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Most Cited Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports Articles
The most cited articles published since 2011, extracted from Scopus.
Shear bands in metallic glassesA. L. Greer | Y. Q. Cheng | E. Ma
Volume 74, Issue 4, April 2013, Pages 71-132
Shear-banding is a ubiquitous plastic-deformation mode in materials. In metallic glasses, shear bands are particularly important as they play the decisive role in controlling plasticity and failure at room temperature. While there have been several reviews on the general mechanical properties of metallic glasses, a pressing need remains for an overview focused exclusively on shear bands, which have received tremendous attention in the past several years. This article attempts to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date review on the rapid progress achieved very recently on this subject. We describe the shear bands from the inside out, and treat key materials-science issues of general interest, including the initiation of shear localization starting from shear transformations, the temperature and velocity reached in the propagating or sliding band, the structural evolution inside the shear-band material, and the parameters that strongly influence shear-banding. Several new discoveries and concepts, such as stick-slip cold shear-banding and strength/plasticity enhancement at sub-micrometer sample sizes, will also be highlighted. The understanding built-up from these accounts will be used to explain the successful control of shear bands achieved so far in the laboratory. The review also identifies a number of key remaining questions to be answered, and presents an outlook for the field. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Nanostructured electrodes for lithium-ion and lithium-air batteries: The latest developments, challenges, and perspectivesMin Kyu Song | Soojin Park | Faisal M. Alamgir | Jaephil Cho | Meilin Liu
Volume 72, Issue 11, November 2011, Pages 203-252
The urgency for clean and secure energy has stimulated a global resurgence in searching for advanced electrical energy storage systems. For now and the foreseeable future, batteries remain the most promising electrical energy storage systems for many applications, from portable electronics to emerging technologies such as electric vehicles and smart grids, by potentially offering significantly improved performance, energy efficiencies, reliability, and energy security while also permitting a drastic reduction in fuel consumption and emissions. The energy and power storage characteristics of batteries critically impact the commercial viability of these emerging technologies. For example, the realization of electric vehicles hinges on the availability of batteries with significantly improved energy and power density, durability, and reduced cost. Further, the design, performance, portability, and innovation of many portable electronics are limited severely by the size, power, and cycle life of the existing batteries. Creation of nanostructured electrode materials represents one of the most attractive strategies to dramatically enhance battery performance, including capacity, rate capability, cycling life, and safety. This review aims at providing the reader with an understanding of the critical scientific challenges facing the development of advanced batteries, various unique attributes of nanostructures or nano-architectures applicable to lithium-ion and lithium-air batteries, the latest developments in novel synthesis and fabrication procedures, the unique capabilities of some powerful, in situ characterization techniques vital to unraveling the mechanisms of charge and mass transport processes associated with battery performance, and the outlook for future-generation batteries that exploit nanoscale materials for significantly improved performance to meet the ever-increasing demands of emerging technologies. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Recent progress in cathode materials research for advanced lithium ion batteriesBo Xu | Danna Qian | Ziying Wang | Ying Shirley Meng
Volume 73, Issues 5-6, May 2012, Pages 51-65
New and improved materials for energy storage are urgently required to make more efficient use of our finite supply of fossil fuels, and to enable the effective use of renewable energy sources. Lithium ion batteries (LIB) are a key resource for mobile energy, and one of the most promising solutions for environment-friendly transportation such as plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). Among the three key components (cathode, anode and electrolyte) of LIB, cathode material is usually the most expensive one with highest weight in the battery, which justifies the intense research focus on this electrode. In this review, we present an overview of the breakthroughs in the past decade in developing high energy high power cathode materials for lithium ion batteries. Materials from six structural groups (layered oxides, spinel oxides, olivine compounds, silicate compounds, tavorite compounds, and borate compounds) are covered. We focus on their electrochemical performances and the related fundamental crystal structures, solid-state physics and chemistry are covered. The effect of modifications on both chemistry and morphology are discussed as well. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.
Biodegradable metalsY. F. Zheng | X. N. Gu | F. Witte
Volume 77, Issue , March 2014, Pages 1-34
After decades of developing strategies to minimize the corrosion of metallic biomaterials, there is now an increasing interest to use corrodible metals in a number of medical device applications. The term "biodegradable metal" (BM) has been used worldwide to describe these new kinds of degradable metallic biomaterials for medical applications and there were many new findings reported over the last decade. In this paper, the definition of BM and its classification are given for the first time, along with the summary of the degradation mechanisms of BMs and its environmental influencing factors, which includes the degeneration of mechanical integrity and the metabolism of the degradation products. The recently-developed representative Mg-based BMs (pure Mg, Mg-Ca alloy, Mg-Zn alloy, etc.), Fe-based BMs (pure Fe, Fe-Mn-based alloys, etc.) and other BMs (pure W, pure Zn and its alloys, Ca-based and Sr-based bulk metallic glasses, etc.) were comprehensively reviewed with emphases on their microstructures, mechanical properties and degradation behaviors, in vitro and in vivo performances, pre-clinical and clinical trials. Moreover, current approaches to control their biodegradation rates to match the healing rates of the host tissues with various surface modification techniques and novel structural designs are summarized. Finally, this paper comprehensively discusses the directions of future development and the challenges of transitioning BMs from raw materials to semi-products to final medical devices. All in all, BM belongs to "bioactive" biomaterials and its future research and development direction should lean towards "third-generation biomedical materials" with "multifunctional capabilities" in a controllable manner to benefit the local tissue reconstruction. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.
Recent progress in resistive random access memories: Materials, switching mechanisms, and performanceF. Pan | S. Gao | C. Chen | C. Song | F. Zeng
Volume 83, Issue 1, January 2014, Pages 1-59
This review article attempts to provide a comprehensive review of the recent progress in the so-called resistive random access memories (RRAMs). First, a brief introduction is presented to describe the construction and development of RRAMs, their potential for broad applications in the fields of nonvolatile memory, unconventional computing and logic devices, and the focus of research concerning RRAMs over the past decade. Second, both inorganic and organic materials used in RRAMs are summarized, and their respective advantages and shortcomings are discussed. Third, the important switching mechanisms are discussed in depth and are classified into ion migration, charge trapping/de-trapping, thermochemical reaction, exclusive mechanisms in inorganics, and exclusive mechanisms in organics. Fourth, attention is given to the application of RRAMs for data storage, including their current performance, methods for performance enhancement, sneak-path issue and possible solutions, and demonstrations of 2-D and 3-D crossbar arrays. Fifth, prospective applications of RRAMs in unconventional computing, as well as logic devices and multi-functionalization of RRAMs, are comprehensively summarized and thoroughly discussed. The present review article ends with a short discussion concerning the challenges and future prospects of the RRAMs. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.
Development of hafnium based high-k materials - A reviewJ. H. Choi | Y. Mao | J. P. Chang
Volume 72, Issue 6, July 2011, Pages 97-136
The move to implement metal oxide based gate dielectrics in a metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor is considered one of the most dramatic advances in materials science since the invention of silicon based transistors. Metal oxides are superior to SiO2 in terms of their higher dielectric constants that enable the required continuous down-scaling of the electrical thickness of the dielectric layer while providing a physically thicker layer to suppress the quantum mechanical tunneling through the dielectric layer. Over the last decade, hafnium based materials have emerged as the designated dielectrics for future generation of nano-electronics with a gate length less than 45 nm, though there exists no consensus on the exact composition of these materials, as evolving device architectures dictate different considerations when optimizing a gate dielectric material. In addition, the implementation of a non-silicon based gate dielectric means a paradigm shift from diffusion based thermal processes to atomic layer deposition processes. In this report, we review how HfO2 emerges from all likely candidates to become the new gold standard in the microelectronics industry, its different phases, reported electrical properties, and materials processing techniques. Then we use specific examples to discuss the evolution in designing hafnium based materials, from binary to complex oxides and to non-oxide forms as gate dielectric, metal gates and diffusion barriers. To address the impact of these hafnium based materials, their interfaces with silicon as well as a variety of semiconductors are discussed. Finally, the integration issues are highlighted, including carrier scattering, interface state passivation, phonon engineering, and nano-scale patterning, which are essential to realize future generations of devices using hafnium-based high-k materials. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.
Polymer/carbon based composites as electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materialsJean Michel Thomassin | Christine Jérôme | Thomas Pardoen | Christian Bailly | Isabelle Huynen | Christophe Detrembleur
Volume 74, Issue 7, July 2013, Pages 211-232
The extensive development of electronic systems and telecommunications has lead to major concerns regarding electromagnetic pollution. Motivated by environmental questions and by a wide variety of applications, the quest for materials with high efficiency to mitigate electromagnetic interferences (EMI) pollution has become a mainstream field of research. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art research in the design and characterization of polymer/carbon based composites as EMI shielding materials. After a brief introduction, in Section 1, the electromagnetic theory will be briefly discussed in Section 2 setting the foundations of the strategies to be employed to design efficient EMI shielding materials. These materials will be classified in the next section by the type of carbon fillers, involving carbon black, carbon fiber, carbon nanotubes and graphene. The importance of the dispersion method into the polymer matrix (melt-blending, solution processing, etc.) on the final material properties will be discussed. The combination of carbon fillers with other constituents such as metallic nanoparticles or conductive polymers will be the topic of Section 4. The final section will address advanced complex architectures that are currently studied to improve the performances of EMI materials and, in some cases, to impart additional properties such as thermal management and mechanical resistance. In all these studies, we will discuss the efficiency of the composites/devices to absorb and/or reflect the EMI radiation. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.
Recent developments in brittle and quasi-brittle failure assessment of engineering materials by means of local approachesF. Berto | P. Lazzarin
Volume 75, Issue 1, January 2014, Pages 1-48
Brittle failure of components weakened by cracks or sharp and blunt V-notches is a topic of active and continuous research. It is attractive for all researchers who face the problem of fracture of materials under different loading conditions and deals with a large number of applications in different engineering fields, not only with the mechanical one. This topic is significant in all the cases where intrinsic defects of the material or geometrical discontinuities give rise to localized stress concentration which, in brittle materials, may generate a crack leading to catastrophic failure or to a shortening of the assessed structural life. Whereas cracks are viewed as unpleasant entities in most engineering materials, U- and V-notches of different acuities are sometimes deliberately introduced in design and manufacturing of structural components. Dealing with brittle failure of notched components and summarizing some recent experimental results reported in the literature, the main aim of the present contribution is to present a review of some local approaches applicable near stress raisers both sharp and blunt. The reviewed criteria allowed the present authors to develop a new approach based on the volume strain energy density (SED), which has been recently applied to assess the brittle failure of a large number of materials. The main features of the SED approach are outlined in the paper and its peculiarities and advantages accurately underlined. Some examples of applications are reported, as well. The present review is based on the authors' experience over more than 15 years and the contents of their personal library. It is not a dispassionate literature survey. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.
A review of growth mechanism, structure and crystallinity of anodized TiOD. Regonini | C. R. Bowen | A. Jaroenworaluck | R. Stevens
2 nanotubes
Volume 74, Issue 12, December 2013, Pages 377-406
This paper reviews the state of the art of anodized titanium dioxide nanotubes (TiO2 NTs), with an emphasis on the growth mechanism leading to their formation and the effect of heat treatment on their structure and properties. The discussion is primarily focused on TiO2 NTs grown in fluoride containing electrolytes, although the mechanism of formation of NTs in fluoride free solutions via Rapid Breakdown Anodization (RBA) is briefly covered. After an initial overview of progress made on the synthesis of anodized TiO2 NTs the review provides an analysis of the factors affecting the anodizing process (fluoride concentration, electrolyte type, applied potential and anodizing time). Details of the current-time transient, the chemistry of the process and the chemical composition of the anodic films are described which provide key information to unveil the nanotube growth mechanism. The main debate is whether NTs growth in fluoride containing solutions occurs via field-assisted plastic flow (i.e. a constant upward displacement of the oxide to form the NTs) combined with field-assisted ejection of the Ti 4+ ions (i.e. ions are ejected into the electrolyte without oxide formation) or via field-assisted dissolution (i.e. preferential dissolution at the pore base where the field is stronger) or whether both processes play a role. Whenever anodization takes place in organic solutions the experimental evidence supports the plastic flow model, whereas in aqueous media field-assisted (and chemical) dissolution occur. The mechanism of rib formation on the walls of the NTs is also reviewed, and it clearly emerges that the applied potential and water content in the electrolyte are key factors in determining whether the NTs are ribbed or smooth. There also appears to be a relationship between the presence of ribs and the evolution of oxygen bubbles at the anode. The impact of thermal treatment on the properties of the NTs is also described. A variety of crystalline structures are present in the NTs (i.e. anatase or rutile), depending on the heat treatment temperature and atmosphere and the resulting electrical properties can be varied from dielectric to semi-metallic. A heat treatment temperature limit ranging from 500 to 800 C exists, depending on preparation history, above which sintering of nanoscale titania particles occurs leading to collapse of the NTs structure. Future work should aim at using annealing not just to influence the resulting crystalline phase, but also for generating defects to be exploited in specific applications (i.e. photocatalysis, water splitting and photovoltaics). © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Biomimetic porous scaffolds for bone tissue engineeringShuilin Wu | Xiangmei Liu | Kelvin W K Yeung | Changsheng Liu | Xianjin Yang
Volume 80, Issue 1, January 2014, Pages 1-36
Increased use of reconstruction procedures in orthopedics, due to trauma, tumor, deformity, degeneration and an aging population, has caused a blossom, not only in surgical advancement, but also in the development of bone implants. Traditional synthetic porous scaffolds are made of metals, polymers, ceramics or even composite biomaterials, in which the design does not consider the native structure and properties of cells and natural tissues. Thus, these synthetic scaffolds often poorly integrate with the cells and surrounding host tissue, thereby resulting in unsatisfactory surgical outcomes due to poor corrosion and wear, mechanical mismatch, unamiable surface environment, and other unfavorable properties. Musculoskeletal tissue reconstruction is the ultimate objective in orthopedic surgery. This objective can be achieved by (i) prosthesis or fixation device implantation, and (ii) tissue engineered bone scaffolds. These devices focus on the design of implants, regardless of the choice of new biomaterials. Indeed, metallic materials, e.g. 316L stainless steel, titanium alloys and cobalt chromium alloys, are predominantly used in bone surgeries, especially in the load-bearing zone of prostheses. The engineered scaffolds take biodegradability, cell biology, biomolecules and material mechanical properties into account, in which these features are ideally suited for bone tissue repair and regeneration. Therefore, the design of the scaffold is extremely important to the success of clinical outcomes in musculoskeletal surgeries. The ideal scaffolds should mimic the natural extracellular matrix (ECM) as much as possible, since the ECM found in natural tissues supports cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation, indicating that scaffolds should consist of appropriate biochemistry and nano/micro-scale surface topographies, in order to formulate favorable binding sites to actively regulate and control cell and tissue behavior, while interacting with host cells. In addition, scaffolds should also possess a similar macro structure to what is found in natural bone. This feature may provide space for the growth of cells and new tissues, as well as for the carriers of growth factors. Another important concern is the mechanical properties of scaffolds. It has been reported that the mechanical features can significantly influence the osteointegration between implants and surrounding tissues, as well as cell behaviors. Since natural bone exhibits super-elastic biomechanical properties with a Young's modulus value in the range of 1-27 GPa, the ideal scaffolds should mimic strength, stiffness and mechanical behavior, so as to avoid possible post-operation stress shielding effects, which induce bone resorption and consequent implant failure. In addition, the rate of degradation and the by-products of biodegradable materials are also critical in the role of bone regeneration. Indeed, the mechanical integrity of a scaffold will be significantly reduced if the degradation rate is rapid, thereby resulting in a pre-matured collapse of the scaffold before the tissue is regenerated. Another concern is that the by-products upon degradation may alter the tissue microenvironment and then challenge the biocompatibility of the scaffold and the subsequent tissue repair. Therefore, these two factors should be carefully considered when designing new biomaterials for tissue regeneration. To address the aforementioned questions, an overview of the design of ideal biomimetic porous scaffolds is presented in this paper. Hence, a number of original engineering processes and techniques, including the production of a hierarchical structure on both the macro- and nano-scales, the adjustment of biomechanical properties through structural alignment and chemical components, the control of the biodegradability of the scaffold and its by-products, the change of biomimetic surface properties by altering interfacial chemistry, and micro- and nano-topographies will be discussed. In general, the concepts and techniques mentioned above provide insights into designing superior biomimetic scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.
Medium chain length polyhydroxyalkanoates, promising new biomedical materials for the futureR. Rai | T. Keshavarz | J. A. Roether | A. R. Boccaccini | I. Roy
Volume 72, Issue 3, April 2011, Pages 29-47
Medium chain length polyhydroxyalkanoates, mcl-PHAs (C6-C 14 carbon atoms), are polyesters of hydroxyalkanoates produced mainly by fluorescent Pseudomonads under unbalanced growth conditions. These mcl-PHAs which can be produced using renewable resources are biocompatible, biodegradable and thermoprocessable. They have low crystallinity, low glass transition temperature, low tensile strength and high elongation to break, making them elastomeric polymers. Mcl-PHAs and their copolymers are suitable for a range of biomedical applications where flexible biomaterials are required, such as heart valves and other cardiovascular applications as well as matrices for controlled drug delivery. Mcl-PHAs are more structurally diverse than short chain length PHAs and hence can be more readily tailored for specific applications. Composites have also been fabricated using mcl-PHAs and their copolymers, such as poly (3-hydroxyoctanoate) [P(3HO)] combined with single walled carbon nanotubes and poly(3-hydroxbutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) [P(3HB-co-3HHx)] combined with hydroxyapatite. Because of these attractive properties of biodegradability, biocompatibility and tailorability, Mcl-PHAs and their composites are being increasingly used for biomedical applications. However, studies remain limited mainly to P(3HO) and the copolymer P(3HB-co-3HHx), which are the only mcl-PHAs available in large quantities. In this review we have consolidated current knowledge on the properties and biomedical applications of these elastomeric mcl-PHAs, their copolymers and their composites. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.
Recent progress in the development and properties of novel metal matrix nanocomposites reinforced with carbon nanotubes and graphene nanosheetsSie Chin Tjong
Volume 74, Issue 10, October 2013, Pages 281-350
One-dimensional carbon nanotubes and two-dimensional graphene nanosheets with unique electrical, mechanical and thermal properties are attractive reinforcements for fabricating light weight, high strength and high performance metal-matrix composites. Rapid advances of nanotechnology in recent years enable the development of advanced metal matrix nanocomposites for structural engineering and functional device applications. This review focuses on the recent development in the synthesis, property characterization and application of aluminum, magnesium, and transition metal-based composites reinforced with carbon nanotubes and graphene nanosheets. These include processing strategies of carbonaceous nanomaterials and their composites, mechanical and tribological responses, corrosion, electrical and thermal properties as well as hydrogen storage and electrocatalytic behaviors. The effects of nanomaterial dispersion in the metal matrix and the formation of interfacial precipitates on these properties are also addressed. Particular attention is paid to the fundamentals and the structure-property relationships of such novel nanocomposites. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Enhanced nanocatalystsR. M. Mohamed | D. L. McKinney | W. M. Sigmund
Volume 73, Issue 1, January 2012, Pages 1-13
Rapid development of nanofabrication techniques has created many different types of advanced nanosized semiconductors. Photocatalytic materials used to degrade organic and inorganic pollutants now include, in addition to TiO 2, ZnO, Fe 2O 3, WO 3, MoS 2, and CdS. Nanoparticles' unique properties, e.g. surface to volume ratio and quantum effects, continue to improve and expand photocatalysis' role in areas like environmental remediation, odor control, sterilization, and renewable energy. Controlling semiconductor size, shape, composition, and microstructure promises to benefit future research and applications in these fields. This review examines recent advances at the interface of nanoscience and photocatalysis, especially pertaining to nanocatalyst enhancements, for current and future environmental applications. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
Plasmons in graphene: Recent progress and applicationsXiaoguang Luo | Teng Qiu | Weibing Lu | Zhenhua Ni
Volume 74, Issue 11, November 2013, Pages 351-376
Owing to its excellent electrical, mechanical, thermal and optical properties, graphene has attracted great interests since it was successfully exfoliated in 2004. Its two dimensional nature and superior properties meet the need of surface plasmons and greatly enrich the field of plasmonics. Recent progress and applications of graphene plasmonics will be reviewed, including the theoretical mechanisms, experimental observations, and meaningful applications. With relatively low loss, high confinement, flexible feature, and good tunability, graphene can be a promising plasmonic material alternative to the noble metals. Optics transformation, plasmonic metamaterials, light harvesting etc. are realized in graphene based devices, which are useful for applications in electronics, optics, energy storage, THz technology and so on. Moreover, the fine biocompatibility of graphene makes it a very well candidate for applications in biotechnology and medical science. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.
Current-induced domain wall motion in nanoscale ferromagnetic elementsO. Boulle | G. Malinowski | M. Kläui
Volume 72, Issue 9, September 2011, Pages 159-187
The manipulation of a magnetic domain wall (DW) by a spin polarized current in ferromagnetic nanowires has attracted tremendous interest during the last years due to fundamental questions in the fields of spin dependent transport phenomena and magnetization dynamics but also due to promising applications, such as DW based magnetic memory concepts and logic devices. We comprehensively review recent developments in the field of geometrically confined domain walls and in particular current induced DW dynamics. We focus on the influence of the magnetic and electronic transport properties of the materials on the spin transfer effect in DWs. After considering the different DW structures in ferromagnetic nanowires, the theory of magnetization dynamics induced by a spin polarized current is presented. We first discuss the different current induced torques and their origin in the light of recent theories based on a simple s-d exchange model and beyond. This leads to a modified Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation of motion where the different spin transfer torques are included and we discuss their influence on the DW dynamics on the basis of simple 1D models and recent micromagnetic simulations studies. Experimental results illustrating the effects of spin transfer in different ferromagnetic materials and geometries constitute the body of the review. The case of soft in-plane magnetized nanowires is described first, as it is the most widely studied class of ferromagnetic materials in this field. By direct imaging we show how confined domain walls in nanowires can be displaced using currents in in-plane soft magnetic materials and that using short pulses, fast velocities can be attained. While a spin polarized current can trigger DW depinning or displacement, it can also lead to a modification of the DW structure, which is described in detail as it allows one to deduce information about the underlying spin torque terms. High perpendicular anisotropy materials characterized by narrow domain walls have also raised considerable interest. These materials with only a few nanometer wide DWs combined several key advantages over soft magnetic materials such as higher non-adiabatic effects leading to lower critical current densities and high domain wall velocities. We review recent experimental results obtained in this class of materials and discuss the important implications they entail for the nature of the spin torque effect acting on DWs. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Adhesion, friction, and compliance of bio-mimetic and bio-inspired structured interfacesAnand Jagota | Chung Yuen Hui
Volume 72, Issue 12, December 2011, Pages 253-292
The remarkable mechanical properties of natural contact surfaces have inspired a great deal of interest and research in recent years. The underlying driver of this interest is the surprising range of surface mechanical properties such as adhesion, friction, and compliance that can be attained primarily by design of near-surface architecture using generic materials properties. A considerable literature has developed spanning the range from biological studies of structure and properties, through models to understand these properties, to development of bio-mimetic and bio-inspired structures, along with theory to understand how structure leads to development of surface mechanical properties. The literature has matured sufficiently that common architectures and principles have emerged, for which we attempt here to present a unified view. The field remains vibrant so we hope that this review can at the same time help in its further progress. Our goal in this paper is to review the field from the point of view of scientists and engineers interested to learn about the architecture, properties, and mechanisms of contacting surfaces in nature and how these might be mimicked to create new materials with unique and interesting properties. We begin with a brief description of natural systems, their architectures and properties, and follow by a discussion of the main bio-mimetic and bio-inspired materials that have been developed recently. We then discuss surface mechanical properties - adhesion, friction, and compliance - how these are related to materials and architectural parameters, and how these properties are measured. Where possible, we provide quantitative models for the relationship between structure and properties. We conclude the paper with a discussion of outlook and future possibilities in this field. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Atomistic theory for predicting the binary metallic glass formationJ. H. Li | Y. Dai | Y. Y. Cui | B. X. Liu
Volume 72, Issues 1-2, March 2011, Pages 1-28
In the present review article, firstly, the experimental observations of the binary metallic glass formation by various glass-producing techniques are briefly summarized. Secondly, a detailed discussion is presented concerning the concepts of the glass-forming ability and glass-forming range (GFA/GFR) of a binary metal system. Meanwhile, some of the proposed empirical criteria or rules for predicting the binary metallic glass formation are discussed and compared with the experimental observations. Thirdly, it is proposed to take the interatomic potential of a binary metal system as the starting base to develop an atomistic theory capable of predicting the binary metallic glass formation. Accordingly, eight binary metal systems are selected as representatives to cover the various structural combinations as well as various thermodynamic characteristics. The n-body potentials of eight representative systems are then constructed with the aid of ab initio calculations. Applying the constructed and proven realistic n-body potentials, a series of molecular dynamics simulations are carried out. In the simulations, solid solution models are employed to compare the relative stability of the solid solution versus its competing disordered counterpart (i.e. the amorphous or metallic glass phase) as a function of the solute concentration. Finally, based on the realistic interatomic potentials, molecular dynamics simulations not only reveal the physical origin of the binary metallic glass formation, but also quantitatively determine, for each system, an alloy composition range, within which the disordered state is energetically favored, thus leading to establish the atomistic theory capable of predicting the GFR, i.e. the quantitative GFA, of the binary metal systems. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.
Strain effects in low-dimensional transition metal oxidesJinbo Cao | Junqiao Wu
Volume 71, Issues 2-4, January 2011, Pages 35-52
Transition metal oxides offer a wide spectrum of properties which provide the foundation for a broad range of potential applications. Many of these properties originate from intrinsic coupling between lattice deformation and nanoscale electronic and magnetic ordering. Lattice strain thus has a profound influence on the electrical, optical, and magnetic properties of these materials. Recent advances in materials processing have led to the synthesis of low-dimensional single-crystal transition metal oxides, namely, epitaxial ultra-thin films and free-standing nano/microwires. Unlike bulk materials, these systems allow external tuning of uniform strain in these materials to tailor their properties and functionalities. This paper provides a comprehensive review of recent developments in studies of strain effects in transition metal oxide ultra-thin films and nano/microwires. In epitaxial thin films, biaxial strain is developed as a result of lattice mismatch between the film and the substrate. By choosing different substrates, a wide range of strain can be established at discrete values that allows for exploration of new phase space, enhancement of order parameters, creation of complicated domain textures, and stabilization of new phases. On the other hand, continuous tuning of uniaxial strain is possible in nano/microwires, where a variety of phase transitions and their dynamics could be probed at the single or few-domain scale. We focus on the work of strain-controlled electromechanical response in piezoelectric oxides and strain-induced metal-insulator transitions as well as domain physics in strongly correlated electron oxides. Related nanoscale device applications such as strain sensing and power generation will be highlighted as well. © 2010 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Structure and properties of lead-free solders bearing micro and nano particlesLiang Zhang | K. N. Tu
Volume 82, Issue 1, January 2014, Pages 1-32
Composite lead-free solders, containing micro and nano particles, have been widely studied. Due to grain boundary drag or Zener drag, these particles can refrain the solder microstructure from coarsening in services, especially for Cu6Sn5, Ag3Sn intermetallic compounds and the β-Sn phases. Due to dispersion hardening or dislocation drag, the mechanical properties of the composite solder alloys were enhanced significantly. Moreover, these particles can influence the rate of interfacial reactions, and some particles can transform into a layer of intermetallic compound. Wettability, creep resistance, and hardness properties were affected by these particles. A systematic review of the development of these lead-free composite solders is given here, which hopefully may find applications in microbumps to be used in the future 3D IC technology.
Novel magnetic nanomaterials inspired by magnetotactic bacteria: Topical reviewTanya Prozorov | Dennis A. Bazylinski | Surya K. Mallapragada | Ruslan Prozorov
Volume 74, Issue 5, May 2013, Pages 133-172
Magnetotactic bacteria, known to produce magnetic nanocrystals with uniform shapes and sizes at physiological conditions, serve as an inspiration and source of a number of biological macromolecules used for the biomimetic synthesis of a variety of magnetic nanomaterials. This review discusses the current state of understanding of magnetosome biomineralization in magnetotactic bacteria, as well as the ways in which iron biomineralization processes can be utilized for tailored in vivo formation of complex magnetic nanomaterials, not occurring in magnetotactic bacteria naturally. The review assesses the current efforts on in vitro synthesis of a variety of magnetic nanoparticles using bioinspired approaches by utilizing mineralization proteins from magnetotactic bacteria, and surveys biomimetic strategies for the rational synthesis of various magnetic nanomaterials under ambient conditions. Finally, this review presents magnetic characterization of nanoparticles, highlighting differences in magnetic behavior between magnetic nanoparticles produced using bioinspired in vivo and in vitro strategies, compared to those produced using conventional methods. This in turn impacts their utility in a wide range of applications for magnetic nanoparticles, which are examined in detail, where bioinspired synthesis methods have potentially provided added advantages. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.
High-K materials and metal gates for CMOS applicationsJohn Robertson | Robert M. Wallace
Volume 88, Issue , January 2015, Pages 1-41
© 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.The scaling of complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) transistors has led to the silicon dioxide layer used as a gate dielectric becoming so thin that the gate leakage current becomes too large. This led to the replacement of SiO2 by a physically thicker layer of a higher dielectric constant or 'high-K' oxide such as hafnium oxide. Intensive research was carried out to develop these oxides into high quality electronic materials. In addition, the incorporation of Ge in the CMOS transistor structure has been employed to enable higher carrier mobility and performance. This review covers both scientific and technological issues related to the high-K gate stack - the choice of oxides, their deposition, their structural and metallurgical behaviour, atomic diffusion, interface structure, their electronic structure, band offsets, electronic defects, charge trapping and conduction mechanisms, reliability, mobility degradation and oxygen scavenging to achieve the thinnest oxide thicknesses. The high K oxides were implemented in conjunction with a replacement of polycrystalline Si gate electrodes with metal gates. The strong metallurgical interactions between the gate electrodes and the HfO2 which resulted an unstable gate threshold voltage resulted in the use of the lower temperature 'gate last' process flow, in addition to the standard 'gate first' approach. Work function control by metal gate electrodes and by oxide dipole layers is discussed. The problems associated with high K oxides on Ge channels are also discussed.
Classical atomistic simulations of surfaces and heterogeneous interfaces with the charge-optimized many body (COMB) potentialsTao Liang | Tzu Ray Shan | Yu Ting Cheng | Bryce D. Devine | Mark Noordhoek | Yangzhong Li | Zhize Lu | Simon R. Phillpot | Susan B. Sinnott
Volume 74, Issue 9, September 2013, Pages 255-279
Interest in atomic scale computational simulations of multi-phase systems has grown as our ability to simulate nanometer-sized systems has become commonplace. The recently developed charge optimized many body potential (COMB) potentials have significantly enhanced the atomic-scale simulation of heterogeneous material systems, including chemical reactions at surfaces and the physical properties of interfaces. The COMB formalism, which merges variable charge electrostatic interactions with a classical analytical potential, has the capacity to adaptively model metallic, covalent, ionic and van der Waals bonding in the same simulation cell and dynamically determine the charges according to the local environment. Presented here is the theoretical background and evolution of the COMB potential family. The parameterization of the potential is described for several metals, ceramics, a semiconductor, and hydrocarbons, with the intent that the final parameter sets are consistent among materials. The utility of this approach is illustrated with several examples that explore the structure, stability, and mechanical and thermal properties of metallic systems and metal-ceramic and semi-conductor oxide interfaces, including surfaces and/or interfaces of copper and cuprite, copper and silica, silicon and silica, silicon and hafnia, and copper and zinc oxide. The potential is also applied to the simulation of atomic scale processes such as early stage oxidation of copper surfaces, tensile test of polycrystalline zirconium, and hyper-thermal deposition of ethyl radicals on selected copper surfaces. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.
Processing of nanostructured polymers and advanced polymeric based nanocompositesLaura Peponi | Debora Puglia | Luigi Torre | Luca Valentini | José M. Kenny
Volume 85, Issue 1, January 2014, Pages 1-46
© 2014 Published by Elsevier B.V.The control of the nanostructure and the addition of nanoparticles to polymers have led to structural and functional property enhancements in a number of polymeric systems as a material answer to continuous requirements from advanced industrial sectors. The availability of new nanoparticles with extraordinary properties (i.e. carbon nanotubes, graphenes, but also nanoclays, nanocellulose, metals and ceramics) have determined new and exciting possibilities for a continuous enlargement of polymer markets. However, the potentialities of these new materials are still strongly dependent on the development and scaling-up of reliable processing routes. Therefore, the purpose of this report is to review the main processing approaches for nanostructured polymers and nanocomposites starting with a brief review of available nanoparticles and on their functionalization to promote a better polymer-particle interaction. Regarding processing, the review firstly addresses the bottom-up approaches typically adopted for nanostructured polymers, blends and copolymers. Then, the different technologies required by the top-down processing of thermoplastic and thermosetting polymer matrix systems are reviewed. Finally, the report addresses the recent applications of nanostructured polymers and nanocomposites as matrices of advanced composite materials. In all cases, the main processing approaches and the main structural and functional properties characterizing these materials and their potential and current industrial applications are specifically addressed.
Thermomigration in solder jointsChih Chen | Hsiang Yao Hsiao | Yuan Wei Chang | Fanyi Ouyang | K. N. Tu
Volume 73, Issues 9-10, September 2012, Pages 85-100
In 3D IC technology, the vertical interconnection consists of through-Si-vias (TSV) and micro solder bumps. The size of the micro-bump is approaching 10 μm, which is the diameter of TSV. Since joule heating is expected to be the most serious issue in 3D IC, heat flux must be conducted away by temperature gradient. If there is a temperature difference of 1 °C across a micro-bump, the temperature gradient will be 1000 °C/cm, which can cause thermomigration at the device operation temperature around 100 °C. Thus thermomigration will become a very serious reliability problem in 3D IC technology. We review here the fundamentals of thermomigration of atoms in microbump materials; both molten state and solid state thermomigration in solder alloys will be considered. The thermomigration in Pb-containing solder joints is discussed first. The Pb atoms move to the cold end while Sn atoms move to the hot end. Then thermomigration in Pb-free SnAg solder joints is reviewed. The Sn atoms move to the hot end, but the Ag atoms migrate to the cold end. Thermomigration of other metallization elements, such as Cu, Ti and Ni is also presented in this paper. In solid state, copper atoms diffuse rapidly via interstitially to the cold end, forming voids in the hot end. In molten state, Cu thermomigration affects the formation of intermetallic compounds. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.
Radiation-induced degradation of stainless steel light water reactor internalsEdward A. Kenik | Jeremy T. Busby
Volume 73, Issues 7-8, July 2012, Pages 67-83
In order to provide a scientific basis for proposed life extension of current light water reactors, the radiation-induced degradation of stainless steel reactor internals will be discussed. A brief review of the basic radiation damage effects in stainless steels at LWR relevant conditions will be presented. It will be discussed how these basic effects result in the key degradation modes that have been identified by light water reactor experience to date, as well as the possibility for more severe degradation or new forms of degradation under extended service conditions. The forms of degradation that will be discussed include radiation hardening, embrittlement, dimensional stability (e.g., creep and swelling), radiation-induced segregation and precipitation, transmutation effects and irradiation-induced stress corrosion cracking. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.


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Press interview with John O'Rourke, Head of Division, Arabian Peninsula, Iraq and Iran (03/02/2013)
Press interview with John O'Rourke, Head of Division, Arabian Peninsula, Iraq and Iran
Below is a press interview with John O'Rourke, Head of Division, Arabian Peninsula, Iraq and Iran conducted by Yemeni journalist Anwar Haidar. The interview was published by several local media outlets.
The EU enjoys good relations with the new emerging civil society organizations, how do you assess your experience with these CSOs? How is the relationship between the EU and the civil society organizations in Yemen?
The Civil Society Organizations are important and energetic agents of change in Yemen. Working with Civil Society Organizations constitutes a substantial part of the EU's development cooperation with Yemen. The EU Delegation supports Civil Society Organizations in various ways and in different sectors. Going forward the EU will look at the possibilities of strengthening ties with CSO's working in rural areas. Moreover the EU follows closely the selection process of Youth, Women and Civil Society representatives for the National Dialogue. It is indeed important to have valuable representatives for those groups that do not represent political parties, but instead the vibrant and diverse Yemeni society.
The EU member states enjoy long standing relations with Yemen, yet the volume of assistance provided by the Europe to Yemen is not as it should be. What do you think?
The EU is working on all social and economic fronts: from food insecurity, health and fisheries, to technical assistance, the strengthening of civil society organizations and the focus on human rights. The EU pledged $214 million during the Donors Conference in Riyadh on 4 September 2012. In addition to that, many EU Member States pledged a lot of money. To name just a few, Britain pledged $311 million, Germany $158 million, the Netherlands $100 million and France $ 6.2 million. The total financial support coming from the EU and its Member States ads up to at least 800 million US dollars. I think this shows how serious Europeans are in supporting Yemen and the Yemeni people. But like for the political process, each party has to do its part of the job: the Yemeni authorities are accountable and should fight corruption and serve people's interest. Yemeni citizens have to see progress in their daily lives and achievements on the ground. However, progress has been made since the signing of the GCC initiative. Yemenis have seen some improvements for example in terms of electricity that is much more available than earlier. Of course it is not enough and the Government has to do better and more with the support of the international community.
Iran overlooks the Gulf region and the Strait of Hormuz while Yemen overlooks the Strait of Bab al-Mandabm therefore cooperation and security between Iran and Yemen can lead to more stability and security in the region, what is your take on this?
What do you think of the accusations made against some of Hirak factions that they are getting funds from Iran with a view of splitting the country?
What is your position on Irans support to Houthis and Hirak?
Answer to three questions above:
It is in the long term interest of everybody living in the whole region that Yemen's future will be one of peace, sustainable growth and opportunities for all Yemenis. The interest of the region is therefore to have a unified and stable Yemen.
Yemeni problems can only have Yemeni solutions. All the Yemeni parties have to participate in the National Dialogue and be fully part of the Yemeni nation-building. Yemen will be stronger in the regional arena if Yemenis are able to work together in the interest of the whole country and of the Yemeni people.
What is your vision for supporting the National Dialogue?
It is clearly my impression that Yemenis yearn for change and a common, brighter future. Many look back at the revolution as a unique moment when Yemenis united and became stronger than ever. The National Dialogue creates the momentum for building national consensus. This dialogue is an historical opportunity to build a modern, democratic and civil state free of corruption. Each Yemeni citizen must feel part of this new Yemen. Therefore, it goes without saying that it continues to be of utmost importance that all Yemeni strands participate in the National Dialogue. Those who are still hesitating to join should know that it is only through participation that their voices and concerns will be properly heard and addressed. The National Dialogue is not only about mechanisms and number of seats. It is much more about investing goodwill from all Yemeni parties and groups in order to define a new social and national pact. Those who are still dragging their feet should not miss the opportunity to join the conference. The conference might start with some trends of Al Hirak not onboard. This will be their responsibility, as each one is free not to join the process, but no one is entitled to undermine the process.
Does EU support a federal Yemen?
It is for nobody but the Yemenis themselves to decide how the future nation-state of Yemen should look like. The question will have to be discussed at the National Dialogue Conference. The Yemenis might need expert-advice during this National Dialogue. If requested, the EU stands ready to provide technical assistance based on best practices and lessons learned.
What is the EU assessment of progress made in implementing the GCC initiative?
Many achievements have been made in a short time and the process continues to move forward. Amongst these are the election of a new President, the beginning of the restructuring of the armed forces and the launch of the investigations into the southern grievances. These are complex and politically challenging endeavors that should be welcomed as they constitute central demands stipulated in the GCC agreement. The work of the National Dialogue preparatory committee is also a particular achievement and an important stepping stone for the remaining part of transitional process. For the first time in Yemen's history stakeholders from all major strands came together to discuss and agree on how the National Dialogue should be composed and led. All parties are unhappy with the distribution of seats, but it is about what is possible and not what is perfect. What is important is that no group has an upper hand on the process. Dialogue is also about compromise. Moreover, time is short, and the challenges are many. The process has to move forward in order to meet the deadline of elections by February 2014.
Does EU support extending the presidential term of President Hadi or prefer the holding of elections on time?
The GCC deal foresees presidential elections should be held by February 2014. By this time it will be up to the Yemeni people to decide who will be their next President.
What does EU look to spoilers of the transition?
Spoilers are multiple and they are doing their best to undermine the process. They are looking for selfish gains and interests at the cost of all. The spoilers clearly haven't listened to the demands of the revolution and the majority of Yemenis that are calling for change that will lead to a more inclusive, peaceful and prosperous future for all. The spoilers should know that the patience of the international community has limits. They are watched and they are wrong if they think that the international community is unable to take actions. In the long run it will be the spoilers that will lose the most from their unconstructive behavior.
Do you think that the emergence of Islamist movements like Houthis, Islamic Brotherhood, Salafism etc. might jeopardise the EU interests in Yemen?
It is in the EU's overall interest that Yemen, through a truly Yemeni lead process, evolves into an inclusive and democratic nation-state. This should include all actors who, in a constructive, inclusive and democratic way, are willing to take part in the building of a better future for all Yemenis. Tolerance will be a key element in ensuring peaceful coexistence and stability in Yemen.
What do you think of the transitional justice law?
The EU supports a comprehensive and inclusive reconciliation process that aims at addressing the grievances of the past thereby paving the ground for a fresh start for a new Yemen. The EU is following the discussions on the transitional justice law very closely. I know that there is a debate on the period covered by the transitional justice law, but at least we understand that everybody agrees on the necessity to shed light on the dark spots of Yemen's revolution in 2011.
What is your assessment of the government's performance?
The task of any transition government will always be difficult. In Yemen's case, one of the challenges is for GPC and the JMP to work together. Another challenge is for them to reach out to the non- signatory parties of the GCC initiative. We fully support the interim government, but would also stress that this government has to be accountable and deliver despite challenges. Therefore Yemeni citizens are entitled to ask for concrete results on the ground.

subset: commoncrawl


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Other facilities include 2 body scrub beds, 7 massage beds and 3 foot massage chairs which spread over 3 separate rooms.


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Madison's Fishidy raises $1.5 million from angel investors
Fishidy Inc., a Madison company with an online and mobile platform that delivers local fishing information, has raised $1.5 million in a funding round led by one of the Midwest's biggest angel investing groups.
It is the first time Hyde Park Investors, which has about 130 members, has led a funding round for a Wisconsin-based company, said Paul Budak, a member of the Chicago-based group. Fifteen other investment groups and individuals participated in the round, including several others from out of state.
Fishidy will use the money to fund marketing initiatives and hire a bigger engineering team to work on the "tremendous backlog of features" the company wants to develop, said Brian Jensen, the company's founder and chief executive officer. The company has eight employees and hopes to as much as double that number during the next 12 months, Jensen said.
Fishidy operates a map-based social network that gives users the ability to do things like mark fishing hot spots on its maps, see where pros have caught their biggest fish and connect with new and longtime fishing buddies. The company says it has proprietary mapping data for 10,000 lakes and waterways, which account for 95% of U.S. recreational fishing locations.
There are 60 million anglers who spend more than $42 billion a year on goods and services, more than is spent on recreational golf, said Ted Feierstein, partner at LeanTech Group, a Chicago firm that advised Fishidy on its financing and has an economic interest in the company.
"It's a huge market and untapped from a technology standpoint," Budak said.
Founded in 2011, Fishidy has 150,000 members who have signed up over the past 15 months, Jensen said. Also, Walmart advertises Fishidy's app on digital TVs in its angling aisle in exchange for educational content, he said.
A passionate fisherman who graduated from the University of Wisconsin-Whitewater with a geography degree, Jensen was previously an executive at GeoDecisions, a Geographic Information Systems, or GIS, company. He came up with the idea for the company — a sort of Google Maps for lakes — while driving home from a disappointing fishing trip in Minnesota.
Fishidy has close partnerships with GeoDecisions and Fishing Hot Spots, a Rhinelander fishing map provider. The company offers its app for free to everyone, and offers advanced features to users who are willing to pay for them.
Fishidy in April won a contest sponsored by the Greater Madison Chamber called Pressure Chamber, in which six finalists vied for the chance to win a trip to Silicon Valley to make presentations to venture capitalists.
"If you're the winner in an interest-based network, you win it all," Feierstein said. "I think it's entirely possible Fishidy is going to own this market."
Business Wire
Recent national business updates from the Associated Press


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Dacy's lv. 85 skill dye
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Hourly - Intermediate ($$) - Est. Time: Less than 1 week, 30+ hrs/week - PostedSkills: Apple UIKit Framework Apple Xcode iPhone App Development JavaScript
Looking for an experienced iOS developer that can handle Wikitude AR SDK. You need to be able to start latest by this coming Monday 10/10 (Preferably before) The SDK will be implemented to an existing app that my team is currently working on. Here is the link to the SDK: http://www.wikitude.com/download/