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Most Cited Gondwana Research Articles
The most cited articles published since 2011, extracted from Scopus.
The early Precambrian odyssey of the North China Craton: A synoptic overviewMing Guo Zhai | M. Santosh
Volume 20, Issue 1, July 2011, Pages 6-25
The crustal growth and stabilization of the North China Craton (NCC) relate to three major geological events in the Precambrian: (1) a major phase of continental growth at ca. 2.7. Ga; (2) the amalgamation of micro-blocks and cratonization at ca. 2.5. Ga; and (3) Paleoproterozoic rifting-subduction-accretion-collision tectonics and subsequent high-grade granulite facies metamorphism-granitoid magmatism during ca. 2.0-1.82. The major period of continental growth during 2.9-2.7. Ga in the NCC correlates with the global growth of Earth's crust recognized from other regions. The enormous volume of tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) rocks and associated komatiite-bearing magmatic suites developed during this period possibly suggest the manifestation of plume tectonics. The cratonization of the NCC at the end of Neoarchean at ca. 2.5. Ga (Archean-Proterozoic boundary) through the amalgamation of micro-blocks was accompanied by granulite facies metamorphism and voluminous intrusion of crustally-derived granitic melts leading to the construction of the basic tectonic framework of the NCC. Several Neoarchean greenstone belts surround the micro-blocks and represent the vestiges of older arc-continent collision. The next major imprint in the NCC is the Paleoproterozoic orogenic events during 2.35 -1.82 Ga which involved rifting followed by subduction -accretion -collision processes, followed by plume-triggered extension and rifting, offering important insights into modern-style plate tectonics operating in the Paleoproterozoic. Extreme crustal metamorphism and formation of high pressure (HP) and ultra-high temperature (UHT) orogens during 1950-1820. Ma accompanied the subduction-collision process and the suturing of continental blocks within the Paleoproterozoic supercontinent Columbia. Multiple subduction zones with opposing subduction polarity promoted the rapid assembly of crustal fragments of the NCC and their incorporation into the Columbia supercontinent. The HP and HT-UHT granulites demonstrate two main stages of metamorphism at ca. 1.95-1.89. Ga and at ca. 1.85-1.82. Ga, exhuming the basement rocks from lowermost crust level to the lower-middle crust level. With the emplacement of extensive mafic dyke swarms associated with continental rifting, and the intrusion of anorogenic magmatic suites, the evolution of the NCC into a stable continental platform was finally accomplished. © 2011 International Association for Gondwana Research.
The origin and pre-Cenozoic evolution of the Tibetan PlateauDi Cheng Zhu | Zhi Dan Zhao | Yaoling Niu | Yildirim Dilek | Zeng Qian Hou | Xuan Xue Mo
Volume 23, Issue 4, May 2013, Pages 1429-1454
Different hypotheses have been proposed for the origin and pre-Cenozoic evolution of the Tibetan Plateau as a result of several collision events between a series of Gondwana-derived terranes (e.g., Qiangtang, Lhasa and India) and Asian continent since the early Paleozoic. This paper reviews and reevaluates these hypotheses in light of new data from Tibet including (1) the distribution of major tectonic boundaries and suture zones, (2) basement rocks and their sedimentary covers, (3) magmatic suites, and (4) detrital zircon constraints from Paleozoic metasedimentary rocks. The Western Qiangtang, Amdo, and Tethyan Himalaya terranes have the Indian Gondwana origin, whereas the Lhasa Terrane shows an Australian Gondwana affinity. The Cambrian magmatic record in the Lhasa Terrane resulted from the subduction of the proto-Tethyan Ocean lithosphere beneath the Australian Gondwana. The newly identified late Devonian granitoids in the southern margin of the Lhasa Terrane may represent an extensional magmatic event associated with its rifting, which ultimately resulted in the opening of the Songdo Tethyan Ocean. The Lhasa-northern Australia collision at ~ 263. Ma was likely responsible for the initiation of a southward-dipping subduction of the Bangong-Nujiang Tethyan Oceanic lithosphere. The Yarlung-Zangbo Tethyan Ocean opened as a back-arc basin in the late Triassic, leading to the separation of the Lhasa Terrane from northern Australia. The subsequent northward subduction of the Yarlung-Zangbo Tethyan Ocean lithosphere beneath the Lhasa Terrane may have been triggered by the Qiangtang-Lhasa collision in the earliest Cretaceous. The mafic dike swarms (ca. 284. Ma) in the Western Qiangtang originated from the Panjal plume activity that resulted in continental rifting and its separation from the northern Indian continent. The subsequent collision of the Western Qiangtang with the Eastern Qiangtang in the middle Triassic was followed by slab breakoff that led to the exhumation of the Qiangtang metamorphic rocks. This collision may have caused the northward subduction initiation of the Bangong-Nujiang Ocean lithosphere beneath the Western Qiangtang. Collision-related coeval igneous rocks occurring on both sides of the suture zone and the within-plate basalt affinity of associated mafic lithologies suggest slab breakoff-induced magmatism in a continent-continent collision zone. This zone may be the site of net continental crust growth, as exemplified by the Tibetan Plateau. © 2012 International Association for Gondwana Research.
Paleozoic multiple accretionary and collisional tectonics of the Chinese Tianshan orogenic collageWenjiao Xiao | Brian F. Windley | Mark B. Allen | Chunming Han
Volume 23, Issue 4, May 2013, Pages 1316-1341
Subduction-related accretion in the Junggar-Balkash and South Tianshan Oceans (Paleo-Asian Ocean), mainly in the Paleozoic, gave rise to the present 2400. km-long Tianshan orogenic collage that extends from the Aral Sea eastwards through Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, to Xinjiang in China. This paper provides an up-to-date along-strike synthesis of this orogenic collage and a new tectonic model to explain its accretionary evolution. The northern part of the orogenic collage developed by consumption of the Junggar-Balkash Ocean together with Paleozoic island arcs (Northern Ili, Issyk Kul, and Chatkal) located in the west, which may have amalgamated into a composite arc in the Paleozoic in the west and by addition of another two, roughly parallel, arcs (Dananhu and Central Tianshan) in the east. The western composite arc and the eastern Dananhu and Central Tianshan arcs formed a late Paleozoic archipelago with multiple subduction zones. The southern part of the orogenic collage developed by the consumption of the South Tianshan Ocean which gave rise to a continuous accretionary complex (Kokshaal-Kumishi), which separated the Central Tianshan in the east and other Paleozoic arcs in the west from cratons (Tarim and Karakum) to the south. Cross-border correlations of this accretionary complex indicate a general southward and oceanward accretion by northward subduction in the early Paleozoic to Permian as recorded by successive southward juxtaposition of ophiolites, slices of ophiolitic mélanges, cherts, island arcs, olistostromes, blueschists, and turbidites, which are mainly Paleozoic in age, with the youngest main phase being Late Carboniferous-Permian. The initial docking of the southerly Tarim and Karakum cratons to this complicated late Paleozoic archipelago and accretionary complexes occurred in the Late Carboniferous-Early Permian in the eastern part of the Tianshan and in the Late Permian in the western part, which might have terminated collisional deformation on this suture zone. The final stages of closure of the Junggar-Balkash Ocean resembled the small ocean basin scenario of the Mediterranean Sea in the Cenozoic. In summary, the history of the Altaids is characterized by complicated multiple accretionary and collisional tectonics. © 2012 International Association for Gondwana Research.
Lithotectonic elements of Precambrian basement in the North China Craton: Review and tectonic implicationsGuochun Zhao | Mingguo Zhai
Volume 23, Issue 4, May 2013, Pages 1207-1240
The North China Craton (NCC) consists of Archean to Paleoproterozoic basement overlain by Mesoproterozoic to Cenozoic cover. Minor Eoarchean to Mesoarchean basement rocks are locally present in the eastern part of the NCC, but little is known about their extent, nature and tectonic evolution due to widespread reworking by later events. The Neoarchean basement in the NCC was formed during two distinct periods: 2.8-2.7 Ga and 2.6-2.5 Ga, of which the former is considered as a major period of juvenile crustal growth in the NCC as evidenced by Nd and zircon Hf isotopic data, though the 2.8-2.7 Ga rocks are not widely exposed. The 2.6-2.5 Ga rocks make up ~ 80% of the Precambrian basement of the NCC and can be divided into high-grade gneiss complexes and low- to medium-grade granite-greenstone belts that are widespread over the whole NCC, seeming to support a notion that the cratonization of the NCC occurred at ~ 2.5 Ga. However, the 2.6-2.5 Ga rocks in the eastern and western parts of the NCC (Eastern and Western Blocks) are different from those similar-aged rocks in the central part (Trans-North China Orogen), with the former dominated by gneiss domes and metamorphosed at ~ 2.5 Ga, characterized by anticlockwise P-T paths involving isobaric cooling, reflecting an origin related to the underplating of mantle-derived magmas, whereas the latter, which are defined by strike-slip ductile shear zones, large-scale thrusting and folding, and transcurrent tectonics locally with sheath folds, were metamorphosed at ~ 1.85 Ga, characterized by clockwise P-T paths involving isothermal decompression, consistent with subduction and continent-continent collision settings. In addition, komatiites/komatiitic rocks are present in the granite-greenstone belts in the eastern and western parts of the NCC, but generally are absent in the central part. These differences imply that the 2.6-2.5 Ga basement rocks in the eastern and western parts of the NCC formed under different tectonic settings from those in the central part. Although both magmatic arc and mantle plume models can be used to explain the tectonic setting of the 2.6-2.5 Ga basement rocks in the eastern part of the NCC, a mantle plume model is favored as it can reasonably interpret: (1) the exceptionally large exposure of granitoid intrusions that formed over a short time period (2.55-2.50 Ga), without systematic age progression across a ~ 800 km wide block; (2) generation of komatiitic magmas with eruption temperatures as high as ~ 1650 °C; (3) dominant domal structures; (4) bimodal volcanic assemblages in the greenstone sequences; (5) affinities of mafic rocks to continental tholeiitic basalts; and (6) metamorphism with anticlockwise P-T paths involving isobaric cooling. In contrast, the 2.6-2.5 Ga high-grade gneiss terranes and low-grade granite-greenstone belts in the central part of the NCC exhibit the same structural and metamorphic characteristics as those of Paleoproterozoic lithological elements that typify active continental margin arcs and continent-continent collisional belts. Paleoproterozoic lithological assemblages in the NCC are mainly restricted to three Paleoproterozoic linear tectonic belts in the western, central and eastern parts of the NCC, which were, respectively, named the "Khondalite Belt (Fengzhen Belt/Inner Mongolia Suture Zone)", "Trans-North China Orogen (Central Orogen Belt)" and "Jiao-Liao-Ji (Liaoji) Belt". The three belts display some of the following lithotectonic elements that are classical indicators of subduction and collision tectonics in plate tectonic regimes: (1) arc-related juvenile crust; (2) linear structural belts defined by strike-slip ductile shear zones, large-scale thrusting and folding, and sheath folds and mineral lineations; (3) high-pressure (HP) mafic and pelitic granulites, retrograde eclogites and ultrahigh temperature (UHT) rocks; (4) clockwise metamorphic P-T paths involving near-isothermal decompression; (5) possible ancient oceanic fragments and mélange; and (6) back-arc or foreland basins. These lithotectonic elements indicate that subduction- and collision-related orogenic processes must have been involved in the development of the three Paleoproterozoic belts in the NCC. Different models have been proposed for the formation and evolution of these three Paleoproterozoic orogenic belts, and one of the models suggests that the Khondalite Belt was a continent-continent collisional belt along which the Yinshan and Ordos Blocks amalgamated to form the Western Block at ~ 1.95 Ga, which then collided with the exotic Eastern Block along the Trans-North China Orogen at ~ 1.85 Ga, whereas the Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt represents a rifting-and-collision belt within the Eastern Block which underwent rifting to form an incipient oceanic basin that was closed upon itself through subduction and collision at ~ 1.9 Ga. An alternative model proposes that all of the three Paleoproterozoic orogenic belts in the NCC were initialized from continental rifting on a single continent, which was cratonized through fusing Achaean microcontinental blocks at ~ 2.5 Ga, followed by the development of incipient oceanic basins which themselves were closed in the Paleoproterozoic through subduction and collision. © 2012 International Association for Gondwana Research.
Tectonic framework and Phanerozoic evolution of SundalandIan Metcalfe
Volume 19, Issue 1, January 2011, Pages 3-21
Sundaland comprises a heterogeneous collage of continental blocks derived from the India-Australian margin of eastern Gondwana and assembled by the closure of multiple Tethyan and back-arc ocean basins now represented by suture zones. The continental core of Sundaland comprises a western Sibumasu block and an eastern Indochina-East Malaya block with an island arc terrane, the Sukhothai Island Arc System, comprising the Linchang, Sukhothai and Chanthaburi blocks sandwiched between. This island arc formed on the margin of Indochina-East Malaya, and then separated by back-arc spreading in the Permian. The Jinghong, Nan-Uttaradit and Sra Kaeo Sutures represent this closed back-arc basin. The Palaeo-Tethys is represented to the west by the Changning-Menglian, Chiang Mai/Inthanon and Bentong-Raub Suture Zones. The West Sumatra block, and possibly the West Burma block, rifted and separated from Gondwana, along with Indochina and East Malaya in the Devonian and were accreted to the Sundaland core in the Triassic. West Burma is now considered to be probably Cathaysian in nature and similar to West Sumatra, from which it was separated by opening of the Andaman Sea basin. South West Borneo and/or East Java-West Sulawesi are now tentatively identified as the missing "Argoland" which must have separated from NW Australia in the Jurassic and these were accreted to SE Sundaland in the Cretaceous. Revised palaeogeographic reconstructions illustrating the tectonic and palaeogeographic evolution of Sundaland and adjacent regions are presented. © 2010 International Association for Gondwana Research.
Metallogeny of the North China Craton: Link with secular changes in the evolving EarthMingguo Zhai | M. Santosh
Volume 24, Issue 1, July 2013, Pages 275-297
The North China Craton (NCC) has experienced a complex geological evolution since the early Precambrian, and carries important records of secular changes in tectonics and metallogeny. Here we synthesize the salient geological and tectonic features of the evolution and destruction of the NCC vis-à-vis major metallogenic events, and the formation of potential ore deposits. We identify a close relationship between the major geological events in the NCC and those reported elsewhere on the globe. We trace the records of a regular change in the pattern of metallogeny, mineral deposit character, spatial distribution and genetic mechanisms, which closely match the timing and styles of the major geological and tectonic events in this craton.The NCC went through five major tectonic cycles: (1) Neoarchean crustal growth and stabilization, (2) Paleoproterozoic rifting-subduction-accretion-collision with imprints of the Great Oxidation Event (GOE), (3) Late Paleoproterozoic-Neoproterozoic multi-stage rifting, (4) Paleozoic orogenesis at the margins of the craton, and (5) Mesozoic extensional tectonics associated with lithospheric thinning and decratonization. Coinciding with these major geological events are five major metallogenic systems identified as follows: (1) an Archean BIF system, (2) Paleoproterozoic Cu-Pb-Zn and Mg-B systems, (3) a Mesoproterozoic REE-Fe-Pb-Zn system, (4) a Paleozoic orogenic Cu-Mo system, and (5) Mesozoic intracontinental Au and Ag-Pb-Zn and Mo systems. The ore-deposit types in each of these metallogenic systems show distinct characteristics and tectonic affinities.From Early Precambrian through Late Precambrian to Paleozoic and Mesozoic, the NCC records a transition from primitive- to modern-style plate tectonics. Evidence for imbricated oceanic plate stratigraphy in a subduction-accretion setting, and collisional orogenesis along at least three major zones of ocean closure are documented. Major transitions in tectonic style and surface environmental changes recorded in other parts of the world are also reflected in the geological history and metallogenic events in the NCC. Large-scale gold deposits formed through intraplate tectonics during the Mesozoic provide important insights into mantle dynamics and crust-mantle interaction associated with lithospheric thinning and craton destruction. The NCC provides one of the best examples for documenting secular changes in the geological history and metallogenic epochs of an evolving Earth. © 2013 International Association for Gondwana Research.
Introduction to tectonics of ChinaYong Fei Zheng | Wen Jiao Xiao | Guochun Zhao
Volume 23, Issue 4, May 2013, Pages 1189-1206
The continental crust of China is a mosaic of cratonic blocks and orogenic belts, containing small cratons and terranes with various tectonic settings. They have diverse origins and complex histories of amalgamation, and often suffered repeated reworking after multiple episodes of amalgamation. In the last three decades, extensive geological, geochemical and geophysical investigations have been carried out on these cratonic blocks and intervening orogenic belts, producing an abundant amount of new data and competing interpretations. This provides important insights into understanding the formation and evolution of the Chinese continents. The papers assembled in this volume present a timely and comprehensive overview on major advancements and controversial issues related to the formation and evolution of continental crust in China. Complex tectonic histories were experienced not only by the large-scale cratonic blocks and orogenic belts, but also by small-scale terranes and orogens between and inside these blocks. Nevertheless, our understanding of lithotectonic units and geological processes has been greatly advanced by recent studies of zirconology and geochemistry for various rock types from major petrotectonic units in China. It has been further advanced from integrated interpretations of geochemical and petrological data for petrogenesis of magmatic rocks. An overview of these observations and interpretations provides new insights into understanding the continental plate tectonics and the chemical geodynamics of subduction zones. © 2012 International Association for Gondwana Research.
Detrital and xenocrystic zircon ages from Neoproterozoic to Palaeozoic arc terranes of Mongolia: Significance for the origin of crustal fragments in the Central Asian Orogenic BeltY. Rojas-Agramonte | A. Kröner | A. Demoux | X. Xia | W. Wang | T. Donskaya | D. Liu | M. Sun
Volume 19, Issue 3, April 2011, Pages 751-763
The Central Asian Orogenic Belt contains many Precambrian crustal fragments whose origin is unknown, and previous speculations suggested these to be derived from either Siberia, Tarim or northern Gondwana. We present an age pattern for detrital and xenocrystic zircons from Neoproterozoic to Palaeozoic arc and microcontinental terranes in Mongolia and compare this with patterns for Precambrian rocks in southern Siberia, the North China craton, the Tarim craton and northeastern Gondwana in order to define the most likely source region for the Mongolian zircons. Our data were obtained by SHRIMP II, LA-ICP-MS and single zircon evaporation and predominantly represent arc-related low-grade volcanic rocks and clastic sediments but also accretionary wedges and ophiolitic environments. The Mongolian pattern is dominated by zircons in the age range ca. 350-600 and 700-1020. Ma as well as minor peaks between ca. 1240 and 2570. Ma. The youngest group reflects cannibalistic reworking of the Palaeozoic arc terranes, whereas the Neoproterozoic to late Mesoproterozoic peak reflects both reworking of the arc terranes as well as Neoproterozoic rifting and a Grenville-age crust-formation event. The 700-1020. Ma peak does not exist in the age spectra of the Siberian and North China cratons and thus effectively rules out these basement blocks as potential source areas for the Mongolian zircons. The best agreement is with the Tarim craton where a major Grenville-age orogenic event and early Neoproterozoic rifting have been identified. The age spectra also do not entirely exclude northeastern Gondwana as a source for the Mongolian zircons, but here the Neoproterozoic age peak is related to the Pan-African orogeny, and a minor Grenville-age peak may reflect a controversial orogenic event in NW India. Our Mongolian detrital and xenocrystic age spectrum suggests that the Tarim craton was the main source, and we favour a tectonic scenario similar to the present southwestern Pacific where fragments of Australia are rifted off and become incorporated into the Indonesian arc and microcontinent amalgamation that will evolve into a future orogenic belt. © 2010 International Association for Gondwana Research.
Phanerozoic tectonics of the South China Block: Key observations and controversiesYuejun Wang | Weiming Fan | Guowei Zhang | Yanhua Zhang
Volume 23, Issue 4, May 2013, Pages 1273-1305
The Phanerozoic tectonic regimes of the South China Block (SCB) hold a key to understanding of its geodynamic evolution with respect to formation of numerous mineral resources. Despite long-time debates in the past three decades, there is still no consensus on the two key points whether the Phanerozoic tectonothermal events were due to subduction of the Pacific plate or intracontinental reworking and whether the three periods of tectonothermal events in the middle Paleozoic (Kwangsian), Triassic (Indosinian) and Jurassic-Cretaceous (Yanshanian) are mainly driven by tectonic transition in subduction of the oceanic crust from Paleotethyan in the west to Pacific in the east. This paper presents an overview of key geological observations in the SCB with respect to its Phanerozoic tectonics. Available data show that there are distinctive sedimentary, magmatic, structural and metamorphic records across the Xuefeng-Jiangnan Domain in the SCB. The geological signatures associated with the Kwangsian and Indosinian tectonothermal events are predominantly preserved in the eastern SCB, including the eastern Yangtze and Cathaysia Blocks to the east of the Xuefeng-Jiangnan Domain. They are characterized by strong thrusting/transpression, anatexic granitic magmatism, high-grade metamorphism and the poor involvement of the juvenile mantle-derived rocks. The two events were dated at ca. 400-460. Ma and ca. 200-250. Ma, respectively. The Yanshanian tectonothermal event is dominantly represented by the development of a wide magmatic belt of exceeding 1300. km (from the coastal province to the Xuefeng-Jiangnan Domain) and a broad deformational belt of more than 2000. km (from the coastal province to the Sichuan basin). The Yanshanian I-, S- and A-type granites, syenite and volcanic rocks display two arrays, which are oblique and parallel to the coastal provinces of the southeast China, respectively. They were mainly formed at the three age-spans of 152-180. Ma, 120-130 and 87-107. Ma with the peak of 158. Ma, 125. Ma and 93. Ma, respectively. The stillstand time of the Yanshanian magmatism was temporally overlapped by the deformation time of the top-to-the-NW progressive transpression or sinistral strike-slip at 132-142. Ma and 95-112. Ma, respectively. In conjunction with the observations and controversies, a geodynamic model is proposed for the Mesozoic tectonic evolution of the SCB. © 2012 International Association for Gondwana Research.
Growth and reworking of the early Precambrian continental crust in the North China Craton: Constraints from zircon Hf isotopesYuansheng Geng | Lilin Du | Liudong Ren
Volume 21, Issues 2-3, March 2012, Pages 517-529
We synthesize more than 2600 Hf isotope data on the Archean-Paleoproterozoic zircons from the North China Craton (NCC). Recalculation of the data based on single stage and two-stage Hf model ages of the Eastern Block of the NCC shows peak ages of 3902±13Ma and 3978±18Ma, respectively, and also small peaks at 3.5-4.0Ga. The majority of zircon ε Hf(t) values are positive, suggesting the possibility of the crust and the mantle differentiation at ca. 3.9-4.0Ga in the Eastern Block of the NCC. Most magmatic zircons from the whole of NCC have their Hf model age range of 2.4-2.9Ga, and the single stage model ages is cluster at 2698±4Ma, whereas the two-stage model ages concentrate at 2714±5Ma, implying that the protoliths were juvenile crustal rocks. The most prominent peak at 2.7Ga indicates that this period marks the most important stage of the crust-mantle differentiation and crust formation of the NCC. The widespread 2.5Ga rocks in the NCC and the absence of the 2.5Ga peaks in Hf model ages are consistent with the partial melting and reworking of the juvenile rocks at 2.5Ga. Furthermore, the 2.5-1.7Ga zircon Hf isotope features are also related to the reworking of the crustal rocks. Our results from the integration of a large database suggest that the Eastern Block and the Trans-North China Orogen have undergone similar crust-mantle differentiation and magmatism, leading to the conclusion that the essential cratonization of the North China took place at the end of Neoarchean. © 2011.
Geophysical and geological tests of tectonic models of the North China CratonTimothy M. Kusky
Volume 20, Issue 1, July 2011, Pages 26-35
The geometry and timing of amalgamation of the North China Craton have been controversial, with three main models offering significantly different interpretations of regional structure, geochronology, and geological relationships. One model suggests that the Eastern and Western Blocks of the NCC formed separately in the Archean, and an active margin was developed on the Eastern Block between 2.5 and 1.85. Ga, when the two blocks collided above an east-dipping subduction zone. A second presumes the Eastern Block rifted from an unknown larger continent at circa 2.7. Ga, and experienced a collision with an arc (perhaps attached to the western block) above a west-dipping subduction zone at 2.5. Ga, and the 1.85. Ga metamorphism is related to a collision along the northern margin of the craton when the NCC joined the Columbia supercontinent. A third model suggests two collisions in the Central Orogenic Belt, at 2.1 and 1.88. Ga, but recognizes an early undated deformation event. Recent seismic results reveal details of the deep crustal and lithospheric structure that support both the second and third models, showing that subduction beneath the Central Orogenic Belt was west-directed, and that there is a second, west-dipping paleosubduction zone located to the east of the COB dipping beneath the Western Block (Ordos Craton). The boundaries identified through geophysics do not correlate with the boundaries of the Trans-North China Orogen suggested in the first model, and the subduction polarity is opposite that predicted by that model. High-pressure granulite facies metamorphism at 1.85. Ga is not restricted to the "TNCO" as suggested by the first model, but is documented across the NCC, as predicted by the second model, suggesting a major continent-continent collision along the north margin of the craton at 1.85. Ga. Further, it has recently been shown that in the southern "TNCO", there is no record of metamorphism at circa 1.85. Ga, but only at 2.7-2.5. Ga, showing that the "TNCO", as defined as a circa 1.85. Ga orogen, does not exist. This is further confirmed by recent Re-Os isotopic studies which show that the subcontinental lithospheric mantle beneath the southern COB is late Archean in age, and that a province in the northern NCC is circa 1.8. Ga, correlating with the proposed collision belt of the NCC with the Columbia supercontinent across the entire NCC. The COB is an Archean convergent belt, re-worked in the Paleoproterozoic, and the Paleoproterozoic tectonism is widespread across the NCC, as predicted by the model whereby the previously amalgamated Eastern and Western Blocks experienced a continental collision with Columbia at circa 1.85. Ga, but uplift/exhumation rates are slow, necessitating a re-evaluation of the tectonic models of the NCC. © 2011 International Association for Gondwana Research.
Antarctica - Before and after GondwanaSteven D. Boger
Volume 19, Issue 2, March 2011, Pages 335-371
The origin of the Antarctic continent can be traced to a relatively small late Archaean cratonic nucleus centred on the Terre Adélie regions of East Antarctica and the Gawler Craton region of South Australia. From the late Archaean to the present, the evolution of the proto-Antarctic continent was remarkably dynamic with quasi-continuous growth driven by accretionary or collisional events, episodically punctuated by periods of crustal extension and rifting. The evolution of the continent can be broken into seven main steps: (1) late Palaeoproterozoic to middle Mesoproterozoic accretion and collision added crust first to the Antarctic nucleus's eastern margin, then to its western margin. These events resulted in the incorporation of the Antarctic nucleus within a single large continent that included all of Proterozoic Australia, a more cryptic Curnamona-Beardsmore Craton and most probably Laurentia. (2) Rifting in the middle to late Mesoproterozoic separated a block of continental crust of unknown dimensions to form an ocean-facing margin, the western edge of which was defined by the ancestral Darling Fault in Western Australia and its unnamed continuation in Antarctica. (3) Inversion of this margin followed shortly and led to the Grenville aged collision and juxtaposition of proto-Antarctica with the Crohn Craton, a continental block of inferred Archaean and Palaeoproterozoic age that now underlies much of central East Antarctica. The Pinjarra Orogen, exposed along the coast of Western Australia, defines the orogenic belt marking this collision. In Antarctica the continuation of this belt has been imaged in sub-ice geophysical datasets and can be inferred from sparse outcrop data and via the widespread dispersal of syn-tectonic zircons. (4) Tectonic quiescence from the latest Mesoproterozoic to the Cryogenian was the forerunner to Ediacaran rifting that separated Laurentia and the majority of the Curnamona-Beardsmore craton from the amalgam of East Antarctica and Australia. The result was the formation of the ancestral Pacific Ocean. (5) The rifting of Laurentia was mirrored by convergence along the opposing margin of the continent. Convergence ultimately sutured material with Indian and African affinities during a series of Ediacaran and Cambrian events related to the formation of Gondwana. These events added much of the crust that today defines the East Antarctic coastline between longitudes 30°W and 100°E. (6) The amalgamation of Gondwana marked a shift in the locus of subduction from between the pre-Gondwana cratons to Gondwana's previously passive Pacific margin. The result was the establishment of the accretionary Terra Australis and Gondwanide orogenies. These were to last from the late Cambrian to the Cretaceous, and together accreted vast sequences of Gondwana derived sediment as well as fragments of older and allochthonous or para-allochthonous continental crust to Gondwana's Pacific margin. (7) The final phases of accretion overlapped with the initiation of extension and somewhat later rifting within Gondwana. Extension started in the late Carboniferous, although continental separation did not begin until the middle Jurassic. Gondwana then fragmented sequentially with Africa-South America, India, Australia and the finally the blocks of New Zealand separating between the middle Jurassic and the late Cretaceous. The late Cretaceous separation of Antarctica and Australia split the original Antarctic nucleus, terminating more than 2.4. billion years of shared evolution. The slightly younger separation of New Zealand formed the modern Antarctic continent. © 2010.
Reassessment of continental growth during the accretionary history of the Central Asian Orogenic BeltA. Kröner | V. Kovach | E. Belousova | E. Hegner | R. Armstrong | A. Dolgopolova | R. Seltmann | D. V. Alexeiev | J. E. Hoffmann | J. Wong | M. Sun | K. Cai | T. Wang | Y. Tong | S. A. Wilde | K. E. Degtyarev | E. Rytsk
Volume 25, Issue 1, January 2014, Pages 103-125
We argue that the production of mantle-derived or juvenile continental crust during the accretionary history of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) has been grossly overestimated. This is because previous assessments only considered the Palaeozoic evolution of the belt, whereas its accretionary history already began in the latest Mesoproterozoic. Furthermore, much of the juvenile growth in Central Asia occurred in late Permian and Mesozoic times, after completion of CAOB evolution, and perhaps related to major plume activity. We demonstrate from zircon ages and Nd-Hf isotopic systematics from selected terranes within the CAOB that many Neoproterozoic to Palaeozoic granitoids in the accreted terranes of the belt are derived from melting of heterogeneous Precambrian crust or through mixing of old continental crust with juvenile or short-lived material, most likely in continental arc settings. At the same time, juvenile growth in the CAOB occurred during the latest Neoproterozoic to Palaeozoic in oceanic island arc settings and during accretion of oceanic, island arc, and Precambrian terranes. However, taking together, our data do not support unusually high crust-production rates during evolution of the CAOB. Significant variations in zircon εHf values at a given magmatic age suggest that granitoid magmas were assembled from small batches of melt that seem to mirror the isotopic characteristics of compositionally and chronologically heterogeneous crustal sources. We reiterate that the chemical characteristics of crustally-derived granitoids are inherited from their source(s) and cannot be used to reconstruct tectonic settings, and thus many tectonic models solely based on chemical data may need re-evaluation. Crustal evolution in the CAOB involved both juvenile material and abundant reworking of older crust with varying proportions throughout its accretionary history, and we see many similarities with the evolution of the SW Pacific and the Tasmanides of eastern Australia. © 2013 International Association for Gondwana Research.
Timing of metamorphism in the Paleoproterozoic Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt: New SHRIMP U-Pb zircon dating of granulites, gneisses and marbles of the Jiaobei massif in the North China CratonPui Yuk Tam | Guochun Zhao | Fulai Liu | Xiwen Zhou | Min Sun | Sanzhong Li
Volume 19, Issue 1, January 2011, Pages 150-162
The Paleoproterozoic Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt lies in the Eastern Block of the North China Craton, with its southern segment extending across the Bohai Sea into the Jiaobei massif. High-pressure pelitic and mafic granulites have been recently recognized in the Paleoproterozoic Jingshan Group (Jiaobei massif). New SHRIMP U-Th-Pb geochronology combined with cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging of zircon has been applied to the determination of the timing of the metamorphism of the high-temperature and high-pressure granulites and associated gneisses and marbles. Metamorphic zircons in these high-pressure granulites, gneisses and marbles occur as either single grains or overgrowth (or recrystallization) rims surrounding and truncating oscillatory-zoned magmatic zircon cores. Metamorphic zircons are all characterized by nebulous zoning or being structureless, with high luminescence and relatively low Th/U values. Metamorphic zircons from two high-pressure mafic granulites yielded 207Pb/206Pb ages of 1956±41Ma and 1884±24Ma. One metamorphic zircon from a garnet-sillimanite gneiss also gave an apparent 207Pb/206Pb age of 1939±15Ma. These results are consistent with interval of ages of c. 1.93-1.90Ga already obtained by previous studies for the North and South Liaohe Groups and the Laoling Group in the northern segment of the Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt. Metamorphic zircons from a high-pressure pelitic granulite and two pelitic gneisses yielded weighted mean 207Pb/206Pb ages of 1837±8Ma, 1821±8Ma and 1836±8Ma respectively. Two diopside-olivine-phlogopite marbles yielded weighted mean 207Pb/206Pb ages of 1817±9Ma and 1790±6Ma. These Paleoproterozoic metamorphic ages are largely in accordance with metamorphic ages of c. 1.85Ga produced from the Ji'an Group in the northern segment of the Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt and c. 1.86-1.80Ga obtained for the high-pressure pelitic granulites from the Jingshan Group in the southern segment. As this metamorphic event was coeval with the emplacement of A-type granites in the Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt and its adjacent areas, it is interpreted as having resulted from a post-orogenic or anorogenic extensional event. © 2010 International Association for Gondwana Research.
What's in a name? The Columbia (Paleopangaea/Nuna) supercontinentJoseph G. Meert
Volume 21, Issue 4, May 2012, Pages 987-993
Supercontinents play an important role in Earth's history. The exact definition of what constitutes a supercontinent is difficult to establish. Here the argument is made, using Pangæa as a model, that any supercontinent should include ~. 75% of the preserved continental crust relevant to the time of maximum packing. As an example, Rodinia reached maximum packing at about 1.0. Ga and therefore should include 75% of all continental crust older than 1.0. Ga. In attempting to 'name' any supercontinent, there is a clear precedent for models that provide a name along with a testable reconstruction within a reasonable temporal framework. Both Pangæa and Rodinia are near universally accepted names for the late Paleozoic and Neoproterozoic supercontinent respectively; however, there is a recent push to change the Paleo-Mesoproterozoic supercontinent moniker from ". Columbia" to ". Nuna". A careful examination of the ". Nuna" and ". Columbia" proposals reveals that although the term ". Nuna" was published prior to ". Columbia", the ". Nuna" proposal is a bit nebulous in terms of the constitution of the giant continent. Details of ". Nuna" given in the original manuscript appear to be principally based on previously published connections between Laurentia, Baltica and, to a lesser extent the Angara craton of Siberia (i.e. "the lands bordering the northern oceans"). Therefore the proposal is made that ". Columbia" consists of several core elements one of which is ". Nuna". © 2011 International Association for Gondwana Research.
Tectonic evolution of a composite collision orogen: An overview on the Qinling-Tongbai-Hong'an-Dabie-Sulu orogenic belt in central ChinaYuan Bao Wu | Yong Fei Zheng
Volume 23, Issue 4, May 2013, Pages 1402-1428
The formation of collisional orogens is a prominent feature in convergent plate margins. It is generally a complex process involving multistage tectonism of compression and extension due to continental subduction and collision. The Paleozoic convergence between the South China Block (SCB) and the North China Block (NCB) is associated with a series of tectonic processes such as oceanic subduction, terrane accretion and continental collision, resulting in the Qinling-Tongbai-Hong'an-Dabie-Sulu orogenic belt. While the arc-continent collision orogeny is significant during the Paleozoic in the Qinling-Tongbai-Hong'an orogens of central China, the continent-continent collision orogeny is prominent during the early Mesozoic in the Dabie-Sulu orogens of east-central China. This article presents an overview of regional geology, geochronology and geochemistry for the composite orogenic belt. The Qinling-Tongbai-Hong'an orogens exhibit the early Paleozoic HP-UHP metamorphism, the Carboniferous HP metamorphism and the Paleozoic arc-type magmatism, but the three tectonothermal events are absent in the Dabie-Sulu orogens. The Triassic UHP metamorphism is prominent in the Dabie-Sulu orogens, but it is absent in the Qinling-Tongbai orogens. The Hong'an orogen records both the HP and UHP metamorphism of Triassic age, and collided continental margins contain both the juvenile and ancient crustal rocks. So do in the Qinling and Tongbai orogens. In contrast, only ancient crustal rocks were involved in the UHP metamorphism in the Dabie-Sulu orogenic belt, without involvement of the juvenile arc crust. On the other hand, the deformed and low-grade metamorphosed accretionary wedge was developed on the passive continental margin during subduction in the late Permian to early Triassic along the northern margin of the Dabie-Sulu orogenic belt, and it was developed on the passive oceanic margin during subduction in the early Paleozoic along the northern margin of the Qinling orogen. Three episodes of arc-continent collision are suggested to occur during the Paleozoic continental convergence between the SCB and NCB. The first episode of arc-continent collision is caused by northward subduction of the North Qinling unit beneath the Erlangping unit, resulting in UHP metamorphism at ca. 480-490. Ma and the accretion of the North Qinling unit to the NCB. The second episode of arc-continent collision is caused by northward subduction of the Prototethyan oceanic crust beneath an Andes-type continental arc, leading to granulite-facies metamorphism at ca. 420-430. Ma and the accretion of the Shangdan arc terrane to the NCB and reworking of the North Qinling, Erlangping and Kuanping units. The third episode of arc-continent collision is caused by northward subduction of the Paleotethyan oceanic crust, resulting in the HP eclogite-facies metamorphism at ca. 310. Ma in the Hong'an orogen and low-P metamorphism in the Qinling-Tongbai orogens as well as crustal accretion to the NCB. The closure of backarc basins is also associated with the arc-continent collision processes, with the possible cause for granulite-facies metamorphism. The massive continental subduction of the SCB beneath the NCB took place in the Triassic with the final continent-continent collision and UHP metamorphism at ca. 225-240. Ma. Therefore, the Qinling-Tongbai-Hong'an-Dabie-Sulu orogenic belt records the development of plate tectonics from oceanic subduction and arc-type magmatism to arc-continent and continent-continent collision. © 2012 International Association for Gondwana Research.
Stratigraphy and paleogeography of the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation (ca. 635-551Ma) in South ChinaGanqing Jiang | Xiaoying Shi | Shihong Zhang | Yue Wang | Shuhai Xiao
Volume 19, Issue 4, June 2011, Pages 831-849
The Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation (ca. 635-551. Ma) in South China contains exceptionally well-preserved fossils of multicellular eukaryotes including early animals, and it is one of the most intensively investigated Ediacaran units in the world. Various stratigraphic methods including litho-, chemo-, bio-, and sequence-stratigraphy have been applied to establish a stratigraphic framework for the Doushantuo Formation, but so far regional correlation across the basin relies heavily on two distinctive marker beds, the cap carbonate at the base and the organic-rich black shale at the top of the Doushantuo Formation. The majority of the Doushantuo Formation in the Yangtze platform was deposited on a rimmed carbonate shelf, with a shelf margin shoal complex that restricted the shelf lagoon from the open ocean. Large facies variations are observed in the shallow margins of the shelf lagoon and in the shelf margin-to-slope transition, where depositional environments were near the chemocline of the stratified, anoxic/euxinic shelf lagoon and of the broader Nanhua basin, respectively. Chemocline instability in the shelf lagoon and in the Nanhua basin caused local geochemical cycling, resulting in significant variations in carbon and sulfur isotopes and in redox-sensitive elemental concentrations. Most benthic eukaryotic fossils (including animal fossils) of the Doushantuo Formation have been found from the shallow margins of the shelf lagoon and from the shelf margin-slope transition, but rarely from deep-water environments that may have been below the chemocline for most of the Doushantuo time, implying the sensitivity of eukaryotes to paleogeographically controlled chemocline fluctuations. © 2011 International Association for Gondwana Research.
The supercontinent cycle: A retrospective essayR. Damian Nance | J. Brendan Murphy | M. Santosh
Volume 25, Issue 1, January 2014, Pages 4-29
The recognition that Earth history has been punctuated by supercontinents, the assembly and breakup of which have profoundly influenced the evolution of the geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere, is arguably the most important development in Earth Science since the advent of plate tectonics. But whereas the widespread recognition of the importance of supercontinents is quite recent, the concept of a supercontinent cycle is not new and advocacy of episodicity in tectonic processes predates plate tectonics. In order to give current deliberations on the supercontinent cycle some historical perspective, we trace the development of ideas concerning long-term episodicity in tectonic processes from early views on episodic orogeny and continental crust formation, such as those embodied in the chelogenic cycle, through the first realization that such episodicity was the manifestation of the cyclic assembly and breakup of supercontinents, to the surge in interest in supercontinent reconstructions. We then chronicle some of the key contributions that led to the cycle's widespread recognition and the rapidly expanding developments of the past ten years. © 2013 International Association for Gondwana Research.
The western Central Asian Orogenic Belt: A window to accretionary orogenesis and continental growthWenjiao Xiao | M. Santosh
Volume 25, Issue 4, January 2014, Pages 1429-1444
The architecture of accretionary orogens is a key to understand continental growth. Here we present an overview of the orogenic components and their amalgamation in the western Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). The CAOB records the convergence and interactions among various types of orogenic components including the Japan-type, Mariana-type, and Alaska-Aleutian-type arc systems, as well as the active marginal sequences of the Siberia Craton, which incorporated wide accretionary complexes and accreted arcs and terranes. During construction of the CAOB, the Kazakhstan arc chain was characterized by multiple subduction, whereas the northern fringe of the Tarim Craton remained mostly as a passive margin. The multiple convergence and accretions among these various orogenic components generated huge orogenic collages in the late Paleozoic and even in the early Triassic, involving parallel amalgamation, circum-microcontinent amalgamation and oroclinal bending. The preservation of trapped basins played a significant role in orogenesis with some parts of the oceanic plate being subducted and others behaving as rigid units. The orogenesis in the CAOB was long-lived, lasting for more than 800. m.y., involving multiple-subduction and long, continuous accretion, and featuring the complexity of accretionary orogenesis and continent growth. © 2014 International Association for Gondwana Research.
Zircon U-Pb chronology of the Jianping Complex: Implications for the Precambrian crustal evolution history of the northern margin of North China CratonShuwen Liu | M. Santosh | Wei Wang | Xiang Bai | Pengtao Yang
Volume 20, Issue 1, July 2011, Pages 48-63
The Neoarchean to Paleoproterozoic Jianping complex in the western Liaoning province is an important component of the Precambrian basement of the North China Craton. This region connects the Neoarchean Fengning-Chengde complex in the west, the Neoarchean to Paleoproterozoic North Chaoyang complex in the northeast and the Yixian-Fuxin Archean greenstone belt in the east. The Precambrian Jianping complex is dominantly composed of metamorphosed supracrustal sequence and dioritic to granitoid gneisses (tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite, TTG). Here we present results from LA-ICPMS zircon U-Pb isotope dating from the various lithological units in this complex, which reveal that the magmatic precursors of the metavolcanic rocks associated with the supracrustal sequence were generated during 2555-2550. Ma, and up to 2615. Ma. A major magmatic pulse of dioritic to granitic suite occurred during 2538 to 2495. Ma. This was followed by ca. 2485. Ma granulite facies metamorphism and a retrograde event at ca. 2450-2401. Ma. Our data also reveal a major charnockite emplacement event in this region at ca. 1694. Ma.Integrating our new results with the available geologic and previous geochronological data, we identify three major growth stages in the crustal evolution history of the northern margin of the Eastern Continental Block of the North China Craton at ca. 2550-2495. Ma, ca. 2403-2394. Ma, and ca.1700. Ma. The LA-ICP-MS zircon data provide new insights on the Neoarchean to Paleoproterozoic tectonothermal evolution history in the northern margin of the Eastern Continental Block of the North China Craton. © 2011 International Association for Gondwana Research.
Subduction erosion: Rates, mechanisms, and its role in arc magmatism and the evolution of the continental crust and mantleCharles R. Stern
Volume 20, Issues 2-3, September 2011, Pages 284-308
Subduction erosion occurs at all convergent plate boundaries, even if they are also accretionary margins. Frontal subduction erosion results from a combination of erosion and structural collapse of the forearc wedge into the trench, and basal subduction erosion by abrasion and hydrofracturing above the subduction channel. High rates of subduction erosion are associated with relatively high convergence rates (>60mm/yr) and low rates of sediment supply to the trench (<40km2/yr), implying a narrow and topographically rough subduction channel which is neither smoothed out nor lubricated by fine-grained water-rich turbidites such as are transported into the mantle below accreting plate boundaries. Rates of subduction erosion, which range up to >440km3/km/my, vary temporally as a function of these same factors, as well as the subduction of buoyant features such as seamount chains, submarine volcanic plateaus, island arcs and oceanic spreading ridge, due to weakening of the forearc wedge. Revised estimates of long-term rates of subduction erosion appropriate for selected margins, including SW Japan (≥30km3/km/my since 400Ma), SW USA (≥30km3/km/my since 150Ma), Peru and northern Chile (50-70km3/km/my since >150Ma), and central (115km3/km/my since 30Ma) and southernmost Chile (30-35km3/km/my since 15Ma), are higher than in previous compilations. Globally, subduction erosion is responsible for >1.7Armstrong Units (1AU=1km3/yr) of crustal loss, 33% of the ~5.25AU of yearly total crustal loss, and more than any one other of sediment subduction (1.65AU), continental lower crustal delamination (≥1.1AU), crustal subduction during continental collision (0.4AU), and/or subduction of rock-weathering generated chemical solute that is dissolved in oceanic crust (0.4AU). The paucity of pre-Neoproterozoic blueschists suggests that global rates of subduction erosion were probably greater in the remote past, perhaps due to higher plate convergence rates. Subducted sediments and crust removed from the over-riding forearc wedge by subduction erosion may remain in the crust by being underplated below the wedge, or these crustal debris may be carried deeper into the source region of arc magmatism and incorporated into arc magmas by either dehydration of the subducted slab and the transport of their soluble components into the overlying mantle wedge source of arc basalts, and/or bulk melting of the subducted crust to produce adakites. In selected locations such as in Chile, Costa Rica, Japan and SW USA, strong cases can be made for the temporal and spatial correlations of distinctive crustal isotopic characteristics of arc magmas and episodes or areas of enhanced subduction erosion. Nevertheless, overall most subducted crust and sediment, >90% (>3.0AU), is transported deeper into the mantle and neither underplated below the forearc wedge nor incorporated in arc magmas. The total current rate of return of continental crust into the deeper mantle, the most important process for which is subduction erosion, is equal to or greater than the estimates of the rate at which the crust is being replaced by arc and plume magmatic activity, indicating that currently the continental crust is probably slowly shrinking. However, rates of crustal growth may have been episodically more rapid in the past, most likely at times of supercontinent breakup, and conversely, rates of crustal destruction may have also been higher during times of supercontinent amalgamation. Thus the supercontinent cycle controls the relative rates of growth and/or destruction of the continental crust. Subduction erosion plays an important role in producing and maintaining this cycle by transporting radioactive elements from the crust into the mantle, perhaps as deep as the 670km upper-to-lower mantle transition, or even deeper down to the core-mantle boundary, where heating of this subducted crustal material initiates plumes and superplumes. © 2011 International Association for Gondwana Research.
Phanerozoic continental growth and gold metallogeny of AsiaRichard J. Goldfarb | Ryan D. Taylor | Gregory S. Collins | Nikolay A. Goryachev | Omero Felipe Orlandini
Volume 25, Issue 1, January 2014, Pages 48-102
The Asian continent formed during the past 800. m.y. during late Neoproterozoic through Jurassic closure of the Tethyan ocean basins, followed by late Mesozoic circum-Pacific and Cenozoic Himalayan orogenies. The oldest gold deposits in Asia reflect accretionary events along the margins of the Siberia, Kazakhstan, North China, Tarim-Karakum, South China, and Indochina Precambrian blocks while they were isolated within the Paleotethys and surrounding Panthalassa Oceans. Orogenic gold deposits are associated with large-scale, terrane-bounding fault systems and broad areas of deformation that existed along many of the active margins of the Precambrian blocks. Deposits typically formed during regional transpressional to transtensional events immediately after to as much as 100. m.y. subsequent to the onset of accretion or collision. Major orogenic gold provinces associated with this growth of the Asian continental mass include: (1) the ca. 750. Ma Yenisei Ridge, ca. 500. Ma East Sayan, and ca. 450-350. Ma Patom provinces along the southern margins of the Siberia craton; (2) the 450. Ma Charsk belt of north-central Kazakhstan; (3) the 310-280. Ma Kalba belt of NE Kazakhstan, extending into adjacent NW Xinjiang, along the Siberia-Kazakhstan suture; (4) the ca. 300-280. Ma deposits within the Central Asian southern and middle Tien Shan (e.g., Kumtor, Zarmitan, Muruntau), marking the closure of the Turkestan Ocean between Kazakhstan and the Tarim-Karakum block; (5) the ca. 190-125. Ma Transbaikal deposits along the site of Permian to Late Jurassic diachronous closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean between Siberia and Mongolia/North China; (6) the probable Late Silurian-Early Devonian Jiagnan belt formed along the margin of Gondwana at the site of collision between the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks; (7) Triassic deposits of the Paleozoic Qilian Shan and West Qinling orogens along the SW margin of the North China block developed during collision of South China; and (8) Jurassic(?) ores on the margins of the Subumusu block in Myanmar and Malaysia. Circum-Pacific tectonism led to major orogenic gold province formation along the length of the eastern side of Asia between ca. 135 and 120. Ma, although such deposits are slightly older in South Korea and slightly younger in the Amur region of the Russian Southeast. Deformation related to collision of the Kolyma-Omolon microcontinent with the Pacific margin of the Siberia craton led to formation of 136-125. Ma ores of the Yana-Kolyma belt (Natalka, Sarylakh) and 125-119. Ma ores of the South Verkhoyansk synclinorium (Nezhdaninskoe). Giant ca. 125. Ma gold provinces developed in the Late Archean uplifted basement of the decratonized North China block, within its NE edge and into adjacent North Korea, in the Jiaodong Peninsula, and in the Qinling Mountains. The oldest gold-bearing magmatic-hydrothermal deposits of Asia include the ca. 485. Ma Duobaoshan porphyry within a part of the Tuva-Mongol arc, ca. 355. Ma low-sulfidation epithermal deposits (Kubaka) of the Omolon terrane accreted to eastern Russia, and porphyries (Bozshakol, Taldy Bulak) within Ordovican to Early Devonian oceanic arcs formed off the Kazakhstan microcontinent. The Late Devonian to Carboniferous was marked by widespread gold-rich porphyry development along the margins of the closing Ob-Zaisan, Junggar-Balkhash, and Turkestan basins (Amalyk, Oyu Tolgoi); most were formed in continental arcs, although the giant Oyu Tolgoi porphyry was part of a near-shore oceanic arc. Permian subduction-related deformation along the east side of the Indochina block led to ca. 300. Ma gold-bearing skarn and disseminated gold ore formation in the Truong Son fold belt of Laos, and along the west side to ca. 250. Ma gold-bearing skarns and epithermal deposits in the Loei fold belt of Laos and Thailand. In the Mesozoic Transbaikal region, extension along the basin margins subsequent to Mongol-Okhotsk closure was associated with ca. 150-125. Ma formation of important auriferous epithermal (Balei), skarn (Bystray), and porphyry (Kultuminskoe) deposits. In northeastern Russia, Early Cretaceous Pacific margin subduction and Late Cretaceous extension were associated with epithermal gold-deposit formation in the Uda-Murgal (Julietta) and Okhotsk-Chukotka (Dukat, Kupol) volcanic belts, respectively. In southeastern Russia, latest Cretaceous to Oligocene extension correlates with other low-sulfidation epithermal ores that formed in the East Sikhote-Alin volcanic belt. Other extensional events, likely related to changing plate dynamics along the Pacific margin of Asia, relate to epithermal-skarn-porphyry districts that formed at ca. 125-85. Ma in northeastmost China and ca. 105-90. Ma in the Coast Volcanic belt of SE China. The onset of strike slip along a part of the southeastern Pacific margin appears to correlate with the giant 148-135. Ma gold-rich porphyry-skarn province of the lower and middle Yangtze River. It is still controversial as to whether true Carlin-like gold deposits exist in Asia. Those deposits that most closely resemble the Nevada (USA) ores are those in the Permo-Triassic Youjiang basin of SW China and NE Vietnam, and are probably Late Triassic in age, although this is not certain. Other Carlin-like deposits have been suggested to exist in the Sepon basin of Laos and in the Mongol-Okhotsk region (Kuranakh) of Transbaikal. © 2013 .
Tethys tectonic evolution and its bearing on the distribution of important mineral deposits in the Sanjiang region, SW ChinaJun Deng | Qingfei Wang | Gongjian Li | Chusi Li | Changming Wang
Volume 26, Issue 2, January 2014, Pages 419-437
The Sanjiang region in SE Tibet Plateau and NW Yunnan is known to have formed by amalgamation of Gondwana-derived continental blocks and arc terranes as a result of oceanic subduction followed by continental collision from Paleozoic to Mesozoic. In this paper we provide a synthesis of tectonic evolution, magmatism and metallogeny in the region based on data from literatures. Early Paleozoic ophiolites (473-439. Ma) in the Changning-Menglian belt indicate the existence of a Proto-Tethys ocean in this region. Two episodes of subduction-related magmatism in the early-Paleozoic, one occurred in the Baoshan and Tengchong blocks at 502-455. Ma and the other occurred in the Simao block at 421-401. Ma, are regarded as evidence for two different events of subduction of the Proto-Tethys ocean at different locations. The Proto-Tethys was succeeded in early-Devonian by the Paleo-Tethys which comprised the main ocean and three branches: Ailaoshan, Jinshajiang and Garzê-Litang. The Changning-Menglian main ocean existed from middle-Devonian to middle-Triassic. The remnants of the oceanic crust are preserved in a few places in the Longmu Tso-Shuanghu suture as well as in the Changning-Menglian ophiolite belt. The eastward subduction of the main oceanic plate from early-Permian to early-Triassic formed a prominent arc terrane stretching >. 1500. km from Yunnan to eastern Tibet. From the waning stage of subduction to post-subduction, numerous S-type granite plutons with ages varying between 230 and 219. Ma, such as the Lincang batholith in Yunnan were emplaced at or close to the suture. This event produced several hydrothermal W-Sn deposits in the region. The tectonic evolution and associated magmatism of the Jinshajiang and Ailaoshan branch oceans are generally comparable to those of the main ocean. However, the branch oceans were subducted westward instead. The Garzê-Litang branch ocean also underwent westward subduction from middle-Devonian to late-Triassic. Arc-related high Sr/Y porphyry intrusions and associated porphyry-skarn Cu-Mo-Au deposits are common in the Jinshajiang-Ailaoshan region, especially in the Yidun arc which formed prior to Jurassic. The VMS deposits in the Sanjiang region formed in diverse tectonic settings including middle-Silurian back-arc basins, Carboniferous oceanic islands, Paleozoic subduction zones and Triassic post-subduction rifting environments. The Mesozoic and early-Cenozoic evolution of the Baoshan and Tengchong blocks was largely influenced by eastward oceanic subduction of the Meso- and Neo-Tethys from late-Permian to middle-Cretaceous and from late-Cretaceous to ~. 50. Ma, respectively. Abundant early-Cretaceous granitoids and associated skarn-type Pb-Zn and Sn-Fe deposits in the Baoshan and Tengchong blocks were produced in the background of the Shan boundary oceanic slab subduction to the west and the break-off of the Nujiang-Bitu oceanic slab to the north. The subduction of the Neo-Tethys oceanic plate beneath the Tengchong block from Late Cretaceous to Paleogene formed abundant S-type granitoids and many skarn-type and greisen-type Sn-W deposits. Granitoids formed at 105 to 81. Ma and contemporaneous hydrothermal W, Mo, Ag and Au deposits, which temporally coincided with the subduction of the Neo-Tethys, are common in the Yidun arc terrane. © 2013 International Association for Gondwana Research.
Middle Paleozoic convergent orogenic belts in western Inner Mongolia (China): Framework, kinematics, geochronology and implications for tectonic evolution of the Central Asian Orogenic BeltBei Xu | Jacques Charvet | Yan Chen | Pan Zhao | Guanzhong Shi
Volume 23, Issue 4, May 2013, Pages 1342-1364
Based mainly on field geological observation and geochronologic data, six tectonic units have been recognized in western Inner Mongolia (China), including, from south to north: North China Craton (NCC), Southern Orogenic Belt (SOB), Hunshandake Block (HB), Northern Orogenic Belt (NOB), South Mongolia microcontinent (SMM), and Southern margin of Ergun Block (SME), suggesting that the tectonic framework of the CAOB in western Inner Mongolia is characterized by an accretion of different blocks and orogenic belts. The SOB includes, from north to south, fold belt, mélange, arc-pluton belt, and retroarc foreland basin, representing a southern subduction-collision system between the NCC and HB blocks during 500-440. Ma. The NOB consists also of four units: arc-pluton belt, mélange, foreland molasse basin, and fold belt, from north to south, representing a northern subduction-collision system between the HB and SMM blocks during 500-380. Ma. From the early Paleozoic, the Paleo-Asian oceanic domains subducted to the north and the south, resulting in the forming of the SOB and the NOB in 410. Ma and 380. Ma, respectively. This convergent orogenic system, therefore, constrained the consumption process of the Paleo-Asian Ocean in western Inner Mongolia. A double subduction-collision accretionary process is the dominant geodynamic feature for the eastern part of the CAOB during the early to middle Paleozoic. © 2012 International Association for Gondwana Research.
Metamorphic P-T path and implications of high-pressure pelitic granulites from the Jiaobei massif in the Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt, North China CratonPui Yuk Tam | Guochun Zhao | Xiwen Zhou | Min Sun | Jinghui Guo | Sanzhong Li | Changqing Yin | Meiling Wu | Yanhong He
Volume 22, Issue 1, July 2012, Pages 104-117
High-pressure pelitic granulites have recently been found from the Jiaobei massif in the southern segment of the Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt (JLJB), which separates the Eastern Block of the North China Craton into the Longgang and Langrim Blocks. Petrological evidence from these high-pressure pelitic granulites indicates three distinct metamorphic stages (M1-M3). The pre-peak (M1) stage is represented by a mineral assemblage of garnet (core). +. inclusion-type minerals within the garnet (biotite. +. kyanite. +. muscovite. +. plagioclase. +. quartz. +. ilmenite). The peak (M2) stage is marked by a mineral assemblage of garnet (mantle). +. K-feldspar. +. kyanite. +. plagioclase. +. biotite. +. rutile. +. ilmenite. +. quartz. The post-peak (M3) stage is featured by a mineral assemblage of garnet (rim). +. sillimanite. +. plagioclase. +. biotite. +. ilmenite. +. quartz. Using the THERMOCALAC technique, the NCKFMASHTO system has been applied to construct pseudosections for a representative high-pressure pelitic granulite sample. P-T conditions for the M1, M2 and M3 stages are constrained at 9.3-10.7. kbar/645-670. °C, 14.8-16.2. kbar/860-890. °C, and 6.3-8.5. kbar/710-740. °C, respectively. The mineral assemblages and P-T conditions of the high-pressure pelitic granulites define a clockwise P-T path involving decompression and cooling following the peak high-pressure granulite facies metamorphism. This suggests that the high-pressure pelitic granulites experienced the initial crustal thickening (M1 and M2), followed by exhumation and cooling (M3), which implies that the southern segment of the JLJB must have been involved in subduction- or collision-related tectonic processes. Therefore, the JLJB may represent another Paleoproterozoic collisional belt along which the Longgang and Langrim Blocks amalgamated to form the Eastern Block. © 2011 International Association for Gondwana Research.


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Meet The Layman Family
Cole and Logan Layman have grown up making music together. They are both multi-instrumentalists and write original music. They are young, passionate, and love blues and jazz. Their unique and diverse sound ranges from gritty, foot-stomping acoustic work, to an electrified big-band sound. There are Americana undertones and a hint of modern flair in their music. They perform nationally as a duo, as a trio with their mother on drums and washboard, or as a full band which includes keys, a horn section, and a professional drummer who happens to be their producer and mentor. No matter how they present their music, the core is rooted in the blues, and it is the undeniable connection these siblings have that shines through and makes them special.
They may be teens, but they are not strangers to accolades. Logan was named Veer Magazine's Emerging Artist of the Year in 2015. She was the Sea Level Singer/Songwriter's Emerging Artist of the year in 2014. In 2013, she was named "Blues Kid of the Year." Cole is endorsed by Steve Clayton custom guitar pics. Cole and Logan are both proud inductees into The Brotherhood of the Guitar, an elite group of young guitarists from all over the world. They are Farmer Foot Drum Artists, and very enthusiastic to endorse their quality foot percussion. They appeared in the August, 2014 issue of Guitar Player Magazine. Their music has been played on radio stations all over the country and internationally.
Cole and Logan grew up involved in Kid's Care Clubs and are affiliated with GenerationOn, a global youth service movement igniting the power of all youth to make their mark on the world. Cole was an inaugural Youth Ambassador for the organization in 2010 and was honored at Radio City Music Hall in New York City for his efforts in using his gifts (music), to leave his mark. The Layman siblings continue to write music about real life issues they are passionate about, and hope to share their music to inspire and connect with others. They are involved in their family business, called RhythmPlay - In Layman Terms where they assist their mother when time allows, and bring the power of rhythm to the community through interactive music and exciting rhythm games and sing-alongs.

subset: commoncrawl


text: Ozark Trail 10-Person 3-Room XL Camping Tent Flag this deal What's the matter? Choose a reason Dead deal Duplicate Bad link Spam Inaccurate No value Alive again Edit deal zoneric Apr 19, 2013 this can really make the day for kids. you can install it in the backyard and pretend you are camping. have a bbq while doing it, of course. Reply Jlowry Apr 18, 2013 now this is what I call a tent! Looks like a mini tent house Reply zoneric Apr 19, 2013 @Jlowry you can basically live in this tent in the backyard. Reply themoneyman1113 Apr 18, 2013 My wife refuses to camp, as much as I like this I admit she will never change her mind as she is not a camping girl. Oh well, good buy for such a nice and spacious tent. Reply 1 like zoneric Apr 19, 2013 @themoneyman1113 that's too bad. sorry to hear that. but do you camp without her? Reply themoneyman1113 Jun 27, 2013 @jchildsplay2 You are out of line, do not disrespect my wife in any way, YOU have no idea what or who you are talking about, so you better watch your step here. Reply 1 like jkbane Apr 18, 2013 nice looking tent. we are thinking about getting something like this Reply ramana_forums Apr 18, 2013 started ideas to camp,it really nice to have this tent Reply hemalaa Apr 18, 2013 this one looks awesome. Would be a perfect for family camping. Reply ukaran Apr 18, 2013 Something Wonderful. Really Great find. Reply blackfoot Apr 17, 2013 Huge tent, looks like a real house on first glance. Reply nimase85 Apr 17, 2013 This seems likes very good price for such a large tent this would be a great thing to have on a camping trip... Thanks for sharing Reply rd995 Apr 17, 2013 so big you can do a party in it :) Reply zoneric Apr 19, 2013 @rd995 excellent idea. with a couple of friends, can be really fun :D Reply cid681 Apr 17, 2013 Wow, luxury... Reply EzzyLovesToSave Apr 17, 2013 HOLY COW!...I could take all 5 grandkids! Absolutely, positively LOVE it!!!!! Reply zoneric Apr 19, 2013 @EzzyLovesToSave you have 5 grandkids? that's amazing! Reply poe601 Apr 17, 2013 Great price for this size, they have some good deals on other tents also. Reply boricua1 Apr 17, 2013 wow this is pretty big..I know a couple of ppl that would be interested in this Reply FibroMom Apr 17, 2013 Nice sized tent for the camping family! I may get this to put in the backyard for hubby when he lands in the dog house! ;) Reply alecupope Apr 17, 2013 looks like a real house. I love it! Reply Load More Comments


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The Mercedes-Benz Concept IAA is a Shapeshifting Car
Contrary to what this author earlier thought it would be, it turns out that the Mercedes-Benz Concept IAA is not just a mere answer to an already existing car of its brand's rivals, or a plain successor of the CLS. Instead, the car ushers in a whole new level of design, performance and innovation that its competitors are yet to produce. The IAA in the car's name is more than a play on the official acronym of the event (Internationale Automobil-Ausstellung) where it was first showcased. It means "Concept Intelligent Aerodynamic Automobile." The Concept IAA may not have the self driving features of the F015 Luxury in Motion, but it highlights another… Continue Reading »


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Madras Bashai Hilarious Tanglish
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- Think for Yourself; Question Authority
- The famous magician and occult writer Donald Michael Kraig commences his teachings by writing down the following characters on a blackboard: TFYQA, which means Think For Yourself; Question Authority. It is a sign of his greatness of mind and openness towards...
Religion & Philosophy >> Philosophy
- Basil - The Herb of Kings
- Basil, from soil to seed To strong stems and beautiful leaves. I ask for blessings to have bestowed As I nurture and watch you grow. From mornings dew and sun of afternoon To rays of the stars and midnights moon Mother Earth watch over thee As I my will, So...
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Tagged: layout builder preview
The only time I can get preview to work is before I've saved a new page. Once I save it/publish it preview changes stops working. Works fine in normal mode, not layout builder mode.
To narrow it down a bit more, it works in draft mode-not once it's published.
Yes the preview currently doesnt work with the layout builder, since the builder uses custom fields to save its data, which are not tracked by the wordpress preview function. I am already thinking of ways to fix this, however I cant give an ETA yet…
Ok, great – thanks very much for the prompt response.
The topic 'Preview page function does not work' is closed to new replies.


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National Anison Translation Month Visit our forum for help on making wallpapers!
Jumping up the nations
Description: Battle Stage (AE86 vs FC3S)
Toby Ash
I wanna know the way somebody dance
And the way they're movin'
'Cause everybody dances take a chance
Got to understand
Washington, Tokyo, Paris and Rome
Are the best for crazy dance (crazy dance)
London, Miami, L.A., Monaco
Are the best for groove, sexy cool
Wake you up, jumpin' up the nations
World all over dancin' and groovin' so
Wake you up, jumpin' up the nations
Dance and move I want to know everyone
Wake you up, jumpin' up the nations
Take me over, I'll be there movin' so
Wake you up, jumpin' up the nations
Crazy and cool, I got to go have some fun
Contributed by Joanne
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Czech Senators Seek Treason Charges Against President
A group of 28 Czech senators submitted a request to file treason charges against President Vaclav Klaus over an amnesty he granted to thousands at the start of the year.
The upper house of parliament, controlled by the opposition Social Democrats, will vote on the request if the chamber's administrative committee rules the proposal is valid, the Prague-based Senate said on its website today. If approved, the charges would be filed at the Constitutional Court.
The Social Democrats, the most popular party in opinion polls and the largest in both houses of the legislature, has criticized Klaus's amnesty of convicted criminals and suspects and last month initiated a no-confidence vote against the government over the President's move. Klaus has repeatedly said the amnesty was in line with legislation.
Klaus, the Czech Republic's highest-profile critic of the European Union and its common currency, will leave his post next week when his second and the final term expires on March 7. One of his most eminent acts during the 10-year presidency was to delay signing of the EU's Lisbon Treaty in 2009.
The request for treason charges includes Klaus's refusal to sign the amendment to the treaty that created the European Stability Mechanism, the bloc's rescue fund, the CTK newswire reported today.


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Telephone & Addresses
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Michael A Bedard (Age: 38)
02719 Fair Haven MA
Michael A Bedard (Age: 41)
92101 San Diego CA
Michael A Bedard (Age: 46)
06088 East Windsor CT
Michael Bedard, 57, Aberdeen, US, Plaza Ct, Apt 2B
View Michaël's social profiles and photos on Facebook, MySpace, and +40 Networks.
Yellow Page contacts
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Stained Glass by Michael Bedard by Mensur Srkalovic on Prezi
Story Michael Bedard My Thoughts 9.5/10. The ending was great but not specific enough. Told in third person made it more interesting
Michael Bedard - Stats
Michael Bedard · Garces Memorial. , CA. Summary | Articles (0) | Stats (1) | Photos (0) |. Personal Bests. 5000 Meter Run - 17:52.00. Athlete Profile ...
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Michael Bedard is an American paint brush artist. His cool looking animals - mainly ducks - are well known in the States and in Europe. Over here in Germany ...
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Michael S. Bedard , 28, a 14-year resident of Swampscott, Massachusetts, formerly of Lynn, Massachusetts, a landscaper and construction worker, died unexpectedly at home on
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BEDARD Michael W. Bedard, age 26, of Bridgeport, beloved son of Henry and Alice Bedard Ferrer, died on Thursday, July 22, 2004. Mr. Bedard was born in Bridgeport on July 14, 1978,
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Michael Reed Bedard June 4, 1956 - Dec. 7, 2010 Resident of San Leandro Michael left us suddenly on December 7, 2010 at the age of 54. He was a beloved husband, father, son,
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Case opinion for MA Court of Appeals BEDARD v. CORLISS. Read the Court's full decision on FindLaw.
" Different Moments in the One Cycle": Alchemical and Blakean ...
Although it does contain an element of fantasy, Michael Bedard's Redwork, winner of both the Governor General's Award and the Canadian Library Association's ...
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Inbunden, 2001. Pris 189 kr. Köp Sitting Ducks (9780613455480) av Michael Bedard på Bokus.com.
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Michael Bedard is an award-winning author of books for children and youth. He was born in 1949 in Toronto, Canada, and studied English and Philosophy at St.
A Darker Magic - Michael Bedard - Google Books
It began innocently enough with the discovery of an old flyer announcing a long-forgotten magic show held on Saturday, August 8, 1936. But since then, Emily ...
Catalog of Copyright Entries. Third Series: 1974: January-June
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Michael Bedard
Find all publications of the author here.
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Michael Bedard : Croque canards - Vidéo Ina.fr
▶ 1:41Depuis un restaurant de la Gare du Nord à Paris, Olivier BARROT présente le livre pour enfants de Michael ...
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▶ 13:05Description and interpretation of Michael Bedard's signature painting "Sitting Ducks". Part of the series ...
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▶ 11:31Description of Michael Bedard's contribution to art: combination of fragility and humor (fragile situations ...
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Jim Morrison stories from Michael Bedard | Examiner.com
Michael Bedard isn't a name known to Doors fans and he might only be mentioned in books about The Doors in the acknowledgements which ...
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See Michael Bedard Latest News, Photos, Biography, Videos and Wallpapers. Michael Bedard profile on Times of India.
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valentine'I've never read anything that talks about poetry like this... haunting and spooky, the writing charmed me'
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pinterest.com: Michael Bedard Art Print "DUCK TAPE," from SITTING DUCKS ...
I recently met Michael Bedard, and DESPERATELY want some of his "Sitting Duck" art. This one's called "Sh*tting Duck" and belongs on my bathroom wall, ...
michael bedard | Tumblr
These last couple weekends have been a blast! Thanks to @kcrcollegeradio for having us play their end of year party. It had a sSoul Train Dance off.. Nuff said.
Information, Bedard Sitting Duck Print - Tumblr
Michael Bedard Signed Large SITTING DUCK art Print (Bedard Sitting Duck) Michael Bedard's famous Sitting Duck SITTING DUCK is printed with Archival ...
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Entertainment News in Brief
12.10.2012 [St. George Daily Spectrum] - Art enthusiasts can then travel down Main Street to meet local artists, including sculptor Jerry Anderson, painters Michael Bedard and Anne Farley and jewelry artist Janet Smith. To participate in the gallery walk, begin at the St. George Art Museum
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for a 16"x20" Michael Bedard Giclée Photo Reprint ($125 Value). Shipping Included. Six Prints Available.
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Read the biography of Michael Bedard and find more about this artist : Michael Bedard 's arts, videos, pictures and more....
Book Review: The Green Man by Michael Bedard | Compass Book ...
Book Review: The Green Man by Michael Bedard. Executive Editor May 3, 2012 Recent Book Reviews · The Green Man, Book Cover The Green Man byMichael ...
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Up today is Michael Bedard from Forever Active. When I first met you, you were a successful business coach who helped entrepreneurs.
Michael Bedard (20th Century) Canadian, NOAH'S BLIMP, color offset ...
Michael Bedard (20th Century) Canadian NOAH'S BLIMP, color offset lithograph, signed, numbered edition of 175, published by Luna Art, image 34 1/2 x 25 1/4" ...
Michael Bedard Art for Sale - Art Brokerage
Michael Bedard Art For Sale. ... MICHAEL BEDARD. United States. Follow Artist | 10 Followers | ARTIST'S BIO · 2 Total Listings 2 Sculptures · VIEW PHOTOS / ...
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Michael Bedard (1949-) Biography - Personal, Addresses, Career ...
Canadian author Michael Bedard has written award-winning mystery and suspense novels such as Redwork, about the bond between two young children and ...
Michael Bedard, Authors at The 49th Shelf - 49thShelf.com
Author: Michael Bedard, Books: A Darker Magic, Glass Town, Painted Devil, Redwork, Stained Glass.
Art by Michael Bedard - Mitchell Beja, Inc.
Michael Bedard was born and raised in Windsor, Ontario (near Detroit), and finally settled in Los Angeles in 1971. He has no formal art training, but has been ...
Children's Book Review: A Darker Magic by Michael Bedard, Author ...
A Darker Magic. Michael Bedard, Author Atheneum Books $14.95 (183p) ISBN 978-0-689-31342-4. More By and About This Author. OTHER BOOKS. The Divide ...
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Stranger in Paradise by Michael Bedard. Stranger in Paradise. You May Also Like These. Awkward Moment by Bedard, Michael. Ship of Fools by Bedard, ...
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text:
The good things in life still exist.
Shopping basket (0)0,00 €
quantity item:
order number: 76479
price: 68,00 €
all prices incl. VAT., excl. shipping costs
It's an old principle: build up the pressure, and let the water do the work for you – with the help of one little piece of metal, which, being immobile, will never go wrong or wear out.
Here, for engineering enthusiasts, are the details: water is forced in from the side and, inside the circular casing, begins to whiz round in ever-decreasing circles. While all this is happening, a clever little piece of metal in the middle diverts the stream in an upward direction – natural technology at its simplest and most brilliant.
The revolving upper part is made of a special brass alloy that conforms to international drinking water hygiene standards.
This is the perfect sprinkler for those parts of your garden where a rather narrow, but precision-adjustable sprinkling water radius is required: all you have to do is regulate the flow of water from the tap!
Lieber Besucher,
willkommen im internationalen Onlineshop von Manufactum.
Bitte beachten Sie:
Unser internationaler Onlineshop wird in deutscher Sprache geführt.
Die englischsprachige Version befindet sich im Aufbau und wird laufend erweitert – das vollständige internationale Sortiment finden Sie in unserem deutschsprachigen Onlineshop.
Bitte wählen Sie:
Dear Visitor,
Welcome to the Manufactum online shop.
Please note:
The language of our international online shop is German.
We are currently setting up the English language version – and updating it constantly. You'll find the complete international assortment in our German language online shop.
Please pick a shop:


text:
30-Day Returns Period
We offer a generous 30-day no-hassle returns period on items purchased through our website or over the phone.
Within 14 days, you can return items for a full refund. Within 30 days, you can return items in exchange for other items.
If you would like to return an item for any reason, please contact us for a Returns Number (RN) within 30 calendar days of receiving your order. You will need to return the item(s) to us, so that we receive it within a further 14 calendar days of being given this RN. We will process your refund or exchange within 14 days of receipt of the returned item.
We will also refund your original delivery cost, except: if you chose to to have the goods delivered by more expensive means than the cheapest standard delivery option offered to you, we will refund the cost of the cheapest delivery option which you could have chosen.
If the item is faulty or incorrectly supplied, we will send you a pre-paid returns label. We regret that in cases where the item was correctly supplied and not faulty, we are unable to offer a prepaid return, and you will be responsible for the return cost.
If an item (including its packaging) is returned in a condition different to when it was sent out, we may at our discretion make a reasonable deduction to account for the fact that we are no longer able to sell it at full price.
Your rights of return are considered forfeited if the goods have been customised, adjusted, manufactured or ordered to your specifications. This also applies to items subject to wear and tear such as strings, as well as to items such as reeds, harmonicas or recorders which cannot be returned for reasons of hygiene.
We are unable to accept returns from outside the EU apart from on faulty goods. The reason for this is that VAT (sales tax) & duty are charged by UK Customs on re-entry to the UK which we cannot subsequently reclaim. Hence, sales outside the EU are on a firm order basis only.
Faulty Items
If an item appears damaged on arrival, you must inform us at the earliest opportunity, preferably on the day of receiving the goods. Please keep all packaging materials in case this should be needed by our insurers. Please note: failure to inform us immediately of receiving a damaged item may render you liable for associated repair charges.
We will assess faulty items upon their return and may at our discretion offer a repair or replacement, except in the case of faulty sheet music, when we will replace the item.
Also see


text:
London area of SW10 guide
What to do and where to stay in London's SW10 neighbourhood
Centred on the famous Brompton Cemetery and taking up the area between West Kensington, Earl's Court, Chelsea and Fulham Broadway, SE10's West Brompton is a largely residential no-mans-land in West London. The Brompton Cemetery, with its beautiful basilica and row upon row of rickety graves, is managed by the Royal Parks and is one of the Magnificent Seven - the term applied to the seven large cemeteries in London. Rumour has it that the children's author Beatrix Potter, who lived in The Boltons nearby, took the names of many of her animal characters from tombstones in the cemetery. Besides the much-loved cemetery - which is overlooked by Stamford Bridge, the home of Chelsea Football Club - West Brompton is best known today for its tube and railway station and the tiny Finborough Theatre.
See our recommended nearby SW10 Hotels, Entertainment, Sights and Attractions, Shopping, Restaurants, Pubs, Nightlife, Leisure, Education, and Meeting Venues.
SW10 Hotels
London > Hotels > Luxury Chain Hotel
33 Roland Gardens, SW7
Anouska Hempel has a signature minimalist interior design style and everything about Blakes in South Kensington has been designed to her exacting taste. From the black ... More
London > Hotels > Mid-Range Chain Hotel
10 Bina Gardens, SW5
Three 1869 townhouses combine to make The Cranley, a tranquil temporary residence within walking distance of Gloucester Road Tube. Each of the 39 rooms is individually ... More
London > Hotels > Mid-Range Chain Hotel
34-44 Barkston Gardens, SW5
Hotel Indigo London Kensington is a boutique hotel located within London's esteemed Royal Borough of Kensington & Chelsea. Situated only 150 metres from Earl's Court tube ... More
SW10 Entertainment
London > Entertainment > Theatres
118 Finborough Road, SW10, London SW10
The Finborough Theatre in Earls Court punches well above its weight, presenting award-winning plays and works by new writers in a small theatre above a pub. ... More
London > Entertainment > Live Music
263-267 Brompton Road, SW10, London SW5
The Troubadour is a lovely little cafe, which hosts an inspiring program of folk, blues, psychedelia and poetry downstairs. It's also the place where Private Eye ... More
London > Entertainment > Live Music
265 Old Brompton Road, SW10, London SW5
Kensington's original boho coffee house. Jimi Hendrix, Joni Mitchell, Bob Dylan and Paul Simon played here back in the 60s. Of course, Kensington has changed a ... More
SW10 Sights and Attractions
London > Attractions > Museums
Brompton Library, 210 Old Brompton Road, SW10, London SW5
Signing up to the Brompton Library is easy and more importantly, free. All books are free to borrow whilst there is a small charge for audiobooks, ... More
London > Attractions > Art Galleries
108 Old Brompton Road, SW10, London SW7
From its head offices in London the Royal British Society of Sculptors runs five sculpture shows a year, displaying the 3D artform in all its shapes ... More
London > Attractions > Art Galleries
108 Old Brompton Road, SW10, London SW7
From its head offices in London the Royal British Society of Sculptors runs five sculpture shows a year, displaying the 3D artform in all its shapes ... More
SW10 Shopping
London > Shopping > Delicatessens
349 Fulham Road, SW10, London SW10
Luigi's Delicatessen is a one-stop shop for all kinds of delicacies from fresh pasta to farmhouse cheeses with a particular emphasis on Italian produce. They have ... More
SW10 Restaurants
London > Restaurants > Italian restaurants
116 Finborough Road, Chlesea, SW10, London SW10
Firezza offers upmarket Neapolitan pizza cooked in stone ovens, eat-in or take-away.... More
London > Restaurants > American restaurants
6 Hollywood Road, SW10, London SW10
Welcome to Honky Tonk bar and restaurant on Hollywood Road, a bar friendly street just off the Fulham Road. Serving up delicious American food in a ... More
SW10 Pubs
London > Restaurants > Gastropub
190 Fulham Road, Chelsea, SW10, London SW10
Gastropub... More
London > Restaurants > Gastropub
148 Old Brompton Road, South Kensington, SW10, London SW5
Gastropub... More
SW10 Nightlife
SW10 Leisure
London > Leisure > Martial Arts
GK House, 4 Gilston Road, SW10, London SW10
Martial Arts ... More
SW10 Education
London > Education > Universities and Colleges
20 Penywern Road, Earls Court, SW10, London SW5
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4 Hollywood Road, Chelsea, SW10, London SW10
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33 Roland Gardens, Brompton, SW10, London SW7
Anouska Hempel's landmark design has created a hotel that is absolutely unique. Every room has its own theme, whether it be flowing white gauze, Venetian mirrors, ... More
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11-13 Penywern Rd, SW10, London SW5
Two minutes down the road from Earl's Court Exhibition Centre, this inexpensive hotel is set in a charming street in leafy West London. The exclusive bars ... More
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Grow With Us.
Central Lutheran School, conveniently located in the Midway of St. Paul, is now accepting Summer and Fall enrollment for Toddlers, Preschoolers, plus grades K-8. Visit us today to learn more about our accredited program's progressive curriculum models. Our licensed and Parent Aware programs strive to meet the needs of your family!
For Summer Camp, please see link below or call 651-645-8649 for further information.
An affordable, high-quality education is closer than you think.
Central Lutheran School (CLS) is a Pre-K through 8th grade Christian school conveniently located in the Midway neighborhood of St. Paul. We offer small class sizes, a challenging curriculum and a variety of enrichment opportunities designed to give students the fundamental skills and knowledge they need to grow in faith and become disciples of Christ.
With firm faith in God, a commitment to quality, an appreciation of diversity and a love for children, our dedicated educators strive to prepare preschool through eighth grade students for all of life's challenges.
CLS is now enrolling for the 2016/17 school year. To learn more or arrange a tour, contact us today.
Top 10 Reasons to Choose Central Lutheran School
CLS Choir Performs at the Lex-Ham Community Band Holiday Concert.
Central Lutheran School
775 Lexington Pkwy. N.
St. Paul, MN 55104
School Hours: 8:30 a.m. – 3:30 p.m.
ESC Hours: 6:30 a.m. - 5:30 p.m.
Central Lutheran School
775 Lexington Parkway N | St. Paul, MN 55104 | Ph: 651-645-8649 | Email