text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Dec 9, 1986
|Filing date
|Jun 10, 1983
|Priority date
|Jun 10, 1983
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Clyde N. Robbins
|Original Assignee
|General Instrument Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (48), Classifications (14), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to video signal distribution systems and, more specifically, to television signal transmission/distribution systems characterized by signal security, permitting reception of scrambled television programming only by authorized recipients.
It is an object of the present invention to provide improved encrypted television signal distribution apparatus.
More specifically, it is an object of the present invention to provide a secure signal distribution system for restricting reception to encrypted (scrambled) premium television programming--as to subscribers in a pay television environment.
Yet another object of the present invention is the provision of an encrypted television signal distribution system which permits scrambling of audio only, or of the audio and video components of a television signal. Video only scrambling is disclosed and claimed in my co-pending, co-filed application Ser. No. 502,958, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
The above and other objects of the present invention are realized in a specific, illustrative encrypted video distribution system which includes a signal-originating head end for scrambling the audio portion of outgoing television program-bearing signals. In particular, the audio content of a television program assumes a relative polarity corresponding to the instantaneous binary value of a control digital wave produced by a keyed pseudo random generator. At each authorized subscriber location, a pseudo random generator is included in receiver descrambling circuitry and operates in a sequence identical to the like circuit at the head end to restore the polarity-inverted audio signal, thereby permitting reception and presentation of intelligible audio subject matter.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the video information present during selected lines is inverted about predetermined inversion level and restored at equipped, authorized subscriber stations also under control of the pseudo random generators.
The above and other features and advantages of the present invention will become more clear from the following detailed description of a specific, illustrative embodiment thereof presented hereinbelow in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1A is a wave form showing one television signal line at base band in conventional format;
FIG. 1B is a wave form depicting a line of video bearing the same intelligence of the FIG. 1A wave on a non-inverted basis in accordance with the principles of the present invention;
FIG. 1C is a wave form depicting an inverted line of video utilizing the principles of the present invention;
FIG. 2A is a wave form depicting an illustrative passage in the audio program constituent of a composite television program;
FIG. 2B is a timing diagram for an illustrative inversion/non-inversion control signal for audio encryption;
FIG. 2C depicts the scrambled or encrypted representation of the FIG. 2A audio passage in accordance with the instant invention;
FIG. 2D is a wave form depicting the descrambled, restored audio wave;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating signal encoding (scrambling) head end or transmitting station apparatus;
FIG. 4 is a block diagram schematically illustrating signal decrypting, receiver apparatus operable to recover transmissions encoded by the FIG. 2 structure; and
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram illustrating a favored form of difference amplifier for the instant invention.
Referring now to FIG. 1A, there is shown an illustrative line of video information which may typically be included as one of a sequence of lines in a video field. The line begins with a horizontal synchronizing pulse which occurs during the period 110-114. The horizontal synchronization level is the lowest amplitude voltage point during the line. By NTSC standard or convention, horizontal sync may be expressed as -40 IRE units, where the signal level varies from the -40 amplitude during the synchronizing intervals to a maximum of +100 IRE units (corresponding to an extreme white picture content). Following the end of the horizontal sync pulse at time 114 (so-called horizontal sync back porch), a burst of color subcarrier 118 is present (at color burst frequency 3.58 mHz). There follows during interval 117-125 an arbitrary pattern of video information--in the case illustrated 11/2 cycles of a sinusoid 119 superimposed upon a dark to bright internal ramp 120 peaking at white level 122 finally terminating in a linear bright to dark transition 123. The video content of each line will of course vary in actual practice in accordance with the particular image portion being represented.
In accordance with the principles of the present invention below discussed, video encryption is effected by selectively inverting the video information about a level intermediate the black level (0 IRE) and the bright level peak (+100 IRE), e.g., about +50 IRE. Again, for purposes below discussed a pulse 116 is included in the horizontal synchronization interval having an amplitude corresponding to the DC inversion level (assumed for illustrative purposes only to be +50 IRE as above noted).
FIG. 1B depicts a line of video information where the video has not been inverted and thus the information content of the line following color burst 118 identically corresponds to that of the normal or conventional line depicted in FIG. 1A. The FIG. 1B line of the instant invention differs from the normal line only by including the inversion level pulse 116 during the horizontal synchronization interval 110-114, as between the times 112 and 113.
FIG. 1C illustrates a video line corresponding to the normal or clear line of FIG. 1A--but where video information has been inverted about the +50 IRE. The inverted line is the same as the non-inverted line through the horizontal interval including the horizontal pulse back porch (video information period 117-125), bearing the color burst sinusoid 118. However, following the horizontal pulse back porch (video information period 117-125), all of the video information is inverted about the +50 level. For example, the beginning of the video information (the inception of sinusoid 119) begins at the +100 white level rather than at the 0 black level of FIG. 1B. Some reflection will show that the shape and levels of the remainder of the video wave represent the mirror image of the clear or normal video reflected about the +50-opted inversion level. Corresponding video signal portions are indicated in FIG. 1C with the same reference numerals as employed in FIGS. 1A or 1B but bear a primed notation.
At a conventional receiver not equipped with decrypting apparatus, the video information content of each line will sometimes be inverted and sometimes not. Accordingly, visual impact of such a received transmission as integrated by the eye over several frame traces will be a totally obviated image. Indeed, the image on an integrated basis throughout the picture will appear as a flat field of +50 IRE intensity.
This reception-inhibition exists where no other encryption is employed. In accordance with one aspect of the instant invention, however, the inverted/non-inverted wave above described may be subject to sync interval amplitude suppression as is per se well known to further inhibit signal reception by unauthorized equipment. Of course where such sync suppression is employed, receiver apparatus is furnished with the per se well known equipment to recover synchronizing information and to effect the inverse of the sync interval amplitude reduction effected at the signal originating head end or transmitter.
Many ways will be apparent to those skilled in the art to communicate line inversion information to system receivers such that inverted lines, and only inverted lines, will be reinverted and thus restored to proper format. Such inversion may be done on a predetermined basis--as by simply counting lines in a field. In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention which will become more clear from the following, however, identically sequencing pseudo random generators are employed at both the signal encrypting and decrypting locations to control the line video inverting/non-inverting pattern to increase video security.
The foregoing discussion has focused upon video scrambling in accordance with the instant invention. Audio scrambling will now be discussed in overview--principally with respect to FIGS. 2A-2D. FIG. 2A is a wave form depicting an assumed illustrative passage 250 in an audio program portion of a composite television program, e.g., a sinusoid. As will become more clear from the discussion below, the wave 250 of FIG. 2A is encrypted, or protected by selectively varying its polarity in accordance with an encrypting control signal. One assumed encoding pattern is shown by the rectangular wave of FIG. 2B of arbitrary form, where the lower, abscissa level represents non-inversion and where the relatively higher level connotes a polarity inversion for the audio program. The wave form of FIG. 2B can be generated in many ways well known to those skilled in the art--e.g., on a predetermined basis in accordance with an inverting clock or oscillator. More secure audio scrambling is effected, however, by employing a much less predictable wave--e.g., as generated by a pseudo random generator as set forth below.
The encrypted, outgoing audio wave of the instant invention is shown in FIG. 2C. FIG. 2C comprises a replica of the FIG. 2A wave during those periods when the inversion signal of FIG. 2B is low; and comprises a polarity inverted version for the clear or non-scrambled audio wave of FIG. 2A during those time intervals when the polarity inversion controlling signal of FIG. 2B is high. Corresponding reference numerals identify corresponding audio wave form portions in each of FIGS. 2A, 2C and 2D, with inverted signal components of FIG. 2C bearing a primed designation. Thus, for example, the initial part 270 of the wave 250 is identical in FIGS. 2A and 2C since the inversion-controlling wave form of FIG. 2B is low at its non-inverting level during the time interval 252-253. Conversely, during the time interval 253-255, the encrypted wave form component 274' is of like shape but opposite polarity vis-a-vis the clear or non-scrambled comparable portion 274 since the inverting wave of FIG. 2B is high during this period. The remainder of the wave of FIGS. 2A and 2C bears a corresponding relationship determined by the arbitrary inversion wave form invoked as typified by FIG. 2B. While five inversion/non-inversion transitions are illustrated in FIGS. 2A-2D for the one sinusoid cycle considered, the control wave of FIG. 2B can in general effect many more such transitions if desired. The transmitted wave form of FIG. 2C represents non-intelligible audio information and cannot be recovered or presented by a conventional television receiver when the audio intelligence shown is frequency demodulated from the television signal sound carrier. At authorized equipped subscriber locations who are to receive the audio portion of the composite television program, all those portions of the audio program which have been inverted (e.g., those portions 274', 278' and 283' of FIG. 2C) are reinverted under control of a wave form generated at the subscriber location which replicates the FIG. 2B inverting wave form employed at the transmitter or head end. The reconstituted wave form is shown in FIG. 2D. The recovered FIG. 2D wave form is substantially identical to the original audio intelligence of FIG. 2A and thus is fully recoverable and gives rise to the proper audio at a standard television receiver. As will be more clear from the following, transient suppression is effected at each of the switching points by maintaining the output constant at the pre-transition value shown, for example, by the short duration fixed audio level 272 which obtains between non-inverted audio signal portion 270 and restored, reinverted portion 274 in FIG. 2C. This constant signal level of short duration is implemented by a sample and hold circuit 165 (FIG. 4) below discussed, and obviates the sharp switching transients which might otherwise cause electrical damage and audio distortion unless ameliorated.
The above-described mode of audio scrambling may be employed alone where a television signal premium program provider deems audio signal suppression sufficient premium signal protection. Alternatively, the audio and video encryption herein discussed may be jointly effected to provide a higher level of signal security. Video encryption alone forms the subject of my above-discussed co-pending application and is not considered further herein.
With the above overview of system functioning in mind, attention will now be directed to FIG. 3 which discloses video encrypting (selective line inverting) apparatus to effect the mode of encrypting above-described with respect to FIGS. 1A-1C. A video source 10 supplies video information in conventional (standard NTSC) format to an automatic gain control and D.C. restore circuit 12, and to a sync stripper 33. The video source 10 may comprise any base band video source well known to those skilled in the art, e.g., a video camera, tape recorder, microwave or satellite transmission demodulated to base band, or the like. The AGC and DC restorer 12 is not absolutely necessary--but is per se well known circuitry typically utilized to provide video signal clean up and assurance that voltage levels are of transmission accuracy and quality if not already of such fidelity.
The video information is supplied to a unity ("+1") gain amplifier 11 which provides non-inverted video (i.e., the conventional NTSC signal of FIG. 1A) at an output port 15. The video signal is also supplied to a unity gain inverting ("-1") amplifier 13 which provides inverted video at an output port 16 (e.g., provides the video portion of FIG. 1C during the 117-125 interval). A DC inversion reference level source 18 (the assumed DC level +50 IRE) is supplied as a second input to the inverting amplifier 13. Many forms of amplifiers to effect the above will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art--for example the per se well known operational amplifier configurations depicted. The unity gain amplifier 11 is employed to keep the relation phasings of the inverting and non-inverting transmission channels substantially equal.
The inverted and non-inverted video signals from amplifiers 11 and 14 are supplied as inputs to a multiplexer 20 as is the DC inverting reference level supplied by source 18. Further supplied to the multiplexer 20 is a signal at the color burst frequency (generated by dividing the frequency of an oscillator 32 which is at four times the color burst frequency by a factor of four in a divider 24). The color burst is amplitude modulated in a modulator 20 with a decripting shift key, as in a NAND logic gate 21, during some predetermined time, e.g., during line 17 which occurs during the vertical interval. The multiplexer 20 selects among its four inputs to supply to a video modulator 80 the desired signal components to construct the outgoing wave in accordance with the selection control effected by a decoder 43. Thus, for example, to construct the encoded but non-inverted line of FIG. 1B, the non-inverted output of amplifier port 15 is passed by multiplexer 20 to the video modulator 80 during the horizontal synchronizing pulse interval and color burst-bearing back porch (period 110-114) except for the time 112-113 when the multiplexer under control of the decoder passes the DC reference level from source 18 to the modulator 80. Because no inversion is to occur, the video signal from the non-inverting port 15 is coupled to modulator 80 during the video information interval 117-124. The inverted video line (e.g., FIG. 1C) is similarly constructed, except that the output of the inverting port 16 is selected by multiplexer 20 for delivery to video modulator 80 during the information content portion (114-125) of the video wave.
The sequence of successive video lines with inverted or non-inverted video content as appropriate are raised to the desired outgoing radio frequency by modulator 80 and impressed upon any distribution medium, e.g., an antenna for radiation or a cable for a CATV or MATV environment. Also generated for distribution is the audio content for the television program, supplied by an audio source 83 and further discussed below.
The remaining structure of FIG. 3 generates the control information for the multiplexer 20 and otherwise participates in the encoding process. Principally employed is a timing and logic circuit 30 which includes counters 35 and 44 and counter output state decoders 40 and 47 for subdividing an overall image period between vertical synchronizing pulses into predetermined time slots for effecting requisite functions required during the respective decoded time periods. The cascaded counters 35 and 44 and decoders 40 and 47 are per se well known to those skilled in the art and, indeed, are obtainable in integrated circuit form. Similarly, the use of cascaded counters and decoders to subdivide time under control of an input time base oscillator for signal subdivision and control is per se well known to those skilled in the art. All decoders of the instant invention may be combinatorial logic circuits or, alternatively, memories which store the desired decoding pattern.
The sync stripper 33 supplies a pulse each horizontal synchronizing interval ("H" output port) and a pulse during each vertical synchronizing interval ("V" output port). The horizontal sync pulses are supplied to a clear input 36 of counter 35 to clear or restart the counter decoder 35-40 from its initial state at the beginning of each line. The counter 35 is thereafter rapidly advanced at the multiple of the color burst rate as the oscillator 32 supplies pulses to the counting input 37 of counter 35. The outputs of counter 35 are supplied as inputs to the decoder 40 which provides pulses at a number of output ports to indicate the occurrence of various time intervals during each line as the counter 35 is monotonically advanced from its initially cleared state.
The line counter 44 is cleared at a clear input 45 by each vertical synchronizing pulse and is thereafter advanced at its count input port 46 as each video line is encountered (via output port 41d of the line subdivision decoder 40). Decoder 47 supplies output information indicating the incidence of particular lines within the interval between vertical synchronizing pulses for which certain system functions are required. The ensemble of outputs 48 from decoder 47 and 41a-41c from decoder 40 are supplied as inputs to the multiplexer 20-controlling decoder to control the multiplexer 20 as it generates the desired output information. More specifically, the decoder 40 supplies at output port 41a a signal indicating the occurrence of the horizontal pulse interval (time 110-114 in FIGS. 1A-1C). An inverter 42 is utilized to communicate to the decoder the inverse of the port 41a signal, i.e., that portion of a line other than the horizontal sync pulse. The decoder 40 supplies a signal at output port 42b indicating the occurrence of the time 112-113 during each line when the multiplexer 20 must select the DC inversion reference level (please see FIGS. 1B and 1C). The decoder 40 output port 41c communicates to multiplexer 20--controlling decoder 43 the interval when the color burst 118 is to be passed to the video modulator 80.
Continuing with the controlling inputs for the multiplexer 20, output port 48a of decoder 47 signals the incidence of lines (e.g., 1 through 22) of the vertical interval when no inversion is to occur. The remaining output 48b shown identifies line 17 so that a higher order decrypting key is modulated onto the color burst output of divider 24. Again, decoder 43 may be any combinatorial circuit for constraining the multiplexer 20 to pass the desired one of its four inputs to the video modulator 80 depending upon the Boolean values of the plurality of signals at its input control port.
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, the line inversion/non-inversion process is governed by a pseudo random generator 50 which may be of any well known construction, e.g., a shift register 52 with selected stage outputs being coupled by exclusive OR logic 58 and 59 to the shift register clock input 54. Such a shift register/exclusive OR logic combination is a per se known structure for generating a unique, predetermined binary sequence. The pseudo random generator 50 is supplied at its preset input port 55 with a binary word by the output of a second pseudo random generator 63. At each vertical synchronizing interval the vertical sync pulse is applied to a preset load shift register port 53 such that the shift register 52 is initialized following each vertical retrace interval to a state governed by the output of the second pseudo random generator 63. Accordingly, the particular binary sequence emanating from the pseudo random generator 50--which corresponds to the video line inversion pattern, develops as the shift register 52 receives a clock input during each line following the vertical sync pulse and depends upon the output of the random generator 63. The generator 63 thus changes the line inversion/non-inversion pattern and controls encoding and decoding of the system. Accordingly, subscribers with illicit FIG. 4 receiver equipment, but who do not have access to the ongoing changing pattern of the pseudo random generator 63, cannot receive encoded video. The pseudo random generator 63 is clocked (and thus changes the line inversion pattern) by dividing down vertical synchronizing pulses such that the random generator encrypting pattern changes every few fields or the like. Other strategies as well may be employed to vary the output of generator 63. The pseudo random generator 63 may be implemented by any known construction, e.g., that shown in detail for the generator 50.
The output state of generator 63 is operationally passed through an encrypter 66 (e.g., a combinatorial or sequential logic circuit having a fixed or changeable encryption (signal varying) algorithm) which further scrambles the decrypting key, passes through a parallel-to-series converter 67 and is supplied as an input to the color burst modulating NAND gate 21. Clocking for the parallel-to-series converter (e.g., a shift register) is derived from the oscillator 32 via a divider 65 and a coincidence gate 68 enabled during the appropriate (e.g., line 17) time by output 48b of line decoder 47. Thus, the encrypting key needed for decripting at the subscriber terminal is communicated via amplitude modulation on the color burst subcarrier during the predetermined line 17 period.
Thus, the FIG. 3 scrambling/encoding apparatus selectively inverts the video information on a line by line basis in a pseudo random pattern with a hierarchy of encrypting keys generating a signal which cannot be recovered by a conventional television receiver--and, indeed, cannot be recovered by even apparatus of the instant invention without continuing access to the encryption pattern then invoked by the encrypter 66.
Turning now to FIG. 4, there is shown receiving apparatus for receiving and reconstituting the television information image supplied by the video source 10 at the transmitter. A demodulator 130 recovers the incoming radio frequency wave and demodulates it to base band. A following audio trap 131 eliminates the sound subcarrier, with sound being detected by an audio receiver 133. The base band video (the inverted and non-inverted sequence of lines) is passed to one input of a difference amplifier 138. The amplifier 138 (one form of which is schematically shown in FIG. 4 and discussed below) generates at a non-inverting "+" output 139 the line as received. The amplifier 138 also generates and supplies the received line but having video information inverted around the nominal +50 IRE amplitude at an inverting, "-" output port 140.
Because the actual amplitude levels in the received wave may differ somewhat from the DC voltage levels when the encryption was actually generated, the inversion when required is made not about a fixed +50 IRE value but, rather, about the received amplitude of the inversion level pulse (116--FIGS. 1B and 1C) occurring during the associated horizontal sync interval. To this end, timing and logic decryption circuitry 150 directly analogous to the circuitry 30 at the head end (FIG. 3) generates an output signal at an output port 151a at times corresponding to the period 112-113 in FIGS. 1B and 1C. This timing pulse "A" activates a sample and hold circuit 144 to operate in a sampling mode during the interval such that the received level of the pulse 116 is stored for the remainder of the line at the output of the circuit 144 and is communicated to one input of the difference amplifier 138. Accordingly, video information at the inverting output port 140 is a measure of the difference between the received video and the received amplitude of the pulse 116 which undergoes proportional signal variance, if any, with the video intelligence and is not a strict difference vis-a-vis the absolute +50 IRE level to the extent that the received pulse amplitude in fact differs from that level. Accordingly, the signals at the amplifier 138 output ports 139 and 140 represent non-inverted and restored-reinverted outputs which reduce descrambling errors to very palatable, virtually indiscernable levels. The non-inverted and inverted video signals are supplied to video switches 147 and 149, respectively. The video switches may be implemented by any per se well known device, e.g., a controlled FET switch.
As was the case at the transmitter, timing and logic decryption circuitry 150 generates the necessary timing to permit system decription. The output at port 151b comprises the line-by-line invert/non-invert signal comparable to the output of pseudo random generator 50 as supplied to decoder 43 in FIG. 3 during the encoding process. An inverter 155 inverts the "non-inverted" output of port 151b to actuate the switch 149 when a line was in fact inverted at the transmitter/head end thus operatively selecting the reinverted output 140 for passage to an RF modulator 158. Correspondingly, the enabled "non-inverted"-signalling output at port 151b passes through an AND gate 156 to actuate switch 147 to select the non-inverted output of difference amplifier 138 port 139 when the line has not been inverted. The selected output of switch 147 or 149 becomes the operative video base band modulation corresponding to that obtaining at the original video source 10. This base band signal is passed to radio frequency modulator 158 to raise the frequency to a standard television channel and is then supplied to a standard television set 160 for viewing.
The timing circuitry output 151a is coupled to an inverting, AND 156 gate blocking input to block the non-invert signals during the period between times 112-113 to suppress the inversion level pulses 116 which do not form part of the conventional television signal and which are not to be passed to the modulator 158 or receiver 160. Further in this regard, a sample and hold circuit 146 is enabled by port 151c of timing logic 150 to sample the normal horizontal sync level, e.g., during the intervals 115-115a of FIG. 1A prior to the pulse 116. This level is then passed through switch 148 which is actuated during the pulse 116 interval 112-113 such that the RF modulator 158 receives the horizontal sync voltage (the actual level corresponding to the nominal -40 IRE value) during the interval 112-113. Accordingly, the descrambled video input to the RF modulator 158 identically correspond to the standard video signal of FIG. 1A which has been fully reconstituted. The RF modulator 158 is also supplied with the recovered, restored audio program as below discussed. As above noted, the timing and logic decryption circuitry 150 essentially corresponds to the circuitry 30 of FIG. 2 and in particular employs a pseudo random generator identical to the generator 50 specifically shown in FIG. 2 and which operates in synchronization therewith to develop for receiver decryption the same inversion/non-inversion pattern as was used for encryption at the transmitter. To this end, the preset inputs 55 of the shift register 52 in circuitry 150 is supplied with the same digital pattern as existed at the output of pseudo random generator 63 at the head end. To effect this, an AM detector 161 tuned to the amplitude modulated color burst supplied by modulator 20 at the transmitter decodes the encrypting intelligence impressed on the color burst during line 17 at the transmitter. The output of AM detector 161 is converted from series-to-parallel form in a converter 166, enabled during line 17 via circuit 150 port 151d, with the converter output being supplied as inputs to a decoder 180. Also supplied to the decoder 180 is the remaining decryption key--required to effect the inverse of the encryption effected in encrypter 66 at the transmitter/head end, which is stored in a register 167. The register 167 may be a manually loaded memory (e.g., thumb wheel switches) or, preferably, may be loaded via any communications channel either in band or out of band. The decoder 180 operates on the Boolean inputs supplied thereto by the circuit elements 166 and 167 to generate the same preset signals as obtained at the output of pseudo random generator 63 at the transmitter. Again, decoder 180 may simply comprise combinatorial logic circuitry or a ROM or other memory.
Thus, the FIG. 4 arrangement employs timing circuitry 150 which generates at an output port 151b the same sequence of inversion/non-inversion signals as obtained at the output of transmitter pseudo random generator 50. This control signal is then used to select between the video information as received (non-inversion video at amplifier output 139) or to select the reinverted received signal (amplifier output 140) by actuating the appropriate switch 147 or 149. The reference inversion pulse 116 is suppressed after it has served its function at the receiver by blocking both switches 147 and 149 during the period 112-113 and employing the sample and hold circuit 146 and actuated switch 148 to replace the pulse with horizontal synchronizing pulse level voltage during that 112-113 interval.
Turning now to the audio scrambling and recovering portion of the transmitter/head end circuitry of FIG. 3, audio source 83 delivers the audio intelligence accompanying the video program above considered. The use of the audio source 83 may advantageously undergo well known pre-emphasis 85 to enhance higher frequency signals to improve the audio signals to noise ratio (and to also enhance the reception defeating performance of the instant invention by enhancing the effects of the alternately inverted signal passages). The pre-emphasized audio from network 85 is coupled to an amplifier 89 which provides at its two output ports non-inverted ("+") and inverted ("-") versions of the audio signal which are supplied as inputs to an audio multiplexer 90. The amplifier 89 may comprise a combination of the operational amplifier circuits 11 and 13 of FIG. 3. Many other single ended input, bipolar output amplifiers are per se well known to those skilled in the art.
The audio multiplexer 90 effects audio signal encryption by alternatively selecting the inverted or non-inverted outputs of amplifier 89 for passage to an audio modulator 84 and ultimately to the antenna, cable or other distribution network for delivery to all system receivers. Control of the multiplexer 90 is effected by the single control bit applied to a control port thereof via a delay circuit 92, delay being effected to permit signal sampling at system receivers for transient suppression prior to receiver polarity reversal. The polarity dedicating input "S" to delay 92 may comprise any binary wave which is capable of duplication at system receivers, e.g., communicated via an in band or out of band data channel (e.g., as sound carrier amplitude modulation), or which may be replicated without ambiguity at both the transmitter and receiver locations (e.g., as a pattern triggered by vertical sync), or the like. Specifically, a dedicated pseudo random generator for audio scrambling may be employed, for example, using circuitry comparable to the pseudo random generator 50 of FIG. 3.
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, the pseudo random generator 50 may itself become the source of the audio scrambling wave (typified by FIG. 2B), thereby minimizing component count and expense, making multiple use of already existent circuit components. While the same random generator 50 output which controlled video line inversion may also be used for audio scrambling, it is deemed preferable to utilize a different signal to avoid coincident multiple switching of system sub-circuits. Accordingly, the sound scrambling controlling signal "S" is illustratively obtained as shown employing a shift register 52 output stage different from that utilized for video scrambling.
The above described FIG. 3 equipment operates in the manner above discussed with respect to FIGS. 2A-2D to effectively broadcast an audio program absolutely unrecoverable by a conventional television receiver. In brief summary and to review, multiplexer 90 under control of the binary level output "S" (comparable to FIG. 2B) selects either the non-inverted (unprimed) or polarity-reversed (primed) versions of the FIG. 2A intelligence at the output of amplifier 89 to generate the encrypted/scrambled wave form analogous to that of FIG. 2C. FIG. 2C becomes the base band modulation which frequency modulates the television audio subcarrier in modulator 84 for delivery to system subscribers. At subscriber television sets not equipped to receive the scrambled audio program of the instant invention, the sound frequency demodulator recovers the base band audio wave of FIG. 2C which simply becomes meaningless noise and certainly not the original audio information of FIG. 2A.
Referring now to FIG. 4, timing and logic decryption circuitry 150 includes a pseudo random generator operating in synchronization with the pseudo random generator 50 at the transmitter or head end of FIG. 3 as above discussed thereby producing at circuitry 150 output port 151e a replica of the audio encrypting/decrypting control signal "S" (analogous to the FIG. 2B wave). The wave form in non-inverted and inverted (via inverter 172) form is operated upon by differentiators 174 and 175, to produce pulses at each positive and negative going transition of the control (FIG. 2B) wave, respectively. These outputs then pass to an OR logic gate 177 which thus provides an output pulse each time a transition occurs. This output signal "R" (undelayed) controls the sample and hold circuit 165 which thus stores the last audio level obtaining prior to a transition (polarity inverting) time--such as the level 272 of FIG. 2D. This level preservation is employed as above discussed to obviate audio transients which might otherwise occur during switching intervals. The inversion level "S" signal is delayed in a delay 180, and the transient interval period "R" is delayed and timed as in a delay and one shot multi-vibrator 182, with these signals becoming control (input port selection) inputs to an audio signal demultiplexer 164. Supplied as inputs to the audio demultiplexer 164 are non-inverted and inverted (by inverting amplifier 162) versions of the received audio modulation. No non-inverting amplifier is required for audio (compare use of amplifier 11 for video non-inverted transmission) since inverting amplifier phase delays are not meaningful vis-a-vis audio frequencies and also because of the preserved level operatively selected during transition periods.
The output of the demultiplexer 164 comprises the polarity-restored descrambled signal comparable to the wave shown in FIG. 2D. The restored audio passes to a de-emphasis network 168 to effect the inverse of the pre-emphasis effected by the pre-emphasis network 85 at the transmitter or head end. The output of the de-emphasis network 158 is furnished along with the video output of switches 146, 147 and 149 to a radio frequency modulator 158 which raises the descrambled video and sound in standard format to that of a standard television channel where each may be recovered and presented by conventional operation of the standard television receiver 160.
The audio demultiplexer 164 responds to the control signals supplied thereto by connecting the non-inverted, clear audio at its upper input to its output terminal when the control signal "S" via delay 180 (which basically equates to delay 92 at the head end) signals a non-inverting mode. Correspondingly, when the output of delay 180 signals that an inversion has taken place, demultiplexer 164 operatively selects and connects the output of inverting amplifier 162 to its output thus effecting signal reinversion and restoration. When the output of delay and monostable multi-vibrator 182 signals an inversion/non-inversion transition or vice versa, the fixed output of sample and hold circuit 165 is operatively selected for transient elimination purposes above discussed. As earlier noted, sample and hold circuit 165 is briefly actuated into its sample mode in advance of the output of delay 182 via the "R" output, delay 182 thus being employed to obviate a race condition.
The audio encrypting/decrypting circuitry of FIGS. 3 and 4 thus suitably protects the audio component of a composite television program rendering the audio as disseminated useless absent the selective audio signal polarity reversing apparatus of the FIG. 4 receiver.
Finally, FIG. 5 shows a particularly advantageous implementation of difference amplifier structure usable for the amplifier 138 (FIG. 4) of the instant invention. The circuit employs transistors 194 and 195 having resistors 196, 198 and 197 connected between their emitters, and equal collector circuit resistors 191 and 192. The resistor 198 is a potentiometer having its center tap connected to a negative voltage via a current source 199, e.g., a transistor having a fixed base voltage and a series emitter resistor. The video information is supplied to the base of one transistor, e.g., the device 194, while the reference inversion voltage is supplied to the base of the other transistor. The non-inverting voltage is taken at the collector of the transistor (195) having its base driven between inversion DC level, while the inverted level is taken from the transistor having its base supplied with the line video information. By matching values for the resistors 191 and 192 and assuming the transistors have a very substantial gain, the gain of the amplifier for both inverting and non-inverting outputs is essentially given by the quotient of the collector resistance divided by the sum of the emitter-to-emitter three series resistors 196-198. Moreover, the two outputs are 180� out of phase, and both the gain and the phase criteria obtain over a wide frequency range from DC through the video range. The matched gain and phase for the reinverting and non-inverting signal paths of the instant invention, and communication path linearity, are important since a signal undergoing inversion at the head end and reinverted restoration at the receiver must be substantially equal to its sometimes non-inverted replica to avoid image distortion.
In summary then the apparatus of the instant invention provides a secure system for transmitting audio and video information which may be receivable only by subscribers having equipment to duplicate the level/polarity inversion/non-inversion encrypting pattern, and which contain structure responsive to the inverted/non-inverted control mandates to selectively restore received intelligence to a format viewable by a standard television receiver.
The above-described arrangement is merely illustrative of the principles of the present invention. Numerous modifications and adaptations thereof will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 10, 1945
|Sep 20, 1960
|Bell Telephone Labor Inc
|Inverted speech privacy using irregular inverting wave form
|May 23, 1967
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|Technical Communications
|Privacy communication system
|Feb 18, 1972
|Jul 16, 1974
|Horowitz I
|Pay television system
|Apr 2, 1980
|Mar 2, 1982
|Sassler Marvin L
|Multiplexed video transmission apparatus for satellite communications
|Mar 26, 1980
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|Payview Limited
|Apparatus for encoding of information
|Citing Patent
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|Jan 3, 1986
|Dec 19, 1989
|Scientific Atlanta, Inc.
|Scrambling of signals by inversion
|Apr 29, 1988
|May 8, 1990
|Scientific Atlanta, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for improving video scrambling and employing split snyc pulses
|Feb 2, 1989
|Sep 11, 1990
|General Instrument Corporation
|Method of providing sound privacy system compatible with mono and btsc stereo audio
|Dec 20, 1988
|Oct 23, 1990
|U.S. Philips Corporation
|Method of and system for scrambling/descrambling sound
|Nov 2, 1989
|Aug 25, 1992
|Scientific-Atlanta, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for improving video scrambling and employing split sync pulses
|Oct 7, 1991
|Jan 5, 1993
|Scientific-Atlanta, Inc
|Scrambler with self-calibration
|Jul 25, 1994
|Feb 25, 1997
|General Instrument Corporation, Jerrold Communications Division
|Method and apparatus for television signal scrambling using a line expansion technique
|Nov 18, 1994
|Apr 1, 1997
|General Instrument Corporation, G.I. Communications Division
|Scrambling and descrambling of video signals using horizontal line combinations
|Dec 1, 1997
|Jun 27, 2000
|Tresness Irrevocable Patent Trust
|Saw television scrambling system
|Jun 9, 1999
|Mar 16, 2004
|General Instrument Corporation
|Monaural and stereo audio signal control system
|Dec 20, 2000
|Feb 2, 2010
|Fujitsu Limited
|Processing apparatus and integrated circuit to prevent illicit access and reverse engineering
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|Mar 12, 2013
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|May 16, 1995
|Oct 15, 2013
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|Signal processing apparatus and methods
|May 24, 1995
|Oct 15, 2013
|Personalized Media Communications, L.L.C.
|Signal processing apparatus and methods
|Jun 2, 1995
|Oct 22, 2013
|Personalized Media Communications, L.L.C.
|Signal processing apparatus and methods
|May 19, 1995
|Oct 29, 2013
|Personalized Media Communications LLC
|Signal processing apparatus and methods
|May 23, 1995
|Nov 12, 2013
|Personalized Media Communications LLC
|Signal processing apparatus and methods
|Jun 5, 1995
|Nov 19, 2013
|Personalized Media Communications LLC
|Signal processing apparatus and methods
|Jun 7, 1995
|Dec 3, 2013
|Personalized Media Communications, L.L.C.
|Signal processing apparatus and methods
|Jun 7, 1995
|Dec 10, 2013
|Personalized Media Communications LLC
|Signal processing apparatus and methods
|Jun 7, 1995
|Dec 17, 2013
|Personalized Media Communications, Llc
|Signal processing apparatus and methods
|May 16, 1995
|Dec 31, 2013
|Personalized Media Communications, Llc
|Signal processing apparatus and methods
|Jun 6, 1995
|Jan 21, 2014
|Personalized Media Communications LLC
|Signal processing apparatus and methods
|Jun 7, 1995
|Jan 28, 2014
|Personalized Media Communications, Llc
|Signal processing apparatus and methods
|May 19, 1995
|Feb 4, 2014
|Personalized Media Communications, Llc
|Signal processing apparatus and methods
|Jun 7, 1995
|Mar 18, 2014
|Personalized Media Communications, Llc
|Signal processing apparatus and methods
|Jun 7, 1995
|Mar 25, 2014
|Personalized Media Communications, Llc
|Signal processing apparatus and methods
|Jun 7, 1995
|Apr 29, 2014
|Personalized Media Communications LLC
|Signal processing apparatus and methods
|Jun 7, 1995
|May 27, 2014
|Personalized Media Communications LLC
|Signal processing apparatus and methods
|Jun 7, 1995
|Jun 10, 2014
|Personalized Media Communications LLC
|Signal processing apparatus and methods
|Jun 2, 1995
|Aug 12, 2014
|Personalized Media Communications, Llc
|Signal processing apparatus and methods
|May 19, 1995
|Sep 16, 2014
|Personalized Media Communications, Llc
|Signal processing apparatus and methods
|Jun 2, 1995
|Oct 21, 2014
|Personalized Media Communications, Llc
|Signal processing apparatus and methods
|Jun 7, 1995
|Oct 21, 2014
|Personalized Media Communications, Llc
|Signal processing apparatus and methods
|May 23, 1995
|Nov 18, 2014
|{Personalized Media Communications, LLC
|Signal processing apparatus and methods
|May 19, 1995
|Dec 16, 2014
|Personalized Media Communications LLC
|Signal processing apparatus and methods
|May 9, 1995
|Mar 3, 2015
|Personalized Media Communications LLC
|Signal processing apparatus and methods
|May 26, 1995
|May 19, 2015
|Personalized Media Communications, Llc
|Signal processing apparatus and methods
|Jun 2, 1995
|Dec 8, 2015
|Personalized Media Communications LLC
|Signal processing apparatus and methods
|Jun 7, 1995
|Mar 22, 2016
|Personalized Media Communications LLC
|Signal processing apparatus and methods
|Dec 20, 2000
|Mar 7, 2002
|Yusuke Kawasaki
|Processing apparatus and integrated circuit
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|Dec 2, 2004
|Yoshihiro Tsukamura
|System and method of distributing and controlling rights of digital content
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|May 13, 2010
|Viasat, Inc.
|Dual conversion transmitter with single local oscillator
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|Sep 6, 1994
|Andrew F. Tresness
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|Sep 25, 1991
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|Method and apparatus for encryption/decryption of digital multisound in television
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|Philips Electronique Grand Public
|Method for scrambling and descrambling of a television signal and transmitter and receiver using this method
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jun 10, 1983
Owner name: GENERAL INSTRUMENT CORPORATION, 1775 BROADWAY, NEW
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
The story goes that there are many "bad" or "toxic" assets sitting on the balance sheets of the nations' largest financial institutions that are undermining the ability of these banks to lend.
- Mark to market accounting requires the institution to mark down the paper to what an arm's length person might pay.
- The mark to market loss requires the institution to take a charge against their capital base which acts as as a drag on lending.
- This charge means they have to replenish capital.
Enter Tim Geithner...
The Treasury and perhaps private investors too seem to believe that the actual Yield to Maturity (YTM) for much of this toxic paper is far higher than the current marks.
If only we can create a marketplace that will bid for this paper at a premium; we can then set-off a virtuous cycle to help the banking system.
- Private player buys toxic paper at a premium to the current mark
- Bank then takes new mark to revalue the rest of their paper
- Negative marks reverse, spreads tighten
- Equity capital surges
- Lending capacity expands
Sounds great...right???
But here is the problem.
The only way the program works is if the private bidder for the toxic asset is able to buy the paper at a meaningful discount to its intrinsic value/ytm...
Otherwise, why would I take the risk with my equity as a private player? I am certainly not going to pay the new par value, whatever that may be. My risk of loss would be too great...
This begs the question: why would a bank sell paper for less today than the cashflow stream will be worth if it is held to maturity?
Isn't this bad for shareholders?
Why should I sell something worth 60- cents for 40 cents?
What Mr. Geithner will likely discover is that banks will simply game his new Treasury built casino. Wouldn't you?
I am sure the bid side of the market will be strong, as the vultures swoop in to "help" folks bad at math...
But if I owned Citigroup (NYSE:C), I would simply punt 2% of my toxic paper to the new bid, mark up the remaining 98% using the new mark, boost my capital, and then hold the paper to maturity because the cashflow stream is worth more to me alive than if I sell it off to some vulture at a discount.
Of course, all of this tomfoolery is just a circuitous route around "mark to market" accounting and tier one capital regulations. Instead of focusing on changing or suspending the accounting rules, the Treasury is concocting ridiculous schemes to influence the marks. All the while, the actual cashflow performance of the underlying paper isn't altered in any way, shape, or form.
Instead of insisting that toxic securities need to find a home in the hands of new bidders to help improve the capital position of lending institutions, the accounting bodies should allow these securitized assets to be revalued using accrual accounting and their actual cashflow vs. an illiquid price in the securities market.
For example, if I hold ten mortgages in a bucket, five still paying and five not, I get a value of perhaps 5x par + 5x an estimated recovery of 50 cents = 75 cents on the total bucket. So, I take the 25 cent charge
What does this have to do with whether or not an arm's length buyer might only be willing to pay 25 cents due to the opacity of the security...and the required 75 cent charge?
Geithner's entire "toxic asset" proposal is built upon the single premise that this paper is worth more than the current bid side thinks. If he is right, then why not just let banks revalue them upwards vs. all of this other tomfoolery?
If the Treasury Secretary were truly interested in seeing banks repair their capital ratios, wouldn't he want these discounted, toxic assets to mature in the hands of the banks - and not sold at a meaningful discount to a private agent?
And, if the Treasury Secretary truly believes that these assets are worth more than their carrying values, why not just lower or suspend the "capital charge" on the banks' balance sheet to a new "Fed mark" that will sit somewhere between the current vulture bid and the actual YTM?
Splitting the difference seems just as simple as setting up a facility funded by taxpayer money, provided it is based upon some evidence stream, namely the underlying cashflows of the securities themselves.
Or, maybe that would be too much tomfoolery due to its obvious simplicity?


text:
With Instructables you can share what you make with the world, and tap into an ever-growing community of creative experts.
I wanted to add a Microcontroller to my Technic lego, but I can't afford Mindstorms or NXT right now, so why not add my Arduino? I wanted a ...
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text:
Medical marijuana activists say they expect the U.S. Department of Justice at any moment to issue a statement clarifying the federal government's stance toward state-sanctioned medical marijuana programs – like the one approved by Arizona voters last year, but which remains in jeopardy as lawsuits surrounding its legality play out.Read More »
Would-be pot shops sue Arizona for right to open
Arizona attorneys have filed a lawsuit seeking to force the agency that regulates the state's medical marijuana program to accept applications to operate from would-be pot shops.Read More »
Wyloge discusses the medical marijuana lawsuit
Arizona Capitol Times reporter Evan Wyloge talks about the latest developments with Arizona's medical marijuana program.Read More »
Holder promises to clarify medical pot position
U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder promised Thursday to clarify the Justice Department's position on state medical marijuana laws after federal prosecutors warned they might prosecute everyone from licensed growers to regulators.Read More »
Medical marijuana proponents prep legal counters
Since the May 24 announcement by Gov. Jan Brewer and Attorney General Tom Horne that they would seek judicial clarification of the conflict between longstanding federal drug laws and Arizona's new medical marijuana law in federal court, proponents of the new law have been preparing legal recourse designed to put the medical marijuana program back on track.Read More »
Maricopa County attorney prompted Horne, Brewer's medical marijuana suit
The May 24 announcement that the state's top Republican officials would be filing a lawsuit in federal court over Arizona's new medical marijuana law surprised many, but not the man who came up with the idea: Maricopa County Attorney Bill Montgomery, a strident opponent of the new medical marijuana law.Read More »
U.S. attorney: Brewer and Horne's lawsuit logic 'disingenuous'
Dennis Burke, the U.S. attorney for Arizona, said prosecution of state employees was not mentioned in the letter sent to state officials because it was never intended to indicate that.
"They're saying, 'I can't believe he's going after state employees.' It's not in my letter."
Brewer, Horne to seek medical marijuana clarification in federal court
Although Arizona's new medical marijuana has already partially gone into effect, Gov. Jan Brewer and Attorney General Tom Horne announced Tuesday they will file suit in federal district court on Friday, asking for clarification on the program, and that they are looking to halt it from moving forward.Read More »
Humble seeking medical marijuana clarity from feds
The Arizona Department of Health Services is looking for a little more clarification from the federal government following a warning that the state's medical marijuana program is not a shield from federal law, but Director Will Humble said the state has no plans to halt the implementation of the program.Read More »
US Attorney issues warning over medical marijuana
Federal prosecutors issued a sharp warning Monday to people planning to open medical marijuana dispensaries or large-scale growing operations under Arizona's new medical marijuana law.Read More »


text:
A creamy Vegan Bärlauch (Bear garlic) Risotto
April 12, 2008
Risotto is definitely one my most favourite comfort foods. I enjoy it most during the winter months and its creamy texture is always satisfying. I love fancying it up with whatever may be in season at the moment. And…Continue reading


text:
|Universitõt Bielefeld > University > Overview > Organization > Rektorat > Vice-rector for quality development
- Office: main university building (UHG) H1 - 129
- Location/map
- Email:
- firstname.lastname@example.comĀ
+49 521 106-4422
Prof. Dr. Johannes Hellermann (born in 1957) obtained his doctorate in law from the University of Freiburg in 1992 and completed his habilitation (qualification to teach as a university lecturer) at Bielefeld University in 1998. From January 2000 through September 2002 Johannes Hellermann was Professor for Public Law at the University of M³nster. He accepted a guest professership at the University of Virginia School of Law, Charlottesville, USA in 2002. In October 2002 he was appointed as Professor for Public Law, Finance and Tax Law at the Bielefeld University.
His main areas of research are constitutional law, economic administrative law and European economic law, municipal law and public financial law.
Johannes Hellermann was vice-rector for academic studies and teaching from November 2007 to December 2009. Since December 2009 he has been vice-rector for quality development at Bielefeld University.
As vice-rector for quality development he is also chair of the commission of organisational development.
Johannes Hellermann's website at the Faculty of Law (in German).


text:
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text:
International Edition
October, 27, 2016
About Us
Contact Us
St. Louis' goal in overtime lifts Rangers to Game 4 victory against Canadiens
By Ira Podell ,AP
May 27, 2014, 12:01 am TWN
NEW YORK -- Martin St. Louis put New York within one win of the Stanley Cup finals, scoring 6:02 into overtime to give the Rangers a 3-2 victory over the Montreal Canadiens in Game 4 of the Eastern Conference finals Sunday.
A loose puck came to St. Louis, the Rangers' inspirational postseason leader, alone in the right circle and he fired a snap shot over goalie Dustin Tokarski's shoulder.
The Rangers, who lead the series 3-1, were forced to overtime for the second straight game despite holding a pair of one-goal leads. New York lost Game 3 at home.
Carl Hagelin put the Rangers in front with a short-handed goal in the first period, and Derick Brassard made it 2-1 in the second. Hagelin also assisted on St. Louis' goal.
Henrik Lundqvist made 27 saves and earned his 41st postseason win, tying the franchise record of Mike Richter, who was in attendance.
St. Louis and Hagelin both have a team-high six playoff goals.
The Rangers are 6-1 since the unexpected death of St. Louis' mother galvanized the team.
Francis Bouillon tied it for Montreal in the second, and fellow defenseman P.K. Subban made it 2-2 in the third with a power-play goal. David Desharnais assisted on both for Montreal. Tokarski stopped 26 shots for the Canadiens, who went 1 for 8 on the power play.
New York can advance to the finals with a win at Montreal in Game 5 on Tuesday night. The Rangers won the first two games of this series there.
Though there were 13 minor penalties, there was no carry-over of the nastiness in Game 3 when a hit by Montreal's Brandon Prust broke the jaw of New York forward Derek Stepan. Prust served the first game of a two-game suspension. Stepan sat out after having surgery.


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Gallery Genova & School
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Tricolore is a small and familiar school. We try to provide
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Fans recall what Paul McCartney — and the Beatles — meant to them
On June 18, 1942, a boy named James Paul McCartney was born in Liverpool, England. He'd grow up and meet other chaps — John Lennon, George Harrison, Ringo Starr — and together as the Beatles, they'd impact the lives of countless millions around the world, and of people living in Milwaukee, during the '60s and the decades that followed.
McCartney has been active ever since, in Wings, as a solo artist and on the road. On Tuesday, McCartney will take the stage at a sold-out Miller Park for his first Milwaukee concert since 2005, to perform in front of about 40,000 spectators. »Read Full Article(2)
Setzer brings swinging holiday cheer to Potawatomi
On the 16th day of November, Brian Setzer gave with glee: 5 sax men, 4 trumpet players, 2 backing singers...and drums dressed in tinsel, glittering.
The Brian Setzer Orchestra's Christmas show, at Potawatomi Bingo Casino's Northern Lights Theater, also had falling suds (subbing for snow), TV theme song cameos (including "The Flintstones," "Peter Gunn" and "The Andy Griffith Show") and covers from Setzer's Stray Cats rockabilly days. »Read Full Article(1)
Danceworks' 'Intersect' showcases breadth of artists involved
If one creative mind is a good thing, bringing many together for a project must be an even better thing — right?
Apparently so, given the variety of dance and original music in the Danceworks Performance Company's collaborative "Intersect" program. »Read Full Article
Next Act Theatre offers solid primer on Marxism with 'Groucho'
Like the Marx Brothers' early vaudeville show, Next Act Theatre's"Groucho: A Life in Revue" is a "skule" act. It gently and congenially educates the audience about one of America's great comedians, Groucho Marx, whose remarkable career included Broadway, movie and TV hits built around his wisecracking persona.
After a brief opening sequence, this revue, written by Groucho's son Arthur and Robert Fisher, unfolds chronologically. It's sentimental in spots, but heck, you might be sentimental, too, if you were writing a show about your father and uncles. It's not warts and all, but it does acknowledge Groucho's regrets about three marriages that ended in divorce. »Read Full Article


text:
Claude & Paul - BelAmi
Models: Claude Sorel and Paul Valery
Studio: BelAmi
Whenever a popular model stops working we get a lot of requests to bring them back for more scenes. Most of the time it is not possible to do so, but with Paul, he actually came back to us looking for some more work, so we gave it a try. Paul joins in with Marty (the cameraman) at the beginning joking about Claude's rising star and his own fading one, but when the clothes come off we see that his body has not changed since the time he stopped filming.... and his dick not at all.


text:
Compression Ignition Addict
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post #1 of 2 Old 07-12-2009, 05:23 PM Thread Starter
I want one of these for off roading
YouTube - Humdinga I know if jake had one of these he might never get stuck.
Dear Mother-in-Law
Please don't try to tell me how to raise my kids - I'm married to one of yours and believe me there's room for improvement!
Your Son-in-Law
post #2 of 2 Old 07-12-2009, 05:24 PM
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Yes he would, he's Jake!
Project Frankenstein
1997 Ford F-350, Dually conversion, Cobra 29 LX CB, 12000 watt converter, All LED lights, TW tunes, 4" DP, Napa Intake, coolant filter, 140cc Injectors and lots of running lights.
Originally Posted by XPLOSIV View Post
Thanks. I'll give er a good wackin in the morning.
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COLDAcronym for Computer Output to Laser Disk.The storage of data on optical disk, such as CD-ROMs. Storing large volumes of data on laser disk, as opposed to microfiche or microfilm, lets the user access and search this information on a computer, avoid the duplication and security costs of protecting physical documents or film, and more readily distribute information.
Also see Understanding CD Burner Speeds in the Did You Know . . . ? section of Webopedia.
Stay up to date on the latest developments in Internet terminology with a free weekly newsletter from Webopedia. Join to subscribe now.
Webopedia's student apps roundup will help you to better organize your class schedule and stay on top of assignments and homework. Read More »List of Free Shorten URL Services
A URL shortener is a way to make a long Web address shorter. Try this list of free services. Read More »Top 10 Tech Terms of 2015
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The Open System Interconnection (OSI) model defines a networking framework to implement protocols in seven layers. Use this handy guide to compare... Read More »


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Welcome to the Mod DB staff group, about page, contact us page, terms page and basically everything else "page". This profile contains information about Mod DB, our history, our policies, our future and what's happening on the site right now, and who is responsible for keeping it running on a day to day basis. Please note - this is not a monitored page - please pm a staff member if you have any issues.
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Continue browsing the group list, to find the profile you are after.


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Figure 1. (a) Distribution and plumage phenotype variation in parrots of the Crimson Rosella complex in eastern Australia (from Forshaw & Cooper (2002) in this and subsequent figures). Note the narrow zone of unsuitable habitat currently separating Adelaide and Yellow. (b, c) Sampling scheme of vouchered museum specimens for mtDNA analyses of the full mainland distribution of the complex.
DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2008.0765.
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EMERGING MARKETS-Brazil real weakens on profit-taking after recent rally
(Updates prices) SAO PAULO, Oct 21 The Brazilian real weakened on Friday as traders booked profits from the currency's recent gains. The real weakened 0.69 percent to close at 3.1606 per dollar, after touching the strongest since August on Thursday after the central bank defied expectations of a sharp rate cut. Traders also cited inflows related to a bill granting amnesty to Brazilians who pay fines on undeclared assets held abroad. The government expects to collect up


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Download PHPIP
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php 4.1.0 or later
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One Response to "Manage your IP addresses Using phpip"
i use the phpip with centos i have problem with phpip after i have install and configure all the requirement step by step and then i log in to the web but still can not display any thing beside the blank page, and in the url is :
so what problem ??? and any body can help me to solve it.


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This was my first cake done outside of the Wilton cake classes I took a couple of years ago. This is actually the reason I took the classes, so I could make my daughter a birthday cake that year. We learned the clown in Course 1, so that's the reason for this cake.
Very Pretty I just love clowns :party:
Wow, very colorful and fun!
CakeCentral.com is the world's largest cake community for cake decorating professionals and enthusiasts.
(if this is a private computer)
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text:
BEWARE of Comfort Cover Systems
Posted in the Palm Harbor Forum
1 - 10 of 10 Comments Last updated Sep 13, 2015
#1 Mar 13, 2012
Beware of Comfort Cover Systems. They do not live up to their word. My parents had their roof done and they did such a lousy job and now we can't get a hold of them to make it right. They want to be paid in CASH only so they can cheat the goverment. My parents are retired and on a fixed income and they really took them for a ride. Gary & Cal are the ones that did the work and they say that they are Born Again Christians. They are giving that religion a bad name. So, buyer beware do not use Comfort Covers on Turner Street in Clearwater you will not be happy and you will waste your money.
#2 Jul 2, 2012
We had a Comfort Cover Roof installed and couldn't be happier. I'm sorry but the above complaint sounds a little fishy to me. They are easy to get ahold of at 1-800-226-0955. They've been in business since 1985...that says alot for a company these days!
#3 Feb 15, 2013
A salesman from Comfort Cover came to my home and went on my roof. He was only supposed to look from the ladder. Of course I needed their product. Two days after he left, it rained and I had water on my bed. On the roof, on the high side, next to the vent, a shingle had been lifted-up and a piece of another shingle had been broken way but still laying there. This was deliberate. I had to repair this myself as there was more rain forecast. Almost two years later they keep calling me wanting me to buy their product.
#4 Jul 13, 2013
I had a Comfort Cover put on back in 2001 and have had no problem except for mildew no big deal, that's Florida, just get it cleaned once in a while. In fact, I just sent a email to them as I want to get an estimate for my side screened porch area that's now leaking. It's a metal roof so it will look nice expanding the comfort cover completely out to the edge. I've told other people here in the park and I don't think there's ever been any problem.
#5 Aug 9, 2013
No clue to the quality of this company but if they are anything like the company rep that called my house they are garbage. Rude isn't the word. If I could hav reached through the phone I would hav rang this dudes neck.
#6 Oct 28, 2013
We had water leaks in our mobile home and obtained two estimates to replace the roof. We decided to go with Comfort Cover due to the presentation. The following year we had a water leak. To my husband's surprise, it was a gutter problem that caused the water leak. This year we had another water leak and we called Comfort Cover. We were told it was gutter problem due to the three day rain during the summer. So we paid $4,000 for roof and all along it was a gutter problem. CHECK YOUR GUTTERS before you call in a roofer! Solution: cover the gutter so that water will not build up. Comfort Cover did not tell us initially that we had a gutter problem but waited until we paid them $4000. EXPENSIVE GUTTER PROBLEM I am giving Comfort Cover lots of advertising on this problem.
#7 Feb 15, 2014
I love my roof. I think my salesman is a great and I have recommended them many times and have never heard my friends complaining about problems with their roofs.
My mom has had one of their roofs for over 20 years with no issues whatsoever and a few years ago I got one as well.
Comfort Cover has a wonderful product and the customer service is superb. If you had a bad experience, well I guess there can always be a bad apple somewhere, but I have found their office easy to get in contact with and quick to help. Give them a try and you will see. 1-800-226-0955.
Since: Mar 07
Location hidden
#8 Jun 24, 2014
Comfort cover did my roof 15 years ago. I had confidence in them so I hired them to put a new one on on June 18th, 2014. I am having a few problems and customer service is disappointing. I will keep you posted.
Since: Mar 07
Location hidden
#9 Jul 4, 2014
The building inspector just gave my permit a red tag. I realize even good businesses can run into a problem, it is how they handle the problem that separates the good businesses from the bad. So far, I am not impressed. They seem to think that ignoring me will make it go away.
#10 Sep 13, 2015
[The building inspector just gave my permit a red tag. I realize even good businesses can run into a problem, it is how they handle the problem that separates the good businesses from the bad. So far, I am not impressed. They seem to think that ignoring me will make it go away.
I am considering hiring this company. Can you tell me what roofing product was used and the outcome since the job was completed?]
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Hi-Lite Vinyl Floor
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Dr. Roy Thomas specializes in general dentistry in Carmel, California.
Dr. Roy Thomas has been compared 12 times. Details of Dr. Thomas' experience as an DDS are available on your free dentist report.
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26535 Carmel Rancho Blvd
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Thrill St. Pete is a local division of Thrill The World. Each year we join together with thousands of people around the globe, to celebrate Michael Jackson's talent by simultaneously dancing to "Thriller"!
But Thrill the World is more than just dancing to a 6 minute song. This is a global community project that inspires others to break down barriers, connect with people of all religions, race, political and economic persuasions, contribute to helping humanity, encourage environmental stewardship and encourage people to step up as leaders, visionaries, and creators.
In 2015, Thrill St. Pete had 132 registered dancers raising $2000 for CASA
(Community Action Stops Abuse)
We also do various flash mobs and fundraisers throughout the Tampa Bay area to support a local charity. Our charity this year is:
Ready for Life.
Beyond Foster Care
Website: http://www.


text:
Oven-Roasted Green Beans Recipe for Meatless Monday
Welcome to Meatless Monday, a column in which we feature vegetarian recipes to help offset the weekend's carnivorous sins.
(Credit: Michael Graydon + Nikole Herriott)
In just a few more days, you're going to be subjected to the traditional monstrosity known as the green-bean casserole. (We are not a fan.) But there's one way to avoid it, and to enjoy green beans as they're meant to be–tender, succulent, untouched by gloppy cream and french-fried onions. An hour-long oven roast lends these beans flavor and texture that crushes the competition of their boiled, steamed, or casseroled counterparts. We love these so much we'd make a meal out of them. Just add an egg and some toast and boom: Monday supper. –Rachel Stearns
Get the recipe: Slow-Roasted Green Beans with Sage


text:
1 posts tagged with nohardfeelings.
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Ethnic profiling by dummies
Ethnic profiling by dummies. A group of Sikh tourists visiting New York were "identified" as "foreign looking (read muslims). They were then handcuffed with their arms behind their backs and ordered to kneel on the pavement. Maybe this Sikh man has the right idea.
Page: 1


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Hostería Lupama - El Calafate
Along with free buffet breakfast, this hotel offers a restaurant and free self parking. Go for a dip in the indoor pool and enjoy the sun loungers during your stay.
Knowledgeable staff are available at the front desk 24 hours-a-day and can provide tour/ticket assistance. Guests can make use of the free WiFi.
Hostería Lupama - El Calafate
Hotel Info: 1-877-214-4288from $78
- Single Room
- Superior Single Room
- Superior Double or Twin Room
- Double or Twin Room
- Triple Room
- Superior Triple Room
- Suite
Also popular with travelers from the USA
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 14 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 2 floors
- Check-in time 1:00 PM-11:30 PM
- Check-out time is 10:00 AM
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
- Minimum check-in age is 18
Travelling with others
- One child (3 years old and younger) stays free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding
- No pets or service animals allowed
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Free WiFi in rooms
- Airport shuttle (available on request) *
- Free self parking
- Theme park shuttle *
In the hotel
- Free buffet breakfast daily
- Restaurant
- 24-hour room service
- Indoor pool
- Pool sun loungers
- Bicycle rentals on site
- Golfing nearby
- 24-hour front desk
- Concierge services
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Luggage storage
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Garden
- Library
- Accessible bathroom
In the room
- In-room climate control (air conditioning)
- Air conditioning
- Bathrobes
- Hypo-allergenic bedding available
- Down comforter
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Premium bedding
- Sleep Number by Select Comfort mattress
- Separate sitting area
- Private bathroom
- Shower/tub combination
- Bidet
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer
- 29-inch TV
- Satellite TV channels
- DVD player
- Desk
- Free WiFi
- Phone
- Daily housekeeping
- In-room safe
Hostería Lupama - El Calafate's small print
Also known as
- Hostería Lupama
- Hostería Lupama El Calafate
- Hostería Lupama Hotel
- Hostería Lupama Hotel El Calafate
- Lupama El Calafate, Argentina - Patagonia
This property's policy is to refuse certain bookings for the purpose of group events or parties, including pre-wedding stag/bachelor and hen/bachelorette parties.
Children under 10 years old are not allowed in the swimming pool without adult supervision.
Transfers via required shuttle are required and must be arranged at least 48 hours before travel by contacting the property at the number on the booking confirmation.
For transfers, guests must contact the property before arrival at the number on the booking confirmation.
Optional extras
Airport shuttle service is offered for an extra charge of USD 69 per vehicle (roundtrip)
Theme park shuttle service is offered for an extra charge
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.


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Bally debut put on ice
By Danny Caro, January 8, 2009
HORSE RACING Trainer George Baker has delayed the debut of Israeli horse Vanilla Bally.
The filly was set to race in the one-mile handicap at Southwell on Tuesday but after much consideration, Baker and his team decided to give her an extra couple of weeks.
Attempting to become the first Israeli racehorse to win in Britain, she is expected to debut at Wolverhampton on January 22.
Last updated: 1:06pm, January 8 2009