, and their metabolism and pharmacokinetics. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Curcumin and its nano-formulation: The kinetics of tissue distribution and blood-brain barrier penetrationYin Meng Tsai | Chao Feng Chien | Lie Chwen Lin | Tung Hu Tsai
Volume 416, Issue 1, September 2011, Pages 331-338
Curcumin has considerable neuro-protective and anti-cancer properties but is rapidly eliminated from the body. By optimizing the HPLC method for analysis of curcumin, this study evaluates how the ability of curcumin to penetrate organs and different regions of the brain is affected by nanoparticulation to increase curcumin circulation time in the body. Curcumin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles (C-NPs) were prepared by the high-pressure emulsification-solvent evaporation method. The mean particle size and entrapment efficiency were 163 nm and 46.9%, respectively. The release profile of C-NPs was an initial burst effect followed by sustained diffusion. In distribution studies, curcumin could be detected in the evaluated organs, including liver, heart, spleen, lung, kidney and brain. C-NPs were found mainly in the spleen, followed by the lung. Formulation significantly raised the curcumin concentration in these organs with increases in the AUC, t 1/2 and MRT of curcumin, though this was not apparent in the heart. Curcumin and C-NPs could cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to enter brain tissue, where it was concentrated chiefly in the hippocampus. Nanoparticulation significantly prolonged retention time of curcumin in the cerebral cortex (increased by 96%) and hippocampus (increased by 83%). These findings provide further understanding for the possible therapeutic effects of curcumin and C-NPs in further pre-clinical and clinical research. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Pharmaceutical cocrystals and poorly soluble drugsRanjit Thakuria | Amit Delori | William Jones | Maya P. Lipert | Lilly Roy | Naír Rodríguez-Hornedo
Volume 453, Issue 1, February 2013, Pages 101-125
In recent years cocrystal formation has emerged as a viable strategy towards improving the solubility and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. In this review the success of numerous pharmaceutical cocrystals for the improvement of the solubility and dissolution rates of poorly soluble drugs is demonstrated using various examples taken from the literature. The role of crystal engineering principles in the selection of appropriate coformers and the nature of the supramolecular synthons present within the crystals are described. Evidence for improved animal pharmacokinetic data is given for several systems. A summary is provided of our current understanding of the relationship between cocrystal structure and solution phase interactions on solubility as well as those factors that influence overall cocrystal thermodynamic stability. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Influence of particle size on regional lung deposition - What evidence is there?Robert O. Williams | Thiago C. Carvalho | Jay I. Peters
Volume 406, Issues 1-2, March 2011, Pages 1-10
The understanding of deposition of particles in the respiratory tract is of great value to risk assessment of inhalation toxicology and to improve efficiency in drug delivery of inhalation therapies. There are three main basic mechanisms of particle deposition based primarily on particle size: inertial impaction, sedimentation and diffusion. The regional deposition in the lungs can be evaluated in regards to the aerodynamic particle size, in which particle density plays a significant role. In this review paper, we first introduce the available imaging techniques to confirm regional deposition of particles in the human respiratory tract, such as planar scintigraphy, single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET). These technologies have widely advanced and consequently benefited the understanding of deposition pattern, although there is a lack of lung dosimetry techniques to evaluate the deposition of nanoparticles. Subsequently, we present a comprehensive review summarizing the evidence available in the literature that confirms the deposition of smaller particles in the smaller airways as opposed to the larger airways. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Nano spray drying: A novel method for preparing protein nanoparticles for protein therapySie Huey Lee | Desmond Heng | Wai Kiong Ng | Hak Kim Chan | Reginald B H Tan
Volume 403, Issues 1-2, January 2011, Pages 192-200
There has been an increasing interest in the development of protein nanotherapeutics for diseases such as cancer, diabetes and asthma. Spray drying with prior micro mixing is commonly used to obtain these powders. However, the separation and collection of protein nanoparticles with conventional spray dryer setups has been known to be extremely challenging due to its typical low collection efficiency for fine particles less than 2 μm. To date, there has been no feasible approach to produce these protein nanoparticles in a single step and with high yield (>70%). In this study, we explored the feasibility of the novel Nano Spray Dryer B-90 (equipped with a vibrating mesh spray technology and an electrostatic particle collector) for the production of bovine serum albumin (BSA) nanoparticles. A statistical experimental design method (Taguchi method based on three levels, five variables L18 orthogonal array robust design) was implemented to study the effect of and optimize the experimental conditions of: (1) spray mesh size, (2) BSA solution concentration, (3) surfactant concentration, (4) drying air flow rate and (5) inlet temperature on: (1) size and (2) morphology (axial ratio). Particle size and morphology were predominantly influenced by the spray mesh size and surfactant concentration, respectively. The drying air flow rate and inlet temperature had minimal impact. Optimized production of smooth spherical nanoparticles (median size: 460 ± 10 nm, axial ratio: 1.03 ± 0.00, span 1.03 ± 0.03, yield: 72 ± 4%) was achieved using the 4 μm spray mesh at BSA concentration of 0.1% (w/v), surfactant concentration of 0.05% (w/v), drying flow rate of 150 L/min and inlet temperature of 120 °C. The Nano Spray Dryer B-90 thus offers a new, simple and alternative approach for the production of protein nanoparticles suited for a variety of drug delivery applications. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Manufacturing of solid dispersions of poorly water soluble drugs by spray drying: Formulation and process considerationsAmrit Paudel | Zelalem Ayenew Worku | Joke Meeus | Sandra Guns | Guy Van Den Mooter
Volume 453, Issue 1, January 2013, Pages 253-284
Spray drying is an efficient technology for solid dispersion manufacturing since it allows extreme rapid solvent evaporation leading to fast transformation of an API-carrier solution to solid API-carrier particles. Solvent evaporation kinetics certainly contribute to formation of amorphous solid dispersions, but also other factors like the interplay between the API, carrier and solvent, the solution state of the API, formulation parameters (e.g. feed concentration or solvent type) and process parameters (e.g. drying gas flow rate or solution spray rate) will influence the final physical structure of the obtained solid dispersion particles. This review presents an overview of the interplay between manufacturing process, formulation parameters, physical structure, and performance of the solid dispersions with respect to stability and drug release characteristics. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Proteins, polysaccharides, and their complexes used as stabilizers for emulsions: Alternatives to synthetic surfactants in the pharmaceutical field?Eléonore Bouyer | Ghozlene Mekhloufi | Véronique Rosilio | Jean Louis Grossiord | Florence Agnely
Volume 436, Issues 1-2, October 2012, Pages 359-378
Emulsions are widely used in pharmaceutics for the encapsulation, solubilization, entrapment, and controlled delivery of active ingredients. In order to answer the increasing demand for clean label excipients, natural polymers can replace the potentially irritative synthetic surfactants used in emulsion formulation. Indeed, biopolymers are currently used in the food industry to stabilize emulsions, and they appear as promising candidates in the pharmaceutical field too. All proteins and some polysaccharides are able to adsorb at a globule surface, thus decreasing the interfacial tension and enhancing the interfacial elasticity. However, most polysaccharides stabilize emulsions simply by increasing the viscosity of the continuous phase. Proteins and polysaccharides may also be associated either through covalent bonding or electrostatic interactions. The combination of the properties of these biopolymers under appropriate conditions leads to increased emulsion stability. Alternative layers of oppositely charged biopolymers can also be formed around the globules to obtain multi-layered "membranes". These layers can provide electrostatic and steric stabilization thus improving thermal stability and resistance to external treatment. The novel biopolymer-stabilized emulsions have a great potential in the pharmaceutical field for encapsulation, controlled digestion, and targeted release although several challenging issues such as storage and bacteriological concerns still need to be addressed. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Polymeric micelles and alternative nanonized delivery vehicles for poorly soluble drugsYing Lu | Kinam Park
Volume 453, Issue 1, September 2013, Pages 198-214
Poorly soluble drugs often encounter low bioavailability and erratic absorption patterns in the clinical setting. Due to the rising number of compounds having solubility issues, finding ways to enhance the solubility of drugs is one of the major challenges in the pharmaceutical industry today. Polymeric micelles, which form upon self-assembly of amphiphilic macromolecules, can act as solubilizing agents for delivery of poorly soluble drugs. This manuscript examines the fundamentals of polymeric micelles through reviews of representative literature and demonstrates possible applications through recent examples of clinical trial developments. In particular, the potential of polymeric micelles for delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs, especially in the areas of oral delivery and in cancer therapy, is discussed. Key considerations in utilizing polymeric micelles' advantages and overcoming potential disadvantages have been highlighted. Lastly, other possible strategies related to particle size reduction for enhancing solubilization of poorly water-soluble drugs are introduced. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Lipid nanocarriers for dermal delivery of lutein: Preparation, characterization, stability and performanceKhalil Mitri | Ranjita Shegokar | Sven Gohla | Cecilia Anselmi | Rainer H. Müller
Volume 414, Issues 1-2, July 2011, Pages 267-275
Topical application of lutein as an innovative antioxidant, anti-stress and blue light filter, which is able to protect skin from photo damage, has got a special cosmetic and pharmaceutical interest in the last decade. Lutein is poorly soluble, and was therefore incorporated into nanocarriers for dermal delivery: solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) and a nanoemulsion (NE). Nanocarriers were produced by high pressure homogenization. The mean particle size was in the range of about 150 nm to maximum 350 nm, it decreased with increasing oil content of the carriers. The zeta potential in water was in the range -40 to -63 mV, being in agreement with the good short term stability at room temperature monitored for one month. In vitro release was studied using a membrane free model. Highest release in 24 h was observed for the nanoemulsion (19.5%), lowest release (0.4%) for the SLN. Release profiles were biphasic (lipid nanoparticles) or triphasic (NE). In vitro penetration study with a cellulose membrane showed in agreement highest values for the NE (60% in 24 h), distinctly lower values for the solid nanocarriers SLN and NLC (8-19%), lowest values for lutein powder (5%). Permeation studies with fresh pig ear skin showed that no (SLN, NLC) or very little lutein (0.4% after 24 h) permeated, that means the active remains in the skin and is not systemically absorbed. The nanocarriers were able to protect lutein against UV degradation. In SLN, only 0.06% degradation was observed after irradiation with 10 MED (Minimal Erythema Dose), in NLC 6-8%, compared to 14% in the NE, and to 50% as lutein powder suspended in corn oil. Based on size, stability and release/permeation data, and considering the chemical protection of the lutein prior to its absorption into the skin, the lipid nanoparticles are potential dermal nanocarriers for lutein. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
Nanosuspension for improving the bioavailability of a poorly soluble drug and screening of stabilizing agents to inhibit crystal growthIndrajit Ghosh | Sonali Bose | Radha Vippagunta | Ferris Harmon
Volume 409, Issues 1-2, May 2011, Pages 260-268
The purpose of this study was to develop a nanosuspension of a poorly soluble drug by nanomilling process using wet media milling to achieve superior in vitro dissolution and high in vivo exposure in pharmacokinetic studies. A promising nanosuspension was developed with Vitamin E TPGS based formulation with particle size in the nano range. Although the formulation showed significant improvement during in vitro dissolution and in vivo plasma level, probably due to the strong hydrophobic interaction between Vitamin TPGS and the drug molecule, crystal growth was observed during stability studies. A systematic study was done with different combinations of solubilizer/stabilizer system in order to obtain a more stable nanosuspension. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC 3 cps) was found to stabilize the nanosuspension by better surface coverage due to stronger interaction with the drug as compared to other stabilizers used in this study. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Approaches for enhancing oral bioavailability of peptides and proteinsJwala Renukuntla | Aswani Dutt Vadlapudi | Ashaben Patel | Sai H S Boddu | Ashim K. Mitra
Volume 447, Issues 1-2, April 2013, Pages 75-93
Oral delivery of peptide and protein drugs faces immense challenge partially due to the gastrointestinal (GI) environment. In spite of considerable efforts by industrial and academic laboratories, no major breakthrough in the effective oral delivery of polypeptides and proteins has been accomplished. Upon oral administration, gastrointestinal epithelium acts as a physical and biochemical barrier for absorption of proteins resulting in low bioavailability (typically less than 1-2%). An ideal oral drug delivery system should be capable of (a) maintaining the integrity of protein molecules until it reaches the site of absorption, (b) releasing the drug at the target absorption site, where the delivery system appends to that site by virtue of specific interaction, and (c) retaining inside the gastrointestinal tract irrespective of its transitory constraints. Various technologies have been explored to overcome the problems associated with the oral delivery of macromolecules such as insulin, gonadotropin-releasing hormones, calcitonin, human growth factor, vaccines, enkephalins, and interferons, all of which met with limited success. This review article intends to summarize the physiological barriers to oral delivery of peptides and proteins and novel pharmaceutical approaches to circumvent these barriers and enhance oral bioavailability of these macromolecules. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.
Design of multifunctional non-viral gene vectors to overcome physiological barriers: Dilemmas and strategiesTao Wang | Jaydev R. Upponi | Vladimir P. Torchilin
Volume 427, Issue 1, May 2012, Pages 3-20
Gene-based therapeutics hold great promise for medical advancement and have been used to treat various human diseases with mixed success. However, their therapeutic application in vivo is limited due largely to several physiological barriers. The design of non-viral gene vectors with the ability to overcome delivery obstacles is currently under extensive investigation. These efforts have placed an emphasis on the development of multifunctional vectors able to execute multiple tasks to simultaneously overcome both extracellular and intracellular obstacles. However, the assembly of these different functionalities into a single system to create multifunctional gene vectors faces many conflicts that largely limit the safe and efficient application of lipoplexes and polyplexes in a systemic delivery. In the review, we have described the dilemmas inherent in the design of a viable, non-viral gene vector equipped with multiple functionalities. The strategies directed towards individual delivery barriers are first summarized, followed by a focus on the design of so-called smart multifunctional vectors with the capability to overcome the delivery difficulties of gene medicines, including the so-called the "polycation dilemma", the "PEG dilemma" and the "package and release dilemma". © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Preparation and characterization of water-soluble albumin-bound curcumin nanoparticles with improved antitumor activityTae Hyung Kim | Hai Hua Jiang | Yu Seok Youn | Chan Woong Park | Kyung Kook Tak | Seulki Lee | Hyungjun Kim | Sangyong Jon | Xiaoyuan Chen | Kang Choon Lee
Volume 403, Issues 1-2, January 2011, Pages 285-291
Curcumin (CCM), a yellow natural polyphenol extracted from turmeric (Curcuma longa), has potent anti-cancer properties as has been demonstrated in various human cancer cells. However, the widespread clinical application of this efficient agent in cancer and other diseases has been limited by its poor aqueous solubility and bioavailability. In this study, we prepared novel CCM-loaded human serum albumin (HSA) nanoparticles (CCM-HSA-NPs) for intravenous administration using albumin bound technology. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) investigation confirmed a narrow size distribution in the 130-150 nm range. Furthermore, CCM-HSA-NPs showed much greater water solubility (300-fold) than free CCM, and on storage, the biological activity of CCM-HSA-NPs was preserved with negligible activity loss. In vivo distributions and vascular endothelial cells transport studies demonstrated the superiority of CCM-HSA-NPs over CCM. Amounts of CCM in tumors after treatment with CCM-HSA-NPs were about 14 times higher at 1 h after injection than that achieved by CCM. Furthermore, vascular endothelial cell binding of CCM increased 5.5-fold, and transport of CCM across a vascular endothelial cell monolayer by Transwell testing was 7.7-fold greater for CCM-HSA-NPs than CCM. Finally, in vivo antitumor tests revealed that CCM-HSA-NPs (10 or 20 mg/kg) had a greater therapeutic effect (50% or 66% tumor growth inhibition vs. PBS-treated controls) than CCM (18% inhibition vs. controls) in tumor xenograft HCT116 models without inducing toxicity. We attribute this potent antitumor activity of CCM-HSA-NPs to enhanced water solubility, increased accumulation in tumors, and an ability to traverse vascular endothelial cell. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Mathematical models of skin permeability: An overviewSamir Mitragotri | Yuri G. Anissimov | Annette L. Bunge | H. Frederick Frasch | Richard H. Guy | Jonathan Hadgraft | Gerald B. Kasting | Majella E. Lane | Michael S. Roberts
Volume 418, Issue 1, October 2011, Pages 115-129
Mathematical models of skin permeability play an important role in various fields including prediction of transdermal drug delivery and assessment of dermal exposure to industrial chemicals. Extensive research has been performed over the last several decades to yield predictions of skin permeability to various molecules. These efforts include the development of empirical approaches such as quantitative structure-permeability relationships and porous pathway theories as well as the establishment of rigorous structure-based models. In addition to establishing the necessary mathematical framework to describe these models, efforts have also been dedicated to determining the key parameters that are required to use these models. This article provides an overview of various modeling approaches with respect to their advantages, limitations and future prospects. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Multivariate data analysis in pharmaceutics: A tutorial reviewTarja Rajalahti | Olav M. Kvalheim
Volume 417, Issues 1-2, September 2011, Pages 280-290
We provide an overview of latent variable methods used in pharmaceutics and integrated with advanced characterization techniques such as vibrational spectroscopy. The basics of the most common latent variable methods, principal component analysis (PCA), principal component regression (PCR) and partial least-squares (PLS) regression, are presented. Multiple linear regression (MLR) and methods for improved interpretation, variable selection, classification and validation are also briefly discussed. Extensive use of the methods is demonstrated by compilation of the recent literature. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
Skin penetration enhancersMajella E. Lane
Volume 447, Issues 1-2, April 2013, Pages 12-21
The skin has evolved to prevent excessive water loss from the internal organs and to limit the ability of xenobiotics and hazardous substances to enter the body. Notwithstanding this barrier function, a number of strategies have been developed by scientists to deliver drugs to and through the skin. The aim of this review is to consider the various types of chemical penetration enhancers (CPEs) which have been investigated in the scientific literature. Potential pathways for CPEs to exert their action are examined with reference to the physical chemistry of passive skin transport. The emphasis is on those studies which have focussed on human and porcine skin because of the limitations associated with skin permeation data collated from other species. Where known, the mechanisms of action of these compounds are also discussed. Examples of enhancers used in commercial topical and transdermal formulations are provided. It is proposed that overall the effects of CPEs on the skin barrier may best be explained by a Diffusion-Partition-Solubility theory. Finally, some of the limitations of studies in the literature are considered and the importance of monitoring the fate of the penetration enhancer as well as the active is highlighted. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.
Why and how to prepare biodegradable, monodispersed, polymeric microparticles in the field of pharmacy?Van Thanh Tran | Jean Pierre Benoît | Marie Claire Venier-Julienne
Volume 407, Issues 1-2, April 2011, Pages 1-11
Drug delivery via biodegradable microparticles benefits from both the protection of the encapsulated drug from hazardous conditions and the controlled release of the encapsulated drug, thereby reducing the administration frequency and improving patient compliance. Microsphere-size particle distribution is considered as being an important factor that affects the choice of the administration route and the drug-release rate. Significant research efforts have been directed towards the production of monodispersed "designer" particles. Amongst various techniques, some have been examined from lab-scale to industrial-scale. This review provides a global overview of monodispersed microparticle production methods and then focuses on recent processes being used to produce biodegradable microparticles applied in the pharmaceutical field. Further discussion about the choice of process according to the microparticle objectives of use is suggested. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
Natural and synthetic polymers for wounds and burns dressingGeorge Dan Mogoşanu | Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
Volume 463, Issue 2, March 2014, Pages 127-136
In the last years, health care professionals faced with an increasing number of patients suffering from wounds and burns difficult to treat and heal. During the wound healing process, the dressing protects the injury and contributes to the recovery of dermal and epidermal tissues. Because their biocompatibility, biodegradability and similarity to macromolecules recognized by the human body, some natural polymers such as polysaccharides (alginates, chitin, chitosan, heparin, chondroitin), proteoglycans and proteins (collagen, gelatin, fibrin, keratin, silk fibroin, eggshell membrane) are extensively used in wounds and burns management. Obtained by electrospinning technique, some synthetic polymers like biomimetic extracellular matrix micro/nanoscale fibers based on polyglycolic acid, polylactic acid, polyacrylic acid, poly-É-caprolactone, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, exhibit in vivo and in vitro wound healing properties and enhance re-epithelialization. They provide an optimal microenvironment for cell proliferation, migration and differentiation, due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, peculiar structure and good mechanical properties. Thus, synthetic polymers are used also in regenerative medicine for cartilage, bone, vascular, nerve and ligament repair and restoration. Biocompatible with fibroblasts and keratinocytes, tissue engineered skin is indicated for regeneration and remodeling of human epidermis and wound healing improving the treatment of severe skin defects or partial-thickness burn injuries. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.


text:
franck roger
Friendly Feel EP
Label: Home Invasion
12" France
- Deep House
franck roger:
It must be deliciously bewildering to get recognition from those who inspired you in the very beginning. French House Music DJ - producer Franck Roger is no stranger to this feeling. When not travelling the world accepting club invitations, this devoted crate digger (don�t ask him about Serato) spends time in his Parisian studio messing with beats and loops. Never not working, Franck Roger is about to take things to another level as beat maker, a talent scout (through his Real Tone Records label), and the DJ you want to dance to. More beats, more gigs, more love. In the beginning was� the Beat. Was little Franck Roger hit by a disco ball when his parents weren�t watching? No one knows, but there were definitely a lot of signs in his early years that indicated future life developments. As a kid, Franck remembers playing around with his audiotape recorder, editing radio hosts voices out and making sure the beat matched when taping the next song� A D.Y.I. introduction to DJing that soon translated into a mission. It was already about natural instinct: a need for beats, loops and some sounds interfering. The starting point of house music in the first place. �I don�t think I was made to do anything else but making music.� From hypnotic, stripped-down and minimal productions � the ubiquitous �M word�, to steamier, deeper or more sophisticated moods, Franck Roger has managed, in less than ten years, to create a distinctive musical signature that earned him ongoing praises and respect from the likes of Kerri Chandler, laurent garnier, Louie Vega, osunlade and more... Although he may have earned early attention for his classic vocal productions (No More Believe, If I), his work soon gave way to a multicolor sound that now finds home in venues from Berlin afterhours club Panorama Bar to Parisian cosy and intimate Djoon Club. Looking for the perfect beat. In the last few years Franck developed and redefined his musical landscape, through travelling, experimenting and more importantly beat making. It comes as no surprise that today, party promoters from Japan to South Africa (where House music reigns supreme) invite him regularly. With a studio as his best friend, Franck Roger fears nothing: �Most of the time I use my studio as a sanctuary, a shelter from city mayhem or life complications... I search for a beat and build the tracks from here�.
franck roger
Friendly Feel EP
Release date: 27.09.2016
Label: Home Invasion
franck roger
Home Invasion - #010
Release date: 22.02.2016
Label: Home Invasion
franck roger
Classic Tracks
Release date: 15.01.2016
Label: Phonogramme
franck roger
Tiger In The Hood
Release date: 30.12.2015
Label: Solarism
franck roger
Home Invasion #8
Release date: 30.07.2015
Label: Home Invasion
Politics Of Dancing VINYL ONLY !
No Pressure feat Hector Moralez
Release date: 19.06.2015
Label: Politics Of Dancing
franck roger
Home Invasion #7
Release date: 27.05.2015
Label: Home Invasion
franck roger
Home Invasion #6
Release date: 27.03.2015
Label: Home Invasion
H Foundation, Hipp-e & Halo
Hear Dis Sound Remixes Pt 2
Release date: 25.02.2015
Label: SIESTA RECORDS
franck roger & D'Julz
Home Invasion #5
Release date: 15.12.2014
Label: Home Invasion
franck roger
Home Invasion #4
Release date: 30.09.2014
Label: Home Invasion
Ralph Lawson
Content Part One (eats Everything & Fran
Release date: 08.05.2014
Label: 20/20 vision
Julien Sandre
Diamonds Ep
Release date: 22.04.2014
Label: Nice To Be
franck roger
Who Knows the Truth
Release date: 25.09.2013
Label: real tone
franck roger
extensions of yesterday
Release date: 03.05.2013
Label: circus company


text:
Morpheus is day 1 for me as long as the price is reasonable. I think there's like only 2 of us on here excited for it
It's just hard to show off.
Having had so much fun with rocket league, I can't wait for RIGS on Morpheus.
I won't write Morpheus off but they're gonna have to get some demo stations set up so the public can test it out.
I can't wait to try out Rocket League (hopefully this weekend). Is that DLC that was posted free? I just read they have over $5M downlaods
I assume it's so they can include the end of the storyline.
Will the story be the exact same or can we expect new things?
It has it's hooks deep.


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text:
Well that was why I was asking what they would have done... but you didn't really answer.
Do you really think if you started yelling and saying you didn't want to be flown off, and you started kicking and screaming that they would have tied you up and drug you into the helicopter?
There is a difference between the final call being theirs, and you being a reasonable person and agreeing to their request to rescue you.


text: Thanksgiving events in downtown San Diego Oct 24 2013 About 3 year(s) ago by Bristol Hotel San Diego, California is a spectacular destination to celebrate the Thanksgiving holiday with friends and family. Whether you want to give back to the community or gather around a festive holiday table, Thanksgiving in San Diego is a wonderful experience. Enjoy a Thanksgiving 5k run through Balboa Park, go ice skating at Horton Plaza and enjoy a bountiful Thanksgiving dinner at one of downtown San Diego's wonderful restaurants. Continue reading


text:
Asperger's syndrome – gone but not forgotten!
Posted August 17, 2012on:
- In: ASD | Autism | Equality | Inclusion | teaching and learning
- 2 Comments
So Asperger's syndrome is no more, and those of us with this diagnosis are subsumed into the more general Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD). I don't know if I'm going to miss being an 'Aspie' or not. It's a bit of a mouthful to explain to folks that you have certain difficulties in communication and social situations due to 'Autistic spectrum disorder'!
I do know that I dislike labels, as a general rule. However, my own difficulties can be explained very well by this particular label. People like me can come across as very direct, rude, aggressive, even, in conversation, and might look disinterested, bored or awkward in social situations. I have no problem teaching classes, even those that I'm not familiar with (the 'please take' ) but I always have a dread of walking into the staffroom or subject base and meeting people I don't know too well. Conversation starters have always been difficult for me. I also have no problem giving presentations at conferences, but you usually won't find me at the pre-conference coffee session. I drive around or stay in the car park until just before registration and the start. It's a very unfortunate situation, but it's how I cope with strange and unfamiliar places and people. I feel more comfortable being the last to turn up for the committee meeting if its a set of folks I don't know too well, and even saying 'hello' to strangers and shaking hands is a very challenging thing for me!
So if you know someone like me, with the condition formerly known as Asperger's Syndrome, please be a little attuned to some of these difficulties, particularly if we appear to be a bit more direct, or don't know when to shut up! And don't be offended if we don't maintain eye contact when having a conversation. A great description of some typical 'Aspie' behaviour can be found here.
2 Responses to "Asperger's syndrome – gone but not forgotten!"
Thank you for blogging this. I think teachers are getting better at understanding how to make school life better for kids with Aspergers and ASD but it's easy to forget that those kids grow up and that adults can have ASD too. A good reminder for more tolerance and acceptance of others, thank you!


text:
LEONI TWP., MI – The 82-year-old Moon Lake Road Bridge in Leoni Township is on a list of critical bridges that could be replaced and raised in 2016.
The Jackson County Department of Transportation is requesting that the Michigan Department of Transportation apply for a federal grant to replace the bridge, said John Sanders, JCDOT director of project management.
It is one of four bridges JCDOT is requesting to be replaced. It would cost $825,000 and JCDOT would provide a 5 percent match.
Sanders said the bridge is in critical condition and replacing it would also involve raising the bridge so canoes could make their way under it. The space under the bridge is 4.5 feet, and Sanders said it would be raised to about 6 or 8 feet.
The replacement of the bridge is welcomed by some township residents, but not all. Similar efforts in 2006 and 2008 were made to raise the bridge. If raised, canoes would be able to travel the chain of lakes in Leoni Township.
Sanders said a 2006 survey showed 323 residents supported raising the bridge and 285 want it left as is.
"Residents on one side of the bridge don't want Michigan Center people coming into 'their' lake and Michigan Center residents want to traverse all of the lakes," Sanders said.
The bridge would also be lengthened from 23 feet to 60 feet and widened from 25 feet to 36 feet.
The Leoni Township Board of Trustees approved a resolution March 12 asking JCDOT to submit the Moon Lake Bridge for replacement under the Local Bridge Fund.
Sanders said by December they should know if the bridge was approved.
Critical bridges that could be replaced in 2016
Moon Lake Road Bridge, Leoni Township
Michigan Avenue Bridge over the Conrail railroad, Parma Township
Cornell Road Bridge, Concord Township
Benn Road Bridge, Sandstone Township


text:
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Artz, Nathan S. MS*; Wentland, Andrew L. BS*; Sadowski, Elizabeth A. MD†; Djamali, Arjang MS, MD‡; Grist, Thomas M. MD*†; Seo, Songwon MS§; Fain, Sean B. PhD*†
Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the ability of a flow-sensitive alternating inversion recovery–arterial spin labeling (FAIR-ASL) technique to track renal perfusion changes during pharmacologic and physiologic alterations in renal blood flow using microspheres as a gold standard.
Materials and Methods: Fluorescent microsphere and FAIR-ASL perfusion were compared in the cortex of the kidney for 11 swine across 4 interventional time points: (1) under baseline conditions, (2) during an acetylcholine and fluid bolus challenge to increase perfusion, (3) initially after switching to isoflurane anesthesia, and (4) after 2 hours of isoflurane anesthesia. In 10 of the 11 swine, a bag of ice was placed on the hilum of 1 kidney at the beginning of isoflurane administration to further reduce perfusion in 1 kidney.
Results: Both ASL and microspheres tracked the expected cortical perfusion changes (P < 0.02) across the interventions, including an increase in perfusion during the acetylcholine challenge and decrease during the administration of isoflurane. Both techniques also measured lower cortical perfusion in the iced compared with the noniced kidneys (P ≤ 0.01). The ASL values were systematically lower compared with microsphere perfusion. Very good correlation (r = 0.81, P < 0.0001) was observed between the techniques, and the relationship appeared linear for perfusion values in the expected physiologic range (microsphere perfusion <550 mL/min/100 g) although ASL values saturated for perfusion >550 mL/min/100 g.
Conclusion: Cortical perfusion measured with ASL correlated with microspheres and reliably detected changes in renal perfusion in response to physiologic challenge.
© 2011 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.
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text: Beijing: Wozniacki Interview An interview with Caroline Wozniacki after her win in the second round of the China Open. Published October 01, 2013 12:02 Embed x Width: px Height: px Embedded code: Topics: 2013, tournaments, singles, photos or videos, caroline wozniacki, beijing Share this page! Print Email Related videos Beijing: Best Shots Of The Week October 10, 2016 See all of the best shots from this week at the China Open - right here! Beijing: Story Of The Tournament October 09, 2016 The story of the tournament from the China Open. Beijing: Sunday Highlights October 09, 2016 Highlights from final round action at the China Open. To The Top 3


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Pepe's at North Gong to host the Queen! The mum-of-four wants to meet her fans of the Illawarra.
Bonding the dad way
The Essential Baby and Toddler Show will feature advice from baby experts including Pinky McKay.
Wollongong boy competing in TV's Great Australian Spelling Bee
Desirée Savage SPELLING QUIZ: Eight-year-old Quinn begins his journey on television this Sunday.
Wiggles coming back to the Gong
Desirée Savage Australia's favourite kids group continues their 25th birthday celebrations with another tour.
Another award for Quirky Kid Clinic
Desirée Savage Austinmer child psychology clinic receives another accolade for their program to help children have a 'sense of belonging'.
A change in pool laws
Desirée Savage Around 17,000 Illawarra pool owners need to be aware the laws have changed and now in effect. Don't get caught out.
Picture books the fun new learning tool
Desirée Savage A picture says a thousand words. Two Illawarra authors aim to teach kids and parents valuable lessons.


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The following positions are currently available at the National Society Daughters of the American Revolution.
Job posted on June 29, 2016
The National Society is seeking a full-time (40 hours per week) Security Officer and On-call/contingent secruity/events staff to join the NSDAR Security Department.
Duties involve greeting visitors, issuing visitor passes and operating security equipment; ensuring safety and security protocols are followed, responding to emergencies, making initial assessments of situations, patrolling and securing premises and performing routine security functions including opening/closing of the building complex.
Job Requirements
Job posted on July 25, 2016
The National Society has a full-time entry-level opportunity for an individual with experience working in a high-volume, high-level customer service environment to join the Membership Services Department of the Office of the Organizing Secretary General. This department is responsible for all member services activities, including processing of annual membership dues.
Job posted on September 20, 2016
The National Society has a full-time genealogist position available in the Registrar's Office. This unique position offers candidates the opportunity to hone their research skills in early American genealogy, with a focus on Revolutionary War patriots. Primary responsibilities focus on examining and evaluating lineage-based information provided on DAR membership applications or supplemental applications, and corresponding with prospective members or Chapter Registrar if further documentation is needed.
Job posted on September 23, 2016The National Society is seeking a talented fundraising professional to serve as an integral part of the Development team at the National Society Headquarters.


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Cake carved--not the "shirt" pan--and covered in fondant. Hand painted using lemon extract and Americolors navy blue.
good work!!!!!!!!!
Great job!!!
Cool!!! Looks great!!!
what a great idea, looks very cool!
great work
CakeCentral.com is the world's largest cake community for cake decorating professionals and enthusiasts.
(if this is a private computer)
Yes please, register now!


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see more images from our portfolio..
The images are always of an exacting quality and feature prominently through our web and print marketing
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Photography that consistently reflects the strength of our brand; a key factor in driving sales and new business. I would have no hesitation in recommending Procter Photography
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We have used Procter Photography for a number of assignments including PR, head shots and corporate events. The images are always relevant, consistent, and of an extremely high quality.
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MOBILE | A witness saw four children in their father�s vehicle on a bridge the morning he allegedly tossed them from the 80-foot-tall span, and another witness later saw him leave Dauphin Island without the children, Mobile County Sheriff Sam Cochran said Friday.
Cochran said he released the details about the witnesses in response to Lam Luong�s claim that he gave the children to a friendly Asian woman and was coerced into saying he threw them from the Dauphin Island bridge Monday morning.
�All the credible evidence brings us right back here to Dauphin Island and that�s why we continue to search,� Cochran said.
He said there�s no evidence the children are alive. Crews have been searching waters around the coastal bridge for bodies of the children, ranging in age from a few months to 3 years.
Cochran said after one witness saw Luong with the children on the bridge, the second gave him gas on the island and the children were not with him. He said investigators also have documented that the witnesses were on the island at the right times for them to have witnessed Luong being on the bridge.
The witness accounts would put Luong on the bridge about 9:15 a.m. Monday.
Luong, 37, initially told police that two women in Bayou La Batre who claimed to know his wife, 23-year-old Kieu Phan, took the children about that time and never returned them. While he later told authorities he tossed them from the bridge, he recanted that confession Thursday in his first meeting with a defense lawyer and stuck to the initial account.
Cochran said claims that the children may have been taken to Mississippi or left with Luong�s girlfriend were checked out and proved false.
He said �persons of interest� were questioned in Mississippi and New Jersey about whether they had taken the children. All of that showed no positive results, he said.
The search for the children�s bodies expanded Friday from the 100 square miles combed since Tuesday to 150 square miles. Helicopters, boats, people on shore with binoculars and deputies on horseback participated in the search, although the Coast Guard ended its participation Thursday.
The search was expected to continue this weekend.
Luong was denied bail Thursday on four charges of capital murder.
His appointed defense attorney, Joe Kulakowski, said Luong told him authorities should be searching Asian communities for two women who left with the children in a van.
The Alabama coast has a substantial number of Asian immigrants working in the seafood industry. Luong had worked as a shrimper in the fishing village of Bayou La Batre.
In the waters off Dauphin Island, near the mouth of Mobile Bay, investigators were using sonar equipment that has turned up debris, logs, fish traps, hurricane detritus � even a baby shoe that a sheriff�s spokesman said led searchers to a nearby river, but no bodies.
Sheriff says witness puts Dad on bridge
MOBILE | A witness saw four children in their father�s vehicle on a bridge the morning he allegedly tossed them from the 80-foot-tall span, and another witness later saw him leave Dauphin Island without the children, Mobile County Sheriff Sam Cochran said Friday.


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Fixed PriceBudget: $200
Start DateDecember 23, 2012
easytect is the trendsetting IT service provider in Germany for providing IT services and software development. Our highly specialized IT solutions and services that build on proven technological knowledge and capabilities allow our local and global customers tangible results.
For a small project on joomla base, we are searching for a Joomla Component Developer, who can write a booking system with paypal payment possibility. The system must have a front and backend on joomla frontend, so that the admin can enter the products from frontend and make some important settings. One function must be implemented: after a booking, reservation or an order, the information could be sent via fax to a specific fax number. More details will be provided, when the project starts.
Please send us your application with a CV and portfolio. We are looking for a long term relationship. Skills in wordpress would be benificial, because it is planned to write this component for wordpress too.
Skills: paypal
About the Client
Westerburg 07:54 PM
Jobs Posted
44% Hire Rate, 1 Open Job
Total Spent
18 Hires, 0 Active


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Use SilverFast to scan photos, line art, film negatives, and other printed documents, while getting the highest quality scans possible from your scanner.
- Overview
- Transcript
- View Offline
- [Voiceover] Hello, I'm Taz Tally, and I'd like to welcome you to Scanning with SilverFast 8. If you're a previous version-user of SilverFast, say versions one through six, you're going to see some pretty familiar tools, but you're also going to see a completely changed interface. Like the new SilverFast 8 interface, this course is broken up into two section, automatic scanning and manual scanning. First we'll cover automatic, and we'll show you how to set up in automatic mode and then we'll do a whole series of projects. Then we'll move on to the manually scanning, and again, show you how to set up your manual interface, and then, again, do a whole series of individual projects using the manual interface.
Right from the get-go, I'd like to encourage you to learn and use the manual scanning interface, because you're going to have access to all of SilverFast's really sophisticated tools, and you're going to have complete control over and confidence in the creation of your final scanned images. So, let's don our cotton gloves and get started Scanning with SilverFast 8.
- Arranging your workspace
- Setting up color management
- Setting scan frame and resolution
- Calibrating the scanner
- Performing grayscale and color automatic scans
- Performing a negative color film scan
- Scanning simple line art and changing it into vectors
- Scanning photos
- Making global color corrections to a scan
- Sharpening
- Removing noise, dust, and scratches
- Batch scanning


text: Letters Japan Should Acknowledge Its Past If Japanese public figures such as Shintaro Ishihara, continue to deny that the Rape of Nanjing ever happened, the pain will remain—a useful tool for propagandists. March 7, 2014 4:03 p.m. ET "China's World: Keeping History's Horrors Alive" (World News, Feb. 26) makes a good point about China keeping the wounds of World War II open. I think that those... To Read the Full Story, Subscribe or Sign In


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The Nintendo-published LEGO City Undercover is set for release next month, and we've got half a dozen of new screenshots. It's a sandbox-style action-adventure game set in the LEGO universe. LEGO City Undercover was recently featured in our Top 10 upcoming Wii U games of 2013. The game will be released on March 18, exclusively on the Wii U.
Continue reading:
- Nintendo: Switch is a new platform, not a suc
- WiiUDaily's Big Switch
- Rumored Nintendo Switch specs reveal a pretty
- Nintendo Switch has strong third party suppor
TAGS: LEGO City Undercover, Nintendo, wii u


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Champagne Jacquart Brut Mosaique
Top 10 Budget Champagnes
Champagne Jacquart
Aptly named, this wine is a blend of crus, aromas and flavors. Getting its freshness from the dominant Chardonnay grape and its structure from the Pinot Noir, this brut offers a balanced palate of rich flavors of pear, fig and almond.
Related Content:


text:
Asterix In Britain Plot Summary
A selection of articles related to asterix in britain plot summary.
Original articles from our library related to the Asterix In Britain Plot Summary. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Asterix In Britain Plot Summary.
- Story of the Celts: The Celts in Britain
- The Celts in Britain [ 27 ] What is obvious when studying the Celts, as when studying anything, is that different experts say different things--there are always men of knowledge who have conflicting views about specifics. The dates of when the Celts came to...
History & Anthropology >> Celtic & Irish
- Mother Of The Gods And The Father Of The Gael
- There is no surviving, or as yet translated, Creation story within Irish mythology. We learn from the Lebor Gabala Erenn, a text from the Christian Middle Ages, of the Tuatha De Danann, or "People of the Goddess Danu", who came to Ireland either...
Deities & Heros >> Celtic, Welsh, Irish & Brittish
- King Arthur and the Cymry Heroes
- The Celtic Britons called themselves the Cymry, which meant "fellow countrymen" in their Celtic tongue. Once Roman rule ended in Britain in about 410 A.D., a power vacuum developed, leading to the onslaught of Germanic invasions by Angles and Saxons,...
Saga of Times Past >> Legend and Prehistory
- Survivalists' Guide for the New Millennium: Summary
- As we enter into the new millennium, the dreams of a fading era carry us all to an uncertain destination. The modern age has in no way resolved the human crisis, which is not significantly different except in terms of scale and severity, than the tragedies...
Philosophy >> Survivalists Guide for the New Millennium
- Story of the Celts: The Celts of Ireland
- The Celts of Ireland [ 33 ] The Celts arrived in Ireland by 350 B.C (some say earlier) and they thrive there to this day. A claim might be made that the Celtic Irish are among the world's oldest nationality groups. Despite periods when foreigners tried in...
History & Anthropology >> Celtic & Irish
- Story of the Celts: The Ancient Celts
- The Ancient Celts [ 8 ] What is surprising to most modern readers is just how widespread across Europe the Celts once were. The Celts have been called the "Fathers of Europe," that is north of the Greco-Roman Mediterranean. Long before the Germanic...
History & Anthropology >> Celtic & Irish
Asterix In Britain Plot Summary is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Asterix In Britain Plot Summary books and related discussion.
Suggested News Resources
- Direction: Robert Zemeckis
- Robert Zemeckis, the master director of such marvels as Forrest Gump, Cast Away, Back to the Future, Polar Express and Flight, again uses cutting edge technology in the service of an emotional, character-driven story. With innovative photorealistic ...
- Cressida Cowell is fired up by the joy of words
- The Asterix books, the big old original Batman annuals, Enid Blighton, Crazy Cat, the cartoons of Claire Bretecher, Judge Dread. I've still got one one of those ...
- The Hunger Games: Mockingjay - Part 1 Movie Review
- Story: Katniss Everdeen (Lawrence), who has brought an end to the games and stirred up a hornet's nest of unrest in the process, is now in District 13. It is headed by President Alma Coin (Moore).
Great care has been taken to prepare the information on this page. Elements of the content come from factual and lexical knowledge databases, realmagick.com library and third-party sources. We appreciate your suggestions and comments on further improvements of the site.
Asterix In Britain Plot Summary Topics
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Luxury Picasso Suite 1.2
숙박 가능인원4
침실 수1
면적55 m²
Floor No.3(with elevator)
- 가족 / 아이들과 친근함
- 인터넷
- 부엌
- 에어콘
- 주차
- 핸디캡 편의
- 아침식사
|Carrer de València, 08009 Barcelona, 스페인
|Acceptance rate
|Response time
|A few hours
|Calendar updated
|6 days ago
Ideally located in the central Eixample district of Barcelona, the Picasso Suite apartment has a huge rooftop terrace boasting great views towards Montjuic and the Olympic Stadium. The apartment is 2 minutes' walk from Paseo de Gracia, one of Barcelona's main streets for shopping and culture.
The terrace has dining table, comfortable seating area and sun-loungers. Indoors, the apartment is modern and tastefully furnished throughout. There is a double bedroom with queen size bed and a living area with flat-screen TV and sofa bed, which can accommodate 2 additional guests. The kitchen is fully equipped with modern appliances. The bathroom has a rainforest shower.
All of Barcelona's cultural attractions and main commercial districts are within easy reach. The Sagrada Familia is 10 minutes walk through the busy city streets. There are 2 metro stations (Verdaguer and Girona) within 5 minutes' walk. St. Sebastian beach and the beautiful port area are 20 minutes' away using the metro.
|2 명 이상시 가격
|51278 ₩ 1박당/
|Check-in before
|환불 규정
Appartement bien situé dans quartier calme. Comptez 20 min de marche jusqu'au port. Bien desservi en bus. Appartement très grand avec beaucoup de clarté. Mobilier disign conforme à la photo. Parking dispo mais en plus. Bémol si je puis dire la salle de bain un peu étroite. Literie très confortable. Nous avons été bien accueilli très correct très propreté aussi.
When we arrived, we were a little skeptical. Walking up stairs, the host was waiting for us, she gave us good information about the apartment and some sighting tips. We felt welcome and of course we all like the apartment.
The fridge stocking is not good, but it was expected (from our experience), still we ordered it just in case we arrived late at night.
The apartment is 2 minutes a way from metro, still it's in a quieted alley. We feel pretty safe and that feeling is important for us since we have 3 children (10, 13 and 15 years).
Not just that the apartment is convenience close to the metro, it awesome next to apartment squares and alleys with small shops and restaurants (lots of them). Make your own breakfast? Sure, why not, it just 1 minute away from a great bakeries, 2 minutes away from stores with great Spanish jamón and fresh fruits.
The metro (Fontana station) close to the apartment, is the green line L3, the perfect metro line for sightseeing, 4 stops to La Rambla, If you shopping, 3 stops to Catalunya station where you can shop those exclusive brands or more casual brands at Diagonal (1 stop) or Passeig de Gracia (2 stops).
The beaches or the ports seems far if you use Google Map, but no worry, just 20 minutes with metro, you need make one change to L2 (or is it L1), and you'll have all the beaches you want.
Yes, we were skeptical when we arrived. That skeptical turns into love, it just so convenience and fit our family needs.
El apartamento está genial. Muy bien situado, amplio, limpio, muy cómodo, teniendo en cuenta que íbamos con una niña pequeña. Nos encantó. Además, María, la persona que nos recibió, fue un encanto con nosotros, todo facilidades. No le pongo las 5 estrellas porque echamos en falta un microondas ;) , pero por lo demás, un sitio fantástico. Volveremos seguro. Totalmente recomendable.
El apartamento es muy amplio y limpio, a un minuto caminando del metro. Lo volveríamos a utilizar definitivamente.
- 확인된 숙소의 품질
- 모든 호스트는 전화로 입증되었습니다.


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Review: 'Young Adult' is a smart, sour anatomy of a bitch
There's a single line—make that a single word—in the opening reel of "Young Adult" delivered with such pointed lack of empathy as to immediate wipe clean any cosier expectations we might have had of a second collaboration between director Jason Reitman and screenwriter Diablo Cody. Staring disconnectedly into her glass while on a blind date with a seemingly decent chap wittering on about his experience of teaching in South East Asia, Charlize Theron's divorced, 37 year-old youth fiction novelist Mavis Gary screws up her face and spits out the question, "Why?"
The guy doesn't acknowledge the question; indeed, it doesn't break his flow for a second. But after Theron's drolly apathetic tone gets the required laugh from the viewer, her sourly confused expression seals the moment as more than a snarky throwaway: this isn't just a woman who disdains people who help others, it's one who sincerely doesn't comprehend them. A kind of high-functioning autism invisible beneath her snippy intelligence and immaculate lipstick, Mavis's misanthropy makes in her mind a gigantic 'why' of all human relationships, though she's sufficiently self-possessed enough not to care about the answers. We never see the face of her hapless date in that early exchange; in a sense, one doubts she does either.
If not quite a brilliant film itself, "Young Adult" is nonetheless shot through with such brilliant flashes of testy insight: it's certainly as daringly ungenerous a mainstream comedy as American cinema has served up in recent memory, somehow standing on both sides of the mirror as it initially ridicules both Mavis for her unearned snobbery and the white-bread Midwestern society around her for allowing itself to be ridiculed. Like the pithily condescending character comedies of Alexander Payne, Cody's script places immense stock in social and geographical limitations: Mavis assumes the classic American character mantle of the small-town-girl-made-good, returning home from the big city, but the film's greatest unarticulated joke is that big-city life in this case lies only as far afield as Minneapolis.
In a series of tersely edited, beigely art-directed scenes at the outset, Reitman swiftly establishes the contained sense of failure surrounding the former high-school prom queen's supposed urban self-realization: living in a boxy new-build high-rise with only Starbucks-flavored friends and a virtually clockwork Pomeranian for company, ghost-writing Sweet Valley High clones using dialogue cribbed from unwitting local teens and routinely passing out on unmade beds, Mavis's city life seems so scaled-down, unambitiously tethered to lifelong bad habits, that it's no surprise when, at a supremely loose end post-divorce, she returns to the smaller but similarly sterile pond of her hometown.
The ostensible, wholly deluded goal of this trip may be to win back Buddy, the jockish high-school sweetheart (Patrick Wilson) who gave Mavis her few isolated years of emotional security—that he's blissfully married with a newborn child is but a minor irritation to her—but while the film plays the spiky farce of this scenario for good, nasty laughs, the moving, more complicated subtext is that she's competitively chasing a life she knows she doesn't want for herself.
Theron is superb at registering Mavis's split-second shifts in awareness with a single facial movement, and there's a key one when she arrives, ludicrously overdressed, at the synthetic sports bar where Buddy has scheduled a friendly reunion: the fall in her face says everything as she realizes the ex she's held up all her adult life as the tantalizing road not taken is not just unavailable, but a dullard to boot.
Wickedly funny as it so often is—Cody's voice has hardened and settled since her Oscar-winning work on "Juno," now choosing its moments to be strident or smartass—"Young Adult" works best as a tricky small-town tragedy in which everyone wants someone else's life, but no one's life looks particularly desirable in the first place. A safer film (Reitman's own "Up in the Air," for example) might cast its moral lot on one side of the net, idealizing either warm domesticity or no-strings irresponsibility, but "Young Adult" is too wary and too searching for that.
Buddy's backyard-barbecue lifestyle looks no more appropriate a solution to Mavis's malaise than that of her disabled former classmate and unlikely kindred spirit Matt, played with wry, whisky-marinated warmth by Patton Oswalt in full-schlub mode. Ingrained codes of Hollywood romance tell us her redemption lies in a choice between them, but the film's courageous, potentially divisive third act suggests that self-awareness, once attained, needn't be accepted.
This is a bold narrative endgame, but Cody's script makes some specious judgments to get there: her even-handedness is commendable, but she risks patronizing everyone in the film to exhausting effect, notably in a climactic bar-seduction scene where Mavis's would-be cosmopolitan sluttiness and the low-rent naïvete of Buddy's wife's dopey garage band are pitted against each other to equally cruel effect. There's a tonal thinness to such stretches where, far less sophisticated construction that it was, some of the open-hearted humanism of "Juno" wouldn't go amiss.
Happily, these rare instances of undue meanness in the writing are elegantly papered over by Theron's ferocious star turn: her sharpest, most fluidly capricious work since her career-shifting performance in "Monster" eight years ago, and a welcome workout for the vinegary comic timing that's been curiously underused since a few far less worthy early-career vehicles. (It's also arguably the first role of the actress's career to make interesting, counter-thematic use of her traffic-stopping beauty.)
It's to Theron's considerable credit that, as inscrutably unlikeable as Mavis remains for nearly three-quarters of the film's running time, we're never really off her side: even in her worst moments, there's a kind of purposeful poise to her brazenly atrocious behaviour that's inexplicably admirable. It's easy to imagine an actress like Katherine Heigl humiliating Mavis by playing down to her; it's Theron's sympathy for the devil that makes this pleasingly peppery, savagely sad character study fly. Even to the ugly end, not everyone sees through her: when a sweet loner confesses to Mavis how much she covets her life, it's the audience's turn to bewilderedly ask, "Why?"
For more views on movies, awards season and other pursuits, follow @GuyLodge on Twitter.
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