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26 Parks near Plantersville, Texas
Pinehurst, Texas 12.89 miles SE
Prairie View, Texas 14.14 miles SW
Plantersville, Texas (936) 894-2037
Sites: 50 | Latest Rate: $65.00 | 2 Reviews
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Nov 2013 - $65.00
To improve this campground, there needs to be someone in the office more. We arrived prior to 5:00 PM, but there was no one there. On Saturday, no one in the office after noon. Left prior to noon and no one in the office. Our balance was posted publicly. There further seems to be a problem reaching them by email as well. The drain screw-in on our site was broken so I had to tie down the attachment to dump. Another phone call to have the site properly repaired. - JCButler
Jun 2013 - $30.00
Just outside of Magnolia, Texas on HWY 1774 near the Texas Renaissance Festival grounds. Sites are long enough for 40' rigs with toads and very level. Some sites are concrete pads and a few have concrete patio areas. No picnic tables and little shade as trees are young and this is a new park. Owner appears to be putting profits into upgrades and this may eventually be a nice park. WI-FI had three towers and worked well. No cable. Only dumpster for trash is at park entrance and a short walk from sites. Water pressure was good. Electric is new and power was very good in the heat of the day when all the A/C's were running. Power pedestals have lights on top at night and is a nice touch. Sites are huge side-to-side and offset so swewer is not across from your door. Roads are narrow and dirt with gravel previously used but needs more gravel at this time. Roads are also a little narrow so one has to be careful pulling out. Fifteen miles from Navasota and Tomball. Magnolia has a variety of restaurants to fulfill more travelers needs. We were here to visit relatives in the area. We camped in a fifth wheel and would stay here again but cable needs to be installed and needs to become a member of a discount club to make the rates a little more attractive. We were able to access the Houston channels. We paid $30./night with no discounts offered. Did not use showers but they were clean and floors were tiled. Shower and flooring is at same level so all water flows to shower drain - Tigggerdad
Magnolia, Texas (map) | (281) 253-6644
Sites: 19 | Latest Rate: $39.00 | 2 Reviews
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Oct 2013 - $39.00
When I was looking for a park I checked out the posts on different sites, this park by far had the best reviews. When I first drove through I was taken back by the peacefulness and cleanliness of this park. Since staying here I am quite satisfied by the high standards and management team. Grounds and facilities are well kept and every thing one might need I is nearby; shopping, restaurants, hospitals and more. I would recommend to all. Awesome place. Love it! - Jan B
Sep 2010 - $30.00
Brand new park that opened in April of 2010. Not all facilities built out yet. Very quiet area except for closeness of train noise which are not excessive. Very pleasant owner and manager (manager lives on site). Wash house with three washers and three dryers (payment on honor system). Office having Wi-Fi installed very soon. All back-in sites. Some long, some short. Half of residents are long-term. Utilities included in monthly rent. Very shady but had good Direc-TV coverage. Horse farm next door, very pastoral. Low traffic road in front but close to downtown. Good variety of restaurants in area. Super close to Texas Renaissance Festival. Close to groceries, etc. - r.boylan
30735 Nichols Sawmill Rd Magnolia, Texas 77355 (map) | (281) 728-9011
Sites: 21 | 0 Reviews
30427 Nichols Sawmill Road Magnolia, Texas 77355 (map) | (281) 259-9700
Sites: 27 | Latest Rate: $45.00 | 5 Reviews
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Jul 2016 - $45.00
The WiFi was down (has been down since May, but our paperwork had the password written in, so we were stumped until we checked into it), and we weren't told, nor we we offered a discount due to this. We were not asked if we were eligible for Good Sam or military discount. Washer ruined a shirt. Washers and dryers were full of black dog hair. We have no animals. Otherwise, pretty place. Nice cement pad. No picnic table. - FullTimeRvGal
Mar 2016 - $45.00
Nicely wooded park located in Magnolia Texas. Friendly and courteous staff. Bath house, laundry and rec room brand new, beautiful and clean. Enjoyed our stay and plan to return in the near future. - JohnandLisa
Oct 2015 - $28.00
This is a brand new RV Park. It is a gated, nice, peaceful park. There are some full timers there but they are not junky. There is a nice place to walk your dog and it has a little lake. The park is a work in progress. The bath house/rec room isn't finished yet. They are also putting in some pull through sites. It is very wooded. Their nightly rate is $45-$60 which I think is a little pricey for the area but it is a very nice place. - hellocamper
Magnolia, Texas (map) | (281) 259-8300
Sites: 25 | Latest Rate: $28.00 | 3 Reviews
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Feb 2012 - $28.00
Worse campground we have stayed at during our entire 3 month trip from Wichita, KS to Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas. Not clean, site was poorly maintained, entire area smelled of sewer, and they did not take credit cards on-site, only cash. Lucky (?) we made our reservations on-line. Camp consisted mainly of people living there, I think we were the only travelers to stay part-time. Would NOT return under any circumstances. - roamerparty
Oct 2010 - $30.00
This is a nice little park. The staff is very friendly and helpful. There are numerous long-term residents in the park. Our site was gravel/dirt, and required minimal leveling. The community room was very nice, and the restrooms/showers/laundry room were all shiny and clean. A TACO card gets you a 10% discount. We chose this park because it's near the Texas Renaissance Festival in nearby Plantersville. There are other parks closer to the site, but the ones we saw consisted of an open field with hookups installed; no trees, etc. Rambling Vines has no picnic tables, cooking grills, or swimming pool, but it's a quiet little park. We had stayed here a couple of years ago, and will go back again. - K Graham
Nov 2005 - $20.00
Small park just west of the town. Very convenient for the Texas Renaissance Festival (TRF). About half of the residents are permanent. Fairly new park (2003?). Dirt roads and dirt sites. Next to highway but quiet. Very nice manager and family-owned by folks who live on-site. Some pull throughs but mostly back-ins. Lots of shade trees. Easy drive from Houston. Pet friendly and lots of space to walk them. Good selection of restaurants in the town. Met some nice folks also going to the TRF. We camped here on three different weekends in a 40 footer. - r.boylan
Hockley, Texas (map) | (218) 356-7592
Sites: 37 | Latest Rate: $27.00 | 2 Reviews
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Dec 2006 - $27.00
Park was poorly maintained and had trashy trailers. Too close to the local beer stop and lots of loud trucks without mufflers. Residents let dogs run loose and did not pick up after their dogs. A large number of semi-permanenet residents. - TXiceman
Dec 2005 - $27.00
The park owners do not enforce the rules and have dog owners keep their pets on a leash or pick up after them. Campground was noisy due to all of the locals with out mufflers on their vehicles. They also make unauthorized charges against your credit cards after you leave..paid for a full months rent and left after 17 days due to the conditions. - TXiceman
Montgomery, Texas (map) | (936) 582-1200
Sites: 239 | Latest Rate: $47.00 | 53 Reviews
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Jun 2016 - $47.00
Stayed for two nights in a 40' 5th wheel while visiting friends in the area. Front desk folks were friendly and helpful. We were escorted to our site. Sites and roads are all paved, but the roads need some work and have some serious potholes. Site was plenty long enough for 5er and truck. Utilities clean and functional, although the sewer connection was far enough away that I had to dig out my sewer extension hose for the first time in 10 years! We actually liked the park a lot, but downgraded for the condition of the road and the VERY slow (almost unuseable) WIFI - seems that's the case in almost every park we visit these days. - FireFlyer
Apr 2016 - $55.00
The park is a good stop over park and/or a place for quick get away, but if you want a nature type park, keep going. The park is right off a busy highway close to the city of Conroe. While we were camping here, we consistently heard traffic and other distracting noises.
The park accommodations are nice and if the geographic location of the park was set in a more rural setting, it would rank much higher in our opinions. - Pigcrib
Jan 2016 - $43.00
This is a KOA Holiday campground, so there are many amenities including an enclosed pool and hot tub. We stayed 1 night only, so it was a bit expensive for us. We were guided to our site and the guide spotted our position the the utilities. The site was the levelest one we have ever stayed at. We have it on our list to return to if we are in the area again. - northern ranger
19611-19615 Farm to Market 2920 Tomball, Texas 77377 (map) | (832) 728-9905
Sites: 15 | Latest Rate: $35.00 | 1 Reviews
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Feb 2016 - $35.00
The above rate is daily. I paid monthly. This park is hard to evaluate because all the good qualities are sort of erased by the fact that the traffic noise is probably the worst I have experienced. Having said that, the sites are quite nice and the internet is the best of any RV park of which I have ever visited. The location is convenient and the people running the park are very accommodating. There are a fair number of permanent folks here but they are quiet and their sites are kept clean. Even though it takes awhile to get used to the traffic noise, I would stay here again. - troutslayer
Falkenbury Loop Hwy 6 South Navasota, Texas 77868 (map) | 936-870-6509
Sites: 25 | Latest Rate: $25.00 | 1 Reviews
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Jul 2015 - $25.00
This is a small but very nice park. Sits in a rural setting and close to the town of Navasota for Antique shopping, Groceries, and restaurants. Private stocked pond on site for fishing. Quiet atmosphere with some full timers in the park but has lots of space so you don't feel crowded. There are no concrete pads but it is a pull through and the ground is solid with grassy areas and trees. Owners are very nice and helpful. There is a pavilion for covered eating or gathering area. - Brokenspoke380
111 Fairway Drive Navasota, Texas 77868 (map) | (936) 825-2241
Sites: 10 | Latest Rate: $10.00 | 1 Reviews
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Mar 2016 - $10.00
Great value for an overnight stop. Easy access and satisfactory sites. Does have some long term folks and next to highway. With bedroom fan noise was not annoying. Did hear a train several times. Would stay again when passing through. - pwdorris


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Product Description
Day 01: Visakhapatnam and Araku Valley
Araku Valley Package is designed for the Weekends. Ideal for couples, Student Tours, Corporates or simply friends. Mesmerize yourself with the Virgin Lush green valleys of Araku Valley Tour. Araku Valley and Borra Caves are completed 100% in this tour. One can choose from the various Categories that we provide to get the enthralling comfort.
This trip is ideal for weekends, Honeymoon, Students, Educational Tour, Corporates Tour.
On arrival to Vizag or Visakhapatnam Railway Station, Airport or Bus Station, you will be met and will be transferred to your Araku. After check in to accommodation and fresh up, You will proceed for your local sightseeing of Araku which will include Padmapuri Gardens, Tribal Museum, Coffee House.
Day 2: Araku Valley and Borra Caves
Today you will check out early by 5:30 AM or 7 AM and proceed to Borra Caves first. You can either go by train from Vizag to Araku, we can arrange a general seat (subjected to availability), alternatively you can choose to go by the comfort of your car. After sightseeing of Borra Caves, you can also go for a trekking to Kataki Waterfalls (On your own, not included in package).
Proceed for sightseeing of Araku Valley. Places includes, Padmapuri Gardens, Tribal Museum, Coffee House, Coffee Plantation and Galikonda. Then you will proceed to Borra Caves which is a 1.5 million years old cave, will entice you with the Slagmites , you can also go for a trekking to Kataki Waterfalls (On your own, not included in package). You will reach Visakhapatnam in the evening by 5 PM. You will be dropped to Airport, Railway station or
Tour Ends But Memories NOT!
- All Sightseeing in Private Car for Families and Luxury Coach for Groups on Itinerary basis.
- 1 Night stay in Visakhapatnam on Chosen Package
- 1 Breakfasts (Only in Deluxe and Luxury)
- 12.36% Service Tax
- All personal expenses, optional tours and meals
- Anything not mentioned in Inclusions
Payment Policy
- 50% of the payment to Book. Rest has to be paid on arrival
- 30 days or more before date of departure: 25% of total cost
- 29 – 12 days before date of departure: 50% of total cost
- 11 days or less before date of departure: 100% of total cost

subset: commoncrawl


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What's on the cover of the 2015 Radio Times Christmas Issue?
From 27th of November we will be counting down the days until the legendary Radio Times Christmas Issue cover is revealed. Check back here to see it unveiled!
The first Christmas issue of Radio Times magazine was published in 1923 - click here to see it and some of our other favourite Christmas covers from the past 89 years.


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I finally got to watch the Advanced Dungeons & Dragons episode of Community. I haven't seen the show before, but I saw the commercials and had to find this episode at least. I didn't go into it with much hope, just because most people that "make fun" of D&D don't really understand it so it just comes off as awkward…
Read this article:
I Take My Throwing Knife, and Throw It…Knife Style!
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At least 24 students from Hyderabad are feared drowned in the river Beas while on an excursion trip at Thalaut, around 40km from district headquarters Mandi.
In all, 38 students from VNR Vignana Jyothi Institute of Engineering and Technology were at the riverbanks, clicking photographs of their summer sojourn, when the level rose after water was released from the Larji hydel power project around 2km away. Eighteen boys and six girls — in their late teens or early 20s — were reported missing.
Villagers from Thalaut and surrounding areas put up a traffic blockade in protest, accusing the project authority of releasing water without warning. This led to a traffic jam and also delayed the rescue work, said sources.
Additional deputy commissioner Pankaj Roi told HT that rescue teams from Mandi and Kullu had reached the spot.


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Syracuse Police say two 18-year-olds who were walking on Alexander Avenue early this morning were shot by a man who approached them. One of the teens is dead, the other is at Upstate being treated for multiple gunshot wounds. He's in serious condition, though the injuries do not appear life-threatening.
Police have identified the 18-year-old who was killed as Malharis Pullins, of Syracuse, and the second victim as Carlito Alexander, of Syracuse.
Police say they have no suspects, and that the investigation is active and onging.
Alexander Avenue is on the city South Side, the 100 block is between Cortland and Martin Luther King Way.
Police ask anyone with information to call them at 442-5222


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Despite the impact of Hurricane Isaac, Tulane's season opener with Rutgers will be played as scheduled Saturday night in New Orleans at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome.
The decision to play, made Thursday morning, comes after the Superdome survived the storm with only superficial damage to surrounding signs, banners and landscaping.
Superdome chief Doug Thornton said the stadium never lost power and its roof never leaked. He said key Superdome personnel are returning to work Thursday to get the stadium ready to host college football.
Although the dome was in good shape Wednesday night, Tulane officials waited on a final decision to play until they could evaluate the condition of the community and confirm whether the airport would be ready for Rutgers' charter flight on Friday.
Some other Louisiana teams weren't as fortunate as Tulane. Louisiana Tech's Thursday night opener against Texas A&M in Shreveport, La., was postponed until Oct. 13, and Nicholls State's Saturday game at Oregon State was postponed because of the Colonels' travel issues.
Tulane traveled to Birmingham, Ala., on Monday to avoid Isaac and has practiced there over the past two days. The team planned to practice there again Thursday and Friday morning before returning to New Orleans.
In 2008, Tulane was forced to evacuate to Birmingham because of Hurricane Gustav. In 2005, Hurricane Katrina's devastation of the area required Tulane to play all 11 of its games away from New Orleans.
Brett McMurphy covers college sports for ESPN. Information from The Associated Press was used in this report.


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Comments (17)
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The 2011 season marked a marquee year for Oklahoma State football, capped off by a 41-38 overtime victory over Stanford in the Fiesta Bowl. Several key members will now take the first step to the next level when their name is called during the 2012 NFL draft.
This slideshow will have you covered throughout the 2012 NFL draft as we track the Cowboys that are heading to play football at the next level. Follow the Cowboys' draft picks with live coverage and player profiles as they are selected.
Seventeen players from Oklahoma State have been selected in the first round of the NFL draft since it began in 1936.
That number will grow in 2012 when wide receiver Justin Blackmon is selected. According to the latest mock draft from Bleacher Report's NFL Draft Lead Writer Matt Miller, Blackmon is projected to be selected 13th overall by the Arizona Cardinals.
Other Cowboys expected to be selected, according to Miller, include QB Brandon Weeden (Round 2), FS Markelle Martin (Round 3) and OT Levy Adcock (Round 7).
Also eligible for the draft according to NFL.com are DE Jamie Blatnick, WR Josh Cooper, C Grant Garner, DE Richetti Jones and FS Johnny Thomas.


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Previous abstract Next abstract
Measurements of the equivalent width (EW) of [OII]$\lambda$3727 line in faint field galaxies have been used by some workers to claim that there is an increase in star-formation activity at z $\geq 0.1$ which can only be explained by galaxies with short-lived bursts of star formation. Others maintain that there is currently no evidence for an increase in [OII] EW with redshift due to uncertainties in the local comparison samples and to a possible correlation of EW with absolute magnitude, such that low luminosity galaxies have larger EWs.
We will present preliminary results based on the inclusion of nebular emission into the models of spectrophotometric evolution models of Bruzual \& Charlot (1993, ApJ 405, 538). Kennicutt (1992, ApJ, 388, 310) has shown that there is a strong correlation between [OII] and H$\alpha$ EWs. Thus, given the known star formation rates of our spectrophotometric evolution models as a function of time, we can calculate predicted [OII] EWs versus redshift, apparent magnitude, or color for galaxies with varying star formation histories. Incorporating such knowledge into our currently existing non-negative least squares fitting routines (Koo, Gronwall, \& Bruzual 1993, ApJ, 415, L21), we will compute whether bursts of star formation are necessary to explain the observed [OII] EWs as well as the counts, colors, and redshifts of faint field galaxies.
Thursday program listing


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Tag Archives: IMF
Is Russia Plotting to Bring Down OPEC?
By: Dalan McEndree OilPrice.com President Putin's recent moves in the Middle East—to shore up Bashar al-Assad's regime in Syria through deployment of combat aircraft, equipment, and manpower and build-out of air-, naval-, and ground-force bases, and the agreement in the … Continue reading →
What the United Nations Doesn't Want You to Know
By: Brent Parrish My friend Lt. Robert Powell from the Pacific Freedom Foundation recently emailed me about a new PowerPoint presentation he put together (compiled and written by Irving Baxter Jr.) on the murky origins of the United Nations. This … Continue reading →
IMF Chief Lagarde Under Investigation in France
(AP) — Christine Lagarde, the chief of the International Monetary Fund, was placed under official investigation for negligence in a French corruption probe that dates back to her days as France's finance minister. (Aug. 27)
EU Starts Stealing Bank Accounts, U.S. Next?
By Marc Jones LONDON (Reuters) – The surprise decision by euro zone leaders to part-fund a bailout of Cyprus by taxing bank deposits sent shockwaves through financial markets on Monday, with shares and the bonds of struggling euro zone governments … Continue reading →
Banker Admits 'We Engineered the Global Financial Crisis' [Video]
h/t: TMH
Killing the Dollar: G20 & IMF Push for Global Fed, Global Currency
By William F. Jasper, The New American While headline stories about averting the dangers of an international "currency war" dominated news coverage of the recently concluded G20 meeting in Moscow, the real unreported story is that the global gathering of central … Continue reading →
Financial Fraud & Bank Bailouts: The Government's Entire Strategy Was to Cover Up the Truth
Global Research reported: The Government Lied When It Said It Only Bailed Out Healthy Banks … 12 of the 13 Big Banks Were Going Bust We noted in 2011 that the Geithner, Bernanke and Paulson lied about the health of the … Continue reading →
Plutocracy of the Damned (Part 4)
Lincoln's Greenback In 1861, President Abraham Lincoln traveled to New York and approached the big bankers to apply for loans to help finance the war effort. The bankers were willing to lend, but only at interest rates ranging as high … Continue reading →


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HEAD of Sports Science Adam Owen has left the club to take up a role working with ex-Rangers defender David Weir at Sheffield United.
The Welshman has been appointed to a position entitled 'Assistant Manager – Performance' at Bramall Lane.
Owen had been with Gers since early 2007 and moves on with the blessing of Light Blues boss Ally McCoist.
Weir worked closely with him for almost five years in Glasgow and the two struck up a close relationship during that time.
Owen has now been reunited with the legendary former captain and will be tasked with trying to get his new side out of League One this season.
He returns to Yorkshire having worked there previously for the Blades' city rivals Sheffield Wednesday, who the Scottish Third Division champions will face in a July 24 friendly at Hillsborough.
Owen, 32, said: "I've had seven fantastic years at Rangers and turned down other opportunities to work elsewhere to join David at Sheffield United.
"This is a big progression for me to come into a club the size of this as an Assistant Manager. The aim, alongside David, is to make sure we develop the club's on and off-pitch progress."
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UT Press
[ Texas ]
Texas Wildlife Resources and Land Uses
Edited by Raymond C. Telfair II
To take stock of our current wildlife and land resources, identify challenges facing them, and offer strategies for future management and conservation, this book presents over twenty-five essays by experts from a wide range of governmental and private organizations involved in wildlife policy and management.
Natural habitats for wildlife in Texas and the many species they support are dwindling at an alarming rate as an ever-growing population continues to develop the land for commercial, industrial, and agricultural uses. To take stock of our current wildlife and land resources, identify challenges facing them, and offer strategies for future management and conservation, this book presents over twenty-five essays by experts from a wide range of governmental and private organizations involved in wildlife policy and management.
Modeled on the proceedings of a 1982 wildlife symposium published by the Texas Chapter of The Wildlife Society, this book updates and expands the issues involved in wildlife and land use. The chapters are grouped into five sections-perspectives on Texas wildlife resources, future expectations in land use, the public and future demands for wildlife, wildlife management and research, and wildlife management on public lands. The diverse and sometimes competing viewpoints presented here will be important reading for everyone concerned with managing land for wildlife.
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Introduction. Ecological Regions of Texas: Description, Land Use, and Wildlife (Raymond C. Telfair II)
- Part I. Perspectives On Texas Wildlife Resources
- 1. The Need for a Texas Land Ethic (Pete A. Y. Gunter and Max Oelschlaeger)
- 2. Urban Growth and Environmental Values in Texas (Robin W. Doughty)
- 3. Texas Wildlife—Fourteen Years Later (James G. Teer)
- Part II. Future Expectations in Land Use
- 4. Status of the Forest Resource in Texas (Bruce R. Miles)
- 5. Agricultural Development and Sustainability (Don E. Albrecht)
- 6. Water for Texas: An Overview of Future Needs (Tommy R. Knowles)
- 7. Extraction of Coal and Uranium Resources (Melvin B. Hodgkiss and William S. Chovanec)
- 8. Transportation and the Environment (William F. Hood)
- Part III. The Public and Future Demands for Wildlife
- 9. Wildlife Diversity Issues (John Herron)
- 10. Human Dimensions Research in Texas: Past Efforts and Future Needs (Clark E. Adams and John K. Thomas)
- 11. Landowners' View of Wildlife and Wildlife Users (Deborah Slator Gillan and Bart J. Gillan III)
- 12. The Implications of the 1995 Texas Outdoor Recreation Plan on Wildlife Use and Demand (James A. DeLoney)
- Part IV. Wildlife Management And Research
- 13. Wildlife Management Programs, Goals, and Issues: The State Perspective, 1990 (Ted L. Clark)
- 14. Wildlife Extension and Technical Assistance: Programs, Goals, and Issues (Milo Shult and Don Steinbach)
- 15. Texas—A Private Lands State (Kirby L. Brown)
- 16. Nuisance Wildlife and Land Use (Murray T. Walton)
- 17. Wildlife Research in Texas, 1981-1990 (Fred S. Guthery and Nova J. Silvy)
- Part V. Wildlife Management on Public Lands
- 18. Texas General Land Office (Spencer L. Reid)
- 19. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (Andrew Sansom)
- 20. University Lands (F. Stephen Hartmann)
- 21. Texas Department of Transportation (Craig A. Steffens)
- 22. National Park Service (James E. Walters)
- 23. National Wildlife Refuges (Joseph P. Mazzoni)
- 24. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (John L. Steele Jr.)
- 25. National Forests and Grasslands (Larry H. Bonner)
- 26. U.S. Department of Defense (Dennis M. Herbert)
- Prognosis (Joe C. Truett and Daniel W. Lay)
- Appendixes
- A. Conservation Organizations in Texas (Lee Ann Johnson Linam)
- B. Plants Cited in the Text
- C. Animals Cited in the Text
- D. Texas Threatened and Endangered Species, November 1997
Abstract: Conservation and management of Texas wildlife resources and land-use practices should be based on landscape ecology. Understanding the ecological regions of the state builds the best foundation upon which to base sound decisions. After a discussion of the biodiversity and biogeography of Texas, 1 2 ecological regions are described. Then, trends in land use affecting wildlife resources are discussed.
This introductory chapter is quite general in scope. The references at the end of the chapter will provide specific historical as well as biological information, some of which is extensive.
Texas is located at the crossroads of 4 major physiographic subdivisions of North America—Gulf Coastal Forests and Prairies, Great Western Lower Plains, Great Western High Plains, and the Rocky Mountain Region (Fig. 1). Topographically, with the exclusion of the Rocky Mountain Region west of the Pecos River, the state is a series of descending plains and prairies from northwest to southeast. There are 3 prominent geologic features: western mountains in the Trans-Pecos, the north-south Caprock Escarpment in the Panhandle, and the arcshaped Balcones Escarpment in the central area of the state. The 367 miles of coastline are extensive and diverse. Prior to the 1880's, the central 80% of the state was short to tall grassland, the western 10% across the Pecos River was desert grassland, and the eastern 10% was forest land.
Contemporary landownership patterns reflect the history of the state. Because Texas retained its public lands at the time it entered the United States, the proportion of federal ownership has remained low (1.4%). Political views of Texans have traditionally stressed rights of private landownership. However, in contemporary times, individual small landowners are being joined by large corporate landowners, including foreign investors.
The Texas economy was originally agricultural, major products being cotton, corn, and cattle. Oil discovery in the early 1900's and mineral production assumed an important economic role during the next decades. Agriculture, manufacturing, and mining diversification began about 1940 and led to a high degree of steady economic stability and growth. Shifts of population from rural to urban areas provided sufficient labor markets for industrial development as well as creating area markets. Texas is cited as having the best business climate in the nation and ranks among the top 3 or 4 states in most economic activities.
Texas is the second most populated state. It also ranks as one of the fastest growing states, having an annual growth rate more than twice that of the entire nation.
About 83% of the land in Texas is devoted to agriculture, mostly grazing (61%) and crop production (21%). Although mineral extraction is a major industry, the proportion of land devoted to this use is small. Commercial forestry is located primarily in the East Texas PineHardwood Forests. Texas is also a land of vast recreational opportunities because of its favorable climate and varied topography, vegetation, and wildlife, most of which is provided within the Texas State Parks System and the federal recreational lands of the National Park System, the Forest Service, National Wildlife Refuges, and reservoir lands controlled by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
Texas has a greater variety of wildlife than any other state. However, public and private activities in the state have the potential to cause significant destruction of wildlife habitat, and general trends are evident. Among them are rapid population growth and continued exploitation of natural resources which include water resources development, agricultural practices, forestry practices, mineral and energy production, urban and industrial expansion, recreational or leisure developments, and transportation facilities.
Floral and Faunal Patterns
The great diversity of flora and fauna in Texas (Table I.1) and their patterns of distribution within ecoregions (frontispiece) correlate with a matrix of complex environmental factors involving geology, topography, climatic zones, rainfall belts, and soil types (Tables I.2-I.4). There are 4,834 species of vascular plants, of which 425 (8.8%) are endemic. Nearly half (523) of the grass species indigenous to the United States occur in Texas. There are 247 species of freshwater fishes (14 endemic, 5.7%) and 958 species of terrestrial vertebrates (16 endemic, 1.7%).
Unfortunately, 574 species of vascular plants are introduced (11.9%), as are 42 vertebrate species (3.5%). Fortunately, few species have become extinct or extirpated since the time of Anglo-American settlement (8 fishes, 4 birds, and 9 mammals), but many species are classified as threatened, endangered, or of special concern (Table I.1). Collectively, these include 56 vascular plants (1.2%) and 171 vertebrates (14.2%). See species lists in Appendix D.
The greatest number of species inhabit the Gulf Coast, Trans-Pecos, and eastern forest regions. The area of least diversity is the panhandle (High Plains and Rolling Plains). The largest number of endemic species (both statewide and local) occur in the Trans-Pecos, Edwards Plateau, and South Plains.
In general, species diversity tends to increase from areas of uniform elevation to areas of varied topography, i.e., from the relatively flat, uniform east to the relatively rugged, heterogeneous west. However, fish and amphibian species diversity increases from west to east in response to permanent water and moisture availability.
Maximum fish species diversity corresponds with the location of river drainages (Fig. 2), which, in general, flow from northwest to southeast. Except for the longest through-flow rivers and those of North Texas and the Trans-Pecos, most river systems are east or south of the Balcones Fault zone.
Amphibians reach maximum species diversity in East-central Texas, exceeded only in parts of the extreme southeastern United States. Amphibian diversity declines rapidly to the west.
Highest reptile species diversity for Texas and the United States occurs in Central Texas in the Austin area. Then, reptile diversity declines in all directions but is most pronounced to the northwest, in the panhandle region. Most turtles are dependent upon the availability of aquatic environments, whereas snakes and especially lizards seem to be more dependent upon the structural complexity of their environment.
The number of breeding bird species is highest in the western and southern regions of the state and declines eastward (matching continental trends). Mammal species diversity declines from west to east, most species being in the Trans-Pecos.
General Trends
Although some species are widespread, having very broad ecological tolerances, there are 3 general patterns of vertebrate distribution in Texas.
- 1. East vs. West
- First, a major east-west discontinuity coincides with a north-south line from Fort Worth to Austin, San Antonio, and Corpus Christi. This faunal pattern corresponds to the abrupt elevational change along the Balcones Fault from Fort Worth to San Antonio. From there to the gulf, the line corresponds with soil (edaphic) differences. There are also climatic and floral correlations. West and south of the line the climate is xeric; to the east, mesic. Before Anglo-American settlement, the area to the east was tallgrass prairie and forest; to the west and south were plains (mixed and shortgrass prairies) and brushlands. Today, most of this area is cropland and grazingland.
- 2. North vs. South
- The second most prominent discontinuity occurs north and south of a line from Corpus Christi to San Antonio to Del Rio. As explained above, edaphic differences match the segment of the line from the gulf to west of San Antonio. From there to the Rio Grande, the boundary follows the Balcones Escarpment, which is a very rugged and abrupt topographic feature in this region.
- 3. Plains vs. Roughlands
- The third biogeographic pattern is another north-south interface occurring farther north. From east to west, the line connects Georgetown, San Saba, Brady, Eldorado, and Odessa. This boundary is less sharp than the others. It roughly corresponds to the irregular northern edge of the Edwards Plateau, the approximate southern limit of the Great Plains. To the south, the terrain is hilly, irregular, and more rocky. This is the region of the roughlands of the Edwards Plateau and Trans-Pecos, which are the eastern extension of the plateaus, deserts, and mountain ranges of the Southwest.
Regional Trends
There are 4 regional trends in Texas biogeography. These occur at a lower distinction level than the 3 general trends but, nevertheless, are evident.
- 1. Eastern Forest vs. Oakwoods and Prairies
- This east-west segregation corresponds to a climatic gradient, primarily moisture, as well as edaphic (soil) factors that separate eastern pine-hardwood forests from western mixtures of oak woodlands and tallgrass prairies.
- 2. Edwards Plateau vs. Trans-Pecos
- These 2 roughlands are separated by an ecotonal area, the Stockton Plateau, which divides the hilly, more mesic Edwards Plateau to the east from the more xeric deserts and mountains of the Trans-Pecos to the west. Although the shift is not abrupt, the plateau is generally lower than the lowest basin elevation in the Trans-Pecos.
- 3. High Plains vs. Rolling Plains
- The north-south Caprock Escarpment of the panhandle forms an abrupt elevational separation of the high and low plains. The High Plains of the west are considerably higher and relatively flat and were uniform shortgrass prairie until converted to cropland and grazingland. The Rolling Plains to the east are more varied in topography and vegetation.
- 4. Coastal Zone vs. Inland Regions
- The influence of the marine environment as it interfaces with land along the Gulf Coast creates a unique, ever-changing, dynamic coastal zone that defines a narrow region that contrasts markedly with inland regions.
Ecological Regions
Based upon physiography and vegetation, Texas can be divided into 12 ecological regions (frontispiece). This biogeographic analysis of landscape ecology is very important, because this approach could improve the probability of long-term, effective land-use decisions in the best interest of economic and ecologic considerations. Unfortunately, we are far from achieving an integrated biogeographic approach. Most people not only are unaware of the landscape ecology in the area of their residence but do not know or understand how land-use decisions in other areas also affect them as well as the state as a whole.
1. East Texas Pine and Hardwood Forests
These timberlands are also known as the Pine Belt or "Piney Woods" because of the predominance of pine trees throughout much of the region. This area is part of the Southern Mixed Forest that extends westward into Texas from the Red River to within 25 miles of the Gulf Coast.
Physiognomy is medium to tall forest of broad-leaved deciduous and needle-leaved evergreen trees. Dominant vegetation is oak-hickory-pine-beech-sweetgum-magnolia. Plant community sites range from dry sandylands to permanent wetlands. There are 16 plant community types in this region, more than in any other region except the Trans-Pecos. Four community types are unique or rare (pine-oak woodlands, sphagnum shrub swamps, sandstone seeps) and 2 are threatened (American beech-southern magnolia, longleaf pine-tall grass). Three plants are endangered (white bladderpod, Texas trailing phlox, Navasota ladies'tresses). Several factors, especially the early effects of timber industries, complicate definition and subdivision of the region. However, there are 3 definite subregions, each recognized by the dominant species of pine, all of which are fire adapted.
The northern subregion is the largest and is characterized by shortleaf pine. Islands of this subregion occur in Red River and Leon Counties in the northwest and southwest, respectively. The central, eastern subregion is dominated by longleaf pine. It includes most of the "Upper" Big Thicket, i.e., that portion in which American beech is present. The southern subregion is characterized by loblolly pine. It includes a small portion of the "Upper" Big Thicket and the "Lower" Big Thicket, i.e., that portion in which American beech is absent. Islands of "lost" loblollies also occur westward in Bastrop, Fayette, and Caldwell Counties in the southern Post Oak Savannah.
Land Use
The largest oil fields in the state are located in this region, and the value of the timber industry is second only to oil. This region also has the greatest variety of farming. Until 1945, farms were family or tenant operated and comparatively small, and livestock was commonly permitted to range freely in many localities. Since 1930, there has been a decline in the number of farms and a precipitous decrease of farms operated by tenants.
In former years, the practice of uncontrolled burning caused heavy losses of young timber and damage to wildlife habitats. Today, controlled burning is recognized as a useful tool in local rather than extensive management of both timber and wildlife.
Most timberland has been cut, and the sites are now producing the 4th generation of managed timber, primarily pines. Overcutting for saw and paper mills was once widespread in East Texas except on large private lands and on state and federal forests. Slash pine was introduced as a commercial species, and the most abundant grass, bermuda, also an introduced species, has become so thoroughly naturalized as to be popularly considered a native plant.
This region is also known as the land of "lakes," i.e., manmade reservoirs that inundate much of the original bottomland forest and associated wetlands that were large areas of fish and wildlife habitats.
Principal game species are eastern gray squirrel (bottomlands), eastern fox squirrel (uplands), white-tailed deer, and northern bobwhite. The eastern wild turkey was a valuable game bird during early days of settlement but was extirpated. Today, attempts are being made to reintroduce it into areas of suitable habitat. Black bears once inhabited this region but were exterminated by 1940. Importantfurbearers are Virginia opossum, raccoon, gray fox, and nutria (an introduced South American rodent). Minor furbearers are striped skunk and mink.
In response to the great variety of habitats within this region, there is a high diversity of nongame species. Examples of such habitat types are upland forests, forested bottomlands, pine stands, deciduous woods, mixed woods, rivers, swamps, bayous, sloughs, oxbow lakes, woodland edges, second-growth woods, open pine savannahs, sphagnum bogs, baygalls (shrub swamps), and seeps.
The only terrestrial species in Texas to become extinct since Anglo-American settlement inhabited the forests of this region (passenger pigeon, Carolina parakeet, and probably the ivory-billed woodpecker). Conservation management programs for some of the extirpated (4), unique or rare (2), threatened (15), and endangered (4) species are operational, but i, the red-cockaded woodpecker, is very complex and controversial.
There are many complicated wildlife problems. Formerly, much of the farmland was operated by tenants who were not active participants in conservation programs. There was widespread disrespect for protective wildlife laws strengthened by the time-honored system of the open range and large blocks of "company-owned" land.
Free-ranging (feral) pigs severely damage seedlings of longleaf pine crops and compete for acorns and other important mast. If uncontrolled, these animals can greatly compete with native wildlife.
Continued conversion of poor sandy soil from cultivation to pasture would be desirable if native wildlife cover and food plants were planted and/or not removed and grazing pressure were reduced.
East Texas forests and the trend to build large reservoirs for water resource development within major watersheds make the region especially well suited for recreation and industrial expansion. This provides habitat for many aquatic and semiaquatic species but eliminates extensive habitats of many bottomland forest species. Also, reservoirs change downstream flooding patterns, which adversely impact species composition and quality of floodplain forests. Furthermore, there are local conflicts between timber, hunting, and environmental interests.
2. Post Oak Savannah
This narrow oak belt is a forest, woodland, or savannah depending upon its location within the region. It is a narrow, highly irregular belt wedged between the East Texas Pine-Hardwood Forest to the east, Blackland Prairies to the west, and the Coastal Prairie and South Texas Brushlands to the south.
Physiognomy is medium to tall broad-leaved deciduous and some needle-leaved evergreen trees. The name of the region is derived from the predominant tree, the post oak. However, many other species of oak are common, as are hickories and other trees. There are 8 plant community types, of which 1 is unique (loblolly pine-post oak-blackjack oak). Two plants are endangered (large-fruited sand-verbena and Navasota ladies'-tresses). In the northern and eastern areas, timber is open and savannahlike, but in the southern and western areas, it is close and thickety. In the localities where marl (limy clay) outcrops occur, live oak is common. Farkleberry is a common understory plant in the northern area. Characteristic of the southern area is a thick understory of yaupon and eastern red cedar. Within about the last 40 years, a decided invasion of cedar has produced a noticeable scattering of this evergreen through the oaks.
Most of the plant species occur in other regions, but Post Oak Savannah soils are distinctive. The area is also known as the Clay Pan Savannah because a shallow, nearly impervious clay pan causes the soil to be unexpectedly arid. An exception is the Carrizo Sands area in Bastrop County, home of the unique "Lost Pines," a western range extension of loblolly pine. Sphagnum bogs also occur within this region.
Land Use
The Post Oak Savannah is one of the first regions that was settled by Anglo-Americans because of its transition between forest and prairie. Cultivation severely eroded its soils, and grazing caused proliferation of understory thickets of yaupon and bumelia.
From 1830 to 1888, uplands were open and parklike with waisthigh grasses. Bottomlands were timbered and free of underbrush. Land not under rail fence was open range for cattle and hogs. Cultivation was primarily cotton, with smaller areas of garden crops.
By 1900, most land was fenced by barbed wire, and roads had been built. Much of the large timber had been used earlier for rail fences, fires were suppressed, and small trees and underbrush appeared.
From 1900 to 1930, undergrowth increased, and mast crops failed more regularly. From 1900 to 1944, cotton peaked and declined as the major crop, and crop diversification developed. Range was overstocked with livestock.
Since 1930, young oaks, hickories, and underbrush have dominated uplands. Loss of upland cover in cultivated areas resulted in long periods of flooding that killed large bottomland trees.
From 1950 to 1965, livestock production increased. Large tracts of hardwoods were cleared and converted to improved pastures. Since 1965, this trend has continued, and farm production has declined.
Prior to 1860, game in the Post Oak Savannah was apparently plentiful. Principal species were white-tailed deer, wild turkey, northern bobwhite, and eastern fox and eastern gray squirrels. At that time, as well as today, the Rio Grande wild turkey inhabited southern areas. The eastern wild turkey was originally native to northern areas, and attempts are being made to reintroduce it into suitable habitat. In winter, ducks were present, and passenger pigeons once roosted locally in large numbers.
Between 1860 and 1920, wildlife began a rapid decline with the increase of settlers. Year-round hunting with no bag limits was a common practice. Passenger pigeons were extinct by 1900, and turkeys and deer were killed in such numbers that by 1920 so few were left that hunting was unproductive. Quail and squirrels were exceptions to this trend. They were abundant and maintained their numbers during this period.
Between 1920 and 1948, quail, squirrels, and ducks were principal game. Farming practices provided optimum quail habitat, and populations thrived. Squirrels were abundant in timbered bottoms, and thousands of ducks wintered in the bottomlands.
From 1948 to the present, quail populations declined with changing land use from cropland farming to improved pastures, and this trend continues. Squirrel and waterfowl populations have maintained themselves in suitable habitat and provide abundant hunting opportunities. The deer population has continued to increase, and deer hunting provides the major recreation in this area.
Major furbearers of this region are raccoon, Virginia opossum, coyote, and striped skunk. Minor furbearers are nutria, gray fox, and American beaver. Depleted species include 1 extinct, 3 extirpated, 2 unique or rare, 7 threatened, and 3 endangered. Perhaps the best known of these is the endangered Houston toad, which is found in the Lost Pines area of Bastrop County.
Free-ranging hogs severely damage wildlife habitat and compete for food; however, "hog hunting" has recently become quite popular with many sportsmen.
Wildlife will continue to be influenced by land-use practices and can only exist as long as suitable habitat is provided. The current trend toward conversion of hardwood timber and brushland to improved pastures effectively removes this acreage from wildlife production and results in depletion of this resource. Also, as in the East Texas forest region, the trend to build large reservoirs eliminates bottomland habitats of many species.
To meet future energy demands, large areas of the Post Oak Savannah are being strip-mined for lignite. This could result in destruction or permanent alteration of productive aquatic and terrestrial habitats for wildlife unless proper protective measures are undertaken to reclaim and revegetate these areas with native plants.
3. Blackland Prairies
The major Blackland Prairie extends in a southwestern direction as a broad wedge-shaped area from near the Red River in Northeast Texas to the vicinity of San Antonio (Bexar County), where it merges with the brushlands of the Rio Grande Plains. The eastern boundary is the Post Oak Savannah; the western boundary is the Edwards Plateau except in the north, where it is separated from the Grand Prairie by a narrow strip of forest—the East Cross Timbers. Minor prairies (Fayette, San Antonio, Vegua, and Washington) lie somewhat parallel and south of the major prairie.
Original physiognomy was medium-tall, rather dense grasslands with scattered open groves of deciduous trees in minor prairies. Dominant grasses were dropseeds, switchgrass, eastern gamagrass, yellow indiangrass, and big and little bluestem. There were osage orange, sugar hackberry, eastern red cedar, oaks, elms, pecan, and eastern cottonwood in scattered mottes, knolls, hills, escarps, ridges, and bottomlands. Today, in addition, honey mesquite is common throughout the prairies.
There are few unique or rare species. However, the original 7 plant community types themselves are almost gone. Only a few small, scattered parcels of a total of 5,000 acres (0.04%) of the original 1 2 million acres remain. The 3 basic community types are threatened with extinction (gamagrass-switchgrass, little bluestem-indiangrass, and silveanus dropseed). The rich, unique blackland soils were derived from the activities of abundant soil organisms at least as diverse as those above ground.
Land Use
The moldboard plow, perfected by Thomas Jefferson about 1800, gave settlers an implement that could turn heavy, fertile clay soils. In time, equipment improved, and heavy draft mules were brought into the region. Corn was grown to feed the mules and horses that supplied power for agriculture. The economy that motivated development of the Blacklands was "white gold"—cotton. Railroads and heavy farm equipment (steam tractors) put the area in the cotton-producing business. Peak productivity was reached in the mid-192o's but then declined due to loss of soil fertility. In the 193o's, along with general concern for soil loss, practices were developed to curb erosion and to return soil fertility.
Today, most of the Blackland Prairies are under cultivation or are being grazed. Unfortunately, much of the early soil depletion damage cannot be restored. As a result, short grasses and brush have replaced most of the originally dominant tall bunch grasses. However, a few native hay meadows have been preserved and constitute accurate representations of the composition of the original prairie vegetation. This region is the most thickly populated area in the state and contains along its western border more of the state's large and middle-sized cities than any other area.
Originally, the Blackland Prairies had large numbers of American bison, pronghorn, plains gray wolf, red wolf, and greater prairiechicken. These grassland species are now gone, being incompatible with intensive agriculture. Under modern conditions, the Blackland Prairies have low game production. The wooded belts along streams once had numerous white-tailed deer and wild turkeys and still provide much of the border type of environment necessary to many species of
The mourning dove is the most important game species in this region. Northern bobwhite populations are found in "grass" years when sufficient food and cover result from plentiful rain. Eastern cottontails are a source of sport and food. Eastern fox squirrels and bullfrogs are important in areas where suitable habitat remains. Major furbearers are raccoon, Virginia opossum, and striped skunk. Minor furbearers are ringtail and eastern spotted skunk. In addition to 4 extirpated species, 6 are threatened, but none are endangered.
Floodwater-retarding structures provide satisfactory habitat for game fishes and waterfowl. With proper preproject planning and accommodations for management, excellent habitats could be provided by these water impoundments, and the impact could be significant. In recent years, the furbearer resource has been important and is an incentive for preservation of their habitats, especially bottomlands. Successful wildlife management in the Blackland Prairies depends upon intentional application of farming and grazing practices and watershed conservation to provide habitat.
4. Gulf Coast Prairies and Marshes
4a and 4b. Dune/Barrier Islands and Marshes
The Dune/Barrier Islands and Marshes include a 3-20-mile-wide arc of coastal flats having smooth terrain with low relief. There are alluvial embayments, fluvial and deltaic deposits, sand beaches, barrier islands, and mud flats. Artificially created dredge spoil islands are also included in this region.
Physiognomy is open, short to medium-tall grassland with occasional shrubs and medium to very tall grassland, often very dense. There are 6 plant community types. None are classified as unique, rare, threatened, or endangered. Dominant coastal vegetation is sea-oats and seacoast bluestem. Farther inland, smooth cordgrass dominates. Other components are dwarf saltwort, sedges, crotons, coastal saltgrass, Pan American balsamscale, morning-glories, rushes, wolfberries, Jamaica sawgrass, panicums, paspalums, common reed, arrowheads, bulrushes, sea purslanes, cattails, pricklyashes, and marshmillet. The floral composition is rich—about 45% of vascular species native to Texas are found within this region. The crown shape of trees, especially oaks, is greatly affected by the almost continuous salt spray and is quite noticeable around High Island and on the Aransas National Wildlife Refuge.
Although plants are abundant in this region, beneficial aquatic species and open water areas necessary for wildlife are being threatened by several introduced pest weeds, foremost of which are water hyacinth and alligator weed. Some native plants are also increasing, e.g., cattails, waterlettuce, common frogbit, American featherfoil, and waterprimroses. Habitats especially threatened are streams, canals, lakes, and ponds.
Land Use
These marshes and barrier islands contain several popular state parks and wildlife management areas and national parks and wildlife refuges. Urban, industrial, and recreational developments have increased in recent years. Most land is not well suited for cultivation because of periodic flooding and saline soils. However, much of the area is grazed, resulting in overgrazing on coastal islands.
Principal game species are ducks and geese. Two thirds of the waterfowl population of the Central Flyway winter in this area and the adjacent Coastal Prairie. This includes 12 species with 90% of their winter population within these regions. During the hunting season, sportsmen from many parts of the United States come to the Texas Coast for unexcelled waterfowl shooting. Minor game birds are rails, gallinules, and coots. Important furbearers are raccoon, Virginia opossum, nutria, and muskrat.
A large number of fish and wildlife species is dependent upon this long, narrow coastal zone; some are resident, some transitory, and many aquatic species spend critical parts of their life cycles in this area. The marshes are spawning and nursery areas for fin- and shellfish. Tidal flats are important feeding grounds for many species of coastal birds. Manmade islands, created by the dumping of dredged spoil materials along the Intracoastal Waterway, are used by many species of birds for nesting. These spoil banks, when protected, are sanctuaries for a number of coastal species that have been driven from their native nesting habitats by human activities.
The West Indian manatee is extirpated from the Texas Coast. Two species are unique or rare. Twenty-three species are threatened, and 9 endangered species are dependent upon this region, the best known being green, Atlantic hawksbill, leatherback, loggerhead, and Atlantic ridley sea turtles; brown pelican; reddish egret; Arctic peregrine falcon; whooping crane; piping plover; and Eskimo curlew. Attwater's greater prairie-chicken formerly inhabited barrier islands on the upper and central coast.
The 2 most critical habitat types are wetlands and submerged grassflats. The highly productive wetlands are essential to many species, marine and terrestrial. Habitat quality has been diminished by reduced freshwater inflows due to marsh draining and filling, flood control measures, channelization, dredging, and other developments. Wildlife losses that result are often so subtle they may not be noticed until considerable change has occurred. Many species are declining in abundance, especially those dependent upon wetlands.
In 1923, only 600,000 people lived on the Texas Coast. Today, the population is about 4.5 million, or 26% of the state total. This impact has caused serious problems involving wildlife, but it has been estimated that 85% of the coast can be maintained in a healthy state by carefully planned management. Such management can provide high quality economic and aesthetic opportunities and can maintain varied vital habitat, all of benefit to mankind and wildlife.
4c. Coastal Prairie
The Coastal Prairie is an almost level strip 20-80 miles inland from the zone of dunes, barrier islands, and marshes. There are 2 subregions separated near the vicinity of the San Antonio River: the wider northeastern section is nearly flat grassland prairie, and the subhumid, more narrow southern section of similar relief consists of coastal brush.
Physiognomy is medium to tall, dense to open grassland. There are 12 plant community types, of which 1 is threatened and 2 are endangered. Three plants are endangered. Dominant vegetation is seacoast bluestem and Gulf cordgrass. Other components are bluestems, threeawns, buffalograss, sedges, panicums, paspalums, indiangrasses, dropseeds, needlegrasses, and rattlebush. Within the Coastal Prairie are 575,000 acres of forests extending from Galveston County westward to the drainage of the Lavaca River in Jackson and Calhoun Counties. Principal trees are oaks, pecan, ashes, hackberries, eastern cottonwood, American sycamore, willows, and some loblolly pine. Except along the Trinity and San Jacinto Rivers, bottomland forests do not reach the coast. Deltaic deposits and banks of the lowermost stretches of other rivers are occupied by salt meadows and marshes.
Land Use
Since the early days of Anglo-American settlement, much of the southern and inland area as far north as the Brazos River has been greatly modified by agriculture. Before the period of cultivation, intensive grazing reduced the grass cover to the extent that mesquites, live oaks, pricklypears, and acacias became established and dominant. In some areas, recent brush control programs have been so effective that scarcely a trace of original prairie or secondary brushland remains. Few open prairies remain; most have been transformed into farms and ranches or absorbed into urban areas. Much of the area has been continuously grazed and invaded by exotics such as Macartney rose and Chinese tallow tree as well as native mesquite and huisache.
Waterfowl are principal game species in rice fields and marshes. Timbered bottomlands afford good habitat for white-tailed deer and eastern gray and fox squirrels. Prairies contain suitable habitat for mourning doves and, locally, northern bobwhites and sandhill cranes. Major furbearers are raccoon, Virginia opossum, and nutria. Ring-necked pheasants have been established as game birds in some counties of the Upper Coastal Prairie.
Four species are extirpated from the Coastal Prairie, and there are 18 threatened and 4 endangered ones. The precariously endangered Attwater's greater prairie-chicken is still present in small numbers in a few localities and is being carefully managed on the Attwater Prairie Chicken National Wildlife Refuge established for its preservation. Its existence is threatened by habitat loss.
Reduction and deterioration of wildlife habitats have been caused by tree and brush clearing, intensive agriculture, urban development, and land fragmentation. Much of the area, once protected on large ranches, is now subjected to uncontrolled development. This has resulted from the fragmentation of ranches due to increased land taxation.
5. East and West Cross Timbers and Grand and North Central Prairies
This is a complex transitional area of prairie dissected by 2 parallel timbered strips extending from north to south. The region is located in North-central Texas west of the Blackland Prairies, east of the Rolling Plains, and north of the Edwards Plateau and Llano Uplift. The origin of the name "Cross Timbers" is obscure, but it may refer to the crossing through timbered areas from adjacent grasslands when the first Anglo-Americans traveled there. It may also refer to the longitudinal axes of the timbered tracts, which are crosswise to the rivers and creeks (pers. commun., Charles D. Tipton).
There are 4 plant community types, none unique, rare, threatened, or endangered. However, a rare plant, the Comanche Peak prairie clover, grows among limestone outcrops. Physiognomy is oak wood and tallgrass prairie. Dominant plants are post and blackjack oak, hickories, and tall and midgrasses, e.g., big and little bluestem, yellow indiangrass, and sideoats grama.
Land Use
Range and pasture utilize over half the West Cross Timbers, and the remaining land is used for farming. All these uses are increasing. Major land uses and future intensification in the East Cross Timbers are range, pasture, urban development, and farming. Much of the native vegetation of the region has been plowed and grazed intensively. In areas of the North Central Prairie heavily used by livestock and where prairie fires have been suppressed, native grasslands have been replaced by honey mesquite, lotebush, and grasses more tolerant of grazing, e.g., silver bluestem, Texas wintergrass, and buffalograss.
The white-tailed deer is the only big game animal of significance in this region. Upland game animals are the Rio Grande wild turkey, northern bobwhite, and eastern fox squirrel. Migratory game birds include the mourning dove and wintering waterfowl. Important furbearers are raccoon, Virginia opossum, coyote, striped skunk, ringtail, gray fox, and red fox (introduced European species). Two species are extirpated, 1 is unique/rare, 7 are threatened, but none are endangered. Major land-use trends affecting wildlife are intensive grazing, brush removal, and development of improved pastures, rural areas, and water impoundments.
Raymond C. Telfair II is a conservation scientist with the Wildlife Habitat Assessment Project, Wildlife Division, of the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department.
"This book is a milestone for wildlife conservation in Texas.... It is important in that people in the trenches of wildlife ecology and conservation have given their accounts of progress, losses, and needs. This is first-time information under one cover."
—Craig A. McMahan, coauthor, Deer-Brush Relationshipson the Rio Grande Plains, Texas
1999 Best Book Award, Texas Chapter of the Wildlife Society


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Occupy Miami: County hall isn't the only Miami institution that needs protesting
"Occupy Miami is hidden," one woman randomly complained to us over the phone last week. "No one even knows that they are there!" She had a point. Tucked behind the Stephen P. Clark Government Center like a cozy college tailgating party, Occupy Miami has spent three weeks among the most peaceful — and perhaps least confrontational — anti-Wall Street protests. We're not advocating Oakland-style dumpster fires, but here are five places that could do with a visit from the 99 percent:
5. American Airlines Arena: Sports are one of the few things we 99-percenters have to brighten our plebeian days. So why shouldn't we be pissed that incredibly rich owners such as Heat honcho Micky Arison — who doesn't even pay rent for his taxpayer-funded arena — and millionaire stars like LeBron James can't figure out how to get back on the court?
4. Miami Marlins' new stadium: The things we love most so often turn around and kick us directly in the nuts. Like the soon-to-be Miami Marlins, whose owner, Jeffrey Loria, lied about the millions in his coffers and then his sycophantic politicians gave the taxpayers a $2.4 billion bill for a baseball palace no one wanted. As if to rub Bengay on our aching testes, the ball club unveiled a garish "signature home-run sculpture" complete with lasers and psychedelic fish.
Occupy Miami
3. Ocean Drive: If Miami's 99 percent can rally around one thing, it's a hatred for people who buy "I'm in Miami Bitch" T-shirts in SoBe. It's time to shut down Ocean Drive! Pros: Lots of available camp space on the beach and tons of restrooms courtesy of a Starbucks on every corner. Cons: It's hard to look like downtrodden class warriors against a backdrop of frolicking beach bunnies.
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2. 1 Herald Plaza: If Occupy Miami is serious about fighting the corporate takeover of America, look no further than the Miami Herald's headquarters. That's where the Genting Group wants to build the nation's largest casino. The Malaysian company has already started a mad scramble to buy politicians' votes across Florida. If Occupy Miami is looking for a symbol of money, power, and smelly, smelly politics, this is it.
1. Star Island: Government Center may be the epicenter of county politics, but it ain't where the money's at. That would be celebrity-laden Star Island. We're not saying bags of flaming poo should be left on Alex Rodriguez's front porch — he already left enough of his own at home plate this season — but Miami's rich could do with a little reminder that life is a bitch when you don't have servants and a swimming pool. After all, Miami is the second-most unequal city in the nation, with the average resident making just $36,357 a year. If you're going to protest inequality, why not take it to the moneybags?
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Hotels in Behror, India
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- Most bookedGolden Tulip Neemrana
5 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
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"Hotel was nice and clean. Food was amazing and service was swift. Overall a good experience !"
A Traveller, Sep 2015, IN
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- OYO Rooms Highway KingNo Guest Reviews yet
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- Oyo Rooms Highway King Nem003No Guest Reviews yet
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Hotels within 10 miles of Behror
14 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
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"Hotel is good and newly built, well maintained.Hotel is right on the NH8 Delhi Jaipur Highway. View from room is good, Arawali mountains could be seen from window. Staff is helpful and pleasing.Good quality Dinner but breakfast was just average, may be because of large number of guests on Valenti..."
A Traveller, Feb 2015, GB
13 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
7 people looked at this hotel in the last hour
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"the stay was good.. hotel is definately value for money and suprises you with clean and neat rooms...Hotel staff is also very cooperative and resolved all our issues promptly"
A Traveller, Jan 2014, IN
Hotels within 15 miles of Behror
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"Well-restored, clean property with great service, good food and nice hill / fort views. Top floor rooms have clearer views, with 305 being the best Dinner by a cosy boinfire is a positive. Decent pool and manicured gardens."
A Traveller, Jan 2015, GB
Best hotels in Behror
If you are looking for Behror hotels in a particular area, you can use the search feature at the top of the page to search by neighborhood, landmark, address or zip code, or you can search by using the built-in map feature. You can also browse hotels in Behror by type, amenities, and star-rating so that you can find the best hotel. Currently, top rated hotels in Behror are:
- Treehouse Dwarka Hotel & Club
- Golden Tulip Neemrana
- OYO Rooms Highway King
- Oyo Rooms Highway King Nem003
- Patan Mahal
The location of your Behror hotel is important. If you are traveling to Behror, &StateorCountry for business, you may want to consider getting a hotel close to the airport or near your meeting venue. By doing so, you can really cut down on transportation costs and time. You may also want to book a hotel that offers free wifi just in case you need to get some work done.
If you are traveling for vacation, figure out which attractions or landmarks you want to see and book a hotel that is within close proximity. Although hotels near attractions might cost a little more, you may find that spending those extra few dollars is worth the convenience. You can even find hotels that align with your interests. For example, if you are looking for a relaxing vacation, a spa hotel may be the perfect choice for you.
You'll also want to determine which type of accommodations will suit your needs before booking a hotel in Behror. If you're traveling with the kiddos, a family friendly hotel will offer larger rooms and more sleeping arrangements. For those traveling for an extended period of time, booking a hotel suite with a kitchenette is a smart move and will feel a little more like home. If you are budget conscience and just need a place to rest your head, a hostel or motel may be all you need.
If you are looking to score the best discounts and deals, use the filter to sort by price from low to high. You can book a hotel in Behror for as low as $53 per night. If you are looking to cut down on expenses, look for hotels that include free breakfast and parking. Some hotels even offer free shuttle service to and from nearby places. You can also sort by star rating, proximity, and guest rating.
Before you book, check out user reviews. Hotels.com has 4 reviews in Behror. We show reviews from Expedia and TripAdvisor so you know that you are reading genuine, reliable reviews. Be sure to download the Hotels.com app so you can book your reservations on the go, view amenities, and save the hotels you want to view and compare later.


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Adult Day Care Services in Tishomingo County
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