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Some campaigns are 'bloodier' than others | Bob Roegner
The race between Claire Wilson and Gail Crabtree for the Federal Way School Board provides two candidates with different backgrounds but similar goals.
Both are colorful, engaging and energetic. Wilson, with her trademark red glasses, has 30 years in education as a classroom teacher and more recently as executive director of early learning for the the Educational Service District.
Crabtree, who tends toward purple to blend the reds and blues of different political views, graduated from Federal Way schools, as did her children. She has been working with children in Romania and the Philippines for several years.
Both candidates want more focus on elementary education and meetings with parents outside formal board meetings to increase communication. They generally support current school board policies, but are concerned about issues at Thomas Jefferson and the dropout rate.
Both candidates are running a low budget campaign and have several volunteers.
Wilson has an edge in hands-on educational experience, and it shows. She has been endorsed by Mayor Skip Priest and retiring school board member Amye Bronson-Doherty, in addition to the Federal Way Education Association, Tacoma News Tribune and the Federal Way Mirror.
But Crabtree has experienced different cultures through her travels, which is an asset with Federal Way's diverse student population.
Some campaigns are "bloodier" than others.
The race for a seat on the South King Fire and Rescue board of commissioners started with two of the candidates prominently displaying in campaign literature how much blood they had donated. Challenger Jerry Galland donated 372 units and incumbent James Fossos donated two gallons. I'm not sure which is more, but apparently the candidates believe the donations will make a difference in how the public votes.
Any race involving Jerry Galland is going to be interesting. Galland is always outspoken and has been a frequent critic of the board, and recognizes Fossos is likely the front-runner. So he tried a unique approach at the recent candidates forum by suggesting to the audience, and the many firefighters in attendance, that electing him would be a good way reduce his criticism. If they don't, he will continue to speak his mind about board actions. That may demonstrate that Galland understands how boards function, but it may not work as a campaign tactic.
However, Galland does represent a view within the community: that an additional person outside the firefighting world may be needed on the board to provide more of a check and balance. Not long ago, the board proposed Prop. 1 to add a benefit charge to replace revenue lost due to the economic downturn. It was rejected by the public, with Galland one of the leaders of the opposition. Is Galland the right person to provide that balance?
Fossos' career was in firefighting, he knows the business inside and out, and his knowledge is helpful when evaluating specific needs.
Interesting contrast in candidates.
Do your homework. Next week: who will win all the races?
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Features of This Trackelectric rock instrumentation
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Dear Reader,
Starting January 13th, a simple calendar like the one pictured below could help you immediately collect income, every month.
While most folks are scrambling to buy and sell stocks for capital gains - you could be simply cashing dividend checks, regularly - like a paycheck.
In short, this simple calendar includes every detail you'll need to get signed up for some of the best and safest dividends in the stock market to ensure you have a reliable stream of income.
No worrying about the day-to-day ups and downs of the stock market: just dividend checks from cash-rich publicly traded companies.
In this letter, I'll tell you ALL of the information on this calendar - including when EACH payout will come, how much it will be and exactly how you can receive this calendar to make sure you NEVER miss a potential payment.
In order to receive the next payout on February 1st, you must be a shareholder of record by January 13th!
I've marked both of these dates on the Dividend Calendar.
I call this company "The World's Most Reliable Dividend Payer" because there's literally not a more reliable dividend payer in the market.
That's the whole point of this dividend calendar: It's specifically designed to help you collect regular, reliable income for as long as you want.
The other exciting part of the Monthly Dividend Calendar (which you may have guessed by the name) is that it reveals how to collect AT LEAST one dividend payment per month.
But it's also designed to give you two payouts in some months...
It's up to you if you want to re-invest those dividends in more shares (which will increase your payments dramatically in future months) or if you want to make payments on a new car or maybe go on vacation.
The point is: it's steady and reliable - and it comes at least once a month.
How can I know you'll be able to collect this income at least once a month?
In order to design the Monthly Dividend Calendar, I needed to find sound investments with a dedication to paying substantial dividends. You might be aware that most companies clearly have no interest in returning capital to shareholders. The fact is - most companies don't pay dividends - and never will.
A 2009 study conducted by DePaul University says that "there is a significant worldwide decline in the propensity to pay dividends."
The same study shows that the number of dividend payers has dropped dramatically in just the past 27 years...
In 1985, 75% of publicly traded companies paid dividends.
Today, that number has flipped completely...
Now, nearly 75% of companies DON'T pay dividends.
And even the ones that do pay dividends can't always do it sustainably.
After all it's not much use to own a company if it just started paying dividends last month or only recently. For instance, Starbucks only started paying dividends in March 2010.
That's not enough of a track record to prove to me that Starbucks is committed to paying dividends every quarter for years to come.
If you want to give yourself a chance to collect income EVERY month, you have to do two things:
Some companies only pay a dividend once a year like the car insurance company Progressive - but that's not helpful when you're trying to collect monthly income.
Four times a year is nice, and I've included two such companies on the Monthly Dividend Calendar.
But I also found a unique income investment that pays you EVERY month.
That's right, this one single dividend investment makes up the backbone of the Monthly Dividend Calendar - ensuring that you can collect at least one check a month - no matter what happens in the stock market.
That's why I call this investment the "Monthly Dividend Payer."
And the managers of this monthly dividend company get it:
American retirees and investors want monthly income. They don't want to have to wait 3 months in between payments.
The mortgage bill comes every month. So does the electricity bill. The cable bill. The phone bill.
No one pays their bills or balances their checkbook quarterly.
American households operate on a monthly schedule - so this investment's managers filled the niche.
Even better - they always pay on the LAST day of every month. It's a dividend payment you can set your watch to.
And if you own just 1,000 shares of this company, you could collect about $110 a month. It's that simple.*
$110 a month might not sound like that much - but that's reliable grocery money, or enough for a nice night on the town.
Or you can use it to pay the electric company - every month.
And that's the baseline amount you'll collect every month - but some months you'll collect much more.
Like in April.
There's nothing out of the ordinary or special about April that makes it one of the most profitable months in my Monthly Dividend Calendar.
It just so happens that you could collect 6-times more income than the usual $110.*
That's only if you own 1,000 shares of my favorite dividend investment of all time.
The details of this dividend investment are all in the Monthly Dividend Calendar.
But when you own 1,000 shares, you could receive about $700 in April from this company.*
And that's in addition to the $110 you could get from the Monthly Dividend company.*
So in April, you could collect $810. Not bad.*
The thing is, building a sustainable monthly stream of income from dividends isn't difficult or really all that expensive to get started.
And April is just one of the 12 months of the dividend calendar year filled with income opportunities...
Next July, the Monthly Dividend Calendar reveals a way that ANYONE could collect up to 6 different dividends...*
And you might be thinking that you probably won't want to own all 6 companies that payout in July.
And that's fine.
But the great thing about July on my dividend calendar is that you have plenty of great options.
For instance, perhaps the best way to collect income in July is to buy just 2 of the stocks paying out that month...
Which 2?
Well, on July 10th, you could collect 2 dividend checks with an average yield of 5.5%.*
That's just on one day in July.
If you just want to collect 2 dividend checks that begin paying out this July (and every July afterwards) then you can ignore the other 4 dividend payments - or maybe just wait until the following July to further build your income stream that month.
But even if you only buy 100 shares each of the 6(!) different dividend opportunities in July, you could collect over $1,060 total...*
Or keep it simple - and just buy 100 shares each of the 2 companies paying out on July 10th. That way you know you could collect over $325...*
As far as I'm concerned, July is one of the best months to get started with the dividend calendar.
But it pales in comparison with August...
Instead of rattling off a long list of confusing dividends being paid in August...
I'd just like you to look at what your payouts might look like that month.
If you're keeping score, that's 8 total payouts in August.
One of these payouts is from the Monthly Dividend Company I already mentioned. Consider that a starting point for August though...
It's easy to forget with all of your other investments and the noise we all get bombarded with from the market and the mainstream media - but you could easily collect income nearly every week of the year if you have the right information.
It makes other types of investing almost irrelevant. Why bother fretting over stock prices and the constant chatter of TV personalities, analysts, economists, politicians and "market experts" when you can just quietly collect as much (or as little) income as you want on a near-weekly basis?
If that sounds like a better way to invest to you, then I'd like to send you this calendar immediately.
Here at Wyatt Investment Research, we recommend dozens of profitable investment ideas each month... everything from value investing, options trading, small cap stocks, short selling, growth stocks, and commodities.
And since we have a large and diverse group of readers, it's true that not all of our recommendations are "just-right" for everyone.
But that's why we decided to focus on the idea of income.
It's so easy and effective that all of our readers can benefit from it.
High net worth, low net worth, kids in college just getting started or 83 year old retirees.
Everyone can use income generating investments in their portfolio.
So we launched a brand new investment service dedicated to income in early 2011.
We call it High Yield Wealth.
Early 2011 was the perfect time to start bringing income ideas to our readers, because all the typical "safe" investments like Treasuries and CDs were yielding next-to-nothing.
They're yielding even less today.
So if you want yield - if you want reliable, steady, monthly income, you're not likely to get it from the government or from banks.
That's exactly why we've launched High Yield Wealth - and why we've put together the Monthly Dividend Calendar.
A lot of our subscribers enjoy this type of investing - because they know they can depend on the regular income - even when the stock market is on the rocks.
So if you're interested, I'd like to send you the Monthly Dividend Calendar, today, right now. Inside, you'll discover all of the details on the dividend paying companies you need to own to collect regular monthly income but also:
You'll receive this calendar at no cost as soon as you take a risk free trial to High Yield Wealth.
Let me tell you a little about your trial membership to High Yield Wealth and why you should consider signing up today - but remember - the deadline to get signed up for the next monthly dividend payout is January 13th...
We've never published a research service before that was so universally appropriate for any investor, no matter what age or what level of net-worth... until theHigh Yield Wealth...
While we have a number of different income opportunities we cover, income from dividends lies at the heart of this service.
We typically alert you 1-2 months before each dividend is announced. All of these dividend stocks are extremely safe, easy to understand, and simple to buy and sell.
I should tell you, the rules governing dividends CAN be complex. They sometimes differ from exchange to exchange.
The rules can also vary depending on the size of the dividend, whether it's paid on an ETF or a regular stock. Or even in which country of origin the company is headquartered.
But we completely take care of all the guesswork - we make every dividend as simple and easy to understand as falling off of a log.
Most importantly, you'll know when to buy and when to expect your dividend payments.
And we do hours of research on each company before we even mention it to you...
You see I personally oversee the research and stock recommendations in High Yield Wealth. I work closely with Stephen Mauzy, a very smart stock analyst I hired for the specific purpose of focusing ENTIRELY on dividend research.
With our letter, High Yield Wealth, we closely watch each dividend that's announced - every single one in the market - and only pass on to you the best potential dividend research.
Each month, you'll receive the current issue reviewing our open positions and letting you know about other unique income opportunities we're following.
Each recommendation you receive from us will be simple, concise, clear and straightforward. We'll reveal all of the specific details of each dividend company - how to buy it, how much you'll receive, and how to sell it if need be.
With your membership you'll also get:
I hope you decide to give this exciting service a try.
Good Investing,
Ian Wyatt
Chief Investment Strategist
High Yield Wealth
P.S. I almost forgot - I recently added ONE MORE monthly dividend payer to the calendar. Now, there are two investments you can buy to receive safe, steady MONTHLY payouts. These payouts typically come on the second week of each month - meaning that you're just a few days away from missing out. To get signed up before the dividend goes out...


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My room was quiet and clean the gym is open 24 hours. The breakfast was fantastic and the staff are very polite
All around ,friendly, helpful, and clean.
swimming pool closes too early
Cute clean room. Friendly, but more importantly helpful staff, Tony Romas for room service!
It was very clean
Being on 1st floor
Clean, renovated room and comfortable bed
No ability to regulate heat
It was bran new! Price was great! Room was huge!
No full length mirror! Prob not completely done yet!
We loved the quiet friendly attitudes of the staff.
Two things! 1. It was too dry and hard to regulate the temperature. The furnace was very noisy. 2. No complementary breakfast!!!!!
The hotel is pet friendly, accessable location with a complimentary breakfast.
I would suggest that another chair be provided in the room with a kingsize bed. Also there should be an outside garbage container for disposing of dog poop bags.
Very clean and modern
It was the smallest room we have ever stayed in. No table or chair to sit at.
Breakfast was promised, but they had nothing, not even a continental breakfast. I would like to get a discount because of that or some remuneration.
Large clean room
Very old building, dusty floors, one table for meagre breakfast. Parking across the street.
great staff
Here's why:
We're not the seller
At KAYAK we don't set prices, so it's not possible for us to guarantee what other companies are selling.
We aggregate tons of data for you
Our service lets you quickly and easily compare results from hundreds of travel sites at once. In this sense, KAYAK is a search engine and we don't guarantee prices we find.
Why aren't prices accurate 100% of the time?
Prices on airline seats, hotel rooms and car rentals can change frequently. Several people may also be trying to buy the same travel option simultaneously. As a result, you may find on occasion that certain prices are no longer available.
More questions or if you have a bad price to report to us
Please send us an
and someone from our team will get back to you promptly.


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Continuing with the series, check out all the tutorials released in November 2012. This post will showcase the adobe illustrator tutorials released in November 2012.
The following post will showcase some of the best free christmas vector designs. Download all free christmas vectors today.
There are many forms of arts. Recently I was browsing the net and was really amazed to see the art made on stone. I was really impressed by the creativity that was implemented on these type of art.
Whether you are a startup company, small business or large enterprise; when you venture into the world of online business– a successful collaboration with the website development company you hire is a must.
This is a list of some of the most beautiful minimalistic design portfolios out there today
PETA is a non-profit group of community which supports animal rights. This post will showcase some of the creative peta ads which you will find amazing to see.
Following post showcases you with some of the most creative and powerful print media advertisements. See the full post on 55 Creative Print Advertising Examples.
Bokeh is originally a blur, or the aesthetic quality of the blur, in out-of-focus areas of an image. Give your photos and design a new dazzling look with these free bokeh photoshop brushes.
Logos are the main identity for any company. Designers work really well in communicating the main niche of the company through the artistic logo designs.
The following post will showcase best adobe illustrator tutorials released in october 2012. Check out the complete list of 40+ Adobe Illustrator Tutorials Released in october 2012.


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realmagick.com The shrine of knowledge.
Ed Gein Childhood
A selection of articles related to ed gein childhood.
Original articles from our library related to the Ed Gein Childhood. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Ed Gein Childhood.
- Mel Gibson
- Born on January 3, 1956 at 4.45 p.m. in Peekskill, New York - Capricorn What could we say about this great personality? Aren't his charm and professionalism amazing? We could understand better his character knowing that his ascendant is Cancer. He is easily...
Astrology >> Horoscopes of Fameous People
- Hulse, David Allen
- >From an early age, David Allen Hulse has made a diligent study of the alphabets of the ancient world. Even as a child, David possessed a great affinity for the alphabets of Egypt, Phoenicia, and Greece. In college, a reading of MacGregor Mathers' Kabbalah...
Real Interviews >> Authors
- How reliable are things remembered under hypnosis?
- This has often arisen as both a legal issue (as in the reliability oftestimony obtained during or after hypnotherapy) and also a social issue(regarding the use of hypnotherapy to establish evidence of early child abuse,for example). It is entirely true that...
Parapsychology >> Hypnosis
- Hulse, David Allen
- From an early age, David Allen Hulse has made a diligent study of the alphabets of the ancient world. Even as a child, David possessed a great affinity for the alphabets of Egypt, Phoenicia, and Greece. In college, a reading of MacGregor Mathers' Kabbalah...
Real Interviews >> Authors
- George W. Bush
- Born 6th of July, 1946 New Haven (Connecticut) I am going to start this interpretation with the famous phrase of Bush, which according to me embodies his innermost thoughts: "America needs compassionate conservatism". From this phrase we can deduce...
Astrology >> Horoscopes of Fameous People
- Working with the elements
- Four is the number of the physical universe. Both the square and the cross are symbols of material life in the three-dimensional world. The horizontal line of the cross symbolizes time, and the vertical one depicts space. The corners of the square and the...
Magick >> The Elements
- Pagan Mythology
- Is the traditional story presented as an historical event that serves to illustrate part of the world view of a people or explain a practice, belief, or natural phenomenon. The mythological beliefs a culture shares gives shape to its actions and choices....
Paganism & Wicca >> Holidays
Ed Gein Childhood is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Ed Gein Childhood books and related discussion.
Suggested News Resources
- Edward Theodore Gein
- Ed Gein was a notorious killer and grave robber. He inspired the creation of several film characters, including Norman Bates (Psycho), Jame Gumb (The Silence of the Lambs) and Leatherface (Texas Chainsaw Massacre).
- The 2015 Texas Hoax of the Year: Rumors about Sharia courts
- Paranoia and fear mongering gave birth to a myth about extra-Constitutional Islamic tribunals operating in Texas. No matter how often it's been debunked by local and national media, the story keeps popping up and attracting hate groups along the way.
- Step Right Up To Joe Coleman's Painted Freak Show
- The artist is known for his meticulously rendered portraits of outlaws, criminals and goddesses, ranging from bombshell Jayne Mansfield to serial killer Ed Gein. The works .... Coleman views each work, in a sense, as an unorthodox biography.
- Quiz: Young Adult Fiction? Or Real-Life Serial Killer?
- 10_09_YASerialKillers_01 It's often hard to distinguish young adult literature from some of the grisliest moments in human history.
Great care has been taken to prepare the information on this page. Elements of the content come from factual and lexical knowledge databases, realmagick.com library and third-party sources. We appreciate your suggestions and comments on further improvements of the site.
Ed Gein Childhood Topics
Related searchesbreukelen
geological eras
julian bashir
history of london population
appeal to motive examples
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© 2000 - 2016 Realmagick.com, All Rights Reserved.


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Blog Entry# 458046
Posted: Jun 18 2012 (9:17PM)
8 Responses
Last Response: Jun 23 2012 (3:18PM)
Jun 18 2012 (9:17PM) 22210/New Delhi - Mumbai Central AC Duronto Express
Puneet Gupta 2 blog posts
Entry# 458046 Tags Past Edits
This feature shows the full history of past edits to this Blog Post.
I have a 1AC confirmed ticket for my trip to Mumbai and they have not given any seat number... Thats strange... I will need to go to the charts to see my seat number... I thought 1AC should get royal service ....
Jun 18 2012 (9:21PM)
SRG*^~ 34230 blog posts 142322 correct pred (75% accurate)
Re# 458046-1 Tags Past Edits
This feature shows the full history of past edits to this Blog Post.
Sir for 1AC its the common procedure your ticket will be confirmed but berth number will be alloted only after chart preparation..This is followed since its primarily used for VIP quota they will allot cabins to them on first preference then to general public..
Guess it should not be problem to you since only one 1A coach is there you can board directly...
7 posts are hidden.
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11.5: Universal Gas Law
Compressed gases provide vital fuels for industry and for homes and farms in rural areas.
Universal Gas Law
The combined gas law,
Because different gases have different weights per molecule, including a term for mass of gas does not produce a consistent equation. If, however, we include a term expressing the number of moles of gas rather than its mass, we can produce a constant proportionality. A mole is a unit representing the number of atoms present. The letter
The unit term for
|Pressure Units
|Volume Units
Units for
Units for
Value of
|0.0821 L•atm/mol•K
|82.1 mL•atm/mol•K
Since the product of (liters)(atm) can be converted to joules, we also have a value for
Most universal gas law problems are calculated at STP. STP stands for standard temperature and pressure, which is the most commonly calculated temperature and pressure value. STP is defined as 1.00 atm and 0°C, or 273 K.
Example Problem: Determine the volume of 1.00 mol of any gas at STP.
Solution: First isolate V from PV=nRT. Then plug in known values and solve.
For any gas at STP, one mole has a volume of 22.4 liters. This can be an extremely convenient conversion factor.
Example Problem: A sample of oxygen gas occupies 10.0 liters at STP. How many moles of oxygen are in the container?
- The universal gas law is
PV=nRT, where Pis pressure, Vis volume, nis number of moles, Ris the universal gas law constant, and Tis the absolute temperature.
- The value of
Rvaries depending on the units used for Pand V. Two common values are 0.0821 L⋅atm/mol⋅Kand R=8.314 J/mol⋅K.
- STP is standard temperature and pressure; 273 K and 1.00 atm.
- One mole of a gas at STP has a volume of 22.4 liters.
The following video discusses the constant
- Why is it important to have values for R in kPa, atm, and mmHg?
- Why do the units of R include pressure, temperature, volume, and moles?
Instruction and practice problems involving the universal gas law:
- The initial pressure in a helium gas cylinder is 30 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the pressure in the cylinder has decreased to 6 atm while the volume and temperature remain the same. What fraction of the original amount of gas remains in the cylinder?
- Calculate the volume of 8.88 mol of helium gas at 20.0°C and 1.19 atm pressure.
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A sleek and simple picture frame made of glass and glistening alloy metal.
This sparkling mirror-like metal picture frame is a sleek accent that will enhance any 4x6" photograph. The simple Nambe alloy metal frame holds two panes of clear glass to display a photo between. The back plate of glass has a circular cut-out to make adding and removing a photo easier. Designed by Neil Cohen for Nambe.
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text:
The following is an overview of the Risk Management Property & Liability Program. If you have questions or need assistance, please contact:
Casey O'Donnell, Property & Liability Program Manager, (503) 988-5851
The Property & Liability Program is a unit of the Multnomah County Finance and Risk Management Division in the Department of County Management. The purpose of the Property & Liability Program is to manage the County property, liability, and insurance programs. This unit provides consultation and guidance to all departments in: risk analysis and loss prevention strategies, especially in the areas related to property loss and liability exposures; property insurance, excess liability insurance, crime insurance, and bond requirements; insurance and language requirements in contracts and procurement documents; and other risk management related issues.
County Administrative Procedure RSK-6
The Risk Management Property & Liability Program's policy is to provide "functional replacement value" funds to purchase County equipment/property that replaces the functional County equipment/property lost or damaged. In the case of computer equipment loss, the County standard replacement cost in used.
If the department has decided not to replace an item for any reason, the Risk Management Property & Liability Program will not reimburse the department for its loss of that item. If the department wishes to purchase upgraded equipment or property, the Risk Management Property & Liability Program will not reimburse the upgraded cost amount. However, the department can use the "functional replacement" reimbursement money to help purchase an upgraded item.
When a County property loss occurs, refer to County Administrative Procedure RSK-6 for information on how to request reimbursement. Reimbursement must be requested within six (6) months from the date of loss, and completed within 12 months from the date of loss.
Contract Insurance & Indemnification Manual
Contract Insurance & Indemnification Manual Appendix
The Property & Liability Program is responsible for the following County Administrative Procedures:
- RSK-4 "Vehicle Collision Reporting" (40 KB)
- RSK-6 "Property Damage Report and Request for Replacement" (78.5 KB)
- RSK-12 "Vehicle Self-Insurance Program" (122.5 KB)
- RSK-13 "Standard Insurance Requirements for County Procurement Documents and Contracts" (37.5 KB)
- RSK-18 "Incident Reporting" (Non-Employee, Non-Automobile, Involving Members of the Public) (155.81 KB)
Incident Reporting
- Incident Report: Non-employee, Non-automobile, involving members of the public (64 KB)
- RSK-18 Incident Report Form (76 KB)
Property Damage
- County-owned Vehicle Damage Reimbursement Request (403 bytes)
- County Property Damage Report and Request for Replacement (403 bytes)
- RSK-12 Form (31.5 KB)
- RSK-6 Form (27.5 KB)
- Vehicle Collision Report (99.5 KB)


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made this cake for my nephew's 2nd birthday! chocolate cake with strawberries and whipped cream. Actually ths was the second one I made because the first one fell apart, but it turned out ok. Hoses are fondant, Ladders royal icing. This was the only good picture I was able to get, sorry.
Awesome job:)
You did great and the details are wonderful.
CakeCentral.com is the world's largest cake community for cake decorating professionals and enthusiasts.
(if this is a private computer)
Yes please, register now!


text:
The Thinking Man
Bill Rayburn
Copyright 2012 by
Bill Rayburn
Smashwords Edition
Let me tell you a story.
I read the post card. It began benignly enough. Almost touristy, as if she were writing to her mother. Then suddenly, it swerved off the road, through my guard rail, and straight into my heart.
"I left you a kiss in front of 'The Thinker'."
And she'd signed it simply, or maybe not so simply,
"Love Rebecca".


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Polymers
Some Wikipedians have formed a project to better organize information in articles related to polymers. This page and its subpages contain their suggestions; it is hoped that this project will help to focus the efforts of other Wikipedians. If you would like to help, please inquire on the talk page and see the to-do list there.
For more information on WikiProjects, please see Wikipedia:WikiProjects and Wikipedia:WikiProject best practices.
- 1 Title
- 2 Scope
- 3 Parentage
- 4 Descendant WikiProjects
- 5 Similar WikiProjects
- 6 Related WikiProjects
- 7 Related WikiPortals
- 8 Related Collaborations
- 9 Related Regional notice boards
- 10 Related groups of Wikipedians
- 11 Related pages in Sister projects
- 12 Participants
- 13 Hierarchy definition
- 14 Pages needing attention
- 15 General strategy and discussion forums
- 16 Other subpages
- 17 Templates
- 18 Categories
- 19 Lists
- 20 Articles
- 21 Requests
- 22 Resources
- 23 Archives
- 24 Watchlists
- 25 Tools
WikiProject on Polymers
The aim of this WikiProject is to organize and disseminate all polymer related information on Wikipedia in a coordinated fashion.
At the moment, we are focusing on a few things (and please, be bold with adding new things to this list!)
- Bringing a list of industrially significant polymers up to featured article status.
- Doing a "top-down" approach on how to organize polymer articles and related information, possibly with the use of categories which group together significant topics relevant to polymer chemistry.
The approach at the moment is to first bring one polymer article up to featured article status, and then use that article as a template for other polymer articles. Polyethylene might be a good start because of its prevalence and dominance. However, it might be better to pick a more application specific polymer first, because there is too much variability for the definition of these polymers. The articles on polymers generally need to emphasize that they define a class of mixtures of molecules with a particular distribution, et cetera...
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Similar WikiProjects are:
- In particular, see the list of polymers in
- Should we transfer that list over here to this WikiProject?
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- Portal:Chemistry is a good place to look! Not directly related to polymers, but related to chemistry.
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If you are interested join with us, please add your user name to the list! Do so by adding * ~~~~ to the end of the list.
- HappyCamper 5 July 2005 12:43 (UTC)
- ChemGardener 16:03, 26 September 2005 (UTC)
- Joel 15:59, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
- rolandog 20:04, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
- Nathaniel 03:37, 1 November 2005 (UTC)
- H Padleckas 05:07, 1 November 2005 (UTC)
- abakharev 02:11, 7 February 2006 (UTC)
- Hispalois 10:05, 21 May 2006 (UTC)
- SparkyOC (talk) 12:06, 14 March 2009 (UTC)
- Mothball (talk) 13:20, 14 October 2009 (UTC)
- UMChemProfessor (talk) 15:11, 9 September 2011 (UTC)
- Vanischenu mTalk 11:19, 21 June 2012 (UTC)
- GregCM1
- StuPat (talk) 11:50, 2 December 2012 (UTC)
- Shishir Kumar CIPET,India)
- Walkerma (talk) 18:11, 21 April 2013 (UTC)
- Adam Rees, user:adamrees89 11:48, 23 July 2013 (UTC)
- --Minihaa (talk) 09:00, 19 May 2014 (UTC)
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Polymer chemistry goals[edit]
Try to make an article for each of these topics
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See:Category:Polymers articles needing attention
General strategy and discussion forums[edit]
Other subpages[edit]
|What to type
|What it is for
|Stub template
|To be placed in articles which are stubs.
|Banner of the project
|{{WikiProject Polymers}}
|To be placed on the talk page of those articles which are in the scope of this project.
|Navigation templates
|A table which lists a number of important plastics. To be placed at the bottom of plastic related topics.
|A nav. box containing polymers and plasticizers which have health issues or associated problems. To be placed at the bottom of appropriate articles concerned with it.
|Currently most of the polymer articles use {{Chembox}} as an infobox. Some use simple tables. An infobox completely dedicated to polymers has not yet developed.
Article categories[edit]
- List of synthetic polymers contains list of examples and brand names
- List of polyurethane applications
- Thermoplastic contains an extensive list
- Elastomer lists a number of rubbers
German lists include
- http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurzzeichen_%28Kunststoff%29 Kurzzeichen (Kunststoff) (Abbreviations (Plastics))
- http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunststoff Kunststoff (Plastics)
- Articles for deletion
- 17 Oct 2016 – AN-VI (talk · edit · hist) was AfDed by Spinningspark (t · c); see discussion (2 participants; relisted)
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Ongoing Wikipedia surveys[edit]
Please feel free to list your new Polymers-related articles here (newer articles at the top, please).
- Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-3-hydroxyvalerate) on 6 September 2012
- Compendium of Macromolecular Nomenclature on 6 July 2012
Did you know?[edit]
- Arboform on 4 August 2012. (See:Wikipedia:Recent additions/2012/August)
- Entry: "Did you know ... that scientists at the Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology won the 2010 European Inventor Award for their work on the development of liquid wood?"
- High-refractive-index polymer on 21 April 2011. (see:Wikipedia:Recent additions/2011/April)
- Entry: "Did you know ... that addition of sulfur increases refractive index of polymers?"
- Crystallization of polymers on 2 June 2010. (see:Wikipedia:Recent additions/2010/June)
- Entry: "Did you know ... that crystallization of polymers proceeds through the formation of spherulites (example pictured)?"
Article improvement drive[edit]
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|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Polymers .
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text:
- If the name of the farm is blue with an underline; that's a link to their website. Click on it for the most current hours and information.
- ALWAYS call the farm or store BEFORE YOU GO to confirm their supply, their hours
and whether they have trees, are allowing choose-and-cut or just precut trees; and which attractions or winter activities are available.
All three can change during the short Christmas season, due to weather, demand and the farmer's business conditions! Farms get sold, shut down or run out of trees, and they don't all update me every day, let alone every year. For
more tips to make your trip fun
and successful, click here!
- And please tell the farmer you visit in southwestern Colorado that you found their farm here! I need the farmers to realize that you found them here so that they will keep their information up to date!
- To find fruit and vegetable pick-you-own farms, click here.
- Crop availability / harvest schedule for fruit and vegetables, click here
- To find pumpkin patches, corn mazes and other Halloween activities, click here.
Click here for permits to cut in National and state forests.
Alamosa County
Archuleta County
Chaffee County
Conejos County
Costilla County
Custer County
Delores County
Delta County
- Ed Hice - Choose and Cut Christmas trees
888 2150 Road, Austin, CO 81410. Phone: 970-835-8903.
Fremont County
Gunnison County
- Colorado Native Christmas Trees - Precut trees
777 Ute Lane, Gunnison, CO. Phone: 970-275-4852. Open: Monday to Thursday: 9 am to 8 pm, Weekends: 8 am to 9 pm. Directions: 1.5 miles east of Gunnison, Left on CR 72, 5th house on the left. Look for the Reindeer. All trees you receive will look unique and different, and will very in shape and style. All trees shipped will be between 18 and 24 inches long. Order a Charlie Brown Christmas Tree! (ADDED: November 15, 2013, from their website)
Hinsdale County
La Plata County
Mineral County
- Sweet Springs Tree Farm - Christmas
trees-you choose and you cut, Precut Christmas trees, Christmas boughs,
19504 Knobley Road, Burlington, WV 26710. Phone: 304-289-3676. Alternate Phone: 304-813-0176. Open: Saturday, from 9 am to 5 pm; Sunday, from noon to 5 pm; or call for a convenient time. Directions: Farm is located 1.8 miles from US Route 50 on Knobley Road South near Antioch, WV. Click here for a map and directions. Retail and Choose and Cut lots open the Saturday after Thanksgiving. Payment: Cash, Check.
Christmas tree varieties:
U-Choose and Cut varieties: Blue Spruce, Douglas Fir, White Fir (Concolor Fir).
PreCut varieties: Blue Spruce, White Fir (Concolor Fir), Douglas Fir.
(ADDED: November 26, 2014)
Montezuma County
Montrose County
Covered Bridge Ranch - Christmas trees-you choose and you
cut, Precut Christmas trees, Living Christmas trees (to plant later),
Christmas wreaths, Christmas boughs, garlands, tree shaking provided,
trees baled, saws provided, winter hay rides, Christmas event or
festival, bonfires and smores, gift shop, concessions / refreshment
stand, porta-potties, picnic area, petting zoo, farm animals, birthday
parties, school tours, group reservations
17249 6250 Road, Montrose, CO 81403. Phone: (917) 224-5313. Alternate Phone: (970) 240-0106. Email: firstname.lastname@example.com. Open: November 25 to December 23; Wednesday to Sunday from 10am to 4:30pm. Click here for current open hours, days and dates. Directions: Click here for a map and directions. . Payment: Cash, Check, Visa/MasterCard. Click here for our Facebook page. Come join our traditional family holiday festivities at our scenic ranch located in the valley of the San Juan Mountains. Our iconic Covered Bridge is the perfect setting where many families come to make memories and have fun!.
Christmas tree varieties:
U-Choose and Cut varieties: Austrian Pine, Black Hills Spruce, Colorado Blue Spruce, Douglas Fir, Fraser Fir, Norway Spruce, Scotch Pine, White Fir (Concolor Fir), White Pine.
PreCut varieties: Black Hills Spruce, Canaan Fir, Colorado Blue Spruce, White Fir (Concolor Fir), Douglas Fir, Fraser Fir, Scotch Pine, White Fir (Concolor Fir), White Pine.
Living, rooted tree varieties: Colorado Blue Spruce.
(UPDATED: September 09, 2016) (UPDATED: November 15, 2012)
Ouray County
Park County
Rio Grande County
Saguache County
San Juan County
San Miguel County
Events, Other information and related links:
Permits to cut in state and national forests:
Christmas tree permits, which allow you to cut your own Christmas tree on public lands, are now on sale at National Forest/BLM offices and selected retail outlets in southwestern Colorado. A permit, which costs between $8 and $10 (2008 prices), varies by location, allows you to cut one tree up to 20 feet tall for personal use. This year's permits expire December 25, 2008 (some locations later, December 31, but what's the point?). Permits come with a brochure, that explains regulations and offers helpful tips. National Forest/BLM offices also sell maps and offer free advice on the best areas for tree harvesting, and the best species of tree to cut. See the following links below for specific information by location:
Denver & Front Range Areas: Four primary cutting areas along the
Front Range in the Arapaho, Pike and Roosevelt National Forests serve
metro Denver and surrounding communities (click to see a
map). See their
website for more information! Core Cutting Dates:
December 6-14, 2008
Permits: $10 each. One tree per permit. Limit 5 permits per person. All sales are final.
Area Entry Hours: 8:30 am to 2:30 pm to For your safety, no entry is allowed before or after these hours.
- Grand Valley District
- Routt National Forest - 2008 Permits are $10 per tree with a maximum of five per household. Have your permit with you when cutting a tree, to be secured to the tree at the time of cutting.
- San Juan National Forest - A 2008 permit, which costs $8, allows you to cut one tree up to 20 feet tall for personal use. The permits expire on December 31.
- White River National Forest - 2008 Permits are $10 per tree and may be purchased at the WRNF offices or the BLM Field Office in Glenwood Springs, Monday through Friday during normal business hours. For additional information, please contact the White River National Forest in Carbondale at 970-963-2266 or the Glenwood Springs BLM Field Office at 970-947-2800.
Colorado state forests:
- Christmas tree cutting permits at Golden Gate State Park - Beginning November 12, a limited number of permits will be available for the Golden Gate Canyon State Park Christmas tree sale, just 30 minutes outside of the Denver metro area. All cutting activities will take place on Dec. 6 – 7, 2008. Areas for both four-wheel and two-wheel drive vehicles will be available, with some hiking required. The tree permits will be available at the Golden Gate Canyon State Park Visitor Center located at 92 Crawford Gulch Road, 15 miles west of Golden. To reach the Visitor Center, turn west on Golden Gate Canyon Road, off of Highway 93. Permits will be sold from 9 am to 4 pm daily, while supplies last. Permits may also be purchased over the phone with a credit card by calling 303-582-3707. Visitors must pick up their permits at the Visitor Center prior to cutting. A detailed map with additional information is provided with each permit. The 2008 permit cost is $20, and permit holders are allowed one tree per permit. Permits will be discounted to $10 for those purchasing a 2008 Annual State Park Pass. A valid park pass is required on each vehicle. Daily passes are available at the Visitor Center the day of the cut for $6 per vehicle. Trees must be cut with hand tools, such as a handsaw or an axe; chainsaws and power saws are not prohibited. Christmas trees up to 15 feet tall or six inches in trunk diameter may be removed. Tree selections include Douglas Fir, Ponderosa Pine, Lodge Pole Pine and Rocky Mountain Juniper. Permit holders will be assisting Golden Gate Canyon State Park by thinning overcrowded dense vegetation. This selective thinning will improve the overall forest health and reduce the impacts of future wildfires. For more current information, see this page or contact the Visitor Center at 303-582-3707.
General information
(Some of these external links and the search engine on their website may not work all of the time )
- Christmas Tree Cutting Permits
- Holiday Tree Information for the Pikes Peak Ranger District
- U.S. Forest Service, (303) 275-5350 (regional office in Denver)
Do you know of any Christmas tree farms or other special Christmas and winter events in southwestern Colorado? Please tell me about them - Click here to write to me!


text:
Rafael Nadal outlasted 111th-ranked Martin Alund 6-3, 6-7 (2), 6-1 at the Brazil Open on Saturday, making it to his second straight final after a long layoff to treat his ailing left knee. Nadal next plays David Nalbandian, the former world No. 3 who defeated Simone Bolelli of Italy 6-3, 7-5 to make it to his first final since being disqualified for injuring a line judge at Queen's Club last year.
Nadal Moves into 2nd Straight Final Since Return
From ESPN.com
Use your ← → (arrow) keys to browse more stories
Clive Rose/Getty Images


text:
Santa Maria
Look at the sky: that is for you. Look at each person's face as you pass on the street: those faces are for you. And the street itself, and the ground under the street, and the ball of fire underneath the ground: all these things are for you. They are as much for you as they are for other people. Remember this when you wake up in the morning and think you have nothing. - Miranda July
Image réduite [17 PISANELLO MADONNA DELLA QUAGLIA.jpg - 50kB]
The Basilica of Santa Maria Novella is definitely worth a look if you have the time. It's the city's principal Dominican church, and is full of frescos from frescoes from Gothic and early Renaissance masters. You don't need more than 30 - 45 min to take in the whole thing, but don't prioritize it over other sites / churches if you're short on time in Florence.
Get the Grill Fired Up! Its time to make this delicious Santa Maria style Tri-Tip | jessicagavin.com #bbq
#CubaTravel We are coming to Cayo Santa Maria, 48km road over the sea, it's very exciting!!!!
Dome de Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence, Italy
Our Lady Undoer of Knots; Eve tied the knot of discord & Mary, by obedience, untied it. She'll help you untie your discord.


text:
Pediatric Associates, the largest privately owned single specialty group practice in the United States, is seeking a Chief Financial Officer.
Multi-Specialty physician group looking for an experienced manager.
Humana Inc., headquartered in Louisville, Kentucky, is one of the nation's largest publicly traded health benefits companies.
If you're looking for an opportunity with an award-winning health system that is dedicated to delivering sophisticated medicine with warmth and compassion, look at Lee Memorial Health System.
HCR ManorCare provides a range of services, including skilled nursing care, assisted living, post-acute medical and rehabilitation care, hospice care, home health care and rehabilitation therapy.


text:
Our Store
Fruit Toppings – For More Than Just Ice Cream
These delicious toppings go great with pancakes, waffles, or on toast. They can be added into smoothies, mixed in with Greek yogurt, meat marinades or even used to make salad vinaigrette.
Haskap Topping- NOT YET IN STORE
- Currently only available at trade shows
- We currently sell our topping in a 190ml jar
- We plan to make 355 ml sizes in 2014
- All fruit used is grown on our farms
- The flavour is tangy yet sweet
- Has the beautiful royal blue color of the fruit
Saskatoon / Tart Cherry Topping
- 355ml bottle
- Wonderful blend of Northline saskatoons and juliette sour cherries. The sour cherries give the Saskatoon flavour a real kick
- All fruit used is grown on our farms
- Makes a great pie or tart filling
- The topping is made up of 2/3 saskatoons & 1/3 tart cherries
Raspberry topping
Comes in 120 ml jar. We only use our own Heritage style raspberries. Has a tart and tangy flavour. Reminds most people of old fashioned raspberry jam but has 1/2 the sugar.
Sweet and Spicy Sauce
New in 2015. A unique blend of fruit and peppers that has flavorful kick. The product can be used as a replacement anytime you might use Salsa, BBQ sauce or chutney.
Berry Brew Iced Green Teas
- All flavors contain 10% juice
- we press our own fruit for juice
- made with Organic Japanese Sencha Green Tea
- Has organic cane sugar and citric acid
- Only contains 95 calories per 355ml serving
- Half the amount of sugar compared to traditional iced teas
- Contains no sodium
- 4 unique flavours that can be drank both chilled and hot
Raspberry Mint, Saskatoon Lemon, Cherry Cinnamon and Haskap
- This cherry juice that has been made by a co-operative group of 8 growers that we belong to
- The juice comes in a 355ml bottle
- It has an intense tart cherry flavour
- There are no additives, water or sugar
- It is not a concentrate
- It is sold under the brand name, Every Day Farms- Aunt Mary's Genuine Cherry Juice
We market all of our delicious topping flavours in 30gram chocolates that are hand made. Each chocolate is individually wrapped and can be sold as singles or in a box of 8 for special occasions.
Future products
2013 was the first year that we actually had some extra fruit available to process. Most of our orchard was planted in 2008 and each year we should get more and more production.
We of course will have fresh fruit available at our u-pick and the North Battleford's farmers market. Large orders of frozen Pitted cherries, Haskap and Saskatoons may be available upon request (only in Saskatchewan).


text:
Weight loss success: How to lose 20 pounds with Nutrimost
Is Nutrimost too good to be true? Watch the video to find out!
Weight loss that lasts: Go beyond diet and exercise with Nutrimost
A mother and daughter share their amazing weight loss journey.
Meet your summer weight loss goals
Charity Johnson lost 80 pounds with help from Nutrimost.
Lose weight, improve your health
Jimmie Gerst lost 37 pounds in one month with NutriMost.
Keagan's journey through weight loss
Eat real foods and lose weight
Lose weight for a new start
NutriMost uses technology to help heal your metabolism for dramatic weight loss.
Not your average diet plan
NutriMost uses technology to heal your metabolism and burn body fat.
Find lasting weight loss
See success stories of people who've lost weight with NutriMost.
Transform your body, change your life
Nutrimost takes an individualized approach to weight loss to treat the entire person.
Ditch your cookie cutter weight loss plan
NutriMost is specifically geared to your body to help you lose 20 pounds in 40 days.


text:
Resilient and classy, these custom floor mats use a digital injection dye process to permanently dye the carpet with your logo and prevent fading or wear.
Add some panache to your office or store using custom floor mats that are permanently dyed with your logo that won't fade or wear.
These large custom floor mats with your logo that won't fade or wear are a great way to dress up your office or store floors with your brand!
These large custom floor mats feature your dyed logo that won't fade or wear, giving your floors a stylish look without sacrificing functionality.
The PowerTrip promotional portable charger is a winner of the CES Innovation award.


text:
Bring Back Dignity to our asylum support system
New asylum support cuts, coming into force on August 10th, will reduce support for children in families in the asylum system by a third - to just £5.28 per child per day.
At Refugee Action, we already know how difficult it is for families to survive on such low rates of support. With asylum seekers effectively prohibited from working, many have to live on this money for months. It's an extremely cruel and ineffective system. Now it's set to get even worse.
We've repeatedly called on the government to make asylum support fair. We took them to court, forcing them to reconsider their decision-making process. We've given them ample evidence of how much asylum-seeking families are struggling. We've presented them with 5,000 signatures in support of a better system. But none of this convinced them to treat asylum seekers with dignity.
The government's latest round of cuts will see asylum-seeking families lose £16 of support per child per week. That's a devastating loss. It will force some families to survive on less than 50% of the equivalent level of income support, and leave them facing desperate poverty.
If you're dismayed by these cuts, you're not alone. Front bench Labour MPs have already tabled a motion against the government's decision. So has Baroness Hamwee in the House of Lords.
With Parliamentary debates pending, we need your support now more than ever. Will you help us speak up for the rights of asylum-seeking children this autumn?
Here's what you can do:
- Use the comment box below to sign our petition for fair asylum support
- Donate to our destitution fund – the money we use to help vulnerable families in times of crisis
- Make others aware of these cuts by sharing our statement on social media
The fight back for fair and dignified asylum support starts now. Will you be part of it?
(1) Comments
23 June 2016, 10:58


text:
Most Cited Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology Articles
The most cited articles published since 2011, extracted from Scopus.
Plant disease resistance genes: Current status and future directionsMayank Anand Gururani | Jelli Venkatesh | Chandrama Prakash Upadhyaya | Akula Nookaraju | Shashank Kumar Pandey | Se Won Park
Volume 78, Issue , April 2012, Pages 51-65
Plant diseases can drastically abate the crop yields as the degree of disease outbreak is getting severe around the world. Therefore, plant disease management has always been one of the main objectives of any crop improvement program. Plant disease resistance (R) genes have the ability to detect a pathogen attack and facilitate a counter attack against the pathogen. Numerous plant R-genes have been used with varying degree of success in crop improvement programs in the past and many of them are being continuously exploited. With the onset of recent genomic, bioinformatics and molecular biology techniques, it is quite possible to tame the R-genes for efficiently controlling the plant diseases caused by pathogens. This review summarizes the recent applications and future potential of R-genes in crop disease management. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
Transcriptome of silicon-induced resistance against Ralstonia solanacearum in the silicon non-accumulator tomato implicates priming effectHassan Ghareeb | Zoltán Bozsó | Peter G. Ott | Cornelia Repenning | Frank Stahl | Kerstin Wydra
Volume 75, Issue 3, January 2011, Pages 83-89
Silicon induced resistance (SiIR) in tomato against bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum. The mechanism of SiIR is ambiguous. Therefore we tracked the expression of twelve defense marker genes over time using qRT-PCR. Besides up-regulated expression of the jasmonic acid/ethylene marker genes JERF3, TSRF1and ACCO during SiIR, the expression of the oxidative stress markers FD-I and POD and the basal defense marker AGP-1g were also up-regulated. The expression of defense marker genes was generally induced upon challenging the silicon-treated plants with R. solanacearum and reached its highest levels at 72 h post inoculation. A global transcriptome profiling was performed to uncover further changes at this time point using the TOM2 microarray. Significant regulation of additional 16 genes was revealed after silicon treatment in plants challenged with R. solanacearum. Twelve genes, involved in defense, signal transduction, response to stresses, transcription, ubiquitinylation and metabolism, were up-regulated. A JAZ1-similar gene showed the highest level of up-regulation indicating prior induction and fine tuning of jasmonic acid signaling. Thus, we conclude that silicon primed plants, thereby alleviating biotic stress imposed by the pathogen. The primed state could be mediated via ethylene, jasmonic acid and/or reactive oxygen species signaling pathways. We also suggest that the protective role of silicon can not only be explained with its mechanical properties. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
Validation of Melampsora larici-populina reference genes for in planta RT-quantitative PCR expression profiling during time-course infection of poplar leavesStéphane Hacquard | Claire Veneault-Fourrey | Christine Delaruelle | Pascal Frey | Francis Martin | Sébastien Duplessis
Volume 75, Issue 3, January 2011, Pages 106-112
The foliar rust caused by Melampsora larici-populina (Mlp) is the main disease affecting poplar plantations in Europe. The biotrophic status of this fungus is a major limitation to address in planta transcripts profiling. Thus, identification of reference rust genes steadily expressed during plant tissue colonization is a crucial point. A quantitative PCR approach to assess fungal ITS amplification profile and Reverse Transcription quantitative-PCR was set to compare candidate reference genes amplification profiles in poplar infected tissues. We selected two M. larici-populina genes encoding an alpha-tubulin and the elongation factor-1-alpha that showed the highest expression stability across biological samples and for which transcript levels were correlated with fungal ITS amplification during time-course infection of poplar leaves. We report the use of these reference genes to assess in planta expression profiles of two genes involved in thiamine biosynthesis (THI1 and THI2) for which specific haustorium expression was previously described in the bean rust fungus Uromyces fabae. Mlp- THI1 and Mlp-THI2 showed similar expression profiles. Trancripts were barely detectable in urediniospores as well as during the early stages of infection compared to those reported in the bean rust, whereas a strong induction was observed after haustorial formation after 24 hpi. These data are in frame with the results obtained in U. fabae and consistent with a metabolic reorientation that likely occurs after the fungus derived nutrients from its host in the haustorial structure essential for fungal biotrophy. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens: From crown gall tumors to genetic transformationDaniel I. Pǎcurar | Hans Thordal-Christensen | Monica L. Pǎcurar | Doru Pamfil | Monica L. Botez | Catherine Bellini
Volume 76, Issue 2, August 2011, Pages 76-81
The phytopathogenic bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens is the causative agent of crown gall disease on a broad range of plant species. For more than a century this pathogen has fascinated biologists for various reasons. It has been believed that disclosing the mystery of the crown gall tumour disease in plants might help to understand the mechanisms of oncogenesis in general, and eventually use this knowledge to cure cancer in animals and humans. However, as the performer of the only known case of trans-kingdom DNA transfer, this natural genetic engineer is recognised by nowadays biologists particularly for this feature, and Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation has become the preferred method to generate transgenic plants. This review briefly highlights the key steps in DNA transfer during natural A. tumefaciens infection and the subsequent development of crown gall disease. It will focus on the adaptation and use of this proof of principle for the purpose of genetic transformation. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Mycorrhiza induced resistance in potato plantlets challenged by Phytophthora infestansAdrien Gallou | Hernán Patricio Lucero Mosquera | Sylvie Cranenbrouck | Juan Pablo Suárez | Stéphane Declerck
Volume 76, Issue 1, June 2011, Pages 20-26
Biological control of soil-borne pathogens by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi has been repeatedly demonstrated. However, their role in the control of above-ground hemibiotrophic pathogens is less conclusive. Here, we investigated in vitro the impact of an AM fungus on Phytophthora infestans in potato plants. The leaf infection index was decreased in mycorrhizal potato plants. Real-Time Quantitative PCR revealed the induction of two pathogenesis related genes (PR1 and PR2) in the leaves of mycorrhizal plants shortly after infection with P. infestans. These results suggested a systemic resistance in mycorrhizal plants, related to the priming of the two PR genes in potato. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Cloning of transcripts encoding chitinases from Elaeis guineensis Jacq. and their expression profiles in response to fungal infectionsLaila Naher | Chai Ling Ho | Soon Guan Tan | Umi Kalsom Yusuf | Faridah Abdullah
Volume 76, Issue 2, August 2011, Pages 96-103
We have cloned three cDNAs encoding chitinases from oil palm, EgCHI1, EgCHI2, and EgCHI3. The abundance of transcripts encoding all three chitinases was relatively higher in oil palm root tissues treated with either Ganoderma boninense or Trichoderma harzianum singly compared to that of untreated oil palm root tissues at 5 week post inoculation (wpi). The expression of EgCHI1 and EgCHI2 was also upregulated in oil palm roots treated with a combination of G. boninense and T. harzianum at 2, 5 and 8 wpi. The up-regulation of chitinases understudied was likely a universal response of host plant to fungal attack. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Proteomic analysis of grapevine stem in response to Xylella fastidiosa inoculationLitao Yang | Hong Lin | Yuri Takahashi | Feng Chen | M. Andrew Walker | Edwin L. Civerolo
Volume 75, Issue 3, January 2011, Pages 90-99
Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) is the bacterial causal agent of Pierce's disease (PD) as well as other economically important diseases in a number of agronomic, horticultural and ornamental plants. The objective of this research was to tentatively identify proteins that are differentially expressed in grapevines and involved in disease development or defense responses to Xf-inoculation. We comparatively analyzed proteins differentially expressed in Xf-inoculated grape stems using a pair of siblings of 9621-67 (highly susceptible) and 9621-94 (highly resistant) from a cross of Vitis rupestris × Vitis arizonica. Total proteins were extracted from the stems of uninoculated controls and Xf-inoculated plants at 1, 6, and 12 weeks after inoculation, separated by a 2D-PAGE system, and spots representing differentially expressed proteins were analyzed and tentatively identified using LC/MS/MS. Protein identification was performed using BLASTp and tBLASTn against NCBI non-redundant protein databases and EST databases, respectively. Ten tentatively identified proteins were differentially expressed at different time points after inoculation. A thaumatin-like protein and the pathogenesis-related protein 10 from both genotypes, and the 40S ribosomal protein S25 from the susceptible genotype were up-regulated in response to Xf-inoculation. Furthermore, the expression of the thaumatin-like protein increased sharply 12 weeks post-inoculation in the PD-resistant genotype only. Three heat shock proteins, 17.9 kDa class II, protein 18 and 21 were highly expressed in healthy tissues compared with those in tissues infected with Xf, and heat shock protein 21 was not detectable in the Xf-inoculated PD-susceptible genotype. In addition, a down-regulated putative ripening related protein was found in the Xf-inoculated PD-susceptible genotype. Glycoprotein and formate dehydrogenase were identified in the PD-resistant genotype and their expression was constant during plant development. A putative GTP-binding protein was down-regulated in the PD-susceptible genotype. Our results revealed that differential expression of proteins in response to Xf-inoculation was genotype and tissue development stage dependent. The specific roles of these candidate proteins in alleviation or aggravation of this disease are under investigation. The information obtained in this study will aid in the understanding of the mechanisms related to the host-pathogen interactions involved in PD. © 2010.
Tomato partial resistance to Rhizoctonia solani involves antioxidative defense mechanismsFariba Nikraftar | Parissa Taheri | Mahrokh Falahati Rastegar | Saeed Tarighi
Volume 81, Issue , January 2013, Pages 74-83
The resistance interactions of four tomato cultivars to five Rhizoctonia solani isolates, causing foot rot, were investigated. Priming H2O2 accumulation, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase activity was observed in CH Falat, as a partially resistant cultivar. Maximum peroxidase activity in CH Falat was observed at 24 h post inoculation (hpi) which was earlier than maximum phenolics accumulation at 72 hpi. In addition, application of peroxidase inhibitor reduced phenolics level. Therefore, peroxidase might be involved in phenolics production, as an effective resistance mechanism in our pathosystem. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
Zebra chip-diseased potato tubers are characterized by increased levels of host phenolics, amino acids, and defense-related proteinsChristopher M. Wallis | Jianchi Chen | Edwin L. Civerolo
Volume 78, Issue , April 2012, Pages 66-72
Little is known about specific host chemistry effects on zebra chip disease symptom development in potatoes (. Solanum tuberosum). This research compared chemical profiles and defense-related enzyme levels between non-symptomatic and zebra chip-symptomatic potato tubers. Levels of phenolics, five amino acids, peroxidases, polyphenol oxidases, chitinases, and β-1,3-glucanases were greater in symptomatic tubers than non-symptomatic tubers, and many of these compounds also were positively correlated with zebra chip disease severity. '. Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' was consistently present in symptomatic tubers. However, the lack of associations between titers and tuber chemistry suggests a complicated relationship between this bacterium and zebra chip symptoms. © 2012.
Gene expression profiles, phenolics and lignin of Sitka spruce bark and sapwood before and after wounding and inoculation with Heterobasidion annosumGiuliana Deflorio | Graham Horgan | Stephen Woodward | Carl Gunnar Fossdal
Volume 75, Issue 4, April 2011, Pages 180-187
Gene expression levels (PAL, CCR1, HCT1, and CAD for the phenylpropanoid pathway, PX3 peroxidase, and CHI4 class IV chitinase), lignin, and soluble and cell wall bound phenolic compounds in bark and sapwood of Picea sitchensis clones inoculated with Heterobasidion annosum s.s. were compared before and 3 days after wounding and artificial inoculation, at site of inoculation and 1. cm above the inoculation site. In bark all genes were up-regulated at the site of inoculation but, except for CAD, not in the distal zone. In sapwood all genes were down-regulated, except for PX3 and CHI4; PAL, CCR1, HCT1 and CAD were present at lower levels around the inoculation site than in the distal zone. Compared to wounding only, inoculation with H. annosum triggered different CAD, PX3, and CHI4 levels in bark but not in sapwood. Different concentrations of cell wall bound phenolic compounds (unknown2, unknown3, coniferin, astringin, taxifolin, piceid, and isorhapontin) were found in bark after wounding and inoculation compared to constitutive material (i.e. untreated samples), whereas in sapwood concentrations did not differ following treatment. These results indicate that bark of Sitka spruce has a stronger and earlier response to wounding and pathogen inoculation than sapwood. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
The CuZn superoxide dismutase from Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is involved with oxidative stress tolerance, virulence, and oxalate productionSelvakumar Veluchamy | Brett Williams | Kyoungsu Kim | Martin B. Dickman
Volume 78, Issue , April 2012, Pages 14-23
One of the earliest plant responses to pathogens is the induced accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The superoxide ion is an important intermediate in the generation of ROS having a key regulatory function during plant-microbe interactions and is an important component in fungal development. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) family contributes to frontline defense via detoxification of reactive superoxide radical anions. . Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is a necrotrophic fungal pathogen with a broad host range. . S. sclerotiorum produces the non-specific phytotoxin and key pathogenicity factor, oxalic acid (OA). We have identified an . S. sclerotiorum SOD (. Sssod1) with high similarity to CuZnSODs. . Sssod1 contains an open reading frame of 908 bp in length and is predicted to encode a protein of 155 amino acids that harbors the entire hallmark motifs associated with SOD function. Treatment with the CuZnSOD inhibitor diethyldithiocarbamate (DETC) resulted in delayed hyphal growth and sclerotial development in a dose-dependent manner. Mutants generated carrying an . Sssod1 deletion (. ΔSssod1) exhibited morphological defects similar to those observed with the inhibitor treatment. Moreover, . ΔSssod1 was more sensitive than wild-type to menadione, a redox cycling agent. Expression of . Sssod1 was induced following treatment with oxidizing agents and during interaction with plant host tissue the . ΔSssod1 mutant was significantly reduced in virulence on both tomato and tobacco plants compared to wild-type. Interestingly, pathogenicity of the superoxide dismutase mutant was mostly restored following supplementation with oxalate. We also observed that . ΔSssod1 was reduced in oxalate production by half. In accordance with reduced virulence, . ΔSssod1 induced a host oxidative burst in adjacent uninfected cells, a phenotype indicative of active pathogen recognition by the host. Intriguingly, during wild-type infection, host ROS production was significantly reduced. These results suggest that wild-type . Sclerotinia suppresses host defense responses during infection. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Peanut priming induced by biocontrol agentsMaría Laura Tonelli | Ana Furlan | Tania Taurian | Stella Castro | Adriana Fabra
Volume 75, Issue 3, January 2011, Pages 100-105
Selected strains of rhizobacteria induce systemic resistance in plant (ISR), enhancing the capacity to mobilize infection-induced cellular defense responses (priming). Bacillus sp. CHEP5 and Pseudomonas sp BREN6 strains reduced root and stem wilt disease severity caused by Sclerotium rolfsii in Arachis hypogaea L. Strains inoculation increased the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and peroxidase, after pathogen-challenge, indicating priming. CHEP5 primes plants to produce more ethylene upon stimulation with ACC. A. hypogaea L is an ISR-positive plant and BREN6 and CHEP5 strains enhance the plant's defense capacity by priming for potentiated activity of defense proteins and ACC-converting capacity. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
Reduction of abscisic acid levels or inhibition of abscisic acid signaling in rice during the early phase of Magnaporthe oryzae infection decreases its susceptibility to the fungusKatsumi Yazawa | Chang Jie Jiang | Mikiko Kojima | Hitoshi Sakakibara | Hiroshi Takatsuji
Volume 78, Issue , April 2012, Pages 1-7
Exogenous application of abscisic acid (ABA) compromises rice resistance to . Magnaporthe oryzae. Here, we analyzed the influence of ABA level/signaling on defense responses of rice plants during the early phase of . M. oryzae infection. Decreased ABA levels or inhibition of ABA signaling by expressing . OsABA8ox1 or . OsABI(G-to-A) genes before, but not after, . M. oryzae inoculation decreased lesion numbers. Microscopic observation showed increased fungal invasion into the cells of rice transformants, accompanied by enhanced autofluorescence accumulation and decreased callose formation. These results indicate that ABA promotes . M. oryzae infection of rice during early stages of infection. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Plant-fungus interface: The role of surface structures in plant resistance and susceptibility to pathogenic fungiJoanna Łaźniewska | Violetta Katarzyna Macioszek | Andrzej Kiejstut Kononowicz
Volume 78, Issue , April 2012, Pages 24-30
Fungal phytopathogens are the cause of most plant diseases. Notably, they inflict damage on many economically important crops. Plant-fungus interaction commences with the contact between the plant and spore surfaces. Aboveground plant parts are covered with substances, which are usually characterized by hydrophobicity and sometimes toxicity. Moreover, specific spatial architecture of plant surface contributes to the creation of an unfavorable microenvironment for most pathogens. However, some pathogens, for example fungi, have successfully adapted to such particular conditions. Features of the outermost plant layers, which act as the physical and chemical barriers, as well as active structural reorganization of the plant cell wall will be reviewed in this article in relation to the fungal pathogen weaponry and strategies aimed at breaking through the plant defense. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
Defence-related gene expression in bark and sapwood of Norway spruce in response to Heterobasidion parviporum and methyl jasmonateNadeem Yaqoob | Igor A. Yakovlev | Paal Krokene | Harald Kvaalen | Halvor Solheim | Carl Gunnar Fossdal
Volume 77, Issue 1, January 2012, Pages 10-16
We compared gene expression in Norway spruce secondary phloem (bark) and developing xylem (sapwood) in response to the necrotrophic pathogen Heterobasidion parviporum, wounding and methyl jasmonate (MeJ). The pathogen induced systemic and local up-regulation of PaPX3, PaPX2 and PaChi4 in both bark and sapwood that returned to constitutive levels as the plants recovered from the infection, whereas the local responses to MeJ were similar in both tissues but was longer lasting for PaPX3 and PaChi4. Genes involved in lignin biosynthesis (PaPAL1, PaPAL2, PaC4H3/5 and PaHCT1) were up-regulated locally in the bark in response to pathogen and wounding whereas MeJ induced a similar but stronger local response. The ethylene biosynthesis related transcripts PaACO and PaACS did not increase in response to MeJ treatment or the pathogen, however it increased both locally and systemically as a response to wounding in the sapwood. These results demonstrate that the local and systemic host responses to pathogen infection and wounding largely correspond and reveal striking similarities between the local response to a necrotroph, wounding and MeJ treatment in both bark and living wood. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Phenotypic and molecular characterization of resistance induction by single and combined application of chitosan and silicon in tomato against Ralstonia solanacearumLeonard Muriithi Kiirika | Frank Stahl | Kerstin Wydra
Volume 81, Issue , January 2013, Pages 1-12
Silicon (Si) and chitosan (Chi) treatments induced resistance in tomato against bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum. Gene expression analysis conducted at 72 h post inoculation via TOM2 microarray revealed regulation of 204 and 126 genes in genotypes King Kong 2 and L390, respectively, with their majority classified into the categories defense-related, signal transduction and transcription. In the microarrays, translationally-controlled tumor protein homolog involved in stress reaction of plants, the defense genes chitinases and peroxidases were highly up-regulated in combined Si and Chi treatment. Bacterial wilt incidence was reduced by 40% and 56.6% in Si and Chi treatment, respectively, in King Kong 2, and by 26.6% and 33.3% in Si and Chi treatment, respectively, in L390, and by 74.7% in King Kong 2 and 46.6% in L390 after combined application of Si and Chi. Evidence of their synergistic effects is reported. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
Silicon and Ralstonia solanacearum modulate expression stability of housekeeping genes in tomatoHassan Ghareeb | Zoltán Bozsó | Peter G. Ott | Kerstin Wydra
Volume 75, Issue 4, April 2011, Pages 176-179
For analysis of gene expression profiles underlying tomato-Ralstonia solanacearum interaction and silicon-induced resistance, an internal control with high expression stability under the experimental conditions is needed as a prerequisite for accurate relative quantification of gene expression. Therefore, the expression stability of three housekeeping genes, phosphoglycerate kinase genes (PGK), α-tubulin (TUB) and actin (ACT) in tomato under 24 experimental conditions including combinations of silicon amendments and inoculation with R. solanacearum at six time points was examined. The expression of ACT severely varied, in particular at the early phase after inoculation with the pathogen, suggesting a possible disabling the cytoskeleton that mediates resistance. Application of silicon resulted in more expression stability of the three housekeeping genes, showing alleviation of the biotic stress imposed by the pathogen. Although PGK and TUB showed reasonable expression stability, PGK was frequently ranked as the more stable among the treatments and over time. Thus, it is misleading to use a commonly used housekeeping gene for normalization without prior investigation of its expression stability. Here, we recommend to use either PGK alone, or PGK and TUB together as internal controls to increase the accuracy and to avoid error propagation in quantification of relative gene expression. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Oligo-carrageenans induce a long-term and broad-range protection against pathogens in tobacco plants (var. Xanthi)Jeannette Vera | Jorge Castro | Rodrigo A. Contreras | Alberto González | Alejandra Moenne
Volume 79, Issue , July 2012, Pages 31-39
Here, we analyzed the effect of oligo-carrageenans kappa, lambda and iota on protection against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), . Botrytis cinerea Whetzel and . Pectobacterium carotovorum Waldee and suppression of infections in tobacco plants. Treatment with increasing concentrations of oligo-carrageenans, increasing number of treatments and increasing time after treatment enhanced protection against TMV indicating a long-term protection that mimics vaccination, mainly oligo-carrageenan lambda. In addition, oligo-carrageenans induced protection against . P. carotovorum with similar efficiencies and against . B. cinerea, mainly oligo-carrageenans lambda and iota. Moreover, oligo-carrageenans induced a partial suppression of TMV and . P. carotovorum infections and a complete suppression of . B. cinerea infection at systemic level. Furthermore, oligo-carrageenans induced a sustained activation of phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity and the accumulation of phenylpropanoid compounds with potential antimicrobial activities suggesting these compounds are involved in protection and suppression effects. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
Expression of a germin-like protein gene (CchGLP) from a geminivirus-resistant pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) enhances tolerance to geminivirus infection in transgenic tobaccoL. Guevara-Olvera | M. L. Ruíz-Nito | R. M. Rangel-Cano | I. Torres-Pacheco | R. F. Rivera-Bustamante | C. I. Muñoz-Sánchez | M. M. González-Chavira | A. Cruz-Hernandez | R. G. Guevara-González
Volume 78, Issue , April 2012, Pages 45-50
Geminiviruses are plant DNA viruses that cause harm to many crops worldwide. A new superoxide dismutase (SOD) identified in a geminivirus-resistant accession of . Capsicum chinense Jacq. BG-3821 and named . CchGLP was transgenically expressed in geminivirus-susceptible . Nicotiana tabacum xanthi nc plants. There was a direct relationship between . CchGLP expression and amelioration of symptoms in transgenic plants compared to infection of wild type plants. Additionally, some Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) related genes in . N. tabacum xanthi nc were induced in transgenic plants. Thus, the . CchGLP is demonstrated to be involved in defense against geminivirus infection. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
Reference gene selection for qPCR gene expression analysis of rust-infected wheatJakobus J. Scholtz | Botma Visser
Volume 81, Issue , January 2013, Pages 22-25
Real-time PCR (qPCR) is an effective method to quantify mRNA levels, but requires validated reference genes for data normalisation. The GeNorm-Plus algorithm was used to examine the expression stability of six candidate reference genes in resistant Avocet Yr1 wheat infected with Puccinia triticina, Puccinia striiformis and Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici respectively. Results indicated that within the first 48 h after inoculation, the expression stability of the candidate reference genes differed between the three incompatible interactions. The geometric mean of ARF and RLI showed the best stability in P. triticina-infected wheat, CDC and RLI in P. striiformis-infected wheat and CDC, 18S and TUBB in P. graminis f.sp. tritici-infected wheat respectively. This clearly emphasised the need for reference gene validation for each different plant-pathogen interaction. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
Induction of resistance in Arachis hypogaea L. Against Peanut mottle virus by nitric oxide and salicylic acidMohamed I. Kobeasy | Hossam S. El-Beltagi | Manal A. El-Shazly | Eman A H Khattab
Volume 76, Issue 2, August 2011, Pages 112-118
Peanut mottle virus (PeMV) causing mottling, yellowing, necrosis, malformation and stunting was isolated from naturally infected peanut plants grown in El-Sharkiya Governorate. The virus was isolated mechanically and identified by indirect ELISA using both specific and induced polyclonal antiserum. Effect of virus infection on cell organelles, detected by electron microscopy, showed different degrees of degenerative changes in chloroplasts, mitochondria, nucleus, revealed amorphous and cylindrical cytoplasmic inclusions in infected leaf cells as pinwheel and laminated bundles. Pinwheel inclusion bodies are characteristic of Potyviruses which include PeMV. Two field experiments were conducted in 2006 and 2007 to study the effect of spraying sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and salicylic acid (SA) at 50, 100, and 200 mmol/l to induce resistance against PeMV infection in peanut plants (cv. Giza 5). All treatments induced resistance against PeMV infection, when plants were sprayed before inoculation with the virus. Also, all tested treatments gave a significant increase in photosynthetic pigments and activity of peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) compared with infected plants. Moreover, all treatments recorded increments in seed protein and oil contents at harvest time. Also, the total unsaturated and saturated fatty acids content increased in the treated peanut seeds compared with the untreated ones. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
SGT1 and HSP90 are essential for age-related non-host resistance of Nicotiana benthamiana against the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestansYusuke Shibata | Kazuhito Kawakita | Daigo Takemoto
Volume 75, Issue 3, January 2011, Pages 120-128
The oomycete pathogen, Phytophthora infestans, is the causal agent of potato late blight, which is one of the most destructive and economically important plant diseases. We investigated the interaction between P. infestans and Solanaceous model plant Nicotiana benthamiana. Mature N. benthamiana plants were resistant to 8 isolates of P. infestans, whereas relatively young plants were susceptible to all isolates. Analysis with virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) indicated that NbSGT1 and NbHSP90, genes essential for the function of R proteins, are required for the resistance of N. benthamiana to P. infestans. NbSGT1 was also required for the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), hypersensitive cell death and expression of NbEAS, a gene for phytoalexin biosynthesis, induced by INF1, a secretory protein derived from P. infestans. These results suggested that N. benthamiana possibly possesses a broad-spectrum R protein against P. infestans, which requires an SGT1/HSP90-dependent mechanism, for the recognition of a conserved molecular pattern of P. infestans. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
The choice of target site is crucial in artificial miRNA-mediated virus resistance in transgenic Nicotiana tabacumFang Jiang | Yunzhi Song | Quanjun Han | Changxiang Zhu | Fujiang Wen
Volume 76, Issue 1, June 2011, Pages 2-8
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are negative regulators of gene expression via mRNA degradation or translational repression. The potential of artificial miRNAs (amiRNAs) as antiviral agents has been used in plant biotechnology. In this study, we designed eight amiRNAs derived from Potato Virus Y (PVY) Coat Protein RNA sequences and generated transgenic tobacco plants to express these amiRNAs to confer virus resistance against PVY. Together with transient assays, the hairpin amiRcp precursors that mimic natural miRNA precursor molecules proved to be effective in expressing amiRcps and silencing the target gene. Virus resistance assay revealed that not all amiRcps targeting viral CP sequence are equally effective in preventing PVY infection. Plants with amiRcp-8 targeting the 3' end (nt735-nt754) region exhibited high virus resistance up to 64.69%. The amiRcp-6 harboring RNA sequence (nt567-nt586) induced the lowest percentages with only 17.05%. Besides, northern blots showed that there was a correlation between the resistance level and the accumulation of amiRNA expression. Furthermore, we used bioinformatics approach to predict the mRNA structure and found that targeting sequences of loose structure benefit to improve the virus resistance level. Our results indicate that the selection of appropriate target sequence is crucial for transgenic plant against virus and provide useful guideline for the design of pathogen-derived amiRNAs. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Current status on role of miRNAs during plant-fungus interactionOm Prakash Gupta | Pradeep Sharma | Raj Kumar Gupta | Indu Sharma
Volume 85, Issue , January 2014, Pages 1-7
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short endogenous non-coding small RNA molecules that mediate gene regulation through RNA silencing at the post-transcriptional level and play an important role in the defense response during biotic and abiotic stress. Plant defense responses against pathogens are mediated by the activation and repression of a large array of genes. Host endogenous small RNAs are essential in this gene expression reprogramming process. In the recent years, data generated by high-throughput sequencing platform have uncovered the instant role of miRNAs in plants during fungal invasion. However, targets of these newly discovered as well as conserved miRNAs remain to be validated for their involvement during fungal infection in plants. Due to climatic variation worldwide, environmental stresses including potential plant diseases are predicted to become more severe and widespread in the future. Therefore, a better understanding of the mechanisms of miRNA-mediated disease progression in fungi should shed light on management strategies for crop diseases. Here we review the current progress made in the area of molecular crosstalk between host miRNAs and fungal invasion to understand the disease development. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.
Molecular characterization and functional analysis of CzR1, a coiled-coil-nucleotide-binding-site-leucine-rich repeat R-gene from Curcuma zedoaria Loeb. that confers resistance to Pythium aphanidermatumBasudeba Kar | Satyabrata Nanda | Pradeep Kumar Nayak | Sanghamitra Nayak | Raj Kumar Joshi
Volume 83, Issue , July 2013, Pages 59-68
Rhizome rot disease caused by necrotrophic oomycete Pythium aphanidermatum is responsible for upto 60% of yield losses in turmeric (. Curcuma longa L). However, Curcuma zedoaria L, a wild relative of turmeric, is resistant to P.aphanidermatum and has been proposed as a potential donor for rot resistance to C.longa. We used a previously isolated resistance gene candidate Czp11 from C.zedoaria as a template to characterize a major resistance gene CzR1 through candidate gene approach in combination with RACE-PCR strategy. CzR1 encodes a 906 amino acid predicted protein with a calculated pI of 8.55. Structural and phylogenetic analyses grouped CzR1 within the non-TIR (homology to Toll/interleukin-1 receptors) subclass of NBS-LRR R-genes. Reverse transcription PCR revealed specific transcript expression of CzR1 only in P.aphanidermatum resistant lines of C.zedoaria and Zingiber zerumbet, another resistant wild species of the family Zingiberaceae. Semi quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed constitutive expression of CzR1 which gets significantly upregulated in response to infection by different strains of P.aphanidermatum. Although, the expression of CzR1 was reported in the root, leaf and rhizome tissues of C. zedoaria, the relative transcript expression was highest in the rhizomes. Elucidation of these molecular characteristics of CzR1 will pave way towards a broad spectrum rhizome rot resistance development in the cultivated turmeric. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.


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I would like to do corner sims with ocnXL, save only the output of each run in a data file and nothing else. Basically I would like to delete all the the rest of sim data . In ocn ADE I could do it by each time selcting a model file and doing "run" in a loop. How could I possibly do it in OcnXL. Thanks much.
Hi Shaf,
envSetVal("adexl.simulation" "saveRawData" 'cyclic "Save none")envSetVal("adexl.simulation" "saveNetlistData" 'cyclic "Save none")
at the top of your OCEAN script. This will tell it not to keep any of the simulation data or netlists after any measurements have been made and recorded in the Result Database.