text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Sep 19, 1995
|Filing date
|Feb 22, 1994
|Priority date
|Sep 1, 1989
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Ephraim Broyer
|Original Assignee
|Ethicon, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (24), Referenced by (61), Classifications (32), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a division, of application Ser. No. 08/060,881, filed May 12, 1993, which is hereby incorporated by reference, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,294,395, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 690,140 filed Apr. 1, 1992, now abandoned, which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 402,092 entitled "Thermal Treatment of Thermoplastic Filaments", filed Sep. 1, 1989, now abandoned.
The present invention relates to the production of thermoplastic filaments by extrusion and drawing for the preparation of surgical monofilament sutures, and more particularly, to a process for improving the physical properties of such thermoplastic monofilament sutures by thermal treatment. This invention also relates to surgical monofilament sutures produced by the disclosed process.
Monofilaments are prepared from many different thermoplastic polymers for a variety of industrial and professional applications. The physical properties of such monofilaments, such as tensile strength, elongation and modulus, depend on the particular polymer composition and on the method of manufacture. It is known, for example, that melt spun nylon and polyethylene terephthalate polymers produce monofilaments of higher tenacity than, for example, the polyolefins, and that the tenacity of such monofilaments is increased while elongation is decreased by drawing the filaments under conditions to increase molecular orientation.
The use of thermoplastic monofilaments as surgical sutures is well established. Monofilament sutures formed of isotactic polypropylene are described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,630,205, and monofilament sutures of poly-dioxanone are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,052,988.
Copolymers of p-dioxanone and glycolide useful in preparing monofilament sutures are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,635,497, while sutures comprising poly [tetramethylene terephthalate-co-(alkenyl or alkyl) succinate] are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,388,426. Other polymers suggested for use as synthetic absorbable sutures are disclosed in the literature and are well-known to those skilled in the art.
It is generally desirable for surgical sutures to posses high tenacity (greater than 50,000 psi), low to moderate elongation (from 20-60%), and low modulus (less than 500,000 psi). Low modulus values signify a high degree of filament flexibility and limpness as opposed to a stiff, wiry material, a particularly desirable and even essential feature of a surgical suture. U.S. Pat. No. 3,630,205 describes a process whereby the flexibility of polypropylene sutures may be improved with little sacrifice in tensile strength by stretching the monofilament about 6.6�under controlled conditions and then relaxing to 76-91% of the stretched length.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,246,904 describes a surgical suture prepared from a segmented polyether-ester block copolymer which is reported to have excellent strength and flexibility compared to prior art monofilament sutures. The sutures of poly(p-dioxane) described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,052,988 are also characterized as possessing good tensile and knot strength and a high level of flexibility and softness.
The desirability of suture flexibility and softness as indicated by low modulus values is well recognized by the surgical profession and is a physical property constantly sought after in connection with the development of new surgical suture products. Some suture materials, such polylactide, polyglycolide, and copolymers of lactide and glycolide are generally considered to be too stiff and wiry to be used as monofilaments in all but the smallest suture sizes, and have found commercial acceptance in the larger sizes only as braided sutures, which are more flexible by virtue of their physical construction.
It is accordingly an object of the present invention to provide a process whereby monofilament sutures having improved softness and flexibility may be prepared. It is a further object of this invention to provide a process for reducing the modulus of existing monofilament suture materials with little or no loss of tensile strength. It is yet a further object of this invention to provide improved surgical monofilament sutures of poly(p-dioxanone) and other suitable polymeric materials characterized by reduced values of Young's modulus. A further object of this invention is to provide a method whereby the surface characteristics of thermoplastic suture monofilaments may be modified to enhance the properties of such suture monofilaments, particularly surface smoothness and integrity. These and other objects will be apparent from the ensuing description and claims.
In the basic embodiment of the present invention, drawn and oriented thermoplastic suture monofilaments are subjected to a heat treatment to reduce modulus and otherwise improve physical properties by passing the suture filament through a radiant heater maintained above the melting temperature of the suture monofilament. Operating conditions are controlled so that the suture monofilament is subjected to a sufficient time/temperature exposure to modify the near-surface crystalline structure of the suture monofilament.
The suture monofilament is maintained under tension and preferably drawn slightly during the heat treatment. Draw ratios of 10-20 percent or higher are possible with most materials. Treatment temperature may be 5� to 100� C. or more above the melting temperature of the suture monofilament, with exposure time adjusted to obtain the desired effect on crystalline structure without penetrating too deeply within the suture monofilament. Following the heat treatment, the monofilament is relaxed and annealed to further increase crystallinity and decrease the degree of amorphous orientation, and then sterilized to render the monofilament suitable for use as a surgical suture.
In a further embodiment of the present invention, melt extruded, liquid quenched suture monofilaments are drawn through a radiant heater maintained at a temperature above the melting temperature of the suture monofilaments. Draw speed, draw ratio, heater temperature and dwell time are regulated to obtain the maximum stable draw ratio for the particular suture monofilament material. This draw ratio will generally be 3�to 6�and 10 to 30 percent more than the maximum stable draw ratio obtainable in the absence of the radient heater. The use of the radiant heater to increase the overall stretch imparted to the suture filament during the initial drawing and orientation step further improves the ultimate physical properties obtainable by the method of this invention. The suture filaments thus produced are further processed according to the basic embodiment of the invention.
Monofilaments, drawn and heat treated in accordance with the present invention, are further processed through relaxation and annealing, as well as sterilization, following conventional procedures. The resulting monofilament sutures are found to have significantly greater elongation, significantly lower modulus and substantially equivalent tensile strength as compared to monofilament sutures processed without the heat treating step of the present invention.
FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a filament extrusion process for the preparation of a surgical suture according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of a filament redraw process for the preparation of a surgical suture according to the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a cross-section photomicrograph of a size 4/0 monofilament suture of poly(p-dioxanone) prepared according to the method of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a cross-section photomicrograph of a size 4/0 monofilament suture of poly(p-dioxanone) prepared according to the prior art.
FIG. 5 is a cross-section photomicrograph of a size 6/0 monofilament suture of poly(p-dioxanone) prepared according to the method of the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a cross-section photomicrograph of a size 6/0 monofilament suture of poly(p-dioxanone) prepared according to the prior art.
In one embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a process for drawing and relaxing prepared suture filaments in order to modify and improve the properties of such monofilament sutures. The suture filaments subjected to such process have already been prepared by conventional methods of melt extruding, quenching, drawing, and relaxing continuous thermoplastic monofilaments. This embodiment of the invention is referred to herein as the "redraw process".
In a second embodiment of the present invention, there is provided an improved process for the initial preparation of the suture filaments which are to be further processed by the redraw process. This embodiment of the invention, hereinafter referred to as the "extrusion process" in combination with the redraw process, constitutes a preferred embodiment of total invention and results in monofilament sutures having optimum properties.
The extrusion process of the present invention is first described as follows with reference to FIG. 1. The selected thermoplastic polymer is melt extruded using conventional melt spinning apparatus indicated generally as 10. The polymer passes from the spinnette 11 having one or more jet orifices sized to provide the correct final diameter of the desired monofilament into aqueous quench bath 12 where the molten polymer stream hardens into filament F. The filament passes around submerged roll 13 and exits the quench bath over roll 14, thereafter passing into air cabinet 15 where the filament is dried and conditioned before entering the drawing portion of the process. The roll speed in cabinet 15 may be adjusted to take up the filament at a rate faster then the filament is being extruded from the orifice in which case the rolls impart a "jet-stretch" to the filament. The amount of jet stretch, together with orifice size, is adjusted to produce a monofilament of the desired diameter.
The filaments pass from air cabinet 15 to draw rolls 16 which are generally maintained at the same peripheral speed as the rolls in the cabinet so the filaments are maintained under tension but not significantly drawn at this point. The filaments leaving draw rolls 16 pass through tube furnace 17 onto draw rolls 18 which operate at a higher peripheral speed than draw rolls 16 in order to impart a high degree of stretch to the filaments, i.e., 3�-6�(200-500%). The tube furnace, which is optional at this point in the present invention, is operated at a temperature of from 5� to 100� above the melting temperature of the filaments, and most generally, from 20� to 75� above the melting point. Because the furnace is relatively short and the time of filament exposure is short, only the surface of the filament is affected by the heat. The use of the tube furnace at this point in the process allows a higher degree of stretch to be imparted to the filament, but for some polymer systems, the furnace may be omitted and the filament given a cold, warm air or hot water stretch. In any case, the drawing at this stage imparts molecular orientation to the filaments which are essentially amorphous or unoriented spherolitic structures going onto rolls 16.
After drawing, the filaments pass through hot air orientation oven 19, maintained at a temperature between the Tg and the melting point of the polymer, where they are given a small additional stretch of e.g. 10-25% by draw rolls 20. This completes the initial filament preparation stage of the process and the filaments are spooled and stored for further processing in the redraw process of the present invention.
The redraw process is next described with reference to FIG. 2 as follows. Filaments F prepared and spooled in the extrusion process or obtained from other suitable source are fed to draw roll 21, through tube furnace 22, and onto draw rolls 23. The filament is drawn usually less than 100% and most generally from 10 to 25% between rolls 21 and 23. The tube furnace, which is an essential component of the redraw process, is operated at a temperature at least 5� C. above the melting point of the filaments, and preferably at least 15� or more above the melting point. In general, the maximum temperature which is consistent with good operation is preferred and the optimum temperature for any given process will be dependent on filament size and composition, operating speed, and draw ratios. Such optimum temperatures are readily determined by experimental procedures for any given system.
The drawn and heat treated filament proceeds from rolls 23 through hot air conditioning oven 24 and on to draw rolls 25 which operate at a peripheral speed slightly above that of rolls 23, e.g. 2-10%, in order to maintain the filaments under tension. The filaments next proceed from rolls 25 through hot air relaxing oven 26 and onto rolls 27. Rolls 27 operate at a peripheral speed which is 10 to 30% slower than that of rolls 25 in order to permit the filaments to shrink a controlled amount while passing through oven 26. The temperatures in oven 24 and oven 26 are maintained above the Tg but below the melting temperature of the filament, usually about 5� to 20� C. below the melting point.
Filaments leaving rolls 27 are collected and optionally subjected to further processing if desired, to enhance physical properties of the filaments such as annealing to increase crystallinity. After these additional optional steps, the filaments are sterilized so the filaments are suitable for use as a surgical suture. Sterilization can be carried out, for example, by subjecting the filaments to cobalt 60 radiation or ethylene oxide vapor. Other sterilization means can be used if desired.
The tube furnace, which is an essential component of the redraw process, and an optionally preferred component of the extrusion process, is preferably a high temperature furnace which heats by radiant energy as well as convection. A suitable furnace for single or small groups of monofilaments is tube furnace Model No. 55035 available from the Lindberg Co., 304 Mart Street, Watertown, Wis. This furnace is designed to reach temperatures of up to 900� C., and is heated by electrical elements backed by a refractory material. The furnace has a 1-inch diameter tubular opening through which the filaments pass. It is important when using this furnace that the filaments be centered in the opening to avoid uneven heating. For larger scale multifilament suture production, a furnace with infrared heaters and parallel heating plate geometry would be preferred to a tubular furnace.
The method of the present invention is illustrated by the following example describing the preparation of a monofilament suture of poly (p-dioxanone) . Poly (p-dioxanone) sutures are known from U.S. Pat. No. 4,052,988, incorporated herein by reference. The preparation of p-dioxanone monomer and polymerization of that monomer to obtain polymers having intrinsic viscosities in excess of 0.80 are described in this reference. Further, the extrusion of the polymer according to Example VI of this reference resulted in monofilaments having a diameter of 11 mils (corresponding to a 3/0 suture) a tensile strength of 55,600 psi, a dry knot strength of 48,800 psi, and a Young's modulus of 167,000 psi. Example VII describes a 9 mil monofilament having a tensile strength of 70,600 psi, dry knot strength of 50,300 psi, and an elongation of 46.3 percent.
A commercial monofilament suture comprising a polymer of p-dioxanone and manufactured and sold by Ethicon, Inc., Somerville, N.J., under the trademark "PDSβ Suture", has been determined to have average properties as shown in Table I below.
Poly(p-dioxanone) sutures size 2/0 and 5/0 were produced from the same polymer as aforedescribed commercial sutures by the method of the present invention. The physical properties of these sutures are also presented in Table I below. As illustrated by these data, the sutures produced according to the present invention have similar tensile and knot strength, greater elongation, and significantly lower modulus than the commercial sutures.
TABLE I______________________________________Suture Properties This Invention Commercial ProductSuture Size 5/0 2/0 5/0 2/0______________________________________Diameter (mil) 6.8 13.5 6.5 13.7Tensile (lb) 3.4 12.6 2.9 11.1Intr. ten. (psi) 92,770 88,775 87,550 75,010Elong. (%) 58.0 60.0 38.1 34.1Knot (lb) 2.3 7.3 2.1 7.0Intr. knot (psi) 63,130 51,280 62,000 47,140Modulus (psi) approx. 200,000 approx. 330,000______________________________________
The reduced modulus and increased elongation of the sutures of the present invention impart improved handling characteristics and reduced tissue drag which are readily perceived and preferred by surgeons using these materials. In particular, the reduced modulus results in greater flexibility and less springiness than that characteristic of the commercial product. The poly(p-dioxanone) sutures of the present invention were found to have essentially the same in vivo breaking strength retention and absorption characteristics as the commercial product.
The sutures of the present invention reported in Table I were prepared by the process as generally described below. This process is described specifically for the manufacture of poly(p-dioxanone) sutures wherein the starting polymer has an average molecular weight of from about 65,000 to 100,000, an inherent viscosity of from about 1.60 to 2.20, and a melting temperature of from about 95� to 105� C. Process conditions may vary for other polymer compositions including other poly(p-dioxanone) polymers and the following example is accordingly presented for purposes of illustration only as being representative for one specific polymer system and is not otherwise limiting of the present invention. Many variations in the process equipment and operating parameters which nevertheless incorporate the essential features of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art and are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.
Poly(p-dioxanone) polymer having an average MW of about 78,000, an inherent viscosity of 1.65-1.80 (melting point approx. 95� C.) was melt extruded through a 60 mil orifice and quenched in a water bath at 24� C. The extruded filament was conditioned to about 80� C. in a warm air cabinet and fed to a draw station where it was drawn 5�between two set of godets while passing through a tube furnace at 125� C. The first godet speed was 13 FPM, the second godet speed was 65 FPM, and the furnace was 12 inches long. Filament dwell time in the furnace was estimated to be about 1 second. The drawn filament was drawn an additional 20% while passing through a hot air oven maintained at about 80� C. The filament was collected and conditioned under vacuum at room temperature for 16 hours. The monofilament was next drawn 15% while passing through a 12 inch tube furnace maintained at about 115�-120� C. Dwell time in the furnace was estimated to be approximately 1.5 seconds. The drawn filament was next passed through a hot air oven maintained at about 90� C. with a 4% stretch to maintain tension, followed by a second oven at 90� C. wherein the filament was allowed to shrink 15%. The resulting filament was wound on a rack for annealing at a temperature of from about 70� to 90� C., and, in the present example, at 85� C. for 6 hours while maintained under tension to prevent further shrinkage. The resulting monofilament had a diameter of 14 mils corresponding to a size 2/0 surgical suture.
The above procedure was repeated to prepare sutures ranging in size from 7/0 (0.4 mils) to 2 (23 mils). Individual suture sizes were obtained by adjusting extrusion rates and/or orifice size to produce an extruded monofilament which, after passing through the remainder of the process which resulted in a 6�overall stretch, would produce the desired suture diameter. While minor adjustments in process speeds and temperatures were made to accommodate the different filament sizes and to optimize process conditions for each size, the basic process was the same as that described above for the size 2/0 suture.
Representative physical properties for sutures prepared in accordance with the present invention as described above are presented in Table II together with comparable data for commercial sutures of the same polymeric compositions. As noted above, the commercial sutures were prepared by a conventional process which did not include heat treatment at a temperature above the melting point of the polymer.
TABLE II__________________________________________________________________________Physical Properties of Sutures of Poly(p-dioxanone)This Invention Commercial Product Straight Knot Straight KnotSuture Tensile Strength Elong. Strain Tensile Strength Elong StrainSize (lbs) (lbs) (%) Load (lbs) (lbs) (%) Load__________________________________________________________________________2 28.1 16.4 59.4 2.7 29.9 16.1 37.1 3.91 22.8 12.9 54.7 2.2 24.5 13.2 27.1 3.10 17.8 10.3 58.3 1.6 17.6 10.5 36.9 2.42/0 11.0 7.2 52.0 1.0 10.9 6.8 32.3 1.83/0 7.7 5.5 51.6 0.8 8.1 5.2 34.5 1.24/0 4.6 3.3 53.7 0.4 4.8 3.2 32.1 0.75/0 2.9 2.2 44.6 0.3 3.0 2.1 33.3 0.46/0 1.3 1.0 50.6 0.1 1.3 0.9 29.1 0.27/0 0.8 0.7 52.6 0.1 0.6 0.6 26.1 0.1__________________________________________________________________________
As illustrated by the data in Table II, which are generally representative of these products, sutures prepared according to the present invention are substantially equivalent to the commercial sutures in straight tensile and knot strength, but have significantly higher elongation. In addition, the sutures of the present invention possess a higher degree of elasticity as indicated by the Strain Load which is a measure of the force required to reach the 3% strain level in a stress-strain test. The lower the strain load value, the more stretchy the suture is perceived to be.
Sutures of poly(p-dioxanone) were also evaluated for tensile strength, modulus, and Gurley Stiffness with the representative results presented in Table III below.
TABLE III__________________________________________________________________________Physical Properties of Sutures of Poly(p-dioxanone)NominalThis Invention Commercial ProductSutureDiameter Gurley Ten. Mod. Diameter Gurley Ten. Mod.Size mils Stiffness (psi � 10-3) Ten./Mod. mils Stiffness (psi � 10-3) Ten./Mod.__________________________________________________________________________2 23.3 240 63.7 210 0.30 23.8 364 72.5 336 0.221 20.8 149 -- -- -- 19.6 169 75.7 318 0.240 18.4 85 69.1 200 0.35 17.0 118 71.8 323 0.222/0 14.1 30 70.2 198 0.35 13.6 54 73.4 337 0.213/0 12.0 16 74.2 204 0.36 11.6 23 75.3 333 0.234/0 8.4 5.6 -- -- -- 8.7 7.0 82.3 354 0.235/0 6.6 1.8 82.6 199 0.43 6.9 2.6 77.2 334 0.236/0 4.4 0.2 -- -- -- 4.4 0.2 89.6 322 0.287/0 0.4 0.04 -- -- -- 0.4 0.04 -- 351 --__________________________________________________________________________
As shown by the above data, the sutures prepared according to the present invention have significantly lower modulus than the commercial product, approximately 200,000 psi vs. 330,000 psi. This lower modulus is also reflected in the Gurley Stiffness values which are significantly lower for the sutures of the present invention compared to the commercial product. In this particular study, the tensile strength of the test sutures was slightly lower than that of the commercial product. Further process refinement and optimization of operating conditions however, would be expected to produce further improvement of the physical properties of sutures prepared according to the present invention, including increased tensile strength. Particularly preferred sutures of poly(p-dioxanone) prepared according to the present invention are specifically characterized by the following physical properties:
Elongation--greater than 40%
Young's Modulus--less than 250,000 psi
Tenacity/Modulus ratio--greater than 0.30
Test methods used for determining the physical properties of monofilament suture materials were as follows:
Tensile strength, knot strength and percent elongation at break were determined by A.S.T.M. method D-2256-66T at a constant rate of extension using an INSTRON table Model 4200 universal testing instrument manufactured by the Instron Corporation of Canton, Mass. With the instrument sample clamps set 5 inches apart, 5-inch lengths of suture were elongated at a rate of 12 inches per minute until fracture. The suture knot strength was determined under the same test conditions.
The INSTRON instrument was set for the correct suture diameter, and Young's Modulus was calculated in psi from the initial stress-strain data generated during the straight tensile strength test. Young's Modulus is the ratio of applied stress to strain in the elastic region of the suture and measures the elastic component of a suture's resistance to stress. This value is related to the flexibility of a suture.
Gurley stiffness was measured using a motor-operated Gurley Stiffness Tester (Model 4171-D) manufactured by Teledyne-Gurley of Troy, N.Y. In the test, 10 parallel monofilaments are mounted on a fixture so that the filaments extend precisely 3/4 inch beyond the edge of the fixture. The instrument is adjusted to provide 1/2 inch clearance between the edge of the fixture and the pendulum so that the pendulum acts against 1/4 inch of the monofilaments. The instrument is operated and filament stiffness computed according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Good suture flexibility as indicated by low Gurley Stiffness values is important to the surgeon since soft, highly flexible sutures are easier to handle, use and tie. Flexible and slightly elastic sutures are also desirable since they conform to the wound and permit some latitude in the tension applied to the suture by the surgeon.
In addition to their desirable physical properties, monofilament sutures produced according to the present invention are characterized by a unique morphology which includes a central core having a highly ordered crystalline structure and an annular portion between the central core and outer surface which has a less ordered crystalline structure. This differentiation in crystalline structure is believed to be the result of exposing the suture filament to high temperatures in excess of the melting point of the polymer for brief periods during the manufacturing process as described above. While applicant does not wish to be bound by theory, it is postulated that the surface of the suture filament may actually melt as the filament passes through the heater section, and the penetration of heat into the body of the filament results in the difference in crystalline structure noted above. The thickness of the annular portion which may be from about 0.1 to 0.5�the radius of the suture filament is a measure the degree of heat penetration which is a function of the time and temperature of exposure.
The morphological differences between the poly(p-dioxanone) monofilament sutures produced according to the present invention and the commercial sutures of the same polymeric composition are readily apparent in FIG. 3 and FIG. 4, which are 430�photomicrographs of cross-sections of size 4/0 filaments illuminated with polarized light. The commercial product illustrated in FIG. 4 is seen to have a relatively uniform structure throughout its cross-section. The monofilament suture of the present invention illustrated in FIG. 3 is seen to have a clearly defined central core surrounded by annular area A which extends inward from the surface of the filament a distance equal to about 0.2�the radius of the suture. The crystalline structure of the central core appears to be highly ordered and characterized by spherolitic monphology. The annular area surrounding the core appears to show nonspherolitic morphology. This observed difference in crystalline structure is theoretically consistent with the effect of the different processing conditions used in the manufacture of the two products. The same effect is seen in FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 which are respectively 430�photomicrographs of size 6/0 sutures of the present invention and commercial product. In FIG. 5, annular area B extends inward from the surface of the suture a distance equal to about 0.4�the radius of the suture.
The differences in crystalline structure between the poly(p-dioxanone) sutures of the present invention and the commercial product are readily determined by x-ray diffraction patterns and scattering analysis as illustrated by the representative values shown in Table IV.
TABLE IV______________________________________Crystalline Properties of Poly(p-dioxanone) Sutures This Invention Commercial ProductSuture Size Xc L ls Fh Xc L ls Fh______________________________________2/0 0.52 78 95 206 0.47 64 96 2294/0 0.55 72 97 208 0.52 61 97 2456/0 0.56 76 97 180 0.51 71 99 213______________________________________
Xc is the relative crystallinity calculated as
XC =ΣIc /ΣIt
where ΣIc is the integrated area under the crystalline peaks, and ΣIt is the integrated area under the observed diffraction curve.
L is an estimate of the breadth in Å of individual crystallites using the Debye-Scherrer equation
L=λ/βcos Θ
where Θ is half the diffraction angle, λ is the wave length of radiation in Å, and β is the peak width in Å at half-height.
ls is a measure of the long range crystalline structure determined by small angle x-ray scatter as the average distance in Å from the center of a lamella to the center of the next measured along the fiber axis.
Fn is a measure of the long range crystallite perfection in the chain direction along the fiber axis as indicated by crystalline peak width in Å at half-height using the Debye-Scherrer equation as defined above.
The method of the present invention has been illustrated with specific reference to monofilament sutures of poly(p-dioxanone) having unique morphology and improved physical properties, and such sutures are part of the present invention. The method of the present invention however, has wide application for the preparation of monofilament sutures used with other thermoplastic polymeric compositions. Such polymeric compositions which are contemplated for use in the method of the present invention include polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, poly(glycolide, cotrimethyl carbonate), homopolymers and copolymers of lactide and glycolide and copolymers of p-dioxanone with lactide, glycolide and e-caprolactone.
Many variations in the details of the process of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art and may be made without departing from the spirit and scope thereof. The process may, for example, incorporate further drawing, relaxing and annealing stages in addition to those disclosed herein or may omit or modify one or more of the nonessential processing steps described herein. In addition, the essential feature of the present invention which involves heat treating a suture monofilament comprising a thermoplastic polymer at a temperature in excess of the melting point of that polymer, is subject to variation according to the composition of the polymer, the size of the monofilament, and the time/temperature relationship of the heat treating step. For example, while the preceeding description included temperatures as high as 75� C. above the melting point of the polymer, and exposure times as brief as 0.1 seconds, it may be desirable for higher production speeds or for other purposes to reduce exposure times to 0.01 seconds or less while increasing the temperature up to several hundred degrees above the melting point of the polymer as necessary to obtain the desired effect on the morphology of the monofilament suture and its physical properties. It is accordingly understood that this invention is not limited to the specifically described embodiments except as may be defined in the claims appended hereto.
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|System for variable-angle cutting of a suture to create tissue retainers of a desired shape and size
|Aug 16, 2011
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|Oil coated sutures
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|Swirl Coating Applicator
|Jan 21, 2010
|Steve Tsai
|Spool Dip And Overcoat Process For Medical Devices
|Jun 30, 2008
|Jun 23, 2011
|Bioring Sa
|Method for moulding poly(1,4-dioxanone)
|Jul 31, 2001
|Mar 17, 2015
|Ethicon, Inc.
|Surgical methods using one-way suture
|Nov 4, 2009
|Jul 4, 2012
|Method and device for producing strand-shaped goods
|Nov 4, 2009
|Jun 3, 2010
|Oerlikon Textile Gmbh & Co. Kg
|Method and device for producing strand-shaped goods
|Nov 4, 2009
|Feb 24, 2011
|Oerlikon Textile Gmbh & Co. Kg
|Method and device for producing strand-shaped goods
|U.S. Classification
|428/364, 428/374, 428/373, 606/231, 528/354, 606/228, 428/400
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Feb 10, 1999
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Apr 9, 2003
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Apr 14, 2003
|Surcharge for late payment
Year of fee payment: 7
|Apr 14, 2003
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Feb 21, 2007
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
Hi, any ideas or pictures for cupcakes? I need to make 20 for a little girls teddy bear tea party?
4 replies
You could pipe a teddy bear or a tea cup on each one
I like the teddy bear idea...you could put little bows on top of their heads and a ruffle around their neck.
That sounds cute!
Thanks to all.
I'll post pictures when I finish.
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subset: commoncrawl


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With a stay at Hotel Claiton Esaka in Suita (North Osaka), you'll be convenient to Hattori Ryokuchi Park and Open Air Museum of Old Farmhouses. This hotel is within the vicinity of Osaka Science Museum and Osaka Castle.
Make yourself at home in one of the 170 air-conditioned rooms featuring refrigerators and flat-screen televisions. Complimentary wired and wireless Internet access keeps you connected, and pay movies provides entertainment. Private bathrooms with shower/tub combinations feature complimentary toiletries and bidets. Conveniences include desks and blackout drapes/curtains, and housekeeping is provided daily.
Take advantage of recreation opportunities including a spa tub and a sauna.
Enjoy a satisfying meal at a restaurant serving guests of Hotel Claiton Esaka. Buffet breakfasts are available daily for a fee.
Business, Other Amenities
Featured amenities include dry cleaning/laundry services, a 24-hour front desk, and laundry facilities. This hotel has 3 meeting rooms available for events. Self parking (subject to charges) is available onsite.


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3-D Builders and Design, Inc.
Phone: (808) 871-5575 Fax: (808) 871-5574 353 Hanamau Street, #1, Kahului, HI 96732 http://www.3dbuilders.com
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Specializing in custom Home building and renovations on Maui, 3D Builders takes pride in building exceptional homes with energy consciousness and unmatched quality for our clients. We are proud to be known for superior craftsmanship, attention to detail, and building green.
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State of Hawaii Department of Taxation
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DCCA Consumer Resource Center
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DCCA Consumer Resource Center
235 S. Beretania Street, 8th & 9th Floors, Honolulu HI 96813
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The number is BC15803.
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Business ManagementMr. Donald A. Roth, President Mrs. Cindy Roth, office manager
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Building Construction Consultants Construction & Remodeling Services Construction Management Home Design & Planning Contractors - Solar Energy


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KB Home (NYSE:KBH) recently announced the installation of solar power systems as a standard feature in 10 of its communities in the Southern California region. This is the first time the company intends to build solar power systems for every home in communities. Previously, the company had kept the solar power systems optional for its homebuyers in the chosen communities of California and Colorado.
KB Home, which is an industry leader in building energy-efficient homes in the U.S., has teamed up with SunPower Corp. (SPWRA) for the purpose. SunPower will supply KB Home the highest available solar panels and systems employing the most efficient solar technology available in the market.
The new initiative taken by KB home is intended to cut down the monthly energy bills of the homeowners, thereby reducing the overall cost of homeownership. Alongside, the program will also benefit the environment as solar panel system is considered a reliable alternative to electricity sourced from non-renewable fossil fuels.
Among the selected 10 communities, KB Home has already offered the new program in three of its communities in the region: Newbury at the Enclave community in Eastvale, Manzanita at Paseo del Sol community in Temecula and Monterey at Otay Ranch community in Chula Vista. Five other communities, featuring the solar power systems in each home, will be inaugurated in April-May while the remaining two are expected to open in the fall of 2011.
Similar attempts have also been made by Lennar Corp. (NYSE:LEN) with the introduction of solar-powered homes under the 'PowerSmart' banner. According to the company, these homes have huge demand in the U.S. and thus more than 1,600 units of such homes have already been sold since 2006.
In the face of declining home sales, many of the homebuilders are attempting to provide additional features to add value to the homes, thereby making their new homes more attractive to buyers. Moreover, the prices are kept at affordable levels in order to grow home sales in the country.


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HIV-1, human immunodeficiency virus type 1, a model for HIV-1 and HIV-2; PRV, pseudorabies virus, a nonspecific model for large enveloped DNA viruses (e.g., herpes virus); BVDV, bovine viral diarrhea virus, a model for hepatitis C virus; WNV, West Nile virus; EMCV, encephalomyocarditis virus, a model for hepatitis A virus; MVM, minute virus of mice, a model for a small highly resistant non-enveloped DNA virus (e.g., parvovirus); LRF, log10 reduction factor; nd, not determined; nt, not tested. Similar results were seen in the studies in children.
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text:
House of Leaves
and any Stephen King book
My favourite book..of all time..
'This book will save your life'.
I've also read the bartimeaus trilogy, in reply to some person earlier in the thread..I really didn't enjoy it that much.
I'm SURE I made a book thread quite a while ago..
Enoch was right.
House of Leaves
and any Stephen King book
female eunich - Germaine Greer.
human, all too human - Nietzsche.
be daring, be different, be impractical,
be anything that will assert integrity of purpose
and imaginative vision against the play-it-safers,
the creatures of commonplace, the slaves of the ordinary.
My favorite author right now is Chuck Palahniuk. Might not be so good for the younger crowd, but everything he has done is amazing. His most famous is Fight Club. I just finished Haunted, which was solid, but my favorite might be Survivor. I also really like reading biographies and autobiographies.
I listed Palahniuk back in my post as well - Survivor is pretty outstanding - we were in NYC when he was touring in support of Stranger Than Fiction, and almost braved the line/people, but bailed, but it would have been neat to see him.Originally Posted by TacosTacos
"I want to be more like the ocean, no talking, all action"
- Jane's Addiction
- Liliane Eva
"The grammar corrections around here are officially old and tired."
- Celeste
Oh yeah, I read Stephen King.
Some John Grisham.
And I like some of Stephen Hawking's books.
I finished Haunted yesterday. Made my skin crawl.Originally Posted by TacosTacos
2 sieies that i couldent stop reading were:
Dragon keeper series and the percy jackson and the olympians siries.
GH3 Rocks!!!!!An Gir Rocks to!!!!!
freind codes
do hugz with no drugz
Book series:
Frank Millers: Sin City
Bourne Identity, Supremacy, Ultimatium
Harry Potter 5-7.
I just recently started to read the comics but I've been a fan of the movie since it's inception, and seeing the special features as to how closely the movies based out of the comics (which it is) I thought I'd read them. Truly amazing.
With much love, 261311.
-=Join the Waluigi Fan Club=-Originally Posted by JT.


text:
4 posts tagged with Sweatshirt.
Displaying 1 through 4 of 4. Subscribe:
It took until the early '30s for a hood to be added
Gary Warnett: A social and cultural history of the hoodie [more inside]
Odd Future member Earl Sweatshirt (previously) has released his first solo single since returning from Samoa. The confessional song by the 18 year-old rapper details the troubled period in his life that lead to his stay at boarding school. [more inside]
Samoa? Had enough, thanks.
Earl Sweatshirt is back. He was gone. He is in Odd Future. They have a Tumblr. Prev 1 2
Tour of the Loopwheeler factory
OK, how about visiting a very cold place next? This is where you will learn all about the Loopwheeler, a loom that spins slowly to cut down on thread tension and create airier and supposedly softer fabric. The link takes you on a detailed journey from threads to fabric to graphics and finally to the finished product. The company comes recommended by John Mayer. Last year Loopwheeler worked with Nike to produce some sweatshirts that can be found in the US.
Page: 1


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Wynyard partners with major systems integrators and the world's leading software companies and has offices in the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Middle East, Australia and New Zealand.


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672 Views
With its impressive height and distinctive futuristic style, it is hard to ignore this multicolored architectural wonder. Calypso accommodates 407 flats, spaces for offices and shops, 500 parking spaces and even a modern church: Pauluskerk!
With its impressive height and distinctive futuristic style, it is hard to ignore this multicolored architectural wonder. Calypso accommodates 407 flats, spaces for offices and shops, 500 parking spaces and even a modern church: Pauluskerk!
- Unique, futuristic style & bright colors
- Located in the heart of modern architecture
- Multi-functional architectural site
Optical illusion – the building on fire!
The flaming red and orange Calypso shimmers in the sunlight and gives the impression that it is in constant movement. Designed with a sloping façade and panels of irregular glass, the light is being reflected on different sides giving the building its seemingly fluid structure.
Unusual design
It was built from 2009 to 2012 by Alsop Architects, a British architectural firm known for their distinctive modern buildings with futuristic and fantastical styles. One of the firm's signatures is to use bright colors and unusual shapes, which often ends up being the topic of hot discussion and debate by locals.
Nearby other inspiring constructions
The Calypso is centrally located at the intersection of Schouwburgplein and Mauritsweg. It is just a stone's throw away from other inspiring pieces of modern architecture such as the Café De Unie, Rotterdamse Schouwburg, De Doelen and Rotterdam Central Station.
Treat yourself to a sparkling sight and admire the ultramodern Calypso, as you discover this different and most exciting architectural gem Rotterdam has to offer.
Discover Holland in every season
Holland is beautiful in all seasons. Find the best holiday tips for spring, summer, autumn and winter.Read more
Accommodation tips
View the wide range of hotels that you can book via Holland.com.Check availability
Best reviewed hotels in Amsterdam
Fantastic location, excellent service, friendly staff or great value for money.View this selection of top hotels in Amsterdam
Spend the night at a B&B and enjoy a unique experience in the best locations in Holland.Search now
More in this region
The largest windmills in the world.Read more
Thermen Holiday: an oasis of peace near Rotterdam.Read more
National Jenever Museum Schiedam
Discover the story of the strong Dutch liquor and its rich history and see how fine jenever is milled according to the original recipe from the 1700's.Read more
Our recommendations for more Holland information
Discover HollandCity- a country as compact as a city
Holland can be considered as one big exciting city. We call it HollandCity,Read more
Autumn is a great season to discover Holland. Enjoy an gourmet weekend in Haarlem or Breda, try out new flavours in the Rotterdam food marketRead more
Undoubtedly one of the jewels of Europe, and not just because of the stunning 17th century canals. Go find out for yourself!Read more
Hotels in special locations, luxurious or low-budget. Book your hotel room at attractive rates here.Read more
Holland is the ultimate destination for cycling thanks to its flat landscape, mild climate, short distances and wonderful infrastructure.Read more


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By Arabella FORGE. 'I started writing this book after I found myself trying to juggle two seemingly opposing things: I wanted to provide good, nutritious food for myself and my family, while also watching my dollars when I went to the supermarket.' - Arabella Forge
More and more people are interested in eating well and in understanding where their food comes from. But where to start? Organic, free-range, local, sustainable: the choices can be overwhelming - and expensive.
In Frugavore, Arabella Forge shows that it needn't be so difficult. She provides a hands-on, practical guide to a new way of living, proving that frugal eating can also be flavoursome and fun. Learn how to access quality produce straight from the source, rediscover forgotten cooking techniques and create your own kitchen garden complete with compost heap and chicken coop.
Packed with recipes, resources, tips and tricks, Frugavore is a refreshing guide to living and eating well. Before you know it you'll be enjoying delicious, sustainable meals - and feeling healthier, happier and even a little richer for it.
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Inventory Manager PRO For Excel
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In LitePad
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Representatives from the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) economies recently took part in the '2016 APEC Women in STEM Forum' to discuss meaningful participation of women in the Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) disciplines.
When you are diagnosed with a chronic disease, chances are you'll have to manage it for the rest of your life. This means changing your lifestyle and taking medications as directed.
The Australian Academy of Health and Medical Sciences (AAHMS) held its second Annual Scientific Meeting at Translational Research Institute in Brisbane today. (Thursday October 6)
Public urged to vote for the project to win the People's Choice Award.
A major review has set out a ten point action plan to improve the way hypertension (high blood pressure) is treated on a global scale. The Lancet Commission on Hypertension was launched today (Sept 27) and highlights unsolved areas that need to tackled to reduce the burden of hypertension – including how blood pressure is measured and debate over what constitutes safe levels of salt in the diet.
"The opportunity to make a tangible difference to health outcomes, especially for people and communities that have inequitable access to health care, was the major driver for working at the George."
Australia has been ranked as the tenth best performing country in meeting global health goals.
It kills more people than prostate and breast cancer, but six out of ten Australians have never heard of sepsis.
One of the major research focuses of The George Institute's Professor Cathie Sherrington is how to encourage and motivate people with disabilities to take part in sport. Participation in sport can enhance health and wellbeing, as well as maximising physical capacity for people with disabilities.
A program to enable Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people to obtain their drivers licence can help reduce incarceration and injury rates and improve the health of communities, a new report has found.


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The RM400 Rack Mount Kit for 2 DN-F400 Audio Players from Denon allows you to mount a pair of DN-F400 solid-state audio players in a standard 19" equipment rack. This is ideal for retail venues, sporting arenas, theaters, and any other venue where continuous, reliable music playback is required.


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Head Coach Vann Stuedeman
Opening Statement
"First, I would like to say thank you to the University of Alabama for putting on a fantastic SEC Tournament. This tournament is first-class. I am extremely proud of Alabama for their three-peat and I wish them the best of luck in the post-season.
"I am incredibly proud of the Mississippi State Bulldogs. My heart swells for them tonight. We fought hard and played great on national television. I am very proud of our girls tonight."
The atmosphere at the SEC Tournament was outstanding. This atmosphere should help you prepare for the NCAA post-season tournament, shouldn't it?
"The SEC is extremely strong. They have to consider all eight of us and probably nine of us. Arkansas is a dangerous team that didn't make this tournament. This atmosphere (here) is a great precursor for our girls. It definitely gave us some needed experience. And it will help with our preparation for the NCAA."
You had to take your starting pitcher Stephanie Becker out of the game due to an injury. What can you tell us about her injury?
"We think there might be something in her hand that affects her grip. We are going to wait it out and see what happens. She's a warrior and will do anything she needs to do to be out there and pitch. She said she was ready to go but we told her no. But she's a fighter who always wants the ball."
Talk about your two-run rally in the 6th that made the score a little closer.
"It's something that we have done all year. We have really put an emphasis on finishing strong. We don't go away, we battle. That shows the will, the desire, the fight that our girls have. They are super impressive young ladies who have fought from the day I first got on campus to right now. They are fighters."
Talk about reliever Lindsey Dunlap's performance.
"She has struggled through some injuries during her career. She is so talented. She won three state championships in the state of Alabama. I am so happy for her, for finishing her senior year so strong. It's like she flipped a switch starting April 1st and it has been lights out ever since."
This was obviously an emotional game for you. Talk about the emotions that you felt during the game.
"I came to the tournament early to scout the Georgia-Kentucky game and all the fans told me that they missed me and that I have done a great job (at Mississippi State). It felt nice but like (Alabama head) Coach (Nick) Saban said, it's always conditional. But it felt nice to be welcomed back by such great folks. I know that the Alabama fans will be cheering for us in the NCAA. They weren't cheering for us tonight but I believe they will be cheering for us against any other opponent. It was fun to be here and their fans were gracious."
What was it like to play in an atmosphere like it was tonight?
"It was awesome. Like Vann said, it helped us out a lot preparing for the NCAA Tournament. We are very excited (to play again) and take this momentum with us."
Obviously, you feel like you belong in the NCAA Tournament. How about stating your case for being in the tournament.
"Our team has come a long way. We fight for everything, every single pitch. This team is really coming together. We are all a family and want this so much. We are so excited to be playing for our State and grinding for our state."
Did you see anything different from Alabama since you played them during the season>
"They are a great team and really came out fighting. They really brought it today, they brought their A-game."
Kai'li Smith
Obviously, you feel like you belong in the NCAA Tournament. How about stating your case for being in the tournament.
"We accomplished so much. Starting April 1st we set a school record of most wins in April. We are a team that continues to fight and never gives up."
You faced a really good pitcher in Alabama's Jackie Traina. Talk a little about her performance.
"The combinations that she threw, the off-speed then back to outside which I believe is her screwball was very good. She's a great pitcher. Seeing her this first game will set us up for next week when we get our (NCAA Tournament) bid."
Bulldogs Grind Until Very End In 5-2 Loss To Alabama
[MSU Athletics Media Relations] TUSCALOOSA, Ala. -For two hours and 47 minutes Thursday night, the Mississippi State Bulldogs (33-22) fought, battled and grinded, but it was not enough, falling 5-2 to No. 3/3 Alabama (48-7) at Rhoads Stadium in the first round of the 2012 Southeastern Conference Softball Tournament.
"My heart swells for the Mississippi State Bulldogs tonight," Head Coach Vann Stuedeman said. "We fought hard and played great on national television. I am very proud of our team."
Junior left-handed pitcher Stephanie Becker started the game for the Maroon and White and tossed a scoreless first frame. Fellow junior lefty Kylie Vry replaced Becker to start the bottom of the second and suffered the loss, falling to 9-8 on the year after surrendering three runs (two earned) on four hits in an inning of work. Senior southpaw Lindsey Dunlap closed out the game for State, giving up two runs on two hits in the final four frames. In front of an SEC opening-day record crowd of 2,691, Dunlap struck out six Alabama batters.
Sophomore third baseman Sam Lenahan finished 1-for-3 with an RBI and a run and junior left fielder Jessica Cooley tallied an RBI single and a walk. Senior designated player Brittany Bell reached twice thanks to a single and her 51st-career hit by pitch (tied for second in SEC history), while sophomores Heidi Shape and Jessica Offutt also knocked out singles. Alabama's Jackie Traina improved to 32-2 on the season after a complete-game performance.
Deadlocked in a scoreless tie, host Alabama put a dent in the scoreboard with a three-run third. Leadoff hitter Kayla Braud reached on a fielding error by MSU junior first baseman Shelby Fisher and advanced to third on a single by center fielder Jennifer Fenton. Fenton put two in scoring position before designated player Amanda Locke drove in Braud on an infield base hit. With runners on the corners, Alabama's Keima Davis pinch-ran for Locke and immediately swiped second on Vry's first pitch to cleanup hitter Kaila Hunt. Two more runs were added when Hunt cleared the bases by depositing a 1-1 Vry pitch up the middle for a two-run single.
Hunt was pushed over to second when Traina drew a base on balls. Dunlap replaced Vry following the free pass, but loaded the bases when Cassie Reilly-Boccia reached on a fielder's choice. Crimson Tide right fielder Jazlyn Lunceford then popped up to Fisher and second baseman Danae Hays struck out for out number two. Dunlap rang up Courtney Conley on a 2-2 pitch to get out of the bases-loaded jam.
Alabama manufactured two more runs in the bottom of the fourth, which started when Braud executed a picture-perfect bunt. Fenton knocked Braud over to third by slicing a single to right field, advancing to second herself when MSU right fielder Brittany Gates threw to the corner in an attempt to throw Braud out. Hunt extended the lead to four runs by sailing a 2-2 offering to left field for a sacrifice fly, allowing Fenton to tap the dish. Following another walk to Traina, Reilly-Boccia pulled an 0-1 Dunlap pitch to the line in right for an RBI-single and a 5-0 Alabama lead.
Continuing to grind for their state, the Bulldogs barked back when Shape led off the sixth stanza with her second-career triple (March 7 vs. Florida). Lenahan drove in her childhood best friend by ripping a 3-2 double to the wall in left and advanced to third on a groundout by Bell. The Georgia native scored on a suicide squeeze when Cooley dropped a bunt down. Cooley raced to second after a throwing error by Traina, giving MSU a chance to bite into the three-run deficit with one swing of the bat. The potential round-tripper never materialized however, as Traina escaped with an Erin Nesbit lineout and a Fisher groundout.
Starkville's Team will learn its NCAA Tournament fate Sunday night at 9 p.m. CT on ESPNU when the field of 64 teams is announced. For more information on the MSU softball program, follow the team on Twitter at @MStateSB and like the team on Facebook at Facebook.com/MStateSB.
Gene Swindoll is the publisher of the GenesPage.com website, the source for Mississippi State sports on Scout.com sports network. You can contact him by emailing firstname.lastname@example.com.


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The MLB offseason is a time of over-analysis on the part of sportswriters and fans alike. Every move that is made is scrutinized, and too-early predictions are made left and right, all while we bide our time until the new season begins.
That may have sounded like a negative take on the offseason, but it really is a fun time to be a baseball fan. Hope springs eternal for all 30 teams heading into each new season, and everyone has something to talk about in the offseason, regardless of which team they root for.
Until the teams start playing actual games, it's impossible to know exactly how offseason moves will pan out. However, some acquisitions simply look better than others right now, a month or so from the start of spring training.
With that in mind, what follows is a look at the 10 most overrated moves of the 2014 MLB offseason.


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Detroit moved from one circus ring to another this week. Its City Council began the ouster of Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick from office.
Kilpatrick faces eight felony charges of perjury, misconduct in office, conspiracy and obstruction of justice all wrapped inside a sex scandal with his former chief of staff.
In spite of some pretty damning evidence and cries from almost all quarters that he resign, Kilpatrick won't budge. That's left those who care about the city and its reputation smothered in the financial cost, the loss of political capital, the threat to commerce and, of course, the humiliation.
So, the council decided to ask Gov. Jennifer M. Granholm to use her authority to remove Kilpatrick -- she says she won't do it while the case is still in court -- as well as starting its own expulsion effort. It also voted to censure Kilpatrick, but that amounts to no more than calling him a bad guy.
Still, it all adds to the spectacle the rest of the state and country are watching as Detroit becomes a nationwide joke. And most of us probably could laugh along with everyone else were it not for the sobering recollection of the times when Saginaw City Hall was a zoo, too.
Remember votes to declare the city a nuclear-free zone? How about organizations campaigning for council candidates based on race? The time someone shot at a mayor? The late-night firing of a city manager? Firing a city treasurer? The financial chaos and embezzlements? Council members either charged with or convicted of crimes? And those are just for starters.
Today, the council is a stable, down-to-business bunch looking out for the city's best interests, the budget looks good, administrators are pros and trust is beginning to come back bit by bit. But that has taken lots of time. In some cases, too much time.
That's the environment Detroit's leaders must manage now, too, but it's worse with the protracted, ugly outcome a strong-mayor form of municipal government can create in its special way.
Last year, Saginaw residents rejected a proposed City Charter that included a strong-mayor provision. If Detroit's current crisis is any indicator, it looks like Saginaw's vote was a wise one indeed.


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Sketch by Jack Chalker
Alistair Urquhart
65 years after being taken prisoner by the Japanese in WWII, a veteran is remembered. A living nightmare with unbelievable mental and physical torment caused many Far East PoW to die in their three and a half years in captivity. This is a tribute to one who survived to tell his story.
Survival - War Memoirs of Alistair Urquhart
Outstanding Bravery Award
Visit to Pamanito - The sub that sank me
The luckiest man in World War ll (full length documentary)
A Hero Finally RecognizedbyMary Michael
So our Alistair a special Award has wonFor deeds suffered when he was so youngFinally recognition for all he went throughAnd how well does he deserve it too!An award to be given after all these yearsTo be received through an eyeful of tearsA Hero finally recognized for all he did giveSo we may all enjoy the lives that we do liveImagine his delight and surpriseTo be nominated for such a prizeTo be recognized for all he suffered throughAs a Jap Prisoner of War in World War TwoOutstanding Bravery Award for Aberdeen 2007For a hero who the war he helped to winSo proud he stands as the award is givenPresented by the city that he does live inAt the ceremony he's given a standing ovationSeven hundred stand and cheer with admirationBeing honoured after sixty long yearsAll attending quietly shed a few tearsNorth Sound Radio a surprise do they giveFound out where his granddaughter did liveSuddenly on the stage she magically appearsThe audience goes wild with shouts and cheersAll this done to show that there are others who careAll that he went through while he was over thereLet this award be proof that we will never forgetThat to all the FEPOW's we owe such a debtSo Alistair enjoy your own very special awardDisplay it prominently on your sideboardEnjoy all the memories it will surely evokeAnd remember another jab at the Japs you did poke!
Alistair Died 7th October 2016
Age 97
Rest In Peace, God Bless
Sharing information with others is rewarding in itself, the pieces from the jigsaw begin to fit together and a picture begins to appear. Improve your knowledge and help make the Fepow Story an everlasting memorial to their memory.
Any material to add to the Fepow Story please send to:
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[Alistair Urquhart] [Survival] [Outstanding Bravery Award] [Visit to Pampanito] [Luckiest Man in World War ll]
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text: With a stay at Victorian Palace in Branson (Branson Theater District), you'll be minutes from White Water and World's Largest Toy Museum. This hotel is within close proximity of Mickey Gilley Theater and Hughes Brothers Theatre. Make yourself at home in one of the 38 air-conditioned rooms featuring refrigerators and microwaves. Your room comes with a pillowtop bed. Complimentary wireless Internet access keeps you connected, and cable programming is available for your entertainment. Private bathrooms with shower/tub combinations feature complimentary toiletries and hair dryers. Take advantage of recreation opportunities such as a seasonal outdoor pool, or other amenities including complimentary wireless Internet access and tour/ticket assistance. Additional features include a picnic area and barbecue grills. A complimentary continental breakfast is served daily. Featured amenities include laundry facilities and coffee/tea in the lobby. Free self parking is available onsite.


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How to Register/download SDGO TW+ skip IP ban!
Made a quick video walk through as i see there are tons of pictorial guides!
Here's a second guide which is a walkthrough on buying coins, and how to buy M for SDGO tw for US players.
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Hi Steve,
LuLu (previously named Mignon) is settling well to life in Dubai.She arrived in the wee hours of the morning with Terry (Thanks, Terry!) and hasn't looked back since.
Hi Steve,
I hope you are well. We took Caesar to the vet on 7th Jan and he got a full bill of health.
He is the sweetest puppy ever (im sure everyone says that, but in my case it's true)! Everyone who has come into contact with him just says how delightful his temperament is! He is at doggy daycare for the first time today as we did not want to leave him home alone when we are at work and I've just called to check how he's doing to be told he's happily playing with the other puppies.
Hi Eddie
Our new baby boy just arrived today. He landed at five past midnight and we cleared customs and had him home by 4 am. We had him groomed and he has his first vet appointment tomorrow morning. He is absolutely the most loveable puppy we could ever wish for. He has a very healthy, outgoing personality and we are extremely happy with our new addition to our family.
Thank you,
Frederick and Tracey Derry
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Hi Eddie,
Apologies for the delay, but as promised here are some photos of Spartacus. As you can see he has settled nicely - though he is kept in check by our cat. After a rocky start, the 2 are now very good friends and highly entertaining when they wrestle.
Andrew Dubai, UAE
Hi Eddie and Tibor,
I just wanted to say thank you very much for the safe and healthy delivery of our little man Hudson. He's awesome and the vets' given him a clean bill of health so we're looking forward to our new lives together.
I've attached a few images of Hudson on his first day here in Dubai - as you can see I think he's a little jet lagged!


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Omg wii demos is almost impossible
People think the wii can hold an entire demo
The wii is a not like the 360 were you can download millions of games. The wii has only roughly half a gigabyte of memory, not even close enough to an entire demo.
But then people say "just put it on the sd card". Think about it. People will be able to hack into that with extreme ease.
Nintendo will most likely never put demos on the wii, unless it comes in the form of a wii demo disc.


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)Acronym for single in-line memory module, a small circuit board that can hold a group of memory chips. Typically, SIMMs hold up to eight (on Macintoshes) or nine (on PCs) RAM chips. On PCs, the ninth chip is often used for parity error checking. Unlike memory chips, SIMMs are measured in bytes rather than bits. SIMMs are easier to install than individual memory chips.
The bus from a SIMM to the actual memory chips is 32 bits wide. A newer technology, called dual in-line memory module (DIMM), provides a 64-bit bus. For modern Pentium microprocessors that have a 64-bit bus, you must use either DIMMs or pairs of SIMMs.
Stay up to date on the latest developments in Internet terminology with a free weekly newsletter from Webopedia. Join to subscribe now.
Webopedia's student apps roundup will help you to better organize your class schedule and stay on top of assignments and homework. Read More »List of Free Shorten URL Services
A URL shortener is a way to make a long Web address shorter. Try this list of free services. Read More »Top 10 Tech Terms of 2015
The most popular Webopedia definitions of 2015. Read More »
Java is a high-level programming language. This guide describes the basics of Java, providing an overview of syntax, variables, data types and... Read More »Java Basics, Part 2
This second Study Guide describes the basics of Java, providing an overview of operators, modifiers and control Structures. Read More »The 7 Layers of the OSI Model
The Open System Interconnection (OSI) model defines a networking framework to implement protocols in seven layers. Use this handy guide to compare... Read More »


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A 36-year-old man suffered serious injuries when he was stabbed outside a Southeast Portland bar early Saturday.
Police said two men were fighting in the parking lot of Kelli's Cafe, located at 14717 S.E. Division St. in the Centennial neighborhood, before one stabbed the other. Police were called at 1:42 a.m.
Officers found the 36-year-old with a large knife in his lower back. He was taken to a Portland hospital and is expected to survive.
The perpetrator of the stabbing had already left in a vehicle and hasn't been identified. Police asked anyone with information about the incident to call detectives at 503-823-0400.
-- Elliot Njus


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Sure, it's been an off-season that Ohio State fans want to forget about and move on from, but that does not mean Michigan is all of the sudden the favorites to win College Football's most heated rivalry game—and these are the 10 reasons why.
Michigan fans may think they can finally sleep at night without having nightmares of a certain sweater-vested coach roaming the sidelines on game day— but the Wolverines are not in the clear, not one bit.
Yes, things will be different at the Ohio State University next year—but the outcome of the final game for Big Ten game for each team won't.


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love or loathe
17 love or loathe Articles
Lorde Shows Off Short, Straight Hair– Better Than Curls? Vote11 months ago 7
Lorde is that you?! The 'Royals' singer showed off a surprising new 'do at LAX airport on Dec. 2, ditching her signature natural curls for shorter… Read Article ▶
Kendall Jenner's Wet Hairstyle For Teen Choice Awards — Love It? Vote2 years ago 9
Kendall definitely knows high fashion so it was no surprise when she hit the red carpet on August 10 for the Teen Choice Awards with a shocking… Read Article ▶
Kendall Jenner's Weird Braids & Gelled Curls — Love Or Loathe? Vote2 years ago 6
This is Kendall Jenner like we have never seen her before! For 'LOVE' magazine, her hair was pulled tightly into multiple french braids, with her… Read Article ▶
Courtesy of Instagram/Love Magazine
Lupita Nyong'o's 'Non Stop' Premiere Dress: Really Chic Or Too Ruffled?3 years ago 2
The breakout star attended the LA premiere, where she rocked a shiny, copper-colored Lanvin dress. While we've seen her sport the shade before, are… Read Article ▶
Anne Hathaway's Baggy, Wide-Leg Wrinkled Pants: Wonderful or Weird?3 years ago 2
No risk, no reward, right? The star took keeping it comfortable to a whole new level in these wide-leg pants! While we think it's a fashion flop, do… Read Article ▶
Leighton Meester's Tie-Dye Dress–Is It Lovely Or Too Loud?4 years ago 4
The star walked the red carpet for her latest premiere in a one shouldered tie-dye dress showing off her inner hippie -- do you think it's so lovely… Read Article ▶
Dakota Fanning Channels Little Red Riding Hood: So Stylish Or Too Childish?5 years ago 3
The blonde actress stepped onto a red carpet in a metallic blue dress, topped with a bright red wrap - Do YOU love or loathe the combo? VOTE! Dakota… Read Article ▶
Katie Holmes' Aladdin-esque Birthday Jumpsuit: Weird Or Wonderful?5 years ago 1
The star celebrated her birthday in this questionable jumpsuit that looked more like a costume than a chic get-up! What did you think of her look? I… Read Article ▶
Katy Perry GRAMMY Nominations Concert: She Wears Pink Lace5 years ago 1
Does the star's gown look totally chic or too much like a tablecloth? Katy Perry has a serious obsession with the color pink! We've seen her rock… Read Article ▶
Olivia Palermo Mixes Prints & Fur: Is It Boho Chic Or Just Bad?5 years ago 0
The star is usually spot on when it comes to style -- but we're not quite sure about this look! What did you think? Olivia Palermo stepped out for… Read Article ▶
Lea Michele At Paris Fashion Week: Was Her Shapeless Black Dress Tres Chic or Too Baggy?5 years ago 6
The 'Glee' gal is becoming quite the regular in the front row -- but was her dress a hit or miss? After attending shows during New York Fashion Week… Read Article ▶
Kim Kardashian Steps Out In High-Waisted Pants Twice In One Day!5 years ago 6
The reality star is known for her killer curves -- but these pants made her look stumpy, not sexy! Do you agree? Read on to find out how to work this… Read Article ▶
More love or loathe


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