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Patent application title: Control of Fines Migration In Well Treatments
Balkrishna Gadiyar (Katy, TX, US)
Erik B. Nelson (Houston, TX, US)
Juan-Carlos Santamaria (Houston, TX, US)
Brent Busby (Richmond, TX, US)
Philip F. Sullivan (Bellaire, TX, US)
IPC8 Class: AC09K856FI
USPC Class:
Class name: Earth boring, well treating, and oil field chemistry well treating contains inorganic component other than water or clay
Publication date: 2009-04-30
Patent application number: 20090111718
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A treatment fluid that can be used for treating a subterranean formation
penetrated by a wellbore is prepared from a primary treatment fluid
component and an emulsion component mixed with the primary treatment
fluid component. The emulsion component has an oil phase and an aqueous
phase. The emulsion component comprising a source of insoluble silica
particles and a source of calcium hydroxide, wherein the source of
calcium hydroxide is present in the oil phase, and the source of
insoluble silica particles are contained in the aqueous phase. The method
is carried out by contacting at least a portion of the formation with the
treatment fluid.
1. A treatment fluid comprising:a treatment fluid component and an
emulsion component mixed with the treatment fluid component, the emulsion
component having an oil phase and an aqueous phase, the emulsion
component comprising a source of insoluble silica particles and a source
of calcium hydroxide, wherein the source of calcium hydroxide is present
in the oil phase, and the source of insoluble silica particles are
contained in the aqueous phase.
2. The treatment fluid of claim 1, wherein:the emulsion component is present within the treatment fluid in an amount of from about 2.5% to about 25% by volume of the treatment fluid.
3. The treatment fluid of claim 1, wherein:the oil phase is external and the aqueous phase is internal.
4. The treatment fluid of claim 1, wherein:the oil to water ratio of the emulsion component is from about 30/70 to about 60/40.
5. The treatment fluid of claim 1, wherein:the silica source is a pozzolan.
6. The treatment fluid of claim 1, wherein:the silica source is selected from fumed silica, precipitated silica, colloidal silica, calcined clay, fly ash and blast furnace slag.
7. The treatment fluid of claim 1, wherein:the molar ratio of calcium hydroxide to silica is from about 0.8 to about 2.5.
8. The treatment fluid of claim 1, wherein:the treatment fluid component is an aqueous fluid.
9. The treatment fluid of claim 1, wherein:the treatment fluid component comprises a viscosifier.
10. The treatment fluid of claim 1, wherein:the treatment fluid component is a brine.
11. A method of treating a subterranean formation penetrated by a wellbore, the method comprising:providing a treatment fluid comprising a primary treatment fluid component and an emulsion component mixed with the primary treatment fluid component, the emulsion component having an oil phase and an aqueous phase, the emulsion component comprising a source of insoluble silica particles and a source of calcium hydroxide, wherein the source of calcium hydroxide is present in the oil phase, and the source of insoluble silica particles are contained in the aqueous phase; andcontacting at least a portion of the formation with the treatment fluid.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein:the emulsion component is present within the treatment fluid in an amount of from about 5% to about 10% by volume of the treatment fluid.
13. The method of claim 11, wherein:the oil phase is external and the aqueous phase is internal.
14. The method of claim 11, wherein:the oil to water ratio of the emulsion component is from about 30/70 to about 60/40.
15. The method of claim 11, wherein:the silica source is a pozzolan.
16. The method of claim 11, wherein:the silica source is selected from fumed silica, precipitated silica, colloidal silica, calcined clay, fly ash and blast furnace slag.
17. The method of claim 11, wherein:the molar ratio of calcium hydroxide to silica is from about 0.8 to about 2.5.
18. The method of claim 11, wherein:The primary treatment fluid component is an aqueous fluid.
19. The method of claim 11, wherein:the primary treatment fluid component contains a viscosifier.
20. The method of claim 11, wherein:The primary treatment fluid component is a brine.
21. A method of fine particle control in a subterranean formation penetrated by a wellbore, the method comprising providing a treatment fluid comprising an emulsion component having an oil phase and an aqueous phase, the emulsion component comprising a source of insoluble silica particles and a source of calcium hydroxide, wherein the source of calcium hydroxide is present in the oil phase, and the source of insoluble silica particles are contained in the aqueous phase; andintroducing the treatment fluid into the wellbore.
[0001]This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/861,894, filed Sep. 26, 2007, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
[0002]The invention relates to oilfield treatment fluids and methods for their use. Specifically, the invention relates to methods and compositions for control of small particle and fines migration.
[0003]The statements in this section merely provide background information related to the present disclosure and may not constitute prior art.
[0004]Hydrocarbon fluids, such as oil and natural gas, and other desirable formation fluids are obtained from a subterranean geologic formation, i.e., a reservoir, by drilling a well that penetrates the formation zone that contains the desired fluid. Once a wellbore has been drilled, the well must be completed. A well "completion" involves the design, selection, and installation of equipment and materials in or around the wellbore for conveying, pumping, or controlling the production or injection of fluids. After the well has been completed, production of the formation fluids can begin.
[0005]When the subterranean formation is "soft" or poorly consolidated, small particulates (typically sand) present in the formation may dislodge and travel along with the produced fluid to the wellbore. Sand particles typically have a particle size between about 44 microns (0.044 mm) to several millimeters. Production of sand is highly undesirable since it erodes surface and subterranean equipment, and it must be removed from the produced fluids before they can be processed. In addition, the migrating sand can plug the flow channels in the formation and thereby necessitate other stimulation techniques, such as acid stimulation, to restore the well's performance.
[0006]Various methods have been employed to reduce or eliminate the concurrent production of sand and other particulates with the formation fluids. One common approach has been to filter the produced fluids through a gravel pack that has been placed into the wellbore. Such gravel packs are often retained by a metal screen. The produced formation fluids travel through the permeable gravel pack (and the screen) before entering the wellbore. The sand and other particulates in the produced fluids are blocked by the gravel pack. This technique has been widely used in the past, but it has several disadvantages. With time, the gravel pack and the screen may be plugged by scale or particles, or badly eroded by the sand and other particulates in the produced fluids. This reduces the effectiveness of the gravel pack and screen and may actually shut down the production if the gravel pack and/or screen becomes plugged with sand or formation fines. In addition, the presence of the metal screen in the well inhibits reentry of drills and other tools into the wellbore and the metal screen can be difficult and costly to remove, which as led to the industry's development of so-called screenless completion techniques.
[0007]Many systems have been proposed for sand consolidation systems in oilfield applications but, to date, a completely satisfactory product has not been introduced and accepted by the industry. These techniques typically involve the injection of a consolidating fluid, such as a resin-based consolidating fluid, through the wellbore and into the formation surrounding the interval of interest. Resin-based consolidating fluids generally include an organic resin, a curing agent, a catalyst and an oil wetting agent. The resin system hardens in the formation, thereby consolidating it. Some systems chemicals are pumped in stages, creating a complicated treatment procedure. Most sand-consolidation techniques involve epoxy- or furan-based resins. When the individual components of the consolidating fluid are pumped as different stages into the formation they may or may not come together in the correct order, in the correct amounts, or they may not even come together at all. And, if they do come together, good mixing of the components is not assured. Thus, there is no guarantee that after placement, the chemicals have been distributed evenly throughout the near-wellbore region. Because of the complexity and unreliability of these systems, single stage consolidation treatments have been long desired by the industry.
[0008]Single-stage consolidation systems have been directed toward screenless completions. Screenless completions involving formation consolidation were disclosed by Nelson et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,551,514, incorporated herein by reference thereto. The concept in such systems was to consolidate the formation around perforations using a single-stage flexible gel system. Following the consolidation step, the formation permeability surrounding the treated interval is too low to allow the practical production of hydrocarbons. Therefore, the system required performing a fracturing/packing ("frac-pack") treatment using curable resin coated proppant, or conventional proppant containing fibers, through the sand pack. After the frac pack, the proppant pack in the perforations would prevent the entry of gravel into the wellbore, and the sand surrounding the perforations would be consolidated and unable to enter the wellbore. This disclosure envisioned the use of conventional resins.
[0009]A gel component and a gel forming agent for use as a sand consolidation medium for screenless completions has been disclosed, but a drawback is that the consolidated sand pack is so impermeable, fracturing may not be feasible there through. In addition, diversion is difficult. Another problem with these systems is incompatibility with brines. Frequently, highly saline completion fluids are present in the wellbore during sand-consolidation treatments.
[0010]In some instances, silica and calcium hydroxide are combined and reacted to form a cementitious calcium silicate gel. This process is commonly known as a "pozzolanic reaction." This technique may involve separation of the chemical reagents from each other and from brines that are normally present in the wellbore. If the silica and calcium hydroxide contact each other before entering the sand pack, the reaction can begin prematurely in the wellbore. In addition, calcium hydroxide crystals tend to nucleate and grow, limiting their ability to penetrate the pores between sand grains. Also, if the silica component is deployed as colloidal silica, it can precipitate on contact with brine in the wellbore.
[0011]Additionally, Feraud et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 6,613,720), incorporated by reference in its entirety, discloses a wide range of controlled release techniques using emulsions. In this patent, the inventors disclosed controlled release of chemicals by stabilizing the active ingredients in the discontinuous phase of an emulsion, which is then destabilized by a number of different triggers.
[0012]In U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/861,894, filed Sep. 26, 2007, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety, an emulsion containing both silica and calcium hydroxide particles is used as a single stage sand consolidation system without destabilization when the particles are isolated by placing them in different phases of the emulsion.
[0013]While the above systems and methods have been found particularly useful in consolidating of larger unconsolidated sand particles, the transport of smaller particulate solids and fines during the production of hydrocarbons from a subterranean formation is also a continuing problem where the consolidation of the larger sand particles may not be of primary concern. These small particulates, which may be formed from fine clay and silt particles, can also erode or cause significant wear in hydrocarbon production equipment during production and recovery. The fines may move freely and congregate within the interstices of sand grains or proppants, and or pass unhindered through sand screens in the wellbore. These smaller solids can also clog or plug the formation or wellbore, thereby limiting or completely stopping fluid production. Further, the transported particulates must be separated from the recovered hydrocarbons, adding further expense. The smaller particulates may be naturally present in the formation or result from well-stimulation treatments during which proppant is introduced into the formation.
[0014]To control such small particles and fines migration, additional treatment steps or stages designed and conducted specifically for such purposes may be required. This adds to the time and cost of production of the well.
[0015]What is therefore needed are compositions and methods for controlling the migration of fines or small particulates and that can carried without requiring additional treatment steps.
[0016]In some other aspects, embodiments include methods of treating a subterranean formation penetrated by a wellbore wherein a treatment fluid includes a primary treatment fluid component and an emulsion component mixed with the primary treatment fluid component. The emulsion component has an oil phase and an aqueous phase, where the emulsion component contains a source of insoluble silica particles and a source of calcium hydroxide. The calcium hydroxide is present in the oil phase, and the insoluble silica particles are contained in the aqueous phase. Then, at least a portion of the formation is contacted with the treatment fluid.
[0017]In yet some other embodiments, methods of fine particle control in a subterranean formation penetrated by a wellbore are disclosed. The method includes providing a treatment fluid containing an emulsion component having an oil phase and an aqueous phase. The emulsion component has an oil phase and an aqueous phase, where the emulsion component contains a source of insoluble silica particles and a source of calcium hydroxide. The calcium hydroxide is present in the oil phase, and the insoluble silica particles are contained in the aqueous phase. Then, treatment fluid is introduced into the wellbore.
[0018]For a more complete understanding of the present invention, and the advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying figures, in which:
[0019]FIG. 1 is a schematic of sand pack assembly used in carrying out permeability tests of the examples;
[0020]FIG. 2 is plot of the permeability of sand pack of Example 1 treated with a baseline fluid containing no emulsion for controlling fines migration;
[0021]FIG. 3 is a photo of the sand pack of Example 1 treated with the baseline fluid with no emulsion;
[0022]FIG. 4 is a plot of the permeability of a sand pack of Example 2 treated with 0.5 pore volumes of a treatment fluid containing an emulsion for fines migration;
[0023]FIG. 5 is a photo of a sand pack of Example 2 treated with 0.5 pore volumes of the treatment fluid containing the emulsion; and
[0024]FIG. 6 is a plot of a sand pack of Example 3 treated with 1 pore volume of a treatment fluid containing the emulsion.
[0025]The amount of the silica source and calcium hydroxide source can be varied. The stoichiometry of the pozzolanic reaction between the components is variable. Normally, a CaO/SiO2 mole ratio of from about 0.8 to about 2.5 is used. A mole ratio of CaO/SiO2 of from about 1 to about 2 is one useful example; and a mole ratio of from about 1.3 to about 1.5 of such materials is another useful example. The components may be blended "on-the-fly" using equipment on the surface to pump the emulsion into the wellbore, or may be prepared in advance of the treatment.
[0026]The silica source component in the aqueous system may be any of the known family of materials known as pozzolans, provided that the particle size is small enough to enter the pores of the region being treated. A pozzolan is defined as a siliceous or siliceous and aluminous material, which in itself possesses little or no cementitious value but that will, in finely divided form and in the presence of moisture (i.e., water), chemically react with calcium hydroxide to form compounds (i.e., calcium silicate hydrate gels) that do possess cementitious properties. Pozzolans can be silica fume, fumed silica, precipitated silica, colloidal silica, calcined clay, fly ash, blast furnace slag, and the like. Colloidal silica, silica fume and fumed silica are particularly useful pozzolans, based on cost and availability. Colloidal silica systems are commercially available at concentrations of from about 15 to about 50 weight percent (wt. %) silica. Such silica systems can be used as such or diluted with water, if desired, to about 2 wt. %, but concentrations of from about 25 to about 50 wt. % may be used to reduce the amount of fluid pumped into the formation in embodiments of the present invention. The colloidal silicas useful herein typically have particle sizes less than about 1 μm. The nominal particle diameter of silica fume or fumed silica ranges from about 9 to about 30 nm.
[0027]The source of calcium hydroxide may also be any known source material. The size of the calcium hydroxide material is dependent on the type of particles or fines in the formation, the size of the particles and the voids in the formation. In many, if not most, current commercial calcium hydroxides, the particles are too large to be useful. Calcium hydroxide particles/crystals should be of suitable size so as to enter the pores of the formation, generally no more than about 50 percent of the average pore size of the average void in the foundation, and in some embodiments, no more than about 30 percent of the average pore size. The calcium hydroxide particles may have a particle size of from about 1 μm to about 11 μm.
[0028]The calcium hydroxide component may be prepared using a calcium hydroxide powder. The calcium hydroxide component may also be provided by blending a soluble calcium salt (e.g., calcium chloride or calcium chloride hydrate) with an aqueous inorganic base (e.g., aqueous sodium hydroxide) to form calcium hydroxide in situ within the wellbore as the system is being pumped and/or within the pores of the formation. Aqueous solutions of the calcium salt (e.g., calcium chloride) are used at concentrations of from about 1 to about 50 weight percent (wt. %), and in some embodiments, from about 20 to about 50 wt. %. Aqueous solutions of the inorganic base (e.g., sodium hydroxide) may be used in embodiments of the invention at concentrations of from about 1 to about 50 weight percent (wt. %), and in some embodiments from about 20 to about 50 wt. % may be used.
[0029]In preparing the emulsion, the silica source is dispersed in an aqueous phase. The aqueous phase may be prepared from fresh water or a brine. The silica source may provide a silica content within the aqueous phase of from about 40% to about 50% by weight of the aqueous phase. Surfactants may be used in the aqueous phase to disperse the silica and to facilitate formation of the aqueous micelles of the emulsion. The surfactants may be used in an amount of from about 2 to about 10% by weight of the oil phase. Examples of suitable surfactants include fatty acid esters. An example of a suitable commercially available surfactant is Baker Petrolite® A3970, available from Baker Hughes Incorporated, which is a proprietary fatty acid ester. One or more different surfactants may be used in the aqueous phase. If colloidal silica is used, the colloidal silica may be used as is without further surfactants in some applications. An example of suitable commercially colloidal silica is that available as LUDO® HS-40, available from W. R. Grace, which is a 40 wt % suspension of silica in water.
[0030]The calcium hydroxide source may be dispersed in the oil phase. The oil phase will typically form the external phase of the emulsion. Suitable fluids for the oil phase include diesel, mineral oil, vegetable oil, kerosine hexane, decane, xylene, and the like. The calcium hydroxide source may provide a calcium hydroxide content within the oil phase of from about 5% to about 10% by weight of the oil phase. Surfactants may be used in the oil phase to generate a water-in-oil emulsion and/or to suspend calcium hydroxide in the oil phase. One or more different surfactants may be used in the oil phase. The surfactants may be used in an amount of from about 1 to about 10% by weight of the oil phase. Some examples of suitable commercially available surfactant are Hypermer® 2422, available from Uniqema, which is a poly(isobutylene) ethanolamide, as well as and Hypermer® 2524.
[0031]Each of the aqueous and oil phase may be prepared separately and then combined together to form the emulsion. As discussed earlier, the emulsion can be a water-in-oil emulsion with an oil-to-water ratio of from about 30/70 to about 60/40, including ratios therebetween. This may aid in protecting the colloidal silica from contacting brine or a treatment fluid before the system contacts and/or penetrates the formation.
[0032]The emulsion containing the silica and calcium hydroxide sources may be combined with a primary treatment fluid component to form a treatment fluid. The emulsion may be used in an amount of from about 2 vol. % or more of the total treatment fluid, with from about 5 vol. % to about 10 vol. % of the total treatment fluid being more typical.
[0033]The primary treatment component may be those treatment fluids commonly used in fracturing, matrix treatments, frac-packs, perforating treatments, etc. Such treatment fluids may be non-acid treatment fluids, however, because acid treatment fluids, such as those used in acid fracturing and matrix acidizing, may react with the calcium hydroxide and interfere with or inhibit the formation of the calcium silicate hydrate gel used in preventing fines migration. The primary treatment fluid component may be any fluid, with the exception of the acid fluids, typically used in well treatments.
[0034]The primary treatment fluid component may be aqueous fluids, such as fresh water, salt water or a brine. The fluid may further contain a viscosifying agent. The viscosifying agent may be a hydratable polymer that is either crosslinked or a non-crosslinked polymer, a viscoelastic surfactant, or any combination thereof. Some nonlimiting examples of suitable polymers include guar gums, high-molecular weight polysaccharides composed of mannose and galactose sugars, or guar derivatives such as hydropropyl guar (HPG), carboxymethyl guar (CMG), and carboxymethylhydroxypropyl guar (CMHPG). Cellulose derivatives such as hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) or hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) and carboxymethylhydroxyethylcellulose (CMHEC) may also be used. Any useful polymer may be used in either crosslinked form, or without crosslinker in linear form. Xanthan, diutan, and scleroglucan, three biopolymers, have been shown to be useful as viscosifying agents. Synthetic polymers such as, but not limited to, polyacrylamide and polyacrylate polymers and copolymers are used typically for high-temperature applications. Nonlimiting examples of suitable viscoelastic surfactants useful for viscosifying some fluids include cationic surfactants, anionic surfactants, zwitterionic surfactants, amphoteric surfactants, nonionic surfactants, and combinations thereof. Other viscosifying agents that are well known to those skilled in the art may be used as well.
[0035]The treatment fluid, which contains the emulsion component, may also include proppant particles that are substantially insoluble in the fluids of the formation. Such treatment fluids containing proppant typically contain a viscosifying agent, such as those discussed previously, to prevent settling of the particles. The proppant particles may be used in fracturing treatments wherein the proppant particles are carried by the treatment fluid and remain in the fracture created, thus propping open the fracture when the fracturing pressure is released and the well is put into production. Proppant particles may also be used with the treatment fluid in gravel packing. In this operation, strategically sized gravel particles are deposited in the near-wellbore region. Gravel packs are created to act as "filters" that prevent formation sand from entering the well bore during production. The treatment fluids may also be used in frac-and-pack operations wherein short and wide fractures are created to bypass near-wellbore region, which may be damaged, followed by deposition of a gravel pack for sand control. Viscosity is typically generated in such aqueous stimulation fluids by employing crosslinked high molecular weight polymers and/or viscoelastic surfactants.
[0036]Any proppant or gravel can be used for such treatments, provided that it is compatible with the formation, the fluid, and the desired results of the treatment. Proppants and gravels in the same or different wells or treatments can be the same material and/or the same size as one another and the term "proppant" is intended to include gravel in this discussion. In general the proppant used will have an average particle of from about 0.15 mm to about 2.5 mm, more particularly, but not limited to typical size ranges of about 0.25-0.43 mm, 0.43-0.85 mm, 0.85-1.18 mm, 1.18-1.70 mm, and 1.70-2.36 mm. Normally the proppant will be present in the treatment fluid in a concentration of from about 0.12 kg proppant added to each L of carrier fluid to about 3 kg proppant added to each L of carrier fluid, more particularly from about 0.12 kg proppant added to each L of carrier fluid to about 1.5 kg proppant added to each L of carrier fluid. As used herein, "carrier fluid" refers to the treatment fluid components not comprised of proppant.
[0037]Such proppants (gravels) can be natural or synthetic, coated, or contain chemicals; more than one can be used sequentially or in mixtures of different sizes or different materials. Proppants and gravels in the same or different wells or treatments can be the same material and/or the same size as one another and the term "proppant" is intended to include gravel in this discussion. Proppant is selected based on the rock strength, injection pressures, types of injection fluids, or even completion design.
[0038]Examples of proppant materials include, but are not limited to, sand, sintered bauxite, glass beads, ceramic materials, naturally occurring materials, or similar materials. Mixtures of proppants can be used as well. Naturally occurring materials may be underived and/or unprocessed naturally occurring materials, as well as materials based on naturally occurring materials that have been processed and/or derived. Suitable examples of naturally occurring particulate materials for use as proppants include, but are not necessarily limited to: ground or crushed shells of nuts such as walnut, coconut, pecan, almond, ivory nut, brazil nut, etc.; ground or crushed seed shells (including fruit pits) of seeds of fruits such as plum, olive, peach, cherry, apricot, etc.; ground or crushed seed shells of other plants such as maize (e.g., corn cobs or corn kernels), etc.; processed wood materials such as those derived from woods such as oak, hickory, walnut, poplar, mahogany, etc., including such woods that have been processed by grinding, chipping, or other form of particalization, processing, etc, some nonlimiting examples of which are proppants supplied under the tradename LiteProp® available from BJ Services Co., made of walnut hulls impregnated and encapsulated with resins. Further information on some of the above-noted compositions thereof may be found in Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Edited by Raymond E. Kirk and Donald F. Othmer, Third Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Volume 16, pages 248-273 (entitled "Nuts"), Copyright 1981, which is incorporated herein by reference.
[0039]In the method of using the treatment fluids in accordance with the invention, the treatment fluid containing the primary treatment fluid component and the emulsion component is introduced into the formation through the wellbore. The treatment fluid may be pumped at a pressure below the formation fracturing pressure or above the fracturing pressure, where fracturing is desired. The primary treatment fluid component facilitates the primary treatment, i.e. facilitates fracturing, gravel packing, etc. The emulsion component within the treatment fluid will eventually break over a period of time in the formation, either through exposure to elevated temperatures, contact with sand or other structures during fluid flow or both. As the emulsion breaks, the colloidal silica and calcium hydroxide contact each other and react to form a calcium silicate hydrate gel. The formed gel thus facilitates trapping and confinement of small particles and fines so that they do not migrate through the proppant or gravel pack. The formation fines in contact with the emulsion are thereby incorporated into and/or bonded to the gel, which eventually hardens.
[0040]One of the advantages of embodiments of the present invention is that the operator does not have to use a separate treatment to that of the primary treatment to prevent small particle and fines migration. The treatment can be carried out in a single stage or step. However, in some cases, the operator may find it advantageous to circulate an aqueous system containing a minor amount of a clay stabilizer (e.g., tetraalkylammonium halides) through the well to remove contaminants in the well before injecting the treatment fluid. The portion, if any, of such aqueous systems remaining in the wellbore will be injected into the formation during the practice of the invention and can assist in stabilizing clays in the formation and thereby reduce formation damage. A post-flush with such an aqueous medium may also be beneficial to clear the wellbore of any residual reactive silicon and calcium hydroxide components, such as may be the case for a new well. However, in some cases, the operator should be careful not to inject the post-flush into the formation because this would sweep the cementitious material away from the near-wellbore region. If the process is being used as a remedial treatment of an older well, however, the operator may wish to leave the wellbore at least partially filled with the reactive components and let the calcium silicate hydrate gel form in the wellbore (in addition to the interval surrounding the wellbore), for example. The operator can then drill through the gel plug that forms in the wellbore and re-perforate the casing. In this manner, old perforations are plugged with the gel and cementitious material, which acts as a diverter, and hydraulic fracturing can be done through the new perforations in the interval(s) of interest. Various phased perforation techniques and/or fracturing techniques can be beneficially applied to stimulate the production of formation fluids by fracturing through the consolidated formation, and proppant packs containing fibers or resin-coated materials such as proppant and/or fibers can also be beneficially used in the stimulation treatment. An exemplary proppant-retention agent is a fiber commercially available from Schlumberger under the tradename PropNET®. The proppant-retention agent keeps the proppant in the fracture, and the proppant and proppant-retention agent keep formation particles from being produced concurrently with the formation fluids. The proppant size may also be properly selected to exclude the formation sand, according to Saucier's criteria. This fracturing technique is illustrated, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,450,260, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
[0041]In some embodiments, the emulsion component may be readily prepared by agitating the oil and water mixtures for several minutes in a paddle mixer or other mixer. The emulsion component may then be added to the primary treatment fluid component with further mixing and/or agitation. The treatment fluid is then pumped into the wellbore in accordance with standard treatment techniques for the primary treatment.
[0042]The following examples are presented to illustrate the preparation and properties of compositions and methods of the invention, and should not be construed to limit the scope of the invention, unless otherwise expressly indicated in the appended claims. All percentages, concentrations, ratios, parts, etc. are by weight unless otherwise noted or apparent from the context of their use.
Test Procedure
[0043]The following test procedure was employed in all examples:
Sand Pack Assembly
[0044]1. A sand pack assembly is formed by affixing a 100-mesh screen on each end of a flow distributor.
[0045]2. A first flow distributor is inserted and secured with hose clamps in one end of a length of 1'' (2.54 cm) ID Tygon tubing and positioned vertically.
[0046]3. A 20/40 mesh (0.841 mm/0.420 mm) frac sand is added to the flow distributor until 3/4 inch (1.91 cm) deep.
[0047]4. On top of the frac sand of Step 3 is added 30/70 mesh (0.595 mm/210 mm) frac sand and Hyalite blend as 12.5% Hyalite/87.5% sand) The blend was ground in the laboratory, and the Hyalite opal blend has a particle range of 0.001 mm-0.050 mm and a d(0.5) of 0.017-0.019 mm to achieve a total pack height of 6 inches (15.24 cm).
[0048]5. A second flow distributor is inserted into the Tygon tubing and secured with hose clamps.
[0049]6. The sand pack assembly is connected to a U-tube and the assembly is placed in a Hassler cell (also shown in FIG. 1).
Saturation and Initial Permeability
[0050]7. The cell is preheated to a test temperature of 150° F. (65.6° C.).
[0051]8. A confining pressure of 1000 psi (6895 kPa) is applied to the cell using a Gilson pump.
[0052]9. The sand pack is saturated by flowing 500 mL of a 2% NaCl brine solution at 0.5 mL/min in the production direction, as shown in FIG. 1. This is typically done overnight.
[0053]10. An initial permeability is obtained at 2.0 mL/min with 2% NaCl brine in the production direction (200 ml is ˜10 pore volumes).
Treatment Injection
[0054]11. An injection line is connected to the accumulator cell's (also shown in FIG. 1) exit port of the Hassler cell and the injection line to the Hassler cell is disconnected.
[0055]12. The emulsion treatment fluid is agitated for 5 to 10 minutes.
[0056]13. The accumulator is filled with an appropriate volume of emulsion fluid.
[0057]14. The treatment fluid is injected into the sand pack in the injection direction, as shown in FIG. 1, at 2.0 mL/min.
[0058]15. The emulsion is displaced with one or two pore volumes of 2% NaCl brine injected in the injection direction immediately following treatment placement to avoid solidification.
[0059]16. The sand pack is shut in and the pack is allowed to set for 8-12 hours at temperature and constant confining pressure.
Return Permeability and Hydrodynamic Effect
[0060]17. A 2% NaCl brine solution is flowed in the production direction at 2.0 mL/min.
[0061]18. The flow rate of the NaCl is increased to 4.0 mL/min and the pressure drop across the entire pack is measured for 200 mL (˜10 pore volumes).
[0062]19. Effluent is collected for analysis of fines production. Analysis included turbidity, insoluble mass collected and fluorescents.
[0063]20. Steps 18 and 19 are repeated while increasing the flow rate.
Salinity Shock
[0064]21. De-ionized water is flowed in the production direction at 2.0 mL/min and differential pressure changes are recorded and the effluent collected.
[0065]22. Step 21 is repeated, increasing the flow rate.
Example 1
[0066]Using the procedures described above, a baseline test was conducted to measure fines migration in an untreated sand pack using a NaCl brine. FIG. 2 shows the sand-pack permeability during the various stages of the test over time. The FIG. 2 plot displays both the retained permeability at 2.0 mL/min and the hydrodynamic effects of increasing the flow rate. The permeability increased with the flow rate. After the shock, the permeability dropped significantly. FIG. 3 shows the sand pack and shows evidence of fines migration. The hyalite crystal in the fines portion of the sand core fluoresce when illuminated by UV light (254 nm) and one can see that the crystals flowed into the 20/40 sand, as shown by the solid mass to the left of the sand pack in FIG. 3.
Example 2
[0067]A treatment fluid emulsion was prepared and tested using the procedure described above. A 5% by volume of a Uniquema Hypermer 2422 surfactant was added to diesel. The surfactant readily dispersed and dissolved. Calcium hydroxide powder, available as Aldrich Product No 239232, with a mean particle size of 11 μm was dispersed in 5 mL of the diesel solution at a concentration of 5.0 g/100 mL.
[0068]Separately, an aqueous colloidal silica and surfactant was prepared in a separate container using 5 mL of colloidal silica suspension containing 40 wt. % silica, available as LUDOX HS-40, and 5% by volume of a surfactant, available as Baker Petrolite A2970. The surfactant dispersed the colloidal silica suspension but did not precipitate the suspension or cause the suspension to gel. The calcium hydroxide/diesel and aqueous silica suspension were combined to make an oil external emulsion with a volumetric oil/water ratio of approximately 60/40.
[0069]The emulsion was then injected in a fresh core at 0.5 pore volumes. This was followed by a 2% NaCl brine flush. The core permeability plot is shown in FIG. 4. As can be seen in FIG. 4, the core permeability was higher at the end of the test compared to that from the baseline of Example 1. Less fines migration was also observed, as shown in FIG. 5.
Example 3
[0070]The emulsion from Example 2 was injected into a fresh core at 1 pore volume. The results are presented in FIG. 6, which also shows the results from Examples 1 and 2 for comparison. As can be seen in FIG. 6, the core permeability at the end of the test was higher than the baseline and that using 0.5 pore volumes of emulsion.
[0071]While the invention has been shown in only some of its forms, it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that it is not so limited, but is susceptible to various changes and modifications without departing from the scope of the invention. Accordingly, it is appropriate that the appended claims be construed broadly and in a manner consistent with the scope of the invention.
Patent applications by Balkrishna Gadiyar, Katy, TX US
Patent applications by Brent Busby, Richmond, TX US
Patent applications by Erik B. Nelson, Houston, TX US
Patent applications by Juan-Carlos Santamaria, Houston, TX US
Patent applications by Philip F. Sullivan, Bellaire, TX US
Patent applications in class Contains inorganic component other than water or clay
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The current opening time of appointments is 3:30 PM.
Online Payment has been made mandatory for booking appointments at Passport Seva Kendra(s) under this Passport Office. Click here for details.
The applicants of the following districts are advised to visit the Behrampore PSK : Murshidabad, North Dinajpur, South Dinajpur, Maldah, Birbhum and Nadia.
The applicants of the following districts are advised to visit the Kolkata PSK : Purba Medinipur, Paschim Medinipur, Kolkata, North 24 Parganas, South 24 Parganas, Howrah, Hooghly, Jalpaiguri, Darjeeling, Alipurduar, Cooch Behar, Purulia, Bankura and Bardhaman.
Press Releases
Passport Seva Camp is being organised by RPO Kolkata at Durgapur on 12th and 13th Sept'15.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Discussion in 'Scopes, Optics, LRFs, Spotters, BoreScopes' started by halfmoanut, Oct 30, 2009.
I have been seeing alot of March scopes for sale all of a sudden! Just Curious.
4 of them from one guy on Benchrest Classifieds last week.
I counted 10 in the last 4 months by doing a search, may be it's a money thing...at least one of the ads had listed that he had other bills to pay.....and at least 3 ads on Benchrest, a shooting buddy has one of the 36x-55x on a 6mmbr for F-Open, nice scope I just can't see me paying that much for one. I own and use 3 Premier Boosted 20x-50x Leupolds for what that one March cost, and I'm normally on the leader board above him, so.......
Might have to do with the season for most of us is over for the year, and x-mas will be here in a few weeks. I like seeing nice things for sale! More for me to pick from. I just got a killer deal on I dont like to see good folks loose there stuff though really!!
I also saw the ad that had 3 for sale and a 4th after it was repaired. Makes me wonder???? jim
Jackie had his for sale to get 40X scopes,March. He is definitely a fan of the March.
Apparently you missed Jackie's rant on BR Central about his "equipment failure" and how he was extremely pissed off.
When asked what equipment failed he referenced his classified ad.
The thread has since been removed.
The post was removed because it turned out not to be a scope problem.
Ya,,, but he still sold all of them ??
So!! He has 3 40X Marchs coming.
Must be easier to take apart.. ;D
Thanks for the clarification Butch.
If Jackie posted that somewhere I missed it.
Post on BR.Com or PM Jackie and he will tell you.
Sorry if you have taken offence to my posts.
Those of us who know Jackie know he likes to tinker with stuff and i'm sure if had some concerns
about the March scopes we would have herd about it by now..
just haven a little fun.
I wish i had 2000 bucks to buy one... anybody need an extra arm or leg, trade ya for a march scope.
Jim Hart
The tone of your post led me to believe you had something going against the March. Jackie, as we all do, has his moments. Ask him about bending his cleaning rod over his knee and selling his rifle, scope, and carrying case for a $1000 in New Braunfels. I will say this, the guy held onto it for quite sometime and offered it back to him. Jackie said he deserved to loose the stuff and didn't take it back. Jackie is a good guy, but he is just like the rest of us.
Separate names with a comma.


text:
realmagick.com The shrine of knowledge.
A selection of articles related to outer.
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This collection of speeches by politicians offers a fascinating narrative on politics in the modern world. Hearing from a wide variety of individuals including current and past presidents and prime ministers, these speeches offer insightful lessons and perspectives.
While many of the speeches focus on public and foreign policy, as well as the economy, many also focus on human rights and equality. The speech by Laura Bush explores the importance of empowering women at a young age -- both in developed and developing countries. She strongly believes that all women need to reach their full educational potential as a way to build strong character and independence.
David Cameron's political innovation keynote discusses how today's increased accessibility to information makes governments more accountable and their activity more transparent. He believes that this transparency has the potential to completely revamp the world's political arena and to decrease debt.
These speeches by politicians offer a vast range of opinions and perspectives on the world's most pressing challenges and the direction in which society is heading.
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Plantronics offers products for the computer and mobile market segments, specializing in telephone products, such as amplified telephone headsets, telephones for hearing-impaired users and noise-canceling headsets, handsets for use in high-noise environments and value packs. As the world's leading designer, manufacturer and marketer of lightweight communications headset products, Plantronics produces a great deal of accessories for its versatile headsets.
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A Southwest Airlines flight from San Diego heading to Chicago last night had to make an unplanned stop in Amarillo, TX, after police said a fight broke out on board among a group of passengers who were traveling together.
Southwest Flight Diverted After Fight Breaks Out Between "Disorderly" Group Of Passengers
Even Millionaires Can't Urinate On The Candy At CVS
Even if you're a wealthy real estate heir who has previously been acquitted of murder charges, you will probably get arrested if you decide to expose your private parts to CVS employees… and then use said private parts to urinate on the store property and products. [More]


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Christianity In Singapore History
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- Story of the Celts: The Celts of Ireland
- The Celts of Ireland [ 33 ] The Celts arrived in Ireland by 350 B.C (some say earlier) and they thrive there to this day. A claim might be made that the Celtic Irish are among the world's oldest nationality groups. Despite periods when foreigners tried in...
History & Anthropology >> Celtic & Irish
- The Truth Behind the History of the Necronomicon
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i was snooping around on Facebook and found a few things out about how my husbands family REALLY "feels" about me.. i think its safe to say they DO NOT like me,and i will be avoiding them from here on out..
we have been married for 2 yrs have 2 daughter and been together for almost 6 yrs.. this is complete BS. i have been so nice to these ppl who have been secretly hating me.. can not stand FAKE ppl!
and it kinda makes me sad not just mad.. cause i liked them.
so now i knw i guess.. :( **vent**
i was snooping around on Facebook and found a few things out about how my husbands family REALLY "feels" about me.. i think its safe to say they DO NOT like me,and i will be avoiding them from here on out..
its crazzzy, his mom,his aunts,uncles,cousins,gparents.. i just dont know what i did for them to all hate me so much.. im nice,i help out,i offer help(not just wait to be asked) we dont really fight(husband and i ) one of his aunts said " your mom did so well with being the "women" of your life that any girl you have your eye on will have ALOT to measure up to." like as if he should be looking for some one better to measure up to his mom..
Its OK, you'll get through it. It sucks I know. My ex's entire family.hated me so I understand.
Llama mommas yell HAGAH!!
I wouldn't give them the cold shoulder- family relations are so much nicer when they all get along and if your husband loves you and they see him happy, they will eventually come around. I married into a middle eastern family and they really had their hopes set on my husband marrying another Christian Arab girl who was from the next town over in their homeland- so there was a bit of dissapointment and chagrin on how he would survive without the traditional family dishes and being waited on hand and foot- but after their first disappointment we all get along now.
Besides, they don't have to like you- you married into the family, but you didn't marry THEM. However, they obviously respect you and him enough not to complain to your face- I would assume they will eventually get over it. We all have in our minds what we plan out for our children and some people just don't handle it as well when their kids have minds of their own.
I guess for me, it would really depend on what they said about me . . . but comments about needing to measuring up to mom isn't really that bad- the older generation always likes to think their way is better- no matter what culture you are from :)
Grin and bear it! You got your man in the end and a happy marriage- that's what counts. In-laws liking you is just gravy.
I don't think you should have to "grin and bare it." Anyone who talks shit about you behind your back on facebook of all places doesn't deserve to have a relationship with you, family or not. I think you're doing the right thing by avoiding them.
DD 2008 DS 2010 DS 2013 DS Due May 2015
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Nittany Lion bench installed in Bethlehem
Posted: 10:15 PM EDT Oct 01, 2013 Updated: 11:37 PM EDT Oct 01, 2013
The Nittany Lion's roar can now be heard in Bethlehem.
Tuesday afternoon representatives of Penn State Lehigh Valley joined Mayor John Callahan and developer Dennis Benner to celebrate the installation of a park bench with a life-size replica of the school's famed Nittany Lion mascot.
The new addition at the corner of Third and New streets is intended to spread Penn State pride among students, alumni and friends of the university.
Copyright 2013 WFMZ. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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Me and my girl friend had unprotected sex the other
Q: Me and my girl friend had unprotected sex the other day but she takes birth control pills regularly everyday. Should we be worried about pregnancy?
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Take a look at three notableareas of this aircraft. The tailplane. It is conventional with large tailfinand rudder. If you take a look at the Dornier 17Z below, modified for useas a bomber with this variant entering service in 1939. one of the firstmodifications was the redesigned tailplane section with twin tailfins.Now look at the engine nascelles. The original had very smooth lines, againwhen the emphasis was on speed, but the nascelles on the Do17Z below arelarger and certainly not designed with aerodynamics in mind. Finally, lookat the nose of the aircraft. The original was long and sleek and almostcoming to a smooth rounded point, but look what happened to the Do17Z below.Experience in the Spanish Civil War had shown how vulnerable the Do17 was,and the resdeigned forward section gave a greater arc of fire for the frontgunners plus additional room.
Dornier had produced the Do215 that was the export version of the Do17. Sweden was the only country to purchase the 215 and the Luftwaffe had to take over the remaining aircraft. The 215 saw very little daytime service although a number of them flew with Dornier 17Z in the early stages of WWII but it was used extensively on night time operations with its improved IR sensors.
The new 217 was first flown in August 1938 with 1,075hp Daimler Benz 601A engines and although in appearance it was very similar to the Dornier 17 it was a totally new design. But it was not really accepted by those that flew it. It was a less pleasant aircraft to fly, the controls being stiffer and the aircraft in general was much less responsive. Many of them crashed in the developmental stages and it was clear that changes had to be made.
By January 1940 the 217 had gone through a series of engine changes and development on the control system had to be made. By the 9th prototype the 217 ended up with the powerful BMW 801 engine and although these improvements were positive, those that flew it stated that it was acceptable to fly but modifications still needed to be made to make it an airworthy long range bomber in military situations. It now had the leading edges of the fins slotted and a unique dive braking system, but this never reached the expectaions required and it was later withdrawn as a top range dive bomber and further development was concentrated on its long range and heavy bomber capabilities.
The first 217 to enter service was the Do 217E-1 in mid to late 1940. It could carry an 8,818lb (4,000kg) bombload, a handheld 20mm MG-FF gun in the nose, and seven MG-15 guns. As a bomber it produced a powerful punch but according to its fliers it was still a handfull of aeroplane to fly. Later versions had a electrically operated EDL-131 dorsal turret that accomodated a turret mounted MG-131 machine gun. Another version has barrage cable cutters, and in 1943, Do 217E-5 from II/KG 100 caused devastating results against the British shipping from August 1943.


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Roasted Herb Oil is a great way to add lots of extra flavors to salads, soups, casseroles, and more. I love to use this oil to add extra flavor to all my dinner dishes. It's like layers of flavor in one dish! Or, fry up an egg for breakfast in it for a little herb hit in the morning. So many yummy ways to use this easy flavorful oil.
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White Bean Gratin Casserole
This White Bean Gratin Casserole makes a great main course for vegetarians, or a wonderful side dish for non-veggies. A creamy sauce over veggies and beans, topped with a crispy herbed bread crumb mixture, this casserole is a great addition to the dinner table!
My Mom's Party Punch
My Mom's Party Punch rocks! Yummy, like dessert. #beverage #drink #punch


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He Still Moves Stones
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People with questions. The Bible is absolutely full of them. A crook on a cross. A wild man in a cemetery. A five-time divorcée. A despondent cripple. A grieving sister. A father at the end of his rope.
Why are these portraits in the Bible? So we can look back in amazement at what Jesus did? No ... these aren't just Sunday school stories. They are historic moments in which a real God met real pain so we could answer the question. "Does God care when I hurt?"
On every page of this powerfully moving book,New York Times best-selling author Max Lucado reminds us that the God who spoke to Moses at the burning bush still speaks to you today. The God who forgave King David still offers you forgiveness. The God who helped men and women in ages past still comes into your world, and he comes to do what you can't, to move the stone away so you can see his answer.
Author Bio
More than 120 million readers have found inspiration and encouragement in the writings of Max Lucado. He lives with his wife, Denalyn, and their mischievous mutt, Andy, in San Antonio, Texas, where he serves the people of Oak Hills Church.


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Carlos Menem Corruption Charges
A selection of articles related to carlos menem corruption charges.
Original articles from our library related to the Carlos Menem Corruption Charges. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Carlos Menem Corruption Charges.
- Hulse, David Allen
- From an early age, David Allen Hulse has made a diligent study of the alphabets of the ancient world. Even as a child, David possessed a great affinity for the alphabets of Egypt, Phoenicia, and Greece. In college, a reading of MacGregor Mathers' Kabbalah...
Real Interviews >> Authors
- Hulse, David Allen
- >From an early age, David Allen Hulse has made a diligent study of the alphabets of the ancient world. Even as a child, David possessed a great affinity for the alphabets of Egypt, Phoenicia, and Greece. In college, a reading of MacGregor Mathers' Kabbalah...
Real Interviews >> Authors
- Survivalists' Guide for the New Millennium: Chapter 5
- WHERE I LAY MY HEAD IS HOME A foot and light-hearted I take to the open road, Healthy, free, and the world before me, The long brown path before me leading Wherever I choose. Henceforth I ask not for good fortune, I myself am good fortune, Henceforth I...
Philosophy >> Survivalists Guide for the New Millennium
- King James Bible: Acts, Chapter 13
- Chapter 13 13:1 Now there were in the church that was at Antioch certain prophets and teachers; as Barnabas, and Simeon that was called Niger, and Lucius of Cyrene, and Manaen, which had been brought up with Herod the tetrarch, and Saul. 13:2 As they...
New Testament >> The Acts
- False Memory Syndrome and the Inquisition
- Memories are modified by circumstance and environment There is a new witch hunt in the United States. It has no need for proof and there is no reprieve. It is sufficient to be accused, and the lingering stench never fades. It is sexual abuse of children. The...
Saga of Times Past >> History & Anthropology
- Hyperspace Reality
- Despite the fact that the 'new' physics, a godchild of the Einsteinian revolution has taught us that the Universe we perceive is a mere shadow of a vastly more unpredictable one, most of us still view the world in a distinctly materialistic way. A world where...
Modern Science >> New Physics
- No Pagan Parents Allowed (A "Paganalia" Exclusive Report)
- You be the judge: A Pagan woman who works as a Chapter 13 bankruptcy assistant for a law firm wants to regain custody of her 9-year-old son. Her ex-husband is in jail on a $700,000 bond for solicitation of capital murder of his second ex-wife. Seems like a no-...
Paganism & Wicca >> True Stories
Carlos Menem Corruption Charges is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Carlos Menem Corruption Charges books and related discussion.
Suggested News Resources
- Argentina: Macri's change of rhythm
- On Friday, former president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva was detained for questioning in the latest phase of Brazil's sweeping Petrobras corruption scandal. "We have escaped the road that would have ...
- Argentina's Presidential Giveaway to Vulture Funds
- So you know, the case for financing development in Argentina with more debt, and the Argentine--and Macri's just announced going out in international bond markets to raise another $15 billion. ...
- Not all roads lead to the bishop of Rome
- Francis is a complex figure with whom it's difficult to have a relationship, leading some of his critics from yesteryear (case in point, the Kirchnerites and CFK herself) to see a Peronist, progressive and almost revolutionary leader. ...
- The Surprisingly Deep Centuries-Old Ties Between the Middle East and Latin America
- Hence, the corruption scandals of former Argentine President Carlos Menem — the son of Syrian Muslim immigrants who is known as "El Turco" — were blamed by some on his ethnoreligious origins. Nonetheless, positive associations with Arab immigration ...
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text: MainStoriesThe Dream That Came True the dream that came true Eugene Womack | Nov 06, 2013 | North America: Virginia When I was young I wanted to be a bowler but I didn't know how to so I went to a local bowling alley to see if I could learn without someone teaching me. I started to try, I messed up a few times but I didn't need help so I got up and looked around at other people and learned from that and then I saw people curving the bowling ball. I learned how to do that. I thought I messed up one time but I heard people cheering me on and then I knew I did something right. I had a dream that I would travel and compete with other bowlers. I have been with Special Olympics for 4 or 5 years and I want to say thanks to Special Olympics for helping me keep my dream true. About Me:well I am 28 years old grow up in Christiansburg Virginia I live and moved with my mom in narrows Virginia I am a special oylmpics athlete for bowling I am on two bowling league's one for special oylmpics an the other is for the USBC (united states bowling congress) I have been to summer games Richmond, Virginia beach fall championship and bowling championship in Dranesville Virginia Read More Stories My friend Tony Alaina TorkelsonWhen I was a kid I used the r-word frequently even picking on kids that were different....that is until I met Tony.Traditional Leaders in Malawi Support Family Health ForumsRomi ReineckePablo Ulises Lázaro: Successes of a mother and her sonLeilani GonzalezHe no longer fears dentistsGenevieve JiangVisiting a dental clinic made Bhavya Jain very anxious. Special Olympics helped.From shy and isolated, to confident leaderGenevieve JiangBefore Punsara Dissanayake joined Special Olympics Serendib, she was reluctant to attend school as she feared being bullied.Medical help gave her winning edgeGenevieve JiangJohn Lucas: From Introvert to Spokesman in BrazilCaroline ChevatA Special Olympics athlete took part in the signing of an agreement between Special Olympics and the International Volleyball Federation.Special Olympics Saved my Life!Marquis Antwan GarnerJuan Atilio: Overcoming prejudiceLeilani GonzalezMaking a Difference in India and NepalDavid HircockThank You, Special Olympics LouisianaJude and Paula BernardDo You Have A Story to Share?Share Your Story More Stories


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It's been awhile since we've written about Arrowhead's action RPG Magicka, but the game is still kicking. It's since been confirmed for PC, to be published by one of our favourites Paradox Interactive.
It's not all going well, though, as the video below will tell you. Rather, the team has hit a few snags, so we won't be seeing it until probably early next year. Thankfully, it appears Paradox is cool with this -- they'd have to be to support such a hilarious explanation, after all.
Whenever it hits, we'll have a review for you. For now, you can check out the latest screens in the game's profile at right.


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Welcome to Saltway Narrowboat Hire
If you are looking to relax away from the hustle and bustle of everyday life or for a little adventure or even would just like to wake up to a new view every morning, you can find it all on a canal narrow boat holiday. Your holiday will flow at a relaxing pace with a great sense of freedom.
We are a friendly, family-run canal boat / narrowboat hire company located at Droitwich Spa Marina on the beautifully restored Droitwich Junction Canal.
The marina is easily accessible being just 2 miles from Junction 5 of the M5 motorway and it is a short stroll along the towpath to the picturesque town of Droitwich Spa. The town is well supplied by supermarkets with a Marks and Spencer, Morrisons and Waitrose (Waitrose being within metres of the canal). With the supermarkets delivery service you can have supplies delivered directly to your boat ahead of your holiday.
We currently have 4 narrowboats for you to choose from; Isabel, Amelia, Elsie May (Amelia's sister) and Grace. Our boats are personally selected unique canal boats; Isabel we believe is the only tug style narrowboat for hire on the canals. They all come with a comprehensive inventory and a full professional handover. We will take you through the 1st lock, so a canal holiday with us is suitable for experienced boaters or those new to the canal boat holidays.
Why not take a look at a short video of Isabel:- Isabel on the Droitwich Ring in Worcester (1min 6 secs)
or the extended version:- Droitwich Crusing Ring (10min 18sec)
We offer a choice of short breaks, mid-week breaks or longer holidays; where you can take advantage of the unique 2 day Droitwich cruising ring (taking in Droitwich Spa and Worcester) or extend your trip and travel further afield. There are a variety of routes to suit all and there are an abundance of pubs along the routes making cooking on board optional; after all it is a holiday!
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Please feel free to contact us to ask any questions.


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text:
Index of content:
Volume 115, Issue 2, February 2004
A new method to predict the evolution of the power spectral density for a finite-amplitude sound wave115(2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.1639902View Description Hide Description
A method to predict the effect of nonlinearity on the power spectral density of a plane wave traveling in a thermoviscous fluid is presented. As opposed to time-domain methods, the method presented here is based directly on the power spectral density of the signal, not the signal itself. The Burgers equation is employed for the mathematical description of the combined effects of nonlinearity and dissipation. The Burgers equation is transformed into an infinite set of linear equations that describe the evolution of the joint moments of the signal. A method for solving this system of equations is presented. Only a finite number of equations is appropriately selected and solved by numerical means. For the method to be applied all appropriate joint moments must be known at the source. If the source condition has Gaussian characteristics (it is a Gaussian noise signal or a Gaussian stationary and ergodic stochastic process), then all the joint moments can be computed from the power spectral density of the signal at the source. Numerical results from the presented method are shown to be in good agreement with known analytical solutions in the preshock region for two benchmark cases: (i) sinusoidal source signal and (ii) a Gaussian stochastic process as the source condition.
Nonlinear dynamics of a gas bubble in an incompressible elastic medium115(2004); http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.1621858View Description Hide Description
A nonlinear model in the form of the Rayleigh–Plesset equation is developed for a gas bubble in an essentially incompressible elastic medium such as a tissue or rubberlike medium. Two constitutive laws for the elastic medium are considered: the Mooney potential, and Landau's expansion of the strain energy density. These two constitutive laws are compared at quadratic order to obtain a relation between their respective elastic constants. Attention is devoted to the relative importance of shear stress on the bubble dynamics, allowing for the equilibrium gas pressure in the bubble to differ substantially from the pressure at infinity. The model for the bubble motion is approximated to quadratic order to assess the importance of shear stress in the surrounding medium relative to that of the gas pressure in the bubble. Relations are derived for the value of the shear wave speed at which the two contributions are comparable, which provide an assessment of when shear stress in the surrounding medium must be taken into account when modeling bubble dynamics.


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Is a next gen Nintendo handheld on the way? Here's what we know
Review"As much fun as creating an artizan crumpet factory for an octopus is, nothing can quite beat that sense of progress you get from the traditional Animal Crossing games."
An inexplicable exploration of Nintendo's most pleasurably tactile hinged handhelds
Again, HMV? Really?
Announcing new games at E3 press conferences is not hot right now
Nintendo's newest handheld breaks DS's old record


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Gameboy DS Accesory fun?
Gameboy DS Accesory fun?
Apr 29, 2007 10:03AM PST
So... for some silly reason, I actually want one of these! Not to chat with people vocally through my DS, because I will most likely run into the same people who draw the penises and boobies in picto chat -_- but it would definitely help with Brain Age, and there's a list of games coming out that will be compatible... or at least have features that will make the head set handy to have on Nintendo's website!
It's nifty looking and I want it :B
It's nifty looking and I want it :B
Comments (1)
interestingPosted: May 27, 2007 12:00AM PST by nsonic79
I never thought I'd see the day that nintendo would need the use of a microphone, espiecally given how their online abilities have lagged with the rest of the industry. Still good to see it used with what they do best: game innovation.


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© Guardian photo
David Weale
By Gerry Hopkirk and David Weale (guest opinion)
Regarding "Democratic Renewal" in Prince Edward Island, Vision P.E.I. applauds the extended time frame, the broadening of options and the additional consultation for the next phase. However there was one option offered that seems to have been omitted. Should we not also consider the suggestion that governance for this small place should move beyond party politics?
Yes, as a province we could still participate, with record voter turnout, in the federal party system. But for our own governance do we need this partisan party structure, with its patronage at every level of Island society? Do we need this us-versus-them approach to pave our roads, educate our children, and find our unique way in the world of economics, agriculture, and environmental integrity? Are political parties the best way to govern this province? Some of us think not.
There are many, many places across this country and around the world that are larger than Prince Edward Island, in both area and population, which govern themselves effectively without partisan political parties and cumbersome government structures while giving citizens a true voice. That could be us.
We are, after all, a small pastoral island, 120 miles long and 20 miles wide with 145,000 human inhabitants: small enough to adapt nimbly and creatively in a manner that would be impossible in larger jurisdictions; small enough to ponder a radical alternative to our current electoral process; and small enough to take the lead in reforming the political structures that have outlived their effectiveness.
How might it look? Check this out:
"The Legislative Assembly of Nunavut is a public government and operates on the consensus model. Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) belong to no political party and voting isn't based on party politics. The people of Nunavut elect each of their MLAs as an independent representative.
The MLAs vote for and form the government from among themselves.
"Soon after each general election the MLAs elect one of their Members to be Speaker of the Legislative Assembly and another to be Premier of Nunavut. They also elect from among themselves the Members of Cabinet that form the government. The Cabinet is a minority in the Legislature, so the majority of MLAs must agree upon and approve any legislative decision." (Wikipedia)
If this type of approach were implemented in P.E.I., MLAs could be chosen using a preferential ballot to ensure that every member would have approval by a majority of voters in each district.
We are aware that this Island is steeped in the party tradition. It is true, nonetheless, that there are many Islanders, including many of our youth, who recognize the need for radical change. We also believe that any process into electoral reform that does not examine the issue of political parties is incomplete. For this reason we respectfully submit that this option should be on the "Democratic Renewal" agenda.
The complete Vision P.E.I. submission to the democratic renewal process is available at www.assembly.pe.ca/democraticrenewal.
Gerry Hopkirk and David Weale are members of Vision P.E.I., a non-partisan group committed to promoting creative public discourse about what is possible.


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Kim Strong, Better World Books' Senior Logistics Specialist, volunteers using her Volunteer […]
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Another previously unpublished piece of information featured in the Guide are some 250 mottos or slogans. Special indexes by subject, shape, and motto, as well as organization names and abbreviations, are found in the set's final compilation. A useful and unique resource for those who study international organizations along with designers interested in the field.
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Cake I made for my family gathering for Father's Day. Chocolate cake torted and filled with Whipped Cream Cheese Frosting, covered in ganached with sugared fruit. TFL
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