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May 26th, 2016
We have opened new showrooms!READ MORE
September 17th, 2015
Check out our Facebook Page to see how our shows are doing and to see lifestyle pics of our Cohasset Molten Glass!READ MORE
May 26th, 2016
Summer is almost here! We have a few new showrooms for you to visit. Come see us and we will be sure to get you a few beautiful chimes and Molten Glass sculptures to decorate your customer's backyards and favorite hang out spots!READ MORE
March 10th, 2016
Happy Spring! We have expanded our Atlanta Show room, adding some new tables and lots of beautiful Cohasset Molten Glass!READ MORE
December 17th, 2015
Hey Everyone! Christmas is right around the corner. If you have been looking for the perfect gift for your loved ones, look no further!READ MORE
September 17th, 2015
Cohasset Molten glass wins 2nd Place @ the Arett Show for best new product!READ MORE
August 11th, 2015
Hey Everyone! Summer is ending and the fall garden distributor shows are arriving!READ MORE
Cohasset Gifts & Garden designs and manufactures garden and home decor gift items. We are best known for our unique bamboo wind chimes and wooden Cohasset Bells. Our 200 plus wind chime designs include garden, beach, lodge, country and whimsical styles with price points for every shopper.
For 15 years, we have traveled to Bali and work directly with the artists that manufacture the products that we design for American gardens. Paying these artists directly insures that they are treated and compensated fairly.
Our products are made from Bamboo, Albesia Wood, Coconut and other fast growing plants that are very sustainable.
Cohasset supplies fun and unique gift items with broad appeal that offer quick turnover and better than average margins for independent garden centers and gift shops.
Cohasset is a wholesale company and sells only to the wholesale trade. Dealers, please contact us for a current price list.
We welcome any comments or suggestions that you might have. If you need direct attention regarding an order or any further matter, please contact Customer Care.


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2016 Door Prizes
(click to show each prize's details)
Best of Belize by Yellow Dog Flyfishing Adventures (click for details)
THE BEST OF BELIZE This is the biggest door prize offered by the Fly Fishing Show and Yellowdog Flyfishing Adventures for 2016! Nine days for two people, fishing three of the best lodges in all of Belize! Spend three nights and enjoy two full days of fishing at Turneffe Flats, El Pescador Lodge and Belize River Lodge. All-inclusive package for two (2) anglers that includes all lodging, all meals, all guided fishing, local transfers, taxes and GST's. Package does not include international flights to Belize City, bar tab and alcohol, Belizean fishing license (can be purchased at lodge, $25.00 USD), Gratuities for Guides and staff, items purchased at gift shop/tackle shop, flies, leaders and terminal tackle (can be purchased at tackle shops), additional diving and non-fishing activities, and rental equipment
Dates of trip: September 21 – September 30, 2016
All arrangements and logistics set up and handled by Yellow Dog Flyfishing Adventures. Trip Value $10,561.96 www.yellowdogflyfishing.com
Winner: Robert Gigon, attended Somerset
Tsimane Lodge / Untamed Angling (click for details)
Enjoy a trip to Tsimane Lodge in Bolivia for one by Untamed Angling. In Tsimane, fresh water fishing reaches its pinnacle. It is a new challenge introducing the wildest version of Dorado, undoubtedly the most powerful and beautiful fish which can be faced with a fly rod. Every week, groups of anglers – staying in full comfort luxurious Jungle Lodges and Headwaters Camps, which offer the best international cuisine – set off every morning in boats specially developed for this environment, led by an expert Dorado fly-fishing guide and a native assistant for each boat. Trip Value: $7600 www.untamedangling.com
Winner: Jeremy Branch, attended Pleasanton
Pesca Maya Fishing Lodge (click for details)
5 Nights/ 6 Days Fishing Package for 2 to Pesca Maya Fishing Lodge in Ascension Bay Quintana Roo Mexico. Pesca Maya Fishing Lodge opened its doors on January 1996 and has quickly become one of the Yucatan's most popular fishing destinations and with good reason. The lodge is located 90 miles south of Cancun in the 1.3 million acre Sian Ka'an (Mayan for "where the sky is born") Biosphere Reserve. Situated on a long, narrow strip of barrier beach, the lodge is virtually surrounded by water. To the east lies the blue Caribbean and a few hundred yards off shore, the Palancar Barrier Reef which stretches from southern Belize to north of Cancun. On the western side lies the vast "El Rio" system of flats, channels and mangrove. 10 miles to the north is the famed inlet through the barrier beach known locally as the "Boca". And 4 miles to the south lies the incomparable Ascension Bay. The entire area boasts some of the Caribbean's greatest flats fishing for bonefish, excellent fishing for permit, fishing for snook, fishing for tarpon and other species, as well as reef and offshore fishing (in season). Trip Value: $5524 www.pescamaya.com
Winner: Scott Smith, attended Lynnwood
Alaska Peninsula Fishing Trip by EPIC Angling & Adventure (click for details)
Enjoy a 6 day 7 night "mid season" trip for 1 to Alaska Wilderness SAFARI (owned/operated by EPIC Angling & Adventure) located on the remote and rugged Pacific coast of the Alaska Peninsula. For over 20 years, this comfortable camp has provided anglers a truly unique alternative to the typical fly fishing lodge – no crowds, world-class fishing, a genuine atmosphere, spectacular scenery and daily wildlife viewing. Located literally ¼ mile from the salt water our specialty is hard-hitting, ocean-fresh fish and fishing diversity – you can stream fish for sea-run dollies, sight cast to salmon off a sandy beach, and throw flies to halibut all in the same week! Package does not include commercial air to King Salmon, lodging Friday night prior to trip, fishing license or gratuity. Dates subject to availability. Trip value: $5450 www.epicaaa.com
Winner: Robert MacLeod, attended Pleasanton
Restigouche River Atlantic Salmon Getaway for Two (click for details)
Reel Action Alaska Lodge Fishing Trip (click for details)
Enjoy a 6 day and 7 night package to Reel Action Alaska Lodge on the banks of the Kanektok River fly fishing for chrome bright pacific salmon, leopard rainbow trout, char, and grayling. This comfortable tent lodge only takes 10 people per week, has single person accommodations, an excellent team of guides and staff, along with some of the best fly fishing action in Alaska! Reel Action navigates the river with 16ft Lowe boats equipped with 4 stroke Yamaha jet drives transporting you to over 30 miles of fishable water. With over 500 thousand fish running by the lodge located just above tide water, guests enjoy the easily wadeable main river, hiking up small tributaries, and a special limited access permit to the Togiak National Wildlife Refuge Wilderness Area. All equipment, tackle, and flies are provided along with digital pictures of your trip. Dates are subject to availability. Value of prize: $5,000 www.reelactionfly.com
Winner: Kris Thurman, attended Denver
Pira Lodge by Nervous Waters (click for details)
Golden Dorado at Pirá Lodge in Argentina's Ibera Wetlands by Nervous Waters. Located in the heart of a nature preserve twice the size of the Florida Everglades, Pirá Lodge is a fly fisherman's paradise. Adventure-driven anglers will find front-door access to a vibrant ecosystem featuring crystal clear creeks, flowing rivers, flats-type habitats, and lakes. Welcome to the kingdom of the hard-charging, high-jumping freshwater dorado! Well-established, Pirá Lodge helped pioneer destination fly-fishing for dorado in the region. Today, the lodge is a sought-after stop for intrepid anglers seeking the challenge and reward of catching dorado on the fly. In addition to top notch digs and fine dining, Pirá offers untold acres of unpressured waters, teeming with Caymans and hundreds of species of migrating and resident birds. Join us at Pirá for 5 days and 4 nights. Value: $3750 www.nervouswaters.com
Winner: Dan Foley, attended Somerset
Tarpon Cay Lodge for Two (click for details)
Enjoy three days fishing and three nights of lodging and accommodations at Tarpon Cay Lodge Placencia Belize for two. Located in the heart of "Permit Alley"…"Wake up with the best Belize fishing at your doorstep" and increase your odds to achieve your "Grand Slam"! Does not include tax and Gratuities and based on availability.
Trip Value: $3,600 www.tarponcaye.com
Winner: David Horky, attended Winston-Salem
Slippery Winds Wilderness Lodge, Canada, Fly-in Fishing trip (click for details)
Enjoy a 4 day fly-in American-Plan fishing trip for two to Slippery Winds Wilderness Lodge. Slippery Winds Wilderness Resort, a jewel hidden in northwestern Ontario, less than 40 miles from the U.S. – Canada border. A short float-plane trip from Fort Frances, Ontario, takes you to the lodge located on a peninsula between Yoke Lake and Straw Lake. This American-Plan lodge offers its guests the opportunity to angle for six species of sportfish, including smallmouth and largemouth bass, lake trout, muskie, northern pike and walleye on six separate lakes that are accessible via boat or short portage.
Value $2990.00
Winner: David Braica, attended Marlborough
Bighorn Angler Guided Fly Fishing (click for details)
4 nights/3 days all-inclusive Guided Fly Fishing package for 2 with Bighorn Angler – Package includes guided float trip, all meals, lodging, and all taxes for 2 people
Value: $2240 www.bighornangler.com
Winner: Scot Korac, attended Denver
Davidson River Outfitters (click for details)
Two days guided fishing and three nights at the Creekside Cabin by Davidson River Outfitters. Located on the banks of the famed Davidson River in Brevard, North Carolina, we serve the resort towns of Lake Toxaway, Cashiers, and Highlands. We are also a short drive from Asheville and Hendersonville, and can easily be reached from Charlotte and the Greenville-Spartanburg area. A stone's throw from the entrance to Pisgah National Forest, our full-service fly shop–open from 8 am to 5 pm year-round–is literally minutes from the best fishing Western North Carolina has to offer.
Trip Value: $1200 www.davidsonflyfishing.com
Winner: Spencer Fuller, attended Denver
Water Master Kodiak by Big Sky Inflatables (click for details)
Water Master Kodiak Standard Package by Big Sky Inflatables. Value: $1595 www.bigskyinflatables.com
Winner: Dave Sterner, attended Lancaster
Soaring Eagle Lodge (click for details)
3-nights lodging & meals/2 days guided fishing for 1-angler at Soaring Eagle Lodge, NM. Soaring Eagle Lodge is nestled on the banks of the San Juan River in northwestern New Mexico. The river is world-renowned for year-round fly fishing at its best. We offer the San Juan River's only all-suite lodging accommodations and gourmet dinning.
Value: $1545 www.soaringeaglelodge.net
Winner: Eric Earl, attended Marlborough
Fisheads San Juan River Lodge (click for details)
Fisheads San Juan River Lodge – Fly Fishing, Lodging and Restaurant. 3 nights lodging, 2 days guided fishing with Fisheads San Juan River Lodge. Cast to trophy sized trout 365 days a year with our friendly and knowledgeable fly fishing guides. Fisheads is the premiere fly fishing guide service on the San Juan River.
Value: $1500
Winner: Chuck Mills, attended Denver
Douglaston Salmon Run for Four Guests (click for details)
Enjoy four days fishing the Douglaston Salmon Run and three nights at the DSR Lodge for up to four anglers. Fishing at the DSR offers an unforgettable, private water experience. Anglers will find a high quality, low pressure, and easily accessible fishing experience. The DSR is the first 2.5 miles of the Salmon River, where steelhead, King and Coho salmon, and brown trout first enter the river. Fresh from Lake Ontario, the fish are unpressured and ready for action.
Value: $1340
Winner: Chris Bird, attended Lancaster
Fish Partner fishing tour in Iceland (click for details)
Two fully guided fishing days in Tungnaa river with accommodations by Fish Partner. We are proud to present this new born trout fishing paradise offering fly only fishing in a diverse and fascinating 4 rod river with gin clear spring water flowing in to beautiful micro canyons area along with traditional fast and slow running pools, filled with stocks of both Ice age brown trout and big arctic char. This smallish, south Iceland Highland trout stream is probably one of the best kept trout secrets in global angling. It is a technical river where stealth, among other attributes, is needed. The quarry is native brown trout and monster chars. They are on average 3-5 pounds, with the monsters ranging to 12 pounds. Included in the pack is: All ground transfer in Iceland, accommodation, all meals, guide and fishing licenses.
Value: $1200 www.fishpartner.com
Winner: Jim Jensen, attended Somerset
2 full day float trip with DRIFT, Wyoming (click for details)
2 full day float trip w/ 1 night stay at River Lodge for 2 people with Drift. The North Platte River offers a wide array of angling opportunity for all skill levels. Our guide staff has decades of experience on the entire North Platte River. From the headwaters to the tailwaters, the guides at Drift will have you covered. We are based out of Saratoga, Wyoming where the fish jump on main street. We live in a unique location with hundreds of miles of blue ribbon trout fishing available year round.
Value: $1100
Winner: Rich Lawson, attended Denver
Two days fishing with 1st Choice Outfitters (click for details)
Two days of guided fly fishing for 1 or 2 anglers in Northern California for trout or steelhead with 1st Choice Outfitters. Value: $1100 www.1stchoiceoutfitters.com
Winner: Lucy Hart, attended Pleasanton
Three Nights Lodging with Weatherby's (click for details)
Three nights lodging for two people with Weatherby's, – private cabin, all meals provided – supper and breakfast served in our dining room and lunch packed to go fishing. Walking distance to Grand Lake Stream, one of America's top 100 Trout Streams.
Value: $1200 www.weatherbys.com
Winner: Bill Litty, attended Lancaster
Block Island Fly Fishing Trip for Two (click for details)
Enjoy a destination fly fishing trip for two to Block Island, RI with Block Island Fishworks. Trip includes Lodging, Ferry Tickets, Kayaks, and Bike Rental for the full experience. Black out dates apply.
Trip Value: $1000
Winner: Bill O'Kelly, attended Somerset

subset: commoncrawl


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realmagick.com The shrine of knowledge.
Mount Everest Climbing Routes
A selection of articles related to mount everest climbing routes.
Original articles from our library related to the Mount Everest Climbing Routes. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Mount Everest Climbing Routes.
- A Treatise on Astral Projection, Part 3: The Rope Techniques
- A key ingredient to the new projection techniques is an invisible, imaginary ROPE hanging from your ceiling. This ROPE will be used to exert dynamic pressure at a single point on your astral body to force its separation from the physical. The ROPE technique...
Parapsychology >> Astral Projection
- King James Bible: Exodus, Chapter 19
- Chapter 19 19:1 In the third month, when the children of Israel were gone forth out of the land of Egypt, the same day came they into the wilderness of Sinai. 19:2 For they were departed from Rephidim, and were come to the desert of Sinai, and had pitched in...
Old Testament >> Exodus
- King James Bible: Exodus, Chapter 24
- Chapter 24 24:1 And he said unto Moses, Come up unto the LORD, thou, and Aaron, Nadab, and Abihu, and seventy of the elders of Israel; and worship ye afar off. 24:2 And Moses alone shall come near the LORD: but they shall not come nigh; neither shall the...
Old Testament >> Exodus
- King James Bible: Exodus, Chapter 34
- Chapter 34 34:1 And the LORD said unto Moses, Hew thee two tables of stone like unto the first: and I will write upon these tables the words that were in the first tables, which thou brakest. 34:2 And be ready in the morning, and come up in the morning unto...
Old Testament >> Exodus
- King James Bible: Numbers, Chapter 20
- Chapter 20 20:1 Then came the children of Israel, even the whole congregation, into the desert of Zin in the first month: and the people abode in Kadesh; and Miriam died there, and was buried there. 20:2 And there was no water for the congregation: and they...
Old Testament >> Numbers
- King James Bible: Deuteronomy, Chapter 9
- Chapter 9 9:1 Hear, O Israel: Thou art to pass over Jordan this day, to go in to possess nations greater and mightier than thyself, cities great and fenced up to heaven, 9:2 A people great and tall, the children of the Anakims, whom thou knowest, and of whom...
Old Testament >> Deuteronomy
- King James Bible: Numbers, Chapter 33
- Chapter 33 33:1 These are the journeys of the children of Israel, which went forth out of the land of Egypt with their armies under the hand of Moses and Aaron. 33:2 And Moses wrote their goings out according to their journeys by the commandment of the LORD:...
Old Testament >> Numbers
Mount Everest Climbing Routes is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Mount Everest Climbing Routes books and related discussion.
Suggested Pdf Resources
- Success & death on Everest ah3 - Himalayan Database
- If you're going to climb Mt. Everest, you'll first need to choose a season and a route. ...
- www.himalayandatabase.com
- Climbers' Journal - Montana State University
- May 3, 2013 of the first American ascent of Mount Everest via the difficult West .... ted this peak, and plot the routes this expedition will take as you learn the ...
- www.montana.edu
- Lesson 2: Meet Mount Everest - Montana State University
- Explain the route the first Americans took to summit Mount Everest. Vocabulary: base camp: a place used to store supplies and get ready for climbing located low ...
- www.montana.edu
- Mt. Everest Summit climb via the North Col/Northeast - John All
- My Experience on Mt. Everest. John All.
- www.johnall.com
- Everest 2011 - Alan Arnette
- May 21, 2011 Climbing Mt. Everest had been an elusive goal for me since 2002. ....
- www.alanarnette.com
Suggested News Resources
- What It's Like to Climb Mount Everest in Virtual Reality
- Want to know a wild Mount Everest fact that blows my mind every time I think of it? Green Boots. Green Boots was the name given to a corpse that was located near a cave along the mountain's northeastern ridge route.
- Icefall doctors off to base camp to fix Everest route for climbers
- SOLUKHUMBU: Icefall doctors have made their way to the Mount Everest base camp to carve out a safe route for the mountaineers to scale the world's highest peak. A team of 10 icefall doctors left for the base camp from Namche, Sagarmatha Pollution ...
- Sophomore hits peak performance in climbing
- "He's very thorough. He does all his research on his trails and routes and is very conscientious of the weather and trail conditions," Mike said. "It's a sport he got into when he was ...
- Why Every Father Should Bring His Toddler on a Mini Adventure
- I wanted to stay away from bigger cities so I could spend isolated time with my daughter and not just go on a usual tourist route. 3.) I vowed to keep an open mind and also to ...
Suggested Web Resources
- The route - climbers guide to Everest - MountEverest.net
- MountEverest.net by climbers. A climbers guide to Mount Everest and the Himalaya.
- www.mounteverest.net
- Mt. Everest South Col Route Maps - Alan Arnette
- Everest Base Camp is on the lower left with the initial route up the ice fall as seen from Kala Patar. Climbers can only see a small portion of the Khumbu Ice Fall ...
- www.alanarnette.com
- Mt Everest Southeast ridge climbing route in 3D - YouTube
- May 9, 2013 Experience climbing the famous Southeast ridge route on Mt Everest in 3D in only 3 minutes. A route that takes the climbers 60 days!
- www.youtube.com
- Mount Everest Guided Climbing Expedition with Alpine Ascents
- Everest Maps & Facts. Map of Nepal. Climbing Route By the time we reach base camp, our climbing leaders and Sherpa will be well on the way to having the ...
- www.alpineascents.com
- Safety fears prompt change to Everest climbing route - BBC News
- Feb 18, 2015 The route used by mountaineers to scale Mount Everest is to be changed amid fears of an increased avalanche risk. Nepal will change the path ...
- www.bbc.com
Great care has been taken to prepare the information on this page. Elements of the content come from factual and lexical knowledge databases, realmagick.com library and third-party sources. We appreciate your suggestions and comments on further improvements of the site.
Mount Everest Climbing Routes Topics
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Mr.X has five boxes arranged in a line (1-2-3-4-5). An intelligent rat comes out of nowhere and finds a place for itself in one of the boxes. Every night when Mr. X is sleeping, this rat moves to a new neighboring box to its left or to its right. Mr. X knew this behavior of the rat. Since this rat was a trouble for him, he was desperate to find it. Also due to paucity of time, he decided to search in only one of the boxes every day. He implements a strategy to make sure that he eventually finds this rat. This strategy helped him to find the rat in minimum number of trials in all cases possible. What is the minimum number of trials needed to come to the solution for all possible cases?
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The 2012 election is now a few days behind us.
Time To Separate Mythology From Politics
That is all. Just do it. Educate yourself on your options and VOTE!
LPIN Podcast Season 2 – 016: Judge Jim Gray
LP Vice Presidential Candidate Judge Jim Gray speaks to the LPIN podcast.
LPIN Podcast Season 2 – 015: Local Bloggers Jon Easter and Paul Ogden Discuss Libertarians, Blogging, and Civility
Local Bloggers Jon Easter (Indy Democrat) and Paul Ogden (Ogden on Politics) discuss Libertarians, blogging, and civility in politics. They explain what they like about Libertarians, where they can grow, how we all can work together, what blogs they follow, and how to write a local political blog.
We Are Libertarians – 025: Sandy, Charity, Abortion, and Tuesday
The guys discuss Sandy, private charity and FEMA, Mourdock's abortion comments, and other election related issues.
LPIN Podcast Season 2 – 015: New County Chairs
Paul Gable of Shelby County and Travis Weik of Henry County describe what it is like to start a county party, and what Rupert's campaign has done for the Libertarian Party of Indiana.
LPIN Podcast Season 2 – 014: Jeremiah Morrell for House District 54
Jeremiah Morrell, House District 54, on his run for office.
Can Mourdock Survive?
The simple answer is no.
By now you've heard the quote, probably many, many times, from Richard Mourdock last night about pregnancies from rape. A gaffe? Perhaps. A career killer? Maybe. A campaign ender? Almost definitely.
This comment might have not had an incredible impact on the outcome of the election if it had happened a couple months ago. Even horrible statements have a tendency to be mostly forgotten by the voting masses if there's enough time for them to fade.
For Mourdock's statement, though, that's simply not the case. There's now just 13 days before the election. There's no way the voters are going to be forgetting about this one. Even IF they could, there's even less of a chance that Donnelly and the Democrats would let them.
Not that I think the voters should forget it.
99, 97, 47 Hike: Painting By Numbers
I'm part of the 99% who doesn't hate the 1% and actually aspires to join them someday.


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- Air Jordan 1 Fluff Leopard Green
- Air Jordan 1 (I)
- In Stock
Price: $180.00 $93.0094 Reviews
Returns & Warranty
Shipping & Payment
Free shipping is applied on EVERY ORDER. Once you have placed your order you will be contacted by e... Click here.
More preferential
For more information click here.
Premium white natural leather builds the amazing Jordan 1 model, while schwarze hits their unique rubber tongue, and consequently sport blue has some color stick over the tongue images, midsole detailing and conventional lacelocks.All of the Air Jordan 1 Fluff Leopard Green will be releasing into 2014 after all, according to one single notable collector/leaker on Instagram.The actor or actress has again been recently spotted in some relatively coveted sneakers-this time in existence it's the Air Jordan 1 (I) that's said to be heading for any kind of retail release soon.There is still plenty of time with regards to updates and further knowledge, so stay tuned. At this point, check out a full real chance of what I can purely assume is a doctored picture, not a real imagine of the 2014 edition.


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opens with Iranian filmmaker Jafar Panahi alone at his breakfast table, spreading jam on flatbread and talking to a friend over speakerphone. "I'm stuck in a problem," he says. "Stuck" is quite the appropriate word, but the statement hardly conveys the gravity of his situation. He is sequestered in Tehran, on house arrest after being convicted of committing "propaganda against the Islamic Republic." He faces a six-year prison sentence and a two-decade ban from leaving the country, giving interviews or making movies.
As he eats his flatbread, Panahi, who has thick, dark eyebrows and a face that looks kneaded from dough, is awaiting word on his appeal to the state Supreme Court, a body not known for its generous clemency. To fill the time, he calls over his buddy, the documentarian Mojtaba Mirtahmasb, to film him waiting. After all, he can't handle the camera himself, lest he be accused of directing. Confined to his apartment, there is little for Panahi to do. He feeds his daughter's pet iguana. He orders takeout. He refuses to dog-sit for a neighbor. He watches the news. What he is not doing—because, of course, it would violate the terms of his conviction—is making a movie.
Under the circumstances, the mundanity of This Is Not a Film becomes a daring provocation. It is not a film, because it is something more: a work of passive-resistant protest. To judge the movie on the criteria of a conventional documentary would miss the point. If it is dull in spots, that is partially the idea. Shot clandestinely over a week and a half and edited to appear as a single day, the intent of the non-film (let's call it a "video diary") is to show a creative mind in an unnatural state of idle and to prove, by its very existence, that an artist's drive to create overrides anything a government can do to quell that compulsion. Grading such a project seems trivial, especially considering how it got to us, smuggled out of Iran on a flash drive hidden in a birthday cake. The fact we're able to see it at all is a triumph.
But this "effort," as it's referred to in the credits, isn't just a sly middle finger to the ruling theocracy. It is also a philosophical query: What is a film? It's a question that's been asked since at least the French New Wave, but Godard never pondered the notion while facing jail. In Film, Panahi—whose movies, like that of most directors in Iran, are more allegorical than inflamed—seems to regard his predicament with a sense of bemusement. Though he doesn't say so, he takes it as a kind of challenge. Can't make a movie? Let's make something else, then. It is almost illusory: While it often looks like he's just whiling away the hours, what Panahi is actually doing is feeling around the restrictions imposed on him, playing with form and searching for a loophole. At one point, he begins discussing one of his unfilmed screenplays. On a whim, and probably out of boredom, he decides to lay tape down on the floor and block out the script by himself. After a few minutes, he grows exasperated. "If we can tell a film," he says, "then why make a film?" He storms out of the room.
It is a tragic moment of realization. But Panahi is a filmmaker, and one way or another, a film is going to get made. As Mirtahmasb leaves for the night, the apartment's maintenance man arrives to collect the trash. Panahi can't help himself: He grabs the camera and follows the custodian into the elevator, interviewing him about his life. Eventually, they venture into the building's courtyard. It is Fireworks Wednesday, the Iranian New Year tradition, which President Ahmadinejad recently denounced as unreligious. People are celebrating anyway. Stuck behind the gate, Panahi still manages to capture an extraordinary image, of the streets literally burning with defiance. Art, as always, finds a way.
Critic's Grade: A
SEE IT: This Is Not a Film opens Friday at Hollywood Theatre.


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lock a pin? want to keep a body part still, no constantly changing its pin
I heard in one of the DAZ tutorials that you can "lock" a pin. How?
maybe there's a way to parent a body part to an object?
Richard Haseltine Posts: 28,773
Pinning and locking are the same thing, and if the figure is moved too far wil fail. No, you can't parent a part to a prop.
The pins move if you even nudge the figure oh so slightly. Say you tell the hip of an object to move manually, there they all go. If you so much as tell ONE hand to move it's origin to a place that is actually in range to keep the opposite hand pinned, the opposite will still lose it's pin. I'm sorry, but it's starting to feel like the rigging system might as well not even exist. Is that seriously all there is to try to keep an appendage e in place? What was so wrong with normal inverse kenimatics?
Jaderail Posts: 0
Okay this might be your trouble. The Pin's on the IK Ball only lock the IK not the X,Y,Z position. To PIN a part in place you need to PIN the bone. Pick the Bone tool from your tools and then pick the part you wish to PIN on the figure. Once the figure part is selected hit the Spacebar. You now have a Bone Pin. You now use the Bone tool to do all your moving of the figure. Once you change your tool the Bone pin is off.
kitakoredaz Posts: 2,732
Jaderlail , it is great,,, I had never used this tool for posing,,
becaues there are so many option, and I can not understand clearly how to use it.
now I try it, click "space" yes it can pin bone perfectly . and I can move another bone.
I actually thought same thing Torkuda said.
when I pin transration and rotation, by pose tool, (three color circle)
the node never keep position. yes they move, if I move another bone.
but as you say,, bone tool is great for me. it works perfectly.
So I think "bone tool" means "Active pose" tools ^^;?
Barely functional. The second you try to rotate something, even with active pose still engaged, the pins move unless you are manipulating the figure directly.Post edited by Torkuda on
ReDave Posts: 815
That's because ActivePose is meant to be used on Translations (only) and IK is for rotations (only).Post edited by ReDave on
Richard Haseltine Posts: 28,773
No, IK will work with translations - try pinning the feet or hands and lowering the hip
You can translate the position just fine, so long as you grab the pieces of the model directly. However if you try for any thing specific with the rotation dials, you can forget it, as far as the dials are concerned the bone pins don't exist.
Why is it every time I try to use Studio over Carrara, Carrara comes out looking like the old rusty ten speed and Studio like a bike with training wheels, flashing lights, a bell, a basket on back, twenty speeds but oh... someone forgot the front wheel? This isn't something unimaginable, it's a straight forward part of animation and posing.


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i2i Events Group launches London Entertainment Week
London Entertainment Week is a celebration of all that is broadcast, media and entertainment that has been driven by demand from the visitors and exhibitors to BVE and will see the expansion of the show into the Pro AV and Live Entertainment Technology sectors.
The lines between the live event production and broadcast sectors are blurring and there is an appetite for an all-encompassing trade show for the live production, broadcast and wider creative industries.
If you are a trade buyer and decision maker for technology in the live production, theatre and performing arts, indoor and outdoor venues, rental and staging, conferences and corporate events, leisure attractions and theme parks, fixed installations for AV and systems integration, education and houses of worship sectors then there will be value in you attending the show.
If you are a consultant, designer, engineer, technician, project manager, programmer, operator or systems integrator this show is also for you.
The brands exhibiting at the show will be showcasing a broader overview of their products to meet your demands from a live production point of view.
BVE, together with the co-located events as part of London Entertainment Week will provide a comprehensive showcase and numerous networking opportunities for the Pro AV, live entertainment and broadcast sectors. It provides the opportunity for the most comprehensive gathering of the UK creative industries during the year to meet, learn and do business.
TPI Awards
Monday 22nd February 2016
Established 15 years ago the TPi Awards are the preeminent event for the international live event production industry. Held annually in London and attracting 1200 attendees from around the world the awards recognise the work of individuals and companies from the previous years touring schedule. The awards are voted for by the industry and judged by a panel of previous winners giving the event a recognised fairness and prestige to the nomination process and ultimate winners.
London Entertainment Week is proud to be sponsoring the Favourite Venue award category.
For more information and to book seats go to http://www.tpiawards.com/book-tickets/ to book tickets online
For any queries about the TPI Awards 2016 call Mo Naeem on 0161 476 8360
Streaming Forum
Click to view the Streaming Forum programme
Live Events. Live Linear. Live in London
Tuesday 23rd and Wednesday 24th February 2016
Streaming Forum is a conference developed specially for live streaming experts. Co-located with BVE, it is Europe's leading destination for anyone facing the challenges of delivering live events and live linear channels to multiple screens.
The conference will bring together the world's best-known streaming specialists to ExCel London to walk you through every step of the live streaming process, with keynotes from ITV and the NFL, and speakers including YouTube, BT, Google, Sky News, Almeida Theatre, Amazon, Aspera, Limelight Networks, Wowza, Boiler Room, and TourGigs.
For more information and to book your delegate place go to streaming-forum.com
How to market yourself on social media: A masterclass for creative freelancers
Social media is an invaluable tool for freelancers, but how do make the most of your feed? This upbeat masterclass with comedian and social media guru Samantha Baines offers expert advice on how to create a personal brand, build a strong following and have fun while doing it. This one hour masterclass is being run as a partnership between BVE and Guardian Masterclasses. The two sessions hour long sessions are being held on Tuesday 23 February at 11.00-12.00 and 13.00-14.00.
Save £5 by booking before 15 February To register book now
"The ABTT is pleased to support the opportunities for learning and discussion at London Entertainment Week 2016. As the collaboration between live performance and broadcast develops it is very useful to have an event where the solutions of today and the challenges of tomorrow can be presented and considered. We look forward to this year's seminar programme at London Entertainment Week 2016."
Robin Townley, Chief Executive Officer, ABTT
"The Association of Lighting Designers is looking forward to the BVE show and London Entertainment Week to meet and chat with all those who are interested in the use of light in a production. With the disciplines of lighting, video content and projection overlapping and in some cases merging, and more productions being recorded and broadcast across international boundaries, it is important that the representation and reputation of our members' work is understood and appreciated by the wider broadcast industry. Whether it is a West End play or a stadium sized rock concert, the role and prominence of light is important in the overall creative design presentation of the event whether the audience is live at the venue, or watching it back in a cinema relay or as a merchandised DVD."
Ian Saunders, Exectuive Director, ALD
"The last few years has seen the boundaries of AV, broadcast, live events and IT blur as professional customers use all kinds of integrated digital technology in new and interesting ways. And it's why AV Magazine is pleased to be a Launch Media Partner for London Entertainment Week, as well as a media sponsor for the Streaming Forum. We're also taking part in the AV & Live Theatre sessions, so hope you see you there."
Clive Couldwell, Editor, AV Magazine and avinteractive.com
"The overall aim of the AV User Group is to promote the effective use of all AV technologies within end user organisations and to help managers maintain the skills and knowledge they need to implement AV projects and manage service provision. We do this by the sharing of information and knowledge amongst all our members and sponsors, and to encourage as much dialogue between manufacturers, service providers, and end-users. We are delighted therefore to be hosting our first AV User Group meeting of 2016 at BVE on Thursday 25th February. The London Entertainment Week initiative, with the BVE show at its heart, will provide an excellent way of bringing the Pro AV community together and will further encourage a platform for discussion amongst all shareholders in this exciting business sector."
Owen Ellis, Chairman, AV User Group
"The prospects for an even bigger and better BVE in 2016 are genuinely exciting. Media and entertainment production cover a broad expanse of activity whose elements are increasingly interconnected; it will be great to see more of the industry's people brought together to promote their skills and to explore yet more collaboration."
Sharon Elliott, Communications Officer, BECTU
"BVE is our most important UK exhibition, where we connect with the greatest number of broadcast, post-production and music industry professionals. This year, the launch of London Entertainment Week introduces the professional AV and live entertainment technology sectors to the exhibition floor, an opportunity to link up with even more of our customers."
Ian Jones, Managing Director, HHB Communications Ltd
"We are delighted to support the launch and development of London Entertainment Week for the creative, broadcast and live event production industries. London is a leading creative capital and it is often the place our industry looks to for inspiration and thought-leadership. By choosing to launch London Entertainment Week here the organisers can harness the wealth of creative expertise, knowledge and innovation in London to deliver a world-leading event."
Tracy Halliwell, Director of Business Tourism & Major Events, London & Partners
"NAB is delighted to partner with BVE on London Entertainment Week to celebrate the UK as a creative hub for the entertainment industry. Together we will showcase the thought leadership and advanced technologies that are the hallmark of NAB Show, the global gathering place for media and entertainment professionals. This community will be served by the best speakers, business opportunities and knowledge-sharing platforms the industry has to offer. We're excited to be part of London Entertainment Week and provide this unprecedented opportunity for the UK market."
Chris Brown, Executive Vice President, Conventions and Business Operations, NAB
"Panasonic are proud to support London Entertainment Week as a Launch Partner. We are pleased that BVE are listening to the feedback from their visitors and exhibitors and broadening the scope of the exhibition into the AV, live entertainment and production technology sectors. Panasonic is a 'solutions' company, and so it is great to see BVE - with London Entertainment Week - evolving into an all-encompassing 'solutions' show and a fantastic series of co-located events."
Nigel Wilkes, GM, Panasonic Professional Camera Business Unit UK
"The PSA loves a bit of a get together, like minded people talking business, exchanging ideas, checking out new technology and perhaps learning something new. And why shouldn't the live sector mingle with broadcast? The crossover is ever-apparent and the meeting of live and broadcast is frequent; putting the two sectors together under one roof can only lead to greater understanding and better communication."
Andy Lenthall, General Manager, Production Services Association
"Streaming Forum is delighted to be a part of the dynamic new London Entertainment Week initiative. Content-wise, it makes perfect sense to align Streaming Forum with BVE, adding value for our conference delegates by providing them with unlimited access to the UK's premier exhibition for the broadcast, creative and live entertainment sectors. In the online video industry it's all about enhancing the experience; our new relationship with BVE does just that."
Streaming Forum
"The TPi Awards is proud to be the launch event for the first London Entertainment Week and is looking forward to working closely with the event in promoting excellence in the entertainment production communities."
Justin Gawne, General Manager, Mondiale Publishing


text:
- Description
DetailsIt would simply tickle our whiskers if you used these Mustache Party Invitations to get your friends over for a 'Stache Bash! Each 5 x 7 inch fold-over invitation includes lines for all of your party information and an envelope. Package includes envelopes. (12 per pack)
Condition: New
- Reviews
Write Your Own Review


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Reviews - Crowne Plaza LONDON - THE CITY4
19 New Bridge Street, London, EC4V 6DB
Price From £249View Rooms
Customer Reviews
Our reviews are from genuine LateRooms.com customers. We verify that the customer has stayed before leaving a review.
Very Good
78% would recommend it to a friend
Customer service
Food quality
Room quality
Lovely Hotel
The Hotel staff were friendly our double room was very spacious & clean.
One of the most comfortable beds I have slept on & the pillows were lush. Very much enjoyed our stay. One slight downfall the drinks in the bar we found very expensive even for London. Even thou I don't smoke I thought the themed smoking rooms were amazing.
Read More Less
Saturday night in London Town
The room was excellent.
Very clean and plenty of room. The bed was extremely comfortable, did not want to move in the morning. Perfect location for the meal myself and my girlfriend went to. Definitely recommend the hotel to my friends.
Read More Less
Just what we needed.
Directly opposite Blackfriars Station and waking distance to Covent Garden area where we saw the Lion King. Hotel was spotless. Will definitely return.
Read More Less
Excellent hotel
We were able to check in earlier.
The hotel staff were very helpful. The accommodation was clean. Excellent hotel.
Read More Less
Staff service
All staff were lovely - but I had to ask three times for a room service menu to be brought to my room(there wasn't one available in the room).
In the end I went downstairs, asked the receptionist, concierge, and lobby cafe - all said one would be brought up-sadly - no. Also I rang reception with a question - the receptionist said she'd ring me back with the answer - but 3 hours later she still hadn't rung. My newspaper wasn't there on my first night
No hot food at room service after 11pm
Food was expensive
Room was very nice, but I expected better service at the high price I paid.
Read More Less
Response from hotel
Dear Alison M,
Thank you for taking the time to post a review of our hotel. We are glad to read your positive comments with the room you had. It is our goal to provide great hotel experiences and we apologize for the inconvenience the poor service had caused you. Rest assured that your comments will be reviewed so we can take actions accordingly.
Thank you again for your feedback and we hope to have another chance to make your next stay as best as it can be.
IHG Care
Decent facilities, very comfortable bed and nice to see free bottles of water.
My only disappointment was that Wifi was chargeable, which I think a hotel of this quality should include provide for free.
Read More Less
Excellent Hotel and fantastic customer service
We were provided with a complimentary upgrade as it was our daughter's 18th birthday treat weekend and allowed to book in at 11am.
Simone was a fantastic help and couldn't do enough for us.
Read More Less
Great service
Service was fantastic especially from the doormen and concierge desk.
Would stat again.
Read More Less
OK but no more
Let's start with the good - the breakfast was excellent, but charging a fortune for wifi is a joke in this day and age.
The rooms are acceptable but way too hot and we couldn't cool it down. The entrance off Blackfriars has the World's most stupid small revolving door which is almost impossible to get through with a bag. Overall too expensive and unrealistic.
Read More Less
Response from hotel
Dear Trevor D,
Thank you for your recent stay with us and for reviewing our property. I am happy that you enjoyed the food selection. However, I understand that your stay was negatively affected by the room condition, specially the air conditioning system and some hotel facilities. The feedback we receive from our valued guests, like you, enables us to target problem areas and take the necessary actions to ensure similar situations can be avoided in the future. While we understand that your stay was not 100% satisfactory, we
would hope that you would give us another chance to make your stay as best as it can be. We would love for you to give us another try.
Thank you for your time and we hope to have an opportunity to serve you again.
Best Regards,
IHG Care
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Most Cited Neuropsychologia Articles
The most cited articles published since 2011, extracted from Scopus.
Neuroanatomical and neurochemical bases of theory of mindAhmad Abu-Akel | Simone Shamay-Tsoory
Volume 49, Issue 11, September 2011, Pages 2971-2984
This paper presents a novel neurobiological model of theory of mind (ToM) that incorporates both neuroanatomical and neurochemical levels of specificity. Within this model, cortical and subcortical regions are functionally organized into networks that subserve the ability to represent cognitive and affective mental states to both self and other. The model maintains that (1) cognitive and affective aspects of ToM are subserved by dissociable, yet interacting, prefrontal networks. The cognitive ToM network primarily engages the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and the dorsal striatum; and the affective ToM network primarily engages the ventromedial and orbitofrontal cortices, the ventral anterior cingulate cortex, the amygdala and the ventral striatum; (2) self and other mental-state representation is processed by distinct brain regions within the mentalizing network, and that the ability to distinguish between self and other mental states is modulated by a functionally interactive dorsal and ventral attention/selection systems at the temporoparietal junction and the anterior cingulate cortex; and (3) ToM functioning is dependent on the integrity of the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems which are primarily engaged in the maintenance and application processes of represented mental states. In addition to discussing the mechanisms involved in mentalizing in terms of its component processes, we discuss the model's implications to pathologies that variably impact one's ability to represent, attribute and apply mental states. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Sex differences in brain activation to emotional stimuli: A meta-analysis of neuroimaging studiesJennifer S. Stevens | Stephan Hamann
Volume 50, Issue 7, June 2012, Pages 1578-1593
Substantial sex differences in emotional responses and perception have been reported in previous psychological and psychophysiological studies. For example, women have been found to respond more strongly to negative emotional stimuli, a sex difference that has been linked to an increased risk of depression and anxiety disorders. The extent to which such sex differences are reflected in corresponding differences in regional brain activation remains a largely unresolved issue, however, in part because relatively few neuroimaging studies have addressed this issue. Here, by conducting a quantitative meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies, we were able to substantially increase statistical power to detect sex differences relative to prior studies, by combining emotion studies which explicitly examined sex differences with the much larger number of studies that examined only women or men. We used an activation likelihood estimation approach to characterize sex differences in the likelihood of regional brain activation elicited by emotional stimuli relative to non-emotional stimuli. We examined sex differences separately for negative and positive emotions, in addition to examining all emotions combined. Sex differences varied markedly between negative and positive emotion studies. The majority of sex differences favoring women were observed for negative emotion, whereas the majority of the sex differences favoring men were observed for positive emotion. This valence-specificity was particularly evident for the amygdala. For negative emotion, women exhibited greater activation than men in the left amygdala, as well as in other regions including the left thalamus, hypothalamus, mammillary bodies, left caudate, and medial prefrontal cortex. In contrast, for positive emotion, men exhibited greater activation than women in the left amygdala, as well as greater activation in other regions including the bilateral inferior frontal gyrus and right fusiform gyrus. These meta-analysis findings indicate that the amygdala, a key region for emotion processing, exhibits valence-dependent sex differences in activation to emotional stimuli. The greater left amygdala response to negative emotion for women accords with previous reports that women respond more strongly to negative emotional stimuli, as well as with hypothesized links between increased neurobiological reactivity to negative emotion and increased prevalence of depression and anxiety disorders in women. The finding of greater left amygdala activation for positive emotional stimuli in men suggests that greater amygdala responses reported previously for men for specific types of positive stimuli may also extend to positive stimuli more generally. In summary, this study extends efforts to characterize sex differences in brain activation during emotion processing by providing the largest and most comprehensive quantitative meta-analysis to date, and for the first time examining sex differences as a function of positive vs. negative emotional valence. The current findings highlight the importance of considering sex as a potential factor modulating emotional processing and its underlying neural mechanisms, and more broadly, the need to consider individual differences in understanding the neurobiology of emotion. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
Polarity and timing-dependent effects of transcranial direct current stimulation in explicit motor learningC. J. Stagg | G. Jayaram | D. Pastor | Z. T. Kincses | P. M. Matthews | H. Johansen-Berg
Volume 49, Issue 5, April 2011, Pages 800-804
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is attracting increasing interest as a therapeutic tool for neurorehabilitation, particularly after stroke, because of its potential to modulate local excitability and therefore promote functional plasticity. Previous studies suggest that timing is important in determining the behavioural effects of brain stimulation. Regulatory metaplastic mechanisms exist to modulate the effects of a stimulation intervention in a manner dependent on prior cortical excitability, thereby preventing destabilization of existing cortical networks. The importance of such timing dependence has not yet been fully explored for tDCS. Here, we describe the results of a series of behavioural experiments in healthy controls to determine the importance of the relative timing of tDCS for motor performance. Application of tDCS during an explicit sequence-learning task led to modulation of behaviour in a polarity specific manner: relative to sham stimulation, anodal tDCS was associated with faster learning and cathodal tDCS with slower learning. Application of tDCS prior to performance of the sequence-learning task led to slower learning after both anodal and cathodal tDCS. By contrast, regardless of the polarity of stimulation, tDCS had no significant effect on performance of a simple reaction time task. These results are consistent with the idea that anodal tDCS interacts with subsequent motor learning in a metaplastic manner and suggest that anodal stimulation modulates cortical excitability in a manner similar to motor learning. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
A big-world network in ASD: Dynamical connectivity analysis reflects a deficit in long-range connections and an excess of short-range connectionsPablo Barttfeld | Bruno Wicker | Sebastián Cukier | Silvana Navarta | Sergio Lew | Mariano Sigman
Volume 49, Issue 2, January 2011, Pages 254-263
Over the last years, increasing evidence has fuelled the hypothesis that Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a condition of altered brain functional connectivity. The great majority of these empirical studies relies on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) which has a relatively poor temporal resolution. Only a handful of studies has examined networks emerging from dynamic coherence at the millisecond resolution and there are no investigations of coherence at the lowest frequencies in the power spectrum-which has recently been shown to reflect long-range cortico-cortical connections. Here we used electroencephalography (EEG) to assess dynamic brain connectivity in ASD focusing in the low-frequency (delta) range. We found that connectivity patterns were distinct in ASD and control populations and reflected a double dissociation: ASD subjects lacked long-range connections, with a most prominent deficit in fronto-occipital connections. Conversely, individuals with ASD showed increased short-range connections in lateral-frontal electrodes. This effect between categories showed a consistent parametric dependency: as ASD severity increased, short-range coherence was more pronounced and long-range coherence decreased. Theoretical arguments have been proposed arguing that distinct patterns of connectivity may result in networks with different efficiency in transmission of information. We show that the networks in ASD subjects have less Clustering coefficient, greater Characteristic Path Length than controls - indicating that the topology of the network departs from small-world behaviour - and greater modularity. Together these results show that delta-band coherence reveal qualitative and quantitative aspects associated with ASD pathology. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
Functional neuroimaging studies of prospective memory: What have we learnt so far?Paul W. Burgess | Gil Gonen-Yaacovi | Emmanuelle Volle
Volume 49, Issue 8, July 2011, Pages 2246-2257
The complexity of the behaviour described by the term " prospective memory" meant that it was not at all clear, when the earliest studies were conducted, that this would prove a fruitful area for neuroimaging study. However, a consistent relation rapidly emerged between activation in rostral prefrontal cortex (approximating Brodmann Area 10) and performance of prospective memory paradigms. This consistency has greatly increased the accumulation of findings, since each study has offered perspectives on the previous ones. Considerable help too has come from broad agreement between functional neuroimaging findings and those from other methods (e.g. human lesion studies, electrophysiology). The result has been a quite startling degree of advance given the relatively few studies that have been conducted. These findings are summarised, along with those from other brain regions, and new directions suggested. Key points are that there is a medial-lateral dissociation within rostral PFC. Some (but not all) regions of medial rostral PFC are typically more active during performance of the ongoing task only, and lateral aspects are relatively more active during conditions involving delayed intentions. Some of these rostral PFC activations seem remarkably insensitive to the form of stimulus material presented, the nature of the ongoing task, the specifics of the intention, how easy or hard the PM cue is to detect, or the intended action is to recall. However there are other regions within rostral PFC where haemodynamic changes vary with alterations in these, and other, aspects of prospective memory paradigms. It is concluded that rostral PFC most likely plays a super-ordinate role during many stages of creating, maintaining and enacting delayed intentions, which in some cases may be linked to recent evidence showing that this brain region is involved in the control of stimulus-oriented vs. stimulus-independent attending. Other key brain regions activated during prospective memory paradigms appear to be the parietal lobe, especially Brodmann Area (BA) 40 and precuneus (BA 7), and the anterior cingulate (BA 32). These regions are often co-activated with lateral rostral PFC across a wide range of tasks, not just those involving prospective memory. © 2011.
Binding in visual working memory: The role of the episodic bufferAlan D. Baddeley | Richard J. Allen | Graham J. Hitch
Volume 49, Issue 6, May 2011, Pages 1393-1400
The episodic buffer component of working memory is assumed to play a central role in the binding of features into objects, a process that was initially assumed to depend upon executive resources. Here, we review a program of work in which we specifically tested this assumption by studying the effects of a range of attentionally demanding concurrent tasks on the capacity to encode and retain both individual features and bound objects. We found no differential effect of concurrent load, even when the process of binding was made more demanding by separating the shape and color features spatially, temporally or across visual and auditory modalities. Bound features were however more readily disrupted by subsequent stimuli, a process we studied using a suffix paradigm. This suggested a need to assume a feature-based attentional filter followed by an object based storage process. Our results are interpreted within a modified version of the multicomponent working memory model. We also discuss work examining the role of the hippocampus in visual feature binding. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Subjective cognitive complaints and amyloid burden in cognitively normal older individualsRebecca E. Amariglio | J. Alex Becker | Jeremy Carmasin | Lauren P. Wadsworth | Natacha Lorius | Caroline Sullivan | Jacqueline E. Maye | Christopher Gidicsin | Lesley C. Pepin | Reisa A. Sperling | Keith A. Johnson | Dorene M. Rentz
Volume 50, Issue 12, October 2012, Pages 2880-2886
Accumulating evidence suggests that subjective cognitive complaints (SCC) may indicate subtle cognitive decline characteristic of individuals with preclinical Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we sought to build upon previous studies by associating SCC and amyloid-Β deposition using positron emission tomography with Pittsburgh Compound B (PiB-PET) in cognitively normal older individuals. One-hundred thirty one subjects (mean age 73.5±6) were administered three subjective cognitive questionnaires and a brief neuropsychological battery. A relationship between a subjective memory complaints composite score and cortical PiB binding was found to be significant, even after controlling for depressive symptoms. By contrast, there were no significant relationships between objective cognitive measures of memory and executive functions and cortical PiB binding. Our study suggests that SCC may be an early indicator of AD pathology detectable prior to significant objective impairment. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
The anatomy of spatial neglectHans Otto Karnath | Christopher Rorden
Volume 50, Issue 6, May 2012, Pages 1010-1017
Spatial neglect is often perceived as a " heterogeneous collection of symptoms" with controversial anatomical correlates. However, a clear framework for core and satellite symptoms exists. Here we review the literature when viewed from the perspective of these different syndromes, and find clear pattern of anatomical injury. Specifically, the combined symptoms of biased gaze direction and search - with no awareness of these symptoms-is seen following structural damage to (particularly right hemisphere) perisylvian regions. Object centered deficits such as biased line bisection are due to more posterior (and possibly inferior) injury. Finally, extinction is associated with damage to the temporo-parietal junction. Further, we describe key choices that must be made to parse the spatial and attentional syndromes that result from right hemisphere injury, including the investigation of both acute and chronic injury as well as the use of functional and structural modalities. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Grounding emotion in situated conceptualizationChristine D. Wilson-Mendenhall | Lisa Feldman Barrett | W. Kyle Simmons | Lawrence W. Barsalou
Volume 49, Issue 5, April 2011, Pages 1105-1127
According to the Conceptual Act Theory of Emotion, the situated conceptualization used to construe a situation determines the emotion experienced. A neuroimaging experiment tested two core hypotheses of this theory: (1) different situated conceptualizations produce different forms of the same emotion in different situations, (2) the composition of a situated conceptualization emerges from shared multimodal circuitry distributed across the brain that produces emotional states generally. To test these hypotheses, the situation in which participants experienced an emotion was manipulated. On each trial, participants immersed themselves in a physical danger or social evaluation situation and then experienced fear or anger. According to Hypothesis 1, the brain activations for the same emotion should differ as a function of the preceding situation (after removing activations that arose while constructing the situation). According to Hypothesis 2, the critical activations should reflect conceptual processing relevant to the emotion in the current situation, drawn from shared multimodal circuitry underlying emotion. The results supported these predictions and demonstrated the compositional process that produces situated conceptualizations dynamically. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
Cognition and beta-amyloid in preclinical Alzheimer's disease: Data from the AIBL studyKerryn E. Pike | Kathryn A. Ellis | Victor L. Villemagne | Norm Good | Gael Chételat | David Ames | Cassandra Szoeke | Simon M. Laws | Giuseppe Verdile | Ralph N. Martins | Colin L. Masters | Christopher C. Rowe
Volume 49, Issue 9, July 2011, Pages 2384-2390
The 'preclinical' phase of Alzheimer's disease is a future target for treatment, but additional research is essential to understand the relationship between β-amyloid burden and cognition during this time. We investigated this relationship using a large sample of apparently healthy older adults (N=177), which also enabled examination of whether the relationship differed according to age, gender, years of education, apolipoprotein E status, and the presence of subjective memory complaints. In addition to episodic memory, a range of cognitive measures (global cognition, semantic memory, visuospatial performance, and executive function) were examined. Participants were aged over 60 years with no objective cognitive impairment and came from the imaging arm of the Australian Imaging, Biomarkers, and Lifestyle (AIBL) study of ageing. 11C-PiB PET was used to measure β-amyloid burden and a PiB 'cut-off' level of 1.5 was used to separate participants with low PiB retention from those with high PiB retention. Thirty-three percent of participants had a PiB positive scan. PiB positive participants were 5 years older, twice as likely to carry an apolipoprotein E e{open}4 allele, and their composite episodic memory was 0.26 SD worse than PiB negative volunteers. Linear regressions with β-amyloid burden as a dichotomous predictor, revealed an interaction between β-amyloid burden and gender, as well as age and education effects, in predicting episodic memory and visuospatial performance. In females, but not in males, increased β-amyloid was related to worse episodic memory and visuospatial performance. Furthermore, an interaction between β-amyloid burden and APOE status was found in predicting visuospatial performance, whereby there was a trend for increased β-amyloid to relate to worse visuospatial performance for those without an APOE e{open}4 allele. There were no other main or interaction effects of β-amyloid on any of the other composite cognitive measures. These cross-sectional findings suggest that β-amyloid burden does not have a large effect on cognition in this subset of apparently healthy older people. The finding of gender differences deserves further research to answer definitively the important question of gender susceptibility to adverse cognitive effects from β-amyloid. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
The role of the human ventral striatum and the medial orbitofrontal cortex in the representation of reward magnitude - An activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies of passive reward expectancy and outcome processingEsther Kristina Diekhof | Lisa Kaps | Peter Falkai | Oliver Gruber
Volume 50, Issue 7, June 2012, Pages 1252-1266
Reward maximization is a core motivation of every organism. In humans, several brain regions have been implicated in the representation of reward magnitude. Still, it is unclear whether identical brain regions consistently play a role in reward prediction and its consumption. In this study we used coordinate-based ALE meta-analysis to determine the individual roles of the ventral striatum (vSTR) and the medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC/VMPFC) in the representation of reward in general and of reward magnitude in particular. Specifically, we wanted to assess commonalities and differences in regional brain activation during the passive anticipation and consumption of rewards. Two independent meta-analyses of neuroimaging data from the past decade revealed a general role for the vSTR in reward anticipation and consumption. This was the case particularly when the consumed rewards occurred unexpectedly or were uncertain. In contrast, for the mOFC/VMPFC the present meta-analytic data suggested a rather specific function in reward consumption as opposed to passive anticipation. Importantly, when considering only coordinates that compared different reward magnitudes, the same parts of the vSTR and the mOFC/VMPFC showed concordant responses across studies, although areas of coherence were regionally more confined. These meta-analytic data suggest that the vSTR may be involved in both prediction and consumption of salient rewards, and may also be sensitive to different reward magnitudes, while the mOFC/VMPFC may rather process the magnitude during reward receipt. Collectively, our meta-analytic data conform with the notion that these two brain regions may subserve different roles in processing of reward magnitude. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
A review on sex differences in processing emotional signalsM. E. Kret | B. De Gelder
Volume 50, Issue 7, June 2012, Pages 1211-1221
Interest in sex-related differences in psychological functioning has again come to the foreground with new findings about their possible functional basis in the brain. Sex differences may be one way how evolution has capitalized on the capacity of homologous brain regions to process social information between men and women differently. This paper focuses specifically on the effects of emotional valence, sex of the observed and sex of the observer on regional brain activations. We also discuss the effects of and interactions between environment, hormones, genes and structural differences of the brain in the context of differential brain activity patterns between men and women following exposure to seen expressions of emotion and in this context we outline a number of methodological considerations for future research. Importantly, results show that although women are better at recognizing emotions and express themselves more easily, men show greater responses to threatening cues (dominant, violent or aggressive) and this may reflect different behavioral response tendencies between men and women as well as evolutionary effects. We conclude that sex differences must not be ignored in affective research and more specifically in affective neuroscience. © 2012.
Visual working memory as visual attention sustained internally over timeMarvin M. Chun
Volume 49, Issue 6, May 2011, Pages 1407-1409
Visual working memory and visual attention are intimately related, such that working memory encoding and maintenance reflects actively sustained attention to a limited number of visual objects and events important for ongoing cognition and action. Although attention is typically considered to operate over perceptual input, a recent taxonomy proposes to additionally consider how attention can be directed to internal perceptual representations in the absence of sensory input, as well as other internal memories, choices, and thoughts (Chun, Golomb, & Turk-Browne, 2011). Such internal attention enables prolonged binding of features into integrated objects, along with enhancement of relevant sensory mechanisms. These processes are all limited in capacity, although different types of working memory and attention, such as spatial vs. object processing, operate independently with separate capacity. Overall, the success of maintenance depends on the ability to inhibit both external (perceptual) and internal (cognitive) distraction. Working memory is the interface by which attentional mechanisms select and actively maintain relevant perceptual information from the external world as internal representations within the mind. © 2011.
Impaired holistic processing in congenital prosopagnosiaGalia Avidan | Michal Tanzer | Marlene Behrmann
Volume 49, Issue 9, July 2011, Pages 2541-2552
It has long been argued that face processing requires disproportionate reliance on holistic or configural processing, relative to that required for non-face object recognition, and that a disruption of such holistic processing may be causally implicated in prosopagnosia. Previously, we demonstrated that individuals with congenital prosopagnosia (CP) did not show the normal face inversion effect (better performance for upright compared to inverted faces) and evinced a local (rather than the normal global) bias in a compound letter global/local (GL) task, supporting the claim of disrupted holistic processing in prosopagnosia. Here, we investigate further the nature of holistic processing impairments in CP, first by confirming, in a large sample of CP individuasls, the absence of the normal face inversion effect and the presence of the local bias on the GL task, and, second, by employing the composite face paradigm, often regarded as the gold standard for measuring holistic face processing. In this last task, we show that, in contrast with controls, the CP group perform equivalently with aligned and misaligned faces and was impervious to (the normal) interference from the task-irrelevant bottom part of faces. Interestingly, the extent of the local bias evident in the composite task is correlated with the abnormality of performance on diagnostic face processing tasks. Furthermore, there is a significant correlation between the magnitude of the local bias in the GL and performance on the composite task. These results provide further evidence for impaired holistic processing in CP and, moreover, corroborate the critical role of this type of processing for intact face recognition. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Evidence that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) generates little-to-no reliable neurophysiologic effect beyond MEP amplitude modulation in healthy human subjects: A systematic reviewJared Cooney Horvath | Jason D. Forte | Olivia Carter
Volume 66, Issue , January 2015, Pages 213-236
© 2014 Elsevier Ltd.Background: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a form of neuromodulation that is increasingly being utilized to examine and modify a number of cognitive and behavioral measures. The theoretical mechanisms by which tDCS generates these changes are predicated upon a rather large neurophysiological literature. However, a robust systematic review of this neurophysiological data has not yet been undertaken. Methods: tDCS data in healthy adults (18-50) from every neurophysiological outcome measure reported by at least two different research groups in the literature was collected. When possible, data was pooled and quantitatively analyzed to assess significance. When pooling was not possible, data was qualitatively compared to assess reliability. Results: Of the 30 neurophysiological outcome measures reported by at least two different research groups, tDCS was found to have a reliable effect on only one: MEP amplitude. Interestingly, the magnitude of this effect has been significantly decreasing over the last 14 years. Conclusion: Our systematic review does not support the idea that tDCS has a reliable neurophysiological effect beyond MEP amplitude modulation - though important limitations of this review (and conclusion) are discussed. This work raises questions concerning the mechanistic foundations and general efficacy of this device - the implications of which extend to the steadily increasing tDCS psychological literature.
Vascular thalamic amnesia: A reappraisalGiovanni Augusto Carlesimo | Maria Giovanna Lombardi | Carlo Caltagirone
Volume 49, Issue 5, April 2011, Pages 777-789
In humans lacunar infarcts in the mesial and anterior regions of the thalami are frequently associated with amnesic syndromes. In this review paper, we scrutinized 41 papers published between 1983 and 2009 that provided data on a total of 83 patients with the critical ischemic lesions (i.e. 17 patients with right-sided lesions, 25 with left-sided lesions and 41 with bilateral lesions). We aimed to find answers to the following questions concerning the vascular thalamic amnesia syndrome: (i) Which qualitative pattern of memory impairment (and associated cognitive and behavioral deficits) do these patients present? (ii) Which lesioned intrathalamic structures are primarily responsible for the amnesic syndrome? (iii) Are the recollection and familiarity components of declarative memory underlain by the same or by different thalamic structures? Results of the review indicate that, similar to patients with amnesic syndromes due to mesio-temporal lobe damage, patients with vascular thalamic amnesia display a prevalent deficit of declarative anterograde long-term memory, a less consistent deficit of declarative retrograde long-term memory and substantially spared short-term and implicit memory. Unlike mesio-temporal lobe patients, however, vascular thalamic amnesics often present dysexecutive and behavioral deficits similar to those observed in patients with frontal damage. The presence of an amnesic syndrome in patients with thalamic lacunar infarcts is strongly predicted by involvement of the mammillo-thalamic tract, which connects the anterior nuclei complex to the hippocampus proper via the fornix and the mammillary bodies. Finally, data reported in a few single cases provide support for the hypothesis that thalamic regions connected to distinct areas of the mesio-temporal lobe play differential roles in recollection and familiarity processes. The mammillo-thalamic tract/anterior nuclei axis seems primarily implicated in recollective processes, whereas the ventroamygdalofugal pathway/medio-dorsal axis primarily underlies familiarity processes. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Impaired holistic coding of facial expression and facial identity in congenital prosopagnosiaRomina Palermo | Megan L. Willis | Davide Rivolta | Elinor McKone | C. Ellie Wilson | Andrew J. Calder
Volume 49, Issue 5, April 2011, Pages 1226-1235
We test 12 individuals with congenital prosopagnosia (CP), who replicate a common pattern of showing severe difficulty in recognising facial identity in conjunction with normal recognition of facial expressions (both basic and 'social'). Strength of holistic processing was examined using standard expression composite and identity composite tasks. Compared to age- and sex-matched controls, group analyses demonstrated that CPs showed weaker holistic processing, for both expression and identity information. Implications are (a) normal expression recognition in CP can derive from compensatory strategies (e.g., over-reliance on non-holistic cues to expression); (b) the split between processing of expression and identity information may take place after a common stage of holistic processing; and (c) contrary to a recent claim, holistic processing of identity is functionally involved in face identification ability. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Storage and binding of object features in visual working memoryPaul M. Bays | Emma Y. Wu | Masud Husain
Volume 49, Issue 6, May 2011, Pages 1622-1631
An influential conception of visual working memory is of a small number of discrete memory " slots" , each storing an integrated representation of a single visual object, including all its component features. When a scene contains more objects than there are slots, visual attention controls which objects gain access to memory.A key prediction of such a model is that the absolute error in recalling multiple features of the same object will be correlated, because features belonging to an attended object are all stored, bound together. Here, we tested participants' ability to reproduce from memory both the color and orientation of an object indicated by a location cue. We observed strong independence of errors between feature dimensions even for large memory arrays (6 items), inconsistent with an upper limit on the number of objects held in memory.Examining the pattern of responses in each dimension revealed a gaussian distribution of error centered on the target value that increased in width under higher memory loads. For large arrays, a subset of responses were not centered on the target but instead predominantly corresponded to mistakenly reproducing one of the other features held in memory. These misreporting responses again occurred independently in each feature dimension, consistent with 'misbinding' due to errors in maintaining the binding information that assigns features to objects.The results support a shared-resource model of working memory, in which increasing memory load incrementally degrades storage of visual information, reducing the fidelity with which both object features and feature bindings are maintained. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
Conflict adaptation and sequential trial effects: Support for the conflict monitoring theoryPeter E. Clayson | Michael J. Larson
Volume 49, Issue 7, June 2011, Pages 1953-1961
The purpose of this study was to investigate the cognitive control process of conflict adaptation and the recruitment of cognitive control across sequential trials-termed higher-order trial effects-using the N2 and P3 components of the scalp-recorded event-related potential (ERP). High-density ERPs were obtained from 181 healthy individuals (93 female, 88 male) during a modified Eriksen flanker task. Behavioral measures (i.e., error rates, reaction times [RTs]) and N2 and P3 amplitudes showed reliable conflict adaptation (i.e., previous-trial congruencies influenced current-trial measures). Higher-order trial effects were quantified across multiple sequential presentations of congruent or incongruent trials (e.g., four consecutive incongruent trials). For higher-order trial effects, P3 amplitudes and RTs reliably decreased across both congruent and incongruent trials. Consistent with the conflict monitoring theory, N2 amplitudes decreased across incongruent trials and increased across congruent trials. N2 amplitudes were positively correlated with incongruent-trial RTs; no significant correlations were found for P3 amplitudes and RTs. Effects remained when stimulus-response repetitions were removed. Results indicate that RTs and ERP measures are sensitive to modulations of cognitive control associated with conflict across multiple congruent and incongruent trials. Implications for the conflict monitoring theory of cognitive control are discussed. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Dissociable correlates of response conflict and error awareness in error-related brain activityGethin Hughes | Nick Yeung
Volume 49, Issue 3, February 2011, Pages 405-415
Errors in speeded decision tasks are associated with characteristic patterns of brain activity. In the scalp-recorded EEG, error processing is reflected in two components, the error-related negativity (ERN) and the error positivity (Pe). These components have been widely studied, but debate remains regarding the precise aspects of error processing they reflect. The present study investigated the relation between the ERN and the Pe using a novel version of the flanker task to allow a comparison between errors reflecting different causes-response conflict versus stimulus masking. The conflict and mask conditions were matched for overall behavioural performance but differed in underlying response dynamics, as indexed by response time distributions and measures of lateralised motor activity. ERN amplitude varied in relation to these differing response dynamics, being significantly larger in the conflict condition compared to the mask condition. Furthermore, differences in response dynamics between participants were predictive of modulations in ERN amplitude. In contrast, Pe activity varied little between conditions, but varied across trials in relation to participants' awareness of their errors. Taken together, these findings suggest a dissociation between the ERN and the Pe, with the former reflecting the dynamics of response selection and conflict, and the latter reflecting conscious recognition of an error. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
Rehabilitation of neglect: An updateGeorg Kerkhoff | Thomas Schenk
Volume 50, Issue 6, May 2012, Pages 1072-1079
Spatial neglect is a characteristic sign of damage to the right hemisphere and is typically characterized by a failure to respond to stimuli on the left side. With about a third of stroke victims showing initial signs of neglect, it is a frequent but also one of the most disabling neurological syndromes. Despite partial recovery in the first months after stroke one third of these patients remain severely disabled in all daily activities, have a poor rehabilitation outcome and therefore require specific treatment. The last decades have seen an intensive search for novel, more effective treatments for this debilitating disorder. An impressive range of techniques to treat neglect has been developed in recent years. Here, we describe those techniques, review their efficacy and identify gaps in the current research on neglect therapy. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
The neuropsychology of prospective memory in normal aging: A componential approachMark A. McDaniel | Gilles O. Einstein
Volume 49, Issue 8, July 2011, Pages 2147-2155
To guide understanding of the neuropsychology of prospective memory and aging, we highlight several components of prospective memory, including planning an intended action, retrieving the action at the appropriate moment, and executing the action. We posit that frontal systems are particularly important for prospective memory tasks that require planning, that require strategic monitoring to detect the appropriate moment for executing the prospective memory intention, or for which execution of the retrieved intention must be delayed briefly. Drawing from a variety of approaches, including neuroimaging (with young adults) and studies examining individual differences relating to frontal functioning, we assemble preliminary evidence that supports this hypothesis. Further, because aging especially disrupts frontal functioning, the above noted prospective memory tasks would thus be expected to display the greatest age-related decline. The available literature confirms this expectation. A second key hypothesis is that some prospective memory tasks-those requiring minimal planning and supporting spontaneous retrieval-do not rely extensively on frontal processes but instead rely on medial-temporal structures for reflexive retrieval. These prospective memory tasks tend to show minimal or no age-related decline. The literature, though sparse with regard to the neuropsychological underpinnings of this kind of prospective memory task, is consistent with the present hypothesis. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
Influence of early attentional modulation on working memoryAdam Gazzaley
Volume 49, Issue 6, May 2011, Pages 1410-1424
It is now established that attention influences working memory (WM) at multiple processing stages. This liaison between attention and WM poses several interesting empirical questions. Notably, does attention impact WM via its influences on early perceptual processing? If so, what are the critical factors at play in this attention-perception-WM interaction. I review recent data from our laboratory utilizing a variety of techniques (electroencephalography (EEG), functional MRI (fMRI) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)), stimuli (features and complex objects), novel experimental paradigms, and research populations (younger and older adults), which converge to support the conclusion that top-down modulation of visual cortical activity at early perceptual processing stages (100-200. ms after stimulus onset) impacts subsequent WM performance. Factors that affect attentional control at this stage include cognitive load, task practice, perceptual training, and aging. These developments highlight the complex and dynamic relationships among perception, attention, and memory. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
The origins of originality: The neural bases of creative thinking and originalityS. G. Shamay-Tsoory | N. Adler | J. Aharon-Peretz | D. Perry | N. Mayseless
Volume 49, Issue 2, January 2011, Pages 178-185
Although creativity has been related to prefrontal activity, recent neurological case studies postulate that patients who have left frontal and temporal degeneration involving deterioration of language abilities may actually develop de novo artistic abilities. In this study, we propose a neural and cognitive model according to which a balance between the two hemispheres affects a major aspect of creative cognition, namely, originality. In order to examine the neural basis of originality, that is, the ability to produce statistically infrequent ideas, patients with localized lesions in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), and posterior parietal and temporal cortex (PC), were assessed by two tasks involving divergent thinking and originality. Results indicate that lesions in the mPFC involved the most profound impairment in originality. Furthermore, precise anatomical mapping of lesions indicated that while the extent of lesion in the right mPFC was associated with impaired originality, lesions in the left PC were associated with somewhat elevated levels of originality. A positive correlation between creativity scores and left PC lesions indicated that the larger the lesion is in this area the greater the originality. On the other hand, a negative correlation was observed between originality scores and lesions in the right mPFC. It is concluded that the right mPFC is part of a right fronto-parietal network which is responsible for producing original ideas. It is possible that more linear cognitive processing such as language, mediated by left hemisphere structures interferes with creative cognition. Therefore, lesions in the left hemisphere may be associated with elevated levels of originality. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
Common neural mechanisms supporting spatial working memory, attention and motor intentionAkiko Ikkai | Clayton E. Curtis
Volume 49, Issue 6, May 2011, Pages 1428-1434
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) and posterior parietal cortex (PPC) are critical neural substrates for working memory. Neural activity persists in these regions during the maintenance of a working memory representation. Persistent activity, therefore, may be the neural mechanism by which information is temporarily maintained. However, the nature of the representation or what is actually being represented by this persistent activity is not well understood. In this review, we summarize the recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies conducted in our laboratory that test hypotheses about the nature of persistent activity during a variety of spatial cognition tasks. We find that the same areas in the PFC and PPC that show persistent activity during the maintenance of a working memory representation also show persistent activity during the maintenance of spatial attention and the maintenance of motor intention. Therefore, we conclude that persistent activity is not specific to working memory, but instead, carries information that can be used generally to support a variety of cognitions. Specifically, activity in topographically organized maps of prioritized space in PFC and PPC could be read out to guide attention allocation, spatial memory, and motor planning. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.


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Desert Bedouins
Palmyra's natives are originally bedouin tribes linked to Arabia. Their traditions and Arabic dialect are quite different from Western Syrian cities. Many of them still wear the red kufiya worn in the Arabian peninsula. The main one in the photo was intriguing because of his red hair, which is surprisingly common in Aleppo and Damascus, though rare in Palmyra.
the old Palmyrene language
Syria is sometimes (rightly) called the cradle of civilisation. Many languages originate from there, like the ancient Palmyrene alphabeth. The first western alphabeth, or one of them at least, was developed in Syria. The first Syriac alphabeth developed from a later form of Aramaic used at Palmyra in Syria. At the museum in Palmyra there's an interesting rooms dedicated to this mysterious language and its evolution
Camels are a common sight in Palmyra, being in the desert and all. They make good subjects for photographs.
Many cultures, many languages.
Since Palmyra was a center for many different cultures, you will find areas like this that have writings in multiple languages.
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19 photos found.
Vintage pickup truck by Hamza Koya
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40ish ford pickup by danny phillips
Like A Rock by David Wexler
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I Love My Truck by Matt Burrows
1937 Ford Pickup by Scott Spychalski
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