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Most Cited Microvascular Research Articles
The most cited articles published since 2011, extracted from Scopus.
HMGB1 induces human lung endothelial cell cytoskeletal rearrangement and barrier disruptionRachel K. Wolfson | Eddie T. Chiang | Joe G N Garcia
Volume 81, Issue 2, March 2011, Pages 189-197
Acute lung injury (ALI) results from loss of alveolar-capillary barrier integrity and the evolution of high-permeability pulmonary edema resulting in alveolar flooding and significant morbidity and mortality. HMGB1 is a late mediator of sepsis which uniquely participates in the evolution of sepsis and sepsis-induced ALI. The molecular events by which HMGB1 contributes to ALI remain poorly characterized. We characterized the role of HMGB1 in endothelial cell (EC) cytoskeletal rearrangement and vascular permeability, events essential to paracellular gap formation and barrier dysfunction characteristic of ALI. Initial experiments demonstrated HMGB1-mediated dose-dependent (5-20 μg/ml) decreases in transendothelial cell electrical resistance (TER) in the human pulmonary artery EC, a reflection of loss of barrier integrity. Furthermore, HMGB1 produced dose-dependent increases in paracellular gap formation in concert with loss of peripheral organized actin fibers, dissociation of cell-cell junctional cadherins, and the development of central stress fibers, a phenotypic change associated with increased contractile activity and increased EC permeability. Using siRNA strategies directed against known HMGB1 receptors (RAGE, TLR2, TLR4), we systematically determined that the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is the primary receptor signaling HMGB1-induced TER decreases and paracellular gap formation via p38 MAP kinase activation and phosphorylation of the actin-binding protein, Hsp27. These studies add to the understanding of HMGB1-induced inflammatory events and vascular barrier disruption and offer the potential for clinical intervention in sepsis-induced ALI. © 2010 Elsevier Inc.
Increasing the "region of interest" and "time of interest", both reduce the variability of blood flow measurements using laser speckle contrast imagingPascal Rousseau | Guillaume Mahé | Firas Haj-Yassin | Sylvain Durand | Anne Humeau | Georges Leftheriotis | Pierre Abraham
Volume 82, Issue 1, July 2011, Pages 88-91
Objective: Both spatial variability and temporal variability of skin blood flow are high. Laser speckle contrast imagers (LSCI) allow non-contact, real-time recording of cutaneous blood flow on large skin surfaces. Thereafter, the observer can define different sizes for the region of interest (ROI) in the images to decrease spatial variability and different durations over which the blood flow values are averaged (time of interest, TOI) to decrease temporal variability. We aimed to evaluate the impact of the choices of ROI and TOI on the analysis of rest blood flow and post occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORH). Methods: Cutaneous blood flow (CBF) was assessed at rest and during PORH. Three different sizes of ROI (1mm2, 10mm2 and 100mm2), and three different TOI (CBF averaged over 1s, 15s, and 30s for rest, and over 1s, 5s and 10s for PORH peak) were evaluated. Inter-subjects and intra-subjects coefficient of variations (inter-CV and intra-CV) were studied. Results: The inter-subject variability of CBF is about 25% at rest and is moderately improved when the size of the ROI increases (inter-CV=31%, for 1s and 1mm2 versus inter-CV=23%, for 15s and 100mm2). However, increasing the TOI does not improve the results. The variability of the PORH peak is lower with an inter-CV varying between 11.4% (10s and 100mm2) and 21.6% (5s and 1mm2). The lowest intra-CV for the CBF at rest was 7.3% (TOI of 15s on a ROI of 100mm2) and was 3.1% for the PORH peak (TOI of 10s on a ROI of 100mm2). Conclusion: We suggest that a size of ROI larger than 10mm2 and a TOI longer than 1s are required to reduce the variability of CBF measurements both at rest and during PORH peak evaluations at the forearm level. Many technical aspects such as comparison of laser speckle contrast imaging and laser Doppler imaging or the effect of skin to head distance on recorded values with LCSI are required to improve future studies using this fascinating clinical tool. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.
Comparison of laser speckle contrast imaging with laser Doppler for assessing microvascular functionGarry A. Tew | Markos Klonizakis | Helen Crank | J. David Briers | Gary J. Hodges
Volume 82, Issue 3, November 2011, Pages 326-332
Objective: To compare the inter-day reproducibility of post-occlusive reactive hyperaemia (PORH) and sympathetic vasomotor reflexes assessed by single-point laser Doppler flowmetry (SP-LDF), integrating-probe LDF (IP-LDF) and laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI), and the spatial variability of PORH assessed by IP-LDF and LSCI. We also evaluated the relationship between IP-LDF and LSCI perfusion values across a broad range of skin blood flows. Methods: Eighteen healthy adults (50% male, age 27±4years) participated in this study. Using SP-LDF, IP-LDF and LSCI, indices of skin blood flow were measured on the forearm during PORH (1-, 5- and 10-min occlusions) and on the finger pad during inspiratory gasp and cold pressor tests. These tests were repeated 3-7days later. Data were converted to cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC; laser Doppler flow/mean arterial pressure) and expressed as absolute and relative changes from pre-stimulus CVC (δCVC ABS and δCVC REL, respectively), as well as normalised to peak CVC for the PORH tests. Reproducibility was expressed as within-subjects coefficients of variation (CV, in %) and intraclass correlation coefficients. Results: The reproducibility of PORH on the forearm was poorer when assessed with SP-LDF and IP-LDF compared to LSCI (e.g., CV for 5-min PORH δCVC ABS=35%, 27% and 19%, respectively), with no superior method of data expression. In contrast, the reproducibility of the inspiratory gasp and cold pressor test responses on the finger pad were better with SP-LDF and IP-LDF compared to LSCI (e.g., CV for inspiratory gasp δCVC REL=13%, 7% and 19%, respectively). The spatial variability of PORH responses was poorer with IP-LDF compared to LSCI (e.g., CV ranging 11-35% versus 3-16%, respectively). The association between simultaneous LSCI and IP-LDF perfusion values was non-linear. Conclusion: The reproducibility of cutaneous PORH was better when assessed with LSCI compared to SP-LDF and IP-LDF; probably due to measuring larger skin areas (lower inter-site variability). However, when measuring sympathetic vasomotor reflexes on the finger pad, reproducibility was better with SP-LDF and IP-LDF, perhaps due to the high sensitivity of LSCI to changes in skin blood flow at low levels. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.
Laser speckle contrast imaging accurately measures blood flow over moving skin surfacesGuillaume Mahé | Pascal Rousseau | Sylvain Durand | Stephanie Bricq | Georges Leftheriotis | Pierre Abraham
Volume 81, Issue 2, March 2011, Pages 183-188
Cutaneous blood flow (CBF) can be assessed non-invasively with lasers. Unfortunately, movement artefacts in the laser skin signal (LSsk) might sometimes compromise the interpretation of the data. To date, no method is available to remove movement artefacts point-by-point. Using a laser speckle contrast imager, we simultaneously recorded LSsk and the signal backscattered from an adjacent opaque surface (LSos). The completion of a first protocol allowed a definition of a simple equation to calculate the CBF from movement artefact-affected traces of LSsk and LSos. We then recorded LSsk and LSos before, during and for 5min after the tourniquet ischemia, both when subjects (n=8) were immobile or submitted to external passive movements of random intensity throughout the test. The typical post-occlusive reactive hyperemia trace was not identifiable within the LSsk recordings, with LSsk being 2 to 3 times higher during movements than in the immobile situation. After the calculation of CBF, traces in the immobile versus movement conditions were comparable, with the "r" cross-correlation coefficient being 0.930+/-0.010. Our method might facilitate future investigations in microvascular physiology and pathophysiology, specifically in subjects who have frequent or continuous involuntary movements. © 2010 Elsevier Inc.
Distance between laser head and skin does not influence skin blood flow values recorded by laser speckle imagingGuillaume Mahé | Firas Haj-Yassin | Pascal Rousseau | Anne Humeau | Sylvain Durand | Georges Leftheriotis | Pierre Abraham
Volume 82, Issue 3, November 2011, Pages 439-442
Background: Laser Speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) allows non-contact, real-time recording of cutaneous blood flow (CBF). Different distances from laser-head to skin (distances L-S) can be chosen by the operator to perform these recordings. We aimed to evaluate the impact of different Distances L-S on the analysis of rest blood flow and post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORH). Methods: Four distances L-S (10, 15, 20, and 30cm) were evaluated in a random order in 11 healthy subjects. We analyzed the concordance between each recording at each distance L-S. We compared CBF results (absolute values and cutaneous vascular conductance (CBF divided by mean arterial pressure)) obtained for each distance L-S. The intra-subject coefficients of variation due to distances L-S (intra-CV, in%) were also studied. Results: The mean "r" (standard deviation) cross-correlation coefficient was 0.99 (0.00) between each CBF trace issued from different distance L-S. Both kinds of CBF results, at rest and for PORH peak, show non-significant differences when the distance L-S is modified. The intra-CV varies from 5.9% to 8.6% at rest and from 5.6% to 9.1% for the PORH peak. Conclusion: Distance L-S neither influences SBFR at rest, nor at peak post-occlusive hyperemia in the 10-30cm interval using LSCI. © 2011 Elsevier Inc..
Focal adhesion kinase regulation of mechanotransduction and its impact on endothelial cell functionsNoureddine Zebda | Oleksii Dubrovskyi | Konstantin G. Birukov
Volume 83, Issue 1, January 2012, Pages 71-81
Vascular endothelial cells lining the blood vessels form the interface between the bloodstream and the vessel wall and as such they are continuously subjected to shear and cyclic stress from the flowing blood in the lumen. Additional mechanical stimuli are also imposed on these cells in the form of substrate stiffness transmitted from the extracellular matrix components in the basement membrane, and additional mechanical loads imposed on the lung endothelium as the result of respiration or mechanical ventilation in clinical settings. Focal adhesions (FAs) are complex structures assembled at the abluminal endothelial plasma membrane which connect the extracellular filamentous meshwork to the intracellular cytoskeleton and hence constitute the ideal checkpoint capable of controlling or mediating transduction of bidirectional mechanical signals. In this review we focus on focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a component of FAs, which has been studied for a number of years with regards to its involvement in mechanotransduction. We analyzed the recent advances in the understanding of the role of FAK in the signaling cascade(s) initiated by various mechanical stimuli with particular emphasis on potential implications on endothelial cell functions. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.
Hesperetin rescues retinal oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and apoptosis in diabetic ratsBinit Kumar | Suresh Kumar Gupta | B. P. Srinivasan | Tapas Chandra Nag | Sushma Srivastava | Rohit Saxena | Kumar Abhiram Jha
Volume 87, Issue , May 2013, Pages 65-74
The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects of hesperetin (Hsp) on diabetes-induced retinal oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and apoptosis in rats. The Hsp treatment (100. mg/kg body weight) was carried for twenty four weeks in STZ-induced diabetic rats and evaluated for antioxidant (Superoxide dismutase; SOD, Catalase; CAT and glutathione; GSH) enzymes, inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β), caspase-3, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and aquaporin-4(AQP4) expression. Histological changes were evaluated by light and transmission electron microscopic (LM and TEM) studies. Retinal GSH levels and anti-oxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT) activity were significantly decreased in diabetic group as compared to normal group. However, in Hsp-treated rats, retinal GSH levels were restored close to normal levels and positive modulation of anti-oxidant enzyme activity was observed. Diabetic retinae showed significantly increased expression of Pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β) as compared to normal retinae. While Hsp-treated retinae showed significantly lower levels of cytokines as compared to diabetic retinae. Diabetic retinae showed increased caspase-3, GFAP and AQP4 expression. However, Hsp-treated retinae showed inhibitory effect on caspase-3, GFAP and AQP4 expression. LM images showed edematous Müller cell endfeet, and also degenerated photoreceptor layer; however, protective effect of Hsp was seen on Müller cell processes and photoreceptors. TEM study showed increased basement membrane (BM) thickness in diabetic retina, while relatively thin BM was recorded in Hsp-treated retina. It can be postulated that dietary flavanoids, like Hsp, can be effective for the prevention of diabetes induced neurovascular complications such as diabetic retinopathy. © 2013 Elsevier Inc.
Comparison between laser speckle contrast imaging and laser Doppler imaging to assess skin blood flow in humansC. Millet | M. Roustit | S. Blaise | J. L. Cracowski
Volume 82, Issue 2, September 2011, Pages 147-151
Objective: We tested the linearity between skin blood flux recorded with laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) and laser Doppler imaging (LDI), comparing different ways of expressing data. A secondary objective was to test within-subject variability of baseline flux with the two techniques. Methods: We performed local heating at 36, 39, 42, and 44 °C on the forearm of healthy volunteers, and measured cutaneous blood flux with LDI and LSCI. Biological zero (BZ) was obtained by occluding the brachial artery. We expressed data as raw arbitrary perfusion units (APUs) and as a percentage increase from baseline (%BL), with and without subtracting BZ. Inter-site variability was expressed as a within subject coefficient of variation (CV). Results: Twelve participants were enrolled. Inter-site variability at baseline was lower with LSCI (CV = 9.2%) than with LDI (CV = 20.7%). We observed an excellent correlation between both techniques when data were expressed as raw APUs or APU - BZ (R = 0.90; p<0.001). The correlation remained correct for %BL (R=0.77, p<0.001), but decreased for %BL - BZ (R=0.44, p=0.003). Bland-Altman plots revealed a major proportional bias between the two techniques. Conclusion: This study suggests that skin blood flux measured with LSCI is linearly related to the LDI signal over a wide range of perfusion. Subtracting BZ does not affect this linearity but introduces variability in baseline flux, thus decreasing the correlation when data are expressed as a function of baseline. Finally, systematic bias makes it impossible to assimilate arbitrary perfusion units provided by the two systems. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.
A novel and simple method for culturing pericytes from mouse brainUlrich Tigges | Jennifer V. Welser-Alves | Amin Boroujerdi | Richard Milner
Volume 84, Issue 1, July 2012, Pages 74-80
Pericytes play critical roles in the development, maturation and remodeling of blood vessels, and in the central nervous system (CNS), evidence suggests that pericytes also regulate blood flow and form an integral part of the blood-brain barrier. The study of this important cell type has been hampered by the lack of any pericyte-specific marker and by the difficulty of culturing pericytes in adequate numbers to high purity. Here we present a novel yet simple approach to isolate and culture large numbers of pericytes from the mouse CNS that nevertheless leads to very pure pericyte cultures. In our method, vascular cells obtained from adult mice brains are cultured initially under conditions optimized for endothelial cells, but after two passages switched to a medium optimized for pericyte growth. After growing the cells for 1-2 additional passages we obtained a largely homogeneous population of cells that expressed the pericyte markers NG2, PDGFβ-receptor, and CD146, but were negative for markers of endothelial cells (CD31), microglia (Mac-1) and astrocytes (GFAP). Under these conditions, pericytes could be grown to high passage number, and were maintained highly pure and largely undifferentiated, as determined by antigen expression profile and low levels of α-SMA expression, a marker of pericyte differentiation. Furthermore, switching the cells from pericyte medium into DMEM containing 10% FBS promoted α-SMA expression, demonstrating that high passage pericytes could still differentiate. Thus, we provide an alternative approach to the culture of CNS pericytes that is easy to establish and provides large numbers of highly pure pericytes for extended periods of time. This system should provide others working in the pericyte field with a useful additional tool to study the behavior of this fascinating cell type. © 2012 Elsevier Inc.
Microfluidic devices for modeling cell-cell and particle-cell interactions in the microvasculatureBalabhaskar Prabhakarpandian | Ming Che Shen | Kapil Pant | Mohammad F. Kiani
Volume 82, Issue 3, November 2011, Pages 210-220
Cell-fluid and cell-cell interactions are critical components of many physiological and pathological conditions in the microvasculature. Similarly, particle-cell interactions play an important role in targeted delivery of therapeutics to tissue. Development of in vitro fluidic devices to mimic these microcirculatory processes has been a critical step forward in our understanding of the inflammatory process, developing of nano-particulate drug carriers, and developing realistic in vitro models of the microvasculature and its surrounding tissue. However, widely used parallel plate flow based devices and assays have a number of important limitations for studying the physiological conditions in vivo. In addition, these devices are resource hungry and time consuming for performing various assays. Recently developed, more realistic, microfluidic based devices have been able to overcome many of these limitations. In this review, an overview of the fluidic devices and their use in studying the effects of shear forces on cell-cell and cell-particle interactions is presented. In addition, use of mathematical models and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) based models for interpreting the complex flow patterns in the microvasculature is highlighted. Finally, the potential of 3D microfluidic devices and imaging for better representing in vivo conditions under which cell-cell and cell-particle interactions take place is discussed. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.
COX-2 expression is correlated with VEGF-C, lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis in human cervical cancerHuidong Liu | Jianbing Xiao | Yanmei Yang | Yan Liu | Ruijin Ma | Yuhang Li | Fengchun Deng | Yafang Zhang
Volume 82, Issue 2, September 2011, Pages 131-140
Lymphangiogenesis has been shown to promote lymph node metastasis in cancers, making it an important target in cancer therapy. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C is upregulated in various tumors/cancers and is one of the most potent growth factors for inducing lymphangiogenesis and promoting lymph node metastasis (LNM). Likewise, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 plays major roles in carcinogenesis, tumor growth and metastasis via multiple mechanisms including inactivation of host antitumor immunity and promotion of tumor cell migration, tumor cell invasiveness and tumor-associated angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. We previously demonstrated an association between COX-2 and VEGF-C in an in vitro model of lung cancer. However, little is known about the regulation of VEGF-C by COX-2 in cervical cancer. In this study, we measured the COX-2 and VEGF-C expressions by immunohistochemistry in 23 LNM-positive and 20 LNM-negative cervical cancer specimens. We then examined the correlations among the expressions and the lymphatic microvessel density (LMVD) and ultrastructural changes to the lymphatic vessel walls by enzyme histochemical staining and electron microscopy. In addition, we used the HeLa cervical cancer cell line to explore the in vitro regulation of VEGF-C by COX-2 and its metabolite, PGE 2, using siRNA-mediated gene silencing and EP receptor blockade. The LNM-positive specimens exhibited significantly higher VEGF-C expression, COX-2 expression and LMVD than the LNM-negative specimens. Furthermore, there were strong correlations between the levels of COX-2 expression and the levels of VEGF-C expression and secretion and a significant positive association between the LMVD and LNM. siRNA-mediated knockdown of COX-2 expression inhibited VEGF-C mRNA expression while EP1 and EP4 receptor antagonists reduced the VEGF-C protein level and tyrosine phosphorylation of Src kinase. Moreover, inhibition of Src kinase with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor PP1 attenuated VEGF-C expression. Collectively, our data provide evidence for a clinical association between COX-2 and VEGF-C expressions in cervical cancer. EP1 and EP4 receptors may be involved in the COX-2-mediated regulation of VEGF-C protein and mRNA expressions. Src may be a downstream mediator of EP1 and EP4 receptors. COX-2 inhibition may diminish LNM by suppressing VEGF-C-mediated lymphangiogenesis. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.
CXCR1 and CXCR2 silencing modulates CXCL8-dependent endothelial cell proliferation, migration and capillary-like structure formationSeema Singh | Sheng Wu | Michelle Varney | Ajay P. Singh | Rakesh K. Singh
Volume 82, Issue 3, November 2011, Pages 318-325
CXCR1 and CXCR2 are receptors for angiogenic ELR + CXC chemokines and are differentially expressed on endothelial cells; however, their functional significance in angiogenesis remains unclear. In this study, we determined the functional significance of these receptors in modulating endothelial cell phenotype by knocking-down the expression of CXCR1 and/or CXCR2 in human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) using short-hairpin RNA (shRNA). Cell proliferation, migration, invasion and capillary-like structure (CLS) formation were analyzed. Our data demonstrate that knock-down of CXCR1 and/or CXCR2 expression inhibited endothelial cell proliferation, survival, migration, invasion and CLS formation. Additionally, we examined the mechanism of CXCL8-dependent CXCR1 and/or CXCR2 mediated phenotypic changes by evaluating ERK phosphorylation and cytoskeletal rearrangement and observed inhibition of ERK phosphorylation and cytoskeletal rearrangement in HMEC-1-shCXCR1, HMEC-1-shCXCR2 and HMEC-1-shCXCR1/2 cells. Together, these data demonstrate that CXCR1 and CXCR2 expression plays a critical role in regulating multiple biological activities in human microvascular endothelial cells. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.
Transdermal iontophoresis as an in-vivo technique for studying microvascular physiologyErik Tesselaar | Folke Sjöberg
Volume 81, Issue 1, January 2011, Pages 88-96
Assessment of microvascular function is of major importance in understanding the physiology of the vasculature and in investigating the vascular effects of pathological conditions. Transdermal iontophoresis can be used to non-invasively introduce vasoactive drugs into the skin. The response of the local cutaneous microvasculature to these drugs can be measured by methods such as laser Doppler flowmetry. Although the technique has been used for over two decades, there are still important methodological issues to be resolved. This review describes the technique of iontophoresis as well as its development during recent years, while focusing on how iontophoresis can be used as an in-vivo model for studying physiologic mechanisms and on the analysis and interpretation of dose-response data. © 2010 Elsevier Inc.
Start-up shape dynamics of red blood cells in microcapillary flowGiovanna Tomaiuolo | Stefano Guido
Volume 82, Issue 1, July 2011, Pages 35-41
Red blood cell (RBC) deformability plays a key role in oxygen exchange between blood and tissues in microcirculation by allowing RBCs to flow in vessels of diameter even smaller than cell size. Hence, RBC flow in microcapillaries has been widely studied in vitro, mostly under steady-state conditions. Here, we provide the first quantitative investigation of the transient behavior of RBC shape in confined Poiseuille flow in vitro. Our approach is based on high-speed video microscopy imaging of RBCs flowing in silica microcapillaries and quantitative data processing by image analysis techniques. In start-up flow, RBCs undergo a complex transition from the biconcave shape to a parachute-like configuration through membrane folding and cytoplasm reorganization. The time scale of this transient process is independent on the applied pressure drop and the measured value for healthy cells (around 0.1. s) is in agreement with previous micropipette data from the literature. Glutaraldehyde (GA)-hardened RBCs exhibit a faster shape evolution at higher GA concentration, thus showing that the corresponding time scale becomes shorter at increasing cytoskeleton elasticity. Our results provide a novel microfluidics methodology to measure the RBC characteristic time which is a potential diagnostic parameter of altered cell deformability. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.
Endothelial FAK as a therapeutic target in diseaseGiovanni A. Infusino | Jeffrey R. Jacobson
Volume 83, Issue 1, January 2012, Pages 89-96
Focal adhesions (FA) are important mediators of endothelial cytoskeletal interactions with the extracellular matrix (ECM) via transmembrane receptors, integrins and integrin-associated intracellular proteins. This communication is essential for a variety of cell processes including EC barrier regulation and is mediated by the non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase, focal adhesion kinase (FAK). As FA mediate the basic response of EC to a variety of stimuli and FAK is essential to these responses, the idea of targeting EC FAK as a therapeutic strategy for an assortment of diseases is highly promising. In particular, inhibition of FAK could prove beneficial in a variety of cancers via effects on EC proliferation and angiogenesis, in acute lung injury (ALI) via the attenuation of lung vascular permeability, and in rheumatoid arthritis via reductions in synovial angiogenesis. In addition, there are potential therapeutic benefits of FAK inhibition in cardiovascular disease and diabetic nephropathy as well. Several drugs that target EC FAK are now in existence and include agents currently under investigation in preclinical models as well as drugs that are readily available such as the sphingolipid analog FTY720 and statins. As the role of EC FAK in the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases continues to be explored and new insights are revealed, drug targeting of FAK will continue to be an important area of investigation and may ultimately lead to highly novel and effective strategies to treat these diseases. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.
Neutrophil transmigration, focal adhesion kinase and endothelial barrier functionSarah Y. Yuan | Qiang Shen | Robert R. Rigor | Mack H. Wu
Volume 83, Issue 1, January 2012, Pages 82-88
Neutrophil activation is an essential component of innate immune defense against infection and injury. In response to inflammatory stimulation, circulating neutrophils undergo a series of dynamic and metabolic changes characterized by β2-intergrin mediated adhesion to microvascular endothelium and subsequent transendothelial migration. During this process, neutrophils release granular contents containing digestive enzymes and produce cytotoxic agents such as reactive oxygen species and cytokines. These products target endothelial barriers inducing phosphorylation-triggered junction dissociation, actin stress fiber formation, and actomyosin contraction, manifest as paracellular hyperpermeability. Endothelial cell-matrix focal adhesions play an integral role in this process by providing structural support for endothelial conformational changes that facilitate neutrophil transmigration, as well as by recruiting intracellular molecules that constitute the hyperpermeability signaling cascades. As a central connector of the complex signaling network, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is activated following neutrophil adhesion, and further mediates the reorganization of endothelial integrin-matrix attachments in a pattern coordinating with cytoskeleton contraction and junction opening. In this review, we present recent experimental evidence supporting the importance of FAK in neutrophil-dependent regulation of endothelial permeability. The discussion focuses on the mechanisms by which neutrophils activate FAK and its downstream effects on endothelial barriers. © 2012.
Paracrine effects of mesenchymal stem cells enhance vascular regeneration in ischemic murine skinStefan Schlosser | Cyrill Dennler | Riccardo Schweizer | Daniel Eberli | Jens V. Stein | Volker Enzmann | Pietro Giovanoli | Dominique Erni | Jan A. Plock
Volume 83, Issue 3, May 2012, Pages 267-275
New theories on the regeneration of ischemic vasculature have emerged indicating a pivotal role of adult stem cells. The aim of this study was to investigate homing and hemodynamic effects of circulating bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in a critically ischemic murine skin flap model. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (Lin -CD105 +) were harvested from GFP +-donor mice and transferred to wildtype C57BL/6 mice. Animals receiving GFP +-fibroblasts served as a control group. Laser scanning confocal microscopy and intravital fluorescence microscopy were used for morphological analysis, monitoring and quantitative assessment of the stem cell homing and microhemodynamics over two weeks. Immunohistochemical staining was performed for GFP, eNOS, iNOS, VEGF. Tissue viability was analyzed by TUNEL-assay. We were able to visualize perivascular homing of MSCs in vivo. After 4. days, MSCs aligned along the vascular wall without undergoing endothelial or smooth muscle cell differentiation during the observation period. The gradual increase in arterial vascular resistance observed in the control group was abolished after MSC administration (P < 0.01). At capillary level, a strong angiogenic response was found from day 7 onwards. Functional capillary density was raised in the MSC group to 197% compared to 132% in the control group (P < 0.01). Paracrine expression of VEGF and iNOS, but not eNOS could be shown in the MSC group but not in the controls. In conclusion, we demonstrated that circulating bone marrow-derived MSCs home to perivascular sites in critically ischemic tissue, exhibits paracrine function and augment microhemodynamics. These effects were mediated through arteriogenesis and angiogenesis, which contributed to vascular regeneration. © 2012 Elsevier Inc.
Wide-field functional imaging of blood flow and hemoglobin oxygen saturation in the rodent dorsal window chamberAustin J. Moy | Sean M. White | Elmer S. Indrawan | Justin Lotfi | Matthew J. Nudelman | Samantha J. Costantini | Nikita Agarwal | Wangcun Jia | Kristen M. Kelly | Brian S. Sorg | Bernard Choi
Volume 82, Issue 3, November 2011, Pages 199-209
The rodent dorsal window chamber is a widely used in vivo model of the microvasculature. The model consists of a 1. cm region of exposed microvasculature in the rodent dorsal skin that is immobilized by surgically implanted titanium frames, allowing the skin microvasculature to be visualized. We describe a detailed protocol for surgical implantation of the dorsal window chamber which enables researchers to perform the window chamber implantation surgery. We further describe subsequent wide-field functional imaging of the chamber to obtain hemodynamic information in the form of blood oxygenation and blood flow on a cm size region of interest. Optical imaging techniques, such as intravital microscopy, have been applied extensively to the dorsal window chamber to study microvascular-related disease and conditions. Due to the limited field of view of intravital microscopy, detailed hemodynamic information typically is acquired from small regions of interest, typically on the order of hundreds of μm. The wide-field imaging techniques described herein complement intravital microscopy, allowing researchers to obtain hemodynamic information at both microscopic and macroscopic spatial scales. Compared with intravital microscopy, wide-field functional imaging requires simple instrumentation, is inexpensive, and can give detailed metabolic information over a wide field of view. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.
Mesenchymal stem cells rescue injured endothelial cells in an in vitro ischemia-reperfusion model via tunneling nanotube like structure-mediated mitochondrial transferKaiming Liu | Kunqian Ji | Liang Guo | Wei Wu | Huixia Lu | Peiyan Shan | Chuanzhu Yan
Volume 92, Issue , January 2014, Pages 10-18
Mesenchymal stem cells can be used as a novel treatment of ischemic vascular disease; however, their therapeutic effect and mechanism of action require further evaluation. Mitochondrial dysfunction has core functions in ischemia-reperfusion injury of the microvascular network. A recent discovery has shown that intercellular communication using tunneling nanotubes can transfer mitochondria between adjacent cells. This study aimed to investigate the tunneling nanotube mechanisms that might be involved in stem cell-mediated mitochondrial rescue of injured vascular endothelial cells. Using laser scanning confocal microscopy, mitochondrial transfer via a tunneling nanotube-like structure was detected between mesenchymal stem cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Oxygen glucose deprivation and reoxygenation were performed on human umbilical vein endothelial cells, which induced mitochondrial transfer through tunneling nanotube-like structures to become frequent and almost unidirectional from mesenchymal stem cells to injured endothelial cells, thereby resulting in the rescue of aerobic respiration and protection of endothelial cells from apoptosis. We found that the formation of tunneling nanotube-like structures might represent a defense and rescue mechanism through phosphatidylserines exposed on the surface of apoptotic endothelial cells and stem cell recognition. Our data provided evidence that stem cells can rescue damaged vascular endothelial cells through a mechanism that has not yet been identified. © 2014 Elsevier Inc.
Role of FAK in S1P-regulated endothelial permeabilityPatrick Belvitch | Steven M. Dudek
Volume 83, Issue 1, January 2012, Pages 22-30
The vascular endothelium serves as a semi-selective barrier between the circulating contents of the blood and the tissues through which they flow. Disruption of this barrier results in significant organ dysfunction during devastating inflammatory syndromes such as sepsis and acute lung injury (ALI). Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is an endogenous lipid regulator of endothelial permeability that produces potent barrier enhancement via actin and junctional protein rearrangement and resultant cytoskeletal changes. A key effector protein in this S1P response is focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a highly conserved cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase involved in the engagement of integrins and assembly of focal adhesions (FA) through the catalysis of multiple downstream signals. After stimulation by S1P, endothelial FAK undergoes specific tyrosine phosphorylation that results in activation of the kinase and dynamic interactions with other effector molecules to improve the endothelial barrier. FAK participates in peripheral actin cytoskeletal rearrangement as well as cell-matrix (FA) and cell-cell (adherens junction) junctional complex strengthening that combine to decrease vascular permeability. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the role of FAK in mediating enhanced endothelial barrier function by S1P. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.
Nailfold capillaroscopy in systemic sclerosis: Data from the EULAR scleroderma trials and research (EUSTAR) databaseFrancesca Ingegnoli | Ilaria Ardoino | Patrizia Boracchi | Maurizio Cutolo | Paolo Airò | Lidia P. Ananieva | Codrina Ancuta | Luis Eduardo Andrade | Radim Becvar | Alessia Benenati | Paola Caramaschi | Patricia E. Carreira | Giovanna Cuomo | Nemanja Damjanov | Oliver Distler | Rosario Foti | Serena Guiducci | Eric Hachulla | John Highton | Cristiane Kayser | Chiara Lubatti | Marco Matucci Cerinic | Florian Meier | Pier Luigi Meroni | Carmen Marina Mihai | Ewa Morgiel | Ulf Müller-Ladner | Esthela Loyo | Vera Ortiz | Valeria Riccieri | Agneta Scheja | Simona Skacelova | Vanessa Smith | Bojana Stamenkovic | Simon Stebbings | Viktor Stoica | Alberto Sulli | Jacek Szechinski | Alan Tyndall | Gabriele Valentini | Ulrich Walker | Silvana Zeni | Maja Zlatanovic
Volume 89, Issue , September 2013, Pages 122-128
Objective: The aims of this study were to obtain cross-sectional data on capillaroscopy in an international multi-center cohort of Systemic Sclerosis (SSc) and to investigate the frequency of the capillaroscopic patterns and their disease-phenotype associations. Methods: Data collected between June 2004 and October 2011 in the EULAR Scleroderma Trials and Research (EUSTAR) registry were examined. Patients' profiles based on clinical and laboratory data were obtained by cluster analysis and the association between profiles and capillaroscopy was investigated by multinomial logistic regression. Results: 62 of the 110 EUSTAR centers entered data on capillaroscopy in the EUSTAR database. 376 of the 2754 patients (13.65%) were classified as scleroderma pattern absent, but non-specific capillary abnormalities were noted in 55.48% of the cases. Four major patients' profiles were identified characterized by a progressive severity for skin involvement, as well as an increased number of systemic manifestations. The early and active scleroderma patterns were generally observed in patients with mild/moderate skin involvement and a low number of disease manifestations, while the late scleroderma pattern was found more frequently in the more severe forms of the disease. Conclusion: These data indicate the importance of capillaroscopy in SSc management and that capillaroscopic patterns are directly related to the extent of organ involvement. © 2013 Elsevier Inc.
Transplantation of endothelial progenitor cells overexpressing endothelial nitric oxide synthase enhances inhibition of neointimal hyperplasia and restores endothelium-dependent vasodilatationBin Cui | Lan Huang | Yuqiang Fang | Reiwei Guo | Yangguang Yin | Xiaohui Zhao
Volume 81, Issue 1, January 2011, Pages 143-150
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) play an important role in vascular repair. We hypothesized that overexpression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in EPCs enhances inhibition of neointimal hyperplasia and restores endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in injured vessels. Bone marrow-derived EPCs were cultured and expanded in endothelial basal medium. EPCs were transduced with pseudotyped retroviral vectors expressing human eNOS (eNOS-EPCs) or green fluorescent protein (GFP-EPCs). Three days after gene transfer, EPC proliferation and NO production were assayed. Rats received 2×106 fluorescently labeled EPCs with expressing eNOS, GFP or saline by tail vein injection directly after balloon injury and again 24h later. Two weeks after transplantation, cell tracking showed that transfused EPCs could return to the injury site. Both eNOS-EPCs transplantation (p<0.05) and GFP-EPCs transplantation (p<0.05) could inhibit neointimal hyperplasia compared with saline injection. The antiproliferative effect of EPCs was further enhanced by overexpression of eNOS (p<0.05, eNOS-EPCs vs. GFP-EPCs). Furthermore, eNOS-EPCs transplantation increased significantly endothelium-dependent vasodilatation compared with GFP-EPCs transplantation. We conclude that transplantation of EPCs overexpressing eNOS could repair the injured vessel by inhibiting neointimal hyperplasia and restoring vascular function. Therefore, gene modified EPCs facilitates the strategy of cell transplantation for vascular dysfunction and restenosis after angioplasty. © 2010 Elsevier Inc.
Focal adhesion kinase and endothelial cell apoptosisQing Lu | Sharon Rounds
Volume 83, Issue 1, January 2012, Pages 56-63
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a key component of cell-substratum adhesions, known as focal adhesion complexes. Growing evidence indicates that FAK is important in maintenance of normal cell survival and that disruption of FAK signaling results in loss of substrate adhesion and anoikis (apoptosis) of anchorage-dependent cells, such as endothelial cells. Basal FAK activity in non-stimulated endothelial cells is important in maintaining cell adhesion to integrins via PI3 kinase/Akt signaling. FAK activity is dependent upon small GTPase signaling. FAK also appears to be important in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced cell death. This review summarizes the signaling pathways of FAK in prevention of apoptosis and the role of FAK in mediating adenosine and homocysteine-induced endothelial cell apoptosis and in cardiovascular diseases. © 2012.
Predicting dynamics and rheology of blood flow: A comparative study of multiscale and low-dimensional models of red blood cellsWenxiao Pan | Dmitry A. Fedosov | Bruce Caswell | George Em Karniadakis
Volume 82, Issue 2, September 2011, Pages 163-170
We compare the predictive capability of two mathematical models for red blood cells (RBCs) focusing on blood flow in capillaries and arterioles. Both RBC models as well as their corresponding blood flows are based on the dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) method, a coarse-grained molecular dynamics approach. The first model employs a multiscale description of the RBC (MS-RBC), with its membrane represented by hundreds or even thousands of DPD-particles connected by springs into a triangular network in combination with out-of-plane elastic bending resistance. Extra dissipation within the network accounts for membrane viscosity, while the characteristic biconcave RBC shape is achieved by imposition of constraints for constant membrane area and constant cell volume. The second model is based on a low-dimensional description (LD-RBC) constructed as a closed torus-like ring of only 10 large DPD colloidal particles. They are connected into a ring by worm-like chain (WLC) springs combined with bending resistance. The LD-RBC model can be fitted to represent the entire range of nonlinear elastic deformations as measured by optical-tweezers for healthy and for infected RBCs in malaria. MS-RBCs suspensions model the dynamics and rheology of blood flow accurately for any vessel size but this approach is computationally expensive for vessel diameters above 100 μm. Surprisingly, the much more economical suspensions of LD-RBCs also capture the blood flow dynamics and rheology accurately except for small-size vessels comparable to RBC diameter. In particular, the LD-RBC suspensions are shown to properly capture the experimental data for the apparent viscosity of blood and its cell-free layer (CFL) in tube flow. Taken together, these findings suggest a hierarchical approach in modeling blood flow in the arterial tree, whereby the MS-RBC model should be employed for capillaries and arterioles below 100 μm, the LD-RBC model for arterioles, and the continuum description for arteries. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.
Effects of bone morphogenetic protein 2 on human umbilical vein endothelial cellsG. Finkenzeller | S. Hager | G. B. Stark
Volume 84, Issue 1, July 2012, Pages 81-85
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and their receptors play important roles in cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, migration and cell survival. It was also demonstrated that BMPs are involved in vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. In this study, we investigated the expression profile of BMP receptors in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and determined the effect of BMP-2 on proliferation, migration, invasion, cell survival and tube formation. HUVECs express the type I BMP receptors ALK2, ALK3 and ALK6 and the type II receptor BMPR-II. Treatment of HUVECs with recombinant human BMP-2 induced migration, invasion and tube formation of HUVECs without affecting proliferation and apoptosis. Our data suggest that BMP-2 represents a chemoattractant and proangiogenic factor for HUVECs. © 2012 Elsevier Inc.


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Comments about Carolina Hurricanes CHS Boardshort - Black:
I recently purchased two pairs of swim shorts. I am approximately 40" in the waist. All my pants and shorts are 40 inches. Using the size chart, it states XL is 40-42 in the waist. I purchased the shorts and way too small. So, I thought if I go to the XXL, which is 44-48, there should be no problem. Guess what, still too small. XXL is about the size of 38". Now I have two pairs of swim shorts that I can't wear and there is no XXXL size to get 40 inches waist line. Please correct the size chart!!!!!!!!!!!!!


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Pokemon X
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shrooboid313 4 years ago#21
I wouldn't mind if there were a light type either. It'd make sense seeing as though there's Dark type.
Please check out my YouTube channel. I do game walkthroughs.
Chaos_Missile posted...
Arne83 posted...No. Sound is a horrible idea for a type.
I will agree that it is better than... geh... love type (I get sick to my stomach every time I say that). I disagree with you on Light.
Yes, Light is easily the most boring, unimaginative, and generic idea for a type ever. But it actually makes sense. So I have to say it's better than sound.
shrooboid313 posted...
I wouldn't mind if there were a light type either. It'd make sense seeing as though there's Dark type.
Learn what Dark Type actually is, then comment again.
Let's just pretend this says something witty.
Arne83 posted...
Yes, Light is easily the most boring, unimaginative, and generic idea for a type ever. But it actually makes sense. So I have to say it's better than sound.
Honestly, Light type, to me, would be just as bad as sound. Sound is dumb because literally everything makes sound, which is vibrations in the air. Light is dumb because light is literally everywhere. And one could argue that Electric or Fire pokemon already fit the whole illuminating role for that kind of Light type.
And the people who say "There needs to be Light cause there's Dark hurr durr", THAT kind of "Light" type already exists in the "Fighting" Type, which represents honor and justice, whereas "Dark" does not represent a lack of light, but rather dishonor and unjust actions.
As you read this, you suddenly feel inexplicable rage.
Dwayne Johnson is best pokeymanz
RAcastBlaster 4 years ago#24
Honestly, I just want them to shake things up again. There weren't any major mechanical changes in gen 5, and that kinda bothered me. I do realize that there wasn't simply because they were sticking with the system that works, but I want something MAJOR for gen 6. And the only thing I can think of them doing is a new type or two. I'd be all for it, whatever the outcome.
Currently playing: MMZCollection, Pokemon Black 2 [2538 3598 3001], FE:Awakening, Xenoblade Chronicles
Chrono_Syndrome 4 years ago#25
literally everything makes sound
Everything in Pokemon universe fights as well. It never prevented Fighting to be spearate type on it's own. Design your own excuses, please.
Yet well, I prefer "Acoustic" or "Sonic" for naming myself. Not every frequency is deadly dangerous without sufficient magnitude.
Misdreavus573 4 years ago#26
Sound type is okay but I'm not crazy about, Love type is ridiculous.
But I'd actually really like a Light type, though I'd prefer it to be like a Holy type. More an anti-Ghost than an anti-Dark.
This sounds okay, but I still wouldn't like to have more types. It would be a bit unbalanced if we had 5 generations without the sound type, and then we would have one with it. Then we would have a shltload of sound-types in one generation, or there would be almost none. If they changed many older Pokémon's types, that would be a bit confusing. It's still a problem for me and many others to remember that Magnemite and magneton were pure electric-types back when, now imagine if we had to remember the old and new typed for 30 Pokémon.
Also, if GameFreak really wanted a sound type, they would have implemented it much earlier, at least when they introduced a completely sound-based evolution family and an ability resolving around sound (gen 3). Why would they have waited for 6 generations?
Goemon, Simon Belmont, Mega Man, Paper Mario, Alex Roivas, Isaac, and Prince Sabure for SSB4!
Chrono_Syndrome posted...
literally everything makes sound
Ah, but you see, if you read further I explained what "Fighting" actually represented. It's more a representation of Martial Arts, honor, and justice and whatnot, than just, you know, fighting.
As you read this, you suddenly feel inexplicable rage.
Dwayne Johnson is best pokeymanz
CakeOfLies 4 years ago#29
Don't make Sound SE against Steel.
That would make four types SE against what should be the defensive type.
I'm not easily impressed; I'm usually oblivious to whatever's in front of me.
Stunfisk is the epitome of monstrous majestic legendary creatures that spew fire.
FDSuprema posted...
Chrono_Syndrome posted...literally everything makes sound
To be fair sound can represent more of the musical and rhythm based aspects of it, or perhaps it'll relate to the science of what sound can do with some steel types. I honestly wouldn't be too surprised considering Bug,rock(we have ground, hardly a difference), a dark type that doesn't really mean evil or dark and its more for dirty fighting from what I understand, and flying types instead of just wind(never seemed to make sense to.me)
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Ex-prosecutor gets jail for wrongful conviction
GEORGETOWN, Texas (AP) – A former Texas prosecutor charged over a wrongful murder conviction agreed to a 10-day jail sentence Friday, accepting the punishment in front of the innocent man he helped put in prison for nearly 25 years.
Ken Anderson also will be disbarred and must serve 500 hours of community service as part of a sweeping deal that was expected to end all criminal and civil cases against the former district attorney, who was the face of the law in a tough-on-crime Texas county for 30 years.
Anderson, 61, never spoke in his return to the same Williamson County courthouse where he served as a judge for 11 years before resigning in September.
Sitting behind Anderson in the gallery was Michael Morton, who was released from prison in 2011 after DNA evidence showed he didn't beat his wife to death in 1986.
"It's a good day," said Morton, surrounded by family members.
Asked if he felt satisfaction in watching the role reversal _ Anderson at the defense table, waiting to be put behind bars _ Morton took the high road.
"It was one of those necessary evils, or distasteful requirements that you have to do in life," he said. Morton didn't dwell on the length of the jail sentence, saying the punishment "or lack thereof" was as much as the legal system could dole out at this time.
Anderson entered a plea of no contest to contempt of court. The charge stemmed from a 1987 exchange when Anderson, then the Williamson County district attorney, was asked by a judge whether he had anything to offer that was favorable to Morton's defense. He said no.
But among the evidence Morton's attorneys claim was kept from them were statements from Morton's then-3-year-old son, who witnessed the killing and said his father wasn't responsible. There were also interviews with neighbors who told authorities they saw another man near the Morton home before the slaying.
Judge Kelly Moore said Friday the case against Anderson revealed a difficulty in determining justice.
"There is no way that anything we can do here today can resolve the tragedy that occurred in these matters," Moore said. "I'd like to say to Mr. Morton, the world is a better place because of you."
Anderson must report to the Williamson County jail by Dec. 2. Morton's attorneys acknowledged Anderson could serve as few as four days with good behavior and time already served. A judge had ordered Anderson's arrest in April on the contempt and tampering charges.
He faced up to 10 years in prison if found guilty on the tampering charges, but prosecutors said statues of limitations made it a difficult conviction to pursue.
Anderson has previously apologized to Morton for what he called failures in the system but has said he believes there was no misconduct.
Eric Nichols, Anderson's attorney, made it a point to say in court Friday that his client "has not been convicted, and will not be convicted, of any criminal offense."
Morton's attorneys announced afterward there will be an audit of all cases previously handled by Anderson to look for other alleged misconduct.
Since being freed, Morton has become a visible embodiment of problems in the legal system in Texas, which leads the nation in prisoners set free by DNA testing _ 117 in the last 25 years. Earlier this year, the former Republican chief justice of the Texas Supreme Court urged lawmakers to act on the issue.
Morton was a regular presence at the Texas Capitol this spring and helped push through the Michael Morton Act, which helps compel prosecutors to share files with defense attorneys that can help defendants' cases.
Morton said his only goal since being freed was to get Anderson off the bench and make sure he'll never practice law again. Now that both have been accomplished, Morton said he didn't know what's next.
"It's kind of like winning the Super Bowl. The next day is like, `Now what?' Morton said. "We'll see."
Associated Press writer Will Weissert in Austin contributed to this report.
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(Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.)
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2016 Town of Davidson Municipal Election Results
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Harveys, Miles, and Barnhills - Greene County Arkansas
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Staff Sergeant Kenneth Stanton Miles (Pete)
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Front - Larry Harvey
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All Articles Tagged "looking for love"
Dating And The Single Mom: Manifest Your Man, But Be Careful What You Wish For
By now, we've all heard of "the list"–where you think about or write down the list of qualities you're looking for in a partner. Some swear by it, others run from it but today we're going to analyze it. From personal experience, I've learned quite a lesson from the list because unlike many other women I know you can manifest your man. I did it!
In October of 2009, a friend was in the midst of planning her wedding when she generously gave me a few pointers on how I could land a man. "Go home and write a letter to God. Write out everything you want in a man and thank Him in advance for answering your prayer." So, I did just that. I went home and wrote out every desire of my heart. I explained to God what I wanted my husband to look like, what type of career he should have and every other detail I could come up with. When I finished my letter, I said a quick prayer and put it in a drawer.
On March 6, 2010 I met a guy who told me within five minutes of meeting that I would be his wife. From that day on, we quickly developed a relationship and were head over heels in love. Within weeks, I took my letter out to see how well I had done and to my surprise the man I was dating had 18 of the 20 characteristics from my list. I could not believe I had actually done it! I had actually attracted the man of my dreams! I was so shocked that I showed him the letter, told all of my girls to write their letters and was happy as could be that I was so blessed!
By April 6th, we were out of the country on vacation. By June 6th, we were on a surprise weekend getaway to Orlando where he proposed. You read that right. By month three I had a ring on my finger. Now all of this may sound crazy from the outside looking in, but in my mind God was simply answering my prayer. Years before, I'd decided that I needed to be married by 25. So, finding this man who wanted me to be his wife at 24 meant all of my plans were coming together beautifully! Plus, God must've given his stamp of approval since he was everything I prayed for, right?
WRONG! A month after getting engaged, I took him home to meet my family. That's when our relationship took a turn, I realized he was a sociopath and our entire world came tumbling down. Although, I had received almost everything I wanted, I didn't have any of the things I needed. I hadn't even considered how I wanted to be treated, the morals, values and even manners that I wanted my man to have. This guy looked the part but it was all a front. Just like my list, he was full of all the superficial stuff but nothing of substance. He had a great smile but there was a monster hiding on the other side. He had a great job, but was flat broke with a credit score I didn't even know was possible. All of the petty things I thought were important checked out, but everything else was missing.
Needless to say, he wasn't the one for me. He was Prince Charming, but he wasn't Mr. Right. You see, Prince Charming will charm your socks (and panties) right off by saying all the right things and forget that he actually has to do the right things. Mr. Right on the other hand is all about action, he will prove his love and loyalty without question.
In all of this, there were several aha moments and lessons learned. The moral of the story is that you can absolutely manifest the man you desire, but you have to make sure he's the one you deserve. If you're ready to attract Mr. Right instead of Prince Charming, keep these laws of the list in mind in order to manifest your man:
Law #1 Be careful what you wish for.
Without a doubt, the Law of Attraction is real. What you think about and thank about, you bring about and when you write it down, it's real. So you have to put a lot of thought into the things you think you want vs the things you actually need. We're constantly attracting things into our lives based on our thoughts, actions and intentions so you can't get mad at the world if you manifest a mess.
Law #2 Get real!
What's really most important to you? What values matter most? If you asked me what was important at 24, I would have told you the career my man should have, what kind of car I wanted him to drive and the type of places I wanted him to take me. If asked now, I will proudly tell you that I value a man who values me. My dating mentor calls it "choosing priorities over preferences." It means that you are more concerned with the way he makes you feel versus the amount of money he makes. Not to say that you can't have what you want and need, it's just making sure your priorities are taken care of first.
Law #3 Make sure YOU match.
You ARE what you attract, so everyone who comes into your life was invited in by you. You can't frequent the dollar menu and expect a man to treat you to a five star meal. Moreover, you can't expect a loyal and honest man if you lie, scheme and scam every chance you get. Whether consciously or unconsciously, your thoughts, intentions and actions are constantly attracting things into your experience. So, in order to attract the best man, I had to become a better me. When making your list, make sure you can live up to it. After all, you have to meet your requirement's requirements.
Law #4 Think positive
When you sit down to actually create the list, write in positive terms. Instead of listing the things you don't want, focus on the things you do. Many times, we can think of a million and one things we don't want in a man but we never put thought into the things we do want. Think of all of the amazing qualities you want him to have, how he'll make you feel and the way you want to be treated. Write out details that bring butterflies to your belly so that you can create a scene in your mind. The more time spent on positive thoughts of love, the quicker you'll attract love into your life!
Law #5 Leave it & believe it
Sometimes we focus so much energy into these lists, vision boards and dream books that our anxiety blocks the blessing. Overthinking, expecting, worrying and (WORST OF ALL) doubting is self-sabotage. The toughest part is trusting the process, understanding that you have to encounter boys so you'll recognize a man. You have to endure the storm to appreciate the sunshine, that's life. So don't allow doubt to destroy your desires. Once your list is complete and you're sure you've only written the important details, leave it to God and believe it will happen…in due time.
EVERYTHING happens in perfect timing. The right man at the wrong time won't work and the wrong man at the right time won't either. Understand that love is looking for you just as hard as you're preparing for it.
Follow these laws, draft your list and get ready to receive!
Written with wishes of LOVE by Koereyelle, Founder and CEO of The Single Wives Club where she educates and empowers single women to become better women before becoming wives.
Tags:looking for love, manifesting
Video Of Woman Panhandling For A Date On NYC Subway Funny, But Also Pretty Sad
How far would you go to meet a man and find love?
I'm sure you're tired of the question.
But one woman, 34-year-old comedy writer Jana Schmieding, went as far as to panhandle in the hopes of finding just that on the New York City subway. If that sounds terrifying to you, that's probably because it is, and it was not an easy thing for Schmieding to carry out. But she told Cosmo that she lives by the mantra that "if something feels frightening, it's probably time to try it out."
After dealing with sweaty palms and major anxiety as she prepared to make her move on the train, which was taped by a friend, Schmieding put on lipstick and hopped on a few different lines.
So how did it go? As Schmieding told the publication, "I'll tell you one thing: thank you to the moms, grandmas and adult women of NYC who were the first people to engage with me with responses like, You're going to be fine! or I know you'll find him! Women are amazing. Very few men actually interacted with me, and I can understand why. There's probably a lot of pressure when a woman is literally begging you to hand over your number."
While someone initially bust out laughing at her request for numbers as opposed to change in the clip, most people were encouraging. One told Schmieding that she didn't meet the right guy until she was in her 30s, another applauded her courage, and the rest gave her compliments (the type that said, "You don't have to do this, mami…")
In the end, Schmieding still hasn't reached out to the numbers she was given by people on the train (they were numbers men were giving for other men they know), but she found the entire experience to be "extremely helpful and uplifting on my quest through to the other side of loneliness."
I smiled and even laughed at the video after initially cringing at her opening speech. And I thought it was lovely how many people embraced her (not physically) instead of clowning her as some could have. But still, I found myself cringing once again when the video was over.
I think it's because, as she said "Happy Valentine's Day" to straphangers near the end of the clip, I was reminded of the over-the-top lengths some women went to because of one day of the year. Hallmark is out here winning.
Like the co-worker of the friend of one of my colleagues. Not only did this woman make it clear that she hates Valentine's Day, but she took off work Thursday and Friday of last week because she didn't want to see women in her office being sent flowers by their valentines.
Or like the woman my fiancé watched share all of her personal business inside of Little Caesars because she just assumed someone would wonder why she was in the pizzeria alone: "Yeah, I know it's pathetic! I'm getting a pizza to eat by myself on Valentine's Day." No one asked, no one really cared. Especially not the woman taking orders at the front window just trying to get the $10 or $11 folks owed for their pies.
Or like the people on social media who responded to the fake question of who their Valentine was by playing Alicia Keys's "No One."
The self-deprecation is all too real. And I saw it consistently as a way for people to deal with the holiday. If they laughed at themselves first, spoke of how "desperate" they were, like Schmieding did, others couldn't.
And that's cool if that's what folks want to do. But I think we all place too much value, singles, and couples, on not just Valentine's Day, but having a partner, because we're too pressed about what others think. We feel as though we have to do the absolute most on one day to have a unique story to tell people about how we spent it, to validate our relationships, and to show people that we are in fact happy. And if we're single, we either need to go into hiding or joke about being lonely to save face. Or in Schmieding's case, joke about being so desperate enough to find a man that we'd take to looking for love with moody people on the subway (even if that desperation was real).
I don't have a deep resolution for all this. I don't know what to say in fact. But I think we all need to back away from social media, #relationshipgoals, love and relationship listicles (yep, even some here on MN) and whatever has us all so pressed, and focus less on finding a happily ever after through another being.
Why I Want A Submissive Woman
If you're an independent woman you might as well be by yourself…I said it.
A little over a week ago there was an article posted here about a survey in which 34 percent of men want their spouses to be independent while 66 percent didn't all while raising their daughters differently. I read the piece as well as the comments and thought to myself "Did anybody ask why before running with it and jumping out of the proverbial window?" Nobody cared about context. Big problem.
For starters, it makes no logistical sense to raise one's daughter differently than your wife. Truth be told, you can't do that. Why? Because as a man you attracted, dated, courted and made a decision to spend the rest of your life with a help mate. In a perfect world, that person is the "better half" who is complimentary and brings the best out of them. Psychologically speaking it is all an unconscious process. How often do people wind up marrying someone like their parents? All the damn time. So when a father is raising their daughter guess who he winds up raising them like? Their mother. If they are a good father, it will be with the intent of making their child the new and improved version of their wife.
I am a single father to a little girl. My daughter's mother is no longer with us; but without even trying I tend to treat and instil in her mannerisms like her mother as well as qualities that I am currently attracted to while looking for a new life partner. Even those traits that I seek in other women are based upon knowing what works for me and what doesn't because of her mom. I do want my daughter to be an independent woman in the sense of being able to make her dreams and aspirations come to fruition, but not to the point where she is her own man.
My daughter is so keen upon how I raise her that she said to me the other day "Daddy, you need to marry a diva so she can be my stepmom." I have never taught or used the word diva around her and she used the term in proper context. Not only is that how she sees herself, it is because of how I am raising her and that is the kind of quality she wants in a mother.
I feel as if the concept of wanting someone obedient was taken to an extreme. Ev-ery-one wants someone who is. To be obedient is to listen and comply. Who doesn't want to be heard by someone they consider their equal? Who doesn't want their voice to be heard? The problem with the word obedience when it comes to men and women relationships in 2015 is the connotation of submission.
If you don't want to be a submissive woman in a relationship then you are better off being your own man–and you don't want a real relationship.
The selfless servitude that comes along with a marriage is both people being submissive to each other. Checks and balances, taking the lead in your respective field, playing a role, compromise, and all of those vows you take are all acts of submission.
There are traditional roles in a marriage. Yes, I do believe that a man is supposed to be the head of the household. I'm sorry but I am genetically built to be a protector from my larger physique to a mindset that typically focuses on the bigger picture so the day to day details that come along with running a home are not my area of expertise. And since it isn't, I will submit to my wife because she is wired to be that way. No, I may not carry a child or a life-giver. However, statistics could infer that I will give my life and die approximately six-to-eight years earlier taking care of my wife and kids. If traditionally speaking men were the ones who worked
I believe that the best way to sum up the difference in our roles and relationships is that a woman is the power and a man is the authority. Authority is nothing without having power and power can't make a decision without the judgement that comes along with authority. They need each other. One is the brain and the other is the spine. Yes, the brain may ultimately make decisions one what muscles move, but the spinal cord sends the message to get the job done. The body-or the home-cannot fully function to its best capacity without both parts. They could but it'd be brain dead or paralyzed.
Do you believe that being a submissive woman is how you get your ideal man?
Tags:dating, looking for love, single dads, single moms, spouses
"I'm Beating Every Statistic" Kim Coles Engaged At 53 And What We Can Learn From Her Story
Y'all know we love Kim Coles around here. She's been the homie in our head since her "In Living Color" days and she solidified the spot playing the quirky and kind-hearted Synclaire James. So I, and then we when I shared the news with the other MN editors, were elated to learn that Ms. Coles recently got engaged to Reggie Mckiver, a holistic health expert.
Coles made the announcement on her Facebook page.
We really are happy for not only her but the women who will be encouraged by her story. Most of y'all reading this are women, so I don't have to tell you about the pressure our mothers, our society and even we ourselves put on being married and having kids. And to do it all by 30. But bayybee (in my Mo'Nique preaching voice) there is no time limit to love. And if we all could just get to the mental space where we're blocking out all the unnecessary (and generally unhelpful) noise about how we should lead our distinctly unique lives, perhaps we'd find they'd be filled with a lot less anxiety about things we really have little control over in the first place.
…or do we? According to Kim Coles, there are ways to get the man you want.
"I want to tell you how he found me. I got real focused on what I wanted in my personal life and the type of man I wanted to spend my life with. I like to have this conversation around finding your GPS or engaging your GPS, your divine GPS…I've made it mean something completely different. Gratitude, passion and success… See last year, I got really focused on the destination I wanted to have in my personal life. And by being really focused with that and setting my destination in that place, I was able to be in alignment with the man who showed up and the man who said I'm there too and I want that too…
I'm telling you I am beating every statistic. I am 53 years old and we are not supposed to get married after what 20, 25, 30 maybe? Yeah… that's not true. I don't follow any of those rules. I've never thought any of those rules applied to me and those rules don't apply to you either."
Kim goes on to say that she's teaching a course on how to align yourself to get what you want out of life. And without having taken the course and having just read a bit about it, I can gather that she doesn't mean looking and searching for a man, putting all your energy into the hunt; but rather making sure that you are the type of person you're looking for. So if and when the man you desire presents himself, you'll be ready, willing and able to receive love in a very healthy way.
We've heard this advice before. Like attracts like. Love yourself first and then love will enter your life. And admittedly, sometimes it sounds cliche and oversimplified. But it also makes a lot of sense too.
When you focus on working on yourself first, timelines become obsolete. How long does it take a person to love him or herself? It depends. Putting the goal or quest of finding romantic love in the context of finding and loving yourself first, gives us a much longer time frame to get it right.
So again, congratulations to Kim Coles and hopefully her story can and will be used to inspire some of us all.
Looking For Love In All The Wrong Places: Are You Guilty?
Clubs are a great place to party; but are usually not the number one place love connections are made. Note: there is a difference between a genuine love connection and a booty call. The latter can almost always be found at a club, in case that's what you're looking for; but if you're looking for more, you have to consider the places you're searching.
I've met a lot of guys at parties and the club; but none of the relationships ever went past a phone call or a couple of dates. Usually things end like this because the guy calls me the wrong name when he contacts me the next day because he's probably collected too many numbers. Or sometimes, the connection falls short because he doesn't seem as attractive on the inside or outside like when I took his number in the dimly-lit club.
Consider this: The place you meet your future boo shouldn't be the place you want him to stop going after you start dating. Basically, if he frequents the clubs when you meet him, he may not be ready to give that up just because he's with you. After all, that is the place the two of you first encountered one another.
This is not to say that no love connections are made in the club; but it's typically not the place you should go to seek out a romantic encounter. There are plenty of good places to meet good men. And usually it's best to search where the two of you would have a common interest. If you love jazz, go to more venues that highlight that type of music and vibe. If you could live in a book all day, go to a bookstore to meet your future bookworm boo. Or if you want a man of God or at least one who is trying to be, then you should probably attend more church outings (don't sit in service peeping the scene, that's not the time or place). If you're not sure where to start, join the Single's Ministry at your church.
While I wish that I knew all of the best places to find men, I don't. I do know that every woman looking for love should be more mindful of the places they're looking. I've heard so many of my friends and at times myself, say we hope we meet a good guy while going out to a not-so-good place. So before you give up and say that there simply aren't any good men out there, evaluate the places you go and have been looking.
Are you guilty of looking for love in all the wrong places?
Tags:booty call, looking for love
In Love With Being In Love: Are You Too Focused On Being In A Relationship?
I used to be in love with being in love. There, I said it. I was secretly a helpless romantic in spite of my hard exterior, so sometimes this clouded my vision and altered my decisions. Oddly, when I was not in a relationship or seriously dating, I had my priorities in order. I focused on me, my career, my spirituality, and family and friends; but the minute I thought I had found Mr. Right, my priorities would become all wrong. And not that it makes me feel any better, but I've realized that many women go through moments like this.
Relationships should be complimentary to an already whole person. And while this sounds cliché, it's true. The thing is, some women equate wholeness to finances, jobs, health, etc. However, deep down, some of us have a lingering feeling that life will get better when our men come along. If this is this case, usually a relationship will only interfere with priorities until we truly feel whole without a boo.
When I finally got out of debt (well, almost), became successful in my career and learned how to cook more than one dish, I thought I was ready for a relationship. Life was good, but in my head I wasn't living because I was single. This mentality usually carried over into my dating life. Every man that I dated, I was secretly sizing up as my husband. And although I don't easily fall for people, when I did find someone that I liked, I gave too much thought and energy to "what if we were in a relationship?"
This 'what if?' thinking plagued most of my thoughts and eventually began to interfere with my actions. It may sound weak or silly; but at the time I had no idea and didn't see that my obsession with being in a relationship was actually 'jacking up' my priorities.
Life doesn't suddenly begin when you're booed up, but most times, we're so busy complaining about being single that we don't enjoy what it's really worth.
Chances are, if your priorities are all wrong while you're not in a relationship, they'll be even more out of wack when you are in one. The only difference is, when you're in a relationship, it's harder to get back on track with what matters most than when you're single.
The obsession with relationships is a dangerous mindset, because usually you're not happy when you're not in one and you think life will suddenly become a rainbow after the 'single storm' is over. However, if you can't be happy without him, you're probably not going to be genuinely happy with him.
So while you're obsessing about being someone's wife, don't forget to reflect on the things that matter most, like you. It's important to get yourself together and enjoy your life sans a man.
Why You Should Never Stop Looking For Love
From YourTango.com
We've all heard it at some point on our search for love: "Love shows up when you least expect it." So, this means we should stop looking for love in order to find it. What if we applied this advice to other goals we have in our lives and the world?
Your ideal job will show up when you least expect it. You'll lose 20lbs when you least expect it. The dishwasher will repair itself when you least expect it. Our marital problems will resolve themselves when we least expect it. World peace will arrive when we least expect it. This philosophy begins to seem a little ridiculous, doesn't it? Is It Possible To Overcome Betrayal? EXPERT
And yet, we're all sold this ridiculous myth from a very young age that one day we'll bump into the love of our life and magically we'll know how to make it last. How's that working for you?
To get you out of the rut and get moving towards the love you desire, visit YourTango.com.
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Tags:boo, compatibility, couple, flirt, looking for love, love, partner, relationship, soul mate
Ask a Very Smart Brotha: Freshmen Woes & Possessive Types
Dear Champ,
I'm a freshman in college and I'm finding I'm having some trouble in the love department. I've been single for almost a year now and my last relationship was quite well…horrible, to say the least. All the issues my ex and I had have been left in the past and we are on good terms (which was a big step for us). I want to start getting back out there and dating but I feel like guys only want one thing from me…the goods. I'm still a virgin and will be until I feel its the right time but that seems to be all the guys that talk I've talked to or approach me about. They say they just want to have fun right now but we can still do the do. NO Sir! I want something special and real but it seems unrealistic at this moment because college boys (or any other boys for that matter) are not trying to commit if you are not at least not putting out and I know I can't be one of those girls. I know I'm pretty and that I have a lot to offer in a relationship and to a guy but I'm not the best looking girl around. I have realistic but high standards when it comes to guys, physically and personality/characteristic wise which makes me kind of picky so I turn a lot of guys down (or just because I don't want another let down). Since I've been in college I've also had quite an attraction for white males but don't know how to show them I'm a black girl that is interested in their race. I hate approaching males out of fear of rejection and because I want to be chased but I have before. I need some advise on how to find the "good guys" and maybe even branch out into new areas for love because my method doesn't seem to be working. I recently meet a guy and he was almost everything I could have ask for but like all the guys I almost there is one little detail that sends me running. he had just got out of a relationship and was still in love with an ex who wanted nothign to do with him. I really liked this guy but for the sake of protecting myself from hurt, I stopped talking to him. I refuse to be in a relationship where I am not happy but at the same time I just want something real and to be in love. I guess I'm just looking for some advise from the male perspective.
Single and Looking


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Homemade Christmas Gifts: 14 Gift Ideas & DIY Home Decor
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Homemade Christmas Gifts for Grandparents
By: Katherine Filippo, editor for FaveCrafts.com
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Giving Christmas presents to loved ones is a wonderful way to celebrate the season of giving. Get your kids involved by letting them choose what presents to give Grandma and Grandpa! Don't waste time fighting off the hordes of shoppers at the mall when you and your kids can make homemade gifts that grandparents will treasure for years to come. In Homemade Christmas Gifts for Grandparents, you'll find lots of ideas for thoughtful, creative presents that kids can make themselves.
It's so much easier and much more personal to make gifts for grandparents instead of just buying a present. Whether it's a handmade ornament or yummy plate of cookies these homemade Christmas gifts for grandparents are a great way for kids to get in the holiday spirit. With a little help from you, your kids can make a useful wallet or keepsake frame that's perfect for Grandpa. There are also plenty of great gift ideas for grandma such as personalized jewelry and cute photo displays. Grandparents will love these homemade gifts and kids will love making them!
Homemade Christmas Gifts for Grandparents Table of Contents
Handmade Gifts that Kids Can Make
If you are looking for Christmas gifts for kids to make look no further! These crafts are kid-friendly and would make lovely homemade Christmas gifts for grandparents. Let kids choose a photo of themselves to turn into a keepsake that grandparents will cherish. The Holiday Pocketbook and the Christmas Frame are a wonderful way to display these special photos. Kids can also get creative and make festive homemade Christmas gifts like these "Hand" Made Ornaments or Holiday Cookies.
Christmas Gift Ideas for Grandpa
Finding the perfect gift for Grandpa can be hard but these homemade Christmas gift ideas will make your life easier. Kids can help you make these cute presents that Grandpa will proudly display for years to come. A customized wallet or plate is a personal and useful gift that will bring a smile to his face. Let Grandpa know how much he means to you and the kids with this adorable We Love Grandpa Frame. Kids will have fun decorating the frame and choosing what photo to put in it.
Gifts for Grandma
Grandma will absolutely love these adorable homemade Christmas gifts. With a little supervision and help these crafts are great Christmas presents that kids can make. Give Grandma the gift of beautiful jewelry by making Shrink Plastic Charms or the customized Glass Tile Necklace. Photographs always make wonderful homemade gifts for grandparents. Display these cherished moments in the beautiful We Love Grandma Frame or creative Gift Blocks for Grandma.
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Balanced Itinerary Planning for Multiple Mobile Agents In Wireless Sensor Networks
In this paper, the authors consider the use of multiple mobile software agents to perform different tasks in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). To this regard, determining the number of mobile agents in the WSN remains an open issue in solving Multi-agent Itinerary Planning (MIP) problem. The authors propose a novel scheme entitled MST-MIP based on minimum spanning tree, where each branch stemmed from the sink corresponds to a group of source nodes assigned for a mobile agent to visit. Furthermore, a balancing factor ? is introduced to achieve a flexible trade-off control between energy cost and task duration, and the balanced MST-MIP algorithm is named BST-MIP.
Provided by: Seoul National University Topic: Mobility Date Added: Dec 2010 Format: PDF


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Casual Male Big & Tall™ ISLAND PASSPORT Floral Print Camp Shirt
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t's relaxing to find a brand that offers men an array of fashions that can transition from business casual to casual with such ease. Style and functionality blended together perfectly! Casual Male - the perfect choice!
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Neoseeker : BlazinFaze : Collections : Dragon Ball Z: Harukanaru Goku Densetsu
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Gryphus' Guide to 1144 Diva
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Join Date: Nov 2009
Posts: 23
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Originally Posted by
I will warn you, with this build, you are sacrificing alot of AP and AC. This build does work with your WT LK and DA being higher than others, so it is Ideal for long and heavy quests including Boss Trials, like Tombeth.
1 Power, 1 Magic, 4 Sense, 4 Charm.
Within the Build, I will explain that you can do what other
Divas have done, and there is very few, which is to put 2 points on HV and 2 points onto LK. I was different, I just focused on pure HV.
Wow 1144 is getting really popular nowadays. Isn't it really just for the WT?
Power Blow.
Handy if you are going Prima, I never bothered with levelling power blow, so as it stands on my Diva, Power Blow is sitting at lvl 2.
Dodge Master, I highly recommend you learn this, and Master it using 2 Hula Octopus Cards as soon as possible, as it boosts your HV for a set period of time, aka 45% for 120 Seconds if Mastered.
You mixed in Dodge Master with Power Blow.
Imo, if you are going to go 1144, it is definitely a long hard road if you don't have the Pharoah stuff. I personally would not recommend it for beginners (it's too annoying until you get Volley Kick) but I guess quests nowadays makes things easier...
Also I would not recommend Power Blow for a Diva. Too weak and is so outclassed by the spammable Volley Kick.
Galder Thrower.
I will state, amongst being one of the most useless skills you can have, it is one of the most Useful skills at level 80, when doing Episode 2, in the fight against Don Guivanni. So highly recommend learning this, and levelling it to atleast level 3 for when fighting Don Guivanni. This makes the fight, 10 times easier.
I would not recommend Galder Throw at all. It's only an extra 300 - 450 damage at level 3 (for 5 TM points). I don't think you'd ever use it again so it's a bit of a waste...
I'd rather get Sturdy Shield and Skunk Pouch.
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Dockers Endow Oxford
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Located in Sendai, Hotel Crown Hills Sendai Aobadori is minutes from Sunmall Ichibancho and Mitakisanfudoin. This hotel is within close proximity of Sendai Ginza Street and Zuihoden Mausoleum.
Make yourself at home in one of the 154 air-conditioned rooms featuring refrigerators and flat-screen televisions. Complimentary high-speed (wired) Internet access keeps you connected, and satellite programming is available for your entertainment. Private bathrooms with shower/tub combinations feature deep soaking bathtubs and complimentary toiletries. Conveniences include phones and desks, and housekeeping is provided daily.
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