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Just to let you know the problem is somewhat resolved, but not 100%. I can go into "edit this post" at the bottom of the post and open it up to edit it. That does let me edit the body of the thread, but not the title or the picture (which I like to change to spice up the listings). when you go into "edit details" at the top, and then try to edit the post it still gives you the error message in regards to the 100,000 characters.
Thanks for the help with this, I do understand that there are only a handful of people who would find this to be troublesome with very large posts I just happen to be one of them.
"Very large" is an understatement, but we will get this resolved.
I'd get rid of 1/2 the "stuff" as it's hidden after being sold, but the new B&S rules say it has to stay in the listing after sold. There are 100,000+ characters just in sold items. Is there a a special title for the biggest thread? lol Sorry to be a pain with maxing out the thread character limit.


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As Jimmy, the teen sap who falls hard for Suzanne, Joaquin Phoenix is dead-eyed yet touchingly vulnerable -- a mush-mouthed angel.
Owen Gleiberman - Entertainment Weekly
An irresistible black comedy and a wicked delight.
Janet Maslin - New York Times
To Die For endows Nicole Kidman with her career role to date, and one that only an actress with her porcelain features could even attempt.
Mike Clark - USA Today
The delicately featured Phoenix (yes, River's brother) has an extraordinary, chic-oddball presence.
Desson Thomson - Washington Post
Though it may seem less individualistic, less personal than Van Sant's past work, you can feel his sensibility and his talent in every frame.
Hal Hinson - Washington Post
Nicole Kidman's work here is inspired. Her clothes, her makeup, her hair, her speech, her manner, even the way she carries herself (as if aware of the eyes of millions) are all brought to a perfect pitch.
Roger Ebert - Chicago Sun-Times
If, like me, you find things to admire in all of Gus Van Sant's early films, you may be especially gratified by what he's done with a satirical anti-TV script by Buck Henry.
Jonathan Rosenbaum - Chicago Reader
Susan Stark - Detroit News
To Die For has its share of truly delicious sequences, and some biting dialogue worth killing for.
James Berardinelli - ReelViews
Although Van Sant makes wicked sport of television, he doesn't underestimate its power to blind us to its faults and bring us to our knees.
Peter Travers - Rolling Stone
A grotesque black comedy.
Dennis Schwartz - Ozus' World Movie Reviews
Like Roseanne, Gus Van Sant refuses to compromise his trademark smarty-pants assault on storybook America.
Harlan Jacobson - TV Guide's Movie Guide
It's highly recommended.
Dean Essner - CNN.com
A smart and wicked delight
David Ansen - Newsweek
A mean-spirited satire, told in mock-tabloid style, this film features the best performance of Nicole Kidman to date (better than The Hours for which she won an Oscar), as an amoral small-town girl obsessed with becoming a TV star.
Emanuel Levy - EmanuelLevy.Com
Gus Van Sant directed this sharp black comedy about the obsession with television and celebrity culture.
Jeffrey M. Anderson - Combustible Celluloid
Wicked, Wonderful and Wonderously performed
Clint Morris - Moviehole
If you've hitherto failed to respond to the laid-back oddball appeal of Van Sant's movies, fear not: this is a sharp, consistently funny blend of black comedy and satire on the deleterious effects of television.
Geoff Andrew - Time Out
Exquisite media satire, as good as "Network" in its way.
Rob Thomas - Capital Times (Madison, WI)
Chuck O'Leary - Fantastica Daily
Jimmy O - Film Snobs
Michael Szymanski - International Press Academy
razor sharp
Rich Cline - Shadows on the Wall
Greg Maki - Star-Democrat (Easton, MD)
Michael E. Grost - Classic Film and Television
Thomas Delapa - Boulder Weekly
Spence D. - IGN Movies
A vicious pitch black satire on the public's fascination with violent crime.
Michael Dequina - TheMovieReport.com
Bill Chambers - Film Freak Central
Nicolas Lacroix - Showbizz.net
Dan Jardine - Apollo Guide
Carol Cling - Las Vegas Review-Journal
Great black comedy featuring Kidman's best performance
Jon Niccum - Lawrence Journal-World
Rebecca Murray - About.com
Wickedly funny and cleverly told.
Leonard Schwarz - Palo Alto Weekly
This film is witty and smart and funny. That's a rare combination these days.
Robert Roten - Laramie Movie Scope
Matt Bailey - Not Coming to a Theater Near You
If only this was nearly as funny as it thinks it is.
Ken Hanke - Mountain Xpress (Asheville, NC)
The script is very smart and cynical.
Kevin N. Laforest - Montreal Film Journal
Black comedy that charts the exploits of a heartless woman obsessed with becoming a major television star.
Frederic and Mary Ann Brussat - Spirituality and Practice
Breakout performance from Nicole Kidman
Paul Salfen - Supercala.com
Philip Martin - Arkansas Democrat-Gazette
To Die For could have been a great film. It's not, but it shows what Nicole Kidman can do.
Mick LaSalle - San Francisco Chronicle
That was it?
Christopher Null - Filmcritic.com
I give To Die For a thumbs up for Kidman's performance, for interesting docudrama style cinematography, and for some huge laughs.
Steve Rhodes - Internet Reviews
Riveting cinema, an engrossing journey into a world where centre stage is the target.
Urban Cinefile Critics - Urban Cinefile
When focused on Suzanne and her fluffy lap dog, the movie is pretty ferocious, but when it turns to the teenagers she seduces, the tone goes a little soft.
Cynthia Fuchs - Philadelphia City Paper
The result is uneven but often very funny and on-the-mark, with clever observations on our obsession with television, media hype, the influence celebrities have on our culture and even a few bright sight gags.
Chris Hicks - Deseret News, Salt Lake City
From the opening credits, a montage of mass media images from the story we're about to see, the film is saturated with Suzanne's shallow tunnel vision.
Rob Blackwelder - SPLICEDWire
[The film] tarts very strong and its jibes are both on target and laugh-out-loud funny. But the tone of the film subtly alters during the course of the film and while the plot is tied up at the end, the climax is just a bit quiet and under-powered.
Mark R. Leeper - rec.arts.movies.reviews
With great wit, humor, and style, this movie serves all America its just desserts and, while the concoction and its ingredients may not kill us, it is to die for.
Marjorie Baumgarten - Austin Chronicle
Director Gus Van Sant can't pull everything together to make any impact at all. It's enough to make you wonder what he's doing with this script in the first place.
Bryant Frazer - Bryant Frazer's Deep Focus
Half snappy, sardonic and incisive and half slow-moving, goofy and dense.
Barbara Shulgasser - San Francisco Examiner
Madeleine Williams - Cinematter

subset: commoncrawl


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Transformer Cake
Comments (5)
marthajo1 on
Oh wow I can't wait to see the finished cake!
GeminiRJ on
What an incredibly detailed cookie! Your son is one lucky kid!
pastrygirl33 on
Why? I think this looks Great! Your cookies look sooo smooth.. Great job!
D77 on
Great Job!!!! :D
sylly on
your detail is just incredible!! I saw this was one of your son's favorite things in the thread and I had to come and see. :)
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Brain stimulation is getting popular with gamers – is it time to regulate it?
Gamers are increasingly turning to brain stimulation devices to enhance their performance. Using small, gentle electrical currents sent between two or more electrodes placed on a person's head, these transcranial direct current ...
Oct 17, 2016
10 0


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Too similar
I like McLaren a lot and even had the pleasure of a drive in a 12C but this car is too close to the 12C/650S. It just seems a bit pointless. A smaller and even cheaper car to compete with the rest of the 911 range might be good but may also be seen as diluting the brand.


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Most Cited Agricultural and Forest Meteorology Articles
The most cited articles published since 2011, extracted from Scopus.
Climate change, phenology, and phenological control of vegetation feedbacks to the climate systemAndrew D. Richardson | Trevor F. Keenan | Mirco Migliavacca | Youngryel Ryu | Oliver Sonnentag | Michael Toomey
Volume 169, Issue , February 2013, Pages 156-173
Vegetation phenology is highly sensitive to climate change. Phenology also controls many feedbacks of vegetation to the climate system by influencing the seasonality of albedo, surface roughness length, canopy conductance, and fluxes of water, energy, CO2 and biogenic volatile organic compounds. In this review, we first discuss the environmental drivers of phenology, and the impacts of climate change on phenology, in different biomes. We then examine the vegetation-climate feedbacks that are mediated by phenology, and assess the potential impact on these feedbacks of shifts in phenology driven by climate change. We finish with an overview of phenological modeling and we suggest ways in which models might be improved using existing data sets. Several key weaknesses in our current understanding emerge from this analysis. First, we need a better understanding of the drivers of phenology, particularly in under-studied biomes (e.g. tropical forests). We do not have a mechanistic understanding of the role of photoperiod, even in well-studied biomes. In all biomes, the factors controlling senescence and dormancy are not well-documented. Second, for the most part (i.e. with the exception of phenology impacts on CO2 exchange) we have only a qualitative understanding of the feedbacks between vegetation and climate that are mediated by phenology. We need to quantify the magnitude of these feedbacks, and ensure that they are accurately reproduced by models. Third, we need to work towards a new understanding of phenological processes that enables progress beyond the modeling paradigms currently in use. Accurate representation of phenological processes in models that couple the land surface to the climate system is particularly important, especially when such models are being used to predict future climate. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.
The Agricultural Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project (AgMIP): Protocols and pilot studiesC. Rosenzweig | J. W. Jones | J. L. Hatfield | A. C. Ruane | K. J. Boote | P. Thorburn | J. M. Antle | G. C. Nelson | C. Porter | S. Janssen | S. Asseng | B. Basso | F. Ewert | D. Wallach | G. Baigorria | J. M. Winter
Volume 170, Issue , March 2013, Pages 166-182
The Agricultural Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project (AgMIP) is a major international effort linking the climate, crop, and economic modeling communities with cutting-edge information technology to produce improved crop and economic models and the next generation of climate impact projections for the agricultural sector. The goals of AgMIP are to improve substantially the characterization of world food security due to climate change and to enhance adaptation capacity in both developing and developed countries. Analyses of the agricultural impacts of climate variability and change require a transdisciplinary effort to consistently link state-of-the-art climate scenarios to crop and economic models. Crop model outputs are aggregated as inputs to regional and global economic models to determine regional vulnerabilities, changes in comparative advantage, price effects, and potential adaptation strategies in the agricultural sector. Climate, Crop Modeling, Economics, and Information Technology Team Protocols are presented to guide coordinated climate, crop modeling, economics, and information technology research activities around the world, along with AgMIP Cross-Cutting Themes that address uncertainty, aggregation and scaling, and the development of Representative Agricultural Pathways (RAPs) to enable testing of climate change adaptations in the context of other regional and global trends. The organization of research activities by geographic region and specific crops is described, along with project milestones.Pilot results demonstrate AgMIP's role in assessing climate impacts with explicit representation of uncertainties in climate scenarios and simulations using crop and economic models. An intercomparison of wheat model simulations near Obregón, Mexico reveals inter-model differences in yield sensitivity to [CO2] with model uncertainty holding approximately steady as concentrations rise, while uncertainty related to choice of crop model increases with rising temperatures. Wheat model simulations with mid-century climate scenarios project a slight decline in absolute yields that is more sensitive to selection of crop model than to global climate model, emissions scenario, or climate scenario downscaling method. A comparison of regional and national-scale economic simulations finds a large sensitivity of projected yield changes to the simulations' resolved scales. Finally, a global economic model intercomparison example demonstrates that improvements in the understanding of agriculture futures arise from integration of the range of uncertainty in crop, climate, and economic modeling results in multi-model assessments. © 2012 .
Drought and ecosystem carbon cyclingM. K. Van der Molen | A. J. Dolman | P. Ciais | T. Eglin | N. Gobron | B. E. Law | P. Meir | W. Peters | O. L. Phillips | M. Reichstein | T. Chen | S. C. Dekker | M. Doubková | M. A. Friedl | M. Jung | B. J J M van den Hurk | R. A M de Jeu | B. Kruijt | T. Ohta | K. T. Rebel | S. Plummer | S. I. Seneviratne | S. Sitch | A. J. Teuling | G. R. van der Werf | G. Wang
Volume 151, Issue 7, July 2011, Pages 765-773
Drought as an intermittent disturbance of the water cycle interacts with the carbon cycle differently than the 'gradual' climate change. During drought plants respond physiologically and structurally to prevent excessive water loss according to species-specific water use strategies. This has consequences for carbon uptake by photosynthesis and release by total ecosystem respiration. After a drought the disturbances in the reservoirs of moisture, organic matter and nutrients in the soil and carbohydrates in plants lead to longer-term effects in plant carbon cycling, and potentially mortality. Direct and carry-over effects, mortality and consequently species competition in response to drought are strongly related to the survival strategies of species. Here we review the state of the art of the understanding of the relation between soil moisture drought and the interactions with the carbon cycle of the terrestrial ecosystems. We argue that plant strategies must be given an adequate role in global vegetation models if the effects of drought on the carbon cycle are to be described in a way that justifies the interacting processes. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
Altitude and temperature dependence of change in the spring vegetation green-up date from 1982 to 2006 in the Qinghai-Xizang PlateauShilong Piao | Mengdi Cui | Anping Chen | Xuhui Wang | Philippe Ciais | Jie Liu | Yanhong Tang
Volume 151, Issue 12, December 2011, Pages 1599-1608
Research in phenology change has been one heated topic of current ecological and climate change study. In this study, we use satellite derived NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) data to explore the spatio-temporal changes in the timing of spring vegetation green-up in the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau from 1982 to 2006 and to characterize their relationship with elevation and temperature using concurrent satellite and climate data sets. At the regional scale, no statistically significant trend of the vegetation green-up date is observed during the whole study period (R2=0.00, P=0.95). Two distinct periods of green-up changes are identified. From 1982 to 1999, the vegetation green-up significantly advanced by 0.88daysyear-1 (R2=0.56, P<0.001). In contrast, from 1999 to 2006, a marginal delaying trend is evidenced (R2=0.44, P=0.07), suggesting that the persistent trend towards earlier vegetation green-up in spring between 1980s and 1990s was stalled during the first decade of this century. This shift in the tendency of the vegetation green-up seems to be related to differing temperature trends between these two periods. Statistical analysis shows that the average onset of vegetation green-up over the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau would advance by about 4.1 days in response to 1°C increase of spring temperature. In addition, results from our analysis indicate that the spatial patterns of the vegetation green-up date and its change since 1982 are altitude dependent. The magnitude of the vegetation green-up advancement during 1982-1999, and of its postponement from 1999 to 2006 significantly increases along an increasing elevation gradient. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
Assessing the effects of climate change on the phenology of European temperate treesYann Vitasse | Christophe François | Nicolas Delpierre | Eric Dufrêne | Antoine Kremer | Isabelle Chuine | Sylvain Delzon
Volume 151, Issue 7, July 2011, Pages 969-980
Modelling phenology is crucial to assess the impact of climate change on the length of the canopy duration and the productivity of terrestrial ecosystems. Focusing on six dominant European tree species, the aims of this study were (i) to examine the accuracy of different leaf phenology models to simulate the onset and ending of the leafy season, with particular emphasis on the putative role of chilling to release winter bud dormancy and (ii) to predict seasonal shifts for the 21st century in response to climate warming. Models testing and validation were done for each species considering 2 or 3 years of phenological observations acquired over a large elevational gradient (1500. m range, 57 populations). Flushing models were either based solely on forcing temperatures (1-phase models) or both on chilling and forcing temperatures (2-phases models). Leaf senescence models were based on both temperature and photoperiod. We show that most flushing models are able to predict accurately the observed flushing dates. The 1-phase models are as efficient as 2-phases models for most species suggesting that chilling temperatures are currently sufficient to fully release bud dormancy. However, our predictions for the 21st century highlight that chilling temperature could be insufficient for some species at low elevation. Overall, flushing is expected to advance in the next decades but this trend substantially differed between species (from 0 to 2.4 days per decade). The prediction of leaf senescence appears more challenging, as the proposed models work properly for only two out of four deciduous species, for which senescence is expected to be delayed in the future (from 1.4 to 2.3 days per decade). These trends to earlier spring leafing and later autumn senescence are likely to affect the competitive balance between species. For instance, simulations over the 21st century predict a stronger lengthening of the canopy duration for Quercus petraea than for Fagus sylvatica, suggesting that shifts in the elevational distributions of these species might occur. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
Digital repeat photography for phenological research in forest ecosystemsOliver Sonnentag | Koen Hufkens | Cory Teshera-Sterne | Adam M. Young | Mark Friedl | Bobby H. Braswell | Thomas Milliman | John O'Keefe | Andrew D. Richardson
Volume 152, Issue 1, January 2012, Pages 159-177
Digital repeat photography has the potential to become an important long-term data source for phenological research given its advantages in terms of logistics, continuity, consistency and objectivity over traditional assessments of vegetation status by human observers. Red-green-blue (RGB) color channel information from digital images can be separately extracted as digital numbers, and subsequently summarized through color indices such as excess green (ExG=2G-[R+B]) or through nonlinear transforms to chromatic coordinates or other color spaces. Previous studies have demonstrated the use of ExG and the green chromatic coordinate (gcc=G/[R+G+B]) from digital landscape image archives for tracking canopy development but several methodological questions remained unanswered. These include the effects of diurnal, seasonal and weather-related changes in scene illumination on ExG and gcc, and digital camera and image file format choice. We show that gcc is generally more effective than ExG in suppressing the effects of changes in scene illumination. To further reduce these effects we propose a moving window approach that assigns the 90th percentile of all daytime values within a three-day window to the center day (per90), resulting in three-day ExG and gcc. Using image archives from eleven forest sites in North America, we demonstrate that per90 is able to further reduce unwanted variability in ExG and gcc due to changes in scene illumination compared to previously used mean mid-day values of ExG and gcc.Comparison of eleven different digital cameras at Harvard Forest (autumn 2010) indicates that camera and image file format choice might be of secondary importance for phenological research: with the exception of inexpensive indoor webcams, autumn patterns of changes in gcc and ExG from images in common JPEG image file format were in good agreement, especially toward the end of senescence. Due to its greater effectiveness in suppressing changes in scene illumination, especially in combination with per90, we advocate the use of gcc for phenological research. Our results indicate that gcc from different digital cameras can be used for comparing the timing of key phenological events (e.g., complete leaf coloring) across sites. However, differences in how specific cameras "see" the forest canopy may obscure subtle phenological changes that could be detectable if a common protocol was implemented across sites. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
Reflections on the surface energy imbalance problemRay Leuning | Eva van Gorsel | William J. Massman | Peter R. Isaac
Volume 156, Issue , April 2012, Pages 65-74
The 'energy imbalance problem' in micrometeorology arises because at most flux measurement sites the sum of eddy fluxes of sensible and latent heat (H+λE) is less than the available energy (A). Either eddy fluxes are underestimated or A is overestimated. Reasons for the imbalance are: (1) a failure to satisfy the fundamental assumption of one-dimensional transport that is necessary for measurements on a single tower to represent spatially-averaged fluxes to/from the underlying surface, and (2) measurement errors in eddy fluxes, net radiation and changes in energy storage in soils, air and biomass below the measurement height. Radiometer errors are unlikely to overestimate A significantly, but phase lags caused by incorrect estimates of the energy storage terms can explain why H+λE systematically underestimates A at half-hourly time scales. Energy closure is observed at only 8% of flux sites in the La Thuile dataset (http://www.fluxdata.org/DataInfo/default.aspx) with half-hourly averages but this increases to 45% of sites using 24. h averages because energy entering the soil, air and biomass in the morning is returned in the afternoon and evening. Unrealistically large and positive horizontal gradients in temperature and humidity are needed for advective flux divergences to explain the energy imbalance at half-hourly time scales. Imbalances between H+λE and A still occur in daily averages but the small residual energy imbalances are explicable by horizontal and vertical advective flux divergences. Systematic underestimates of the vertical heat flux also occur if horizontal u'. T' covariances contaminate the vertical w'T' signal due to incorrect coordinate rotations. Closure of the energy balance is possible at half-hourly time scales by careful attention to all sources of measurement and data processing errors in the eddy covariance system and by accurate measurement of net radiation and every energy storage term needed to calculate available energy. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
Global hot-spots of heat stress on agricultural crops due to climate changeEdmar I. Teixeira | Guenther Fischer | Harrij Van Velthuizen | Christof Walter | Frank Ewert
Volume 170, Issue , March 2013, Pages 206-215
The productivity of important agricultural crops is drastically reduced when they experience short episodes of high temperatures during the reproductive period. Crop heat stress was acknowledged in the IPCC 4th Assessment Report as an important threat to global food supply. We produce a first spatial assessment of heat stress risk at a global level for four key crops, wheat, maize, rice and soybean, using the FAO/IIASA Global Agro-Ecological Zones Model (GAEZ). A high risk of yield damage was found for continental lands at high latitudes, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere between 40 and 60°N. Central and Eastern Asia, Central North America and the Northern part of the Indian subcontinent have large suitable cropping areas under heat stress risk. Globally, this ranged from less than 5. Mha of suitable lands for maize for the baseline climate (1971-2000) to more than 120. Mha for wetland rice for a future climate change condition (2071-2100) assuming the A1B emission scenario. For most crops and regions, the intensity, frequency and relative damage due to heat stress increased from the baseline to the A1B scenario. However for wheat and rice crops, GAEZ selection of different crop types and sowing dates in response to A1B seasonal climate caused a reduction in heat stress impacts in some regions, which suggests that adaptive measures considering these management options may partially mitigate heat stress at local level. Our results indicate that temperate and sub-tropical agricultural areas might bear substantial crop yield losses due to extreme temperature episodes and they highlight the need to develop adaptation strategies and agricultural policies able to mitigate heat stress impacts on global food supply. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
Trend analysis of reference evapotranspiration in the western half of IranHossein Tabari | Safar Marofi | Ali Aeini | Parisa Hosseinzadeh Talaee | Kurosh Mohammadi
Volume 151, Issue 2, February 2011, Pages 128-136
Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) is an important element of the hydrological cycle, and changes in ETo are of great significance for agricultural water use planning, irrigation system design and management. In this study, annual, seasonal and monthly trends in the Penman-Monteith ETo at 20 meteorological stations during 1966-2005 in the western half of Iran were examined using the Mann-Kendall test, the Sen's slope estimator and the linear regression. Annual analysis of the ETo series indicated a positive trend in 70% of the stations according to the Mann-Kendall test and the Sen's slope estimator and in 75% of the stations according to the linear regression. The magnitude of significant positive trends in annual ETo varied from (+)11.28 to (+)2.30mm/year. On the seasonal scale, stronger increasing trends were identified in ETo data in winter and summer compared with those in autumn and spring. Meanwhile, the highest numbers of stations with significant trends were found in the monthly ETo series in February, while the lowest numbers of stations with significant trends were observed in November. Analysis of the impact of climatic variables on the significant increasing trend in ETo showed that the increasing trend was mainly caused by a significant increase in air temperature during the study period. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.
Assessing net ecosystem carbon exchange of U.S. terrestrial ecosystems by integrating eddy covariance flux measurements and satellite observationsJingfeng Xiao | Qianlai Zhuang | Beverly E. Law | Dennis D. Baldocchi | Jiquan Chen | Andrew D. Richardson | Jerry M. Melillo | Kenneth J. Davis | David Y. Hollinger | Sonia Wharton | Ram Oren | Asko Noormets | Marc L. Fischer | Shashi B. Verma | David R. Cook | Ge Sun | Steve McNulty | Steven C. Wofsy | Paul V. Bolstad | Sean P. Burns | Peter S. Curtis | Bert G. Drake | Matthias Falk | David R. Foster | Lianhong Gu | Julian L. Hadley | Gabriel G. Katul | Marcy Litvak | Siyan Ma | Timothy A. Martin | Roser Matamala | Tilden P. Meyers | Russell K. Monson | J. William Munger | Walter C. Oechel | U. Kyaw Tha Paw | Hans Peter Schmid | Russell L. Scott | Gregory Starr | Andrew E. Suyker | Margaret S. Torn
Volume 151, Issue 1, January 2011, Pages 60-69
More accurate projections of future carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere and associated climate change depend on improved scientific understanding of the terrestrial carbon cycle. Despite the consensus that U.S. terrestrial ecosystems provide a carbon sink, the size, distribution, and interannual variability of this sink remain uncertain. Here we report a terrestrial carbon sink in the conterminous U.S. at 0.63pg C yr-1 with the majority of the sink in regions dominated by evergreen and deciduous forests and savannas. This estimate is based on our continuous estimates of net ecosystem carbon exchange (NEE) with high spatial (1km) and temporal (8-day) resolutions derived from NEE measurements from eddy covariance flux towers and wall-to-wall satellite observations from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). We find that the U.S. terrestrial ecosystems could offset a maximum of 40% of the fossil-fuel carbon emissions. Our results show that the U.S. terrestrial carbon sink varied between 0.51 and 0.70 pg C yr-1 over the period 2001-2006. The dominant sources of interannual variation of the carbon sink included extreme climate events and disturbances. Droughts in 2002 and 2006 reduced the U.S. carbon sink by ∼20% relative to a normal year. Disturbances including wildfires and hurricanes reduced carbon uptake or resulted in carbon release at regional scales. Our results provide an alternative, independent, and novel constraint to the U.S. terrestrial carbon sink. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.
Crop management and phenology trends in the U.S. Corn Belt: Impacts on yields, evapotranspiration and energy balanceWilliam J. Sacks | Christopher J. Kucharik
Volume 151, Issue 7, July 2011, Pages 882-894
Crop yields are affected by many factors, related to breeding, management and climate. Understanding these factors, and their relative contributions to historical yield increases, is important to help ensure that these yield increases can continue in the future. Two important factors that can affect yields are planting dates and the crop's growing degree day (GDD) requirements. We analyzed 25 years of data collected by the USDA in order to document trends in planting dates, lengths of the vegetative and reproductive growth periods, and the length of time between maturity and harvest for corn and soybeans across the United States. We then drove the Agro-IBIS agroecosystem model with these observations to investigate the effects of changing planting dates and crop GDD requirements on crop yields and fluxes of water and energy. Averaged across the U.S., corn planting dates advanced about 10 days from 1981 to 2005, and soybean planting dates about 12 days. For both crops, but especially for corn, this was accompanied by a lengthening of the growth period. The period from corn planting to maturity was about 12 days longer around 2005 than it was around 1981. A large driver of this change was a 14% increase in the number of GDD needed for corn to progress through the reproductive period, probably reflecting an adoption of longer season cultivars. If these changes in cultivars had not occurred, yields around 2005 would have been 12.6buac-1 lower across the U.S. Corn Belt, erasing 26% of the yield increase from 1981 to 2005. These changes in crop phenology, together with a shortening of the time from maturity to harvest, have also modified the surface water and energy balance. Earlier planting has led to an increase in the latent heat flux and a decrease in the sensible heat flux in June, while a shorter time from maturity to harvest has meant an increase in net radiation in October. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
Influences of temperature and precipitation before the growing season on spring phenology in grasslands of the central and eastern Qinghai-Tibetan PlateauMiaogen Shen | Yanhong Tang | Jin Chen | Xiaolin Zhu | Yinghua Zheng
Volume 151, Issue 12, December 2011, Pages 1711-1722
Spatial variations in phenological responses to temperature have not been reported for grasslands of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Using satellite-derived normalized difference vegetation index and meteorological records from 1982 to 2006, we characterized the spatial patterns of grassland green-up onset in relation to air temperature and precipitation before the growing season (" preseason" henceforth) in the central and eastern plateau by combining linear programming with correlation analysis. Green-up onset near half of the meteorological stations was significantly correlated (p<0.10) with precipitation and thermal spring onset (TSO) date based on the cumulative temperature less than 6 weeks before the onset. The green-up onset paralleled the advance in TSO in the southwestern, southeastern, eastern, and northeastern parts of the plateau. The TSO and preseason precipitation (PPT) explained part of the inter-annual phenological variations, with r2 varying between 0.05 and 0.55 and averaging 0.28, and did not explain delay of green-up onset in some areas. Increasing preseason temperature tended to advance green-up onset in relatively moist areas. PPT exerted a stronger influence on green-up onset in drier areas. These results indicate spatial differences in the key environmental influences on spring phenology. To improve the ability to predict onset, ground-based community-level phenological studies and spatial scaling-up of the phenology-climate relationship will be necessary. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
Crop yield forecasting on the Canadian Prairies using MODIS NDVI dataM. S. Mkhabela | P. Bullock | S. Raj | S. Wang | Y. Yang
Volume 151, Issue 3, March 2011, Pages 385-393
Although Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data derived from the advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) sensor have been extensively used to assess crop condition and yield on the Canadian Prairies and elsewhere, NDVI data derived from the new moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor have so far not been used for crop yield prediction on the Canadian Prairies. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the possibility of using MODIS-NDVI to forecast crop yield on the Canadian Prairies and also to identify the best time for making a reliable crop yield forecast. Growing season (May-August) MODIS 10-day composite NDVI data for the years 2000-2006 were obtained from the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing (CCRS). Crop yield data (i.e., barley, canola, field peas and spring wheat) for each Census Agricultural Region (CAR) were obtained from Statistics Canada. Correlation and regression analyses were performed using 10-day composite NDVI and running average NDVI for 2, 3 and 4 dekads with the highest correlation coefficients (r) as the independent variables and crop grain yield as the dependent variable. To test the robustness and the ability of the generated regression models to forecast crops grain yield, one year at a time was removed and new regression models were developed, which were then used to predict the grain yield for the missing year. Results showed that MODIS-NDVI data can be used effectively to predict crop yield on the Canadian Prairies. Depending on the agro-climatic zone, the power function models developed for each crop accounted for 48 to 90%, 32 to 82%, 53 to 89% and 47 to 80% of the grain yield variability for barley, canola, field peas and spring wheat, respectively, with the best prediction in the semi-arid zone. Overall (54 out of 84), the % difference of the predicted from the actual grain yield was within ±10%. On the whole, RMSE values ranged from 150 to 654, 108 to 475, 204 to 677 and 104 to 714kgha-1 for barley, canola, field peas and spring wheat, respectively. When expressed as percentages of actual yield, the RMSE values ranged from 8 to 25% for barley, 10 to 58% for canola, 10 to 38% for field peas and 6 to 34% for spring wheat. The MAE values followed a similar trend but were slightly lower than the RMSE values. For all the crops, the best time for making grain yield predictions was found to be from the third dekad of June through the third dekad of July in the sub-humid zone and from the first dekad of July through the first dekad of August in both the semi-arid and arid zones. This means that accurate crop grain yield forecasts using the developed regression models can be made one to two months before harvest. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.
A data-driven analysis of energy balance closure across FLUXNET research sites: The role of landscape scale heterogeneityPaul C. Stoy | Matthias Mauder | Thomas Foken | Barbara Marcolla | Eva Boegh | Andreas Ibrom | M. Altaf Arain | Almut Arneth | Mika Aurela | Christian Bernhofer | Alessandro Cescatti | Ebba Dellwik | Pierpaolo Duce | Damiano Gianelle | Eva van Gorsel | Gerard Kiely | Alexander Knohl | Hank Margolis | Harry Mccaughey | Lutz Merbold | Leonardo Montagnani | Dario Papale | Markus Reichstein | Matthew Saunders | Penelope Serrano-Ortiz | Matteo Sottocornola | Donatella Spano | Francesco Vaccari | Andrej Varlagin
Volume 171-172, Issue , February 2013, Pages 137-152
The energy balance at most surface-atmosphere flux research sites remains unclosed. The mechanisms underlying the discrepancy between measured energy inputs and outputs across the global FLUXNET tower network are still under debate. Recent reviews have identified exchange processes and turbulent motions at large spatial and temporal scales in heterogeneous landscapes as the primary cause of the lack of energy balance closure at some intensively-researched sites, while unmeasured storage terms cannot be ruled out as a dominant contributor to the lack of energy balance closure at many other sites. We analyzed energy balance closure across 173 ecosystems in the FLUXNET database and explored the relationship between energy balance closure and landscape heterogeneity using MODIS products and GLOBEstat elevation data. Energy balance closure per research site (CEB,s) averaged 0.84±0.20, with best average closures in evergreen broadleaf forests and savannas (0.91-0.94) and worst average closures in crops, deciduous broadleaf forests, mixed forests and wetlands (0.70-0.78). Half-hourly or hourly energy balance closure on a percent basis increased with friction velocity (u*) and was highest on average under near-neutral atmospheric conditions. CEB,s was significantly related to mean precipitation, gross primary productivity and landscape-level enhanced vegetation index (EVI) from MODIS, and the variability in elevation, MODIS plant functional type, and MODIS EVI. A linear model including landscape-level variability in both EVI and elevation, mean precipitation, and an interaction term between EVI variability and precipitation had the lowest Akaike's information criterion value. CEB,s in landscapes with uniform plant functional type approached 0.9 and CEB,s in landscapes with uniform EVI approached 1. These results suggest that landscape-level heterogeneity in vegetation and topography cannot be ignored as a contributor to incomplete energy balance closure at the flux network level, although net radiation measurements, biological energy assimilation, unmeasured storage terms, and the importance of good practice including site selection when making flux measurements should not be discounted. Our results suggest that future research should focus on the quantitative mechanistic relationships between energy balance closure and landscape-scale heterogeneity, and the consequences of mesoscale circulations for surface-atmosphere exchange measurements. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.
Impacts of land use and plant characteristics on dried soil layers in different climatic regions on the Loess Plateau of ChinaYunqiang Wang | Ming'an Shao | Yuanjun Zhu | Zhipeng Liu
Volume 151, Issue 4, April 2011, Pages 437-448
A dried soil layer (DSL) formed in the soil profile is a typical indication of soil drought caused by climate change and/or poor land management. The responses of a soil to drought conditions in water-limited systems and the impacts of plant characteristics on these processes are seldom known due to the lack of comparative data on soil water content (SWC) in the soil profile. The occurrence of DSLs can interfere in the water cycle in soil-plant-atmosphere systems by preventing water interchanges between upper soil layers and groundwater. Consequently, a DSL may limit the sustainability of environmental restoration projects (e.g., revegetation, soil and water conservation, etc.) on the Loess Plateau of China and in other similar arid and semiarid regions. In this study, we investigated and compared the impacts of soil type, land use and plant characteristics within each of the three climatic regions (arid, semiarid, semihumid) of the Loess Plateau. A total of 17,906 soil samples from 382 soil profiles were collected to characterize DSLs across the Plateau. Spatial patterns of DSLs (represented by four indices: (1) DSL thickness, DSLT; (2) DSL forming depth, DSLFD; (3) mean SWC within the DSL, DSL-SWC; and (4) stable field water capacity, SFC) differed significantly among the climatic regions, emphasizing the importance of considering climatic conditions when assessing DSL variations. The impact of land use on DSLs varied among the three climatic regions. In the arid region, land use had no significant effect on DSLs but there were significant effects in the semiarid and semihumid regions (P< 0.05). The development of DSLs under trees and grasses was more severe in the semiarid region than in the semihumid region. In each climatic region, the extent of DSLs depended on the plant species (e.g., native or exotic, tree or grass) and growth ages; while only in the semiarid region, the DSL-SWC and SFC (P< 0.001) were significantly influenced by soil type. The DSL distribution pattern was related to the climatic region and the soil texture, which both followed gradients along the southeast-northwest axis of the Plateau. Optimizing land use can mediate DSL formation and development in the semiarid and semihumid regions of the Loess Plateau and in similar regions elsewhere. Understanding the dominant factors affecting DSLs at the regional scale enables scientifically based policies to be made that would alleviate the process of soil desiccation and sustain development of the economy and restoration of the natural environment. Moreover, these results can also be useful to the modeling of the regional water cycle and related eco-hydrological processes. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.
Climate variability and crop production in TanzaniaPedram Rowhani | David B. Lobell | Marc Linderman | Navin Ramankutty
Volume 151, Issue 4, April 2011, Pages 449-460
Improved understanding of the influence of climate on agricultural production is needed to cope with expected changes in temperature and precipitation, and an increasing number of undernourished people in food insecure regions. Many studies have shown the importance of seasonal climatic means in explaining crop yields. However, climate variability is expected to increase in some regions and have significant consequences on food production beyond the impacts of changes in climatic means. Here, we examined the relationship between seasonal climate and crop yields in Tanzania, focusing on maize, sorghum and rice. The impacts of both seasonal means and variability on yields were measured at the subnational scale using various statistical methods and climate data. The results indicate that both intra- and interseasonal changes in temperature and precipitation influence cereal yields in Tanzania. Seasonal temperature increases have the most important impact on yields. This study shows that in Tanzania, by 2050, projected seasonal temperature increases by 2 °C reduce average maize, sorghum, and rice yields by 13%, 8.8%, and 7.6% respectively. Potential changes in seasonal total precipitation as well as intra-seasonal temperature and precipitation variability may also impact crop yields by 2050, albeit to a lesser extent. A 20% increase in intra-seasonal precipitation variability reduces agricultural yields by 4.2%, 7.2%, and 7.6% respectively for maize, sorghum, and rice. Using our preferred model, we show that we underestimate the climatic impacts by 2050 on crop yields in Tanzania by 3.6%, 8.9%, and 28.6% for maize, sorghum and rice respectively if we focus only on climatic means and ignore climate variability. This study highlights that, in addition to shifts in growing season means, changes in intra-seasonal variability of weather may be important for future yields in Tanzania. Additionally, we argue for a need to invest in improving the climate records in these regions to enhance our understanding of these relationships. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.
Photoperiod sensitivity of bud burst in 14 temperate forest tree speciesDavid Basler | Christian Körner
Volume 165, Issue , November 2012, Pages 73-81
The timing of spring phenology of trees reflects a trade-off between a longer growing season and a lower risk for damage by late freezing events. Temperature is driving rates of development directly, but given the high inter-annual variability in weather, it is a poor environmental cue for the progression of the season and thus, the period with low freezing risk. In contrast, photoperiod is a reliable and weather independent signal of the progression of the season. Using growth chamber experiments we assessed the photoperiod sensitivity of bud burst under artificial spring conditions in cuttings of 14 common European tree species that belong to different life-strategy types (pioneers or exotic species vs. native late-successional species; 3 conifers/11 broadleaved). Fully chilled twigs were sampled from populations along two elevational gradients in the Swiss Alps. Applying realistic contrasts in photoperiod, short photoperiods delayed bud burst in five late successional species to variable degree, whereas no distinct photoperiod sensitivity was observed in early successional species. In Picea abies, the photoperiod response was additionally influenced by elevation of origin, whereas in Quercus petraea and Abies alba regional differences in the photoperiod response were observed. For late successional species, photoperiod is thus an important environmental signal that will constrain responses to climatic warming because rising temperatures will drive phenology toward the species specific photoperiod threshold. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.
Impacts of drought at different time scales on forest growth across a wide climatic gradient in north-eastern SpainEdmond Pasho | J. Julio Camarero | Martín de Luis | Sergio M. Vicente-Serrano
Volume 151, Issue 12, December 2011, Pages 1800-1811
We analyzed the impact of drought measured on different time-scales on radial growth of eight tree species during the period 1950-2005 growing across a wide climatic gradient encompassing semiarid Mediterranean woodlands and wet mountain forests in north-eastern Spain. A drought index (standardized precipitation index, SPI) at different time scales (1-48 months) was correlated with chronologies of ring width to determine the significant time scale at which drought affected most tree growth. The findings indicated that the impact of drought on growth varied noticeably among species and sites. Two distinct patterns were clearly observed considering spatial and temporal differences in the response of species to drought. Species growing in xeric sites (Pinus and Quercus species and Juniperus thurifera) showed the highest responses to SPI time-scales of 9-11 months while those located in mesic sites (Abies alba, Pinus sylvestris) did respond more to SPI time scales shorter than 5 months. The SPI-growth correlations were significant, although weak, up to 30 months in xeric sites while no consistent association was observed at higher time scales. Important seasonal differences were noticed in the SPI-growth associations. Species growing in xeric areas responded to spring-summer SPI while those distributed in mesic sites responded more to summer SPI. Our findings should be useful to understand forest responses to climate change, including an increasing frequency of severe droughts, and to adapt appropriate management strategies to mitigate the impact of drought on tree growth. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
Response of ecosystem respiration to warming and grazing during the growing seasons in the alpine meadow on the Tibetan plateauXingwu Lin | Zhenhua Zhang | Shiping Wang | Yigang Hu | Guangping Xu | Caiyun Luo | Xiaofeng Chang | Jichuang Duan | Qiaoyan Lin | Burenbayin Xu | Yanfen Wang | Xinquan Zhao | Zubin Xie
Volume 151, Issue 7, July 2011, Pages 792-802
Intensive studies reveal that there is much uncertainty regarding how ecosystem and soil respiration will respond to warming and grazing, especially in the alpine meadow ecosystem. We conducted a first of its kind field-manipulative warming and grazing experiment in an alpine meadow on the Tibetan plateau to determine the effects of warming and grazing on ecosystem and soil respiration for 3-years, from 2006 to 2008. Generally, warming and grazing did not affect seasonal average ecosystem respiration (Re), and there was no interaction between grazing and warming. However, they significantly affected the Re early in the growing season and by the end of the growing season. Warming significantly increased seasonal average soil respiration (Rs) by 9.2%, whereas the difference mainly resulted from data gathered early in the growing season, before June 2007. Positive correlations between soil temperature and Re and Rs were observed, and soil temperature explained 63-83% of seasonal Re variations during the 3-year study and 19-34% of Rs variations in 2007. Seasonal Re in 2008 and Rs in 2007 were slightly negatively correlated to soil moisture, but interannual average Re decreased with a decrease in precipitation for all treatments. Warming and grazing reduced the Q10 value of Re in 2007 and 2008 but did not affect the Q10 value of Rs. The Q10 values of Rs were much lower than the Q10 values of Re in 2007. These results suggest that grazing may reduce the temperature sensitivity of Re and that Re was mainly controlled by soil temperature rather than moisture which varied with timescale in the alpine meadow. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
A strategy for quality and uncertainty assessment of long-term eddy-covariance measurementsMatthias Mauder | Matthias Cuntz | Clemens Drüe | Alexander Graf | Corinna Rebmann | Hans Peter Schmid | Marius Schmidt | Rainer Steinbrecher
Volume 169, Issue , February 2013, Pages 122-135
Eddy-covariance measurements are performed at several hundred sites all over the world on a long-term basis. The gathered data are used to characterise ecosystem exchanges of trace gases, water and energy and to validate or constrain process-based models. There is an increasing demand on standardised and comprehensive quality flagging and uncertainty quantification of these fluxes. In this paper, we review established quality assessment procedures and present a comprehensive newly composed strategy emphasising tests on high-frequency raw data, expanding existing tests on statistics, fluxes and corrections, plus quantification of errors. Moreover, representativity of fluxes is checked by footprint analysis. This strategy is applied within the recently launched TERENO network of ecosystem observatories, and its robustness is demonstrated for data acquired with different measurement set-ups. Four test data sets from TERENO and one data set from CarboEurope-IP were subjected to this quality assessment. The presented strategy is compared with established quality assessment schemes, and it is demonstrated that unrealistic fluxes are now efficiently excluded while retaining the largest possible amount of high quality data. Additionally, the algorithms applied provide comprehensive, reproducible, qualitative and quantitative uncertainty estimates for users of eddy-covariance flux data. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.
Spatio-temporal patterns of phenological development in Germany in relation to temperature and day lengthS. Siebert | F. Ewert
Volume 152, Issue 1, January 2012, Pages 44-57
Phenological development of crops has been extensively studied in field experiments but less so at larger scales for which data availability is often limited. To what extent the spatio-temporal variability of crop development can be explained by relationships derived from field studies such as the temperature sum concept used in many crop models is unclear but the question could entail the large scale application of these models. The aim of this study was to analyze the spatio-temporal patterns of crop phenological development in response to temperature and day length. We used a comprehensive dataset (656,234 phenological observations at 6019 observation sites) about the phenology of oat (Avena sativa L.) and related climate data from Germany for the period 1959-2009.Our results show that the statistically significant warming trend since 1959 resulted in an earlier onset of all phenological stages and a shortening of most phenological phases with a 17-day earlier onset of yellow ripeness and a shortening of the "sowing to yellow ripeness" phase by 14 days. There was also a distinct spatial pattern in phenological development, with differences among eco-regions in the occurrence of development stages of 15-26 days and the length of the phases between stages of 6 and 21 days. Most of this spatio-temporal variability could be explained through the effects of temperature and day length. However, temperature sums (thermal times) and day length corrected temperature sums (photo-thermal times) also varied in time and space, pointing to the use of different varieties over time and across eco-regions. A considerable part of this variability in temperature sums and photo-thermal times could be explained by the mean temperature during the development periods. This may provide a means of modelling farmers' adaptation to climate change using varieties of different maturity types; but it requires further investigation. The good agreement of the thermal and photo-thermal requirements of oat computed in this study with relationships known from field experiments supports the use of the temperature sum concept for large scale application to simulate crop phenology in response to temperature and day length. The analysis should be extended to other crops and regions to further evaluate the observed spatio-temporal patterns in crop phenology and the relationships explaining these patterns. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
Will higher minimum temperatures increase corn production in Northeast China? An analysis of historical data over 1965-2008Changqing Chen | Chengxia Lei | Aixing Deng | Chunrong Qian | Willem Hoogmoed | Weijian Zhang
Volume 151, Issue 12, December 2011, Pages 1580-1588
Recent crop model projections have shown that crop production may benefit from warming, especially in the high latitudes, but hard evidence is limited. In this study we conducted correlation and regression analyses of climate records of seventy-two meteorological stations and records of corn yield over the period 1965-2008 in Northeast China. It was found that over these forty-four years, the diurnal mean, minimum and maximum temperatures during corn growing season increased on average by 0.31°C, 0.42°C and 0.23°C every ten years, respectively. No significant change in precipitation was found, although differences between years were large. The daily minimum temperature was the dominant factor to corn production. Corn yield was significantly correlated with the daily minimum temperature in May and September. According to a regression analysis of the anomalies of corn yield and air temperature, a 1.0°C increase in daily minimum temperature in May or September will lead to an increment of 303kgha-1 or 284kgha-1 in corn yield, respectively. Corn varieties with longer growth duration will profit most from the climatic changes but agronomic practices may have to be modified to address expected weather extremes such as droughts and periods with heavy rainfall. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
How climate and vegetation type influence evapotranspiration and water use efficiency in Canadian forest, peatland and grassland ecosystemsChristian Brümmer | T. Andrew Black | Rachhpal S. Jassal | Nicholas J. Grant | David L. Spittlehouse | Baozhang Chen | Zoran Nesic | Brian D. Amiro | M. Altaf Arain | Alan G. Barr | Charles P A Bourque | Carole Coursolle | Allison L. Dunn | Lawrence B. Flanagan | Elyn R. Humphreys | Peter M. Lafleur | Hank A. Margolis | J. Harry McCaughey | Steven C. Wofsy
Volume 153, Issue , February 2012, Pages 14-30
The effects of climatic factors and vegetation type on evapotranspiration (E) and water use efficiency (WUE) were analyzed using tower-based eddy-covariance (EC) data for nine mature forest sites, two peatland sites and one grassland site across an east-west continental-scale transect in Canada during the period 2003-2006. The seasonal pattern of E was closely linked to growing-season length and rainfall distribution. Although annual precipitation (P) during the observation period was highly variable among sites (250-1450mm), minimum annual E was not less than 200mm and was limited to 400-500mm where annual P exceeded 700mm. Site-specific interannual variability in E could be explained by either changes in total P or variations in solar irradiance. A highly positive linear correlation was found between monthly mean values of E and net radiation (R n) at the grassland site (AB-GRL), the two peatland sites (AB-WPL and ON-EPL), and only one of the forest sites (coastal Douglas-fir, BC-DF49) whereas a hysteretic relationship at the other forest sites indicated that E lagged behind the typical seasonal progression of R n. Results of a cross-correlation analysis between daily (24-h) E and R n revealed that site-specific lag times were between 10 and 40 days depending on the lag of vapour pressure deficit (D) behind R n and the decoupling coefficient, Ω. There was significant seasonal variation in daytime mean dry-foliage Priestley-Taylor α with maxima occurring in the growing season at all sites except BC-DF49 where it was relatively constant (∼0.55) throughout all years. Annual means of daytime dry-foliage α mostly ranging between 0.5 and 0.7 implied stomatal limitation to transpiration. Increasing D significantly decreased canopy conductance (g c) at the forest sites but had little effect at the peatland and grassland sites, while variation in soil water content caused only minor changes in g c. At all sites, a strong linear correlation between monthly mean values of gross primary production (GPP) and E resulted in water use efficiency being relatively constant. While at most sites, WUE was in the range of 2.6-3.6gCkg -1 H 2O, the BC-DF49 site had the highest WUE of the twelve sites with values near 6.0gCkg -1 H 2O. Of the two peatland sites, AB-WPL, a western treed fen, had a significantly higher WUE (∼3.0gCkg -1 H 2O) than ON-EPL, an eastern ombrotrophic bog (∼1.8gCkg -1 H 2O), which was related to peatland productivity and plant functional type. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
A comparison of multiple phenology data sources for estimating seasonal transitions in deciduous forest carbon exchangeSteven R. Garrity | Gil Bohrer | Kyle D. Maurer | Kim L. Mueller | Christoph S. Vogel | Peter S. Curtis
Volume 151, Issue 12, December 2011, Pages 1741-1752
There are currently numerous data sources available for estimating the timing of recurrent plant phenology transitions. We compared measurements from several phenology data sources to understand the relationship between phenology metrics derived from these data sources and the timing of seasonal transitions in net ecosystem exchange (NEE). We identified the timing of start, peak, end and the duration of the carbon uptake season, as well as the timing of the transitions from sink to source and source to sink using 11 years of NEE data from the University of Michigan Biological Station (UMBS). Using fitted logistic functions we identified proxy metrics for phenological transitions from the time series of Albedo, fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (fPAR), Plant Area Index (PAI), and MODIS normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), enhanced vegetation index (EVI), and leaf area index (LAI) products of various spatial representations. We found that no single source of phenological data was able to accurately describe annual patterns of flux phenology. However, for each transition in NEE (e.g., start of season, transition to net sink), the metrics from one or more data sources were significantly (p<0.05) correlated with the timing of these recurring events. A marginally significant trend toward a longer NEE carbon uptake period over 11 years was not detected by any of the metrics, primarily because none of the metrics were available for the full duration of the NEE data, and NEE did not show significant and consistent trends during the sub-sets of the time when proxy data were available. The results of our study highlight the relative strengths and weaknesses of each phenology data source for directly estimating seasonal transitions and interannual trends in carbon flux phenology of a deciduous forest. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
An alternative method using digital cameras for continuous monitoring of crop statusToshihiro Sakamoto | Anatoly A. Gitelson | Anthony L. Nguy-Robertson | Timothy J. Arkebauer | Brian D. Wardlow | Andrew E. Suyker | Shashi B. Verma | Michio Shibayama
Volume 154-155, Issue , March 2012, Page
Crop physiological and phenological status is an important factor that characterizes crop yield as well as carbon exchange between the atmosphere and the terrestrial biosphere in agroecosystems. It is difficult to establish high frequency observations of crop status in multiple locations using conventional approaches such as agronomical sampling and also remote sensing techniques that use spectral radiometers because of the labor intensive work required for field surveys and the high cost of radiometers designed for scientific use. This study explored the potential utility of an inexpensive camera observation system called crop phenology recording system (CPRS) as an alternative approach for the observation of seasonal change in crop growth. The CPRS consisting of two compact digital cameras was used to capture visible and near infrared (NIR) images of maize in 2009 and soybean in 2010 for every hour both day and night continuously. In addition, a four channel sensor SKYE measured crop reflectance and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite images were acquired over crop fields. The six different camera- radiometer- and MODIS-derived vegetation indices (VIs) were calculated and compared with the ground-measured crop biophysical parameters. In addition to VIs that use digital numbers, we proposed to use daytime exposure value-adjusted VIs. The camera-derived VIs were compared with the VIs calculated from spectral reflectance observations taken by SKYE and MODIS. It was found that new camera-derived VIs using daytime exposure values are closely related to VIs calculated using SKYE and MODIS reflectance and good proxies of crop biophysical parameters. Camera-derived green chlorophyll index, simple ratio and NDVI were found to be able to estimate the total leaf area index (LAI) of maize and soybean with high accuracy and were better than the widely used 2g-r-b. However, camera-derived 2g-r-b showed the best accuracy in estimating daily fAPAR in vegetative and reproductive stages of both crops. Visible atmospherically resistant vegetation index showed the highest accuracy in the estimation of the green LAI of maize. A unique VI, calculated from nighttime flash NIR images called the nighttime relative brightness index of NIR, showed a strong relationship with total aboveground biomass for both crops. The study concludes that the CPRS is a practical and cost-effective approach for monitoring temporal changes in crop growth, and it also provides an alternative source of ground truth data to validate time-series VIs derived from MODIS and other satellite systems. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.


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Review Summary
- Great location in the heart of downtown Chicago's The Loop
- Whenever/Wherever service standard of the W chain
- Soaps and lotions from Bliss and in-room Bliss massage treatments
- Decent price compared to other Chicago hotels
- Fun lobby is a great spot for young professionals
- A solid restaurant and bar on-site
- Modern fitness center open 24/7
- Pet-friendly for a fee
- No pool
- Can feel very dark and closed-off
- Bathrooms are a bit small with limited counter space
- Fee for Wi-Fi
Bottom Line
The 368-room W City Center features a funky blend of neoclassical and modern design styles: It has the beautiful marble and grandness of Beaux-Arts architecture, but with a dark, fantastical twist. Although some may find the disco-themed lobby (neon-lit desks included) exciting and young, others may think it's a bit over-the-top. Rooms are also contemporary, with modern lamps and faux-fur throws on the beds, as well as up-to-date technology, including large flat-screen TVs and iPod docks. The on-site restaurant — aptly named IPO as nod to the hotel's location in Chicago's financial district — serves chef Trevor Hoyte's so-called New Urban cuisine, a whimsical and intriguing bevy of dishes such as his chocolate and popcorn dessert with peaches, mint, brown butter, and corn sorbet. The Living Room area is popular for afterwork drinks and small bites with the 9 to 5 crowd. With a great downtown location, close to various shops, restaurants, and tourist attractions, the W Chicago - City Center is a great pick for young couples and professionals seeking a true cosmopolitan experience.
Oyster Hotel Photos
Oyster Hotel Review
In the middle of thriving downtown Chicago's The Loop, just a short walk from various attractions
Located in the heart of it all, this W Hotel places guests just a short walk from Chicago must-sees like the Sears Tower, the Civic Opera House, and the Magnificent Mile. Consequently, there are plenty of things to do within a short walk -- restaurants, bars, and staples in Chicago tourism included.
The Loop, the city's main business district, is the heart of downtown Chicago. Many of the things first-time visitors will have on their to-do list are inside the boundaries of The Loop -- Grant Park, futuristic Millennium Park, the Art Institute of Chicago, Buckingham Fountain, the Theatre District, and even Chicago's oldest restaurant, the Berghoff.
- 25-minute drive to Chicago O'Hare International Airport
- 5-minute walk to various restaurants and bars
- 10-minute walk to the Art Institute of Chicago
- 10-minute walk to Chicago Symphony Orchestra
- 15-minute walk to Grant Park
- 15-minute walk to Millennium Park
- 5-minute drive to Buckingham Fountain
Rooms and Rates
View the Full The Loop Area Guide
Nearby Hotels
|Key Features
Fitness Center
Pets Allowed
|Hotel Services
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Dry Cleaning
Rental Car Service Desk Onsite
Room Service
Pets Allowed
|Family Services
Kids Allowed
|Things to Do
Business Center
Fitness Center
Tennis Court
|Room Features
Air Conditioner
Mini Bar (with liquor)
Separate Bedroom / Living Room Space
Smoking Rooms Available
|172 West Adams at LaSalle, Chicago, Illinois 60603, United States
|(312) 332-1200
|Room Types


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Ministry Openings
The Church Relations Office is grateful for the opportunity to serve churches, organizations and job seekers as they search for a minister/ ministry.
Below is a list of the ministry openings that have been submitted to the Church Relations Office. The openings are provided by the church or organization seeking a candidate and are in no way affiliated with or endorsed by Kentucky Christian University. Job candidates should contact the church or organization listed for further information regarding the position(s).
Ministry opportunities are displayed for a maximum of three (3) months from the posting date.Submit Opening
For assistance with the following please contact Jeff Greene (firstname.lastname@example.com or 606-474-3298):
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Posted: Oct 20, 2016
Address660 Loretto Road
Lebanon, Kentucky 40033
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Contact InformationJay Stout Phone: (270) 402-1090 Email: email@example.com
Position Description
The Lebanon Christian Church is a congregation of about 70 individuals with many young and involved families. Our recent minister of 5 years recently moved back to his home town due to a desire of wanting his wife and child to be around family. This departure was one of excellent standing between both the congregation and the minister and his family. Due to this departure we are seeking a man who has graduated from a Restoration Movement college and has a Restoration Movement background and believes the following values and Biblical standards:
- A man who fears God.
- A man who knows that the Word of God is Inerrant and Inspired. (2 Timothy 3:16)
- A man who knows that Jesus Christ died, was buried and resurrected from the grave.
- A man who knows that due to the resurrection of Christ that He is the only path to salvation (Acts 4:12)
- A man who knows the Bible plan of salvation who stands upon it unswervingly, and will present it with gentleness and love to those within our community who are ignorant or would disagree. (Acts 2:38, John 3:5, Mark 16:15-16)
- A man who believes that baptism by immersion is necessary to enjoy the forgiveness of sins and the gift of the Holy Spirit (aka salvation). (Acts 2:38)
- A man who knows the seriousness of lostness, and has a heart and a zeal to reach the lost around the congregation.
- A man who will teach us God's word, who will educate us and help us to continue to move forward in being more like Christ and in mimicking the New Testament Church.
- A man who will also continue to develop men (and women) to help serve in different capacities for the benefit and growth of the church.
Because this position is one of great spiritual importance and because this position allows a man to wield a power over hearts and minds of the congregation, should we accept your resume we will call you in and ask you to speak on a series of subjects of our choosing, this will enable us to gage your knowledge and do what the Bible calls for us to do: "Beloved, do not believe every spirit, but test the spirits to see whether they are from God, because many false prophets have gone out into the world."(1 John 4:1 NASB).
We have a strong desire to have a minister who will "Speak where the Bible speaks and will be silent where the Bible is silent", if you have these characteristics and these desires, then we ask that you please submit a resume along with a dvd or even a zipdrive with a copy of a sermon, please make sure that the file can be played through windows media player (see address below) so that we may select a man who will be most suitable and compatible to help us serve our Lord and Savior, Jesus Christ!
The Lebanon Christian Church provides a 4 bedroom 2 bath parsonage along with a pay package to help the minister and his family. The pay package will be discussed when the leadership has decided that a candidate meets the necessary qualifications. Should you have any questions please contact Jay Stout who is a Trustee at the Lebanon Christian Church:
Address for Resume and DVD/Zip Drive of sermon video –
Lebanon Christian Church
660 Loretto Rd
Lebanon, Ky. 40033
Questions –
Jay Stout
Cell- 270-402-1090
E-mail – email@example.com
Address4201 Heritage Trace Pkwy
Fort Worth, Texas 76244
Weekly Attendance: 350
Website: http://www.heritagechurchofchrist.org/
Contact InformationBrock Paulk Phone: (817) 741-0499 Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Position Description
Heritage is seeking a full-time Youth Minister to provide leadership in creating and sustaining an environment that facilitates and nurtures the spiritual growth of 7th-12th grade youth and their families.
The Youth Minister is empowered and entrusted to develop a balanced program that gives students opportunity to, first, feel safe and welcomed by warm relationships with others; second, to experience and learn about God's love and develop their own love for Him; and third, to share God's love with others by serving inside and outside the youth ministry.
For a full job description, please visit our website.
Posted: Oct 19, 2016
Address1001 Charles Street
Wellsburg, West Virginia 26070
Weekly Attendance: 65-80
Website: http://
Contact InformationLarry Taylor Phone: (304) 215-2724 Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Position Description
Compensation includes a salary; parsonage with three bedrooms and a single car garage; vacation time; convention time and allowance. The job expectations include:
1. Preach at morning worship services and assist in other worship services.
2. Teach Sunday School class and Sunday evening elective class as needs arise.
3. Share pastoral and evangelistic calling with the Elders, with an emphasis on members and the sick and shut-ins.
4. Teach an optional Wednesday evening Bible Study group.
5. Visit hospitals as needed each week.
6. Compose and submit an article for the newsletter each month and help to organize the newsletter.
7. Attendance at the North American Christian Convention will be considered optional.
8. The minister shall be considered an Elder of the church by virtue of his call to the pastorate.
In addition to the general ministerial duties listed above, we hope any candidate for hire would participate in the activities of the community and our service camp at Elk Horn Valley. Also, exhibit a willingness and desire to work to reach young adults and young families as well as a willingness and desire to work to grow the middle school and high school youth groups.
The minister may continue his education, or attend educational seminars, upon discussion with, and approval from, the Elders. He needs to hold a valid driver's license and be willing to be subjected to a background check and a drug test.
Wellsburg is a small town along the Ohio River about fifty miles from Pittsburgh. The Wellsburg Christian Church is the first church established by Alexander Campbell during the Restoration Movement. Interested individuals can submit a resume along with 3 personal and 3 professional references to the following: firstname.lastname@example.com or Wellsburg Christian Church Pulpit Committee, 1001 Charles Street, Wellsburg, WV 26070.
Address301 Trail four
Burlington, North Carolina 27215
Weekly Attendance: 90
Website: http://www.burlingtonchristianchurch.org
Contact Informationjohn nappo Phone: (252) 675-7255 Email: email@example.com
Position Description
Brief Description
We have just hired a new Pastor with a vision for reaching families and young people – the area is ripe for growth and busy. The church is about 45 yrs old so not deeply set in the past but moving from a traditional/blended approach to a little more contemporary. Great leadership team and great people in the body here. Position will start part time and move into a full time ministry – so the person would need too be willing to come and have a side job to supplement income until the church grows into the 150 range. If you are at all interested, capable and willing to grow with us then this ministry is for you. call me and lets talk – cant hurt to see what the Lord is up to:)
Grow the worship ministry in the church and community. Build a team that can effectively lead hearts to the throne of God. Raise up leaders and be available to disciple others. Help carry out the mission of Jesus here at BCC
Address1601 St. Clair River Dr.
Algonac, Michigan 48001
Weekly Attendance: 125
Website: http://algonacchurchofchrist.org
Contact InformationIain Avers Phone: (810) 794-3622 Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Position Description
The Algonac Church of Christ is currently seeking someone to serve as its Senior Minister beginning January 2017 (possibly sooner if an earlier date would help to accommodate the needs of the selected candidate.)
The Algonac Church of Christ is an instrumental congregation grounded in biblically sound doctrine consistent with the tenets of the Restoration Movement. Located in southeast Michigan about an hour from Detroit along the banks of the beautiful Saint Clair River, The ACoC is a congregation of roughly 125 people. We are seeking a candidate who:
is a spiritually mature Christian;
lives an exemplary moral life consistent with biblical teaching;
believes that the Bible is the inspired word of God and the authoritative standard of our lives;
possesses thorough knowledge of the Bible as exhibited by the fact that he holds a degree from an accredited Bible College or Seminary or possesses ministry experience that would indicate his ability to adequately teach and disciple members of the congregation;
is a gifted preacher/teacher who has the ability to effectively communicate God's word and raise up, disciple, and work closely with other leaders;
sincerely loves people and is willing to invest in building relationships within the congregation and community;
has a heart for the lost and a desire to lead the church to effectively reach out to and share the gospel with people in the community;
possesses the humility and desire to work closely with the church's elders and other leaders to lead and minister to the church.
Any additional talents, such as musical ability, etc., is certainly an added bonus.
Salary, etc, is negotiable depending on candidate's credentials and experience. If interested in applying please submit resume' with brief cover letter to email@example.com.
Address701 N. Four Mile Run Rd.
Youngstown, Ohio 44515
Weekly Attendance: 200
Website: http://www.fourmileruncc.com
Contact InformationMike Smith Phone: (330) 799-7831 Fax: (330) 799-1929 Email: email@example.com
Position Description
Working alongside of the Senior Minister, sharing the vision and responsibilities to manage and direct the implementation of the vision and ministry plan of FMRCC. The worship aspect of this position will oversee and coordinate all the details that a service encompasses. The discipleship aspect will be coordinating strategic and scenario planning for all ages, goal setting, and formulation of operational policies and procedures.
AddressP O Box 146
Holmesville, Ohio 44633
Weekly Attendance: 70
Website: http://
Contact InformationDarryl Crawford Phone: (330) 279-3471 Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Position Description
Holmesville Church of Christ is looking for a full time preaching minister of a congregation of about 70. We are located about half way between Cleveland and Columbus in a rural community. We are looking for an enthusiastic gentleman to serve and grow with us. Must relate to all age groups and love to bring others to Christ through preaching, teaching and visitation. Must hold fast to Biblical truths and be motivated to serve – Must be willing to work with an established Board of Elders – This position would be expected to preach on Sunday – also work with the youth. Must be willing to make pastoral calls especially hospital calls – Position comes with a parsonage (3 bedroom, 1 1/2 baths, full basement and attached garage). Salary is negotiable based on experience – Compensation for travel and vacation is also provided – Submit resume and minimum of three references to the contact person in care of the church.
Posted: Oct 18, 2016
Address5414 Lexington Rd
Paris, Kentucky 40361
Weekly Attendance: 400
Website: http://www.bedfordacres.com
Contact InformationMitchell Evan McIntyre Phone: (859) 987-4591 Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Position Description
–To serve as minister of children, and or equip others to lead the church in planning, directing, and evaluating programs to develop the total child, from first through fifth grade. Also, to provide a safe, stable nurturing environment for babies through kindergarten and equip God's people in the preschool ministry. With overall view of family minister in mind, and how the church can minister together.
– Born again Christian who feels a call by God into ministry
– Love for children and families
–Agrees with Statement of Faith
– Strong organizational and leadership skills
– Ability to build and lead volunteer teams
—Previous experience directing children's ministry with volunteer team of 20+ volunteers.
— To facilitate the development of the Children's Ministry & Early Childhood budget, and control the budget.
— To serve as leader of the Children's Ministry and the Early Childhood Ministry.
—To encourage families at the church with the idea that children's ministry is not just ministry to children, but rather a wholistic approach to the family.
—To work with staff on church wide projects. To help with overall mission and vision of the church.
—To act as Staff Liaison & support for MOPS ( Mothers of Preschoolers)
— The Children's Minister will be ultimately accountable to the Board of Elders.
— The Children's Minister will proceed under the direction and supervision of the Sr. Minister.
— Programs and/or proposals beyond the scope and responsibility of this specific ministry
will be reviewed by the Sr. Minister and the Board of Elders.
— An annual appraisal and evaluation will be conducted by the Sr. Minister for review an approval of the Board of Elders.
— To seek a growing relationship with God through daily prayer and Bible study.
— To work harmoniously, as a faithful team player, with staff and leadership.
– Provide care for children and families within the church including hospital visits and follow-up.
— To provide spiritual and practical leadership to the Children's Ministry & Early Childhood Ministry specifically and to the church as a whole generally.
— To provide for the planning, preparation and coordination of Children's Church.
— To provide for planning, coordination and growth of quality Christian education for
children. This includes children's Sunday School and/or midweek
courses, activities, or small groups, evangelistic efforts, the assimilation of new children, spiritual gifts assessment and teacher/leader training, and motivation.
— To provide for the planning, preparation and coordination of the yearly VBS/Camp.
— To oversee additional ministries to the children for growth, edification, and fellowship.
–To plan, prepare, & coordinate the Early childhood Ministry for all scheduled, church-wide events.
–To develop & supervise policies & procedures in the elementary/preschool/nursery (for check in & check out, safety, health, hygiene). If there are serious infraction of the policies they are to be documented & reported to the Elder Liaison or Sr. Minister.
–To recruit, train, motivate,, schedule, provide teaching materials, supervise & support volunteer workers in the Elementary/Preschool/ Nursery Ministry.
–To provide for monitoring and cleaning the area, toys, equipment, furniture, and supplies for the Early Childhood Ministry.
–Provide for trained staff to administer CPR & First Aid if needed.
AddressPO Box 69
West Frankfort, Illinois 62896
Website: http://www.sicsc.com
Contact InformationJoey Hawkins Phone: (618) 937-1939 Fax: (618) 932-6553 Email: email@example.com
Position Description
The Southern Illinois Christian Service Camp (SICSC), located at West Frankfort Illinois, is accepting Resumes/Applications for staff and personnel positions for the upcoming summer camp season. These are paid positions and are listed below:
- Secretary
- Managers Assistant (mostly a grounds keeper/maintenance)
- Dining Room Supervisor
- Life Guard and Program Assistant (requires Red Cross Lifeguard training equivalent)
- First Aid Supervisor (requires Red Cross First Aid training equivalent)
The job descriptions can be seen on the SICSC web page (www.sicsc.com/ Paid_Summer_Staff.html) and Resumes/Applications can be sent to the following address by January 10th, 2017:
Southern Illinois Christian Service Camp
PO. Box 69
West Frankfort, IL 62896
Posted: Oct 17, 2016
Address325 S. Walnut St.
Rochester, Illinois 62563
Weekly Attendance: 500
Website: http://www.rochesterchristian.com
Contact InformationBrad Ferris Phone: (217) 498-9264 Email: email@example.com
Position Description
Rochester Christian Church is seeking a Discipleship Pastor who will have four main areas of responsibility: 1) participate in our weekly worship services as a member of our preaching/teaching team and by hosting worship services; 2) continue to expand our small group and SS ministries with excellence; 3) develop a pro-active approach to increase our volunteer recruitment and training for ministry, and; 4) partner with our Lead Pastor in assuming ownership to drive our strategic plan toward the fulfillment of our vision. If you're interested in receiving more information about Rochester Christian Church and this position, please contact Brad Ferris at firstname.lastname@example.com or by telephone at (217)498-9264. ————————————————————————————————
Address302 East Jefferson Street
Kirklin, Indiana 46050
Weekly Attendance: 100
Website: http://kirklinchristianchurch.org
Contact InformationCindy Stowers Phone: (765) 279-8900 Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Position Description
Senior Pastor at Kirklin Christian Church
Thank you for considering serving God alongside us at Kirklin Christian Church (KCC)! Our church's mission is: Love God, love the church, love people. We are seeking a Senior Pastor who is passionate about preaching the Word, reaching the lost, making disciples and challenging us to do the same. We are an active congregation with many small groups available. We have several outreach ministries including: Preschool Program, weekly after school program and Summer Lunch Program for children.
KCC is an independent Christian Church located in the rural community of Kirklin, Indiana. The town of Kirklin has a population of approximately 800 people and is located 30 miles north of Indianapolis and 15 miles southeast of the Clinton County seat of Frankfort. Our weekly worship attendance averages 100 people.
An eligible candidate will possess the following:
- A strong Biblical mindset
- A Bachelor's Degree in ministry from an accredited Christian Church Bible College
- Experience in senior pastor capacity
- A life that reflects a desire to maintain high standards of Christian character
- Leadership and administrative abilities
- Willingness to work alongside elders as fellow co-shepherds to oversee congregation
- The flexibility to take on other tasks as needed
If you possess these characteristics, we invite you to send us your resume and Statement of Beliefs. We are a committed group of believers excited to meet the pastor God has chosen to grow with us.
Position information:
Job Title: Senior Pastor
Organization type: Christian Church
Denomination: Independent
Worship style: Blended
Church size: 135
Compensation: Salary
Church website: www.kirklinchristianchurch.org
Please remit your resume to:
Kirklin Christian Church
Attention: C. Stowers
302 E. Jefferson Street
Kirklin, IN 46050
Address513 Main St
Montague C0A1R0
Weekly Attendance: 80
Website: http://montaguechurchofchrist.org
Contact InformationLuke Farnham Phone: (902) 838-4064 Email: email@example.com
Position Description
Montague Church of Christ is an Independent Christian Church and is seeking an experienced Preaching Minister. We are located in Montague, Prince Edward Island, Canada. The town has a small population of about 5,000 people but services the rural community of approximately 20,000. The local industries include farming, fishing and tourism and the town has all the important amenities. The church body is approximately 80 people for a regular Sunday service but the sanctuary can hold up to 250 people. Sunday morning services are live streamed and stored on Youtube thanks to our volunteer audio/visual team. The church is also home to a Community Soup Kitchen where people from the area can come for fellowship and hear about the love of God.
Candidates must hold a bachelor's degree from a college affiliated with the Christian Church or Church of Christ; and have at least five years of experience in a preaching ministry. Candidates must also be passionate about biblical and relevant preaching, prayer, discipleship, community outreach, pastoral care, and personal spiritual growth. He must have strong leadership skills, works well with others, is organized and will lead the church in spiritual and numerical growth.
We encourage you to pray about this position and if you feel God is leading you to Montague Church of Christ, please submit a resume, video sermon hyperlink and send any questions to firstname.lastname@example.com or please call (902) 838-4064.
Church Website: https://montaguechurchofchrist.org/
Town of Montague Website: http://www.townofmontaguepei.com/
Posted: Oct 15, 2016
Address125 Freedom Church Rd.
Jamestown, Kentucky 42629
Weekly Attendance: 140
Website: http://
Contact InformationWendell Roberts Phone: (270) 566-0954 Email: email@example.com
Position Description
Freedom Christian Church is a rural congregation located on beautiful Lake Cumberland in southern Kentucky. We are a congregation of 140 active members who are family oriented, focused on missions and who are seeking to teach and lead our youth to touch people with Jesus Christ. We offer a very competitive salary and a chance to work with a great group of Volunteers. For a full job description contact us at email@example.com.
Posted: Oct 13, 2016
Address1501 N. Leonard Rd.
St. Joseph, Missouri 64506
Weekly Attendance: 325
Website: http://c3stjoe.com
Contact InformationJames Sones Phone: (816) 233-4144 Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Position Description
The Youth and Young Adults Pastor will be responsible for establishing, overseeing, and facilitating opportunities and environments for youth, young adults, and their families at Central Christian Church to come to know, love, and follow Jesus Christ as they love and serve the church, the community, and the world.
AddressP. O. Box 677
Mountain Grove, Missouri 65711
Weekly Attendance: 175
Website: http://www.mgfcc.org
Contact InformationHoward Hawkins Phone: (417) 926-3428 Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Position Description
Mountain Grove First Christian Church is in Mountain Grove, Mo. It is a small town, with a population of around 4,750. We are approx. 70 miles east of Springfield, Mo. We love "reaching out" to the community and have several events that help us do just that. We are a New Testament church striving to live and practice principles taught throughout the New Testament. Our example has come from the church in the book of Acts. We believe the Bible is the Word of God and has answers for life, which include: how a person comes into a relationship with Jesus, as well as the practices of the early church, which we continue also.
The First Christian Church is seeking an individual who wants to follow Jesus and wants to lead young people to Jesus as well, to educate, mentor and guide our youth through their Christian walk. This person would minister toward the spiritual development of the youth. This person would be able to teach, organize events, work with existing youth sponsors and mentor members of the youth group, as well as being able to reach out to youth within the community. We want a youth minister who will breathe freshness into our active program. They will oversee junior church on Sundays and oversee our youth gatherings. Camps and special events are summer activities we encourage our youth to attend and require the youth minister to assist in making preparations toward those events.
Salary will be discussed as well as days and hours upon request. The decision process will begin with a youth minister search team. After the appliciants are narrowed down, the names will be given to the elders for final consideration.


text:
This year's free agent class has some big bats. With the likes of Albert Pujols and Prince Fielder due to enter free agency, Jose Reyes could be just as important to some teams.
Reyes has been having a career year this season for the Mets. He is the kind of hitter that can jump start a lineup with his speed, fielding and enthusiastic personality. The Mets have already said he will not receive "Carl Crawford money" (seven years for $120 million), but odds are some team is going to offer Reyes that money.
Reyes has been on the disabled list twice this season, raising questions about his durability. This will probably lower his contract offers from teams afraid to commit money to an injury-prone player. This is definitely an advantage for the Mets, who will probably be able to match the highest offer and be able to retain Reyes' services.
Reyes is a very valuable commodity, especially at shortstop, where elite players are few and far between. The Mets are going to be careful with their wallets, but would love to have him back.
Just in case the Mets fail to sign Reyes, here are the next five teams who would be ready to try and sign him.
NOTE: I did not put the teams in order of how likely they are to sign Reyes.


text:
Hinckley is on the up and we are drawing people in from far and wide to enjoy our shops, cafes, bars and restaurants"
Quite simply this was the best burger meal I have ever had"
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Round-up of stories from Hinckley, Bosworth and beyond
Canaries have landed Joe Sinton from Norwegian club
The youngster has returned to Coalville Town after almost two years with the Canaries
After what was Ginnelly's worst defeat in 21 years as manager at any level he said he hopes it is a kick up the backside
Hickey and Tomkinson are both being monitored by a number of sides
Interest shown in Brady Hickey and Alex Tomlinson
The Canaries, who were scheduled to entertain Frickley this Saturday, now head to the North East to face Blyth Spartans
Leeds, Middlesbrough, Sheffield Wednesday, Burnley, Mansfield and Oxford still monitoring Brady Hickey
"He's sort of a non-league version of Frank Lampard"
The Canaries lost 2-0 at home the National League Premier side despite dominating possession for large parts of the game
The Welling visit is highlighted as a pick of the round
Barwell face Welling United in the first round of the competition
Jimmy Ginnelly has been reiterating the importance of tomorrow's match to his troops
They will face Rushden, a former league club until recently beset by financial difficulties who reformed and play in the EvoStik Southern League Division One Central
King's Lynn are the visitors to Kirkby Road
Big future predicted for fledgling Canaries midfielder
They are tantalisingly just two games away from the competition proper
For the third round in a row Jimmy Ginnelly's side will be at Kirkby Road
It's a prospect he is relishing despite several injury concerns to key players
Despite the loss of central defenders Danny Jenno and Jamie Hood, the Canaries boss has brought in seven or eight new faces
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