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Brief Summary
Comprehensive Description
Miscellaneous Details
Range Description
Currently, the Indian rhinoceros exists in a few small subpopulations in the Nepal and India (West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Assam) (Foose and van Strien 1997; Grubb, 2005), with an unsuccessful reintroduction of a pair in 1983 into Pakistan.
Found in northern Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bangladesh, and Assam.
Biogeographic Regions: oriental (Native )
India, Nepal
Physical Description
Both male and female R. unicornis have a single dark horn on the nose measuring up to 529 mm, which is made from agglutinated hairs. Their skin has many loose folds, especially distinct around the neck region in males, which give the appearance of a suit of armor. The skin is covered with large tubercules.
Range mass: 1500 to 2000 kg.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry
Habitat and Ecology
Its life history characteristics are not well known, with longevity estimated at about 30-45 years, gestation length of approximately 16 months (as with other rhino species), and age at sexual maturity estimated at 5-7 years for females and 10 years for males (Nowak, 1999; IRF website, 2006).
- Terrestrial
- Freshwater
Alluvial plain is the primary and preferred habitat. Adjacent swamp and forest areas are also used.
Terrestrial Biomes: savanna or grassland ; forest ; scrub forest
Trophic Strategy
The diet consists of grass, fruit, leaves, branches, aquatic plants, and cultivated crops. Tall reedy grasses are preferred to short species. The prehensile upper lip is used to curl around grass stems to bring them into the mouth. When eating aquatic plants, rhinos submerge their entire heads and tear the plant up by the roots. Foraging occurs at night, in early morning, or late afternoon to avoid the heat of the day. Rhinoceros unicornis drinks daily and is fond of mineral licks.
Life History and Behavior
Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical
Life Expectancy
Average lifespan
Status: wild: 40.0 years.
Average lifespan
Status: captivity: 47.0 years.
Average lifespan
Status: wild: 49.0 years.
Average lifespan
Status: wild: 45.0 years.
Lifespan, longevity, and ageing
Breeding occurs throughout the year. Only dominant bulls mate, and it is believed that they can assess the reproductive status of females through scent. Courtship may seem aggressive--males chase females and fighting often ensues. After a gestation period of 480 days, one young is born weighing 70 kg. Weaning usually occurs in one year, although it may last up to 18 months. Females have young at intervals of about three years. One week before the next birth, the female will chase away her previous calf. Sexual maturity is reached at an age of 9 years for males, and 4 for females. The lifespan is about 40 years.
Key Reproductive Features: gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual
Average birth mass: 58000 g.
Average gestation period: 479 days.
Average number of offspring: 1.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)
Sex: male: 2557 days.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
Sex: female: 1678 days.
Molecular Biology and Genetics
Molecular Biology
Barcode data: Rhinoceros unicornis
The following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species.
There is 1 barcode sequence available from BOLD and GenBank.
Below is the sequence of the barcode region Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI or COX1) from a member of the species.
See the BOLD taxonomy browser for more complete information about this specimen.
Other sequences that do not yet meet barcode criteria may also be available.
-- end --
Download FASTA File
Statistics of barcoding coverage: Rhinoceros unicornis
Public Records: 2
Specimens with Barcodes: 2
Species With Barcodes: 1
Conservation Status
IUCN Red List Assessment
Red List Category
Red List Criteria
Year Assessed
- 1996Endangered (EN)
- 1994Endangered (E)
- 1990Endangered (E)
- 1988Endangered (E)
- 1986Endangered (E)
- 1965Very rare and believed to be decreasing in numbers
Total wild populations number 1700. Rhinoceros unicornis is severely threated by hunting activities due to the huge economic value of the horn. This species is listed endangered by the IUCN and USDI and is on Appendix 1 of CITES. Current projects are underway to reintroduced populations in areas where they have been extirpated. Such projects will only be successful if the reason for the initial downfall of rhinos --overhunting by humans--can be eliminated. Efforts to control poaching and illegal wildlife trade will help in the recovery of the Indian rhino. One population in Nepal is protected with 700 armed troops and rangers, almost 2 guards per rhino. Aside from overhunting, the loss of alluvial plain habitat to agriculture has resulted in a reduction of suitable rhino habitat.
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: vulnerable
Status: Endangered
Date Listed: 12/02/1970
Lead Region: Foreign (Region 10)
Where Listed: Nepal, India
Population detail:
Population location: Nepal, India
Listing status: E
For most current information and documents related to the conservation status and management of Rhinoceros unicornis , see its USFWS Species Profile
The species exists in several protected areas in India, with the following population estimates in May 2007 (Asian Rhino Specialist Group 2007): Dudhwa National Park (21), Manas National Park (3), Karteniaghat (2), Kaziranga National Park (1,855 in 2006; 1,551 in 1999), Orang (68 in 2006; 46 in 1999), Pabitora (81 in 2006; 74 in 1999, 79 in 2004), Jaldapara (108 in 2006; 96 in 2004; 84 in 2002), Gorumara (27 in 2006; 25 in 2004; 22 in 2002). Estimates given in Foose et al. (1997) were as follows: Dudhwa National Park (11), Manas National Park (60), Karteniaghat (4), Kaziranga (1164 +/- 134), Orang (over 90), Pabitora (80 individuals over 38.8 km) (Choudhury, 2005), Jaldapara (over 33), Gorumara (13), and a few remaining small populations in Assam. Kaziranga National Park, which was established as a reserve for the last 10-20 Indian rhinos in Assam in 1905, is home to over 70% of the global population of this species. Poaching rendered the species extinct in Laokhowa Wildlife Sanctuary by the mid-1990s (Foose et al., 1997), and there has also been a severe decline in Manas National Park due to poaching related to civil unrest. The overall population tendency is to increase (especially in Kaziranga, Pabitora, Dudhwa, Jaldapara and Gorumura), with decreases in Manas, Orang (now increasing again) and Laokhowa. The population in Karteniaghat is best described as transient (S.S. Bist pers. comm.).
In the late 1960s, an estimated 65 Indian rhinos survived in Nepal, but due to increased conservation efforts, the total population was up to 612 in 2000. A total of at least 91 animals were poached in 2000-2003 (Martin, 2004), and since 2000, numbers have declined. In Royal Chitwan National Park, the number of individuals has declined from 544 individuals in 2000, to 372 individuals in 2005 (Asian Rhino Specialist Group 2007), the decrease being due to increased poaching following political instability in Nepal (Rothley et al., 2004; Khan et al., 2005), and habitat changes. In Royal Bardia National Park (where rhinos were re-introduced) there were approximately 40 individuals in 1997 (Foose et al., 1997) and 35 animals in 2007 (Asian Rhino Specialist Group 2007). In Royal Suklaphanta Wildlife Reserve (where the species was also re-introduced), the population is only six individuals (Martin, 2004; Asian Rhino Specialist Group 2007).
A pair of rhinos was introduced into Lal Sohanra National Park in 1983, but have not bred.
Population Trend
However, not all recent population decreases can be linked to poaching. There have been serious declines in quality of habitat in some areas. This is due to: 1) severe invasion by alien plants into grasslands affecting some populations; 2) demonstrated reductions in the extent of grasslands and wetland habitats due to woodland encroachment and silting up of beels; and 3) grazing by domestic livestock. In Chitwan (the second largest population) there is clear evidence that poaching on its own does not account for the observed level of population decline (R.H. Emslie pers. comm.), and there are trends in a number of reproductive indicators (i.e., decline in the percentage of adult females calving and in the percentage of the population that is calves) that are strongly indicative of negative changes in habitat quality. In Chitwan there has been severe infestation of some riverine and grassland areas by the climbing Mikania micrantha (which covers over indigenous vegetation), and invasion of Eupatorium in other areas. There is also heavy livestock grazing pressure and disturbance in buffer zone areas as well as some invasion of grasslands by Acacia catechu and Dalbergia sissou. It has been reported that grassland area in Chitwan has been reduced from 20% to 4.7% of the national park (R.H. Emslie pers. comm.).
In India, there is not yet any evidence that invasion by alien plants has caused any population decreases. However, in Orang National Park, there have been marked habitat changes due to grazing, human encroachment and silting up. In particular, short grass areas have declined by 75% due to silting up and draining of beels (B.N. Talukdar pers. comm.). Mimosa is also an alien invader in this area. In the Karnali floodplain area of Bardia there is also some invasion of habitat by the alien Lantana camara.
In Pabitora there has been an invasion of Ipomoea "weeds" into grassland areas (S. Dutta pers. comm.). There also has been an invasion of woodland into grassland and siltation and drying up of some water bodies. There also has been some human encroachment and very heavy livestock grazing. With increasing human densities this pressure is unlikely to get any less (S. Dutta pers. comm.). Analysis of satellite imagery has shown that there has a substantial increase in woodland (34.51%) in Pabitora since 1977 accompanied by decline in alluvial grassland (68%). This change of habitat is mostly because of natural succession process, livestock grazing from the nearby villages as well as improper management of the grassland habitat (Sarma et al. in press).
The West Bengal populations (Jaldapara and Gorumara) are affected by high levels of grazing from fringe villages, and there have been weed and climber infestations by Mikania cordata, M. scandens, Lantana camara and Leea spp.
The species is inherently at risk because over 70% of its population occurs at a single site, Kaziranga National Park. This area, is subject to poaching and tensions with the surrounding high human population due to human-wildlife conflicts (including conflicts with rhinos). The level of poaching in Kaziranga has generally not been at a level to prevent the ongoing increase in the population, but constant vigilance is required. Clearly, any catastrophic event in Kaziranga (such as disease, civil disorder, poaching, habitat loss, etc) would have a devastating impact on the status of this species.
Sex-ratio among the adult rhinos in Gorumara National Park is almost 1:1. As a result, intra-specific fights among the bulls are very common and these animals have a tendency to stray out of the National Park very often, leading to human-wildlife conflicts (S.S. Bist pers. comm.).
There are suggestions that the small population of rhinos in Jaldapara and Gorumara may be prone to in-breeding depression (S.S. Bist pers. comm.).
There have been proposals to dam the Bramaphutra River in Arunachal Pradesh, and should this happen in future this could very negatively affect the habitat quality and rhino carrying capacity of major parks like Kaziranga in future (by preventing or reducing the pulse of nutrients brought in by regular large floods). In Jaldapara Sanctuary, the River Torsa no longer overflows as a result of massive flood-control structures. As a result the water table in the sanctuary is receding and the natural water-bodies and wallow-pools used by rhinos are slowly drying up (S.S. Bist pers. comm.).
Conservation Actions
Indian Rhino populations occur almost exclusively within and around protected areas. In India, the species occurs in Kaziranga National Park (World Heritage Site), Manas National Park (World Heritage Site in danger), Dudhwa National Park (re-introduced population), Karteniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary, Orang National Park, Pabitora Wildlife Sanctuary, Jaldapara Wildlife Sanctuary, and Gorumara National Park. In Nepal, the species occurs in Royal Chitwan National Park, Royal Bardia National Park (re-introduced population), and Royal Suklaphanta Wildife Reserve (a very small re-introduced population). Strict anti-poaching measures are needed to maintain all of these populations. It is also important to reduce human-wildlife conflicts around these areas, and this might involve fencing. Many of the areas also require targeted programmes to control invasive plants, to prevent the spread of woodland, to safeguard wetlands through appropriate water management, and to limit the extent of grazing by domestic livestock. In Pabitora, specific recommendations have been made to increase the quality of feeding habitat of rhino within the sanctuary through meticulous manipulation and checking livestock grazing (Sarma et al., in press). Water holding mechanisms within the sanctuary during winter are crucial in terms of keeping moist grassland available in winter seasons, thereby reducing the number of rhinos straying out of the sanctuary and thus exposing themselves to poaching (Sarma et al., in press).
The area of Kaziranga National Park has officially been extended, although animals had access to this area previously as the original park area was not fenced. In West Bengal (Jaldapara and Gorumara), there is a programme of habitat improvement in old teak areas, weed control is being carried out in 50-60 ha annually.
With the support of the IUCN SSC Asian Rhino Specialist Group, an Indian Rhino Vision 2020 and a Nepal Rhino Action Plan have been developed. These cover a number of important and specific conservation measures, including: translocating rhinos to bolster struggling populations (e.g., Manas National Park) and to start new populations; improving security around rhino populations and reducing poaching; assessing habitat status and management needs; expanding available habitat through active management; improving protected area infrastructure; training staff in specific rhino conservation techniques; reducing human-wildlife conflicts; involving local people in rhino conservation; and implementing education and awareness programmes. Overall, there is a need for further reintroductions, thereby reducing the concentration of over 70% of the individuals in one large population.
Relevance to Humans and Ecosystems
Rhinos have been known to injure crops by trampling and consumption. At one point, a government bounty was established to keep rhinos from ruining tea plantations. In addition, there are recorded fatalities as a result of an attacks by rhinos, usually when a mother with calf was startled.
Negative Impacts: injures humans; crop pest
Asian rhino horn can be sold for more than twice its weight in gold. After processing, it has been known to reach $30,000 per kg. The horn is used as a medicine and an aphrodisiac. Medicinal purposes are as a pain reliever and a fever suppressant. There are no scientific studies, however, that show that rhino horn is effective for any of these purposes. In addition to the horn, rhino hide, blood, urine, and dung also have economic value.
Positive Impacts: body parts are source of valuable material
Indian rhinoceros
The Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis), also called the greater one-horned rhinoceros and Indian one-horned rhinoceros, belongs to the family Rhinocerotidae. Listed as a vulnerable species, the large mammal is primarily found in north-eastern India's Assam and in protected areas in the Terai of Nepal, where populations are confined to the riverine grasslands in the foothills of the Himalayas.[2]
The Indian rhinoceros once ranged throughout the entire stretch of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, but excessive hunting reduced their range drastically. Today, more than 3,000 rhinos live in the wild.[3] In 2014, 2,544 of which are found in India's Assam alone, an increase by 27 percent since 2006, although in early the 1900s, Assam had about 200 rhinos only.[4]
It is the fifth largest land animal.[citation needed]
The Indian rhinoceros has a thick grey-brown skin with pinkish skin folds and a black horn. Its upper legs and shoulders are covered in wart-like bumps. It has very little body hair, aside from eyelashes, ear fringes and tail brush. Males have huge neck folds. Its skull is heavy with a basal length above 60 cm (24 in) and an occiput above 19 cm (7.5 in). Its nasal horn is slightly back-curved with a base of about 18.5 cm (7.3 in) by 12 cm (4.7 in) that rapidly narrows until a smooth, even stem part begins about 55 mm (2.2 in) above base. In captive animals, the horn is frequently worn down to a thick knob.[5]
The rhino's single horn is present in both males and females, but not on newborn young. The black horn is pure keratin, like human fingernails, and starts to show after about six years. In most adults, the horn reaches a length of about 25 cm (9.8 in), but has been recorded up to 57.2 cm (22.5 in) in length.[6]
Among terrestrial land mammals native to Asia, the Indian rhinoceros is second in size only to the Asian elephant. It is also the second-largest living rhinoceros, behind only the white rhinoceros. Males have an average head and body length of 368–380 cm (12.07–12.47 ft) with a shoulder height of 170–186 cm (5.58–6.10 ft), while females have an average head and body length of 310–340 cm (10.2–11.2 ft) and a shoulder height of 148–173 cm (4.86–5.68 ft). The male, averaging 2,200 kg (4,900 lb) is heavier than the female, at an average of 1,600 kg (3,500 lb).[7]
The rich presence of blood vessels underneath the tissues in folds gives it the pinkish colour. The folds in the skin increase the surface area and help in regulating the body temperature.[8] The thick skin does not protect against bloodsucking Tabanus flies, leeches and ticks.[5]
The largest sized specimens range up to 4,000 kg (8,800 lb).[9]
Distribution and habitat[edit]
One-horned rhinos once ranged across the entire northern part of the Indian Subcontinent, along the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra River basins, from Pakistan to the Indian-Burmese border, including Bangladesh and the southern parts of Nepal and Bhutan. They may have also occurred in Myanmar, southern China and Indochina. They inhabit the alluvial plain grasslands of the Terai and the Brahmaputra basin.[10] As a result of habitat destruction and climatic changes their range has gradually been reduced so that by the 19th century, they only survived in the Terai grasslands of southern Nepal, northern Uttar Pradesh, northern Bihar, northern Bengal, and in the Brahmaputra Valley of Assam.[11]
On the former abundance of the species, Thomas C. Jerdon wrote in 1867:[12]
This huge rhinoceros is found in the Terai at the foot of the Himalayas, from Bhotan to Nepal. It is more common in the eastern portion of the Terai than the west, and is most abundant in Assam and the Bhotan Dooars. I have heard from sportsmen of its occurrence as far west as Rohilcund, but it is certainly rare there now, and indeed along the greater part of the Nepal Terai; ... Jelpigoree, a small military station near the Teesta River, was a favourite locality whence to hunt the Rhinoceros and it was from that station Captain Fortescue ... got his skulls, which were ... the first that Mr. Blyth had seen of this species, ...
Today, their range has further shrunk to a few pockets in southern Nepal, northern Bengal, and the Brahmaputra Valley. In the 1980s, rhinos were frequently seen in the narrow plain area of Royal Manas National Park in Bhutan. Today, they are restricted to habitats surrounded by human-dominated landscapes, so that they often occur in adjacent cultivated areas, pastures, and secondary forests.[11]
Rhinos are regionally extinct in Pakistan.[13]
In 2007, the total population was estimated to be 2,575 individuals, of which 2,200 lived in Indian protected areas:[14]
- in Kaziranga National Park: 2329 (2012 estimate)— increased from 366 in 1966
- in Jaldapara National Park: 108 — increased from 84 in 2002
- in Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary: 81 — increased from 54 in 1987
- in Orang National Park: 68 — increased from 35 in 1972
- in Gorumara: 27 — increased from 22 in 2002
- in Dudhwa National Park: 21
- in Manas National Park: 19
- in Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary: 2
Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary shelters the highest density of Indian rhinos in the world — with 84 individuals in 2009 in an area of 38.80 km2 (14.98 sq mi).[3]
The population of rhinos in Nepal increased by 99 individuals from 2008 to 2011 and in 2011 totaled 503. Of these, 145 were male, 183 female, and 175 of unidentified gender; 332 were adults, 111 were calves and 60 were of intermediate age.[15]
In Pakistan's Lal Suhanra National Park, two rhinos from Nepal were introduced in 1983 but have not bred so far.[2]
Ecology and behavior[edit]
Rhinos are mostly solitary creatures, with the exception of mothers and calves and breeding pairs, although they sometimes congregate at bathing areas. They have home ranges, those of males being usually 2 to 8 km2 (0.77 to 3.09 sq mi) and overlapping each other. Dominant males tolerate males passing through their territories except when they are in mating season, when dangerous fights break out. They are active at night and early morning. They spend the middle of the day wallowing in lakes, rivers, ponds, and puddles to cool down. They are very good swimmers. Over 10 distinct vocalizations have been recorded.
Indian rhinos bathe regularly. The folds in their skin trap water and hold it even when they come back on land.[8]
Indian rhinos have few natural enemies, except for tigers, which sometimes kill unguarded calves, but adult rhinos are less vulnerable due to their size. Mynahs and egrets both eat invertebrates from the rhino's skin and around its feet. Tabanus flies, a type of horse-fly, are known to bite rhinos. The rhinos are also vulnerable to diseases spread by parasites such as leeches, ticks, and nematodes. Anthrax and the blood-disease septicemia are known to occur.[5]
They can run at speeds of up to 55 km/h (34 mph) for short periods and are excellent swimmers. They have excellent senses of hearing and smell, but relatively poor eyesight.
Indian rhinoceros are grazers. Their diets consist almost entirely of grasses, but they also eat leaves, branches of shrubs and trees, fruits, and submerged and floating aquatic plants. They feed in the mornings and evenings. They use their prehensile lips to grasp grass stems, bend the stem down, bite off the top, and then eat the grass. They tackle very tall grasses or saplings by walking over the plant, with legs on both sides and using the weight of their bodies to push the end of the plant down to the level of the mouth. Mothers also use this technique to make food edible for their calves. They drink for a minute or two at a time, often imbibing water filled with rhinoceros urine.[5]
Social life[edit]
The Indian rhinoceros forms a variety of social groupings. Adult males are generally solitary, except for mating and fighting. Adult females are largely solitary when they are without calves. Mothers will stay close to their calves for up to four years after their birth, sometimes allowing an older calf to continue to accompany her once a newborn calf arrives. Subadult males and females form consistent groupings, as well. Groups of two or three young males will often form on the edge of the home ranges of dominant males, presumably for protection in numbers. Young females are slightly less social than the males. Indian rhinos also form short-term groupings, particularly at forest wallows during the monsoon season and in grasslands during March and April. Groups of up to 10 rhinos may gather in wallows—typically a dominant male with females and calves, but no subadult males.[6]
The Indian rhinoceros makes a wide variety of vocalizations. At least 10 distinct vocalizations have been identified: snorting, honking, bleating, roaring, squeak-panting, moo-grunting, shrieking, groaning, rumbling and humphing. In addition to noises, the rhino uses olfactory communication. Adult males urinate backwards, as far as 3–4 m behind them, often in response to being disturbed by observers. Like all rhinos, the Indian rhinoceros often defecates near other large dung piles. The Indian rhino has pedal scent glands which are used to mark their presence at these rhino latrines. Males have been observed walking with their heads to the ground as if sniffing, presumably following the scent of females.[6]
In aggregations, Indian rhinos are often friendly. They will often greet each other by waving or bobbing their heads, mounting flanks, nuzzling noses, or licking. Rhinos will playfully spar, run around, and play with twigs in their mouths. Adult males are the primary instigators in fights. Fights between dominant males are the most common cause of rhino mortality, and males are also very aggressive toward females during courtship. Males will chase females over long distances and even attack them face-to-face. Unlike African rhinos, the Indian rhino fights with its incisors, rather than its horns.[6]
Captive males breed at five years of age, but wild males attain dominance much later when they are larger. In one five-year field study, only one rhino estimated to be younger than 15 years mated successfully. Captive females breed as young as four years of age, but in the wild, they usually start breeding only when six years old, which likely indicates they need to be large enough to avoid being killed by aggressive males. Their gestation period is around 15.7 months, and birth interval ranges from 34–51 months.[6]
In captivity, four rhinos are known to have lived over 40 years, the oldest living to be 47.[5]
Sport hunting became common in the late 1800s and early 1900s.[2] Indian rhinos were hunted relentlessly and persistently. Reports from the middle of the 19th century claim that some British military officers in Assam individually shot more than 200 rhinos. By 1908, the population in Kaziranga had decreased to around 12 individuals.[5] In the early 1900s, the species had declined to near extinction.[2]
Poaching for rhinoceros horn became the single most important reason for the decline of the Indian rhino after conservation measures were put in place from the beginning of the 20th century, when legal hunting ended. From 1980 to 1993, 692 rhinos were poached in India. In India's Laokhowa Wildlife Sanctuary, 41 rhinos were killed in 1983, virtually the entire population of the sanctuary.[16] By the mid-1990s, poaching had rendered the species extinct there.[10]
In 1950, Chitwan's forest and grasslands extended over more than 2,600 km2 (1,000 sq mi) and were home to about 800 rhinos. When poor farmers from the mid-hills moved to the Chitwan Valley in search of arable land, the area was subsequently opened for settlement, and poaching of wildlife became rampant. The Chitwan population has repeatedly been jeopardized by poaching; in 2002 alone, poachers have killed 37 animals to saw off and sell their valuable horns.[17]
Six methods of killing rhinos have been recorded:[16]
- Shooting is by far the most common method used; rhino horn traders hire sharpshooters and often supply them with rifles and ammunition.
- Trapping in a pit depends largely on the terrain and availability of grass to cover it; pits are dug out in such a way that a fallen animal has little room to manoeuvre with its head slightly above the pit, so that it is easy to saw off the horn.
- Electrocution is used where high voltage powerlines pass through or near a protected area, to which poachers hook a long, insulated rod connected to a wire, which is suspended above a rhino path.
- Poisoning by smearing zinc phosphide rat poison or pesticides on salt licks frequently used by rhinos is sometimes used.
- Spearing has only been recorded in Chitwan National Park.
- A noose, which cuts through the rhino's skin, kills it by strangulation.
Poaching, mainly for the use of the horn in traditional Chinese medicine, has remained a constant and has led to decreases in several important populations. Apart from this, serious declines in quality of habitat have occurred in some areas, due to:
- severe invasion by alien plants into grasslands affecting some populations;
- demonstrated reductions in the extent of grasslands and wetland habitats due to woodland encroachment and silting up of beels;
- grazing by domestic livestock.[2]
The species is inherently at risk because over 70% of its population occurs at a single site, Kaziranga National Park. Any catastrophic event such as disease, civil disorder, poaching, or habitat loss would have a devastating impact on the Indian rhino's status.However, small population of rhinos may be prone to inbreeding depression.[2]
Rhinoceros unicornis is listed in CITES Appendix I since 1975. The Indian and Nepalese governments have taken major steps towards Indian rhinoceros conservation, especially with the help of the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) and other nongovernmental organizations.[2] In the early 1980s, a rhino translocation scheme was initiated. The first pair of rhinos was reintroduced from Nepal's Terai to Pakistan's Lal Suhanra National Park in Punjab in 1982.[11]
In India[edit]
In 1910, all rhino hunting in India became prohibited.[5] In 1984, five rhinos were relocated to Dudhwa National Park — four from the fields outside the Pabitora Wildlife Sanctuary and one from Goalpara.[11]
In Nepal[edit]
In 1957, the country's first conservation law insured the protection of rhinos and their habitat. In 1959, Edward Pritchard Gee undertook a survey of the Chitwan Valley, and recommended the creation of a protected area north of the Rapti River and of a wildlife sanctuary south of the river for a trial period of 10 years.[18] After his subsequent survey of Chitwan in 1963, he recommended extension of the sanctuary to the south.[19] By the end of the 1960s, only 95 rhinos remained in the Chitwan Valley. The dramatic decline of the rhino population and the extent of poaching prompted the government to institute the Gaida Gasti – a rhino reconnaissance patrol of 130 armed men and a network of guard posts all over Chitwan. To prevent the extinction of rhinos, the Chitwan National Park was gazetted in December 1970, with borders delineated the following year and established in 1973, initially encompassing an area of 544 km2 (210 sq mi). Since 1973, the population has recovered well and increased to 544 animals around the turn of the century. To ensure the survival of rhinos in case of epidemics, animals were translocated annually from Chitwan to the Bardia National Park and the Sukla Phanta Wildlife Reserve since 1986.[17]
In captivity[edit]
The Indian rhinoceros was initially difficult to breed in captivity. The first recorded captive birth of a rhinoceros was in Kathmandu in 1826, but another successful birth did not occur for nearly 100 years. In 1925, a rhino was born in Kolkata. No rhinoceros was successfully bred in Europe until 1956. On September 14, 1956, Rudra was born in Zoo Basel, Switzerland. In the second half of the 20th century, zoos became adept at breeding Indian rhinoceros. By 1983, nearly 40 babies had been born in captivity.[5] As of 2012, 33 Indian rhinos were born at Zoo Basel,[20] which means that most animals kept in a zoo are somehow related to the population in the zoo of Basel, Switzerland. Due to the success of Zoo Basel's breeding program, the International Studbook for the species has been kept there since 1972. Since 1990, the Indian rhino European Endangered Species Programme is being coordinated there, as well, which ensures that the captive global Indian rhinoceros population stays genetically as healthy as possible.[21] As of 2010, 174 rhinos are kept in zoos worldwide.
In June 2009, an Indian rhino was artificially inseminated using sperm collected four years previously and cryopreserved at the Cincinnati Zoo's CryoBioBank before being thawed and used. She gave birth to a male calf in October 2010.[22] The calf died 12 hours after birth.
In June 2014, the first "successful" live-birth from an artificially inseminated rhino took place at the Buffalo Zoo in New York. As in Cincinnati, cryopreserved sperm was used to produce the female calf, Monica.[23]
The modern scientific designation Rhinoceros unicornis is adopted from the Greek: ρινό- ("rhino-" — nose) and -κερος ("-keros" — horn of an animal) and Latin: "uni-" meaning single and "-cornis" meaning horn.[24]
Rhinoceros unicornis was the type species for the rhinoceros family, first described by Carolus Linnaeus in 1758.[25]
The one-horned rhinoceros is monotypic. Several specimen were described since the end of the 18th century under different scientific names, which are all considered synonyms of Rhinoceros unicornis today:[26]
- R. indicus by Cuvier, 1817
- R. asiaticus by Blumenbach, 1830
- R. stenocephalus by Gray, 1867
- R. jamrachi by Sclatter, 1876
- R. bengalensis by Kourist, 1970[1]
Ancestral rhinoceroses first diverged from other perissodactyls in the Early Eocene. Mitochondrial DNA comparison suggests the ancestors of modern rhinos split from the ancestors of Equidae around 50 million years ago.[27] The extant family, the Rhinocerotidae, first appeared in the Late Eocene in Eurasia, and the ancestors of the extant rhino species dispersed from Asia beginning in the Miocene.[28]
Fossils of R. unicornis appear in the Middle Pleistocene. In the Pleistocene, the genus Rhinoceros ranged throughout South and Southeast Asia, with specimens located on Sri Lanka. Into the Holocene, some rhinoceros lived as far west as Gujarat and Pakistan until as recently as 3,200 years ago.[5]
The Indian and Javan rhinoceroses, the only members of the genus Rhinoceros, first appear in the fossil record in Asia around 1.6 million–3.3 million years ago. Molecular estimates, however, suggest the species may have diverged much earlier, around 11.7 million years ago.[27][29] Although belonging to the type genus, the Indian and Javan rhinoceroses are not believed to be closely related to other rhino species. Different studies have hypothesized that they may be closely related to the extinct Gaindetherium or Punjabitherium. A detailed cladistic analysis of the Rhinocerotidae placed Rhinoceros and the extinct Punjabitherium in a clade with Dicerorhinus, the Sumatran rhinoceros. Other studies have suggested the Sumatran rhinoceros is more closely related to the two African species.[30] The Sumatran rhino may have diverged from the other Asian rhinos as long as 15 million years ago.[6][28]
In culture[edit]
|Albrecht Dürer
|24.8 cm × 31.7 cm (9.8 in × 12.5 in)
The Indian rhinoceros was the first rhino widely known outside its range. The first rhinoceros to reach Europe in modern times arrived in Lisbon on May 20, 1515. King Manuel I of Portugal planned to send the rhinoceros to Pope Leo X, but the rhino perished in a shipwreck. Before dying, the rhino had been sketched by an unknown artist. The German artist Albrecht Dürer saw the sketches and descriptions and carved a woodcut of the rhino, known ever after as Dürer's Rhinoceros. Though the drawing had some anatomical inaccuracies (notably the hornlet protruding from the rhino's shoulder), his sketch became the enduring image of a rhinoceros in western culture for centuries.[citation needed]
The British public had their first chance to view a rhinoceros (presumably this species) in 1683; it unknowingly caused a political row when the notorious Judge Jeffreys, in one of his lighter moments, spread a rumour that his chief rival, Lord Guildford, had been seen riding on it.[citation needed]
The Assam state of India uses the one-horned rhino as its official state animal. It is also the organizational logo for Assam Oil Company Ltd.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
- Rhino poaching in Assam
- The Soul of the Rhino (book)
- Karkadann – a mythological creature based upon the Indian rhinoceros
- ^ a b Grubb, P. (2005). "Order Perissodactyla". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 636. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Talukdar, B. K., Emslie, R., Bist, S. S., Choudhury, A., Ellis, S., Bonal, B. S., Malakar, M. C., Talukdar, B. N. Barua, M. (2008). "Rhinoceros unicornis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature.
- ^ a b Sarma, P.K., Talukdar, B.K., Sarma, K., Barua, M. (2009). Assessment of habitat change and threats to the greater one-horned rhino (Rhinoceros unicornis) in Pabitora Wildlife Sanctuary, Assam, using multi-temporal satellite data. Pachyderm No. 46 July–December 2009: 18–24.
- ^ "Hope for the Indian Rhino". June 14, 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Laurie, W. A.; Lang, E. M.; Groves, C. P. (1983). "Rhinoceros unicornis". Mammalian Species (American Society of Mammalogists) (211): 1–6. doi:10.2307/3504002. JSTOR 3504002.
- ^ a b c d e f Dinerstein, E. (2003). The Return of the Unicorns: The Natural History and Conservation of the Greater One-Horned Rhinoceros. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-08450-1.
- ^ Macdonald, D. (2001). The New Encyclopedia of Mammals. Oxford University Press, Oxford. ISBN 0198508239.
- ^ a b Attenborough, D. (2014). Attenborough's Natural Curiosities 2. Armoured Animals. UKTV.
- ^ Boitani, L. (1984). Simon & Schuster's Guide to Mammals. Simon & Schuster, Touchstone Books. ISBN 978-0-671-42805-1
- ^ a b Foose, T. and van Strien, N. (1997). Asian Rhinos – Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, UK. ISBN 2-8317-0336-0.
- ^ a b c d Choudhury, A. U. (1985). Distribution of Indian one-horned rhinoceros. Tiger Paper 12(2): 25–30
- ^ Jerdon, T. C. (1867). The Mammals of India: a Natural History of all the animals known to inhabit Continental India Roorkee : Thomason College Press
- ^ Sheikh, K. M., Molur, S. (2004). Status and Red List of Pakistan's Mammals. Based on the Conservation Assessment and Management Plan. 312pp. IUCN Pakistan
- ^ Syangden, B.; Sectionov; Ellis, S.; Williams, A.C.; Strien, N.J. van; Talukdar, B.K. (2008) Report on the regional meeting for India and Nepal IUCN/SSC Asian Rhino Species Group (AsRSG); March 5–7, 2007 Kaziranga National Park, Assam, India. Kaziranga, Asian Rhino Specialist Group
- ^ Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation (2011) Rhino count in Nepal accomplished. Kathmandu, Nepal
- ^ a b Menon, V. (1996) Under siege: Poaching and protection of Greater One-horned Rhinoceroses in India. TRAFFIC India
- ^ a b Adhikari, T. R. (2002) The curse of success. Habitat Himalaya – A Resources Himalaya Factfile, Volume IX, Number 3
- ^ Gee, E. P. (1959). "Report on a survey of the rhinoceros area of Nepal". Oryx 5: 67–76.
- ^ Gee, E. P. (1963). "Report on a brief survey of the wildlife resources of Nepal, including rhinoceros". Oryx 7 (2–3): 67–76. doi:10.1017/S0030605300002416.
- ^ (German) Es ist ein Junge!. Zoo Basel, retrieved 2013-02-25
- ^ Zoo Basel (2010) Panzernashorngeburt im Zoo Basel. Zoo Basel Aktuell, 27 July 2010
- ^ Patton, F. (2011) The Artificial Way. Swara, (April–June 2011): 58–61.
- ^ Miller, M. (2014) Baby Rhinoceros Makes Her Public Debut at Buffalo Zoo. The Buffalo News, (7 July 2014)
- ^ Partridge, E. (1983). Origins: a Short Etymological Dictionary of Modern English. New York: Greenwich House. ISBN 0-517-41425-2.
- ^ Linnæus, C. (1758). Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Salvius, Holmiae. Page 56.
- ^ Srinivasulu, C., Srinivasulu, B. (2012). Chapter 3: Checklist of South Asian Mammals in: South Asian Mammals: Their Diversity, Distribution, and Status. Springer, New York, Heidelberg, London.
- ^ a b Xu, Xiufeng; A. Janke; U. Arnason (1996). "The Complete Mitochondrial DNA Sequence of the Greater Indian Rhinoceros, Rhinoceros unicornis, and the Phylogenetic Relationship Among Carnivora, Perissodactyla, and Artiodactyla (+ Cetacea)". Molecular Biology and Evolution 13 (9): 1167–1173. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025681. PMID 8896369. Retrieved 2007-11-04.
- ^ a b Lacombat, F. The evolution of the rhinoceros. In Fulconis 2005, pp. 46–49.
- ^ Tougard, C.; T. Delefosse; C. Hoenni; C. Montgelard (2001). "Phylogenetic relationships of the five extant rhinoceros species (Rhinocerotidae, Perissodactyla) based on mitochondrial cytochrome b and 12s rRNA genes". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 19 (1): 34–44. doi:10.1006/mpev.2000.0903. PMID 11286489.
- ^ Cerdeño, E. (1995). "Cladistic Analysis of the Family Rhinocerotidae (Perissodactyla)". Novitates (American Museum of Natural History) (3143): 1–25. ISSN 0003-0082.
Further reading[edit]
Martin, E. B. (2010). From the jungle to Kathmandu : horn and tusk trade. Kathmandu: Wildlife Watch Group. ISBN 978-99946-820-9-6.
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I got the chance to preview the brand-new play area on the Disney Fantasy – AquaLab – and it is just as fantastic as I imagined! Kids were splashing and squealing with delight, plugging leaky pipes and geysers, and enjoying the thrill of not knowing where the water would come from next!
In this video, Walt Disney Imagineer Peter Ricci shows us the ins and outs of this fanciful new water play area, including some of the hidden ways your kids might get soaked.
Take a look at more of the fun you can expect when sailing on the Disney Fantasy:

subset: commoncrawl


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List Of Waterfalls Oceania
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Good Brothers Dodge Ram Sales Reviews
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This dealer does not have any current reviews. The following reviews are over two years old - their ratings are not used to calculate the dealer's current aggregated ratings.
Recommend this dealer? Yes Purchased a vehicle from this dealer? Yes
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Breast Cancer Support Group
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Areas B and C in the West Building Waiting Room
This is an open-ended support group for any woman with a diagnosis of breast cancer. Women can join at any time during or after treatment for support, information and sharing. Registration requested for all programs, including support sessions. Speakers/topics subject to change.
For information and registration, call Social Work Services at 215-728-2668.


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Just enter your Email address and your zip code and you'll receive the very best money saving deals you can find in Myrtle Beach.
In 1966, Litchfield Country Club opened on the site of an old rice plantation and is one of the original eight courses along the Grand Strand. Litchfield was awarded 4.5 stars in Golf Digest's "2008 – Places to Play" and also one of the "Worlds 50 Best - 1996" by Conde Nast Traveler. Litchfield offers challenges to golfers of all levels.
The 13th hole is a long par five with a lake along the entire left side and with O.B. along the right; this hole consistently ranks as one of the more difficult at Litchfield. The 18th hole is the signature hole at Litchfield. A precise tee shot must be hit to setup the demanding approach over water. Live oaks and Carolina pines are sprinkled throughout this historic property.
Posted on 05/06
Paul Contento, an Authorized Golf Machine instructor based out of Litchfield Country Club in Pawleys Island, SC, shows us how to set up two very simple training aids to improve our work on the greens. - Read More
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Nestled along the Grand Strand's scenic southern shores are seven of the area's most in-demand designs - part of the Southern Beach Collection that has vacationing golfers raving and returning year after year. Join us in this video tour as Myrtle Beach golf ambassador Meredith Kirk profiles each of these spectacular layouts. - Read More


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Toontrack Music is a leading developer of music making software for songwriters and musicians as well as home to the world's most successful drum samplers EZdrummer and Superior Drummer.
Some of the other brands from the company include Drumkit From Hell, widely acclaimed multi-mixing tool EZmix 2 as well as the revolutionary piano software instrument EZkeys.
After almost 15 years in the business, Toontrack's forward thinking continues to spearheaded the software industry and bring new and innovative solutions and tools for creative people around the world.
Toontrack Superior Drummer 2 (Download)High quality virtual drum sampler
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Next: Martha (Lady Harriet Durham) von Friedrich von Flotow - Oper Frankfurt
Le Nozze di Figaro Royal Opera House, London (Conductor: John Eliot Gardiner Stage: David McVicar)
,,...As Countess Almaviva the Swedish soprano Maria Bengtsson ....was terrific. To start with she sang one of the finest accounts of ´Dovo sono´ I have ever heard in the theatre, the second verse in a perfectly controlled piano, the stretta nimble yet full-voiced. It was exquisite.... She won the audience over with her sense of perplexed injury, and she looked gorgeous...."
Published in Opera - The world´s leading opera magazine - in November 2013 by Russ McDonald


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Browsing Faculty of Humanities@VTC by Author "De Waal, Elda"
Now showing items 1-4 of 4
Legal accountability for public school discipline – fact or fiction? De Waal, Elda (Educational Asociation of SA (EASA), 2011)Educators, learners and parents/caregivers should be held accountable for instilling learner discipline through clear guidelines and limitations to achieve security at public schools. Two previously identified education ...
Random drug-testing: the duty to act against learners who use drugs De Waal, Elda (University of the Free State, 2007)
Safety and security at school: A pedagogical perspective De Waal, Elda; Grösser, M M (Elsevier, 2009)
School change and emotional intelligence Palmer, June M.; De Waal, Elda (Kamla-Raj Enterprises / Science Publications, 2011)Educators are under considerable pressure to implement the unprecedented array of change initiatives that came with the advent of the new political dispensation in South Africa which seriously influences their emotional ...


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New charges filed in teacher murder caseTHE ASSOCIATED PRESS | September 24,2013ST. JOHNSBURY New charges have been filed against a couple accused of killing a St. Johnsbury teacher.
Allen and Patricia Prue already face murder charges in connection with the March 2012 death of 33-year-old Melissa Jenkins. Both have pleaded not guilty.
The new charges of conspiracy to commit murder and kidnapping were filed against the Prues last week by Caledonia County States Attorney Lisa Warren.
Prosecutors also filed charges on eight counts of possession of child pornography against Patricia Prue after finding multiple images on her laptop computer.
The Prues are accused of luring Jenkins from her Danville home, strangling her and dumping her body in the Connecticut River. Jenkins vehicle was found idling with her 2-year-old son inside.MORE IN This Just InPolice: Drunk driver crashes
HARTFORD A Hartland man was cited for drunk driving after... Full StoryBENNINGTON A local man was charged with two felony counts of forgery on Monday in Bennington... Full StoryBENNINGTON Two Pownal residents were arraigned on a felony charge of cultivating marijuana on... Full Story
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McCain Inc. Agrees to Sell 100% of Its Shares to Swarco
The owner of Vista-based McCain Inc., which makes traffic control equipment for roads and highways, said Aug. 26 that it agreed to sell 100 percent of its shares to Austria-based Swarco.
Duffy Named CEO of DEI Holdings Inc.
Kevin Duffy has been named CEO of DEI Holdings Inc., the Vista-based holding company for consumer electronics and auto electronics brands such as Polk Audio and Viper.
Vista-Based McCain Inc. Agrees to Sell 100% of Its Shares to Swarco
The owner of Vista-based McCain Inc., which makes traffic control equipment for roads and highways, said Aug. 26 that it agreed to sell 100 percent of its shares to Austria-based Swarco.
ViaSat Gets 2 Pentagon Contracts
The U.S. Navy's satellite network is trusty, but it needs an update. So it has tapped ViaSat Inc. for some help.
Lessen The Burden
Software Takes Much of the Pain Out of Filing Development Profiles on Children
Gene Shi and Lala Zhang probably would not have built their particular business without the arrival of their daughter, Audrey.
Former Qualcomm Executive Touts Intel's 5G Ambitions
Intel Corp. sees a significant role for itself in the ultrafast, fifth-generation wireless communications system due out in the next few years. The business "intends to play a unique role in the end-to-end deployment of 5G," said Murthy Renduchintala, the second-highest ranking executive with the Silicon Valley chip maker.
Airgain's Action Breaks San Diego's 15-Month IPO Drought
TECH: Antenna Maker Expects to Have at Least $9.8M to Work With
After a 15-month absence, a rare bird called the IPO returned to San Diego.
Toy Technology Unleashed: Robotic Dog Groomed for Success
TECH: Co.'s Toys Aim to Take Advantage Of Emphasis on STEM
It's almost noon and the sidewalks of La Jolla are busy with people walking their dogs.
NASSCO Receives a $511M Ship Building Contract for Two Vessels
General Dynamics NASSCO received a $511 million contract from Matson Navigation Co. Inc. to build two ships able to haul containers and other cargo on routes to Hawaii, the companies announced Aug. 25.
NASSCO to Christen and Launch Petroleum Tanker, Constitution
General Dynamics NASSCO plans to launch the 610-foot petroleum tanker Constitution into San Diego Bay on Aug. 27. The ceremony — also planned to include the traditional christening with a champagne bottle — will be open to the public.
Escondido-Based Herman Construction Gets $15.9 Million Army Contract
The U.S. Army said on Aug. 23 that it awarded Herman Construction Group Inc. of Escondido a contract worth $15.9 million.
Kratos Awarded $20 Million Contract
Kratos Defense & Security Solutions Inc. will play a part in getting the U.S. Air Force's new aerial refueling tanker off the ground.
Darryl Albertson Named Cubic Corp.'s First Diversity Officer
Cubic Corp. has named Darryl Albertson as its chief human resources and diversity officer.
Cubic Corp. to Lease Space in Otay Mesa
Cubic Corp. is leasing a 39,000-square-foot facility in Otay Mesa to complement its Tijuana manufacturing space.
Zumwalt Headed to San Diego After Commissioning
The U.S. Navy plans to send its futuristic destroyer Zumwalt to San Diego after the ship's Oct. 15 commissioning ceremony in Baltimore.
Pentagon Taps ViaSat for Two Contract Awards
The U.S. Navy's satellite network is trusty, but it needs an update. So it has tapped ViaSat Inc. for some help.
Two San Diego-Based Environmental Companies Will Compete for Navy Contracts
Two San Diego-area businesses received U.S. Navy contracts to provide habitat enhancement services on the Navy Department's sprawling network of bases in Arizona, California and Nevada.
BAE Systems San Diego Awarded Second-Year Contract Options for Navy Ship Modernization Projects
BAE Systems San Diego Ship Repair is among seven companies awarded second-year contract options on U.S. Navy ship modernization deals.
General Dynamics NASSCO Awarded $24.4 Million Navy Contract
The U.S. Navy awarded General Dynamics NASSCO a $24.4 million contract modification to refine the design of the Navy's proposed LX(R) amphibious ship replacement. Work is expected to last until September 2017.
Qualcomm Sets Up New Division Dedicated to Data Center Space
Qualcomm Inc. announced on Aug. 18 that it plans to market its data center chips under the name Qualcomm Centriq. It also said that it has set up a new business division, Qualcomm Datacenter Technologies Inc., dedicated to the data center space.
Telletopia Wants Slice of TV Pie for Internet Broadcasts
TECH: Nonprofit Needs OK From FCC to Pursue Local TV Programming
Telletopia, the San Diego nonprofit, takes the second half of its name from the word "utopia."
Know Hitters
Co. Combines Hardware and Software to Evaluate How Your Form Is Functioning In Baseball and Other Sports
Justin Goltz gets into position to hit a baseball perched on a stand in front of him. A knot of bystanders feels the powerful whap of wood hitting leather as the ball sinks deep into a net.
Women Speakers at Conference Part of Sea Change for Military
One of the biggest military stories of the decade has been the gradual increase in the number of women among U.S. fighting forces on the front lines. There has been a lively debate over whether and how women should serve in the U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps infantry. In the U.S. Navy, women are slowly entering the submarine force. Early this month, Los Angeles native Dominique Saavedra became the first female enlisted sailor to earn her silver dolphins pin, meaning she is qualified to work on a submarine. A chief culinary specialist, Saavedra is expected to deploy on the USS Michigan, which carries Tomahawk missiles.
SmartFoam's Nanoparticles Have Big Markets Potential
TECH: Footwear, Mattresses May Be Changed By Material
UC San Diego's engineering school and offers me a squishy piece of black plastic foam about the size of a dime.
Cisco Systems Says It Will Cut 5,500 Employees
Cisco Systems Inc. plans to eliminate up to 5,500 positions, or 7 percent of its global workforce, in a companywide restructuring, the Silicon Valley company said Aug. 17 when it announced fourth quarter earnings.
BAE Systems Ship Repair Leases 100,000 Square Feet in Chula Vista
Driven by the U.S. Navy's plan to station more ships in San Diego and its own plans to grow, BAE Systems Ship Repair recently leased more than 100,000 square feet of new space in the South Bay.
GA-ASI Awarded $371 Million Air Force Contract
The U.S. Air Force placed a $371 million order with Poway-based General Atomics Aeronautical Systems Inc. for 30 Reaper remotely operated unmanned aircraft.
Cubic Corp. Names Two Senior VPs
Cubic Corp. has named two new senior vice presidents for its defense business, including a recently retired U.S. Army three-star general.
TPT Global Tech Acquires Digithrive
TPT Global Tech Inc., a downtown company that does business in the telecom space, announced another acquisition on Aug. 16. The business said that it had completed its acquisition of Digithrive, a company that offers web and app development services. Terms of the deal were not disclosed.
Airgain Inc. IPO Closes at $8.30 Per Share on 2nd Day
Shares in Airgain Inc. closed up almost 4 percent at $8.30 on Aug. 15 — their second day of trading following the company's $12 million initial public offering.
Contractor Awarded $9.7M Navy Contract
The U.S. Navy awarded A&D General Contracting Inc. a $9.7 million task order to build a combat service support facility at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton.
BAE Systems Makes $300,000 Contribution to Bridge Lighting Art Project
BAE Systems, the British defense contractor that runs one of the U.S. Navy ship repair businesses in Barrio Logan, has contributed $300,000 to a project that would bathe the San Diego-Coronado Bay Bridge with artistic lighting at night.
BAE Systems Contributes $300,000 for Bridge Lighting Art Project
BAE Systems, the British defense contractor that runs one of the U.S. Navy ship repair businesses in Barrio Logan, has contributed $300,000 to a project that would bathe the San Diego-Coronado Bay Bridge with artistic lighting at night.
Broadcom Ltd. Notifies State EDD it Plans 50 Permanent Layoffs
Chipmaker Broadcom Ltd. plans to lay off as many as 50 employees in San Diego, according to information released Aug. 10 by the state Employment Development Department.
Callaway Golf Announces Quarterly Dividend
Carlsbad-based Callaway Golf Co. declared a penny-per-share dividend on Aug. 10.
Many Galaxy Note 7s to Use Qualcomm's Snapdragon 820
Samsung is using a Qualcomm Inc. chip — the San Diego company's flagship Snapdragon 820 processor — in many versions of its Galaxy Note 7 handset, which goes on the market Aug. 19. Selling for slightly less than $1,000, the device has a 5.7-inch "phablet" display, a stylus and an intriguing security feature: an iris scanner. That's right, for your eye. No iris is the same, so you can use the biometric marker to unlock the phone or make mobile payments.
Hostel Takeover
Entrepreneurs' Site Looks to Blaze An Online Trail for Those Who Travel Light
After spending a couple of their post-college years traveling the globe, and a few more years refining their business plan, San Diegans Bradon Young and Garrett Mincks have started a business to tell people how they can travel, too.
Industry Veteran Danforth Is Picked to Lead LRAD Corp.
The board of LRAD Corp. recently chose Richard S. Danforth to be its CEO, and negotiated a compensation package that includes a base salary of $325,000. Bonuses, stock options and benefits round out Danforth's pay package, which includes an annual bonus in the range of $243,800 to $487,500, depending on how well the company does.
Qualcomm Software Patches to Fix Flaw May Take Time to Install
More than 900 million Android smartphones and tablets equipped with Qualcomm chips and software have security flaws that could give a hacker root access to the device — that is, complete control of it.
Air Force Awards GA-ASI $8 Million Contract
The U.S. Air Force recently awarded General Atomics Aeronautical Systems Inc. an $8.8 million contract covering ground control stations for the unmanned Predator.
Revenue Up, Net Income Down in Q1 for ViaSat
Revenue rose 5 percent but net income dipped for ViaSat Inc. when the electronics and communications company reported first-quarter earnings on Aug. 9.
Turtle Beach Corp. Reports Q2 Net Loss of $42.6 Million
Turtle Beach Corp., which makes gaming headsets and other headphones, revealed a second quarter net loss on Aug. 8, as well as plans to explore strategic options with its HyperSound line.
Kratos Defense & Security Hikes 2016 Revenue Forecast
Kratos Defense & Security Solutions Inc. increased its revenue forecast for 2016 by $10 million, to $659 million, when it took the wraps off of its second quarter financial results on Aug. 4.
Qualcomm Signs Patent License Agreement With Another Chinese Firm
Qualcomm Inc. announced on Aug. 7 that it signed a patent license agreement with Vivo Communication Technology Co. Ltd. of China. The news came one week after Qualcomm (Nasdaq: QCOM) announced a pact with a second Chinese company, GuangDong OPPO Mobile Telecommunications Corp. Ltd.
Carlsbad-based Software Company Names Stelling CEO
Carlsbad-based Enviance named Amy Stelling as its CEO.
Tapestry Solutions Names Wright President
Tapestry Solutions Inc., a unit of the Boeing Co., has promoted Robin Wright to president, effective Aug. 6.
Strong Sales Lift Callaway Golf's Q2 Earnings
Callaway Golf Co. — the Carlsbad maker of balls, clubs and golf accessories — reported a 140 percent improvement in second quarter earnings and got a surprise gift from a competitor.
Sempra Energy Reports Q2 Earnings of $16M, Revenue of $2.16B
Sempra Energy reported earnings of $16 million, or 6 cents per share, during the second quarter of 2016. Total revenue was $2.16 billion, the company said Aug. 4.
Industry Veteran Richard S. Danforth Picked to Lead LRAD Corp.
The board of LRAD Corp. named former DRS Technologies Inc. executive Richard S. Danforth, 56, as the company's new CEO on Aug. 1.
Cubic Corp. Reports Q3 Net Income of $4.5 Million
Cubic Corp. reported net income of $4.5 million, or 17 cents per share, on sales of $375.2 million in its third quarter, which ended June 30. For the same quarter one year ago, Cubic reported $8.8 million in net income (33 cents per share) on $347.8 million in sales.


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Suchipakari Jungle Lodge
Suchipakari Amazon Rainforest Hotel - Jungle Lodge Misahualli - Ecuador
Suchipakari is a special ecological jungle lodge. It is situated in the Ecuadorian jungle and only 5 hours away from the capital Quito. Suchipakari Lodge is a magical hotel built in the Napo Province Amazon. Our lodges have a panoramic view due to the tropical landscape with lots of wildlife species. Suchipakari Ecuadorian Amazon Lodge is a perfect example of ecotourism with lots of sustainable activities like swimming in the Amazon River, enjoying the tropical landscape by walking through the Rainforest.
It is a comfortable stay in the heart of the Amazon Rainforest. Our lodge represents a tropical style.
The lodge itself consists of ten private cabana, thatch-roofed and wood, each with a private bathroom and balcony.
The cabanas are spaciously designed for double, triple or quadruple occupancy, As well a Romantic Honeymoon Suite. And have screened in windows to guard against insects while you sleep.
The Social areas, Restaurant, swimming pool, hammocks, bar with breathtaking panoramic views. Electric lights at the lodge run 24 hours.
In the SUCHIPAKARI AMAZON RAINFOREST ACTIVITIES OF ECUADOR you can experience exhilarating adventures at the Suchipakari Jungle Lodge. Due to its natural resources we offer lots of sustainable activities such as canoe trips, jungle treks or ecological parks where you can observe so many unique animals and the exuberant nature.
If you are interested in local culture we can present you some museums, authentic Amazonian cottages of the indigenous communities, and last but not least the exciting nightlife. Or if you do not like partying you can go watching the sunset on the river in a canoe.
If you like sports you really have to visit the Suchipakari lodge, kayak, rafting, fishing and swimming at wonderful river beaches are some of the possibilities over there. Or what do you think of biking through the jungle and crossing rivers.. After all these busy activities you can go to our restaurant and bar where you will enjoy our delicious meals and cocktails.
The passenger must be in good health and physical condition in order to completely enjot the expedition.This is due to certain activities that require physical strength and keeping balance in trails with slippery rocks and mud, others have places such as sandy beaches , daily walks, descents on rivers, elevated terrain, irregular rocks and among others.
Availability & RatesTo view availability and prices please select dates and click 'Update Dates'
B&B Facilities & Policies
- 24 Hour Reception
- 24 Hour Security
- Airport Transfers
- Bar
- Bicycle hire
- Bicycle parking
- Board Games
- Book Exchange
- Free Breakfast
- Breakfast Not Included
- Cable TV
- Cafeteria
- Card Phones
- Ceiling Fan
- Cots available
- Credit Cards Accepted
- DVDs
- Telephone/Fax Facilities
- Free City Maps
- Free Parking
- House Keeping
- Indoor Swimming Pool
- Internet Access
- Self-Catering Facilities
- Laundry Facilities
- Luggage Storage
- Meals Available
- Mini Bar
- Outdoor Swimming Pool
- Outdoor Terrace
- Parking
- Restaurant
- Safe Deposit Box
- Swimming Pool
- Taxes included
- Tea & Coffee Making Facilities
- Towels Included
Cancellation PolicyThis property has a 1 day cancellation policy. Failure to cancel within this time will result in a cancellation charge equal to the first night of your stay.
Must-Read Guesthouse InfoThis property has specific Terms & Conditions.
In order for us to offer you the best service possible, it is very important that we arrange your How to get to Suchipakari to and from Quito, Tena or Misahualli. This is so that we may coordinate logistics with our operations team quito and lodge staff.
What to take: Comfortable or thin clothes that can be easily dried . Short and long pants, long sleeve or short sleeve shirts, sneakers, sandals, hat, sun glasses,water resistant clothes or Ponchos , insect repellent, sun block, flashlight with extra batteries, binoculars, reading material.
Schedule: Changes are possible to occur depending on the conditions of either climatic or political effect to the lodge. The guide can re-organize the original schedule for any reason at their convenience, replacing it with other activities, safeguarding the physical integrity in order to bring satisfaction to each and every one of our guests.
Climate: Ein the Amazonic region the climate is hot and humid , with frequent raining. The temperature varies from between 19 – 30 degrees celcius durung the whole year.
Health: Vaccines (malaria – yellow fever – Breakbone fever) These spicific vaccines are strongly Recommended before entering into the Amazonic Jungle zone. Insect repellent must be acquired before arriving at the Lodge.
DirectionsShow MapHide Map
How to Arrive From Tena City:
ROUTE: Tena city - Misahualli Port - Pununo Bridge - Tuyano Community - Sardnias de Ilayaku Community - Pusuno River Parking - Suchipakari Hotel. (1 hour from Tena)
Pick Up Taxi From the city of Tena to the Lodge. (20 usd per group.)
Pick UpTaxi from Port Misahuallí to the Lodge. (10 usd per group).
Information Point in Park of Misahuallí Port (Big Letter of Suchipakari)
Is recommendable just this way (Misahualli to Hotel), used pick up, jeep or high car.
We can organize your trip from Quito, Tena, Misahuallí. Call Us.
From Port Misahualli: Direct yourself towards the Pununo Bridge, cross the bridge and keep on your right and then turn right on the first division towards the Tuyano Community. Then you will get to another division where you will make a left towards the community of Sardinas of Ilayaku, Cross the wooden bridge and finally, a small river. You will arrive to the parking area on the shores of Pusuno River. Then you must walk 3 minutes to our Hotel.
Located Near
Ubicated: Pusuno Bajo
Near Misahuall Port (25 minutes)
Tena City, Napo Province, Ecuador, SouthAmerica
(4 hours from Quito * 3 hours from Baos de Agua Santa City).
In order for us to offer you the best service possible, it is very important that we arrange your How to get to Suchipakari to and from Quito, Tena or Misahualli. This is so that we may coordinate logistics with our operations team quito and lodge staff.


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WATCH: Ben Shewry Gives Us A Glimpse into The Privileged Life of A Celebrity Chef
by Tina Nguyen | 3:37 pm, November 22nd, 2013
Ben Shewry is one of Australia's finest chefs: he boasts three Michelin stars, runs the highly-regarded Attica, and essentially has the absolute power of a warlord because of his accolades. Ah, it must be glorious to be Shewry, as this highly accurate documentary by Johnny Abegg shows. We need to work hard and become celebrity chefs now — who doesn't want to feed a subordinate to a woodchipper and use his remains to mulch your arugula?
[h/t Francis Lam]


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Mary Irene Tackitt and Robert Emmitt Tackett
- Texas |
- Baytown TX |
- Harris Co TX |
- Tackitt
Mary Irene Tackitt with son Robert Emmitt Tackitt, 1943 in Goose Creek, Texas (now Baytown, TX)
Tackitt's In Texas
Mary Irene is wife of Robert Emmitt Sr. a decendant of the famous settler of Parker County, Texas, Pleasant Tackitt, via Robert Emmet Elias Tackitt.
tackitt family
Are you a Tackitt as well ? Im researching the tackitt family to find out our history
Join Tackitt vs Tackett on
Join Tackitt vs Tackett on Facebook. There are a lot of us there and a lot of shared history, photos and stories. signed, another Tackitt
Tackitt family April 18 2009
Hello, I was browsing around the PC when I came across your name and the pictures. I am the son of Roy Emmet Tackitt, I have two brothers, Lelslie Dean Tackitt and Thomas Ray Tackitt (deceised), My mothers name was Callie Minta (Gibbs) Tackitt. We lived in Wichita Falls, Texas where I was born. My history also reaches back to Plesent Tackitt. My wife, Ellen and I have four children and we presently reside in Denver, CO. We would be glad to hear from you and find out more about your family, PS we also lived in Houston Texas for about 13 years, and My son Glen Tackitt lives in Brenham Texas. we will look foward to hearing from you. Joe B. Tackitt
Did you once live in
Did you once live in Galveston County Park in League City? I went to school with a Glen Tackitt. We used to get in trouble together in High School.
Click on the City or Town name right under the name of the photograph, to view more photographs from that city or town. If there's a county listed, you can view more photographs from that county. If you see a surname listed under the title of the photograph, you can click on that surname or surnames to view more photos that are associated with that surname. Same thing works with any of the other "tags" listed right under the title of the photograph. You may be able to make the photo larger, if the original photograph was larger than the photo shown here. Click on the word "original" above and a window will open with a the photo in a larger size. Want to add some information or comment on this photo? Click on "Add new comment" above.


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Kristin Diane Massey: Vain, Chameleon-Like Sex Offender Jailed Again In Odd Heist
For Kristin Diane Massey, the convicted sex offender we wrote about this fall after she was accused of wiggling out of the back of a police car, there's good news and bad news. And some more bad news.
The good news is that the State dropped the charges of escape and criminal mischief that followed in the wake of an October prostitution bust. The bad news is that the 27-year-old Heights-area woman was convicted in that prostitution case and sentenced to 75 days in the Harris County Jail. And more bad news came over the weekend, but more on that later...
In the meantime, we started to get some interesting comments about a month after the original story ran.
On November 16, Anonymous had this to say:
Upcoming Events
Rice University Owls Football vs. UTEP Miner Football
TicketsSat., Nov. 19, 11:00am
SWAC Football Championship
TicketsSat., Dec. 3, 3:00pm
Houston Texans Travel Packages
Sun., Jan. 1, 12:00am
Monster Jam
TicketsSat., Jan. 7, 7:00pm
"How did she kick out the windshield, didn't the dumb ass cops think to stick her in the back of the cop car. Your story is so full of crap. Truth was probably more like the cop wanted a freebie and got pissed when she would not put out."
The next day, there came this from "Kristinmassey25":
"You could have showed a better picture of me damn. Thanks!!!!! Yes this is Kristin."
Ah vanity, vanity, all is vanity.
And then on Sunday, this was added to the mix by a poster named "Jennifer":
"It's nice to see understanding reporters defending drug addictions. I guess you will never be as big of a person as my big sister who, by the way, should have kicked you instead of the windshield."
(Note: Our original post did not defend drug addictions. It did state that coke, crack and meth will help you lose weight, but we did not condone taking that course of action.)
But almost at the very same time Jennifer was firing off an angry letter at yours truly, her big sis was getting herself in another pickle.
According to records on file at the Harris County Courthouse, Massey was arrested yesterday and charged with Class A misdemeanor theft, for stealing items worth between $500 and $1500.
Ho-hum, so far. But the report went on to catalog the items Massey was alleged to have taken...
To wit, one cellphone and one set of gold teeth.
Cheeah. Gold teeth.
Investigators say that the molar-heist came to light after a traffic stop. Massey was the passenger in a car driven by a local man whom police arrested after the man refused to show ID. Massey was cut loose and toddled off down the street. Just before he was taken into custody, the man asked to grab his cellphone and discovered it was gone. Quickly putting two and two together, the man told police that he believed that Massey took it, which turned out to be the case when she was found nearby.
And then during Massey's pat-down, cops found the man's gold fronts too. (The man, who has a list of prior arrests longer than Massey's, would eventually spend a couple of nights in jail after pleading guilty to failing to identify himself to a police officer.)
Massey could face a year in jail and a $4,000 fine if convicted in the theft. Back in 2007, she was sentenced to two years for pimping out a 15-year-old girl. That conviction also landed her on the Texas Sex Offender Registry for life.
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Wee Dub Festival 2016 takes place across 5 gig and club sessions each in a different venue, alongside various fringe events. A weekend ticket allows you access to all events at Wee Dub, while tickets are available for each session individually.
PLEASE NOTE: When you click 'Add to your tickets' they will be added to the cart in the sidebar and from there you can adjust quantities and check out via Paypal – no account needed). If you're viewing on a mobile phone or small tablet you will need to scroll down to see the cart.
For more information on the Wee Dub venues go here.
Friday 4th March
Warm-Up Session / Wristband Exchange
Easy Skanking Crew b2b Edinburgh Roots Collective
Start Wee Dub early – we'll be selling tickets for Session 1 here and exchanging tickets for wristbands for Session 1 and Weekenders.
7pm – 10am
The Mash House, Hasties Close
Session 1 (2 Venues / 1 Ticket)
Chopstick Dubplate ft. Chesire Cat
Escape Roots Sound
Papa Shanti
Electrikal Soundsystem
10pm – 3am
La Belle Angele, Hasties Close
Tickets: £10+BF adv (£12 door)
Includes Access to Mash House
Jinx In Dub ft. Dubdadda
Alpha Steppa
Samson Sounds (Live)
Plus Warm Up Session from 7pm
7pm – 3am
The Mash House, Hasties Close
Tickets: £10+BF adv (£12 door)
Includes Access to La Belle
Saturday 5th March
Dub Clinic
Dub production workshop with
Mungos's Hi-Fi & Guests
More Info Soon
5pm – 6pm (TBC)
Red Dog Music, Grassmarket
Tickets: £10+BF (Free With Weekend Pass)
Session 2
Chainska Brassika (Live)
Ska Ya Man(Live)
DJ Scottie Somerville
7pm – 10pm
Liquid Room, Victoria Street
Tickets: £10+BF adv (£13 door)
Session 3
Mungo's Hi-Fi Soundsystem (Full Rig)
Solo Banton
Dreadsquad & Blackout JA
Mighty Oak
Crucial Roots
10pm – 4am (TBC)
Studio 24, Carlton Road
Tickets: £12+BF adv (£15 door)
Advance tickets sold out. Around 200 tickets will be on sale from 10pm at the venue. Weekend pass holders are guaranteed entry.
Sunday 6th March
Sunday Family Social
Jamaican Fusion Food
Craft Beer & Cocktails
Kids Reggae Disco
Kids Dub Station
Hemma Bar, Holyrood Road
12pm – 4pm
Free entry
(Discount food with Weekend Wristband)
Dub Screen
A laid back screening of hand-picked short to medium length films:
Musically Mad
Addis Pablo – In My Father's House
Rasta and The Ball
Dub To Jungle
Plus More
Brass Monkey, Drummond Street
5pm – 7pm
Free entry
Session 4
Aba Shanti-I
Nick Mannaseh & Brother Culture
Messenger Soundsystem
Afrikan Simba
Big Toes Hi-Fi
9pm – 3am
The Bongo Club, Cowgate
Tickets: £10+BF adv (£13 door)


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What a Cancer Caregiver Does
We think of caregivers as unpaid loved ones who give the person with cancer physical and emotional care. They may be spouses, partners, family members, or close friends. Most often, they are not trained for the caregiver job. Many times, they may be the lifeline of the person with cancer. Click on the topics below to get started.
- What is a cancer caregiver?
- Communication
- Making health decisions as a cancer caregiver
- Understanding the cancer experience when you're a caregiver
- Patient job, insurance, and money concerns for caregivers


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Aiming high: 10 of the most challenging soprano roles
15 September 2016
From the Queen of the Night to Turandot by way of Norma and Brünnhilde, we round up some of opera's most devilishly difficult soprano roles.
A three-course meal: Puccini's Il trittico and the tradition of piecing short operas together
19 February 2016
Like a collection of short stories or the B-movies of the 1940s and 50s, grouping operas together allows us to appreciate their contrasts.
Il trittico Musical Highlight: 'O mio babbino caro'
11 February 2016
Lauretta's lovely little aria is key in shaping the black comedy of Gianni Schicchi, the final opera in Puccini's triptych.
Opera Essentials: Il trittico
10 February 2016
Our quick introduction to Puccini's trio of short operas, bringing together the dramatic, tragic and comedic best of this giant of Italian opera.
Tosca Musical Highlight: The Te Deum
11 January 2016
A stunning musical depiction of Heaven and Hell closes Act I of Puccini's iconic Roman opera.
Opera Essentials: Tosca
31 December 2015
Our quick introduction to Puccini's (not so) 'shabby little shocker', which features some of the composer's most evocative music.
Holding up a mirror: How opera composers reflect community and society
19 November 2015
Composers have long experimented with different ways of giving a sense of community, often using the chorus to highly dramatic effect.
Women who win the day: Opera's triumphant heroines
2 September 2015
Opera is (perhaps justly) infamous for killing off its heroines – we look at some of the women who buck the trend.
Puccini unpacked: A guide to one of the most-loved operatic composers
4 June 2015
The Italian composer created some of opera's most enchanting romances.
Watch: Nicola Luisotti on Puccini – 'You can learn more from one of Puccini's scores than from books'
27 May 2015
The conductor discusses the composer's deceptive genius, and how best to approach his operas.


text: Located in Londrina, Cedro Hotel is in the business district and convenient to Londrina Historical Museum and Rocha Pombo Square. This hotel is within close proximity of Londrina Planetarium and Londrina Museum of Art. Make yourself at home in one of the 130 air-conditioned rooms featuring minibars and LCD televisions. Complimentary wireless Internet access keeps you connected, and cable programming is available for your entertainment. Bathrooms have showers and hair dryers. Housekeeping is provided daily, and cribs/infant beds can be requested. Take advantage of recreation opportunities including a sauna and a fitness center. Additional features include complimentary wireless Internet access and tour/ticket assistance. Take advantage of the hotel's room service (during limited hours). Quench your thirst with your favorite drink at a bar/lounge. Featured amenities include a computer station and laundry facilities. This hotel has 6 meeting rooms available for events. Recreational amenities at the hotel include a sauna and a fitness center.


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Alpine Scrambling Course (ASC) 2016
Enrollment Opens March 1st
The course consists of two evening lectures, and four field days.
Lecture Dates and Location:
Student Meeting #1: Thu, May 19 Location: CMC Conference Room A Time: 7pm-9:30pm
Student Meeting #2: Thu, May 26 Location: CMC Conference Room A Time: 7pm-9:30pm
Attendance at both lectures is a prerequisite to participate in the field days. Within the current session there is no provision to make-up a missed lecture so please ensure you are available for these dates.
Field Days:
Student Field Day 1: Sat, June 4 Location: TBD Time: 5am – 6pm
– Alternate Field Day 1 in case of bad weather: Sat, June 11
– Attendance at field day 1 is a prerequisite to participate in the subsequent field days 2-4.
Student Field Day 2-4: TBD within each student/instructor group Time: 4am – 6pm
End of Session: Aug 31 all field days will be completed
The ASC field days will typically be rated at the Denver Group C hiking classification level, but some may be in the D classification range. The C classified trips can be up to 15 miles roundtrip and/or up to 3,500 feet in elevation gain. D trips can be over 15 miles roundtrip and/or over 3,500 feet in elevation gain.
- Denver Group Course Tuition: $115
- Non-Denver Group Tuition: $135
Required Equipment: Approximately $260
- Ice axe with waist leash – $80
- Adjustable climbing helmet – $60
- Seat harness – $60
- Locking carabineers – $25
- Webbing and accessory cord – $13
- Text book: A Hiker's Guide to Scrambling Safely by Tom Morin - (E-book available at no additional cost once accepted into Course)
- Guide book: Colorado Scrambles by Dave Cooper – $21 (at the CMC office)
Required equipment will be discussed in the first student meeting; please refrain from buying until after.
- CMC Wilderness Trekking School (WTS) with successful ice axe self-arrest during WTS snow day
- Or, CMC Backpacking School (BKPS). BKPS graduates will need to take either Session A or Session B of the TCS Basic Snow modules prior to the start of the Alpine Scrambling Course (for 2016 Session A is 4/11 and 4/16; Session B is 4/20 and 4/24)
- Denver Group C hiking classification (contact the CMC office with questions)
- Very good physical condition
- Age 14 and older
Course Overview
Alpine scrambling is a form of mountaineering that primarily involves off-trail travel. Off-trail travel can consist of steep rock, loose rock, loose talus, scree, low angle snow, stream crossings, and bushwhacking; sometimes all on one trip.
Since most Colorado summits are accessible by scramble routes, the skills acquired in this course will provide the means to reach the summits of the Colorado 14ers as well as hundreds of other peaks. The Alpine Scrambling Course is a great choice for those interested in climbing semi-technical routes.
While much of the enjoyment of scrambling is freedom from technical gear and complicated rock climbing techniques, unroped scrambling in exposed situations is potentially one of the more dangerous aspects of mountaineering. For this reason, education and training specific to scrambling is important for safe and confident climbing.
The ASC student will practice elementary emergency techniques in preparation for the more challenging scrambles. An initial review of ice axe self-arrest, basic map and compass, fit and usage of the seat harness and helmet will all provide for a more confident and safe climbing environment.
Leaders of scrambling trips will carry a rope and some protection gear during the field days. The technical gear may be used for security on exposed sections, or to facilitate a safer retreat in case of difficulty. Sustained use of the technical gear is not taught in this course. ASC students need to be comfortable, or plan on getting comfortable, with exposure since that is a significant aspect of scrambling.
Although many find the ASC a comfortable bridge between WTS/BKPS and the harder modules within the Technical Climbing School, others find the ASC an end in itself. For those with modest goals and aspirations, the ASC will provide a rewarding experience. For those with more lofty ambitions, the ASC will add skills, confidence, and conditioning in anticipation of moving to the TCS program.
In addition, CMC members currently taking TCS modules, or for graduates of the TCS, the ASC also offers real-world scrambling experience allowing those individuals that prefer to learn while doing, an additional opportunity to broaden their suite of skills.
And as a final note, the physical demands of the ASC are not to be underestimated. A typical 4:00am meet time, long approach hikes, challenging scrambles, and a late afternoon return to the trailhead, can take its toll on the mind and body. Please consider this when applying.
Learn More
You may consider the following sources of information beneficial:
- Guide Book: Colorado Scrambles (second edition) by Dave Cooper – Available at the CMC
- Reference Book: Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills by The Mountaineers- at REI
- Text Book: A Hiker's Guide to Scrambling Safely by Tom Morin – Provided through the ASC
- ASC Self-Evaluation Process
- Student Manual
- Registration and Application Process
- Supplemental Equipment Information
- Photos and Testimonials
For additional information, please contact the ASC Director, Rich McAdams:
email@example.com (preferred) – Home: 303.697.6344
Support Aid for Leader Training (SALT)
If you are a Denver Group trip leader, working toward becoming a trip leader, or a senior instructor in a Denver Group school, you may be eligible for free tuition for this course under the SALT program. Click the link for more information as well as to access the SALT application form. Please note, for free tuition, you must register for this school through the SALT link, not this school's site. Click here for more information.