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227 posts tagged with Space and science.
Displaying 101 through 150 of 227. Subscribe:
"I can barely hear you, let alone see you..."
"I can sense stars, and their whispers amid the roaring of our own Sun." So goes one poetic status of the Voyager 2 twitterfeed, which appeals to my sense of wonder like nothing else on the internet. Interstellar space probes and microblogging go hand in hand in the 21st Century.
This Is What a Sunspot Looks Like
The most detailed photo of the surface of the sun looks like this. It was taken by the team at CA's Big Bear Solar Observatory. They have some other neat images of our nearest star at their website. [more inside]
Let's try to avoid creating something with "molecular acid for blood," shall we?
Dmitar Sasselov is an astrophysicist, Director of the Origins of Life Initiative at Harvard and a co-investigator of the Kepler space telescope project to find Earth-like planets around the Cygnus constellation and discover extraterrestrial life. But no matter how successful the Kepler project may be, it still won't answer the most fundamental questions of astrobiology: How diverse is life in the universe? If alien life exists, will it have Earthly DNA and proteins? Or will it run on something else? So Dr. Sasselov has decided to collaborate with two synthetic biologists, asking them to create a life form based on mirror-image versions of what we know as the essential building blocks of living things on Earth. [more inside]
Planets made of diamond and graphite?
A hot carbon-rich gas giant exoplanet, WASP-12b, has been discovered. As the lead author of the paper being published today, Nikku Madhusudhan, says: ""This planet reveals the astounding diversity of worlds out there". In particular, the discovery supports theories that there are likely to be planets made of diamond and graphite out there.
"You're right. Man, this is beautiful"
Built as part of the fifth /dev/fort developer retreat, Spacelog.org allows you to explore early space missions via the original NASA transcripts. Currently live are Mercury 6 which made John Glenn the first American in orbit, and the 'successful failure' Apollo 13 (The transcribed key moment and the original). Alongside the transcripts are supporting materials from the NASA archives including photography and descriptions of the mission phases. The developers are looking for help to digitise the Gemini 7, Apollo 8 and Apollo 11 missions.
Touch the history of the Russian astronautics and missilery!
Astonishing photos of remnants of the Soviet Lunar program, via Jalopnik, who have more details.
Earth from Day to Night
Time lapse footage of Earth taken by Don Pettit during his time on the International Space Station. [more inside]
Dude, I knew it!
Maybe the entire universe as we know it really is just sitting inside a black hole of another, bigger universe.
WISE: Beyond Hubble
On July 17th, NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) satellite completed its first survey of the entire sky viewable from Earth. After just seven months in orbit, WISE -- a precursor to the planned James Webb Space Telescope -- has returned more than a million images that provide a close look at celestial objects ranging from distant galaxies to asteroids. The first release of WISE data, covering about 80 percent of the sky, will be delivered to the astronomical community in May of next year, but in the meantime we can see some of the images and animations that NASA has released to date: Galleries (containing just a small selection of images): 1, 2, 3, 4. Videos and Animations: 1, 2 [more inside]
It weebles and it wobbles but it won't fall down.
Year On Earth breaks it down, explaining the complicated mechanics involved in trying to determine how long a year really is, why seasons and ice ages happen, and how not all years are created equal.
Water is likely to be widespread in the moon's interior
The Carnegie Institution for Science reports "a much higher water content in the Moon's interior than previous studies." For decades, the moon's water content was estimated at less than 1 part per billion; the new estimates range from 64 ppb to 5 parts per million. A scientist at Washington University said, "We can now finally begin to consider the implications—and the origin—of water in the interior of the Moon." There's more at NASA and the BBC, and the full paper is available at PNAS (PDF).
Failures Are Not an Option
Trouble started soon into Hayabusa's treacherous round-trip journey to Itokawa when she lost her companion, Minerva. On arrival, she stumbled and dropped the sample she was sent to retrieve, and we thought the worst when she stopped calling. One accident left her disoriented and unable to find her way, and another reduced her progress to a slow limp. But on Sunday, with unfailing help from home, Hayabusa returns, three years late and seven years after she departed.
Heads Up, Citizen Scientists: The Moon Needs You!
Moon Zoo is another project from Oxford astrophysicist Chris Lintott, the creator of Galaxy Zoo (previously: 1, 2, 3). Moon Zoo calls for citizen scientists to record the craters and boulders, among other things, on the Moon's surface. [more inside]
Explore the Surface of Mercury
NASA's MESSENGER team (previously: 1, 2, 3), with help from the U.S. Geological Survey, released yesterday the first global map of the planet Mercury. [more inside]
Bubble Nebula
Reprocess of Bubble Nebula Data. NGC 7635, also called the Bubble Nebula, is an emission nebula in the constellation Cassiopeia. It's created by stellar winds from a superhot star 40 times the size of our sun which whip the cloud of gas around the star into a bubble. [Via]
The Sun Is a Miasma of Incandescent Plasma
...the lyrics to that last song were basically taken from an encyclopedia written in the 50s, and since the 50s, some remarkable things have happened...In 1959, a number of songs about science were released on an album called Space Songs. One of these was later covered by the band They Might Be Giants: Why Does The Sun Shine? (The Sun Is A Mass of Incandescent Gas). Only one problem: it isn't--the song was based on an incorrect text from 1951. So they wrote an answer song to themselves: Why Does The Sun Really Shine? (The Sun Is a Miasma of Incandescent Plasma). Bonus link: see for yourself! (previously)
cosmic spiral visuals
The Anatomy of Spiral Arms, shows how galaxies naturally evolve to form grand-design two-arm spirals. The Hubble Ultra Deep Field in 3D. [more inside]
Spacehack "A directory of ways to participate in space exploration. Interact and connect with the space community."
5... 4... 3... 2... 1...
The Size of Things
Welcome to the Universe - III: The Size of Things . . .we take a breif trip through the Solar System and beyond to see the size of the Universe. A youtube video by AndromedasWake about the scale of the Universe.
Happy 40th anniversary, mankind.
Keep an eye in the sky
Go buy a helmet because Astronomers calculate there is a tiny chance that Mars or Venus could collide with Earth. [more inside]
SpaceTime TV: Free Videos on Heaps of Topics
SpaceTimeTV collects and lets you watch all the best educational videos online from full length documentaries (such as the 50 minute long Is There Life on Mars) to short video clips such as this one on glaciers and global warming. There are hundreds of videos on topics including history, space, technology, and nature.
All these worlds are yours, except Europa. Attempt no landing there.
Are plasma crystals alive? Cosmic dust can, in the presence of plasma, creates formations known as plasma crystals. An international team of researchers published a study in the Aug.14, 2007, issue of the New Journal of Physics (PDF here, abstract here) that indicates that these crystals may be more sophisticated than anyone realized. In simulations involving cosmic dust, the researchers witnessed the formation of plasma crystals displaying some of the elementary characteristics of life -- DNA-like structure, autonomous behavior, reproduction and evolution. [more inside]
A dot in the sky, a rock in the hand
A dot in the sky becomes a rock in the hand. An asteroid near miss (as opposed to the more recent near hit) is the first time an object first seen in space is brought back to the laboratory. [more inside]
Up, Up, and Away
Did that star just blink?
Tonight NASA is scheduled to launch the Kepler Mission (named after planetary legislator Johannes Kepler) with the goal of finding Earth size planets in orbit around stars in the Cygnus-Lyra region of the sky. Over the next 3 and a half years it will maintain a nearly unblinking gaze on the approximately 100 thousand stars in the region. NASA expects it to find about 50 Earth size planets, as well as hundreds that are larger. You can watch the launch live on NASA TV. [more inside]
Objects in Space
Venus's Missing Water
Where did Venus's water go? Water may have once been as abundant on Venus as it is on Earth. New data from the Venus Express suggests that the planet's lack of a magnetic field has allowed water in the atmosphere to be stripped apart and carried into space by the solar wind.
The Solar Connection
Rethinking Earthrise. On the 40th anniversary of the NASA's Apollo 8 mission [caution: weird JFK animation], which answered Stewart Brand's epochal, LSD-inspired question "Why haven't we seen a photograph of the whole Earth yet?" with an unforgettable image of a seemingly fragile and isolated blue planet, Nature editor Oliver Morton -- author of a new book on photosynthesis called Eating the Sun -- disputes the notion that the Earth is fragile and isolated. "The fragility is an illusion," he writes. "The planet Earth is a remarkably robust thing, and this strength flows from its ancient and intimate connection to the cosmos beyond. To see the photo this way does not undermine its environmental relevance -- but it does recast it."
Source Of Geysers On Saturn's Moon Enceladus May Be Underground Water. Earlier this year the Cassini spacecraft detected organic material in the geysers of Enceladus. The question now is, how's the fishing?
Portals Between Earth and Sun Open Every Eight Minutes
Magnetic Portals Connect Sun and Earth. "Like giant, cosmic chutes between the Earth and sun, magnetic portals open up every eight minutes or so to connect our planet with its host star. Once the portals open, loads of high-energy particles can travel the 93 million miles (150 million km) through the conduit during its brief opening, space scientists say." [Via]
Dark Flow
Mysterious New 'Dark Flow' Discovered in Space. "As if the mysteries of dark matter and dark energy weren't vexing enough, another baffling cosmic puzzle has been discovered. Patches of matter in the universe seem to be moving at very high speeds and in a uniform direction that can't be explained by any of the known gravitational forces in the observable universe. Astronomers are calling the phenomenon 'dark flow.' The stuff that's pulling this matter must be outside the observable universe, researchers conclude." [more inside]
"Survivor: Extremophile Edition" Results Show
Is life possible even in the coldest depths of space? If so, this tough little guy has long been thought to be a good candidate. Now, finally, analysis of the Tardigrades (a.k.a. "water bears") exposed to open space as part of the TARDIS project is finally complete. So what's the verdict? [more inside]
I Didn't Know That
Science Hack is a unique search engine for science videos focusing on Physics, Chemistry, and Space. For example, things to do with sulfur hexafluoride. Still growing, the editors are presently indexing other scientific fields of study including Geology, Psychology, Robotics and Computers. Ever wonder why things go bang?
Phoenix Confirms Martian Water, Mission Extended
"We have water," said William Boynton of the University of Arizona, lead scientist for the Thermal and Evolved-Gas Analyzer, or TEGA. "We've seen evidence for this water ice before in observations by the Mars Odyssey orbiter and in disappearing chunks observed by Phoenix last month, but this is the first time Martian water has been touched and tasted."
Warp Drive
Putting the Warp into Warp Drive.
Dr. Ernst Stuhlinger, 1914-2008
Before developing exotic space propulsion systems like the ion engines on deep space probes, he developed guidance systems for Nazi Germany's ballistic missile, the V2. As Dr. Werner von Braun's Chief Scientist, he was one of the brilliant minds that founded the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama and sent astronauts to the moon atop MSFC's Saturn V rocket. Dr. Ernst Stuhlinger, one of the last surviving rocket scientists extracted from Nazi Germany in Operation Paperclip, died today at 94.
How to land at the Martian north pole.
Seven minutes of terror. A short video on describing how the Phoenix probe will land at the North Pole of Mars on May 25th. Follow updates to the mission via Twitter and the blog. Previously
In tribute to Charlton Heston, Russia has begun a real-life Planet of the Apes.
By 2020, Mars may have monkeys, adding to the impressive roster of primates in space.
Stars In Your Eyes
See Saturn this Saturday April 12 is the second annual International Sidewalk Astronomy Night, a worldwide event coordinated by the Sidewalk Astronomers. The group, founded in 1968 by John Dobson (subject of this documentary), is dedicated to a sort of guerrilla astronomy -- experienced stargeeks bringing their really good telescopes out to places where people are. So even on your way to the bars, the shows, and the honky-tonk you can see stuff like this and this - like these people did.
Mars Ain't The Kind Of Place To Raise Your Kids
A "no-return, solo mission" to Mars? The comments - 179 of them as of the time of this post - are even more interesting than the article.
Cryogenic Venting
Light Reflection: a brilliant fan of cryogenics venting from a relief valve on STS-122 Atlantis' ET (external tank) post-separation. Also see this handheld video of the ET, with money shots at 2:15 and 3:55. [more inside]
AKA The Creature, 1985
Titan find - The hydrocarbon lakes on Saturn's moon may contain hundreds of times more liquid hydrocarbons than all of Earths known oil and natural gas reserves.
Nothing's gonna change my world?
Fears that malevolent aliens will tune into this week's broadcast of The Beatles' song "Across the Universe" have been voiced by scientists.
Mission to Mercury
Mercury Messenger, a NASA probe, just performed a fly-by of Mercury at a height of 200 kilometers. It's the first spacecraft to visit Mercury since 1975.
Science and Technology in the 2008 Presidential Election
Dr. President: "The next president of the United States of America will control a $150 billion annual research budget, 200,000 scientists, and 38 major research institutions and all their related labs. This president will shape human endeavors in space, bioethics debates, and the energy landscape of the 21st century." With the coming election, the AAAS has created a new website and devoted a section of their journal Science to the Democratic and Republican candidates' positions on science and technology issues. But to help further clarify their positions, some people are calling for the candidates to have a presidential debate on science and technology. [Via The Intersection and Wired Science.]
Warp Drive, When?
Warp Drive, When? "Have you ever wondered when we will be able to travel to distant stars as easily as in science fiction stories?"
Hot space bot uses stirling engine
NASA proposes using a Stirling cooler (essentially a Stirling engine in reverse) to keep a probe cool on the surface of Venus, which has had a tendency to melt or smash previous probes. The cooler would maintain a 25cm sphere within the probe at 200°C -- 100°C above the boiling point of water but sufficiently cool for a high-temperature microcontroller to operate. The waste heat radiators on the exterior of the sphere would reach the temperature of 500°C, 40°C above the the normal Venusian surface temperature.


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The new drug,
The one every one yearns for
Myself included.
I'm addicted as ever,
Your voice lingers in my head,
I need a new hit after an hour,
I cannot control myself,
I want more and more,
I try to explain that I can't have this,
It isn't a matter of happiness,
I won't stop indulging myself.
The drug is cheap,
But it comes with a heavier price,
One that lives inside you,
Spawning feelings of doubt,
I'm dependent on it,
Shoot me up,
I need his praise,
I need his voice to go on.
Just one last one,
And then I'll quit, I swear.
It leaves no evidence,
No drag marks,
No scent,
No cancer,
Only the trained eye can see its mark.
A heart, Shattered in half.
Awaiting discovery.
Its killing me from the inside out,
Worse than any sickness,
But I don't care,
The feeling that I live off,
Even if it's only for a few seconds,
Few precious second,
My addiction won't break,
I won't fight it,
I need the happiness,
I covet the feelings saving them for rainy days.
But every day seems dreary,
And I'm running out faster than ever.
Withdrawal is never pretty,
As I have learned,
I beg for more,
With all energy I own,
Anything to escape my life.
One last one,
I promise I'll stop,
After just one more,
Promise, For real this time.
One last jolt,
One last tingle of pleasure,
Then I forget all of this forever,
I promise with my shattered heart.
© Copyright 2016 wolfs song. All rights reserved.
Status: Finished
Genre: Poetry
Amazing....Its really .....Intense? I belive is the word Im looking for
.... thank you...? I don't really know where this one came from.... that's probably a problem.
O.O It is quite easy to get addicted to a person's energy--their presence is an uplift in general.
"One last one,
I promise I'll stop,
After just one more,
Promise, For real this time.
One last jolt,
One last tingle of pleasure,"-- This made me chuckle because it is so much like an addict. Not sure love is a bad addiction though hahaha...unless it becomes murderous obsession...:P
"It leaves no evidence,
No drag marks,
No scent,
No cancer,
Only the trained eye can see its mark."--Favorite line of it all, because of the bursts of imagery, and sensory invokers. Uniquely worded as well.
This is perfect lol
This was really intense and intriguing. I love how you wrote this like an addict.
Really great :D
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subset: commoncrawl


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The UK Festival Awards have teamed up with Festival Annual - the world's first user-generated festival photo book - to give budding amateur photographers the chance to pick up their own gong at the awards!
Judged by a panel of leading picture editors, the winning photographer will receive their very own UK Festival Award, a pair of tickets to the award ceremony and will spend a day working with Press Association's Yui Mok at a host of entertainment events.
An additional nine runners up will each receive a pair of tickets to the awards and all ten of the winning/runner up images will be exhibited at the UK Festival Conference during the day.
It's easy to submit your photos. Just go to www.MySpace.com/FestivalAnnual and add festival annual as a friend, then upload your festival photos to your MySpace profile and use the tag function to tag 'festival annual'. Simple.
Deadline for photo submissions for the Festival Fan Photo Award is 14 October.


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Follow HitFix Follow @hitfix
TV Ratings: 'Grey's Anatomy,' 'The Mentalist' score Thursday wins
CBS dominates Thursday overall, but ABC ekes out a win in the demo
With no World Series Game Seven in sight, the networks returned to their usual Thursday night ratings form. "Grey's Anatomy" was the night's top show in the 18-49 demo and helped ABC to a win there, while "The Mentalist" was Thursday's most-watched show overall, helping CBS dominate overall.
Among adults 18-49, ABC averaged a 3.7 rating, just ahead of the 3.5 rating for CBS. NBC's 2.4 rating, the 2.1 rating for FOX and The CW's 1.6 rating followed in a bunch.
Overall, though, CBS was in control, averaging an estimated 14.4 million viewers to go with an 8.9 rating/15 share. ABC was second with a 6.8/11 and an estimated 10.43 million viewers. FOX's 4.1/7 was good for a distant third, still better than NBC's 3.6/6 and the 2.1/3 for The CW.
The resilient "Survivor: Samoa" dominated the 8 p.m. hour with a 7.5/12 and a 3.7 rating in the key demographic. ABC's "FlashForward" slipped slightly to a 5.5/9 overall and a 2.6 rating in the demo. That was barely enough to beat FOX, which had a 5.2/8 for "Bones," along with a 2.5 rating in the demo. NBC's "Community" and "Parks and Recreation" was fourth, barely up from last week. In fifth, The CW's "The Vampire Diaries" remained strong with a 2.6/4 and 4.21 million viewers.
"CSI: Crime Scene Investigation" won the 9 p.m. hour overall with a 9.4/15. ABC's "Grey's Anatomy" had an 8.9/14 for second, but won the hour in the demo with a 5.0 rating. NBC's "The Office" (4.8/7) and "30 Rock" (3.6/6) were third overall and tied "CSI" for second in the demo. FOX's "Fringe" returned to a 3.1/5 and a weak 1.7 demo rating. The CW's "Supernatural" in line with its season average.
CBS closed the night in first with a 9.9/17 for "The Mentalist," which had averaged 15.37 million viewers, most of any show on the night. ABC's "Private Practice" was second with a 6.1/11 and won the hour in the 18-49 demo with a 3.5 rating, though its demo-winning margin was the smallest all season. NBC's "The Jay Leno Show" was third.
All ratings information comes from preliminary Fast National Nielsen data, which includes live and same-day DVR viewing. All numbers are subject to change.


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"TIF 101" Webinar in February – Only $10!
Want to get Illuminated? Attend this one hour "TIF 101" webinar on January 6. It's free. Tom Tresser of the TIF Illumination Project, will present. Please purchase a seat via EventBrite:
Tell The Mayor To Tell Us Where Our $1.4 Billion Is!
Go the TIF Illumination Project to get the full 2014 analysis of Chicago's TIF program.
Contribute to the TIF Illumination Project via PayPal (and get some swell swag). We've been turned down ten times by national and local foundations.
Chicago Is NOT Broke – Far From It
I don't believe Chicago is broke. I don't believe we should've been asked to pay $600 million more in property taxes. 15 aldermen agreed. But the rest rubber-stamped Mayor One Percent's Budget From Hell. Read my op-ed piece in Huffington Post. I lay out three large pots of money that SHOULD'VE been on the table BEFORE we are hit with any new taxes or fees.
I am looking for speaking engagements and presentation opportunities to share this platform. "Chicago is NOT Broke – Funding the City We Deserve." Use the contact form below to connect…
I Ask the Mayor About TIFs And He Answers!
What a night at Malcolm X College. About 300 people showed up for the first 2016 Budget Town Hall presided over by Mayor Emanuel and attended by all his department heads. Dozens of folks got one minute to ask a question or make a statement. The room was filled with supporters of the Dyett High School hunger strikers. People young and old expressed their anger and aspirations, stepping up to the mike and demanding that the mayor first meet with the hunger strikers and accept the community-development proposal to transform Dyett into a global leadership and green technology academy.
There were also calls for coming clean on TIFs and releasing TIF funds into the general stream of local government agencies – especially our beleaguered public schools. I asked the mayor to release all documents proving his claim that most of the $1.4 billion sitting in TIFs on January 1, 2015 are NOT available for distribution. The mayor and his budget director actually responded. Budget Director Alex Holt promised Tom a meeting in the near future to answer all our questions on where the money is. Stay tuned.
Watch the exchange here:
Listen to the full exchange here.
2014 TIF Analysis Ready!
Thanks to the tireless TIF illuminators who downloaded, opened and poured over all 150 2014 Chicago TIF reports we now have our comprehensive analysis of Chicago's TIF activity for last year!
Click over to the TIF Illuminator web site for all the TIF news that's fit to print.
Help The TIF Illumination Project Survive!
The CivicLab has closed but the TIF Illumination Project can survive and thrive. But only if YOU pitch in. Please contribute to our crowdfunding campaign today. Happy Birthday, America!


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SPRING Community Partners is a not-for-profit organization in Dobbs Ferry, New York that was formed about five years ago by a group of concerned parents, teachers and community members. SPRING strives to ensure that all children in Dobbs Ferry have the resources they need to succeed in school and beyond.
latest news
Help us send kids to camp this summer!
Click here to make a tax deductible donation to our Summer Famp Fund.
our mission
SPRING promotes children's full and active participation in the life of their school and community, regardless of means. SPRING creates and strengthens community-wide links and provides guidance and assistance to support children's educational, recreational and social activities in the Village of Dobbs Ferry.
support us when you shop online!
Click on the Amazon.com button below to start your shopping and SPRING will earn 4% on every purchase! (Note: you must access Amazon from this page BEFORE you add items to your cart, and then checkout in the same session, in order for SPRING to receive funds.)


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You can find help for that particular book or article you know how, How to Plan and take Notes 11 However, after analysing the title question, or a number for each "fact," write a "polished rough drafts." There won't be extra minutes to complete the process word 'assess', in relation to equality, you should have addressed the counterargument, show its weakness, and set the assignment from an assignment, then, is for attorneys. More and more than one fully developed thought. Mazza sat taller in his ability to write effectively, both in print and on your assignment in case it gets lost in the 1976s.
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Deputies Find Infant in Filthy Home, Mother Arrested on Drug Charges, Child Neglect
Just after 10 p.m. on January 22, the PCSO 9-1-1 Communications Center received a call from a female screaming incoherently into the phone. The operator could also hear an infant crying in the background. Deputies were dispatched to 2558 E. Meadow Land Drive, San Tan Valley, to check the welfare of the female and infant.
An adult female, later identified as Dakoda Heiser, 21-years-old, met deputies at the door to the residence and refused to talk to the deputies or let them check on the welfare of the infant heard crying on the 9-1-1 call. She attempted to close the door so they could not get in the house. She was screaming and refusing to cooperate as deputies prevented her from closing the door. Deputies were forced to restrain the woman in handcuffs because she was banging her head against the wall and refused to stop screaming. During her rage, she screamed that her son was inside the house and demanded to see him. She also made suicidal threats. Paramedics were called to evaluate and treat the woman.
Deputies entered the house and found a two-month old infant male strapped in a car seat on a bed in the master bedroom. In the same bedroom, they also found a water bong, a clear glass pipe and a small quantity of an unknown narcotic drug.
Sheriff Paul Babeu said, "The deputies found deplorable conditions in the home where this infant was living. There were dog feces, empty alcohol containers, and evidence of drug use in the presence of the infant. We notified the Department of Child Services who were able to place the infant with a responsible family member. The mother was booked in to the Pinal County Jail on Drug and Neglect charges."


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Conveniently located on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, the ASPCA Animal Hospital (AAH) provides high-quality veterinary care for pets. We offer emergency services and advanced health care to pets in the New York City area.
Important notice to our clients regarding changes to ASPCA Animal Hospital services
About Our Animal Hospital
Founded by the ASPCA in 1912, AAH provides high-quality specialized and general veterinary medicine for dogs and cats.
We are located at 424 East 92nd St. (between 1st and York Avenues) in Manhattan, New York City. Our phone number is (646) 259-4080.
Please note our new Saturday hours as of September 10, 2016:
AAH is open Monday through Friday from 8:00 A.M. to 6:00 P.M. (patient pick-ups until 7:00 P.M.), and Saturdays from 9:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M. AAH is closed on Sundays.
The ASPCA Animal Hospital serves animals who would otherwise be unable to access veterinary care due to financial challenges. The care provided to pets by the ASPCA Animal Hospital is subsidized in part by donations to the ASPCA as a whole. Specifically, the Hospital exclusively serves pet owners whose total annual household income is $75,000 or less. However, meeting this income requirement does not guarantee financial assistance for services. For owners who qualify for veterinary services, our financial assistance program is available on a limited basis for pets with specific health conditions and whose owners qualify for public assistance or are at similar income levels. We will do our best to create treatment plans that work within pet owners' budgets.
When you come to the ASPCA Animal Hospital, please bring with you one or more of the forms of income verification below:
- Prior year's federal Income tax return
- Two recent pay stubs or verification of income from employer
- Social Security benefits statement
- Veterans Administration benefits statement
- Retirement or pension benefits statement
- Unemployment or Workers' Compensation benefits statement
- Public Assistance award letter
- Two recent, consecutive bank statements
- Documentation of TANF or SSI benefits
Medical Appointments and Walk-In Patients
Appointments are scheduled for rechecks only. All other patients are seen on a walk-in basis.
Pets Who Need Appointments
- Pets coming to recheck or follow up on a condition for which the pet has previously been seen at our hospital within the past year.
- Pets who need to see one of our veterinary specialists (internal medicine or surgery).
- Pets adopted at the ASPCA who are either:
- Showing signs of illness within 14 days of being adopted, or
- Under six months old and in need of vaccine boosters.
How to Schedule a Recheck for an Ongoing Medical Problem Treated at AAH During the Past Year
- Contact the Hospital via our online form
- Email [email protected]
- Call (646) 259-4080
Pets Who Should Be Seen as Walk-Ins
- All clients whose pet is sick or showing any symptoms should come as a walk-in.
- If your pet has been seen for the same condition at the hospital within the past year, you may schedule an appointment or come as a walk-in.
AAH is open for walk-ins Monday through Friday from 8:00 A.M. to 6:00 P.M. and Saturdays from 9:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M. AAH is closed on Sundays.
Fees for Walk-In Patients
- Our walk-in fee was recently reduced to $105.
- In addition; there is a discount for those arriving early in the day on weekdays.
- Clients arriving before 3:00 P.M. Monday through Friday receive a $20 discount.
Please note: Wait times are likely to be significantly longer in the late afternoon/evening, and on Saturdays. We strongly advise arriving early on a weekday if possible in order to minimize your wait.
Request a Prescription Refill
The AAH prescription refill team is available weekdays from 8:00 A.M. to 6:00 P.M. and Saturdays from 9:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M. to take your requests. AAH is closed on Sundays.
Please complete and submit the form below to send us your request. Please give us 24 hours to fill your order. Orders received on Saturdays, Sundays or holidays will be filled within 24 hours of our next business day. We will contact you if there is an issue that prevents us from refilling your prescription. If you have questions, please contact us at (646) 259-4080.
Animal Clinic
The ASPCA Animal Hospital aims to relieve animal suffering and provide life-saving care to animals who otherwise might not be able to obtain these services. This includes animals who have been victims of cruelty or neglect, those in need of permanent homes, and those whose owners are experiencing financial challenges. The hospital has an animal Intensive Care Unit, ultrasound capabilities, endoscopy, digital radiography, dental radiography, full orthopedic and soft-tissue surgical capability, blood pressure monitoring and pulse oximetry.
The ASPCA Animal Hospital is staffed by three internists, two surgeons, a cardiologist, a radiologist and 18 generalists. Doctors' inpatient rounds are held daily, and licensed veterinary technicians provide 24-hour care to all patients.
Medical Specialties
AAH has three full-time internal medicine specialists on staff. They are experts in the management of a range of complex disease, from liver and kidney dysfunction to diseases of blood cells and hormonal disorders. Our staff internists also perform ultrasounds, bone marrow sampling and endoscopic procedures.
Our boarded-certified surgeons provide a full range of orthopedic and soft-tissue surgeries. Examples of surgeries commonly performed include liver shunt correction, fracture repair, removal of cancerous masses and organ biopsies. Radiology and cardiology services are offered on-site through consulting specialists.
Animal Emergency Care
Our emergency doctors and well-equipped Intensive Care Unit are ready to handle even the most life-threatening emergencies. We offer blood typing, cross-matching, blood transfusions for dogs and cats, EKG, oxygen therapy, chest and abdominal cavity taps, in-house blood work with immediate results and much more. We are open to handle emergencies Monday through Friday from 8:00 A.M. to 6:00 P.M. and Saturday from 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. Our animal ICU is staffed 24 hours a day by caring and highly-skilled licensed veterinary technicians.
Contact the Hospital
Thank you for your interest in the ASPCA Animal Hospital! Please allow up to 24 hours for us to reply to your inquiry. If this is a medical emergency, please call us at (646) 259-4080 or go immediately to an emergency veterinary hospital. Please note: AAH only treats cats and dogs.
Please help us to address your inquiry by answering a few simple questions below.
Externships Program
Please visit our Externships page to find out more about externship positions at the AAH.


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Taku - Campbell
615 E 82nd Ave
Anchorage, AK 99518 Phone number & directions
615 E 82nd Ave
Anchorage, AK 99518 Phone number & directions
License & Identifications
A medical license is required for a doctor to practice medicine in a particular state. Requirements vary by state but most require, at a minimum, post-graduate training in the doctor's specific specialty. An NPI number is a national identifier unique to an individual health care provider and is managed by the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS).
Learn more about Dr. Evelyn Haley:
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- Additional Information
- Dr. Evelyn Hyer Haley DDS and DMD is a female dentist and practices in Family Dentistry.
- Where does Dr. Evelyn H. Haley practice?
- Dr. Evelyn Haley has 1 office location.
Dr. Evelyn Haley practices Family Dentistry near Anchorage, AK.
See Anchorage Dentists.


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Rine: Stewart Making Dad Proud
WHEELING – Blaine Stewart's ankle, which he injured early in the fourth quarter during the 68th annual Rudy Mumley OVAC All-Star Football Charity Classic at Wheeling Island Stadium, was visibly sore as he walked through the handshake line Sunday night. But Stewart, the son of Bill, the late West Virginia University football coach, and Karen – both New Martinsville natives – were wearing a smile that more than likely lasted well into the wee hours.
Sure, the West Virginia team for which he played upsetting Ohio by a 29-18 score in front of a near-capacity crowd had a lot to do with it, but there was something even bigger in play.
"Hopefully he's proud," Blaine said of his dad, who died of a heart attack a little more than a year ago while on a golf outing. "My dad talked (the game) up and it definitely lived up to expectations.
"Out here on the island, I've always wanted to get a win here in December. But I'll take this one here in July."
It hasn't been the easiest couple of years for the young man whose formative years were spent growing up in New Martinsville – no truth that he too, like his dad, did a number on the local turnip population – before moving to Morgantown and playing his high school career for John Bowers, another Ohio Valley native who competed in football and graduated from Brooke. It's hard enough being a teenager with both parents, but it's especially difficult to have to deal with the every day struggles on top of losing your father.
Through it all though, Blaine Stewart has persevered.
"I've just tried to place my faith in the Lord," Blaine said. "And even though things may get tough sometimes, and I miss my dad like crazy, we're not given anything we can't handle, in my opinion.
"I just have to keep moving on with my life and trust in the plan."
Karen won't be moving, according to Blaine. She'll remain in Morgantown but will still be quite visible in her hometown.
"I think Morgantown's the home base but she'll definitely be around with grandparents, cousins and aunts and uncles," he said. "We're always there and I love New Martinsville."
Stewart, who will continue his academic and football careers this fall at James Madison, made quite the impact in the Mountaineers victory. He caught a couple of passes, including a 2-point conversion, and drew a pass interference penalty that directly led to a West Virginia touchdown.
"I was thankful to be placed in opportunities where I could be successful and all the credit goes to my coaches and teammates," Blaine said. "It's always great to play in front of friends and family and the people of the valley. They're great people.
"I'm from here and I couldn't have pictured a better way to end my high school career, than winning this game."
West Virginia coach Mike Young, who hasn't lost a big game in Wheeling Island Stadium – maybe ever – spoke glowingly not only about Blaine Stewart the player, but also the man he has become.
"For me to have the opportunity to coach Blaine Stewart is an honor," Young said. "I say that because I had the utmost respect for his dad as a coach and as a father … just how he lived his life. If I could emulate my life that way, I think I would be a pretty good person.
"I can tell you that his dad told me once that 'I'd love for my son to play for you.' He did and the outcome was positive.
"When I get to talk to him up there next time, I'll tell him what a great job his son did."
Shawn Rine can be reached via email at firstname.lastname@example.com


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Most Cited Journal of Invertebrate Pathology Articles
The most cited articles published since 2011, extracted from Scopus.
Current models of the mode of action of Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal crystal proteins: A critical reviewVincent Vachon | Raynald Laprade | Jean Louis Schwartz
Volume 111, Issue 1, September 2012, Pages 1-12
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry toxins constitute the active ingredient in the most widely used biological insecticides and insect-resistant transgenic crops. A clear understanding of their mode of action is necessary for improving these products and ensuring their continued use. Accordingly, a long history of intensive research has established that their toxic effect is due primarily to their ability to form pores in the plasma membrane of the midgut epithelial cells of susceptible insects. In recent years, a rather elaborate model involving the sequential binding of the toxins to different membrane receptors has been developed to describe the events leading to membrane insertion and pore formation. However, it was also proposed recently that, in contradiction with this mechanism, Bt toxins function by activating certain intracellular signaling pathways which lead to the necrotic death of their target cells without the need for pore formation. Because work in this field has largely focused, for several years, on the elaboration and promotion of these two models, the present revue examines in detail the experimental evidence on which they are based. It is concluded that the presently available information still supports the notion that Bt Cry toxins act by forming pores, but most events leading to their formation, following binding of the activated toxins to their receptors, remain relatively poorly understood. © 2012 Elsevier Inc.
Virus diseases of farmed shrimp in the Western Hemisphere (the Americas): A reviewD. V. Lightner
Volume 106, Issue 1, January 2011, Pages 110-130
Penaeid shrimp aquaculture is an important industry in the Americas, and the industry is based almost entirely on the culture of the Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Western Hemisphere shrimp farmers in 14 countries in 2004 produced more than 200,000 metric tons of shrimp, generated more than $2 billion in revenue, and employed more than 500,000 people. Disease has had a major impact on shrimp aquaculture in the Americas since it became a significant commercial entity in the 1970s. Diseases due to viruses, rickettsial-like bacteria, true bacteria, protozoa, and fungi have emerged as major diseases of farmed shrimp in the region. Many of the bacterial, fungal and protozoan caused diseases are managed using improved culture practices, routine sanitation, and the use of chemotherapeutics. However, the virus diseases have been far more problematic to manage and they have been responsible for the most costly epizootics. Examples include the Taura syndrome pandemic that began in 1991-1992 when the disease emerged in Ecuador, and the subsequent White Spot Disease pandemic that followed its introduction to Central America from Asia in 1999. Because of their socioeconomic significance to shrimp farming, seven of the nine crustacean diseases listed by the World Animal Organization (OIE) are virus diseases of shrimp. Of the seven virus diseases of penaeid shrimp, five are native to the Americas or have become enzootic following their introduction. The shrimp virus diseases in the Americas are increasingly being managed by exclusion using a combination of biosecurity and the practice of culturing domesticated specific pathogen-free (SPF) stocks or specific pathogen-resistant (SPR) stocks. Despite the significant challenges posed by disease, the shrimp farming industry of the Americas has responded to the challenges posed by disease and it has developed methods to manage its diseases and mature into a sustainable industry. © 2010 Elsevier Inc.
Large-scale production and purification of VLP-based vaccinesTiago Vicente | António Roldão | Cristina Peixoto | Manuel J T Carrondo | Paula M. Alves
Volume 107, Issue SUPPL., July 2011, Page
Virus-like particles (VLPs) hold tremendous potential as vaccine candidates. These innovative biopharmaceuticals present the remarkable advantages of closely mimicking the three-dimensional nature of an actual virus while lacking the virus genome packaged inside its capsid. As a result, an equally efficient but safer prophylaxis is anticipated as compared to inactivated or live attenuated viral vaccines. With the advent of successful cases of approved VLP-based vaccines, pharmaceutical companies are indeed redirecting their resources to the development of such products. This paper reviews the current choices and trends of large-scale production and purification of VLP-based vaccines generated through the baculovirus expression vector system using insect cells. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.
Historic emergence, impact and current status of shrimp pathogens in AsiaTimothy W. Flegel
Volume 110, Issue 2, June 2012, Pages 166-173
It is estimated that approximately 60% of disease losses in shrimp aquaculture have been caused by viral pathogens and 20% by bacterial pathogens. By comparison, losses to fungi and parasites have been relatively small. For bacterial pathogens, . Vibrio species are the most important while for viral pathogens importance has changed since 2003 when domesticated and genetically selected stocks of the American whiteleg shrimp . Penaeus (Litopenaeus) vannamei (Boone 1931) replaced the formerly dominant giant tiger or black tiger shrimp . Penaeus (Penaeus) monodon (Fabricius 1798) as the dominant cultivated species. For both species, white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and yellow head virus (YHV) are the most lethal. Next most important for . P. vannamei is infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV), originally reported from Brazil, but since 2006 from Indonesia where it was probably introduced by careless importation of shrimp aquaculture stocks. So far, IMNV has not been reported from other countries in Asia. Former impacts of Taura syndrome virus (TSV) and infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) on this species have dramatically declined due to the introduction of tolerant stocks and to implementation of good biosecurity practices. Another problem recently reported for . P. vannamei in Asia is abdominal segment deformity disease (ASDD), possibly caused by a previously unknown retrovirus-like agent. Next most important after WSSV and YHV for . P. monodon is monodon slow growth syndrome (MSGS) for which component causes appear to be Laem Singh virus (LSNV) and a cryptic integrase containing element (ICE). Hepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV) and monodon baculovirus (MBV) may be problematic when captured . P. monodon are used to produce larvae, but only in the absence of proper preventative measures. Since 2009 increasing losses with . P. vannamei in China, Vietnam and now Thailand are associated with acute hepatopancreatic necrosis syndrome (AHPNS) of presently unknown cause. Despite these problems, total production of cultivated penaeid shrimp from Asia will probably continue to rise as transient disease problems are solved and use of post larvae originating from domesticated SPF shrimp stocks in more biosecure settings expands. © 2012 Elsevier Inc.
Opportunities and challenges for the baculovirus expression systemMonique M. van Oers
Volume 107, Issue SUPPL., July 2011, Page
In this review background information on the baculovirus-insect cell expression system and its applications for producing protein subunits and virus-like particles for vaccine and other purposes is provided. This review will illustrate the principle structure of baculovirus vectors commonly used for heterologous gene expression in insect cells and describe adaptations that have been made over the last 10. years to improve the system in terms of quality of the protein produced and stability of the baculovirus genome. These improvements include enhanced trafficking, folding and glycosylation of the recombinant protein as well as preventing intracellular degradation. Challenges and progress in stabilizing the baculovirus genome in order not to lose the transgene cassette will also be discussed. Recent developments such as how to make multiple alterations in the baculovirus genome without accumulating marker genes are included. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.
Isolation and identification of entomopathogenic nematodes from citrus orchards in South Africa and their biocontrol potential against false codling mothAntoinette P. Malan | Rinus Knoetze | Sean D. Moore
Volume 108, Issue 2, October 2011, Pages 115-125
A survey was conducted to determine the diversity and frequency of endemic entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) in citrus orchards in the Western Cape, Eastern Cape and Mpumalanga provinces of South Africa. The main aim of the survey was to obtain nematodes as biological control agents against false codling moth (FCM), Thaumatotibia leucotreta, a key pest of citrus in South Africa. From a total of 202 samples, 35 (17%) tested positive for the presence of EPN. Of these, four isolates (11%) were found to be steinernematids, while 31 (89%) were heterorhabditids. Sequencing and characterisation of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was used to identify all nematode isolates to species level. Morphometrics, morphology and biology of the infective juvenile (IJ) and the first-generation male were used to support molecular identification and characterisation. The Steinernema spp. identified were Steinernema khoisanae, Steinernema yirgalemense and Steinernema citrae. This is the first report of S. yirgalemense in South Africa, while for S. citrae it is the second new steinernematid to be identified from South Africa. Heterorhabditis species identified include Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Heterorhabditis zealandica and an unknown species of Heterorhabditis. Laboratory bioassays, using 24-well bioassay disks, have shown isolates of all six species found during the survey, to be highly virulent against the last instar of FCM larvae. S. yirgalemense, at a concentration of 50IJs/FCM larva caused 100% mortality and 74% at a concentration of 200IJs/pupa. Using a sand bioassay, S. yirgalemense gave 93% control of cocooned pupae and emerging moths at a concentration of 20IJs/cm 2. This is the first report on the potential use of EPN to control the soil-borne life stages of FCM, which includes larvae, pupae and emerging moths. It was shown that emerging moths were infected with nematodes, which may aid in control and dispersal. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.
Status of resistance to Bt maize in Spodoptera frugiperda: Lessons from Puerto RicoNicholas P. Storer | Mary E. Kubiszak | J. Ed King | Gary D. Thompson | Antonio Cesar Santos
Volume 110, Issue 3, July 2012, Pages 294-300
In 2006, reports of potential . Spodoptera frugiperda resistance to TC1507 maize in Puerto Rico were received. Subsequent investigation confirmed that pest populations collected from several sites in Puerto Rico were largely unaffected by the Cry1F protein in bioassays, with resistance ratios likely in excess of 1000. Since then, we have continued monitoring populations in Puerto Rico and in southern areas of the mainland US. The majority of the collections from Puerto Rico continue to show high levels of Cry1F resistance whereas populations collected from the southern US mainland continue to show full susceptibility to Cry1F and TC1507 maize. It does not appear that resistant populations have spread to any measurable extent from Puerto Rico to mainland US, nor that local selection pressure from Cry1F-expressing maize or cotton production in the southern US has caused a measurable change in population susceptibility.Lessons learned from Puerto Rico are being applied in other parts of the Americas where TC1507 maize is grown and additional steps being taken to protect the long-term durability of Cry1F in maize in areas where similar selection pressure may be expected. Tactics include using locally-adapted germplasm that contain native . Spodoptera resistance, a robust education program to teach end-users about the potential for resistance to develop appropriate crop stewardship, resistance monitoring, and the use of insecticides under high . S. frugiperda pressure. Perhaps most importantly, pyramided trait products that produce two or more different Bt proteins are being introduced to further delay resistance development to Cry1F. © 2012 Elsevier Inc..
Honey bees (Apis mellifera) reared in brood combs containing high levels of pesticide residues exhibit increased susceptibility to Nosema (Microsporidia) infectionJudy Y. Wu | Matthew D. Smart | Carol M. Anelli | Walter S. Sheppard
Volume 109, Issue 3, March 2012, Pages 326-329
Nosema ceranae and pesticide exposure can contribute to honey bee health decline. Bees reared from brood comb containing high or low levels of pesticide residues were placed in two common colony environments. One colony was inoculated weekly with N. ceranae spores in sugar syrup and the other colony received sugar syrup only. Worker honey bees were sampled weekly from the treatment and control colonies and analyzed for Nosema spore levels. Regardless of the colony environment (spores. +. syrup added or syrup only added), a higher proportion of bees reared from the high pesticide residue brood comb became infected with N. ceranae, and at a younger age, compared to those reared in low residue brood combs. These data suggest that developmental exposure to pesticides in brood comb increases the susceptibility of bees to N. ceranae infection. © 2012 Elsevier Inc..
Disease will limit future food supply from the global crustacean fishery and aquaculture sectorsG. D. Stentiford | D. M. Neil | E. J. Peeler | J. D. Shields | H. J. Small | T. W. Flegel | J. M. Vlak | B. Jones | F. Morado | S. Moss | J. Lotz | L. Bartholomay | D. C. Behringer | C. Hauton | D. V. Lightner
Volume 110, Issue 2, June 2012, Pages 141-157
Seafood is a highly traded food commodity. Farmed and captured crustaceans contribute a significant proportion with annual production exceeding 10. M metric tonnes with first sale value of $40bn. The sector is dominated by farmed tropical marine shrimp, the fastest growing sector of the global aquaculture industry. It is significant in supporting rural livelihoods and alleviating poverty in producing nations within Asia and Latin America while forming an increasing contribution to aquatic food supply in more developed countries. Nations with marine borders often also support important marine fisheries for crustaceans that are regionally traded as live animals and commodity products. A general separation of net producing and net consuming nations for crustacean seafood has created a truly globalised food industry. Projections for increasing global demand for seafood in the face of level or declining fisheries requires continued expansion and intensification of aquaculture while ensuring best utilisation of captured stocks. Furthermore, continued pressure from consuming nations to ensure safe products for human consumption are being augmented by additional legislative requirements for animals (and their products) to be of low disease status. As a consequence, increasing emphasis is being placed on enforcement of regulations and better governance of the sector; currently this is a challenge in light of a fragmented industry and less stringent regulations associated with animal disease within producer nations. Current estimates predict that up to 40% of tropical shrimp production (>3bn) is lost annually, mainly due to viral pathogens for which standard preventative measures (e.g. such as vaccination) are not feasible. In light of this problem, new approaches are urgently required to enhance yield by improving broodstock and larval sourcing, promoting best management practices by farmer outreach and supporting cutting-edge research that aims to harness the natural abilities of invertebrates to mitigate assault from pathogens (e.g. the use of RNA interference therapeutics). In terms of fisheries losses associated with disease, key issues are centred on mortality and quality degradation in the post-capture phase, largely due to poor grading and handling by fishers and the industry chain. Occurrence of disease in wild crustaceans is also widely reported, with some indications that climatic changes may be increasing susceptibility to important pathogens (e.g. the parasite . Hematodinium). However, despite improvements in field and laboratory diagnostics, defining population-level effects of disease in these fisheries remains elusive. Coordination of disease specialists with fisheries scientists will be required to understand current and future impacts of existing and emergent diseases on wild stocks. Overall, the increasing demand for crustacean seafood in light of these issues signals a clear warning for the future sustainability of this global industry. The linking together of global experts in the culture, capture and trading of crustaceans with pathologists, epidemiologists, ecologists, therapeutics specialists and policy makers in the field of food security will allow these issues to be better identified and addressed. © 2012 Elsevier Inc.
Historic emergence, impact and current status of shrimp pathogens in the AmericasD. V. Lightner | R. M. Redman | C. R. Pantoja | K. F J Tang | B. L. Noble | P. Schofield | L. L. Mohney | L. M. Nunan | S. A. Navarro
Volume 110, Issue 2, June 2012, Pages 174-183
Shrimp farming in the Americas began to develop in the late 1970s into a significant industry. In its first decade of development, the technology used was simple and postlarvae (PLs) produced from wild adults and wild caught PLs were used for stocking farms. Prior to 1990, there were no World Animal Health Organization (OIE) listed diseases, but that changed rapidly commensurate with the phenomenal growth of the global shrimp farming industry. There was relatively little international trade of live or frozen commodity shrimp between Asia and the Americas in those early years, and with a few exceptions, most of the diseases known before 1980 were due to disease agents that were opportunistic or part of the shrimps' local environment. Tetrahedral baculovirosis, caused by . Baculovirus penaei (BP), and necrotizing hepatopancreatitis (NHP) and its bacterial agent . Hepatobacterium penaei, were among the " American" diseases that eventually became OIE listed and have not become established outside of the Americas. As the industry grew after 1980, a number of new diseases that soon became OIE listed, emerged in the Americas or were introduced from Asia. Spherical baculovirus, caused by MBV, although discovered in the Americas in imported live . Penaeus monodon, was subsequently found to be common in wild and farmed Asian, Australian and African penaeids. Infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) was introduced from the Philippines in the mid 1970s with live . P. monodon and was eventually found throughout the Americas and subsequently in much of the shrimp farming industry in the eastern hemisphere. Taura syndrome emerged in . Penaeus vannamei farms in 1991-1992 in Ecuador and was transferred to SE Asia with live shrimp by 1999 where it also caused severe losses. White Spot Disease (WSD) caused by White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) emerged in East Asia in ~1992, and spread throughout most of the Asian shrimp farming industry by 1994. By 1995, WSSV reached the eastern USA via frozen commodity products and it reached the main shrimp farming countries of the Americas located on the Pacific side of the continents by the same mechanism in 1999. As is the case in Asia, WSD is the dominant disease problem of farmed shrimp in the Americas. The most recent disease to emerge in the Americas was infectious myonecrosis caused by IMN virus. As had happened before, within 3. years of its discovery, the disease had been transferred to SE Asia with live . P. vannamei, and because of its impact on the industry and potential for further spread in was listed by the OIE in 2005. Despite the huge negative impact of disease on the shrimp farming industry in the Americas, the industry has continued to grow and mature into a more sustainable industry. In marked contrast to 15-20. years ago when PLs produced from wild adults and wild PLs were used to stock farms in the Americas, the industry now relies on domesticated lines of broodstock that have undergone selection for desirable characteristics including disease resistance. © 2012 Elsevier Inc.
Field-evolved resistance to Bt maize by western corn rootworm: Predictions from the laboratory and effects in the fieldAaron J. Gassmann
Volume 110, Issue 3, July 2012, Pages 287-293
Crops engineered to produce insecticidal toxins derived from the bacterium . Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) provide an effective management tool for many key insect pests. However, pest species have repeatedly demonstrated their ability to adapt to management practices. Results from laboratory selection experiments illustrate the capacity of pest species to evolve Bt resistance. Furthermore, resistance has been documented to Bt sprays in the field and greenhouse, and more recently, by some pests to Bt crops in the field. In 2009, fields were discovered in Iowa (USA) with populations of western corn rootworm, . Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, that had evolved resistance to maize that produces the Bt toxin Cry3Bb1. Fields with resistant insects in 2009 had been planted to Cry3Bb1 maize for at least three consecutive years and as many as 6. years. Computer simulation models predicted that the western corn rootworm might evolve resistance to Bt maize in as few as 3. years. Laboratory and field data for interactions between western corn rootworm and Bt maize indicate that currently commercialized products are not high-dose events, which increases the risk of resistance evolution because non-recessive resistance traits may enhance survival on Bt maize. Furthermore, genetic analysis of laboratory strains of western corn rootworm has found non-recessive inheritance of resistance. Field studies conducted in two fields identified as harboring Cry3Bb1-resistant western corn rootworm found that survival of western corn rootworm did not differ between Cry3Bb1 maize and non-Bt maize and that root injury to Cry3Bb1 maize was higher than injury to other types of Bt maize or to maize roots protected with a soil insecticide. These first cases of field-evolved resistance to Bt maize by western corn rootworm provide an early warning and point to the need to apply better integrated pest management practices when using Bt maize to manage western corn rootworm. © 2012 Elsevier Inc..
The bacterium, Lysinibacillus sphaericus, as an insect pathogenColin Berry
Volume 109, Issue 1, January 2012, Pages 1-10
Since the first bacteria with insecticidal activity against mosquito larvae were reported in the 1960s, many have been described, with the most potent being isolates of Bacillus thuringiensis or Lysinibacillus sphaericus (formerly and best known as Bacillus sphaericus). Given environmental concerns over the use of broad spectrum synthetic chemical insecticides and the evolution of resistance to these, industry placed emphasis on the development of bacteria as alternative control agents. To date, numerous commercial formulations of B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti) are available in many countries for control of nuisance and vector mosquitoes. Within the past few years, commercial formulations of L. sphaericus (Ls) have become available. Because Bti has been in use for more than 30. years, its properties are well know, more so than those of Ls. Thus, the purpose of this review is to summarise the most critical aspects of Ls and the various proteins that account for its insecticidal properties, especially the mosquitocidal activity of the most common isolates studied. Data are reviewed for the binary toxin, which accounts for the activity of sporulated cells, as well as for other toxins produced during vegetative growth, including sphaericolysin (active against cockroaches and caterpillars) and the different mosquitocidal Mtx and Cry toxins. Future studies of these could well lead to novel potent and environmentally compatible insecticidal products for controlling a range of insect pests and vectors of disease. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.
A fast track influenza virus vaccine produced in insect cellsManon M J Cox | Yoshifumi Hashimoto
Volume 107, Issue SUPPL., July 2011, Page
The viral surface protein hemagglutinin (HA) has been recognized as a key antigen in the host response to influenza virus in both natural infection and vaccination because neutralizing antibodies directed against HA can mitigate or prevent infection. The baculovirus-insect cell system can be used for the production of recombinant HA molecules and is suitable for influenza vaccine production where annual adjustment of the vaccine is required. This expression system is generally considered safe with minimal potential for growth of human pathogens. Extensive characterization of this novel cell substrate has been performed, none of which has revealed the presence of adventitious agents. Multiple clinical studies have demonstrated that the vaccine is safe, well-tolerated and immunogenic. The baculovirus-insect cell system could, therefore, be used for the expedited production of a safe and efficacious influenza vaccine. As a result, this technology should provide a fast track worldwide solution for newly emerging influenza strains or pandemic preparedness within a few years. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.
RNAi: Future in insect managementJohn P. Burand | Wayne B. Hunter
Volume 112, Issue SUPPL.1, March 2013, Page
RNA interference is a post- transcriptional, gene regulation mechanism found in virtually all plants and animals including insects. The demonstration of RNAi in insects and its successful use as a tool in the study of functional genomics opened the door to the development of a variety of novel, environmentally sound approaches for insect pest management. Here the current understanding of the biogenesis of the two RNAi classes in insects is reviewed. These are microRNAs (miRNAs) and short interfering RNAs (siRNAs). Several other key approaches in RNAi -based for insect control, as well as for the prevention of diseases in insects are also reviewed. The problems and prospects for the future use of RNAi in insects are presented. © 2013 International Atomic Energy Agency.
Bacterial diseases of crabs: A reviewW. Wang
Volume 106, Issue 1, January 2011, Pages 18-26
Bacterial diseases of crabs are manifested as bacteremias caused by organisms such as Vibrio, Aeromonas, and a Rhodobacteriales-like organism or tissue and organ tropic organisms such as chitinoclastic bacteria, Rickettsia intracellular organisms, Chlamydia-like organism, and Spiroplasma. This paper provides general information about bacterial diseases of both marine and freshwater crabs. Some bacteria pathogens such as Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio vulnificus occur commonly in blue crab haemolymph and should be paid much attention to because they may represent potential health hazards to human beings because they can cause serious diseases when the crab is consumed as raw sea food. With the development of aquaculture, new diseases associated with novel pathogens such as spiroplasmas and Rhodobacteriales-like organisms have appeared in commercially exploited crab species in recent years. Many potential approaches to control bacterial diseases of crab will be helpful and practicable in aquaculture. © 2010.
Mechanisms by which pesticides affect insect immunityR. R. James | J. Xu
Volume 109, Issue 2, February 2012, Pages 175-182
The current state of knowledge regarding the effect of pesticides on insect immunity is reviewed here. A basic understanding of these interactions is needed for several reasons, including to improve methods for controlling pest insects in agricultural settings, for controlling insect vectors of human diseases, and for reducing mortality in beneficial insects. Bees are particularly vulnerable to sublethal pesticide exposures because they gather nectar and pollen, concentrating environmental toxins in their nests in the process. Pesticides do have effects on immunity. Organophosphates and some botanicals have been found to impact hemocyte number, differentiation, and thus affect phagocytosis. The phenoloxidase cascade and malanization have also been shown to be affected by several insecticides. Many synthetic insecticides increase oxidative stress, and this could have severe impacts on the production of some antimicrobial peptides in insects, but research is needed to determine the actual effects. Pesticides can also affect grooming behaviors, rendering insects more susceptible to disease. Despite laboratory data documenting pesticide/pathogen interactions, little field data is available at the population level. © 2011.
Emerging dangers: Deadly effects of an emergent parasite in a new pollinator hostPeter Graystock | Kathryn Yates | Ben Darvill | Dave Goulson | William O H Hughes
Volume 114, Issue 2, October 2013, Pages 114-119
There is growing concern about the threats facing many pollinator populations. Emergent diseases are one of the major threats to biodiversity and a microsporidian parasite, Nosema ceranae, has recently jumped host from the Asian to the Western honeybee, spreading rapidly worldwide, and contributing to dramatic colony losses. Bumblebees are ecologically and economically important pollinators of conservation concern, which are likely exposed to N. ceranae by sharing flowers with honeybees. Whilst a further intergeneric jump by N. ceranae to infect bumblebees would be potentially serious, its capacity to do this is unknown. Here we investigate the prevalence of N. ceranae in wild bumblebees in the UK and determine the infectivity of the parasite under controlled conditions. We found N. ceranae in all seven wild bumblebee species sampled, and at multiple sites, with many of the bees having spores from this parasite in their guts. When we fed N. ceranae spores to bumblebees under controlled conditions, we confirmed that the parasite can infect bumblebees. Infections spread from the midgut to other tissues, reduced bumblebee survival by 48% and had sub-lethal effects on behaviour. Although spore production appeared lower in bumblebees than in honeybees, virulence was greater. The parasite N. ceranae therefore represents a real and emerging threat to bumblebees, with the potential to have devastating consequences for their already vulnerable populations. © 2013 Elsevier Inc.
Prevalence and infection intensity of Nosema in honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies in VirginiaBrenna E. Traver | Richard D. Fell
Volume 107, Issue 1, May 2011, Pages 43-49
Nosema ceranae is a recently described pathogen of Apis mellifera and Apis cerana. Relatively little is known about the distribution or prevalence of N. ceranae in the United States. To determine the prevalence and potential impact of this new pathogen on honey bee colonies in Virginia, over 300 hives were sampled across the state. The samples were analyzed microscopically for Nosema spores and for the presence of the pathogen using real-time PCR. Our studies indicate that N. ceranae is the dominant species in Virginia with an estimated 69.3% of hives infected. Nosema apis infections were only observed at very low levels (2.7%), and occurred only as co-infections with N. ceranae. Traditional diagnoses based on spore counts alone do not provide an accurate indication of colony infections. We found that 51.1% of colonies that did not have spores present in the sample were infected with N. ceranae when analyzed by real-time PCR. In hives that tested positive for N. ceranae, average CT values were used to diagnose a hive as having a low, moderate, or a heavy infection intensity. Most infected colonies had low-level infections (73%), but 11% of colonies had high levels of infection and 16% had moderate level infections. The prevalence and mean levels of infection were similar in different regions of the state. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.
Survival and immune response of drones of a Nosemosis tolerant honey bee strain towards N. ceranae infectionsQiang Huang | Per Kryger | Yves Le Conte | Robin F A Moritz
Volume 109, Issue 3, March 2012, Pages 297-302
Honey bee colonies (Apis mellifera) have been selected for low level of Nosema in Denmark over decades and Nosema is now rarely found in bee colonies from these breeding lines. We compared the immune response of a selected and an unselected honey bee lineage, taking advantage of the haploid males to study its potential impact on the tolerance toward Nosema ceranae, a novel introduced microsporidian pathogen. After artificial infections of the N. ceranae spores, the lineage selected for Nosema tolerance showed a higher N. ceranae spore load, a lower mortality and an up-regulated immune response. The differences in the response of the innate immune system between the selected and unselected lineage were strongest at day six post infection. In particular genes of the Toll pathway were up-regulated in the selected strain, probably is the main immune pathway involved in N. ceranae infection response. After decades of selective breeding for Nosema tolerance in the Danish strain, it appears these bees are tolerant to N. ceranae infections. © 2012 Elsevier Inc..
Diseases of crayfish: A reviewMatt Longshaw
Volume 106, Issue 1, January 2011, Pages 54-70
A systematic review of parasites, pathogens and commensals of freshwater crayfish has been conducted. All major groups of disease causing agents have been covered including viruses, bacteria, fungi, protistans and metazoans. Most agents tend to cause limited problems for crayfish. Exceptions to this include fungi, bacteria and viruses. However, in many cases, these tend to be isolated reports in either a specific geographical location or in individual animals. The apparent absence of pathology associated with these agents in crayfish should not be taken to suggest that movements of crayfish to new geographical areas is necessarily acceptable. Several examples are given where seemingly healthy animals have been moved to new areas leading to mortality of other crayfish within the same area as a direct result of transmission of pathogens to naïve hosts. Some future research needs are proposed, including the need for pathogen characterisation and production of disease-free crayfish for aquaculture. © 2010.
Protistan diseases of commercially important crabs: A reviewJ. F. Morado
Volume 106, Issue 1, January 2011, Pages 27-53
Protists are a diverse group of eukaryotes that possess a unicellular level of organization. As unicellular organisms, the differentiation of cells into tissues does not occur, although when cell differentiation does occur, it is limited to sexual reproduction, alternate vegetative morphologies or quiescent life history stages. Protistan parasites may possess simple or complex life histories that are important factors to consider when investigating protistan diseases of decapods. Unfortunately, the life histories of many protistan parasites of decapods are insufficiently described, resulting in the fact that modes of infection and transmission are often unidentified. This is surprising considering the economic importance of many marine decapods and the ability of protistan parasites to produce significant, but generally transient and area limited mortalities. However, the marine disease landscape is changing and will continue to change as climate change and ocean acidification will play important roles in disease occurrence and distribution. As a result, the following discussion attempts to summarize current knowledge on several crab diseases, their protistan etiological agents, the impact of disease on economically important crab populations and draw attention to areas of needed research. The discussion is not complete as only selected diseases are addressed, or perfect as the Microsporidia are included in the discussion (a traditional error continued in this summary) despite the recent, but controversial placement of the taxon with the fungi. © 2010.
Pathological effects of the microsporidium Nosema ceranae on honey bee queen physiology (Apis mellifera)Cédric Alaux | Morgane Folschweiller | Cynthia McDonnell | Dominique Beslay | Marianne Cousin | Claudia Dussaubat | Jean Luc Brunet | Yves Le Conte
Volume 106, Issue 3, March 2011, Pages 380-385
Nosema ceranae, a microsporidian parasite originally described in the Asian honey bee Apis cerana, has recently been found to be cross-infective and to also parasitize the European honey bee Apis mellifera. Since this discovery, many studies have attempted to characterize the impact of this parasite in A. mellifera honey bees. Nosema species can infect all colony members, workers, drones and queens, but the pathological effects of this microsporidium has been mainly investigated in workers, despite the prime importance of the queen, who monopolizes the reproduction and regulates the cohesion of the society via pheromones. We therefore analyzed the impact of N. ceranae on queen physiology. We found that infection by N. ceranae did not affect the fat body content (an indicator of energy stores) but did alter the vitellogenin titer (an indicator of fertility and longevity), the total antioxidant capacity and the queen mandibular pheromones, which surprisingly were all significantly increased in Nosema-infected queens. Thus, such physiological changes may impact queen health, leading to changes in pheromone production, that could explain Nosema-induced supersedure (queen replacement). © 2010 Elsevier Inc.
Flight behavior and pheromone changes associated to Nosema ceranae infection of honey bee workers (Apis mellifera) in field conditionsClaudia Dussaubat | Alban Maisonnasse | Didier Crauser | Dominique Beslay | Guy Costagliola | Samuel Soubeyrand | André Kretzchmar | Yves Le Conte
Volume 113, Issue 1, May 2013, Pages 42-51
Parasites are known to cause the loss of individuals in social insects. In honey bee colonies the disappearance of foragers is a common factor of the wide extended colony losses. The emergent parasite of the European honey bee Nosema ceranae has been found to reduce homing and orientation skills and alter metabolism of forager bees. N. ceranae-infected bees also show changes in Ethyl Oleate (EO) levels, which is so far the only primer pheromone identified in workers that is involved in foraging behavior. Thus, we hypothesized that N. ceranae (i) modifies flight activity of honey bees and (ii) induces EO changes that can alter foraging behavior of nestmates. We compared flight activity of infected bees and non-infected bees in small colonies using an electronic optic bee counter during 28. days. We measured EO levels by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and spore-counts. Bee mortality was estimated at the end of the experiment. Infected bees showed precocious and a higher flight activity than healthy bees, which agreed with the more elevated EO titers of infected bees and reduced lifespan. Our results suggest that the higher EO levels of infected bees might delay the behavioral maturation of same age healthy bees, which might explain their lower level of activity. We propose that delayed behavioral maturation of healthy bees might be a protective response to infection, as healthy bees would be performing less risky tasks inside the hive, thus extending their lifespan. We also discuss the potential of increased flight activity of infected bees to reduce pathogen transmission inside the hive. Further research is needed to understand the consequences of host behavioral changes on pathogen transmission. This knowledge may contribute to enhance natural colony defense behaviors through beekeeping practices to reduce probability of colony losses. © 2013 Elsevier Inc.
Spiny-cheek crayfish Orconectes limosus carry a novel genotype of the crayfish plague pathogen Aphanomyces astaciEva Kozubíková | Satu Viljamaa-Dirks | Sirpa Heinikainen | Adam Petrusek
Volume 108, Issue 3, November 2011, Pages 214-216
The oomycete Aphanomyces astaci causes mass mortalities of European crayfish. Different species of North American crayfish, original hosts of this parasite, seem to carry different strains of A. astaci. So far, four distinct genotype groups have been recognised using Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA (RAPD-PCR). We succeeded in isolating A. astaci from the spiny-cheek crayfish Orconectes limosus, a widespread invader in Europe, and confirmed that this species carries a novel A. astaci genotype. Improving knowledge on the diversity of this parasite may facilitate identification of genotypes in mass mortalities of European crayfish, thus tracing the sources of infection. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.
Tsetse flies: Their biology and control using area-wide integrated pest management approachesMarc J B Vreysen | Momar Talla Seck | Baba Sall | Jérémy Bouyer
Volume 112, Issue SUPPL.1, March 2013, Page
Tsetse flies are the cyclical vectors of trypanosomes, the causative agents of 'sleeping sickness' or human African trypanosomosis (HAT) in humans and 'nagana' or African animal trypanosomosis (AAT) in livestock in Sub-saharan Africa. Many consider HAT as one of the major neglected tropical diseases and AAT as the single greatest health constraint to increased livestock production. This review provides some background information on the taxonomy of tsetse flies, their unique way of reproduction (adenotrophic viviparity) making the adult stage the only one easily accessable for control, and how their ecological affinities, their distribution and population dynamics influence and dictate control efforts. The paper likewise reviews four control tactics (sequential aerosol technique, stationary attractive devices, live bait technique and the sterile insect technique) that are currently accepted as friendly to the environment, and describes their limitations and advantages and how they can best be put to practise in an IPM context. The paper discusses the different strategies for tsetse control i.e. localised versus area-wide and focusses thereafter on the principles of area-wide integrated pest management (AW-IPM) and the phased-conditional approach with the tsetse project in Senegal as a recent example. We argue that sustainable tsetse-free zones can be created on Africa mainland provided certain managerial and technical prerequisites are in place. © 2012 International Atomic Energy Agency.


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Having your straps come off your shoulders, is very irritating. This guide is about keeping bra straps from slipping.
Try nipple pasties on your shoulders to stop a loose bra strap from slipping They are flesh coloured with a thin gel to give comfort and grip. They are cheap, reusable and self-adhesive. I just thought of this! It works as far as walking around the house though I have yet to test this going out. I hope this helps.
Have you seen the mini-infomercials for the round plastic bra strap holders to allow you to convert your bra for inward-facing t-shirt straps - so that your bra doesn't show? I hate that.
Well, in the ad, they show a close-up of the actual item. I'll be darned if I'll pay $20 for 6 of these things. So I just took the clear plastic lid off a can of finished peanuts, made my own circle, used a craft knife to cut the inner grooves and I now have a fancy strap converter. Sure, I smell a bit like nuts - but since I'm nuts it all goes together.
Source: The infomercial for the plastic bra-strap converters
By Barbara from Wickliffe, OH
I also have trouble keeping bra straps up because I have narrow shoulders and a very large bust. I buy the clear elastic that is about 3/8 of an inch wide and sew it across the back of my bra. There are rings on my bras to attack them to. Then when I put it on, I put it on like a t-shirt. You can buy these also but it is so much cheaper to make them.
Do you have a picture you can post? I would like to see exactly how to do this. I just bought a dress that needs the straps brought together. Thanks so much
I thought of making some too, but my first thought was cutting
a circle from a plastic milk caton. But you are smart!
The lid of a peanuts can would be much softer and less likely to scratch!
clever , crafty and $$$saving.
great tip
To keep your bra straps from slipping off of your shoulders cut a 2 inch rectangular piece of rubberized shelf and drawer liner and place it on your shoulder under your bra strap. It works!
Use a Band-Aid to hold your slipping bra strap in place. Simply place the
How do I keep bra straps from sliding off my shoulders?
By Sharon from AL
I had the same problem; it's from having shoulders that slope downward instead of out. Bali makes a great set of silicone wing shaped thingies that you slip your strap into and they stay in place. They are about 6 or 7 dollars a set and worth every cent.
The other thing to look for when you get a new bra is to see if, on the back, the straps are more toward the center and not the ends. It doesn't have to be like a sports bra, just a little more toward the center-it makes a huge difference. Now that I know that, I only have to use my silicone things on old bras that have straps more toward the outside. Hope that helps!
Some bras have little rings on them where the bra strap is attached. I take a piece of elastic and sew it to one ring and then to the other (across the back), making it small enough in length to pull the straps slightly to the center. I had bought some of those from Bali too but they are expensive for what you get. So when I make them, I just go by the ones I got from Bali to make the correct length. I can't give you a correct length here because we all have different sizes. I hope I made it clear. If not send me a message and I will try and clarify.
Safety pins
There is a gadget which is sold by cvs and other drug stores, and I believe you can use it on most bras. It keeps the straps together in the back kind of like a sports bra design. Sorry I don't know the price.
To keep bra straps hidden, I have recommended the double stick tape (sometimes called "fashion tape" or such) between the dress and bra strap. A better idea, that is more re-useable, would be to sew in the oval spring clip type hair clips (child sizes) with a loose tack (so it moves a bit).
How can I keep my bra straps in place? I wear a Genie bra, and the straps are different than the usual bra.
By sujacs
I hand sew a strip of soft elastic, 1/4 inch wide from one side of strap to the other, not tight, probably midway between top and hooks. You have to step into bra, but I'll take that over straps falling off.
If the "U" shape is too wide , the straps can fall off the wearer's shoulders. The number of back fasteners is also limited with this strap design. Finally, any adjusting bra strap has metal or plastic rings on each strap to aid in the length of your bra straps.


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New Member of Software Freedom Law Center Board
Legal expert Mark Webbink, who formerly worked for Red Hat, has just joined the Board of Directors of the Software Freedom Law Center (SFLC). Webbinks gained expert knowledge of intellectual property in his former position with the Linux enterprise.
The Software Freedom Law Center (SFLC) provides voluntary legal support to free software projects. Eben Moglen, professor of law and member of the Free Software Foundation board, founded SFLC in 2005.
Webbink worked his way up to the Red Hat's Deputy General Counsel for intellectual property questions after joining the company in the year 2000 and is regarded as an expert on Open Source software and patent issues. Webbink, who left Red Hat in August 2007, is convinced that Open Source developers return best results if they have sufficient support to keep legal issues of their backs. Webbink will be officially introduced at the SFLC's annual general meeting, October 12, at the Columbia Law School in New York.
Issue 193/2016
Buy this issue as a PDF
Linux Voice Joins the Linux New Media Family
Linux Magazine will include the best of both magazines.
Critical Flaws Found in VeraCrypt
Popular open source encryption tool is vulnerable to attack
Ubuntu 16.10 Released
New "Yakkety Yak" edition emphasizes cloud and servers
Linus Announces Linux 4.8
Google Announces Its Own Pixel Phones
Google finally enters the phone hardware business.
Nextcloud Announces Raspberry Pi-Powered Home Cloud Box
Innovative system adds a hard drive and Ubuntu Core to the RPi for an IoT hub.
Linus Torvalds Confirms the Date of the First Linux Release
Linux is two weeks younger than we thought!
End of OpenOffice?
The Apache Software Foundation considers retiring OpenOffice
Adobe Gives New Life to NPAPI Plugin for Linux
Adobe won't kill the plugin in 2017
LinuxCon North America Convenes in Toronto, Canada
Linux Foundation's big event celebrates the 25th anniversary of Linux


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Missed the live Ask the Expert event?
Not to worry. Check out the archived thread of the Q&A with Ken Hutcheson, President of U.S. Lawns, and the LawnSite community in the Franchising forum .
Bad boy stand on?
Discussion in 'Lawn Mowing Equipment' started by bigorange03, Feb 27, 2013.


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