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Most Cited Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography Articles
The most cited articles published since 2011, extracted from Scopus.
Comparison of warm and cold years on the southeastern Bering Sea shelf and some implications for the ecosystemPhyllis J. Stabeno | Nancy B. Kachel | Sue E. Moore | Jeffrey M. Napp | Michael Sigler | Atsushi Yamaguchi | Alexandre N. Zerbini
Volume 65-70, Issue , June 2012, Pages 31-45
The southeastern, middle shelf of the Bering Sea has exhibited extreme variability in sea ice extent, temperature, and the distribution and abundance of species at multiple trophic levels over the past four decades. From 1972-2000, there was high interannual variability of areal extent of sea ice during spring (March-April). In 2000, this shifted to a 5-year (2001-2005) period of low ice extent during spring, which transitioned to a 4-year (2007-2010) period of extensive sea ice. High (low) areal extent of sea ice in spring was associated with cold (warm) water column temperatures for the following 6-7 months. The ocean currents also differed between warm and cold years. During cold years, the monthly-mean currents over the shelf were largely westward, while in warm years the direction of currents was more variable, with northward flow during December-February and relatively weak flow during the remainder of the year. The types and abundance of zooplankton differed sharply between warm and cold years. This was especially true during the prolonged warm period (2001-2005) and cold period (2007-2010), and was less evident during the years of high interannual variability. During the warm period, there was a lack of large copepods and euphausiids over the shelf; however, their populations rebounded during cold period. Small crustacean zooplankton taxa did not appear to vary between and warm and cold years. For both walleye pollock and Pacific cod, year-class strength (recruitment) was low during the prolonged warm period, but improved during the following cold period. Year-class strength did not appear to vary as a function of warm and cold years during the period of high year-to-year variability. Also, recruitment of arrowtooth flounder (a predator of pollock and cod) did not appear influenced by the warm or cold years. Finally, the distribution and relative abundance of fin whales appeared to differ in warm and cold years, with fewer whales on the southeastern, middle shelf during warm years. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
Dissolved iron in the Southern Ocean (Atlantic sector)M. B. Klunder | P. Laan | R. Middag | H. J W De Baar | J. C. van Ooijen
Volume 58, Issues 25-26, December 2011, Pages 2678-2694
We report a comprehensive dataset of dissolved iron (Fe) comprising 482 values at 22 complete vertical profiles along a 1° latitudinal section at the Zero meridian. In addition a shorter high resolution (~00°09') surface section of the southernmost part of the transect (66°00'-69°35'S) is presented. Within the upper surface mixed layer the concentrations of dissolved Fe vary between 0.1 and 0.3. nM. An inverse trend versus fluorescence suggests significant Fe removal by plankton blooms. Vertical mixing and upwelling are the most important supply mechanisms of iron from deep waters to the upper surface mixed layer. At lower latitude (42°S) there is a distinct maximum of 0.6-0.7. nM in the 2000-3000 m depth range due to inflow of North Atlantic Deep Water. In one region (55°S) elevated dissolved Fe found in the surface mixed layer is ascribed to the recent deposition of aeolian dust originating from South America. Close to the Antarctic continent there is an indication of Fe supply in surface waters from icebergs. In the deep waters there is a strong indication of a hydrothermal plume of dissolved Fe and Mn over the ridge in the Bouvet region (52-56°S). In the Weddell Gyre basin the dissolved Fe in the deep water is 0.47±0.16 nM in the eastward flow at ~56-62°S and is lower with a value of 0.34±0.14 nM in the westward flow at high ~62-69°S latitude. At the edge of the continental ice-sheet on the prime meridian, the continental margin of the Antarctic continent appears to be lesser source of dissolved Fe than in any other place in the world; this is likely because it is unique in being overlain by the extending continental ice-sheet that largely prevents biogeochemical cycling. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
Monitoring the Atlantic meridional overturning circulationDarren Rayner | Joël J M Hirschi | Torsten Kanzow | William E. Johns | Paul G. Wright | Eleanor Frajka-Williams | Harry L. Bryden | Christopher S. Meinen | Molly O. Baringer | Jochem Marotzke | Lisa M. Beal | Stuart A. Cunningham
Volume 58, Issues 17-18, September 2011, Pages 1744-1753
The rapid climate change programme (RAPID) has established a prototype system to continuously observe the strength and structure of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (MOC) at 26.5°N. Here we provide a detailed description of the RAPID-MOC monitoring array and how it has evolved during the first four deployment years, as well as an overview of the main findings so far. The RAPID-MOC monitoring array measures: (1) Gulf Stream transport through Florida Strait by cable and repeat direct velocity measurements; (2) Ekman transports by satellite scatterometer measurements; (3) Deep Western Boundary Currents by direct velocity measurements; (4) the basin wide interior baroclinic circulation from moorings measuring vertical profiles of density at the boundaries and on either side of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge; and (5) barotropic fluctuations using bottom pressure recorders. The array became operational in late March 2004 and is expected to continue until at least 2014. The first 4 years of observations (April 2004-April 2008) have provided an unprecedented insight into the MOC structure and variability. We show that the zonally integrated meridional flow tends to conserve mass, with the fluctuations of the different transport components largely compensating at periods longer than 10 days. We take this as experimental confirmation of the monitoring strategy, which was initially tested in numerical models. The MOC at 26.5°N is characterised by a large variability-even on timescales as short as weeks to months. The mean maximum MOC transport for the first 4 years of observations is 18.7. Sv with a standard deviation of 4.8. Sv. The mechanisms causing the MOC variability are not yet fully understood. Part of the observed MOC variability consists of a seasonal cycle, which can be linked to the seasonal variability of the wind stress curl close to the African coast. Close to the western boundary, fluctuations in the Gulf Stream and in the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) coincide with bottom pressure variations at the western margin, thus suggesting a barotropic compensation. Ongoing and future research will put these local transport variations into a wider spatial and climatic context. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
A comparison of the physics of the northern and southern shelves of the eastern Bering Sea and some implications for the ecosystemPhyllis J. Stabeno | Edward V. Farley | Nancy B. Kachel | Sue Moore | Calvin W. Mordy | Jeffrey M. Napp | James E. Overland | Alexei I. Pinchuk | Michael F. Sigler
Volume 65-70, Issue , June 2012, Pages 14-30
Sufficient oceanographic measurements have been made in recent years to describe the latitudinal variation in the physics of the eastern Bering Sea shelf and the potential impact of climate change on the species assemblages in the two ecosystems (north and south). Many of the predicted ecosystem changes will result from alterations in the timing and extent of sea ice. It is predicted that the sea ice in the northern Bering Sea will be less common in May, but will continue to be extensive through April. In contrast, the southern shelf will have, on average, much less sea ice than currently observed, but with large interannual and multiyear variability until at least 2050. Thus, even under current climate warming scenarios, bottom temperatures on the northern shelf will remain cold. Based on biophysical measurements, the southern and northern ecosystems were divided by a North-South Transition at ~60°N. The northern middle shelf was characterized by a freshwater lens at the surface, cold bottom temperatures, and a thicker pycnocline than found on the southern shelf. Subsurface phytoplankton blooms were common. In contrast, the southern shelf stratification was largely determined by temperature alone; the pycnocline was thin (often<3. m) and subsurface blooms were uncommon. Biological responses to climate warming could include greater north-south differences in zooplankton community structure, the transport of large Outer Shelf Domain crustacean zooplankton to the middle shelf, and the disappearance of two principal prey taxa (. Calanus spp. and . Thysanoessa spp.) of planktivorous fish, seabirds and whales. The response of commercially and ecologically important fish species is predicted to vary. Some species of fish (e.g., juvenile sockeye salmon, . Oncorhynchus nerka) may expand their summer range into the northern Bering Sea; some (e.g., pink salmon, . O. gorbuscha) may increase in abundance while still other species (e.g., walleye pollock and arrowtooth flounder; . Theragra chalcogramma and . Atheresthes stomias, respectively) are unlikely to become common in the north. The projected warming of the southern shelf will limit the distribution of arctic species (e.g., snow crab, . Chionoecetes opilio) to the northern shelf and will likely permit expansion of subarctic species into the southern Bering Sea. The distribution and abundance of baleen whales will respond to shifts in prey availability; for instance, if prey are advected northward from the southeastern Bering Sea, an extension of range and an increase in seasonally migratory baleen whale numbers is anticipated. Thus, alteration of this ecosystem in response to climate change is expected to result in something other than a simple northward shift in the distribution of all species. © 2012.
The strengthening East Australian Current, its eddies and biological effects - an introduction and overviewIain M. Suthers | Jock W. Young | Mark E. Baird | Moninya Roughan | Jason D. Everett | Gary B. Brassington | Maria Byrne | Scott A. Condie | Jason R. Hartog | Christel S. Hassler | Alistair J. Hobday | Neil J. Holbrook | Hamish A. Malcolm | Peter R. Oke | Peter A. Thompson | Ken Ridgway
Volume 58, Issue 5, March 2011, Pages 538-546
The poleward flowing East Australian Current (EAC) is characterised by its separation from the coast, 100-200 nautical miles north of Sydney, to form the eastward flowing Tasman Front and a southward flowing eddy field. The separation zone greatly influences coastal ecosystems for the relatively narrow continental shelf (only 15-50. km wide), particularly between 32-34°S. In this region the continental shelf has a marked shift in the seasonal temperature-salinity relationship and elevated surface nitrate concentrations. This current parallels the portion of the coast where Australia's population is concentrated and has a long history of scientific research. However, understanding of physical and biological processes driven by the EAC, particularly in linking circulation to ecosystems, is limited. In this special issue of 16 papers on the EAC, we examine the effects of climatic wind-stress forced ocean dynamics on EAC transport variability and coastal sea level, from ENSO to multi-decadal time scales; eddy formation and structure; fine scale connectivity and larval retention. Comparisons with the poleward-flowing Leeuwin Current on Australia's west coast show differences in ecosystem productivity that can be attributed to the underlying physics in each region. On average there is double the chlorophyll a concentration on the east coast than the west. In comparison to the Leeuwin, the EAC may have less local retention of larvae and act as a partial barrier to onshore transport, which may also be related to the local spawning and early life history of small pelagic fish on each coast. Inter-annual variations in the EAC transport produce a detectable sea-level signal in Sydney Harbour, which could provide a useful fisheries index as does the Fremantle sea level and Leeuwin Current relationship. The EAC's eddy structure and formation by the EAC are examined. A particular cold-core eddy is shown to have a "tilt" towards the coast, and that during a rotation the flow of particles may rise up to the euphotic zone and then down beneath. In a warm-core eddy, surface flooding is shown to produce a new shallower surface mixed layer and promote algal growth. An assessment of plankton data from 1938-1942 showed that the local, synoptic conditions had to be incorporated before any comparison with the present. There are useful relationships of water mass characteristics in the Tasman Sea and separation zone with larval fish diversity and abundance, as well as with long-line fisheries. These fisheries-pelagic habitat relationships are invaluable for fisheries management, as well as for climate change assessments. There is further need to examine the EAC influence on rainfall, storm activity, dust deposition, and on the movements by fish, sharks and whales. The Australian Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS) has provided new infrastructure to determine the changing behaviour of the EAC and its bio-physical interaction with the coasts and estuaries. The forecasting and hindcasting capability developed under the Bluelink project has provided a new tool for data synthesis and dynamical analysis. The impact of a strengthening EAC and how it influences the livelihoods of over half the Australian population, from Brisbane to Sydney, Hobart and Melbourne, is just being realised. © 2010.
A model study of Circumpolar Deep Water on the West Antarctic Peninsula and Ross Sea continental shelvesMichael S. Dinniman | John M. Klinck | Walker O. Smith
Volume 58, Issues 13-16, July 2011, Pages 1508-1523
Transport of relatively warm, nutrient-rich Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) onto continental shelves around Antarctica has important effects on physical and biological processes. However, the characteristics of the CDW along the shelf break, as well as what happens to it once it has been advected onto the continental shelf, differ spatially. In the present study high resolution (4-5. km) regional models of the Ross Sea and the West Antarctic Peninsula coastal ocean are used to compare differences in CDW transport. The models compared very well with observations from both regions. Examining the fluxes not only of heat, but also of a simulated "dye" representing CDW, shows that in both cases CDW crosses the shelf break in specific locations primarily determined by the bathymetry, but eventually floods much of the shelf. The frequency of intrusions in Marguerite Trough was ca. 2-3 per month, similar to recent mooring observations. A significant correlation between the along shelf break wind stress and the cross shelf break dye flux through Marguerite Trough was observed, suggesting that intrusions are at least partially related to short duration wind events.The primary difference between the CDW intrusions on the Ross and west Antarctic Peninsula shelves is that there is more vigorous mixing of the CDW with the surface waters in the Ross Sea, especially in the west where High Salinity Shelf Water is created. The models show that the CDW moving across the Antarctic Peninsula continental shelf towards the base of the ice shelves not only is warmer initially and travels a shorter distance than that advected towards the base of the Ross Ice Shelf, but it is also subjected to less vertical mixing with surface waters, which conserves the heat available to be advected under the ice shelves. This difference in vertical mixing also likely leads to differences in the supply of nutrients from the CDW into the upper water column, and thus modulates the impacts on surface biogeochemical processes. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
Iron from melting glaciers fuels the phytoplankton blooms in Amundsen Sea (Southern Ocean): Iron biogeochemistryLoes J A Gerringa | Anne Carlijn Alderkamp | Patrick Laan | Charles Edouard Thuróczy | Hein J W De Baar | Matthew M. Mills | Gert L. van Dijken | Hans van Haren | Kevin R. Arrigo
Volume 71-76, Issue , September 2012, Pages 16-31
Dissolved iron (DFe) and total dissolvable Fe (TDFe) were measured in January-February 2009 in Pine Island Bay, as well as in the Pine Island and Amundsen polynyas (Amundsen Sea, Southern Ocean). Iron (Fe) has been shown to be a limiting nutrient for phytoplankton growth, even in the productive continental shelves surrounding the Antarctic continent. However, the polynyas of the Amundsen Sea harbor the highest concentrations of phytoplankton anywhere in Antarctica. Here we present data showing the likely sources of Fe that enable such a productive and long lasting phytoplankton bloom. Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) flows over the bottom of the shelf into the Pine Island Bay where DFe and TDFe were observed to increase from 0.2 to 0.4. nM DFe and from 0.3-4.0 to 7-14. nM TDFe, respectively. At the southern end of Pine Island Bay, the CDW upwelled under the Pine Island Glacier, bringing nutrients (including Fe) to the surface and melting the base of the glacier. Concentrations of DFe in waters near the Pine Island Glacier and the more westward lying Crosson, Dotson, and Getz Ice Shelves varied between 0.40 and 1.31. nM, depending on the relative magnitude of upwelling, turbulent mixing, and melting. These values represent maximum concentrations since associated ligands (which increase the solubility of Fe in seawater) were saturated with Fe (. Thuróczy et al., 2012). The TDFe concentrations were very high compared to what previously has been measured in the Southern Ocean, varying between 3 and 106. nM. In the Pine Island Polynya, macronutrients and DFe were consumed by the phytoplankton bloom and concentrations were very low. We calculate that atmospheric dust contributed <1% of the Fe necessary to sustain the phytoplankton bloom, while vertical turbulent eddy diffusion from the sediment, sea ice melt, and upwelling contributed 1.0-3.8%, 0.7-2.9%, and 0.4-1.7%, respectively. The largest source was Fe input from the PIG, which could satisfy the total Fe demand by the phytoplankton bloom by lateral advection of Fe over a range of 150. km from the glacier. The role of TDFe as a phytoplankton nutrient remains unclear, perhaps representing an important indirect Fe source via dissolution and complexation by dissolved organic ligands (. Gerringa et al., 2000; Borer et al., 2005). © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
Dissolved manganese in the Atlantic sector of the Southern OceanR. Middag | H. J W de Baar | P. Laan | P. H. Cai | J. C. van Ooijen
Volume 58, Issues 25-26, December 2011, Pages 2661-2677
The first comprehensive dataset (492 samples) of dissolved Mn in the Southern Ocean shows extremely low values of 0.04 up to 0.64nM in the surface waters and a subsurface maximum with an average concentration of 0.31nM (n=20; S.D.=0.08nM). The low Mn in surface waters correlates well with the nutrients PO 4 and NO 3 and moderately well with Si(OH) 4 and fluorescence. Furthermore, elevated concentrations of Mn in the surface layer coincide with elevated Fe and light transmission and decreased export ( 234Th/ 238U deficiency) and fluorescence. It appears that Mn is a factor of importance in partly explaining the HNLC conditions in the Southern Ocean, in conjunction with significant controls by the combination of Fe limitation and light limitation. No input of Mn from the continental margins was observed. This is ascribed to the protruding continental ice sheet that covers the shelf and shuts down the usual biological production, microbial breakdown and sedimentary geochemical cycling. The low concentrations of Mn in the deep ocean basins (0.07-0.23nM) were quite uniform, but some elevations were observed. The highest deep concentrations of Mn were observed at the Bouvet Triple Junction region and coincided with high concentrations of Fe and are deemed to be from hydrothermal input. The deep basins on both sides of the ridge were affected by this input. In the deep Weddell Basin the input of Weddell Sea Bottom Water appears to be the source of the slightly elevated concentrations of Mn in this water layer. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
Free-drifting icebergs as sources of iron to the Weddell SeaHai Lin | Sara Rauschenberg | Cole R. Hexel | Timothy J. Shaw | Benjamin S. Twining
Volume 58, Issues 11-12, June 2011, Pages 1392-1406
In recent years glaciers on the Antarctic Peninsula have retreated, resulting in loss of mass from ice shelves and increased supply of icebergs to the Southern Ocean. Free-drifting icebergs may serve as an important source of Fe to surrounding waters. We measured concentrations of dissolved Fe and Fe content of suspended particulate material (via flow injection-chemiluminescence and ICP-MS, respectively) in the waters surrounding several icebergs during cruises to the Scotia and Weddell Seas in June 2008 and March 2009. Surface dissolved Fe (DFe) concentrations varied from 0.58 to 2.92. nM and were elevated up to 60% at some stations <1. km from the nearest iceberg. The highest surface DFe concentrations were associated with low salinity waters, regardless of distance to the iceberg. Depth profiles revealed surface enrichment at most stations >10. km from the icebergs, indicating general Fe enrichment in the lower-salinity surface layer. However surface DFe within 1. km of the iceberg was similar to that measured at depths below the draft of the iceberg, a feature that may result from upwelling of circumpolar deep water caused by basal melting at the face of the iceberg. Iron concentrations in ice collected following calving events were highly variable (4-600. nM) but were elevated above concentrations in seawater. Particulate Fe (normalized to particulate P) in suspended particulate material was up to 20-fold higher within 0.6. km of two large tabular icebergs, but no enrichment was observed at two smaller icebergs. Iron:phosphorus ratios of suspended particulate material were also higher in deeper (40. m) waters compared to shallow (ca. 15. m) waters at the iceberg face. Iron release appeared to be episodic, producing a spatially heterogeneous environment around icebergs. This source term may increase in coming years as Antarctic ice shelves degrade further, potentially impacting the ecology and biogeochemistry of low-Fe waters of the Southern Ocean. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
Iceberg-hosted nanoparticulate Fe in the Southern Ocean: Mineralogy, origin, dissolution kinetics and source of bioavailable FeRob Raiswell
Volume 58, Issues 11-12, June 2011, Pages 1364-1375
Sediments from icebergs and glaciers contain nanopartculate Fe(III) oxyhydroxides (including ferrihydrite) which form in aqueous, oxic (micro)environments where Fe(II)-bearing rock minerals oxidise and high degrees of supersaturation are promoted by freezing and thawing. An ascorbic acid extraction dissolves only labile Fe present in fresh (loosely aggregated) ferrihydrite that is directly or indirectly bioavailable. Glacial and iceberg sediments contain ferrihydrite aggregates that provide 0.04 to 0.17% Fe soluble in ascorbic acid, rather larger than the concentrations in a limited suite of atmospheric dusts. The dissolution behaviour of labile Fe from glacial and iceberg sediments by ascorbic acid is controlled by the access of reactant, or removal of solute, through micropores to or from active sites in the interior of ferrihydrite aggregates. A first-order kinetic model is presented to examine the rates at which bioavailable Fe can be supplied by melting icebergs in the Weddell Sea. The model utilizes rate constants from the literature for the processes which solubilise Fe from nanoparticulate ferrihydrite (dissolution, photochemical reduction and grazing) and the processes that remove Fe nanoparticulates (sinking, scavenging and incorporation in faecal material), and render them less reactive (transformation, aging). Model results demonstrate that icebergs can supply bioavailable Fe to the Weddell Sea by the dissolution of nanoparticulate ferrihydrite (despite loss/removal of nanoparticles by sinking, aging, transformation, scavenging and incorporation into faecal pellets) at rates that are comparable to atmospheric dust. Dissolution enhanced by photochemical reduction and grazing provides the most rapid rates of bioavailable Fe production. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
Symmetric instability in the Gulf StreamLeif N. Thomas | John R. Taylor | Raffaele Ferrari | Terrence M. Joyce
Volume 91, Issue , July 2013, Pages 96-110
Analyses of wintertime surveys of the Gulf Stream (GS) conducted as part of the CLIvar MOde water Dynamic Experiment (CLIMODE) reveal that water with negative potential vorticity (PV) is commonly found within the surface boundary layer (SBL) of the current. The lowest values of PV are found within the North Wall of the GS on the isopycnal layer occupied by Eighteen Degree Water, suggesting that processes within the GS may contribute to the formation of this low-PV water mass. In spite of large heat loss, the generation of negative PV was primarily attributable to cross-front advection of dense water over light by Ekman flow driven by winds with a down-front component. Beneath a critical depth, the SBL was stably stratified yet the PV remained negative due to the strong baroclinicity of the current, suggesting that the flow was symmetrically unstable. A large eddy simulation configured with forcing and flow parameters based on the observations confirms that the observed structure of the SBL is consistent with the dynamics of symmetric instability (SI) forced by wind and surface cooling. The simulation shows that both strong turbulence and vertical gradients in density, momentum, and tracers coexist in the SBL of symmetrically unstable fronts.SI is a shear instability that draws its energy from geostrophic flows. A parameterization for the rate of kinetic energy (KE) extraction by SI applied to the observations suggests that SI could result in a net dissipation of 33mWm-2 and 1mWm-2 for surveys with strong and weak fronts, respectively. The surveys also showed signs of baroclinic instability (BCI) in the SBL, namely thermally direct vertical circulations that advect biomass and PV. The vertical circulation was inferred using the omega equation and used to estimate the rate of release of available potential energy (APE) by BCI. The rate of APE release was found to be comparable in magnitude to the net dissipation associated with SI. This result points to an energy pathway where the GS's reservoir of APE is drained by BCI, converted to KE, and then dissipated by SI and its secondary instabilities. Similar dynamics are likely to be found at other strong fronts forced by winds and/or cooling and could play an important role in the energy balance of the ocean circulation. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.
Deep water formation, the subpolar gyre, and the meridional overturning circulation in the subpolar North AtlanticMonika Rhein | Dagmar Kieke | Sabine Hüttl-Kabus | Achim Roessler | Christian Mertens | Robert Meissner | Birgit Klein | Claus W. Böning | Igor Yashayaev
Volume 58, Issues 17-18, September 2011, Pages 1819-1832
On interannual to decadal times scales, model simulations suggest a strong relationship between anomalies in the deep water formation rate, the strength of the subpolar gyre, and the meridional overturning circulation in the North Atlantic. Whether this is valid, can only be confirmed by continuous, long observational time series. Several measurement components are already in place, but crucial arrays to obtain time series of the meridional volume and heat transport in the subpolar North Atlantic are still missing. Here we summarize the recent developments of the deep water formation rates and the subpolar gyre transports. We discuss how existing observational components in the subpolar North Atlantic could be supplemented to provide long-term monitoring of the meridional heat and volume transport. Through a combined analysis of observations and model results the temporal and spatial scales that had to be covered with instruments are discussed, together with the key regions with the highest variability in the velocity and temperature fields. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
State-space models for bio-loggers: A methodological road mapI. D. Jonsen | M. Basson | S. Bestley | M. V. Bravington | T. A. Patterson | M. W. Pedersen | R. Thomson | U. H. Thygesen | S. J. Wotherspoon
Volume 88-89, Issue , April 2013, Pages 34-46
Ecologists have an unprecedented array of bio-logging technologies available to conduct in situ studies of horizontal and vertical movement patterns of marine animals. These tracking data provide key information about foraging, migratory, and other behaviours that can be linked with bio-physical datasets to understand physiological and ecological influences on habitat selection. In most cases, however, the behavioural context is not directly observable and therefore, must be inferred. Animal movement data are complex in structure, entailing a need for stochastic analysis methods. The recent development of state-space modelling approaches for animal movement data provides statistical rigor for inferring hidden behavioural states, relating these states to bio-physical data, and ultimately for predicting the potential impacts of climate change. Despite the widespread utility, and current popularity, of state-space models for analysis of animal tracking data, these tools are not simple and require considerable care in their use. Here we develop a methodological "road map" for ecologists by reviewing currently available state-space implementations. We discuss appropriate use of state-space methods for location and/or behavioural state estimation from different tracking data types. Finally, we outline key areas where the methodology is advancing, and where it needs further development. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
Oceanography of the subantarctic and Polar Frontal Zones south of Australia during summer: Setting for the SAZ-Sense studyAndrew R. Bowie | F. Brian Griffiths | Frank Dehairs | Thomas W. Trull
Volume 58, Issues 21-22, November 2011, Pages 2059-2070
This paper provides a description of the physical and chemical properties (temperature, salinity, macro-nutrient, and oxygen concentrations) and bulk biomass indicators (chlorophyll and beam attenuation) prevailing in the subantarctic zone and polar front zones south of Tasmania (Australia) during the 'Sensitivity of the subantarctic zone to environmental change' (SAZ-Sense) expedition carried out in the austral summer of 2007. Phytoplankton biomass showed a characteristic north-south gradient of decreasing chlorophyll from the subantarctic zone to Polar Frontal Zone, as well as a zonal gradient in the northern subantarctic zone, with an increase in chlorophyll from southwest to southeast of Tasmania. The representativeness of the observations was assessed by comparison to previous studies including satellite observation of chlorophyll biomass over a 10-year period. We consider the possible role of spatial differences in: (i) ocean water masses and frontal systems, (ii) upper mixed layer stratification at three process stations, and (iii) nutrient availability, in controlling the observed variations in phytoplankton biomass in the region. Zonal gradients of the basic oceanographic physical and chemical conditions in the subantarctic zone were relatively small and therefore unlikely to control the three-fold west-to-east differences observed in the accumulation of phytoplankton biomass. The zonal variation in subantarctic zone chlorophyll biomass appears to be driven at least partly by greater micro-nutrient (iron) supply to the waters east of Tasmania, as reported also by others (Bowie et al., 2009; Mongin et al., 2011a). Despite this condition, the region of higher phytoplankton biomass to the southeast of Tasmania was only marginally more productive than the region of lower biomass west of Tasmania and south of the polar front, and exported less particulate carbon than the lower biomass waters (Jacquet et al., 2011). © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Cryptic speciation and the circumpolarity debate: A case study on endemic Southern Ocean octopuses using the COI barcode of lifeA. Louise Allcock | Iain Barratt | Marc Eléaume | Katrin Linse | Mark D. Norman | Peter J. Smith | Dirk Steinke | Darren W. Stevens | Jan M. Strugnell
Volume 58, Issues 1-2, January 2011, Pages 242-249
Three hundred and fifty specimens of the endemic Southern Ocean octopus genus Pareledone, were sequenced for the barcoding gene COI. Geographic coverage comprised the South Shetland Islands, the Ross Sea, Adélie Land, George V Land, the Weddell Sea, under the site of the former Larsen B ice shelf, Prydz Bay, the South Orkney Islands and the Amundsen Sea. The greatest number of specimens was captured at the three first-mentioned localities. At least 11 species were represented in the samples and the analyses revealed cryptic species. Six species were found to have extended distributions. Circumpolarity is supported for at least one species. Evidence is presented for a barrier to gene flow to the west of the Antarctic Peninsula, with haplotypes of P. aequipapillae becoming progressively more diverse in a clockwise direction from the South Shetland Islands to the Amundsen Sea. This pattern is akin to that seen in ring species, although we suggest that comparatively warm bottom water acts as a physical barrier preventing completion of the ring. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
Transport of the North Atlantic Deep Western Boundary Current about 39°N, 70°W: 2004-2008J. M. Toole | R. G. Curry | T. M. Joyce | M. McCartney | B. Peña-Molino
Volume 58, Issues 17-18, September 2011, Pages 1768-1780
Begun in spring 2004, a sustained measurement program - Line W - is returning high-resolution observations of the North Atlantics Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC) southeast of New England. The study focuses on the cold limb of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation near the boundary between the subpolar and subtropical gyres. The field study consists of a 6-element, continental-slope-spanning moored array on a line underlying an altimeter satellite ground track, and periodic reoccupations of a full-depth hydrographic section along the line extending from the continental shelf towards Bermuda. Here, data from the first 4 years of the array (May 10, 2004-April 9, 2008) are analyzed along with 9 realizations of the section. The array, a mix of Moored Profiler and discrete, fixed-depth instrument moorings, returned temperature, salinity and horizontal velocity data with various temporal and depth resolutions. After averaging to filter inertial, tidal and other high-frequency motions, the combined moored data set was binned to the lowest common temporal resolution of 5-days (the nominal burst sample interval of the Moored Profilers) and interpolated to 2-dbar vertical resolution. Temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, tracer chemical concentrations and direct velocity data were acquired on the hydrographic cruises. The present work focuses on the 4-year-mean and time-varying meridional transport in 4 layers bounded by neutral density surfaces: Upper and Classical Labrador Sea Waters, Iceland-Scotland Overflow Waters and Denmark Strait Overflow Waters. The 5-d, 4-layer-summed meridional transport estimates range between -3.5 and -79.9. Sv with a record mean average transport of -25.1. Sv and standard deviation of 12.5. Sv. Bias adjustment to account for the finite width of the moored array increases the 4-layer mean transport estimate to -28.7. Sv. At time scales longer than about 1 month, the variations in equatorward DWBC transport appear correlated with meridional position of the Gulf Stream North Wall with stronger transport observed when the Stream is displaced south. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Effect of the potential melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet on the Meridional Overturning Circulation and global climate in the futureAixue Hu | Gerald A. Meehl | Weiqing Han | Jianjun Yin
Volume 58, Issues 17-18, September 2011, Pages 1914-1926
Multiple recent observations indicate an accelerated mass loss of the Greenland Ice Sheet since the mid-1990s. This increased ice sheet mass loss might be an evidence of global warming and could be related to elevated atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations. Here, we use the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate System Model version 3 to assess the potential influence of a shrinking Greenland Ice Sheet on the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC), the surface climate, and sea level in the next two centuries under the IPCC A1B scenario with prescribed rates of Greenland Ice Sheet melting. Results show that a low rate of Greenland melting will not significantly alter the MOC. However a moderate or high rate of Greenland melting does make the MOC weaken further. This further weakened MOC will not make the global climate in the next two centuries cooler than in the late 20th century, but will lessen the warming, especially in the northern high latitudes. Moreover, the sea level changes due to steric effect and ocean dynamics could potentially aggravate the sea level problem near the northeast North America coast and the islands in the western Pacific region. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Biodiversity of macrofaunal assemblages from three Portuguese submarine canyons (NE Atlantic)Marina R. Cunha | Gordon L J Paterson | Teresa Amaro | Sabena Blackbird | Henko C. de Stigter | Clarisse Ferreira | Adrian Glover | Ana Hilário | Konstadinos Kiriakoulakis | Lenka Neal | Ascensão Ravara | Clara F. Rodrigues | Áurea Tiago | David S M Billett
Volume 58, Issues 23-24, December 2011, Pages 2433-2447
The macrofaunal assemblages from three Portuguese submarine canyons, Nazaré, Cascais and Setúbal were studied from samples collected at their upper (900-1000m), middle (3200-3500m) and lower sections (4200-4500m) and at the adjacent open slopes (~1000m), during the HERMES cruises D297 (R.R.S. Discovery, 2005) CD179 (R.R.S. Charles Darwin, 2006) and 64PE252 (R.V. Pelagia, 2006). The taxonomic composition and patterns in biodiversity, abundance and community structure of the benthic macrofauna were described. Annelida (42.1% of total abundance; 137 species) and Arthropoda (20.6%; 162 species) were, respectively, the most abundant and the most species-rich Phyla among the 342 taxa identified during this study. Multivariate analyses showed significant differences between and within canyons and between canyons and open slope assemblages. At their upper section, canyons supported higher macrofauna abundance but slightly lower biodiversity than the adjacent slopes at similar depth. In all canyons abundance reached the highest value in the middle section and the lowest in the upper section, with marked fluctuations in Nazaré (474-4599ind.m-2) and lower variability in Cascais (583-1125ind.m-2). The high abundance and dominance of the assemblages in the middle section of Nazaré and Setúbal was accompanied by depressed biodiversity, while in Cascais, Hurlbert's expected species richness showed increasing values from the upper to the middle canyon, and maintained the high values at the lower section. Overall, the Nazaré Canyon showed the lowest expected species richness (ES(100): 16-39) and the Cascais Canyon the highest (39-54). There was a significant negative Kendall's correlation between total organic carbon concentrations in the superficial sediments and ES(100) and a significant positive correlation between total nitrogen and macrofauna density. The influences of organic enrichment, sediment heterogeneity and hydrodynamic regime on the abundance, diversity and community structure of the macrofauna are discussed. It is suggested that altered and localised environmental conditions in the Portuguese canyons play an important role in modifying more common abundance and diversity bathymetric patterns evident in many continental slope environments. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Tracking large tabular icebergs using the SeaWinds Ku-band microwave scatterometerK. M. Stuart | D. G. Long
Volume 58, Issues 11-12, June 2011, Pages 1285-1300
Knowledge of iceberg locations is important for safety reasons as well as for understanding many geophysical and biological processes. Originally designed to measure wind speed and direction over the ocean, SeaWinds is a microwave scatterometer that operates at 13.4. GHz (Ku-band) on the QuikSCAT satellite. Radar measurements from SeaWinds are collected and processed on a daily basis using resolution-enhancement techniques to produce daily radar images. Because icebergs scatter microwave energy more than sea ice and sea water, icebergs are detected as high-backscatter targets surrounded by lower-backscatter regions in daily SeaWinds images. As a result, iceberg positions are determined in real-time and a time-series of iceberg positions is maintained in an Antarctic iceberg database by Brigham Young University's Microwave Earth Remote Sensing (MERS) laboratory. Since SeaWinds operates independent of both solar illumination and cloud cover and has a large daily spatial coverage, this paper demonstrates that SeaWinds is an excellent platform to detect and track large tabular icebergs. These icebergs are generally larger than 5. km and are typically characterized as a rough ice plateau above the surrounding sea water or sea ice. The number of icebergs tracked in the MERS Antarctic iceberg database is found to be generally greater than the number of icebergs tracked by the National Ice Center. The movement patterns of all icebergs detected by SeaWinds are also analyzed and 90% of icebergs are found to travel a counter-clockwise path around Antarctica and accumulate in the Weddell and Scotia Seas. Iceberg detection and tracking is demonstrated via multiple case studies that highlight icebergs C-19a and A-22a using the MERS database and through real-time operational support of the 2005, 2008, and 2009 NSF Antarctic cruises. Iceberg positions are validated by using collocated high-resolution satellite imagery and by navigating the NSF ships to physically intercept several large tabular icebergs in the Weddell and Scotia Seas. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
Input, composition, and potential impact of terrigenous material from free-drifting icebergs in the Weddell SeaT. J. Shaw | R. Raiswell | C. R. Hexel | H. P. Vu | W. S. Moore | R. Dudgeon | K. L. Smith
Volume 58, Issues 11-12, June 2011, Pages 1376-1383
The hypothesis that Fe fertilization of the Southern Ocean could account for at least part of the glacial-interglacial difference in atmospheric CO2 has lead to a search for the Fe source. Iron fertilization in the open ocean can occur naturally through increased dust input, cross-shelf export, upwelling of Fe replete deep water, and release of terrigenous Fe from icebergs. However, the relative importance of these mechanisms, in terms of the flux and bioavailability of the Fe, is the source of much interest and debate. An unambiguous tracer of terrigenous material, excess 224Ra, was used to show that free-drifting icebergs are a significant Fe source to surface waters in the Southern Ocean. Activity of 224Ra (half-life 3.7 days) was measured in the Weddell Sea in surface waters surrounding three free-drifting icebergs and in Iceberg Alley. Inventories of excess 224Ra indicate a local terrigenous input 1-3 orders of magnitude greater than estimates of aeolian dust fluxes to the Southern Ocean. Burdens of fine terrigenous material associated with current rates of iceberg ejection are estimated to be on the order of 90×106 tons per year for Antarctica, yielding a total Fe input of ~3×106 tons per year. Chemical and mineralogical composition of the terrigenous material confirms that 0.04-0.4% exists as labile Fe in ferrihydrite that is potentially bioavailable (on the order of 4-40×104 tons of per year). These results suggest that free-drifting icebergs can contribute significantly to atmospheric CO2 drawdown though Fe fertilization in the Southern Ocean. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
Phytoplankton growth, grazing and production balances in the HNLC equatorial PacificMichael R. Landry | Karen E. Selph | Andrew G. Taylor | Moira Décima | William M. Balch | Robert R. Bidigare
Volume 58, Issues 3-4, February 2011, Pages 524-535
We investigate the hypothesis that phytoplankton growth and grazing processes are strongly balanced in high-nutrient low-chlorophyll (HNLC) waters of the equatorial Pacific using euphotic-zone estimates of rates and biomass determined for 30 stations during EB04 (December 2004) and EB05 (September 2005). As predicted by the balance hypothesis, depth-averaged instantaneous rates of phytoplankton growth and grazing losses to micro- and mesozooplankton show a net growth difference of zero. Contemporaneous estimates of phytoplankton biomass and specific rates from flow cytometry, microscopy and taxon-specific accessory pigments allow determination of constrained production-consumption trophic balances for the phytoplankton community as a whole and for major component populations. The magnitude of growth-based production (867mgCm -2d -1) is consistent with measured 14C primary production, given methodological differences. 70% of production is utilized by protistan herbivores within the microbial community; 30% is consumed by mesozooplankton. Among picophytoplankton (Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus and small eukaryotes), representing 40% of community biomass and 27% of daily biomass growth, microzooplankton consume almost all production. Among groups of larger eukaryote taxa, including diatoms but dominated by dinoflagellate biomass, micro-grazers consume 51-62% of production, with the remainder available to mesozooplankton. Some leakage from the balance is expected as export of sinking phytoplankton cells and aggregates, but is constrained to no more than a few percent of daily production from alternate determinations of mesozooplankton grazing. The demonstrated balance of growth and grazing processes in the equatorial Pacific is inconsistent with recent claims from inverse models that a large flux associated with ungrazed picophytoplankton production dominates euphotic zone carbon export in the region. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
How many species in the Southern Ocean? Towards a dynamic inventory of the Antarctic marine speciesClaude De Broyer | Bruno Danis | Allcock Louise | Angel Martin | Arango Claudia | Artois Tom | Barnes David | Bester Marthan | Blachowiak Samolyk Kasia | Blazewicz Magda | Bohn Jens | Brandao Simone Nunes | Brandt Angelika | Danis Bruno | David Bruno | Broyer De Claude | Salas de Miguel | Eléaume Marc | Emig Christian | Fautin Daphne | George Kai-Horst | Gillan David | Gooday Andrew | Hopcroft Russ | Jangoux Michel | Janussen Dorte | Koubbi Philippe | Kouwenberg Juliana | Kuklinski Piotr | Ligowski Ryszard | Lindsay Dhugal | Linse Katrin | Longshaw Matt | López González Pablo | Martin Patrick | Munilla Tomas | Mühlenhardt Siegel Ute | Neuhaus Birger | Norenburg Jon | Ozouf Costaz Catherine | Pakhomov Evgeny | Perrin William | Petryashov Victor | Peña Cantero Álvaro | Piatkowski Uwe | Pierrot Bults Annelies | Rocka Anna | Saiz Salinas José | Salvini Plawen Luitfried | Scarabino Victor | Schiaparelli Stefano | Schrödl Michael | Schwabe Enrico | Scott Fiona | Sicinski Jacek | Siegel Volker | Smirnov Igor | Thatje Sven | Utevsky Andrei | Vanreusel Ann | Wiencke Christian | Woehler Eric | Zdzitowiecki Krzysztof | Zeidler Wolfgang
Volume 58, Issues 1-2, January 2011, Pages 5-17
The IPY sister-projects CAML and SCAR-MarBIN provided a timely opportunity, a strong collaborative framework and an appropriate momentum to attempt assessing the "Known, Unknown and Unknowable" of Antarctic marine biodiversity. To allow assessing the known biodiversity, SCAR-MarBIN "Register of Antarctic Marine Species (RAMS)" was compiled and published by a panel of 64 taxonomic experts. Thanks to this outstanding expertise mobilized for the first time, an accurate list of more than 8100 valid species was compiled and an up-to-date systematic classification comprising more than 16,800 taxon names was established. This taxonomic information is progressively and systematically completed by species occurrence data, provided by literature, taxonomic and biogeographic databases, new data from CAML and other cruises, and museum collections. RAMS primary role was to establish a benchmark of the present taxonomic knowledge of the Southern Ocean biodiversity, particularly important in the context of the growing realization of potential impacts of the global change on Antarctic ecosystems. This, in turn, allowed detecting gaps in knowledge, taxonomic treatment and coverage, and estimating the importance of the taxonomic impediment, as well as the needs for more complete and efficient taxonomic tools. A second, but not less important, role of RAMS was to contribute to the "taxonomic backbone" of the SCAR-MarBIN, OBIS and GBIF networks, to establish a dynamic information system on Antarctic marine biodiversity for the future. The unknown part of the Southern Ocean biodiversity was approached by pointing out what remains to be explored and described in terms of geographical locations and bathymetric zones, habitats, or size classes of organisms. The growing importance of cryptic species is stressed, as they are more and more often detected by molecular studies in several taxa. Relying on RAMS results and on some case studies of particular model groups, the question of the potential number of species that remains to be discovered in the Southern Ocean is discussed. In terms of taxonomic inputs to the census of Southern Ocean biodiversity, the current rate of progress in inventorying the Antarctic marine species as well as the state of taxonomic resources and capacity were assessed. Different ways of improving the taxonomic inputs are suggested. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
Co-limitation of diatoms by iron and silicic acid in the equatorial PacificMark A. Brzezinski | Stephen B. Baines | William M. Balch | Charlotte P. Beucher | Fei Chai | Richard C. Dugdale | Jeffrey W. Krause | Michael R. Landry | Albert Marchi | Chris I. Measures | David M. Nelson | Alexander E. Parker | Alex J. Poulton | Karen E. Selph | Peter G. Strutton | Andrew G. Taylor | Benjamin S. Twining
Volume 58, Issues 3-4, February 2011, Pages 493-511
The relative roles of silicon (Si) and iron (Fe) as limiting nutrients in the eastern equatorial Pacific (EEP) were examined in a series of nine microcosm experiments conducted over two years between 110°W and 140°W longitude. Si and Fe additions had consistently different but synergistic effects on macronutrient use, phytoplankton biomass and phytoplankton community structure. Silicon addition increased silicic acid use and biogenic silica production, but had no significant effect on the use of inorganic nitrogen or orthophosphate, chlorophyll accumulation, particulate inorganic (PIC) carbon accumulation, or plankton community composition relative to controls. That result, together with observations that Si addition increased the cellular Si content of the numerically dominant diatom by ~50%, indicates that the main effect of Si was to regulate diatom silicification. Like the effect of Si, Fe addition increased the rate of silicic acid use and biogenic silica production and had no effect on PIC production. Unlike the effect of Si, Fe addition also enhanced rates of organic matter production, had no effect on cellular Si content of diatoms, and resulted in the growth of initially rare, large (>40 γm) diatoms relative to controls, indicating that Fe limitation acts mainly through its effects on growth rate and phytoplankton community composition. A pennate diatom of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia dominated the diatom assemblage in situ, grew readily in the controls and did not show a strong growth response to either Fe or Si addition suggesting that its growth was regulated by other factors such as grazing or light. Addition of germanium, an inhibitor of diatom cell division, eliminated the effects of Fe on macronutrient use, biogenic silica production and chlorophyll accumulation and phytoplankton community composition, consistent with a predominantly diatom response to Fe addition. The lack of a response of PIC production to Fe suggests that coccolithophores were not Fe limited. Addition of Fe and Si together resulted in the greatest levels of nutrient drawdown and biomass accumulation through the effect of Fe in promoting the growth of large diatoms. The results suggest a form of co-limitation with Si regulating diatom silicification and the rate of biogenic silica production while Fe regulates the production of organic matter through limitation of phytoplankton growth rates, in particular those of large diatoms. The results argue against Si regulation of new production in the EEP under average upwelling conditions. Iron addition was necessary and sufficient to stimulate complete removal of nitrate within the equatorial upwelling zone suggesting that new production was restricted by low ambient dissolved Fe consistent with results from in situ Fe fertilization experiments conducted to the south of the equator outside of the equatorial upwelling zone. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
Biodiversity change after climate-induced ice-shelf collapse in the AntarcticJulian Gutt | Iain Barratt | Eugene Domack | Cédric d'Udekem d'Acoz | Werner Dimmler | Antoine Grémare | Olaf Heilmayer | Enrique Isla | Dorte Janussen | Elaina Jorgensen | Karl Hermann Kock | Linn Sophia Lehnert | Pablo López-Gonzáles | Stephanie Langner | Katrin Linse | Maria Eugenia Manjón-Cabeza | Meike Meißner | Americo Montiel | Maarten Raes | Henri Robert | Armin Rose | Elisabet Sañé Schepisi | Thomas Saucède | Meike Scheidat | Hans Werner Schenke | Jan Seiler | Craig Smith
Volume 58, Issues 1-2, January 2011, Pages 74-83
The marine ecosystem on the eastern shelf of the Antarctic Peninsula was surveyed 5 and 12 years after the climate-induced collapse of the Larsen A and B ice shelves. An impoverished benthic fauna was discovered, that included deep-sea species presumed to be remnants from ice-covered conditions. The current structure of various ecosystem components appears to result from extremely different response rates to the change from an oligotrophic sub-ice-shelf ecosystem to a productive shelf ecosystem. Meiobenthic communities remained impoverished only inside the embayments. On local scales, macro- and mega-epibenthic diversity was generally low, with pioneer species and typical Antarctic megabenthic shelf species interspersed. Antarctic Minke whales and seals utilised the Larsen A/B area to feed on presumably newly established krill and pelagic fish biomass. Ecosystem impacts also extended well beyond the zone of ice-shelf collapse, with areas of high benthic disturbance resulting from scour by icebergs discharged from the Larsen embayments. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
Iron from melting glaciers fuels phytoplankton blooms in the Amundsen Sea (Southern Ocean): Phytoplankton characteristics and productivityAnne Carlijn Alderkamp | Matthew M. Mills | Gert L. van Dijken | Patrick Laan | Charles Edouard Thuróczy | Loes J A Gerringa | Hein J W de Baar | Christopher D. Payne | Ronald J W Visser | Anita G J Buma | Kevin R. Arrigo
Volume 71-76, Issue , September 2012, Pages 32-48
The phytoplankton community composition and productivity in waters of the Amundsen Sea and surrounding sea ice zone were characterized with respect to iron (Fe) input from melting glaciers. High Fe input from glaciers such as the Pine Island Glacier, and the Dotson and Crosson ice shelves resulted in dense phytoplankton blooms in surface waters of Pine Island Bay, Pine Island Polynya, and Amundsen Polynya. Phytoplankton biomass distribution was the opposite of the distribution of dissolved Fe (DFe), confirming the uptake of glacial DFe in surface waters by phytoplankton. Phytoplankton biomass in the polynyas ranged from 0.6 to 14μgChl aL -1, with lower biomass at glacier sites where strong upwelling of Modified Circumpolar Deep Water from beneath glacier tongues was observed. Phytoplankton blooms in the polynyas were dominated by the haptophyte Phaeocystis antarctica, whereas the phytoplankton community in the sea ice zone was a mix of P. antarctica and diatoms, resembling the species distribution in the Ross Sea. Water column productivity based on photosynthesis versus irradiance characteristics averaged 3.00gCm -2d -1 in polynya sites, which was approximately twice as high as in the sea ice zone. The highest water column productivity was observed in the Pine Island Polynya, where both thermally and salinity stratified waters resulted in a shallow surface mixed layer with high phytoplankton biomass. In contrast, new production based on NO 3 uptake was similar between different polynya sites, where a deeper UML in the weakly, thermally stratified Pine Island Bay resulted in deeper NO 3 removal, thereby offsetting the lower productivity at the surface. These are the first in situ observations that confirm satellite observations of high phytoplankton biomass and productivity in the Amundsen Sea. Moreover, the high phytoplankton productivity as a result of glacial input of DFe is the first evidence that melting glaciers have the potential to increase phytoplankton productivity and thereby CO 2 uptake, resulting in a small negative feedback to anthropogenic CO 2 emissions. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.


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Shrub Roses
Douglas Gandy™This lovely apricot shrub rose produces quantities of beautiful, semi-double, rich apricot blooms in clusters on an outstanding bush that is vigorous, upright growing and well clothed in rich green foliage 4" Bloom, 24+ Petals, Continual Blooming Learn More
CorneliaA delightful Hybrid Musk of delicate beauty producing arching trusses of 2 1/2" double, rosette shaped blooms of apricot-copper aging to apricot shaded pink. The flowers are very fragrant. A strong growing continual blooming shrub having few thorns with glossy, dark green foliage. Petals 30. Learn More
Marilyn Monroe™Apricot or apricot blend. Mild, citrus, tea fragrance. Globular, high-centered to cupped bloom form. Prolific, continuous bloom throughout the season. Pointed, ovoid buds. Medium, armed with thorns / prickles, upright, plant. Medium, semi-glossy foliage. Vigorous. heat tolerant. Bloom 4.25", Petals 17-25 Learn MoreFrom: $27.00
Out of stock
Scottish Highlands™A rose to represent the serene beauty of the Scottish countryside. The color of these 6-7" blooms (petals 50+) is bronze-copper with fragrance, all borne on a continual blooming bush with strong healthy canes that are well foliaged. Learn More
FrancescaThe strong honeysuckle fragrance can be detected from a distance. Semi-double 3" blooms (petals 30) of soft apricot-yellow borne in clusters on a continual blooming upright arching bush. Learn More
Heirloom Roses is no longer offering this rose for purchase. To view our collection of Kordes® Roses, click here.
Named for the park in Dortmund, Germany, headquarters of the German Rose Society. Fantastic, clear, rich deep apricot 5" blooms (petals 18-25) that start from hybrid tea shaped buds and slowly open into old-fashioned style blooms on a strong growing, upright continual blooming bush with dark green leathery foliage.Learn More

subset: commoncrawl


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Dec. 23, 2012
PITTSBURGH – University of Pittsburgh senior heavyweight wrestler Zac Thomusseit has been named EWL Wrestler of the Week, the Conference announced Sunday morning.
Thomusseit, who has a perfect 11-0 record on the season, garnered the EWL honor after an impressive week where he recorded a pair of conference victories by fall. On Thursday against Cleveland State, Thomusseit pinned Riley Shaw at 2:35. The senior followed up the CSU fall by pinning Clarion's Phil Catrucco at 6:40 to give Thomusseit his second six-point win in as many days.
Thomusseit becomes the third Panther to take home Wrestler of the Week honors joining Anthony Zanetta, who earned the honor on Dec. 2, and Matt Wilps who took the award on Nov. 4.
The Panthers return to action when they travel to Chicago for the 50th Midlands Tournament on Saturday, Dec. 29, and Sunday, Dec. 30, on the campus of Northwestern.
For the latest on Pitt Wrestling follow the Panthers on Twitter and Facebook and subscribe to the Pitt Wrestling YouTube channel.
Pitt 2012-13 EWL Wrestlers of the Week
12/23 – Zac Thomusseit
12/2 - Anthony Zanetta
11/4 - Matt Wilps


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Michalek, Orpik out; Comrie game-time decision; Staal skates - 10-13-10
A couple interesting developments at Penguins practice today.
First, as suspected, Penguins defensemen Zbynek Michalek (shoulder) and Brooks Orpik (groin) will not play tonight against the Maple Leafs. Michalek (right) injured his right shoulder in Monday's game against the Devils when he was hit into the boards by New Jersey forward Rod Pelley.
Orpik missed Monday's game due to a recurring groin ailment.
Their injuries will allow Andrew Hutchinson, recalled from Wilkes-Barre/Scranton yesterday, to make his debut with the NHL Penguins.
Second, Mike Comrie appears to be demoted off the Penguins' top two lines for undisclosed reasons (PG+). Dan Byslma described him as a game-time decision. Despite playing with Sidney Crosby and Evgeni Malkin this season, he has has no points and is a minus-1.
The lines at practice this morning (PG+):
Chris Kunitz - Sidney Crosby - Pascal Dupuis
Eric Tangradi - Mark Letestu - Evgeni Malkin
Matt Cooke - Max Talbot - Tyler Kennedy
Mike Comrie - Craig Adams - Mike Rupp/Eric Godard
Given how the Maple Leafs tend to pay a rough and tumble game, it's not impossible to see enforcer Eric Godard get his first action of the season.
Finally for the Penguins, injured forward Jordan Staal (foot) skated with strength and conditioning coach Mike Kadar prior to the team's practice (PG+).
Dan Bylsma's post-practice press conference:
For Toronto, goaltender Jonas Gustavsson is expected to get his first start of the season.
(Photo: Justin K. Aller/Getty Images)


text:
Last week I had the great pleasure of speaking at the Association of American Indian Physicians. What a wonderful group of Indian people. The whole conference was covered with a cloud of intellectualism. The students were delightful and their enthusiasm…Read More
Heading into the Future
The American Indian College Fund board of directors spent Friday of last week brainstorming and planning for the organization's five-year strategic plan. As the economic landscape is changing, the Fund needs to change as well. Although it is important…Read More
Hard at Work on a New Video
Today we are hard at work, filming a new video, bringing information to our donors about the mission of the American Indian College Fund. We are also working to put the finishing touches on maps of Indian country and our tribal colleges to our donors, which…Read More


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PVP Farming, anyone?
PVP farms take place on Mondays and Tuesdays at 6pm PST. So please begin whispering me about 15-30 minutes in advanced so I know who I'm taking.
First come first serve.
If you don't follow my rules, then you will no longer be able to participate in my PVP farms.
If it's not your win, only attack a little so you're registered with the PVP system as being a participant instead of being afk. If you don't get your name in you will not receive points!
If you DO need to afk you need to get a Goblin Warlord shield, I cannot supply you with one of these so if you know you need to afk for more than one match, please be sure to get one for yourself.
Don't whisper me days in advance. I'm not reserving spots because of how unreliable some people can be. I'll be making teams the DAY of the PVP farm. So whisper me 30 minutes in advanced and be at the Fight arena on Channel 4 by 6 pm PST. If you're not there I'll have to find a replacement and you will not be participating that night in PVP farming.
You need to follow the rotation I've set, so I can keep track of how many wins each team gets. If you're on my team (Which I will remind in party and in all chat) You are on Team A and we have first win. If you are on another persons team (Normally Holyana but might change due to something going on with her irl) you are Team B and you win second. Team B will be the last winner of the rotation so that way when we meet up again, Team A winning will be fair.
We'll farm for an hour, then we'll see how everyone feels. Personally I get kind of bored after an hour, but if everyone is willing to continue on for the second hour instead of taking the 1 hour break, that's okay too.
Edit: 1/18/11:
PVP Farming has been postponed =.= My ping's blasted up to over 1k. Sometimes it drops to where I can play normally but then it jumps back up. Sorry for this. >.>
3rd jobs have been fixed!
PVP farming shall resume on 1/18/11 1/24/11 on Ch 4 at fight arena about 15-20 minutes prior to the scheduled time!
Remember there's limited space so act fast!
Well accts I'm interested in:
kmelfina - Lv 171 Bard (just 1,500 more pts to upgrade kilt to +5)
divinekeitoXD - Lv 82 Sorc (1999 more pts til Magic Concentration)
okay, just leave me what times you're able.
Also, are you able to run these characters at the same time?
If so; Are you wanting to?
I'll join. More points means I can make more of the same gears. xD
You have me on your buddy list so you know how to reach me.
Yes I dooooo
And I will when I get more.
So.. 3/8. 5 more!
Heya...am in need of an upgrade on my whole epic magic set so count me in :py35:
Am on regularly...just send me a whisper at DLHKitty of when you want to go that night. I am always up for PvP, long or short runs... preferably the longer the better :py55:
Oh and edit...am not usually on during the weekends though, previous stuff going on...so weekdays are best :)
If you need more people and I'm not busy, I suppose I could help ;v
Same here.
HeroNight lvl97 WL
add me in as well
i will always be on at night
Pringless Lv120 bard
btw i dont think i can pvp farm for long hours. Maybe 1hour at most or so. i tend to get bored easily =X
My timezone is EST, so I won't be on *much* weekdays. I get on 3 PM - 4:30 PM
Weekends = whatever works in time since I"ll be on... most of the time LOL! [except 2x time] (6 AM - til I feel tired)
Wow okay, so this is what happens when a Laptop charger dies along with the favorites I had stored SO!!
We have the following.
Which means unless I can find a friend..
We need one more.
Tell your friends and I'll start scheduling. Hopefully more people reply soon..
But what would help is if everyone listed when they were available so I can chose the best time for the farms to take place. I have some, but as soon as others post them I'll get right to work! :py01:
MWF are the best for me since I get out at 12 unless something comes up. Let's pretend things appear so... 1:30 PM PST or after.
TTH I get home at 4PM so I don't know if people want to do it that late.
Edit: I'm fine with however long. I tend to space out during the farms since I can do other things.
well if you need someone i can go as a filler on my sorc
MW arent really good for me since i dont get home til 5-6pm, but if you wanna farm then im fine with it xD
TTH i get home at 3:30 ish
F is best for me since i dont have class x]
Okay so..
What about Monday and Tuesday every week. I still need times. So far someone's said that they can only do an hour. due to boredom. Maybe we could do like one hour, then break for a bit then regroup and do another hour?
I have a friend that's willing to partake just in case we're short one as well.
if need be i can dual client
My Sched:
Mon - Nah, academic challenge
Tues - Free
Wed - Japanese Club every other week (not this time since next week = 1/2 day)
Thurs - academic challenge
Friday - Free lol.
Academic Challenge ends Jan. 19 after competition so yay!
Kmel, I live in Est, and since a lot of people are in PST I'm willing to make arrangements. I was thinking we wouldn't start doing farming til 6 pm PST. Which would be 9 pm EST. or something.
I live PST.
Most every day is good with me, just not the weekends :py39:
Whenever is good during the day/night that is the majority...
Well I'm just trying to make it okay with everyone, and not try to block their schedules much.
I'm thinking Mondays and Tuesdays, around 6-7 PM PST, or 9-10 PM Est. :py07: Just kind of hard to please them all
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We are a French company, we have a book press participant at conferences in France, they come from around the world. We wish to recover the donated this book to Excel file. We scan all the pages are in very good qualities. There pages 420 for a total of 2,000 contacts. We wish to recover given below:
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realmagick.com The shrine of knowledge.
John Cushnahan
A selection of articles related to john cushnahan.
Original articles from our library related to the John Cushnahan. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on John Cushnahan.
- King James Bible: John, Chapter 1
- Chapter 1 1:1 In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. 1:2 The same was in the beginning with God. 1:3 All things were made by him; and without him was not any thing made that was made. 1:4 In him was life; and the life...
New Testament >> John
- King James Bible: John, Chapter 3
- Chapter 3 3:1 There was a man of the Pharisees, named Nicodemus, a ruler of the Jews: 3:2 The same came to Jesus by night, and said unto him, Rabbi, we know that thou art a teacher come from God: for no man can do these miracles that thou doest, except God be...
New Testament >> John
- King James Bible: John, Chapter 10
- Chapter 10 10:1 Verily, verily, I say unto you, He that entereth not by the door into the sheepfold, but climbeth up some other way, the same is a thief and a robber. 10:2 But he that entereth in by the door is the shepherd of the sheep. 10:3 To him the...
New Testament >> John
- King James Bible: John, Chapter 5
- Chapter 5 5:1 After this there was a feast of the Jews; and Jesus went up to Jerusalem. 5:2 Now there is at Jerusalem by the sheep market a pool, which is called in the Hebrew tongue Bethesda, having five porches. 5:3 In these lay a great multitude of...
New Testament >> John
- St. John's Wort: Correspondences
- Hypericum perforatum Poison Folk Names: Amber, Fuga daemonum , Scare-Devil, Goat Weed, Herba John, John's Wort, Klamath Weed, Sol Terrestis, Tipton Weed Gender: Masculine Planet: Sun Element: Fire Deity: Baldur Power: Protection, Health, Strength, Love...
Herbalism >> Herbs dictionary S
- King James Bible: John, Chapter 4
- Chapter 4 4:1 When therefore the Lord knew how the Pharisees had heard that Jesus made and baptized more disciples than John, 4:2 (Though Jesus himself baptized not, but his disciples,) 4:3 He left Judaea, and departed again into Galilee. 4:4 And he must...
New Testament >> John
- Story of the Celts: The Celts of Ireland
- The Celts of Ireland [ 33 ] The Celts arrived in Ireland by 350 B.C (some say earlier) and they thrive there to this day. A claim might be made that the Celtic Irish are among the world's oldest nationality groups. Despite periods when foreigners tried in...
History & Anthropology >> Celtic & Irish
John Cushnahan is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, John Cushnahan books and related discussion.
Suggested News Resources
- Cushnahan to sue BBC and others for defamation following claims on Nama
- A committee source told the Belfast Telegraph: "A commission of inquiry would have much stronger powers to compel witnesses to attend and would be able, for example, to conduct an audit of the business interests and activities of Frank Cushnahan, with ...
- Tele reporter teaches All Saints pupils about the world of work
- Other special guests throughout the week included Ingeborg Lindholm from Abbey Vets in Greenock, Alison Dorrian from Inverclyde Active Schools, Fr John Morrison from St Patrick's Church in Greenock and All Saints' very own depute head teacher ...
- Frank Cushnahan denies conflict of interest in letter to Nama chair
- Embattled businessman Frank Cushnahan's lawyer wrote to Nama chairman Frank Daly on January 25 last, strongly denying any conflicts of interest between Cushnahan's role on the agency's Northern Ireland advisory committee (NIAC) and Cushnahan's ...
- Former Nama executive Ronnie Hanna has no comment on Cerberus
- Mr Cushnahan was recorded telling two other businesspeople he had contacted Mr Hanna on several occasions to prevent some of the agency's creditors' "lights going out".
Great care has been taken to prepare the information on this page. Elements of the content come from factual and lexical knowledge databases, realmagick.com library and third-party sources. We appreciate your suggestions and comments on further improvements of the site.
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Designed for Smith Family Farms' Annual Tomato Festival.
I created the logo and mascot for Tricycle Ice Cream, a Rhode Island based artisanal ice cream sandwich company.
They had the logo hand painted onto their wooden ice cream truck, featured in Paste Magazine's roundup of 25 Best Food Truck Designs!
Various lettering comps for stationery, clothing, and other goods.


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Brian is a Webby Award nominated marketer, entrepreneur, and best-selling author. He helped oversee the launch of Adobe Lightroom 4 and Photoshop CS6 while a supervisor at Edelman Digital, was the Head of Creative Strategy at Emergent Order, and brought digital strategy to the Foundation for Economic Education as their first Director of New Media. He presently serves on the Board of Directors for three companies–including Alister & Paine Magazine–and is the Managing Supervisor of Paid Media at Ketchum Digital where he oversees paid strategy for companies like Hewlett-Packard, Chase, and MasterCard.
Who am I?
Digital Strategy
Branded Content + Creative Direction for FerrariDigital Strategy View Project
Managing Corporate Crisis with Paid MediaDigital Strategy View Project
Global Digital Launch of Photoshop CS6Digital Strategy View Project
Ethnographic Research for The North FaceBrand Strategy View Project
Around the World With LightroomDigital Strategy View Project
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In case you were wondering
Brian Aitken
Brian attended Rutgers University as an undergraduate where he launched his first company, Vertical Trips, a social utility that connected young professionals with adventure vacations across the United States. Aitken later served as a publisher at MediaPlanet where he financed and oversaw special reports that were distributed in the Wall Street Journal, USA Today, and The Washington Post.
In 2009, Aitken founded Alister & Paine Magazine which serves as a content distributor for B2B and luxury lifestyle companies. Two years later, he was awarded a scholarship for "exceptional entrepreneurship" by Manchester Business School's Global MBA Program.
He has since earned a Statement of Professional Achievement from the NYU Stern School of Business and regularly attends summits on the Initiative on the Digital Economy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
Aitken presently serves on the Board of Directors of Alister & Paine Magazine, Alpenglow, The Bridges Family Resort & Tennis Club and serves as the Managing Supervisor of Paid Media at Ketchum Digital.
"I read the book in one setting. Searing. Infuriating. Uplifting. All at once. Brian Aitken has written a searing memoir about his experience inside a legal system that has lost it's moral compass" – Clark Neily III, Institute for Justice
Thoughts on Marketing, Freedom, Mountains and Entrepreneurship.
The War Chest
Merry Christmas!
If the New York Times Branded Content Solution is So Awful, Why Do We Keep Buying It?
Last quarter I ran a branded content campaign with the New York Times (Wikipedia: Branded Content) that included a paid post and display banners across the entirety of the nytimes.com website. To be blunt, I didn't think it was worth it. But why not and, more importantly, why did my client disagree? The design? Not…
PR Advice for Startups from DigiDay, Elite Daily, and Me.
My Webinar with Taboola on Modernizing Public Relations
Highlights from MIT's 3rd Annual Platform Strategy Summit
Let me get this out of the way upfront: I hate going to conferences. In my experience, the average conference operates on a 1:3:12 ratio of substance to bullshit to someone trying to sell me something I don't need for a problem I don't have. Too many of the conferences I'm invited to are simply sales pitches…
I just saw a 61% increase in conversions using Outbrain's Vertical Targeting
I've been managing a campaign where one of the KPI's (Mashable: What is a Key Performance Indicator) is capturing email addresses for a free subscription to a digital magazine. Over the past few months, I've been pushing my vendors to give me access to beta products so I can experiment with new tools before they…


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NZ: News Analysis: Brewers see future in wine market
New World winemakers are suddenly hot tickets with a number of big brewers looking for a stake in this lucrative market. Lion Nathan said earlier this week it would be buying another 5% of Montana, New Zealand's largest wine group, taking its share to nearly a quarter.Fosters is expected to snap up Corbans and rumours abound that Southcorp and BRL Hardy also have money to burn. Add the unknown intentions of the European and North American giants towards New World winemakers and owning shares in these companies is suddenly looking a good bet, after several rather dull years.DB Group put Corbans up for sale earlier this year and a number of the big Australasian players have made bids, including Fosters and Southcorp. Salomon Smith Barney is running the sale and the bidding period was expected to run until the end of this week. But the deal makers are understood to have flown from Sydney to Auckland on Monday and some analysts believe that Fosters, the hot tip to win Corbans, could close the deal within the next couple of days. The word in Sydney is that Southcorp, recognising it could not match Foster's big money offer for Corbans, decided to sniff around Montana. This is what prompted Lion Nathan's sudden decision to take another 5%of Montana.Lion Nathan CEO Gordon Cairns told just-drinks.com last month that he had no interest in expanding his wine operations so this week's decision is a sharp about turn in policy.Lion was forced to buy 19.9% of Montana in May when rumours of Foster's interest surfaced. Given these sudden forays into the market to protect its relationship with Montana some analysts have suggested that Lion is miscalculating its rival's intentions. But what is most surprising is that the big brewers have taken so long to consolidate their positions in the expanding wine market.David Robertson
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|Wine maker notes
|Altesino makes this Rosso di Montalcino entirely from select Sangiovese Grosso grapes sourced from the younger vines in the Altesino, Pianezzine, Macina, and Castelnuovo dell'Abate vineyards. After the fermentation process in stainless steel, the wine ages in large barrels of varied maturity for six to eight months followed by three months in bottle. The final wine is a perfect and accessible introduction to the terroir of Montalcino.
|Near the end of 2002, Elisabetta Gnudi Angelini, owner of nearby Tenuta Caparzo, purchased the Altesino winery. Winemaker Claudio Basla remained with the estate, emphasizing his commitment to maintaining Altesino"s hard-earned reputation as a Montalcino institution and a global leader in innovative winemaking.


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Lila Rose founded Live Action when she was fifteen years old. In 2008, Live Action was legally formed as a non-partisan, non-profit organization. The group is a new media movement dedicated to building a culture of life and ending abortion, the greatest human rights injustice of our time. Live Action uses powerful and dynamic media platforms to educate the public about the humanity of the preborn and investigative journalism to expose the threats against the vulnerable and defenseless.
Utilizing undercover investigations, Live Action has documented rampant sexual abuse cover-up, racism, medical misinformation, the willingness to assist sex traffickers, false statements made by Planned Parenthood executives, sex-selective abortion, and infanticide. Live Action's exposés publicize these abuses, so the whole world can see the horrors going on right in our backyards – and paid for with our tax money.
Live Action also focuses on educating youth across the country with in-depth education programs to spread the truth about human dignity, equal protection for all people, and the evils of the abortion industry. Live Action hosts Live Action News, a widely read pro-life news site, and oversees the largest pro-life social media platform on the web, including over 1,050,000 Facebook fans and over 55,000 followers on Twitter.
Shining a light on the greatest human rights abuse of our time through national media campaigns, Live Action President, Lila Rose, is a regular guest on The O'Reilly Factor, Hannity, The Laura Ingraham Show, as well as many other national TV and radio programs. Her work has been featured on practically every major news outlet, from CBS to CNN, from the Los Angeles Times to the Washington Post. Lila has also written for USA Today, First Things, Politico, The Hill, and others.
2200 Wilson Blvd, Suite 102, #111
Arlington, VA 22201-3324
Media Inquiries: [email protected]
General Inquiries: [email protected]


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Make it happen, SLC area people!
Make it happen, SLC area people!
Absolutely. Every time Al, Marvin and any pg not named Mo touch the ball, let the boos rain down.
boo jefferson everytime jazz try to force it to him
boo him when he has the ball
cheer when he passes
Anyone remember the movie Celtic Pride? I would love someone to do that to Coach Trashbin
Boo your own players? Really? It's lame and classless.
Got to love Toronto. They went out, and made a big trade and everything changed there.
They just sold out their last game, and beat the Knicks. The arena was electric.
"les grandes défaites forgent les grands hommes" - Rudy Gobert
Che: I have got two things "freedom and death." If I can not have one, i wish to have the other; because noone is able to capture me alive
Bullcrap. You don't boo amateurs. These guys aren't amateurs.
Starting Al, Marvin, Foye and Tinsley/Watson when there are obviously better players behind them is lame and classless.
add an effing Che pic, which makes you awesomer (word!)
I would have your Ilyasova babies, if that were possible for me!


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BBB Accredited Business since
Beck & Company Real Estate Services
Phone: (512) 474-1551 Fax: (512) 474-1811 8403 Shoal Creek Blvd Ste 100, Austin, TX 78757 http://www.beckandco.com
BBB Business Reviews may not be reproduced for sales or promotional purposes.
Beck and Company, founded in 1988, is a real estate management company of neighborhood associations, condominium associations and small apartment properties. We recognize this is a "people business". We are providing a service, not products. We offer our property owners personal attention to their needs and the needs of the property. Our phones are answered 24 hours a day, by people not machines, ensuring your needs are met in a timely manner.
We understand managing a homeowners association is substantially different from other forms of property management. Homeowners must work together with management for the common good of the association to maintain a harmonious and high quality living environment. For our part, this requires building consensus, courteous and informative communications, and respect for the individual as well as prompt response to owners concerns. It is our commitment to consistently deliver these competencies.
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A BBB Accredited Business since
BBB has determined that Beck & Company Real Estate Services meets BBB accreditation standards, which include a commitment to make a good faith effort to resolve any consumer complaints. BBB Accredited Businesses pay a fee for accreditation review/monitoring and for support of BBB services to the public.
BBB accreditation does not mean that the business' products or services have been evaluated or endorsed by BBB, or that BBB has made a determination as to the business' product quality or competency in performing services.
Reason for Rating
BBB rating is based on 13 factors. Get the details about the factors considered.
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Licensing, Bonding or Registration
This business is in an industry that may require professional licensing, bonding or registration. BBB encourages you to check with the appropriate agency to be certain any requirements are currently being met.
These agencies may include:
Texas Real Estate Commission
PO Box 12188, Austin TX 78711
Phone Number: (512) 936-3000
Type of Entity
Business ManagementMr. Paul Steven Meisler, President Mr. Stan Scheiber, Manager
Contact Information
Related BusinessesPioneer Real Estate Services
Business Category
Property Management
Alternate Business Names747 Group Inc Beck and Co Beck and Company Real Estate Services Beck Association Management Beck Property Management
Additional Information
Better Business Bureau was notified that Paul Meisler with 747 Group, Inc purchased Beck And Company Real Estate Services Inc from Carl Beck on September 1, 2015.
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