text:
Millet (Ottoman Empire)
|History of the Ottoman Empire
|Social structure
|Court and aristocracy
|Rise of nationalism
In the Ottoman Empire, a millet was a separate legal court pertaining to "personal law" under which a confessional community (a group abiding by the laws of Muslim Sharia, Christian Canon law, or Jewish Halakha) was allowed to rule itself under its own system. After the Ottoman Tanzimat (1839–76) reforms, the term was used for legally protected religious minority groups, similar to the way other countries use the word nation. The word millet comes from the Arabic word millah (ملة) and literally means "nation".[citation needed] The millet system has been called an example of pre-modern religious pluralism.[1]
- 1 Concept
- 2 Millets
- 3 History
- 4 See also
- 5 References
- 6 Sources
- 7 Further reading
The millet system has a long history in the Middle East and is closely linked to Islamic rules on the treatment of non−Muslim minorities living under Islamic dominion (dhimmi). The Ottoman term specifically refers to the separate legal courts pertaining to personal law under which minorities were allowed to rule themselves (in cases not involving any Muslim) with fairly little interference from the Ottoman government. The concept was used even before the establishment of the Ottoman Empire for the communities of the Church of the East under the Zoroastrian Sassanid Persia in the 4th century.[2]
People were bound to their millets by their religious affiliations (or their confessional communities), rather than their ethnic origins, according to the millet concept.[3] The head of a millet – most often a religious hierarch such as the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Constantinople or, in earlier times, the Patriarch of the East – reported directly to the Ottoman Sultan or the Sassanid king, respectively. The millets had a great deal of power – they set their own laws and collected and distributed their own taxes. All that was required was loyalty to the Empire. When a member of one millet committed a crime against a member of another, the law of the injured party applied, but the ruling Islamic majority being paramount, any dispute involving a Muslim fell under their sharia−based law.
Later, the perception of the millet concept was altered in the 19th century by the rise of nationalism within the Ottoman Empire.
After the decline of the Assyrian Church of the East in the 14th century, until the 19th century (Reformation Era) beside the Muslim millet, the main millets were the Rum millet, Jewish, Armenian and Syrian Orthodox.[4] Armenians formed more than one (actually three) millets under the Ottoman rule.[5] A wide array of other groups such as Catholics, Karaites and Samaritans was also represented.
Muslim communities prospered under the Ottoman Empire, as the Sultan was also the Caliph. Ottoman law did not recognize such notions as ethnicity or citizenship; thus, a Muslim of any ethnic background enjoyed precisely the same rights and privileges. The Muslim millet united different populations regardless of ethnic and linguistic distinctions: Turkish, Arab, Kurdish, Albanian and speakers of Caucasian languages.[6] However, even if Caliphate played a significant role, the real existence of these feelings is questionable long before the Arab Revolt and the subsequent dissolution of the empire in the 20th century. By the 17th century, the Maghreb regencies were only nominally under Ottoman control and Egypt was almost independent by the beginning of the 19th century.
Creeds which were seen as deviant forms of the Caliphal dynasty's Sunni Islam – such as Shi'as, Alawis, Alevis and Yezidis – had no official status and were considered to be part of the Muslim millet; only the syncretic Druze of the Djebel Druze and Mount Lebanon enjoyed feudal−type autonomy. These groups were spread across the empire with significant minorities in most of the major cities. Autonomy for these groups was thus impossible to base on a territorial region.
Orthodox Christians[edit]
The Orthodox Christians were included in the Rum Millet (millet-i Rûm), or the "Roman nation" conquered by Islam but enjoying a certain autonomy. It was named after Roman ("Byzantine") subjects of the Ottoman Empire, but Orthodox Greeks, Bulgarians, Albanians, Georgians, Arabs, Vlachs and Serbs were all considered part of the same millet despite their differences in ethnicity and language and despite the fact that the religious hierarchy was Greek dominated. Nevertheless, ethnonyms never disappeared and some form of ethnic identity was preserved as evident from a Sultan's Firman from 1680, that lists the ethnic groups on the Balkan lands as follows: Greeks (Rum), Albanians (Arnaut), Serbs (Sirf), Vlachs (Eflak) and Bulgarians (Bulgar).[7]
The Ecumenical Patriarch was recognized as the highest religious and political leader (millet-bashi, or ethnarch) of all Orthodox subjects of the Sultan, though in certain periods some major powers, such as Russia (under the 1774 Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca), or Britain claimed the rights of protection over the Ottoman Empire's Orthodox subjects. The Serbian Patriarchate and the Archbishopric of Ohrid which were autonomous Orthodox Churches under the tutelage of the Ecumenical Patriarch were taken over by the Greek Phanariotes during the 18th century, in 1766 and 1767 respectively.
Armenians (Apostolic, Catholic and Evangelical)[edit]
Until the 19th century, there was a single Armenian millet which served all ethnic Armenians irrespective of whether they belonged to the Armenian Apostolic Church, the Armenian Catholic Church or the Armenian Protestant Church (which was formed in the 19th century).[3] Only later did a separate Catholic millet emerge. Non-Armenians from churches which were theologically linked to the Armenian Church (by virtue of being non-Chalcedonians) were under the authority of the Armenian Patriarchate, although they maintained a separate hierarchy with their own Patriarchs. These groups included the Syriac Orthodox and the Copts.
Syriac Christians[edit]
Syriac Catholics[edit]
The Syriac Catholic community was recognized as its own millet in 1829.
The Chaldean (Catholic Nestorian) community was recognized as its own millet in 1846.
Syriac Orthodox[edit]
The Syriac Orthodox community in the Ottoman Empire was for long not recognized as its own millet, but part of the Armenian millet (under the Armenian Patriarch). Then, during the Tanzimat reforms (1839–78), the Syriac Orthodox were granted independent status with the recognition of their own millet in 1873.[8]
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Under the millet system the Jews were organized as a community on the basis of religion, alongside the other millets (e.g. Orthodox millet, Armenian millet, etc.). In the framework of the millet they had a considerable amount of administrative autonomy and were represented by the Hakham Bashi (Turkish: Hahambaşı حاخامباشی), who held broad powers to legislate, judge and enforce the laws among the Jews in the Ottoman Empire and often sat on the Sultan's divan.
The Ottoman Jews enjoyed similar privileges to those of the Orthodox. The city of Thessaloniki received a great influx of Jews in the 15th century and soon flourished economically to such an extent that, during the 18th century, it was the largest and possibly the most prosperous Jewish city in the world.[citation needed]
The Jews, like the other millet communities of the Ottoman Empire, were still considered a people of the book and protected by the Sharia Law of Islam. However, while the Jews were not viewed in the eyes of the law to be on an equal playing field with Muslims, they were still treated relatively well at points during the Ottoman Empire. Norman Stillman explains that the prosperity of medieval Jews was closely tied to that of their Muslim governors. Stillman references the time between the 9th and 13th centuries in which Jewish culture blossomed as "medieval Islamic civilization was at its apogee."[9] Given their rampant persecution in medieval Europe, many Jews looked favorably upon millet.
In the late 19th century such groups as the Bilu, a group of young Russian Jews who were pioneers of the Zionist resettlement of Palestine, proposed negotiating with the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire to allow a millet like settlement which would allow them greater independence.[citation needed]
Following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in the wake of World War I, Palestine came under the control of the British Empire who decided to create the state of Israel. "The millet system that Israel adopted upon its independence was a highly pluralized and decentralized legal system under which the Ottoman and British imperial authorities granted juridical autonomy over matters of personal status (e.g., marriage, divorce, succession, maintenance and alimony) to eleven ethno-religious communities in Palestine."[10] The reasoning behind Israel's implementation of such a system upon its religious and ethnic minorities remains unclear. From an ideological standpoint it is surprising that the Israeli government, a Jewish state, advocates a system of government modeled in many ways off the same millet system which once represented the oppression and persecution of Jews.[citation needed] Furthermore, this approach to the governance of their state has been met with a great deal of criticism by both those inside Israel and those in surrounding Arab countries.[citation needed]
Yuksel Sezgin, a professor of comparative politics at the City University of New York claims that "Israel has not attempted to put an end to the multiplicity of religious courts and unify them under a network of national courts, as Egypt did in 1955. Nor has it ever tried to abolish the religious personal status laws of various communities and enact a secular and uniform civil code in their place. Rather, it has maintained a modified form of old millet system in which religious courts of fourteen State-recognized communities, staffed with their very own communal judges who apply religious and customary laws of their own communities, are granted exclusive jurisdiction over matters of marriage and divorce and concurrent jurisdiction with the civil courts in regard to issues of maintenance and succession."[10] In other words, Israel "utilized the old millet system in the nation-building process as an instrument of vertical segmentation and horizontal homogenization."[10]
The notion that Sezgin suggests, of Israel's government as a "new millet" system, should not be confused with the millet system of medieval Islam. Under the Ottoman millet system, for example, a Jew's word would always mean less than a Muslim's in a court of law; members of the millets were truly second class citizens who were legally inferior to Muslims.[citation needed] Israel's "new millet" is more a practice of separate-but-equal in which all members of the state are equal but subject to different legal systems according to religion and ethnicity. While the claim may be made that Israel's system lacks modernity, it is perhaps a step too far drawing a comparison between it and a medieval theocratic structure of government.[original research?]
Roman Catholics[edit]
After the fall of Constantinople the only Latin Catholic group to be incorporated into the Sultan's domain were the Genoese who lived in the Byzantine capital. Over the next decades Turkish armies pushed into the Balkans, overrunning the Catholic population of Albania, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Hungary. In the Orient, the 16th century saw the Maronites of Lebanon, the Latins of Palestine and most of the Greek islands, which once held Latin Catholic communities, come under Turkish rule. Papal response to the loss of these communities was initially a call to the crusade, but the response from the European Catholic monarchs was weak. French interest, however, lay in an alliance with the Turks against the Habsburgs. As a bonus, the Catholics of the Ottoman world received a protector at the Porte in the person of the French ambassador. In this way the Roman Catholic millet was established at the start of the Tanzimat reforms.[11]
Millets are recorded as early as the 4th century in the Persian Sassanid Empire, which was primarily Zoroastrian.[2][12] The early Christians there were forming the Church of the East (later known as the Nestorian Church after the Nestorian schism). The Church of the East's leader, the Catholicos or Patriarch of the East, was responsible to the Persian king for the Christians within the Empire. This system of maintaining the Christians as a protected religious community continued after the Islamic conquest of the Sassanids, and the community of Nestorian Christians flourished and was able to send missionaries far past the Empire's borders, reaching as far as China and India.
Ottoman establishment[edit]
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In the Ottoman Empire, Christian Millets were instituted by Sultan Mehmet II after he had conquered Constantinople in 1453 and set himself to reorganise the Ottoman State as the conscious heir of the East Roman Empire. They are national corporations with written charters, often of an elaborate kind. Each of them is presided over by a Patriarch, who holds office at the discretion of the Government, but is elected by the community and is the recognised intermediary between the two, combining in his own person the headship of a voluntary "Rayah" association and the status of an Ottoman official. The special function thus assigned to the Patriarchates gives the Millets, as an institution, an ecclesiastical character(220); and the authority of the Patriarchates extends to the control of schools, and even to the administration of certain branches of civil law.
19th century (Reformation Era)[edit]
New millets were created in the 19th century for several Uniate and Protestant Christian communities, then for the separate Eastern Orthodox Bulgarian Church, recognized as a Bulgar Millet by an Ottoman firman in 1870 and excommunicated two years later by the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate as adherents of phyletism (national or ethnic principle in church organization).[4] In the period before World War I there were seventeen millets within the Empire.
Reformulation into Ottomanism[edit]
Before the turn of the 19th century, the millets had a great deal of power – they set their own laws and collected and distributed their own taxes. Tanzimat reforms aimed to encourage Ottomanism among the secessionist subject nations and stop the rise of nationalist movements within the Ottoman Empire, but failed to succeed despite trying to integrate non-Muslims and non-Turks more thoroughly into the Ottoman society with new laws and regulations. With the Tanzimat era the regulation called "Regulation of the Armenian Nation" (Turkish: "Nizâmnâme−i Millet−i Ermeniyân") was introduced on 29 March 1863, over the Millet organization, which granted extensive privileges and autonomy concerning self−governance. The Armenian Nation, "Millet−i Ermeniyân", which is considered here, is the Armenian Orthodox Gregorian nation (millet) of that time. In a very short time, the Ottoman Empire passed another regulation over "Nizâmnâme−i Millet−i Ermeniyân" developed by the Patriarchate Assemblies of Armenians, which was named as the Islahat Fermânı (Firman of the Reforms). The "Firman of the Reforms" gave immense privileges to the Armenians, which formed a "governance in governance" to eliminate the aristocratic dominance of the Armenian nobles by development of the political strata in the society.[13] These two reforms, which were theoretically perfect examples of social change by law, brought serious stress over Ottoman political and administrative structure.
Effect of Protectorate of missions[edit]
The Ottoman System lost the mechanisms of its existence from the assignment of protection of citizen rights of their subjects to other states. People were not citizens of the Ottoman Empire anymore but of other states, due to the Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire to European powers, protecting the rights of their citizens within the Empire. The Russians became formal Protectors of Eastern Orthodox groups, the French of Roman Catholics and the British of Jews and other groups.
Russia and England competed for the Armenians; the Eastern Orthodox perceived American Protestants, who had over 100 missionaries established in Anatolia by World War I, as weakening their own teaching.
These religious activities, subsidized by the governments of western nations, were not devoid of political goals, such in the case of candlestick wars of 1847, which eventually led in 1854[14] to the Crimean War.[15] Tension began among the Catholic and Orthodox monks in Palestine with France channeling resources to increase its influence in the region from 1840. Repairs to shrines were important for the sects as they were linked to the possession of keys to the temples. Notes were given by the protectorates, including the French, to the Ottoman capital about the governor; he was condemned as he had to defend the Church of the Holy Sepulchre by placing soldiers inside the temple because of the candlestick wars, eliminating the change of keys.[15] Successive Ottoman governments had issued edicts granting primacy of access to different Christian groups which vied for control of Jerusalem's holy sites.[16]
Effect of nationalism[edit]
Under the original design, the multi-faced structure of the millet system was unified under the house of Osman. The rise of nationalism in Europe under the influence of the French revolution had extended to the Ottoman Empire during the 19th century. Each millet became increasingly independent with the establishment of its own schools, churches, hospitals and other facilities. These activities effectively moved the Christian population outside the framework of the Ottoman political system.
The Ottoman millet system (citizenship) began to degrade with the continuous identification of the religious creed with ethnic nationality. The interaction of ideas of French revolution with the Ottoman Millet system created a breed of thought (a new form of personal identification) which turned the concept of nationalism synonymous with religion under the Ottoman flag. It was impossible to hold the system or prevent Clash of Civilizations when the Armenian national liberation movement expressed itself within the Armenian church. Patriarch Nerses Varjabedyan expresses his position on Ottoman Armenians to British Minister of Foreign Affairs, Lord Salisbury on 13 April 1878.[17]
It is no longer possible for the Armenians and the Turks to live together. Only a Christian administration can provide the equality, justice and the freedom of conscience. A Christian administration should replace the Muslim administration. Armenia (Eastern Anatolia) and Kilikya, are the regions where the Christian administration should be founded... The Turkish Armenians want this... That is, a Christian administration is demanded in Turkish Armenia, as in Lebanon.[17]
Modern use[edit]
Today the millet system is still used at varying degrees in some post-Ottoman countries like Iraq, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Israel, the Palestinian Authority, Egypt, and Greece (for religious minorities). It is also in use in states like India, Iran, Pakistan and Bangladesh which observe the principle of separate personal courts and/or laws for every recognized religious community and reserved seats in the parliament.
In Egypt for instance, the application of family law – including marriage, divorce, alimony, child custody, inheritance and burial – is based on an individual's religious beliefs. In the practice of family law, the State recognizes only the three "heavenly religions": Islam, Christianity, and Judaism. Muslim families are subject to the Personal Status Law, which draws on Sharia. Christian families are subject to canon law, and Jewish families are subject to Jewish law. In cases of family law disputes involving a marriage between a Christian woman and a Muslim man, the courts apply the Personal Status Law.[18]
Israel, too, keeps a system based on the Ottoman-derived Millet, in which personal status is based on a person's belonging to a religious community. The state of Israel – on the basis of laws inherited from Ottoman times and retained both under British rule and by independent Israel – reserves the right to recognise some communities but not others. Thus, Orthodox Judaism is officially recognised in Israel, while Reform Rabbis and Conservative Rabbis are not recognised and cannot perform marriages. Israel recognised the Druze as a separate community, which the Ottomans and British had not – due mainly to political considerations. Also, the state of Israel reserves the right to determine to which community a person belongs, and officially register him or her accordingly – even when the person concerned objects to being part of a religious community (e.g., staunch atheists of Jewish origin are registered as members of the Jewish religious community, a practice derived ultimately from the fact that the Ottoman Millet ultimately designated a person's ethnicity more than a person's beliefs).
Israeli secularists such as Shulamit Aloni and Uri Avnery often protested and called for abolition of this Ottoman remnant, and its replacement by a system modeled on that of the United States where religious affiliation is considered a person's private business in which the state should not interfere. However, all such proposals have been defeated.
Greece recognizes only a Muslim minority, and no ethnic or national minorities, such as Turks, Pomaks or Slavo-Macedonians. This is the result of the Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations of 1923 and of the Treaty of Lausanne of 1924, when the old millet categories were used for the forced population exchanges (reciprocal ethnic cleansing) of the Greek Orthodox Christians from Turkey (except from Istanbul, and the isles of Gökçeada and Bozcaada) and Muslims from Greece (except from Western Thrace), as well as for the protection of the two remaining recognized minorities, the "Muslims of Western Thrace" (Turks, Pomaks and Roms) and the "Greek Orthodox of Istanbul".
Current meaning of the word[edit]
Today, the word "millet" means "nation" or "people" in Turkish, e.g. Türk milleti ("Turkish nation"), İngiliz milleti ("English nation"), etc. It also retains its use as a religious and ethnic classification; it can also be used as a slang to classify people belonging to a particular group (not necessarily religious or ethnic), such as dolmuşçu milleti ("minivan taxi drivers people") or kadın milleti ("women folk").
See also[edit]
- ^ Sachedina, Abdulaziz Abdulhussein (2001). The Islamic Roots of Democratic Pluralism. Oxford University Press. pp. 96–97. ISBN 0-19-513991-7.
The millet system in the Muslim world provided the pre-modern paradigm of a religiously pluralistic society by granting each religious community an official status and a substantial measure of self-government.
- ^ a b Wigram, William Anger (2004). An introduction to the history of the Armenian Church. Gorgias Press. ISBN 978-1-59333-103-0.
- ^ a b Ortaylı, İlber (2006), Son İmparatorluk Osmanlı [The Last Empire: Ottoman Empire] (in Turkish), İstanbul: Timaş Yayınları (Timaş Press), pp. 87–89, ISBN 975-263-490-7.
- ^ a b Stanford J. Shaw, "Dynamics of Ottoman Society and administration", in "History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey"[page needed]
- ^ Ortaylı, İlber. "Osmanlı Barışı (Ottoman Peace)", İstanbul: Timaş Yayınları (Timaş Press), 2007, p. 148. ISBN 978-975-263-516-6 (Turkish).
- ^ Richard C. Frucht (2005). Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture. ABC-CLIO. pp. 803–. ISBN 978-1-57607-800-6.
- ^ История на българите. Късно средновековие и Възраждане, том 2, Георги Бакалов, TRUD Publishers, 2004, ISBN 9545284676, стр. 23. (Bg.)
- ^ Taylor, William (2014). Narratives of Identity: The Syrian Orthodox Church and the Church of England 1895-1914. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 84–87. ISBN 978-1-4438-6946-1.
- ^ Stillman, Norman A. Myth, Countermyth, and Distortion.
- ^ a b c Sezgin, Yuksel (2010). "The Israeli Millet System: Examining Legal Pluralism through Lenses of Nation-Building and Human Rights". Israel Law Review. 43 (3): 631.
- ^ Religion and the Politics of Ident, Ger Duijzings, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2000, ISBN 1-85065-431-X, p. 28.
- ^ Montgomery, Robert (2002). The lopsided spread of Christianity. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-275-97361-2.
- ^ Ortayli, Ilber (1985), Tanzimattan Cumhuriyete Yerel Yönetim Gelenegi (in Turkish), Istanbul, p. 73.
- ^ [1] The Crimean War Begins
- ^ a b Don Peretz, The Middle East Today, 6th Edition (1994) ISBN 978-0275945763, p. 87: "At Christmas in 1847, Latin and Greek monks in Bethlehem battled with candlesticks and crosses over the birthplace of the Prince of Peace. To prevent Christian from killing Christian, the Ottoman governor, a Muslim, had to post sixty armed soldiers inside the Church of the Holy Sepulchre."
- ^ Mr.S.J. Kuruvilla, M. Phil, "Arab Nationalism and Christianity in the Levant" (PDF).
- ^ a b F.O. 424/70, No. 134/I zikr., Bilal N. ªimsir, British Documents on Ottoman Armenians 1856–1880), Vol. I, Ankara 19R2, p. 173. Document No. 69.
- ^ Egypt – International Religious Freedom Report by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, USA: State Department, 2001.
Further reading[edit]
- Benjamin Braude und Bernard Lewis (ed.), Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire. The Functioning of a Plural Society, 2 vol., New York und London 1982.
- Josef Matuz, Das Osmanische Reich. Grundlinien seiner Geschichte, Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1985.
- Bernard Lewis, Die Juden in der islamischen Welt. Vom frühen Mittelalter bis ins 20. Jahrhundert, München: Beck, 1987, passim.
- Dimitris Stamatopoulos, "From Millets to Minorities in the 19th – Century Ottoman Empire: an Ambiguous Modernization", in S. G. Ellis, G. Hálfadanarson, A.K. Isaacs (επιμ.), Citizenship in Historical Perspective, Pisa: Edizioni Plus – Pisa University Press, 2006, 253–273
- Henry Blount, A Voyage into the Levant (1636), Amsterdam 1977. Originally titled: A Voyage into the Levant. A Briefe Relation of a Journey. Lately performed by Master H.B. Gentleman, from England by the way of Venice, into Dalmatia, Sclavonia, Bosnah, Hungary, Macedonia, Thessaly, Thrace, Rhodes and Egypt, unto Gran Cairo: With particular observations concerning the moderne condition of the Turkes, and other people under that Empire. London, 1636.
- Michael Ursinus, Zur Diskussion um "millet" im Osmanischen Reich, in: Südost−Forschungen 48 (1989), pp. 195–207
- Nicola Melis, "Il concetto di ğihād", in P. Manduchi (a cura di), Dalla penna al mouse. Gli strumenti di diffusione del concetto di gihad, Angeli, Milano 2006, pp. 23–54.
- Nicola Melis, "Lo statuto giuridico degli ebrei dell'Impero Ottomano", in M. Contu – N. Melis – G. Pinna (a cura di), Ebraismo e rapporti con le culture del Mediterraneo nei secoli XVIII-XX, Giuntina, Firenze 2003.
- Nicola Melis, Trattato sulla guerra. Il Kitāb al-ğihād di Molla Hüsrev, Aipsa, Cagliari 2002.Benjamin Braude und Bernard Lewis (ed.), Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire. The Functioning of a Plural Society, 2 vol., New York und London 1982.
- Irwin Cemil Schick, Osmanlılar, Azınlıklar ve Yahudiler [Osmanen, Minoritäten und Juden], in: Tarih ve Toplum 29 (Mayıs 1986), 34–42.
- Elizabeth A. Zachariadou, Co−Existence and Religion, in: Archivum Ottomanicum 15 (1997), 119–29.
- Bat Yeór, The Dhimmi: Jews and Christians under Islam, Cranbury, NJ, 1985.
- Youssef Courbage and Philippe Fargues, Christians and Jews under Islam, translated by Judy Mabro, London−New York 1997.
- Karl Binswanger, Untersuchungen zum Status der Nichtmuslime im Osmanischen Reich des 16. Jahrhunderts mit einer Neudefinition des Begriffes "Dhimma", München 1977.
- Yavuz Ercan, Osmanlı Yönetiminde Gayrimüslimler. Kuruluştan Tanzimat´a kadar Sosyal, Ekonomik ve Hukuki Durumları [Die Nichtmuslime in der osmanischen Verwaltung. Soziale, wirtschaftliche und rechtliche Lage von der Gründung bis zur Tanzimat], Ankara 2001.
- Paret, Rudi: Toleranz und Intoleranz im Islam, in: Saeculum 21 (1970), 344–65.
- Bilal Eryılmaz, Osmanlı Devletinde Gayrimüslim Teb´anın Yönetimi [Die Verwaltung der nichtmuslimischen Untertanen im Osmanischen Reich], İstanbul 1990, pp. 215–18.
- Fikret Adanır, Der Zerfall des Osmanischen Reiches, in: Das Ende der Weltreiche: von den Persern bis zur Sowjetunion, hrsg. von Alexander Demant, München 1997, S. 108–28.
- Ramsaur, Ernest Edmondson Jr., The Young Turks. Prelude to the Revolution of 1908, 2. ed., İstanbul 1982, pp. 40–1, Anm. 30: "Meşveret", Paris, 3. Dezember 1895.
- Fikret Adanır, Die Makedonische Frage, ihre Entstehung und Entwicklung bis 1908, Wiesbaden 1979, p. 93.
- Johannes Lepsius, & others (ed.), Die Große Politik der europäischen Kabinette 1871–1914. Sammlung der diplomatischen Akten des Auswärtigen Amtes, Berlin 1923–29, vol. 18, Teil I, p. 169.
- Fatma Müge Göçek, Burjuvazinin Yükselişi, İmparatorluğun Çöküşü. Osmanlı Batılılaşması ve Toplumsal Değişme [Rise of the Bourgeoisie, decline of the empires. Ottoman westernisation and social change], Ankara 1999, pp. 307–09
- Çağlar Keyder, Bureaucracy and Bourgeoisie: Reform and Revolution in the Age of Imperialism, in: Review, XI, 2, Spring 1988, pp. 151–65.
- Roderic H. Davison, Turkish Attitudes Concerning Christian−Muslim Equality in the Nineteenth Century, in: American Historical Review 59 (1953–54), pp. 844–864.
- Bernard Lewis, Der Untergang des Morgenlandes. Warum die islamische Welt ihre Vormacht verlor, Bonn 2002, p. 99.
- Bernard Lewis, Stern, Kreuz und Halbmond. 2000 Jahre Geschichte des Nahen Ostens, München, Zürich 1995, p. 302.
- Ortaylı, İlber. Son İmparatorluk Osmanlı (The Last Empire: Ottoman Empire), İstanbul, Timaş Yayınları (Timaş Press), 2006. ISBN 975-263-490-7
- Ortaylı, İlber. Osmanlı Barışı (Ottoman Peace), İstanbul, Timaş Yayınları (Timaş Press), 2007. ISBN 978-975-263-516-6
- Dimitri Kitsikis, Türk-Yunan İmparatorluğu. Arabölge gerçeği ışığında Osmanlı tarihine bakış,(The Turco-Greek Empire. A study of Ottoman history from the point of view of the Intermediate Region) İstanbul, İletişim, 1996. ISBN 975-470-504-6


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subset: commoncrawl


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6 posts tagged with cnn and fox.
Displaying 1 through 6 of 6. Subscribe:
Wait, wait...
But it is already too late. CNN has been carefully orchestrating its transformation into a shockingly efficient news distribution company. They have been planning to saturate every screen in reach with this story as fast as possible, and the producer's initial go-ahead pulled the trigger. On the air, Wolf Blitzer is sending the coverage to the Courthouse steps. And as planned the reporter is putting her phone down to go on the air, which cuts herself off from the only CNN employee with access to the opinion. We're getting wildly differing assessments: SCOTUSblog compiles first-hand accounts of the minutes between 10:06 and 10:15am on June 28, when CNN and FOX misreported and retracted that the mandate had been struck down.
The Fourth Estate's Finest
Salon.com's War Room is listing the worst columnists and cable news commentators America has to offer. The Hack 30 presents thirty of the most predictable, dishonest and just plain stupid pundits in the American media. Notables so far include: David Brooks Tucker Carlson Howard Kurtz and Bill Kristol.
Trusting the FOX
Fox News is the most trusted news network in the United States, according to a new poll [.pdf] of 1,151 Americans conducted by Public Policy Polling (a polling firm with a mostly Democratic and progressive list of clients), the most trusted news network among Americans is FOX News, which was trusted by 49% of respondents (beating out CNN, MS-NBC, CBS, NBC, and ABC (though PBS was not included in the survey)). The pollsters conclude: "A generation ago you would have expected Americans to place their trust in the most neutral and unbiased conveyors of news," said Dean Debnam, President of Public Policy Polling. "But the media landscape has really changed and now they're turning more toward the outlets that tell them what they want to hear."
Reporter Caps
Enjoy over 170,000 screencaps of your favorite cable news personalities at ReporterCaps.com.
"Given the choice, it's better to be viewed as a foot soldier for Bush than a spokeswoman for al-Qaeda."
"Given the choice, it's better to be viewed as a foot soldier for Bush than a spokeswoman for al-Qaeda." This quote, captured in a USA Today article, came from Fox News spokeswoman Irena Briganti in response to allegations that CNN "was intimidated" by the Bush administration and Fox News, which "put a climate of fear and self-censorship."
Fox News overtakes CNN in viewership
Fox News overtakes CNN in viewership even though fewer people get Fox News in their households.
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Arts & Culture
New Cook County Historical Society exhibit features musical history of the area-
Chris Gillis stopped by The Roadhouse May 22 to talk about a new museum exhibit, "Music From the Tip o' The Arrowhead," that just opened at the Cook County Historical Society. It covers everything from town hall polkas to jazz bands to church chorales.
Briand Morrison presents "Musical Impressions: The Art of George Morrison"-
Local jazz guitarist Briand Morrison has just completed a new project that combines original music with a slideshow of the artwork of his father, George Morrison.
Chel Anderson writes comprehensive environmental history of the North Shore-
Chel Anderson is a botanist and plant ecologist who has lived and worked on the North Shore since 1974; you might know her as the North Woods Naturalist on WTIP. She's just written, with Heidi Fischer, an amazing comprehensive environmental history of the North Shore. It's titled "North Shore: A Natural History of Minnesota's Superior Coast." She spoke with Ann Possis May 22 about deciding to write the book, the processes and time involved, and what they hope to convey about this remarkable place in our world. You can learn more about the book here.
Artist Open House: Tom Christiansen, Josh Rice & Puzzle TreeWill Moore-
Metal sculptor Tom Christiansen and assistant Josh Rice are building a new installation for the Grand Marais Library through funding by the Minnesota state Legacy fund.
Twin Cities band Ginstrings brings great bluegrass to Studio A-
Dick & Buck welcomed Ginstrings to The Roadhouse May 15 for fast-paced music with wonderful harmony. Ginstrings are: Matt Blake, bass; Gavin Haskin, mandolin; Eli Bentley, dobro; Jon Miller, guitar. Learn more at ginstrings.com or www.facebook.com/Ginstrings.
Stage Door: Sandy Stover-
'Stage Door' takes us behind the scenes at the Grand Marais Playhouse. It's a chance to meet the artists...and parents of the artists...involved in our local theater.
MPR host Cathy Wurzer on embracing illness and death to live more fully-
Journalist and MPR host Cathy Wurzer and educator Bruce Kramer embarked on a series of broadcast conversations as Bruce dealt with ALS, about how facing death can transform one's outlook on life. "We Know How This Ends: Living While Dying," is the remarkable book that came out of these conversations and their resulting friendship. Cathy spoke with Buck recently about getting to know Bruce at the same time she struggled with her own losses, including her father's decline into dementia. Click here for the archived conversations between Cathy and Bruce. You can learn more about the book here.
Local Music Project: Gordon Thorne and the Fingerstyle Masters WeekendWill Moore-
Gordon Thorne is a fingerstyle blues guitarist living in Finland, MN.
Stage Door: Parents-
'Stage Door' takes us behind the scenes at the Grand Marais Playhouse. It's a chance to meet the artists...and parents of the artists...involved in our local theater.
The Great Northern Radio Show is coming to Grand Marais-
Aaron Brown is producer and host of the Great Northern Radio Show, a live variety show from KAXE in Grand Rapids. He chatted with Will Moore Mar. 27 about the show and how he puts it together. During April, WTIP will air archived editions of the Great Northern Radio Show during the regular Roadhouse slot, 5 to 7 p.m. Fridays. Aaron and his crew bring the show to the Arrowhead Center for the Arts in Grand Marais Sat., June 13. Learn more about Aaron here and the Great Northern Radio show here.


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Knotting, Bedfordshire, England. Geographical and Historical information from 1835.
Geographical and Historical information from the year 1835.
[Transcribed information from A Topographical Dictionary of England - Samuel Lewis - 1835](unless otherwise stated)
"KNOTTING, a parish in the hundred of STODDEN, county of BEDFORD, 4 miles (S. E.) from Higham- Ferrers, containing 135 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, united, in 1735, to that of Souldrop, in the archdeaconry of Bedford, and diocese of Lincoln, rated in the king's books at £ 10. 6. 8. The Rev. J. W. Hawksley uo.s patron in 1792. The church is dedicated to St. Margaret."
[Description(s) transcribed by Mel Lockie ©2010]


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All of our beef is Mid-Western grain fed, aged a minimum of 21 days and char-grilled over a native hardwood fire. All of our steaks are cut and marinated in-house. If you see a marinated or dry rubbed steak that you would prefer not marinated, please ask your server. Steaks and Prime Rib served with creamy mashed potato and vegetable of the day.
Buckley's Seasonal House Salad
Mesclun greens, asparagus, prosciutto ham, and Burrata, with balsamic vinaigrette $8
The Wedge
Chilled iceberg wedge with tomato, red onion, bacon and choice of cherry pepper ranch or bleu cheese dressing $7
The Classic Caesar Salad
Romaine hearts tossed with Caesar dressing, Parmesan cheese and warm garlic croutons.
Half $5 / Full $8
-add grilled chicken $5 each
-add grilled shrimp $3 each
Steakhouse Bruschetta
Wood grilled sirloin sliced over griddled garlic bread, with sweet & spicy caramelized onion jam, goat cheese, roasted tomato, arugula, & balsamic drizzle. $18
House Made Potato Chips & Dip
Fresh potato chips with dipping sauce $5
French Onion Soup
Topped with Emanthaler and Fontina $8
Parmesan Truffle Fries $8
Orange Sesame Tips
Crispy fried tenderloin tips tossed in an orange sesame glaze $12
Oysters on the Half Shell
6 Oysters on the half shell with cocktail sauce, Spicy Sambal, and Mignonette $18
Oven Baked Oysters
Wrapped in prosciutto with oven dried tomato and creamed spinach, topped with hollandaise $12
Jumbo Shrimp Cocktail
Three jumbo shrimp with Michael's spicy cocktail sauce $10
Shrimp Bruschetta
Three grilled shrimp on crostini with fresh mozzarella, sun dried tomato pesto and balsamic drizzle $13
Hand Dipped Onion Rings
Deep fried tempura and panko crusted onion rings served with cherry pepper ranch dressing $12
Crispy Calamari
Sweet soy, sriracha aioli, with pickled carrots and cucumber $13
Jonah Crab Cakes
Crispy crab cakes with bearnaise aioli $16
Pan Seared Scallops
Corn succotash, avocado, and cumin vinaigrette $15
Great Steaks
Filet Mignon
Rich red wine demi-glace, your choice of straight or pepper crusted.
8oz $35 / 12oz $42
Sugar Cured Strip Loin
Brown sugar cured sirloin served with a roasted garlic demi glace.
12oz $35
Rib-Eye Steak
Boneless rib-eye steak, wood grilled and served with roasted garlic demi-glace.
14oz $34
Cowboy Steak
A bone in rib-eye steak, marinated 24 hours in our signature house marinade. Served with red wine demi-glace.
26oz $44
USDA Prime Strip Loin
Served with choice of sauce.
12oz $42
Slow Roasted Prime Rib of Beef
Slow roasted to tender perfection.
12oz $30 18oz $36
Pan Blackened Prime Rib
Blackened with Cajun spices and topped with Hollandaise and demi glace.
12oz $32 18oz $38
Surf & Turf
An 8oz Filet Mignon and a sautéed 1 & 1/4 lb shucked lobster. Topped with Hollandaise sauce and red wine demi-glace
House Specialities
Pepper Crusted Petite Filet
Garlic mashed potatoes, grilled asparagus, bearnaise, and garlic demi-glace $35
Lobster Curry
Coconut-curry sauce, jasmine rice, peas, oven roasted tomato, and pea tendrils $34
Pan Roasted Cod
Ragu of roasted red potatoes, tomato purée , artichokes, and roasted red pepper with arugula chimichurri $28
Wood Grilled Tips
Jasmine rice, garlic shallot green beans, and red wine demi-glace $21
Garam Masala
Sweet peas, potato and chickpea with seared spinach and jasmine rice with coconut curry sauce $19
Buckley's Great Burger
Ground fresh from choice trimmings with Monterey Jack cheese and smoked bacon $14
Avocado Burger
Honey chipotle barbeque sauce, pepperjack cheese, candied bacon, avocado, and grilled red onion $15
Fish and Chips
Crispy fried cod, coleslaw, tartar sauce and fries $19
Tavern Meatloaf
Monterey Jack cheese center, served with creamy mashed potatoes, vegetable of the day and Madeira mushroom sauce $21
Sesame Crusted Tuna
8oz Tuna steak with edamame, avocado, and sticky rice, with soy ginger lime glaze, topped with crisp wontons $30
Buttermilk Chicken Breast
Two breaded, pan-fried chicken breasts topped with pan gravy. Served with garlic mashed potato and vegetable of the day $22
Additional sides $5 vegetable and $4 starch * Substitutions $2
* Creamed Spinach
* Green Beans Amandine
*Garlic Mashed Potatoes
* Fries
*Baked Potato (Loaded add $2)
* Gorgonzola & Bacon Smashed Red Potato
* Sautéed Mushrooms
* Hand Dipped Onion Rings
*Creamy Mashed Potatoes
* Asparagus with Hollandaise
*Jasmine Rice
* Parmesan truffle fries ($4 substitution)
Additional sauces $2
*House Steak Sauce
*Roasted Garlic Demi-Glace
*Horseradish Sour Cream
*Red Wine Demi Glace
*Madeira Mushroom Demi-Glace
*Au Poivre
*Horseradish Demi-Glace


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Tech Thread Spotlight: How to Service the Throttle Body in your 3g Dakota
Problems with the throttle body in your 3rd gen Dodge (or Ram) Dakota can cause a variety of issues ranging from poor fuel mileage to lack of power but with only basic tools and a handful of spare time – you can save yourself a bunch of money by servicing your throttle body on your […] More »
Truckin Fast Wednesday: Two Classic Dodge Rams Throw Down on the Quarter Mile
This week's Truckin Fast Wednesday feature offers not one but two classic Dodge Ram pickups racing down the quarter mile. Judging by the announcer, I would guess that this drag racing is taking place somewhere outside of the United States so there is a good chance that these two Rams are especially unusual wherever this […] More »
Tech Thread Spotlight: Installing HIDs in your 4th Gen Ram
Do you spend a lot of time driving at night and because of that, you want your Ram pickup to have lights bright enough that you can be spotted driving from space? Do you hate other drivers on the road simply because they exist so you want headlights that blind them just with your low […] More »
Tire Shredding Tuesday: Jeg's Dodge Avenger Scuffs Tires Like a Boss
There are few types of cars in the world which will destroy a set of huge tires like an NHRA drag car and this week's Tire Shredding Tuesday watches Jeg Coughlin in his Dodge Avenger Pro Stock race car as he "scuffs" a set of tires for future use. For those unfamiliar with scuffing tires, […] More »
Cool Thread of the Day: Turn Your Ram Into the Ultimate Snowmobile
Do you love snowmobiling and generally raising hell in the deep snow but you don't like having to deal with all of the cold air and snow in your face? You are in luck as there is a company now offering a product that can literally convert your Ram pickup into the ultimate snowmobile in […] More »


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Physician Practice Opportunities
Physicians: A vital part of our network
Physicians are at the center of our health care network. Beyond the bedside, you will be included in the long-term planning for our organization and help structure our care teams. Your input, ideas, and opinions will matter and you will have a greater impact.
We welcome your interest in joining Sutter Health at one of our many Northern California locations. In addition to practice opportunities available throughout our network, we also offer graduate medical education programs in Family Practice, Internal Medicine, Ophthalmology, Pediatrics and Psychiatry.
Opportunities are available throughout our network
We have the following practice opportunities available in hospitals and medical groups throughout our network in Northern California and Hawaii. Please forward your CV to the contact person listed on each opportunity.
- Neurology - NPID=761
- Administrative Director, Regional Hospitalist PgmID=699
- AnesthesiologyID=194
- CardiologyID=40
- Cardiology - Advanced Heart Failure SpecialistID=435
- Cardiology - Non-Invasive ID=755
- Cardiovascular SurgeryID=763
- DermatologyID=593
- Dermatology - NP or PAID=252
- EndocrinologyID=164
- Family MedicineID=492
- Family Medicine - NPID=751
- Family Medicine - NP or PAID=367
- GastroenterologyID=600
- Gastroenterology - NP or PAID=460
- General SurgeryID=115
- GeriatricsID=234
- Gynecologic OncologyID=594
- Hematology/Oncology - NP or PAID=756
- HospitalistID=213
- Hospitalist (Independent Contractor)ID=736
- Hospitalist - NPID=677
- Hospitalist FellowshipID=745
- Integrative Medicine ID=661
- Integrative Medicine - Specialty ClinicsID=747
- Integrative Primary CareID=609
- Internal MedicineID=10
- Internal Medicine - NP or PAID=580
- Internal/Bariatric Medicine NPID=712
- Medical Director, Regional Hospitalist PgmID=700
- NephrologistID=261
- NeurologyID=85
- Neurology - NP or PAID=702
- Neurology/StrokeID=730
- NeurosurgeryID=343
- Neurosurgery - NP or PAID=735
- Neurosurgery NPID=744
- Neurosurgery/Ortho Spine - NP or PAID=738
- Neurotology/ENTID=430
- Nocturnist Hospitalist ID=663
- Nurse Practitioner - Internal MedicineID=720
- Nurse Practitioner-Adult Primary CareID=711
- Occupational MedicineID=187
- Occupational Medicine - NP or PAID=599
- Ophthalmology or OptometryID=758
- Ophthalmology, ComprehensiveID=764
- Orthopedic - PAID=283
- Orthopedic SurgeryID=386
- OtolaryngologyID=192
- Pain Management- NPID=760
- Palliative CareID=598
- Palliative Care - NPID=320
- Pediatric ID=298
- Pediatric - Child AbuseID=729
- Pediatric - NPID=679
- Pediatric - NP or PAID=255
- Pediatric DermatologistID=719
- Pediatric NeurologyID=106
- Pediatric Ophthalmology ID=554
- Physician Assistant - UrologyID=605
- Primary CareID=704
- PsychiatryID=354
- Pulmonary Critical Care ID=230
- Pulmonary/Sleep NP or PAID=716
- PulmonologyID=182
- RadiologyID=706
- Radiology-Breast ImagingID=754
- RheumatologyID=228
- Trauma SurgeryID=718
- Urgent CareID=202
- Urgent Care - NP or PAID=301
- Urgent Care - PediatricsID=675
- UrologyID=84
- Urology - NP or PAID=391
- Vascular SurgeryID=357
Residency programs: There are big advantages training with us
First, you will be part of one of the largest non-profit health care systems in the nation, and we can help you find employment within our vast network of acute care hospitals and outpatient clinics once you are through. Our programs have affiliations with prestigious institutions such as the University of California, Davis and the University of California, San Francisco. Along with hospital and clinic experience, you will be exposed to medical research; we have over 100 clinical trials underway at any given time. Finally, you will be learning in an environment that believes the sum of its parts is greater than the whole.
Specialty training programs are offered in Family Practice, Internal Medicine, Ophthalmology, Psychiatry, and Pediatrics. Below are links to information on each program's philosophy, curriculum, faculty, and community.
Family Practice Residency Program - Sacramento & Davis
Family Practice Residency Program - Santa Rosa
Internal Medicine Residency Program - San Francisco
Ophthalmology Residency Program - San Francisco
Psychiatry Residency Program - San Francisco
Radiation Oncology Residency Program - San Francisco


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219 members
63 members
6 members
29 members
463 members
Hi James,
Thanks for extending your friendship.
I've just finished my X8 with APM2.5, 3DR Telemetry and minimOSD. I've only tested the X8 in manual flight before installing the APM. I'm enjoying the experience and look forward to do some testing on my newest bird.
Thanks again,


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This is our Song - Ar tonelico RP
First, please go here: /forum/bar/56292-our...oc-thread.html
Make sure you read ALL the rules in the first post, and post your character info and register them in the OOC thread.
World setting:
Many centuries ago, there were those who sang. They sang out of joy, out of anger, out of sorrow. They sang to create life and love. But now, those who sing are scarce.
In the floating world of Ar Ciel, there is the songless continent of Revm Ciel, the dreamy land. A war rages behind the scenes, between Reyvateils that are oppressed, the ones that want peace, and the humans that want to enslave them.
In this world, the voices of the singing maidens ring out and echo in the wind, creating and ending life, bringing forth both hope and destruction.
An on this floating land, there are two convocations, the peace loving Knights of sunlight, who want nothing more than for Humans, Teru and Reyvateils to be able to coexist, and the proactive Soldiers of Soare, whose goal is to liberate the oppressed Reyvateils and not only give them freedom and equality, but to retroactively punish the humans that have made Reyvateils suffer.
Available slots: 3 left! All Reyvateils.
Knights of Sunlight:
1. Mirei Elorei (Lendisa)
2. Solfège (Kotarou)
1. Artemis Indukala (Sandrie)
Soldiers of Soare
2. Lily Scott (Mitchi)
3. Sylvana Rangris (Maget)
1. Angelito Verde (PedroRomero)
2. Kress Lunera (FlamesBlader)
Soldiers of Soare HQ
Location: Silverdrop
A modest building built into a cave in the mountains, with a small and traditional eastern looking tea house and cafe, known as "The silver plum" as a front. Inside it contains the following rooms: A conference hall, Milliam's Office, Milliam and Lady Analea's bedroom, a Dualstall bath, a store house, and a small library. The Soldiers of Soare provide housing facilities in three apartment buildings. Each one has rather nice amenities, and most of the Reyvateil dwellings are in women only sections of the buildings. It is rumored that there are secret passageways carved into the mountains.
Leader: Lady Analea Lute Iasien
Second in command: Milliam Raine
Knights of Sunlight HQ
Location: Dawn's cradle
A medium sized Manor near the west end of town, the rooms included are those you would typically find in a manor; A kitchen, a dining room (often used for meetings), a study (used as a library), and a few restrooms. The bedrooms are used by some members of the Knights (namely Bell herself, as well as a couple other Reyvateil and the captain of the Vanguards), and the basement has been converted into a dualstall. The attic is said to be a weapons and armor storage. Like the soldiers of Soare, the Knights of Sunlight provide off site housing for their members, located in rented rooms and houses scattered throughout the city.
Leader: Bell Granme Lancaster
General Rules of the RP:
After a little bit of thinking and asking Ry for help, i'm adding a Rule update. Please heed this.
Rule on NPC control:
As an experiment, as I've never done this before, I'm instating a rule revision to allow NPC control, under the following conditions:
1. Please follow the personality description for them in the NPC listing. I personally believe that NPCs with some form of personality make things more fun.
2. Please do not control them during battle, or otherwise during any fast pased interactions.
3. No killing off NPCs without consulting me. That's just not cool.
4. No creating relationships with NPCs when they are not being controlled by me.
5. No altering of their personality darstically from what they originally were. If an NPC is normally very mild mannered and shy, do not make them suddenly boisterous.
6. No, you may not dive with NPCs without prior consulting. Kthx.
7. Establishing backstory is fine, but please do not progress the story without me.
8. Due to the nature of this RP's intended story, do not control the NPC Reyvateils.
If these end up failing, i'm going back to standard No-control. Thanks.
The wind blew, a soft breeze through the trees. A young Reyvateil through the streets, finding the dwellings of certain Reyvateils and Vanguards that had been called to accept an important mission. Those selected recived the following Letter:
"My dearest Soldiers,
I am calling upon a select few of you to carry out a very special mission. Please bring this letter with you to the conference hall before the morning bell in th church rings out.
Lady Iasien"
Among these select people was Lilly Scott, a young Half Teru Reyvateil. She had only joined the Soldiers half a year prior, and she still had not received any higher ranking missions, but felt this was a chance to prove herself. The letter had even been signed by Lady Analea herself! Lily quickly dressed and grabbed a special badge that would allow her access to the HQ hidden behind the silver Plum Tea house. She carefully tucked the letter into her pocket and made her way outside.
The cool, crisp morning air and gentle sunlight washed faintly over the city of Dawn's cradle.
All seemed calm and well for the citizens of the town, and for once, the Knights of sunlight had no worries.
Areas available to visit:
General shop
Grocery market
Public bath house
Various cafes
Melody park
Fallview Manor (KoS HQ)
There are currently no missions for the Knights, so feel free to wander around and interact
"Aaah...it's so nice out today!" Artemis thought to herself. She was sitting on a bench on a park. There wasn't anything important she needed to do today, so she just went to the park to relax a bit, for once. She joined the Knights only a year back, so she hasn't gotten the most important of missions, but she treated the ones she did get with the most care.
Artemis held on to her hat as the wind picked up slightly. "It's a shame that more days can't be like this." She leaned back on the bench.
Mirei sat in the library, enjoying the peace and quiet in the room. Standing up she stepped towards the shelves and ran her fingers across the new and old tomes, selecting some at random and pulling them out she returned her seat before plunging into a day of reading.
"I like quiet days." She thought to herself, smiling contentedly.
"...Keep the change, Soraneko," said Solfège, leaving a few Leaf notes on the counter and walking out. The waitress gave a quick bow and a "Come again!", as she stepped out into the bright sunlight. Solfège stared up at the clear, blue sky... There was the distant tower, and high above, the Blastline.
"Heeey, Solfège!" said a passing knight, followed by his reyvateil companion. She looked a little disheveled and embarassed. "What brings you to these parts?" he added.
"Thought I'd get myself a drink. I was feeling bored. But you look happy. What's up?"
The knight put an arm around his partner. "Just dived. Got her some new Song Magic! Isn't that right, sweetie pie~?"
The reyvateil giggled. "Oh you~"
Excuse me, we're in public.
Solfège coughed, and the knight smiled sheepishly. "A-Anyways, Solfège! How did that guy work out? Wait, don't answer - you rejected him, didn't you?"
She shrugged. "Too old fashioned. If he had guts, he'd talk to me face to face. Who sends LETTERS these days?"
The other girl shook her head sadly. "Lady Bell's probably gonna tell you off again... how are you going to make more Song Magic?"
Solfège nudged her dual chakrams. "These haven't let me down yet, and they won't for a long time. I don't really need more Song Magic..."
The elder reyvateil shook her head. "Take it from this big sister, that's what you think early on, but you'll eventually change your mind!" she said as she patted her on the shoulders.
Solfège looked at the couple as they made their way into the town.
You'll eventually change your mind, huh...?
She stretched and decided to head back to the mansion. Passing the park, she saw the young, happy faces of the children, prancing about and playing, as the elders watched over them. A blue haired girl, seated on a bench, caught her eye.
Oh. That's ...probably Ms. Indukala...
Lily looked up at the clock that was above the door of the apartment building she lived in. Knowing she only had about 10 minutes to get to the HQ, she took off running, careful not to trip or bump into people. Thankfully, it didn't take her too long to get to the small but well maintained Silver Plum Tea house.
She made her way inside and pulled out the small badge-like pin she had and held it tightly in her right hand, waiting for the hostess to seat her.
"Good morning Lily, would you like a table in the back?"
"Oh, yes please ma'am." She said, nodding. After nearly 6 months, of course the hostess would recognize her, but it still brought her relief to know that she wouldn't get put on the spot and possibly told off for "trying to sneak into the back room." One time of that happening was more than enough for her.
"Right this way."
She followed the middle aged woman to the back room, where there was a small armoire in the corner. She opened up the door and pushed on the false back to reveal a small passageway.
"You'd better hurry. Lady Analea doesn't like it when people are late."
Lily nodded and hurried through, not stopping until she reached the conference hall. She peered inside and saw that Milliam, Lady Analea's Vanguard, was waiting at the end of the long table, in one of the two empty seats at the head.
She walked in and nodded, then quickly took a seat at the long, polished maple table. The walls were stone with purple velvet hangings, and a crested flag hung over the doorway, bearing the symbol of the Soldiers of Soare; A dragonfly with a sword running down the length of it's back.
"Good Morning, Ms. Raine" Lily said, feeling like a school kid.
"Ah, there's no need for such formalities with me. You're Lily, are you not?"
"Yes ma'am."
Milliam chuckled.
"Well, Analea should be here soon, so just sit tight. Hopefully the others will be here soon as well."
Oatmeal. The perfect way to start every morning. Not only were oats cheap, they're delicious. Angelito Verde smiled to himself as he added a bit more sugar into his bowl. Today he was sanctioned to go on a mission of the Soldiers of Soare and he had to make sure he had his breakfast. A big body like him surely couldn't operate without anything in his stomach.
After finishing off the large bowl of oatmeal and 3 apples, Angelito went and put on the rest of his clothing, tied back his hair, and headed on out.
It was a very crisp and beautiful morning, so he took the long way.
Finally, Angelito made it to the tea house and found that the normal lady wasn't at the counter so he let himself into the backroom. Even if she doesn't see him he was pretty sure she would recognize the sound of his heavy boots clanking against the floor.
"Good mornin', ma'am," he greeted. "I'm not late am I?"
He didn't stop to wait for an answer. He already knew that he wasn't late anyway, but it was just something he always asked.
Steadily, Angelito made his way to the conference hall to join the others.
"Good mornin'" he said again to those already inside.
((this was the hardest thing everrrr to write.....))
"Angelito, welcome. No, you're not late. So far it's just you two." Milliam said before looking around the nearly empty room. She wondered where the other s she had summoned where. After all, she knew for a fact she sent out more letters than just two.
She stood and walked past the table to the entrance way.
"I'll be right back, I'm just going to get some tea...hopefully everyone should be here by the time I get back." She said before exiting the room.
Lily looked at the tall man who entered, and nodded to him.
"G-good morning."
"Yes, ma'am!" Angelito stepped aside to allow Milliam to exit.
Once she had passed he turned to look at the room's only other occupant besides himself. There he was greeted by a fresh new face. She did look a bit familiar... like he'd seen her around here or there, but that they had never formally met he was quite sure of.
"Why, good mornin' to you, missy."
He sure loved saying good morning.
He walked across the room and pulled out a chair.
"So, I haven't really seen you around before. I'm Angelito Verde, and you?"
"Oh, I'm Lily. Lily Scott. I haven't really been around for too long though, so I'm kinda nervous. The letter made it seem like this was some big mission, since..."
She caught herself and bit her lip.
"Sorry, I kinda have a tendency to prattle on about nothing in particular. It's nice to meet you."
"Nice to meet you too," Angelito replied.
He could tell she was a bit nervous, but he also knew better to give any advice. Last time he gave a newbie advice he told them not to screw up and the kid nearly had a heart attack on the field. The time before that he told them not to stress it, and the kid ended up being too careless.
((So KoS people have no missions atm? Sweet, to a cafe I go!))
Ren Aeoneous fiddled with his omelette, digging small holes in it with his fork. It's not that he didn't like the food, he hadn't even tried it yet. It was just that the food reminded him of someone close to him.
"It was her favorite food. Never got around to trying it." Ren smiled weakly, she had always insisted for him to have a bite. "Here goes." Ren counted down in his head while he took a piece off the omelette and placed it in his mouth, letting his taste buds take over.
"It's a little sweet." Ren savoured the taste, it wasn't that bad.
After he finished his meal, he thanked the counter and left his tip along with the payment before walking out the door. He had a list of items he needed from the general shop, ranging from food to other ingredients that he may need for later.
Ren helped himself through the general shop doors, and was casually greeted by the attendant. He had visited the shop enough times to be an instant recognition. That and he really never had to say what he needed anymore.
"The usual?"
"Yeah, that and I'm just going to check out the shelves. Thanks." Ren walked towards the shelves, looking at all the knick knacks and other accessories that lined the rows.
" Excuse me... "
" Pardon me...! "
" Oh my! "
The muffled noises of what sounded like some sort of scuffle could be heard outside the conference room, a female's apologetic voice following each sound. A few raps on the door shortly followed, before it swung open, a tall, silver-haired beauty gracefully stepping into the room.
Though there was no breeze, Sylvana Rangris' white robes seemed to sway in tune to her movements with each graceful stride. Her steps made nary a sound on the ground as she slowly made her way towards the back of the room, a silver cane in her right hand incessantly rapping the floor in front of her. The girl's expression was serene, a peaceful smile on her face, although her deep blue eyes seemed unfocused and she was staring straight ahead for the most part. The scene seemed to be perfect, until...
Ouch! Sylvana yelped, her bare foot striking one of the table's legs with a generous THUMP! The Reyvateil clutched her foot for a moment, grimacing in pain before calling out for her superior, Milliam.
Miss Milly~, oh Miss Milly, are you there? I got your letter... I'm not late am I? Sylvana questioned, her head turning slowly from side to side as if to look for Milliam. For some reason, the silver-haired Reyvateil seemed completely oblivious to the presence of the two other people in the room, or the fact that Milliam wasn't even there.
Finding the top of a chair, Sylvana promptly took her seat, a clueless but somehow serene expression still on her face as she tried to sense if there were any other people in the room. Upon seating herself, the Reyvateil noticed the air beside her was slightly different. Sylvana turned towards the source, flashing a smile at the one seated next to her.
Oh, hello there. Did you get the letter too? Sylvana asked in a friendly tone, sensing that the one beside her was a girl, and a young one at that. The traces of a light, fragrant perfume was enough for Sylvana to assume that it was a young lady. Her gaze was a bit off however, missing the girl's face by a few degrees.
"Hmm?" Artemis looked up to see someone looking back at her.
"She seems...familiar. What was her name...So...Soph...errr..." She was never good at names. "I'm pretty sure I've seen her around though.
We made eye contact.
The Teru Tribe Vanguard was quite famous, being an archer - one of the few long-ranged vanguards. You don't see many vanguards using bows.
Still, she was Solfège's senior, and just about an inch taller. It's probably the hair... anyway, she probably doesn't know me... I've only joined up a few weeks ago.
"Um... hello?" she managed, as the young woman made her way over to her.
When Ren recieved his stuff and yet again lightened his wallet, he walked out with a bag of groceries and headed for the local library.
"The book isn't at the store, so let's try the library." Ren left the library as the final option, since usually they only allow weekly rentals. When he walked through the automatic doors he headed straight for the fiction isle. After a few rows he had found his book, and smiled with delight.
"Let's get to reading this before I have to go home." Ren looked for an empty seat at a table before making himself comfortable. While he sat down, he noticed a girl with aqua hair that caught his eye. "Have I seen her around before? She seems familiar." Ren tilted his head slightly, squinting unconsciously to figure out why this girl was bugging him.
Lily Tilted her head and raised an eyebrow at the new arrival, who didn't seem to have very good vision. It didn't take long for her to realize that the girl, while striking in every way, had a cloudy mist over her eyes, making apparent that they did not work.
Because clearly, the tripping and the cane didn't give that away on their own. Then again, Most blind people Lily had seen were much more careful and didn't employ the use of a cane to help them find their way. Usually, they would just have someone with them to guide them.
"Oh...hi. Yeah, I got the letter. Um...Miss Raine left to go get some tea, so it shouldn't take her too long to get back."
''Sir Kress, it's time for you to finish your apple and go to the HQ!'' one of the many butlers said. He was holding a map, and his gold plated bow. ''Why the heck would I need my bow? We're not going to fight, are we?!'' he asked, in an unpleasant way. The butler remained silent, he knew the boy would just become mad, like always.
''Fine, have it your way.'' he said and grabbed both items. He walked out of the door. The butler heaved a sigh of relief, it could've been worse.
''Lazy asses. Just couldn't bring me there, huh?'' Kress said. ''And who builds their HQ in a tea house? I hate tea!'' he said.
Eventually, he found the tea house.
''I knew I could do it! But it's still stupid.'' he said, while walking to the counter.
''I guess I'll just wait.'' he said, and waited for someone to bring him to the 'secret HQ'.
A middle aged woman, the hostess of the Silver plum, saw the young boy waiting to be seated.
"Do you need a table, young man?" She asked Kress pleasantly, a smile on her face.
''I came for the mission of the SoS...'' he said. His parents taught him to be polite, but it was sooo not him. But impolite talk wouldn't help him at the moment. ''Where's the rest..?!''
The young woman chuckled.
"Oh, are you waiting for a club from school or something? Well, I have a table you can wait at, so follow me." She said, still smiling.
She got behind the boy and gently nudged him, leading him towards the back room where the passage was, but not showing him where it was. It was the same room she showed Lily and the others, a small room with three small tables, one of which had four chairs, the other two only having two. There were various wall hangings made of beautiful fabric or decorative poetic scrolls hanging on the wall, and a door and an armoire on the back wall.
She pulled out a menu from her apron and set it down on one of the tables.
Clearly, he was either new, or a dumb kid trying to sneak in.
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The drama that Taraji P. Henson faces as Cookie Lyon on 'Empire' is nothing compared to what she's had to deal with in her real life.Read More
The 'Empire' star says she's holding out for 'that real kind of love.'Read More
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Dengue fever vaccine inches to approval
Newly completed clinical trials show the vaccine works, but perhaps not well enough
GMO- A Great Medical Opportunity
Genetically modifying tobacco has created incredible medical discoveries; what else remains to be found?
What you don't know might hurt you
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Dented cans — no deal or no problem?
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Good posture to go
A new product aims to change the way we sit
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Analysis of white matter sheds new light on chronic pain
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Death reconsidered
Three physicians discuss advances in modern medicine urging us to redefine death
Flesh-eating bacteria: an underachieving scourge
A closer look at exaggerated reports of the man-eating microbe that terrorized Florida.
Nobel prize in physiology recognizes the cargo delivery system in our cells
Three U.S.-based biochemist professors discovered how cells sort molecules.


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Good Place
Yep, it sure looks like you were at the same location just before me.
Lovely shot! (I think I was here a few minutes before... in fact I think they are my footprints!)
Ależ cudnie. :)
Great shot of Ysgyryd, nice ky and colours and well composed. Like from me.
My favourite castle in Wales!
You have done well.
I invited you to join the group Grave yards. this is just the sort of picture we would like to see.
This is one of my favourite places in Wales. Kind regards, Annette.
This train is like Emily in Thomas and Friends


text:
This Week in FCPA-Episode 28, the FCPA Blog NYC Conference edition
Compliance into the Weeds-Episode 16-SOX reporting & disclosure controls and COSO Framework unity
This Week in FCPA-Episode 27, the Walla Walla Edition
FCPA Compliance Report-Episode 287-the FCPA Mock Trial Institute
This Week in FCPA-Epiode 26, the East Lansing Edition
FCPA Compliance Report-Episode 285, Francine McKenna on the Taylor Bean litigation against PwC
Compliance into the Weeds-Episode 15-breakdowns in the three lines of compliance defense
FCPA Compliance Report-Episode 284, Mike Scher
FCPA Compliance Report-Episode 283-Sam Buell, criminal law and the Wells Fargo scandal
FCPA Compliance Report-Episode 282-SCCE CEI Wrap-up, Part II
The Insider Trading Cartoon Series, Vol. X -- Tipping (pre-Newman)
This Week in FCPA-Epiode 24, the SCCE Edition
FCPA Compliance Report-Episode 281-SCCE CEI Wrap-up, Part I
This Week in FCPA-Epiode 23, the Wells Fargo edition
FCPA Compliance Report-Episode 280-Tim Hedley and Rich Girgenti on their new book The New Era of Regulatory Enforcement
Compliance into the Weeds-Episode 14-Wells Fargo and the Fraud Triangle
FCPA Compliance Report-Episode 279-Adam Turteltaub on the SCCE 2016 Compliance and Ethics Institute
This Week in FCPA-Epiode 22, the Jimmy Garappolo edition
FCPA Compliance and Ethics Report-Episode 276-Regulator Evolution
FCPA Compliance and Ethics Report-Episode 275-the Key Energy FCPA Enforcement Action
On October 7, 2016, a bipartisan contingent of members of the U.S. House of Representatives and the president of the North American Securities Administrator Association (NASAA) coordinated a duel message to the SEC regarding...more
In light of our proximity to election day — finally — it seemed like a good time to take a look at the CPA-Zicklin Index of Political Disclosure and Accountability, just released for 2016, which annually evaluates corporate...more
On September 14, 2016, California Governor Jerry Brown signed Assembly Bill No. 2833. The new law obligates every California public investment fund to require alternative investment vehicles ("AIVs") to make annual...more
We just can't get enough of Brexit, can we? Seems every day I see something new on my news feed or Twitter feed about the impact of Brexit on the global economy or UK economy or Scottish economy. Funny thing is, a lot of...more
Three months after the United Kingdom voted to exit the European Union, the timing and scope of Brexit remain unclear. Until such details are determined with specificity, there is and will continue to be increased economic...more
Recent state legislative developments in California will require disclosure of certain information by private investment fund managers, primarily in the area of fees and expenses incurred by state and local pension and...more
Maybe it's because I have been in Europe this past week (Munich at Octoberfest actually – Men in way-too-short leather shorts, dirndls, beer steins the size of a politician's ego, the most astonishing amount of drinking, etc....more
The European Parliament voted to object to draft regulatory technical standards ("RTS") implementing the Packaged Retail and Insurance Investment Products (PRIIPs) Regulation (the "Regulation") on 14 September 2016. The draft...more
The UK Government recently indicated that it intends to negotiate a unique EU-UK relationship post-Brexit. It is hoped that the arrangements will be appropriate for the UK and London's position as a leading international...more
The Financial Stability Board published its eleventh progress report on the implementation of reforms by standard-setting bodies, national and regional authorities and market participants to the over-the-counter derivatives...more
FCA Chief Executive Comments on FCA Mission and Brexit -
The FCA has published a speech by Andrew Bailey, FCA Chief Executive, at the FCA's 2016 annual public meeting on 19 July 2016.
Mr Bailey stated that the FCA...more
Earlier today, the U.S. House of Representatives passed the Accelerating Access to Capital Act aimed at facilitating the formation of capital for U.S. small businesses. The measure is a package of three bills: H.R. 4850 –...more
Next week, the House is scheduled to debate two bills designed to reduce regulatory burden on small businesses in order to facilitate access to capital. H.R. 5424, the Investment Advisers Modernization Act, was approved by...more
Check out what's new in the EB-5 world, where a team of securities lawyers are at work offering to help lawmakers understand complex legal provisions of proposed EB-5 integrity legislation. The group is called the EB-5...more
The Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) has filed a regulatory notice seeking comment on proposed changes to its gift, business entertainment and noncash compensation rules for broker-dealers. Comments must be...more
On August 24th, the California Legislature approved Assembly Bill No. 2833 ("AB 2833"), which is now headed to Governor Jerry Brown's desk for signature. If Governor Brown signs the bill, as is expected, all public pension...more
This week, on Thursday, August 25, 2016, the SEC approved FINRA Proposed Rules 2030 and 4580 (the Proposed Rules) as they had been proposed by FINRA. The Proposed Rules would impose pay-to-play restrictions and recordkeeping...more
As the elections approach nationwide, advisers to private investment funds with current or prospective state or local government entity investors should be mindful of political activities by their personnel which could raise...more
The federal Pay-to-Play Rules may impact campaign contributions in the 2016 election and, in particular, campaign contributions to a major party's presidential campaign. Financial institutions that do business with, or seek...more
Since the UK voted to leave the EU on 23 June 2016, there has been much speculation about the form of the future access arrangements between the UK and the EU for financial institutions. In a scenario where no new deal is...more
Recently introduced legislation suggests that Republicans and Democrats in post-election Congress will be looking in very different directions on how to amend the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act...more
On 23 June 2016, the UK electorate voted to leave the European Union in a so-called Brexit referendum. This historic decision raises significant challenges and potential opportunities for financial services activity within...more
Following the result of the UK referendum on 23 June 2016 to leave the EU, there is still a considerable amount of uncertainty about the impact of the decision on the financial services industry, including asset and fund...more
Stock Market Commentary -
The markets endured much drama in the two weeks leading up to quarter - end as the surprise exit of the U.K. from the European Union rattled investors. Brexit knocked over 5% off of the S&P...more
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Thank you, Joe. Very well said.
I struggle on a daily basis to keep "the world" from consuming more of my time than God. But I know he continues to watch over me and continues to place things in my path that force me to look to Him more and more and I'm grateful.
The Western States weekend as so much fun!! I felt blessed to be a part of such an event and to be able to watch the struggles of the men and women who took on the challenged of an extremely hard race on what turned out to be the 2nd hottest race in its history. One aid station reported a high of 106 at one point. And I must say, being a part of this event again has only strengthen my resolve to one day run a 100-miler myself.
Leslie Living and Running Behind the Redwood Curtain -------------
2016 Preliminary List:
Feb 13 - Hagg Lake 50k; Mar 19 - 4MPH Challenge; June 4 - Grasshopper Peak 30k; June 17 & 18 - Wild Rogue Relay; June 25 & 26 Western States Volunteer; July 23 - Pick Your Poison 24 Hr.
"You're a good man, Dad." "I'm a good man?" "The best . . ." Jim Gleason 04-13-1941 to 08-25-2015 Ultrarunnerpodcast
Trail Runner Nation
That is very cool Joe. I have many of those kinds of thoughts as I do my runs...although...I have gotten away from them lately. Thanks for reminding me to stay alert for God's teachings as we go about our day...doing whatever it is we do.


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Track and field recap: CSU's Brown advances to NCAA championships
Sophomore finishes 11th in 110-meter hurdles
Track and field preview: CSU to send 14 athletes to NCAA West regional
Rams look to advance to nationals
Track and field recap: CSU women finish second, men fifth at MW championships
Brown wins 110-, 400-meter hurdles titles
Track & field recap: Men, women place third at Front Range Classic
Rams prepare for upcoming MW championships
Track and field recap: CSU sweeps Jack Christiansen Invite
Rams record six first-place finishes
2011 (Junior): Placed fourth in the triple jump at the Air Force Invitational (Feb. 12)...Earned another fourth-place finish in the long jump at the Front Range championships (May 1)...Came in second in the triple jump at the Front Range championships (May 1)...Came in fifth in the triple jump at the MW outdoor championships (May 14), with a mark of 39 feet.
2010 (Sophomore): Earned a fourth-place finish in the triple jump at the Tom Benich Track and Field Classic (April 3)...Placed fifth in the long jump at the Jack Christiansen Invite (May 8) with a distance of 4.97 meters.
2009 (Freshman): Meaghann scored once during the indoor season at the Air Force Collegiate Invitational (Feb. 13) with a third-place finish in the triple jump (11.44m). She also scored four times during the outdoor season, starting with a third-place finish in the triple jump (10.75m) at the Wyoming Gem City Duals (April 18). She recorded a sixth-place finish in the triple jump (10.85m) at the Jack Christiansen Invitational (April 24). She scored once again at the Front Range Invitational (May 2) with a fourth-place finish in the triple jump (10.84m) and a 10th-place finish in the 100-meter hurdles (15.95m).
High School: Meaghann was a four-time letterwinner in track and three-time winner in poms while attending Cherokee Trail High School in Aurora, Colo. She received all-conference honors in track and was part of the Skyline League championship team in 2008. She holds her high school's record for the triple jump with a leap of 35 feet 4 ¾ inches.
Personal: Meaghann was born Nov. 15, 1990, to Myron and Marion Peak in Aurora, Colo. She has a younger sister, Morganne, and an older sister, Tionna. She has yet to declare a major.
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Ken Burns meets "Spinal Tap" in a subversive tour de force relaying the outrageous life stories of four forgotten Civil War heroes: an opium-addicted gay colonel, an aging Chinese launderer, a nerdy escaped slave, and a one-armed teenage prostitute. Both wickedly satirical and deeply affectionate, "The Battle of Pussy Willow Creek" tells the '100% true' story of how these oddball outsiders saved the Union from an nefarious foreign plot, only to have their stunning victory redacted from the history books.
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Released - Friday, March 1 , 2013
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- Starring - Christopher Lukas, John Redmond, Emilie Bonsant, Matthew Ludwinski, Feng Tien Lui
- Directed by - Wendy Jo Cohen
- MPAA Rating - Unrated


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This review is from: MA Audio Synergy Series 65iC In-Wall In Ceiling 6.5" Speaker Pair 300W Home Theater
Pros: One speaker works.
Cons: While I was unlucky and got only 1 good speaker, the other while it works is not a very good speaker in general. The cross-over is over simplified and does not do the speaker justice. When a song with more bass is played the whole speaker quiets down.
Other Thoughts: Not good quality speakers, I guess you get what you pay for. But for even this amount of money I expect them to be better then my TV's speakers.READ FULL REVIEW
This review is from: G.SKILL Ares Series 16GB (2 x 8GB) 240-Pin DDR3 SDRAM DDR3 1600 (PC3 12800) Desktop Memory Model F3-1600C9D-16GAR
Pros: The first set is great, no problems at all for that set.
Cons: Tried installing the second set only to realize machine won't boot. Tried each stick indivisually and found 1 stick out of 4 did not allow the PC to boot, tried several times seating it just to be sure as well.
Other Thoughts: I still have 16GB :), want that 32GB for some virtualizationREAD FULL REVIEW
This review is from: GIGABYTE GA-X38-DQ6 LGA 775 Intel X38 ATX Ultra Durable 2, Ultra Cooling Intel Motherboard
Pros: Overclocks very well, just disable most of the advanced cpu functions. Overclocked q6600 G0 to 3.6Ghz and still climbing.
Cons: when it first turns on it takes several reboots that are disconcerning, but it functions perfectly normal after that.
Other Thoughts: It is well worth the money.READ FULL REVIEW


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(1997). Battaglia, G., Bruno, V., Ngomba, R. 321–344, european Journal of Pharmacology 396. Selective activation of group-II metabotropic glutamate receptors is protective against excitotoxic neuronal death. T., Di Grezia, R., Copani, A., and Nicoletti, F.
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F., and Coambs, R. Effect of early and later colony housing on oral ingestion of morphine in rats.
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Therefore, it seems reasonable to obtain a cell count and differential on all samples of ascitic fluid in the paracentesis clinic setting and to culture only samples of ascitic fluid of symptomatic outpatients and when the fluid is cloudy, consistent with an elevated cell count. The needle should be inserted in an area that is dull to percussion. 3. How should a diagnostic paracentesis be performed?.
The midline between the umbilicus and symphysis pubis was the preferable site of needle insertion in the past.
Yokoyama Y, Beckman JS, Beckman TK, Wheat JK, Cash TG, Freeman BA, Parks DA. Potential mediator of ischemic injury. Circulating xanthine oxidase. Am J Physiol 1988.
The Key Components of the Trigeminal System Are Present at All Levels of the viagra cialis levitra comparação Brain Stem The three trigeminal nuclei have distinct sensory functions. Axons in the spinal trigeminal tract, in turn, synapse on neurons in the spinal trigeminal nucleus. Figure 4-3. And the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve is in between.
General organization of the ascending trigeminal pathways for touch (A ) and pain and temperature (B ) senses. The solitary tract is more rostral.
, Release of histamine from rat mast cells by the complement peptides C4a and viagra cialis levitra comparação C8a, Immunology, 25, 1057–70. And Muller-Eberhard, H.J. Johnson, A.R., Hugli, T.E.
(1973), Impairment of primary expulsion of Trichuris muris in mice concurrently infected with Nematospiroides dubius, Parasitology, 45, 51–8.