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HPV Vaccine Protein L1 Predicts Disease Outcome of High-Risk HPV+ Early Squamous Dysplastic Lesions
Prediction of the clinical outcome of nonadvanced, early dysplastic lesions is one of the unresolved problems of cervical cancer screening programs. We examined the influence of human papillomavirus (HPV) L1 capsid protein detection in a randomized, prospective study of 187 high-risk HPV+ early dysplastic lesions during 36 to 46 months.
The difference in the clinical outcome of the HPV L1– cases and the HPV L1+ cases was highly statistically significant (P < .0001) and independent of the classification of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (mild dysplasia) and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion of the moderate dysplastic type.
L1+ mild and moderate dysplasias, reflecting productive HPV infection, showed low malignant potential, justifying a wait-and-watch strategy to prevent overtreatment, especially in young women. L1– early dysplastic lesions, as nonproductive infections or precancerous lesions, have a high malignancy potential and close follow-up with colposcopy and histologic evaluation should be advised.
- Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
- Papanicolaou smear
- Human papillomavirus
- HPV L1 capsid protein
- Cytology
- Biopsy
- Prognostic biomarker
Even with the vaccination era rising, human papillomavirus (HPV) will remain a major global health burden, inducing a range of malignant and benign diseases. Women, in particular, are experiencing the consequences of HPV infection, with about 500,000 new cases of invasive cervical cancers annually.1
Cervical cancer screening programs for the detection of preinvasive cervical neoplasia are highly effective and caused a decline in the incidence of invasive cervical carcinomas.2,3 As a result, cervical precancerous lesions are being diagnosed frequently, and the cost for treatment of low-grade intraepithelial lesions soared in recent years.4 In young women, conizations are being performed frequently for high-grade lesions with a potentially negative impact on reproductive outcomes.
To improve women's quality of life and health care resources, it would be most useful to have prognostic markers distinguishing patients who will experience progression of an early precursor lesion to cancer from patients who will not.5 Such a risk assessment is equally important for borderline abnormalities such as atypical squamous cell of undetermined significance (ASC-US) and squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) of undetermined grade. Data from the ASCUS-LSIL Triage Study (ALTS) confirmed that HPV DNA testing is not a useful triage strategy in low-grade SIL (LSIL) cases6 and that it is still unresolved whether cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 (CIN 2) represents low- or high-grade disease in individual lesions. Therefore, more specific tools are needed to identify women who are at risk for progressive lesions, ie, to discriminate HPV infection from real precancer.7
Different reporting systems are used for Papanicolaou (Pap) smear diagnoses. Besides the original World Health Organization classification,8 the Bethesda System (TBS)9 is internationally accepted. In Germany, the Munich Nomenclature II is being recommended,10 which puts mild and moderate dysplasia in group IIID, with recommendation for cytologic follow-up and colposcopy. Germany's "watch-and-wait" strategy offers the opportunity to investigate the clinical outcome of cytologically detected moderate dysplasia because independent of the reporting system, it is known that 10% of the mild and 20% of the moderate dysplastic lesions develop CIN 3+ lesions, but most of them regress spontaneously.11,12
Many anogenital cancers, particularly squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix, are induced by epitheliotropic DNA tumor viruses, specifically the HPVs.13 A large number of HPV types are known to infect the anogenital tract, but only a subset, the high-risk types, is frequently found in malignant lesions.14
L1, or the major capsid protein, is 1 of 8 known HPV-specific proteins (E1, E2, E4, E5, E6, E7, L1, and L2). During the productive phase of the viral life cycle, the L1 capsid protein (together with L2, the minor capsid protein) is produced within the cytoplasm and translocated into the nucleus, immunochemically visible by a strong nuclear staining reaction in intermediate and superficial squamous epithelial cells. The viral DNA is encapsulated by 360 L1 capsid proteins to build new infectious viral particles that are released in the upper epithelial layer.13
The presence of L1 capsid protein within the dysplastic cells, as evidenced by L1 capsid protein–positive cases, is proof of a completed HPV life cycle. L1 capsid protein–negative cases, however, have lost the ability to produce virions depending on squamous epithelial cell differentiation.
In 2003, Melsheimer et al15 reported that most of the high-risk HPV-associated LSILs express HPV L1 capsid protein, but most of the high-risk HPV-associated high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs) failed to synthesize HPV L1 capsid protein. It was suggested that a loss of viral L1 capsid protein, a major target of the immune response in HPV-infected SIL, could function as a prognostic marker for the development of CIN lesions.15,16
We subsequently confirmed this in a retrospective study with a median follow-up of 22.8 months on 84 routinely performed Pap smears. We showed that high-risk HPV-associated mild to moderate dysplastic squamous lesions without immunochemically detectable HPV L1 capsid protein are significantly more likely to progress (76.4%) than are L1+ cases (23.6%).17 Similar results regarding the prognostic relevance of HPV L1 capsid protein were obtained in different retrospective studies using cytology and biopsy specimens.18–20
Materials and Methods
Patients and Design
In 2005, we started a randomized, prospective study with cytologic diagnoses according to TBS and the Munich nomenclature because the 2 main criticisms of our initial study17 were its retrospective approach and the application of the Munich nomenclature only. On each working day, we recruited the first high-risk HPV+ mild or moderate dysplasia case (as defined by the World Health Organization classification) from the general screening population. A high-risk HPV association was confirmed with the Hybrid Capture II test (Digene/Qiagen, Hilden, Germany).
The 211 conventional Pap smears and ThinPrep slides were independently classified (by H.G. and H.S.) according to the Second Munich Cytological Nomenclature (mild and moderate dysplasia as group IIID) and diagnosed according to TBS as LSIL (mild dysplasia) and HSIL (moderate dysplasia). Established cytologic criteria were applied to define mild and moderate dysplasia.21
Informed consent from the patients was not necessary because the samples were received and analyzed anonymously and patients were treated according to the German Munich nomenclature with cytologic follow-up and colposcopy for mild and moderate dysplastic lesions.
Follow-up smears were obtained at intervals of 3 to 6 months or annually after the first negative smear for intra-epithelial lesions. A conization for treatment and/or histologic verification was performed if clinically indicated and with the patient's consent. Follow-up ended in December 2008, resulting in a follow-up period of 36 to 46 months.
The clinical outcome was understood as possible remission, persistence, or progression of the lesion. Women having at least 2 consecutive smears negative for an intraepithelial lesion were considered to be in remission. Persistence was defined as the state in which mild and moderate dysplasia persisted cytologically during the whole follow-up period or as histologically CIN 1 or CIN 2. Progression was defined as a histologically confirmed CIN 3+ lesion because interrater and intraobserver reproducibility for CIN 3 histology is high and considerably better than that for CIN 2 histomorphology.7 All histologic diagnoses were from conization specimens.
The 2-sided Fisher exact test was used for data analysis.
Immunochemical Studies
At presentation, routinely processed conventional Pap smears and ThinPrep slides (Hologic, Bedford, MA) were immunochemically stained with the Cytoactiv Screening Set (Cytoimmun Diagnostics, Pirmasens, Germany), which detects the L1 capsid protein of all known HPV types. Staining was performed according to the manufacturer's protocol.
In brief, slides were subjected to antigen unmasking by microwave treatment after unmounting without prior destaining. Cytoactiv screening antibody was applied to the slides and incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature, followed by incubation with the detection reagents for 10 minutes and AEC chromogen for 5 minutes.
After counterstaining with hematoxylin, slides were mounted with Aquatex (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) and coverslipped. Stained slides were studied by light microscopy independently (by H.S. and H.G.). Slides with at least 1 epithelial cell with distinctly positive nuclear staining were scored as positive Image 1 . This cutoff is recommended for the Cytoactiv assay and was used in all studies published so far, based on our initial work17 showing that only the presence, not the amount of staining intensity of positive nuclei, correlated with the clinical course.
The mean age of the 211 patients was 33.6 years (range, 16–83 years). The mean was 34.8 years (range, 16–83 years) for the LSIL group (n = 78 [37.0%]) and 32.9 years (range, 18–83 years) for the HSIL group (n = 133 [63.0%]).
Of the 211 high-risk HPV-associated early dysplastic lesions, 119 (56.4%) were L1– and 92 (43.6%) were L1+, with a profoundly different outcome between the 2 groups but independent of the classification as LSIL or HSIL. The mean age in the L1– group was 33.7 years (range, 18–67 years) and 33.4 years (range, 16–83 years) for the L1+ group.
Of the 119 L1– cases, 36 (30.3%) were initially diagnosed as LSIL (mean age, 34.3 years) and 83 (69.7%) as HSIL (mean age, 33.4 years). Initially 42 (46%) of 92 L1+ cases were diagnosed as LSIL (mean age, 35 years) and 50 (54%) as HSIL (mean age, 32 years) Table 1 .
For data analysis, 187 cases with complete clinical records were included Table 2 . Of 211 cases, 22 (5 HSIL and 17 LSIL) were lost during the follow-up period, and 2 HSIL L1– cases were excluded owing to inconsistencies in clinical records.
Independent of the designation as LSIL or HSIL, 43 (61%) of 71 L1+ but only 6 (5.2%) of 116 L1– cases showed spontaneous remission of the lesion. In contrast, only 18 (25%) of 71 L1+ but 84 (72.4%) of 116 L1– cases progressed to CIN 3+, including 4 invasive carcinomas in the L1– HSIL cases only.
The remission rate was highest among the L1+ LSIL (66% [21/32]) and HSIL cases (56% [22/39]) and lowest in the L1– LSIL (11% [4/36]) and HSIL (3% [2/80]) groups. In contrast, the rate of progression was highest in the L1– HSIL group (79% [63/80]), followed by the L1– LSIL (58% [21/36]), the L1+ HSIL (28% [11/39]), and the L1+ LSIL (22% [7/32]) groups.
The L1– HSIL cases had a 2.8 times higher risk of progression than the L1+ HSIL cases and L1– LSIL cases a 2.6 times increased risk compared with L1+ LSIL.
Within the 71 L1+ cases, only 18 (25%) progressed to CIN 3, and 10 lesions (14%; 2 CIN 1, 6 CIN 2, and 2 with cytologically persistent moderate dysplasia) were classified as stable disease. In detail, 22% of L1+ LSIL cases (7/32) and 28% of the L1+ HSIL cases (11/39) progressed. Of the 32 L1+ LSIL cases, 4 (13%; 2 CIN 1 and 2 CIN 2) were stable disease. Of the 39 L1+ HSIL cases, 6 (15%; 4 CIN 2 and 2 cytologically with persistent dysplasia) were stable disease.
Of the 116 L1– cases, 84 were histologically CIN 3+ (72.4%), qualifying for progression, and 26 (22.4%; 10 CIN 1, 14 CIN 2, and 2 cytologically) were classified as stable disease. Of 36 L1– LSIL cases, 21 (58%) progressed to CIN 3, as did 63 (79%) of the 80 L1– HSIL cases.
Of the 36 L1– LSIL cases, 11 (31%; 5 CIN 1, 5 CIN 2, and 1 cytologically LSIL) were confirmed as stable disease. Of the 80 L1– HSIL cases, 15 (19%) were confirmed as stable disease (5 CIN 1, 9 CIN 2, and 1 cytologically as moderate dysplasia).
The difference in clinical outcome for the L1– cases and the L1+ cases was highly statistically significant (P < .0001) and independent of the classification of LSIL (mild dysplasia) and HSIL (moderate dysplasia). Analysis of the age-related clinical outcome of the women showed no statistically significant difference related to age younger than 30 years or 30 years and older.
The mean duration from the initial L1 positively stained smear to the recognition of disease progression and to remission was 8.5 months (range, 1–13 months) and 7 months (range, 3–35 months), respectively Table 3 . For L1– cases, the interval until progression was 6 months (range, 1–29 months) and was 6.4 months (range, 2–12 months) for remission.
Prophylactic HPV vaccines using virus-like particles of the L1 capsid protein as the antigen are highly effective in preventing HPV-associated diseases.
Among nonvaccinated and, possibly, vaccinated women (except for HPV types 16 and 18), high-risk HPVs as facultative but not obligatory pathogens are quite commonly detected. But owing to the low transformation capacity, progressive disease to cervical cancer occurs in only a minor fraction of infected people. This may be the reason that other markers seeking cellular transformation events have thus far failed to predict the outcome of nonadvanced dysplastic lesions.
On the other hand, the presence of infiltrating T lymphocytes and macrophages in spontaneously regressing papillomas22 and the increased incidence and progression of HPV infections in immunosuppressed patients emphasize the critical importance of cell-mediated immune responses in the resolution and control of HPV infections.16,23 Therefore, we focused on one of the major HPV-associated stimuli of the immune system, the L1 capsid protein.
Earlier studies17,19 have shown that the immunochemical evaluation of HPV L1 status at presentation is valuable for predicting the outcome of early dysplastic lesions.
HPV has developed several mechanisms to evade the innate immune response and delay the activation of the adaptive immune response. Despite its ability to impede host defense mechanisms, a successful immune response to genital HPV infection is established in almost all cases. But viral clearance can be delayed considerably because the HPV life cycle does not induce keratinocyte death and, especially in high-risk HPV infection, does not result in major proinflammatory signals. Hence, the time required for clearance of high-risk types, particularly HPV-16, averages 8 to 14 months, which is considerably longer than the 5 to 6 months needed for clearance of low-risk types.24 Consequently, one could envision that in this setting an efficient transfer of antigen from HPV-infected keratinocytes to the antigen presenting cells (APCs) is not triggered.
The only fully accessible antigen sources in the earlier stage of virally induced SIL are free viral particles consisting of 360 L1 capsid proteins released from the L1 capsid protein–positive apical layers of keratinocytes during the productive phase at the end of the natural viral life cycle in HPV infection. To generate an effective virus-specific immune response, the virus particles have to be detected by the APCs of squamous epithelium, the Langerhans cells, or dendritic cells, which can be promoted by microlesions in the epithelial transformation zone. The activated APCs then migrate to the draining lymph node, process HPV antigens en route, and present these to naive T cells in the lymphatic tissue. The T cells should then differentiate into armed effector cells, migrate back to the site of infection, and destroy the infected keratinocytes, leading to a (spontaneous) remission of the lesion.16
When such immunologic activation mechanisms are functional, they may be quite effective, since we found a remission of the lesion in about 61% of the cases within a period of 7 to 9 months, irrespective of the dysplasia being cytologically mild or moderate. That this process is not fail-safe is evident in our finding that 25% of the L1+ cases in our study showed early progression to CIN 3 within 8.5 months, compared with 6 months for L1– cases.
A block at any stage of the activation cascade, such as no or diminished antigen release, reduced numbers of APCs, or MHC incompatibility or deficiencies, may result in an ineffective immune response and failure to clear HPV, propagating a progression of the intraepithelial lesion.
The short interval from detection of LSIL to the diagnosis of a CIN 3 lesion could also indicate that multiple dysplastic lesions and dysplasias of different grade coexist in the transformation zone, possibly reflecting a mixture of L1+ and L1– lesions with different progressive potentials. Looking for coexisting CIN 1/CIN 3 lesions, Negri et al20 reported that about 70% (68.4%) of these CIN 1 lesions were already L1–. It seems that this loss of L1 capsid protein synthesis is an early precancerous event, and CIN 3 lesions may evolve out of such L1– CIN 1 lesions.
Since the capsid protein–negative, L1 messenger RNA–positive murine C3 cells can be destroyed by an L1-specific T-cell response, a beneficial effect of the presence of L1 capsid protein for the immune response could be postulated, even in coexisting L1 capsid protein–negative dysplastic areas. Among the L1– cases in our study, this was an extremely rare event, with 5.2% of cases showing remission of the lesion. Reasons for the remission of these L1– cases are most likely expression levels below the detection limit of the immunochemical assay or a sampling error, with absence of L1-expressing cells in the sample.
Persistence or progression of dysplasia was observed in 94.8% of the L1– cases, further emphasizing the importance of the HPV L1 capsid protein as major stimulus for the activation of the immune system and the clearance of dysplasia. The rapid progression of mild and moderate dysplasias to CIN 3 lesions within 6 months seems to support the notion that disease progression can be linked to a local immune system failure. L1–, nonproductive HPV infection, as a precancerous event, eventually may lead to disturbed viral-cellular interaction, resulting in disorders of cell cycle regulation at transcriptional, translational, and genomic levels.25–27
Taken together, the data from our prospective study confirmed our previously published findings using retrospective approaches and provide further evidence that immunochemical L1 capsid protein detection in situ is a highly useful prognostic tool in predicting the outcome of early dysplastic lesions, particularly LSIL and moderate dysplastic lesions, providing a better risk assessment than the detection of high-risk HPV DNA. We would like to emphasize that no significant prognostic difference between cytologically mild (LSIL) and moderate dysplastic lesions (part of the HSIL category) related to the L1 expression profile was evident in our study. Therefore, prognostic significance of immunochemical L1 detection can be postulated also for borderline lesions such as high-risk HPV+ ASC-US and SIL of undetermined grade or even moderate dysplasia as part of HSIL and the equivalent of CIN 2 biopsied lesions.
L1+ mild and moderate dysplastic lesions, reflecting productive HPV infection, have a low risk of progression. L1– mild to moderate dysplastic lesions, as nonproductive infections or precancerous lesions, have a high progression potential, as high as expected for severe dysplasia and squamous carcinoma in situ. Close follow-up with colposcopy and histologic verification, therefore, should be advised for high-risk HPV+, L1– cases.
Independent of the cytologic classifications used so far, we suggest determining the progressive potential of the dysplastic lesions with an HPV L1 screening antibody and classifying L1 capsid protein–positive cases as lesions with low malignant potential and L1–, high-risk HPV+ cases as lesions with high malignant potential.
Upon completion of this activity you will be able to:
define the role of the L1 capsid protein in the life cycle of human papillomaviruses in squamous epithelium.
outline the setting(s) in which L1 capsid staining may have a role in clinical management of patients with cervical squamous intraepithelial lesion.
describe appropriate follow-up strategies for women with positive and negative nuclear staining for L1 capsid in cervical biopsies with squamous intraepithelial lesion.
The ASCP is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education to provide continuing medical education for physicians. The ASCP designates this educational activity for a maximum of 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ per article. This activity qualifies as an American Board of Pathology Maintenance of Certification Part II Self-Assessment Module.
The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose.
Questions appear on p 973. Exam is located at www.ascp.org/ajcpcme.
Dr Hilfrich is chief scientific officer of Cytoimmun Diagnostics, Pirmasens, Germany.
- © American Society for Clinical Pathology


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August 26-29, 2016
May 16-20, 2016
|International Forum
May 16-20, 2016
The NAIC hosted the Sixth Insurance Regulatory Dialogue with the Financial Services Agency of Japan (JFSA) on Friday to discuss key issues for insurance regulators.
NAIC President John M. Huff recently attended a meeting at the White House on cybersecurity where he met with the administration and National Security Council and Treasury representatives to discuss emerging cyber threats and implications of a significant cyber incident.
NAIC Vice President Julie Mix McPeak and NAIC Cybersecurity (EX) Task Force Chair Adam Hamm spoke today at the Insurance Regulation Conference in New York City. Commissioner Hamm shared the NAIC's approach to cyber threats, while Commissioner McPeak participated in a panel focusing on international regulation.
The NAIC is releasing its proposed 2017 budget.
"Over the past two years the NAIC has made substantial investments in technology initiatives, including cybersecurity, which is consistent with the organization's goal of providing high-quality services to state insurance regulators, consumers and insurance industry users," said Ted Nickel, NAIC President-Elect and Wisconsin Insurance Commissioner.
"State regulators are committed to developing tools to ensure effective regulation to protect consumers because we know the cyber risk landscape is changing quickly," said John M. Huff, NAIC President and Missouri Insurance Director.
The NAIC welcomed nine participants to the International Fellows Program on Oct. 3. Countries represented this fall include Bermuda, China, India, Saudi Arabia, Thailand and Taiwan. Host jurisdictions are California, Georgia, Hawaii, Louisiana, Missouri, Nebraska, Oklahoma and Texas.

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When Karie Powell took a visit to Midway College last February, the Henry County High School senior had the intention of playing volleyball for the Eagles and, possibly, softball. But when she left for Midway on Saturday morning, softball was her focus.
General Manager
A major roadway closed for bridge reconstruction could reopen as early as next week.
Earlier this summer, a portion of U.S. 421/Kentucky 22 was closed so a small bridge over Drennon Creek could be repaired.
Originally, the project was scheduled to start at the beginning of June with completion before the 2010 school year began.
The Henry County girls' golf team continued its early-season outings with the Nelson County Invitational on Saturday, Aug. 14, and a home match against Whitefield Academy last Tuesday.
Henry was fourth overall out of 11 teams at Nelson with a four-person combined score of 394, and three days later beat Whitefield 188-217. Entering this week, coach Kathy Peyton said her squad is improving.
When it comes to obesity in America, the numbers on the scale are only the start.
We produce enough food, for example, to feed each person 3,800 calories a day, when all we need is 2,350.
Three area golfers competed in Kentucky's Pepsi Junior Golf Tour this summer, and came back with impressive results against their age groups.
MacKenzie Peyton, 13, finished first overall in the 13-15 division, Isaac Klempner, 9, was second in the 10-and-under division, and William Peyton, 6, was fifth in the 10-and-under division. MacKenzie Peyton played in 10 tournaments that counted toward scoring plus the Pepsi Tournament of Champions; Klempner played in five tournaments plus the Pepsi Tournament of Champions; and William Payton played in five tournaments.
On the volleyball court, the Eminence Lady Warriors are headed in the right direction compared to where they were last year — the fundamentals have drastically improved, and they have the players to get the job done. But the one area coach Stephanie Meadows is concerned with, she cannot see on the court.
Through the first two weeks of the season, the Lady Warriors are 1-4 with a win over Evangel Christian and losses to Brown, Gallatin County, Shelby County and Anderson County. The big concern Meadows has is her team's mentality.
Staff writer/photographer
A La Grange man is dead after an ATV accident in Henry County Saturday evening.
Timothy James, 53, was pronounced dead at the scene by Henry County Coroner Jimmy Pollard.
Friday night's disappointing 54-24 loss was not the start the Henry County football team was looking for as the Wildcats watched an early lead vanish, gave up 27 points in the second quarter alone and lost all the major statistical categories.
Holy Cross, a 1A football program that returned most of its key players from last year's 6-6 squad, spoiled Henry's opening-game hopes in the Dairy Queen Bowl. It was the first time Henry had lost its opener since 2006 when this year's seniors were eighth graders.
Eastern Elementary School will soon get a technological leg up thanks to the hard work and planning of faculty and students.
A group of teachers made the case for classroom technology at the August meeting of the HCPS school board.
The 11 th Annual New Castle Fall Fling is Saturday, October 2 from 10 am til 4 pm. We will have arts & crafts, flea markets, exhibits, food booths, live entertainment, children's activities, farmer's market, citywide yard sales, quilt show, car, truck and tractor show, and much more.
Copyright © 2016
The Henry County Local is your source for local news, sports, events, and information in Eminence, KY and the surrounding area.


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ALBERTON -- Alberton Town Council approved a permit Monday for the demolition of the old Maplewood Manor.
The work on the project has already begun.
In supporting the permit application, councilor Natasha Dunn sought assurances that the work would be carried out safely. Dunn expressed concerns about asbestos, as well as lead and mercury, in the building.
ŌĆ£Have residents being informed of the removal procedure for the asbestos in the manor,ŌĆØ she asked, reminding council there needs to be a continuous drizzle applied to it while it is being removed so as to prevent it from becoming air-borne.
ŌĆ£We need proof thatŌĆÖs going to be taken care of,ŌĆØ she insisted, suggesting it would be nice to get some response from the contractor.
Mayor Michael Murphy said the town will seek assurance from the Department of Public Works that the work is being carried out safely.


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Wicked, Not So Fresh: Tom's of Maine Mouthwash () Tom's of Maine isn't owned by Tom and is not from Maine. Its owned by massive Colgate-Palmolive of New York who purchased a 84% stake in 2006 for 100 million dollars.
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473 Old No.322, Anna Salai, Nandanam chennai Tamil Nadu 600035
10,SBOA SCHOOL ROAD, ANNA NAGAR WEST EXTN,CHENNAI-101 chennai Tamil Nadu 600101
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Lesro Classic Ergo Series Armless Guest Chair w/ Sled Base
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This product typically ships within 10 business days more details
Shipping Instructions
This item includes free shipping in the contiguous United States. Most orders will ship via UPS or FedEx Ground. Orders for large items or multiple item orders will ship via freight carriers such as Roadway, Road Runner, and FedEx Freight.
Freight Delivery Instructions
When the items are delivered it is the customer's responsibility to inspect all cartons and items to make sure that there is no visible damage or missing packages. If there is damage or missing packages, make sure to note it on the delivery receipt or bill of lading. If this is not noted on the bill of lading the cost to replace damaged items will be the customers responsiblity. Make sure to retain a copy for your records as well. Please contact us immediately at 866-733-0698 so that we can arrange for replacements to be sent out.
Shipping Glossary
- Loading dock - This service is available to companies that have a loading dock at their facility. This service is free!
- Curbside - The items will be brought to the closest curb and the customer will be responsible for unloading the items from the back of the freight truck. This service is free!
- Lift gate - The driver will unload the items from the back of the truck for you but you will be responsible for bringing them into the location.
- Residential freight - This service is available to residential (home) deliveries. The items will be delivered by a freight truck. The items will be brought down from the back of the truck for you but you will be responsible for bringing the items into the residence.
- Inside delivery - Will only be dropped off inside the threshold of the front door.
- Description
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The Lesro Classic Ergo Series Armless Guest Chair gives you that classic reception or waiting area feel and look, but with a new and improved contemporary feel that is sure to impress your guests. Many office guest chairs sacrifice comfort for durability, but not the Lesro Classic Ergo Series Chairs. With its comfortable ergonomically designed back, plush layered foam seat, and solid oak frame, you will never have to choose between comfort and durability again. Customize your chair to get the look you want.
C1202C3 Specifications
Overall: 23''W x 25''D x 33''H
Seat Height: 18.5"
Rated For 275 lbs. Per Seat
Meets industry standards for ANSI/BIFMA
Ready To Assemble
LS-C1202C3 Features
- Classic Contemporary
- 1''W Solid oak construction with secure double dowel joinery
- Comfortable ergonomically designed back
- Plush layered foam seat
- Five step hand rubbed finish
- Choose upholstery and wood finish
*Please note that all Lesro items are made to order and cannot be returned.
Color Swatches
Upholstery Options (click to enlarge)
Healthcare Grade Vinyl Options (click to enlarge)
All health care vinyls are sulfide, urine, *common stain, moisture and bacterial resistant with outstanding cleanability. Please be sure to use a soft brush or cloth saturated with cleaning material. Always test cleaning methods on an inconspicuous area of furniture. If stain persists, stain probably has set.
*Although these vinyls are resistant to most common stains, some fabric dyes and ballpoint inks can create a permanent stain.
Warranty and Shipping
Limited Lifetime Warranty
All Lesro frames and assemblies are warranted against defects in materials and workmanship for the life of the product. Fabric,vinyl, and crypton covering is warranted for 2 years form the date of shipment.
Shipping Information
This item includes free shipping in the contiguous United States. (more details here)


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Skip to :main content | Skip to :main menu | Skip to :section menu
This course is for both recent graduates and practitioners who wish to develop their understanding of the debates surrounding crime and the criminal justice system. The course offers an exciting opportunity to study both theoretical criminology and the more applied aspects of criminal justice.
The course is very flexible and offers you the opportunity to either concentrate on the more theoretical aspects of criminology or centre your studies on the more practice-based area of delivering criminal justice.
The course team has substantial links with the regional criminal justice system and charities such as HMP Birmingham and women's centre Anawim.
Our graduates are shaping the world, achieving things they never imagined.
Eddie Laidler gives you his top tips on how to get ahead in Criminology and succeed in your chosen career.
The course is designed to enable you to explore the key debates from both criminological theory and criminal justice practice surrounding areas such as serial killers and family annihilation. You will also assess the contributions of research to understanding crime and criminal justice.
You will be asked to reflect upon your experience of crime and the criminal justice system, perhaps, as an existing practitioner or through volunteering. You will look at one of the most significant factors involved in crime in contemporary society – the internet.
The course will help you develop and understand the principles and practice of research and form judgements on the relative merits of, and relationships between, different research tools. You will also develop the capability to design, manage and disseminate a research project to a professional standard.
Our next Postgraduate Open Day will be on Wednesday 23 November, between 2pm and 7pm. Come along to find out more about our courses and see our facilities.
Visit our School site for more student work and extra information.
*Postgraduate Taught Experience Survey 2016
Our students have gone on to work with companies such as:
You may be able to take advantage of the government's plans to make loans of up to £10,000 available for postgraduate study.
You would usually be expected to have a good undergraduate degree but admission will also be made on the basis of experience of a suitable quality and length.
|PgCert / PgDip / MA
|Sep 2016
|1 year
|PgCert / PgDip / MA
|Sep 2016
|2 years
|£675 per module
If you're unable to use the online form for any reason, you can complete our PDF application form instead.
|PgCert / PgDip / MA
|Sep 2016
|1 year
If you're unable to use the online form for any reason, you can complete our PDF application form instead.
The University reserves the right to increase fees broadly in line with increases in inflation, or to reflect changes in government funding policies or changes agreed by Parliament.
While there are no additional costs associated with purchasing text books, there may be other costs to you. If you are joining the course which has a professional body accreditation you may be required to pay membership or examination costs. For details of these costs, please click on the link below.
Based on the past experience of our students, you might find it helpful to set aside about £50 for each year of your studies for your personal stationery and study materials. All our students are provided with 100 free pages of printing each year to a maximum total value of £15.
Your personal statement is a highly important part of your application. It gives you a crucial opportunity to say why you're applying and why the institution should accept you.
Here are the key areas you'll need to address:
Why does this course appeal? What areas are of particular interest?
If you have a specific career in mind, say how your chosen course will help you pursue this goal.
Mention any work that is relevant to your subject, highlighting the skills and experience gained.
Highlight skills gained at school/college, eg summer schools or mentoring activities.
eg Duke of Edinburgh Award, Young Enterprise scheme.
You should also mention your future plans – if you're planning to take a year out, don't forget to give your reasons. Talk about any subjects you're studying that don't have a formal assessment and any sponsorships or placements you've applied for. And don't be scared to add in details about your social, sports or leisure interests.
Get more information on writing personal statements.
Search our Frequently Asked Questions for a range of information about our courses and studying here.
We offer further information on possible postgraduate financial support. This includes the type of loans, grants and scholarships available both from the government and from Birmingham City University.
Did you know that you will soon be able to apply for a postgraduate loan of up to £10,000 for some courses and options?
Advanced Research Methods
15 credits
This module provides an understanding of the research process and to develop research techniques. It forms part of a procedure that prepares you for the completion of the research proposal and the extended project.
Criminological Thought
15 credits
Introducing you to a broad range of theories on crime and criminality at an advanced level, this module seeks to develop your appreciation of how different perspectives have contributed to our understandings of crime and criminality.
Criminal Psychology
15 credits
This module provides you with a detailed understanding of the psychological approaches to explaining the development of criminal behaviour and re-offending, the effects of offending on victims and, the role psychology may play in the treatment and management of offenders.
Research Proposal (Evening Sessions)
15 credits
You will be required to develop a detailed plan for the research you are going to undertake during the Masters stage. This will require that you come to a clear and focused decision on the subject that you are going to research.
Crime Online
15 credits
You will look at one of the most significant factors involved in crime in contemporary society – the internet. We encourage you to reflect upon the public controversy of the Internet as enabler of criminality and the social construction of norms and values surrounding the Internet.
Penal Theory and Practice
15 credits
This module provides insights into modern penal practice and complements criminological thought by examining some of the theoretical and philosophical debates that inform policy and official conduct in sentencing.
Restorative Justice
15 credits
You will explore what is meant by the term "restorative justice" and you will consider the implementation of this approach to criminal justice in England and Wales and beyond.
Reflective Practice or Criminological Issues
15 credits
Criminological Issues (Evening Sessions) – This module will broaden the knowledge of theory related to crime and criminology and criminal justice practice. You will seek to move out from the core areas of criminological thought and consider some of the developing themes in criminology and related disciplines.
Reflective Practice – This module will require you to gain some experience of practice within the criminal justice system. This practice may either be as paid work, possibly with an existing employer or, it may be through appropriate volunteering.
Crime Prevention
15 credits
Extended Project
60 credits
This module will require the demonstration of skills such as; the critical use of advanced research methods, an awareness of the ethical issues raised by empirical research and, a capacity to clearly communicate complex material in an extended piece of writing.
The course is taught in weekly seminars, tutorials and workshops, which encourage substantial student participation. Our virtual learning environment is also used to deliver some content and facilitate communication remotely.
The Master's stage of the course is delivered and assessed through an extended project supervised through evening workgroups and through one-to-one supervision.
The course has three formal stages:
Full-time students will complete all stages in one year from September to September. Part-time students would normally complete the diploma and masters stages in two years.
Some modules may be taken as stand-alone short courses and if you start accumulating individual modules, you may apply for accreditation towards the award of the Certificate, Diploma or Masters.
The main reason why I came to study at Birmingham City University is that I won a bursary offered by the Howard League for Penal Reform which covered my fees for the MA Criminology course. What also attracted me to this course was the range of expertise of the tutors, the location and the fact that the course had such close links with the Howard League.
I'd recommend to anybody to throw themselves into their studies. I definitely think that at the University, especially at postgraduate level, the opportunities that are available to you are second to none.
Qualified candidates may apply to enrol on research degree programmes leading to the award of Doctor of Philosophy. Several of our graduates have now advanced to doctoral study either at this University or elsewhere and two are now lecturers within the School of Social Sciences.
*Postgraduate Taught Experience Survey 2016
Lecturing in Further Education
I chose to study at Birmingham City University because of the Centre for Applied Criminology is highly respected and coming from Staffordshire it is local to me.
We have strong links with both HMP Birmingham and HMP Grendon. We aim to organise at least one visit per term to either site with the option to take part in various debates with prisoners and learn more about the facilities from staff.
Alongside this we regularly have guest lecturers from the police and various regional charities.
The Master's teaching team, combined with the expertise of The Centre for Applied Criminology give you excellent access to experienced practitioners and Criminal Justice System organisations.
The reflective practice module is centred on work or volunteering experience to further develop your professional skillset.
The access provided to professionals, the presence of practitioners among fellow students, and the capacity to reflect upon relevant volunteering or work experience within the structure of the course, means that the course provides excellent opportunities for building contacts and networking as well as developing opportunities for employment.
Previous students have included prison governors and senior prison officers; police personnel, including officers and civilian analysts; probation personnel; magistrates; media commentators and a television producer; and employees of charities and bodies including NACRO, the Criminal Cases Review Commission (CCRC) and the New Bridge.
The programme does not offer a formal placement. However, the programme incorporates a module which is based upon work or volunteering experience.
The course team can assist students in finding volunteering experience and has substantial experience of doing so at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels. The Research Proposal and Extend Project module permits students to undertake research and writing relating to their current work or voluntary experience.
The School of Social Sciences has relationships with a number of criminal justice agencies and non-government organisations, including the local Community Safety Partnership, HMP Grendon and the Howard League. Previous students have visited the high security HMP Grendon.
OpportUNIty: Student Jobs on Campus ensures that our students are given a first opportunity to fill many part-time temporary positions within the University. This allows you to work while you study with us, fitting the job around your course commitments. By taking part in the scheme, you will gain valuable experiences and employability skills, enhancing your prospects in the job market.
It will also allow you to become more involved in University life by delivering, leading and supporting many aspects of the learning experience, from administration to research and mentoring roles.
Birmingham City University is a vibrant and multicultural university in the heart of a modern and diverse city. We welcome many international students every year – there are currently students from more than 80 countries among our student community.
The University is conveniently placed, with Birmingham International Airport nearby and first-rate transport connections to London and the rest of the UK.
Our international pages contain a wealth of information for international students who are considering applying to study here, including:
International students who have a serious interest in studying with us but who perhaps cannot meet the direct entry requirements, academic or English, or who have been out of education for some time, can enter Birmingham City University International College (BCUIC) and begin their degree studies.
BCUIC is part of the global Navitas Group, an internationally recognised education provider, and the partnership allows students to access the University's facilities and services and move seamlessly through to achieving a Bachelor's degree from Birmingham City University.
We are constantly investing in our estate and are currently in the process of spending £260 million on new learning facilities.
This course is based at our City Centre Campus – and specifically The Curzon Building, alongside other social sciences, law, business and English students.
The £63m building offers students a unique social learning space, including a dedicated student hub incorporating student support services, in the heart of Birmingham's Eastside development.
Realistic, simulated environments include two mock court rooms, a Magistrates' and Crown Court, and an interviewing suite. We're also exploring the use of virtual environments as a way to develop case study analysis.
For those studying on the BA (Hons) Criminology, Policing and Investigation pathway, you'll experience simulations of police interviewing environments for both suspects and witnesses, with access to tape recording and video playback analysis.
Crime investigation files are prepared using computer-based technology, and the crime data analysis requirements of the degree are supported by appropriate statistical and analytical software.
Psychology students can look forward to using state-of-the-art equipment as well, including the latest in eye-tracking software, and our new EEG machine, all geared towards giving you true hands-on experience with tools you'll be using in your later career.
David Wilson is a former prison governor and expert on serial killers through his work with various British police forces, academic publications, books, and media appearances. Most recently he appeared on the Channel 5 documentary, Serial Killers.
Imran's areas of expertise are based around the impact of Islamophobia and the effects of counter-terrorism. As well as being a regular face in the media, Imran is a government advisor for the Cross-Government Working Group on Anti-Muslim Hatred.
Dr Elizabeth Yardley is the Director of the Centre for Applied Criminology, a specialist centre engaged in a range of research in and around the criminal justice system. She has experience as a consultant, project managing a wide range of commissioned research for national and local clients including the British Red Cross, Birmingham City Council, Wolverhampton City Council and Sandwell MBC.
Matthew Cremin has worked for Birmingham City University for 20 years. After initially teaching politics, Matthew now concentrates on teaching a range of criminal justice and criminology modules in areas surrounding addiction, forensic science and criminological theory.
+44 (0)121 331 5595
+44 (0)121 331 5389
+44 (0)121 331 6295


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Very very good hotel. Very good hotel personal. Very clear hotel rooms . Good foods. I am very happy.
Very quaint and charming. Staff was very friendly. Breakfast and restaurant where A+.
It's small so not many facilities.
Everything was great, very nice place to stay while in Kharkov. Their assistance was very good in all aspects of my stay. Very friendly hosts to work with, they were very helpful with all my needs.
location, staff let me check-in 4 hours earlier
view from the window to a demolition side
I was only in the hotel for one night, but the overall experience was good.
I arranged for an airport pick up which was not there when I arrived due to the plane arriving some 15 minutes early. I arranged to take another taxi to the hotel as I was not able to contact the hotel to find out if the taxi was on its way. Being the last flight of the evening I was concerned about being stranded at that the airport. Notwithstandig that I have no control over the events - plabe arriving early, driver arriving late, the hotel insisted on charging me for the sending the driver to collect to me - a very pedantic attitude indeed.
Nice hotel. Modern rooms good staff nothing to criticize
Hotel design and hotel restaurants and good location and money exchange
Sometimes, I need to try my key a few times before it made the elevator work.
The staff are friendly and can do nought for you!! Food was also really good. Thank you city club. Robin,
A one stop shop, a good night's stay. A beautiful place, a good quiet stay
The hotel was extremely clean and beautifully decorated. The staff was very courteous and helpful with arraigning taxi's and making my vacation there memorable. The breakfast each morning was fantastic. I will stay there again when I return.
Everything. This is a truly spectacular facility in every respect possible...and at a really great price too. I am planning a return trip to Kharkiv and I will definitely be staying at the Aurora again.
Nobody answered my e-mail.
Here's why:
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Nope, it was done on a program called "San Andreas Studios" head over to pawfectfilms.com if you want to d'load it
And the intro was great. Was it scripted?
I kicked myself after the four hours of rendering just to realise i forgot to put in the name of the songs, here they are:
And what was that song btw? I haven't seen the name of it at the outro.
Some of our affiliates:


text:
Top 28+ Best Websites To Watch Free Movies Online Without Downloading 2016 | UPDATED
At the moment, that would be interesting to see the movie in good quality do not necessarily go to the cinema. In the 21st century, people watch movies without leaving home. To do this, and there are free services for … Read more »


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my son caleb was born june 1. i have breastfed him from day 1, no bottles, no formula. and every painful moment has been horrible. i need some help here! on the inside of each nipple i have a gash/sore..not sure what to call it. not sure if he is rubbing there with his gums, or if this is due to latch. the nurses and lactation consultants i have seen say his latch looks good but maybe his tongue isn't in the right spot?? that is the main source of my pain. the whole nipple does hurt though. the doctor did give me a prescription for this cream that would kill germs and bacteria in case i had an infection and it seems to help a little, but the gash just isn't able to heal.
i also have flat nipples.. and i know this is part of the problem. i have pumped a little to try and bring them out.. but maybe i should more? also have done some exercises to help bring them out, but maybe not enough?
definitely no supply problems at all. he is also gaining weigh fine, in fact he gets flooded so quickly he chokes and gets upset and cried-is there a way to fix that?
also one side has a better supply than the other. how can i get the other breast caught up? lol. i have pumped a little. is there a certain amount i should be pumping to get it caught up?
also he is having issues where after nursing a while on that side-time varies-he starts pulling hard on the nipple-and lets go and reattaches and keeps pulling-YOW. why? lol.
any advice would be GREATLY APPRECIATED.
thanks. krystal


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Alabama Coach Mike Shula is reluctant to discuss possible position changes, particularly during recruiting. That is understandable. If Joe Hotshot was a flanker on the fall roster and the staff plans to work him at safety in the spring, coaches don't want that information out. That's because recruiting opponents will show prospective flankers that Joe Hotshot is coming back and the recruiters at other schools will show safety prospects that Joe Hotshot is on the depth chart at safety.
But with recruiting safely concluded for another year, there are a few notable changes.
There had been some talk about Ezekial Knight being moved. The former split end is still at end. But now he's at right defensive end, behind Bobby Greenwood and Keith Saunders.
Earlier Shula had said that Baron Huber might be a linebacker or he might be a defensive lineman. Would you believe fullback? He's behind Le'Ron McClain and Tim Castille.
Antoine Caldwell started at left guard last season until the Cotton Bowl, when he moved to center to replace J.B. Closner (injured late in the season and now graduated). There had been speculation that Caldwell might go back to guard, but he's listed at center, ahead of Evan Cardwell.
Marlon Davis, who started at right guard against Southern Miss but who was mostly a back-up to B.J. Stabler at that position in 2005, has shifted over to Caldwell's old left guard spot. Justin Moon is the back-up at left guard and Scott Deaton is the number two left guard.
Cody Davis was the number two left tackle most of last season and made a push on starter Chris Capps. But Davis is out this spring with a shoulder injury and Mike Johnson, a redshirt freshman, has moved from right tackle to left tackle behind Capps. Kyle Tatum returns as the starter at right tackle with Drew Davis the back-up.
At tight end, Travis McCall–the Cotton Bowl starter–is still number one, ahead of Nick Walker, who started there most of the season. Trent Davidson, who missed last year with an injury after being a regular as a freshman in 2004, is still at tight end, but maybe growing quickly towards a tackle spot. The 270-pounder is listed sixth on the depth chart, ahead of only Cole Harvey, a grayshirt who was expected to be in the offensive line after a brief flirtation with fullback.
Roy Upchurch is listed at running back, although he is expected to be limited after having had surgery to repair a foot injury last fall. Not listed at running back, but expected to participate, is Max Martin, who transferred from Michigan. Martin will have to sit out next season. Keznneth Darby, who may be held out of most contact work in the spring, is number one at halfback, followed by Glen Coffee, Jimmy Johns, and Ali Sharrief.
Keith Brown and D.J. Hall are listed as the top wide receivers. Newcomer Nikita Stover is listed third at one receiving spot behind Hall and Will Oakley. Matt Caddell is second to Brown.
John Parker Wilson is listed ahead of Marc Guillon and Jimmy Barnes at quarterback.
Aaron McDaniel has moved from safety to wide receiver and Trent Dean, a scout team quarterback in the past, has moved to safety. Grayshirt Sam Burnthall is the number two safety behind Jeffrey Dukes. Safety candidate Cory Reamer is out for the spring with a knee injury. Chris Keys, who was expected to move from safety to linebacker, is out with an ankle injury. At the other safety, Marcus Carter is ahead of walk-on special teams star Rashad Johnson, Bryant Kilpatrick, and Travis Sikes.
Starters out with injuries are wide receiver Tyrone Prothro and defensive tackle Justin Britt.
Although Ramzee Robinson "limited" in spring, he's listed number one at left cornerback, ahead of redshirt freshman Chris Rogers. At left cornerback, Eric Gray is ahead of Simeon Castille, who missed the Cotton Bowl because of academic deficiencies. Lionel Mitchell, who missed the last half of the season with a head injury, is listed third.
The pre-spring depth chart shows the Tide at least three deep at each of the four defensive line and three linebacker positions. At left end it's Wallace Gilberry, Chris Harris and Brandon Deaderick. At left tackle, Jeremy Clark, Lorenzo Washington, and Brandon Fanney. At right tackle, Dominic Lee, J.P. Adams, Byron Walton. At right end Bobby Greenwood, Keith Sanders, Zeke Knight.
Weakside linebackers are Juwan Simpson, Demarcus Waldrop, and Marcel Stamps. In the middle, Matt Collins leads Prince Hall, transfer Darrell Mustain, and Kenneth Vandervoort. Terrence Jones is number one at strongside linebacker, followed by Zach Schreiber and Eryk Anders.
Jamie Christensen is back as placekicker after his Cotton Bowl heroics, although Andrew Friedman will push him. P.J. Fitzgerald is expected to be ahead of Jeff Aul at punter. Luke Spauldding is the snapper.


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117 new Effects for GIMP 2.6
Thanks to GIMP FX Foundry, you can now equip GIMP 2.6 with 117 additional scripts that can work some spectacular extra effects into existing graphics.
The Gimp FX Foundry SourceForce project made it its assignment to provide scripts for porting into the current GIMP or allow creating them from scratch. The scripts allow GIMP graphics to be endowed with special effects, such as blurring or distorting them in certain ways. The Foundry now provides 117 new scripts for GIMP 2.6 that are not part of the graphic software's standard installation.
Among them are the Roy Lichtenstein effect script to render graphics in the pop artist's style, the Planet Render script to create a planet of your choosing and desired size and dimension. and the Old Photo script to give existing photos that antiquated touch. A complete list of scripts is on the project's documentation page, although details on what each script does are rather sparse. The best thing is to download the script and try it out.
Downloads can be tar or zip. Unpack and copy them into your home directory under the hidden ~/.gimp-2.6/scripts directory. After starting GIMP 2.6, actualize the scripts by using Filter, Script-Fu, then Refresh Scripts. A new Fx-Foundry menu will subsequently appear to access the scripts.
that's coolthis is really good news, I am a big fan of Gimp .I'v submitted a link of this article to www.linuxine.com in order to share it with more people.thanks!
Awsome... Thank you.I installed these scripts and experimented a little. Good work. There are some very useful effects here. I will definitely use some on http://bloggajim.com
Thank you.
Awsome... Thank you.I downloaded and tried experimented a little. There are some very useful effects here. I'll use some on http://bloggajim.com.
Screenshots?What would be great is screenshots showing before and after (using open license photos of course). That would also be multi-lingual information.
WowThis is fantastic! GIMP keeps getting better and better. This is the power of open source.
Thank you for the informationThank you for the information, I've downloaded the script, I will try it.
Abyadi Zohri, Indonesia
Portable Linux LiveDVD helps business and employeesCompanies not using Linux can still benefit from Linux and Gimp. A Ubuntu, Fedora, Mandriva, Slax, Puppy etc, remix can be created for the company as a training distro around the Gimp. The company can set up a few worstations for the training or can just give out this Linux distro as a liveCD/DVD. The distro should be optimized for the Gimp, but it can be further customized for the work environment. [The business can also create a demo CD which would also feature the company products, services, applications, etc, through shortcuts on the desktop, etc.]
Optimized for Linux. Optimized for the business. Free to use. Free to share.
but at work......I am not admin of my PC. Company goes XP.
No problem, there is portable gimp, from http://portableapps.org
Remember to install the scripts in the correct directory:
launch gimp, go into the menu
then Folders->Scripts
and you will find the folder where to extract the scripts to. In my case it is:
Ciao, Leodp
Issue 27: Raspberry Pi Adventures/Special Editions
Buy this issue as a PDF
Critical Flaws Found in VeraCrypt
Popular open source encryption tool is vulnerable to attack
Ubuntu 16.10 Released
New "Yakkety Yak" edition emphasizes cloud and servers
Linus Announces Linux 4.8
Google Announces Its Own Pixel Phones
Google finally enters the phone hardware business.
Nextcloud Announces Raspberry Pi-Powered Home Cloud Box
Innovative system adds a hard drive and Ubuntu Core to the RPi for an IoT hub.
Linus Torvalds Confirms the Date of the First Linux Release
Linux is two weeks younger than we thought!
End of OpenOffice?
The Apache Software Foundation considers retiring OpenOffice
Adobe Gives New Life to NPAPI Plugin for Linux
Adobe won't kill the plugin in 2017
LinuxCon North America Convenes in Toronto, Canada
Linux Foundation's big event celebrates the 25th anniversary of Linux
Linux Turns 25
Linux has evolved from "won't be a professional" project to one of the most professional software projects in the history of computers.


text:
realmagick.com The shrine of knowledge.
A selection of articles related to among.
Original articles from our library related to the Among. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Among.
- King James Bible: Leviticus, Chapter 11
- Chapter 11 11:1 And the LORD spake unto Moses and to Aaron, saying unto them, 11:2 Speak unto the children of Israel, saying, These are the beasts which ye shall eat among all the beasts that are on the earth. 11:3 Whatsoever parteth the hoof, and is...
Old Testament >> Leviticus
- King James Bible: Luke, Chapter 22
- Chapter 22 22:1 Now the feast of unleavened bread drew nigh, which is called the Passover. 22:2 And the chief priests and scribes sought how they might kill him; for they feared the people. 22:3 Then entered Satan into Judas surnamed Iscariot, being of the...
New Testament >> Luke
- King James Bible: Leviticus, Chapter 17
- Chapter 17 17:1 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 17:2 Speak unto Aaron, and unto his sons, and unto all the children of Israel, and say unto them; This is the thing which the LORD hath commanded, saying, 17:3 What man soever there be of the house of...
Old Testament >> Leviticus
- King James Bible: Genesis, Chapter 30
- Chapter 30 30:1 And when Rachel saw that she bare Jacob no children, Rachel envied her sister; and said unto Jacob, Give me children, or else I die. 30:2 And Jacob's anger was kindled against Rachel: and he said, Am I in God's stead, who hath withheld from...
Old Testament >> Genesis
- King James Bible: Leviticus, Chapter 26
- Chapter 26 26:1 Ye shall make you no idols nor graven image, neither rear you up a standing image, neither shall ye set up any image of stone in your land, to bow down unto it: for I am the LORD your God. 26:2 Ye shall keep my sabbaths, and reverence my...
Old Testament >> Leviticus
- King James Bible: Numbers, Chapter 15
- Chapter 15 15:1 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 15:2 Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, When ye be come into the land of your habitations, which I give unto you, 15:3 And will make an offering by fire unto the LORD, a burnt offering,...
Old Testament >> Numbers
- King James Bible: Numbers, Chapter 3
- Chapter 3 3:1 These also are the generations of Aaron and Moses in the day that the LORD spake with Moses in mount Sinai. 3:2 And these are the names of the sons of Aaron; Nadab the firstborn, and Abihu, Eleazar, and Ithamar. 3:3 These are the names of the...
Old Testament >> Numbers
Among is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Among books and related discussion.
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- Mental health problems and help-seeking behavior among college
- Mental disorders are as prevalent among college students as same-aged non- students, and these ... Mental health among college students represents not only.
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- Mental Health Surveillance Among Children - Centers for Disease
- May 17, 2013 the prevalence of mental disorders and indicators of mental health among children living in the United States, presents estimates of childhood ...
- www.cdc.gov
- Prevalence of Overweight, Obesity, and Extreme Obesity Among
- Sep 1, 2014 Prevalence of Overweight, Obesity, and Extreme Obesity Among. Adults: United States, 1960–1962 Through 2011–2012 by Cheryl D. Fryar, ...
- www.cdc.gov
- Life Among the Econ - UCLA Economics
- Leijonhufvud, Axel, Life Among the Econ , Western Economic Journal, 11:3. ( 1973:Sept.) p.
- www.econ.ucla.edu
- Reducibility Among Combinatorial Problems - Computer Science
- REDUCIBILITY AMONG COMBINATORIAL PROBLEMS. Richard M. Karp.
- www.cs.berkeley.edu
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Suggested Web Resources
- Among | Define Among at Dictionary.com
- in, into, or through the midst of; in association or connection with; surrounded by: He was among friends. 2. in the midst of, so as to influence: missionary work ...
- dictionary.reference.com
- Among Synonyms, Among Antonyms | Thesaurus.com
- Synonyms for among at Thesaurus.com with free online thesaurus, antonyms, and definitions. Dictionary and Word of the Day.
- www.thesaurus.com
- Among | Definition of Among by Merriam-Webster
- in or through (a group of people or things). : in the presence of (a group of people ). —used to talk about the opinions, feelings, etc.
- www.merriam-webster.com
- among definition and synonyms | Macmillan Dictionary
- Define among and get synonyms. What is among? among meaning, pronunciation and more by Macmillan Dictionary.
- www.macmillandictionary.com
- Among - definition of among by The Free Dictionary
- In the midst of; surrounded by: a pine tree among cedars. 2. In the group, number, or class of: She is among the wealthy.
- www.thefreedictionary.com
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