text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|PCT number
|Publication date
|Mar 16, 2010
|Filing date
|Apr 8, 2002
|Priority date
|Apr 6, 2001
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Jonathan S. Jarman, Paul A. Newman, Lucy H. Newman, Alan L. Leibert
|Original Assignee
|Freedom Card Limited
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (12), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (12), Classifications (44), Legal Events (2)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to a payment system and in particular but not exclusively to a smart-card payment system wherein an entire purchase operation is explicitly linked as a single transaction and a variable level of user validation is provided.
Existing payment systems suffer from a number of drawbacks. The use of cash for example is limited by the requirement for the actual transfer of possession of physical tokens and by the fact that if lost or stolen, cash is usable without restriction by a finder or thief.
The use of cheques goes some way to overcome the security worries of carrying cash but still requires the transfer of a physical token. Cheques also introduce the problem of "clearing time", that is, time taken by banks to actually transfer money from the cheque writer's account to the cheque receiver's account. In addition, there is a possibility with a cheque that a bank may refuse to honour a cheque written by an account holder because the account holder has insufficient funds in their account. In this circumstance, the receiver of the cheque has then transferred ownership of goods or provided a service and has received no payment for those goods or that service.
For ordering goods by telephone or using the internet, cash is totally unsuitable and cheques are very inconvenient because to pay by cheque for goods ordered by telephone or over the internet requires the order placed using the telephone or the internet to be confirmed in writing accompanied by a cheque for payment.
More suitable for use with internet or telephone orders are credit and debit cards. When using a credit card, payment for the goods is actually made to the retailer by a credit card company which allows the credit card user to spend up to a predetermined borrowing limit for purchases. Purchases made with a credit card must be paid for to the credit card company within a predetermined time limit or interest on the money borrowed becomes payable. Debit cards on the other hand provide for an electronic transfer of funds direct from the card holder's bank account to the retailer's bank account. Credit and debit cards also suffer from the problems of "clearing time".
Both credit and debit cards use conventional magnetic stripe card technology. Both payment systems also suffer from processing charges inherent in the system. These processing charges are typically levied on the vendor and may be in the range of one to four percent of the sale transaction. Sometimes all or part of this cost is passed onto the purchaser. This transaction cost has a minimum size which is set by the banks and credit card companies operating the cards. As a result, it is economically disadvantageous to process small value transactions using credit and debit cards.
Credit and debit cards do however have the advantage for telephone and internet transactions that there is no requirement for the transfer of physical tokens. They can therefore be used to make purchases or to reserve restaurant tables for example, without the need for postal or personal transfer of payment. The use of a credit card to make a purchase provides the purchaser with extra protection in that the credit card company must cover the cost of goods paid for on the card, over a certain minimum value, which are not delivered or with which there are certain other problems. In addition, the credit card operator pays the vendor regardless of whether or not the purchaser ever repays that money to the credit card company. Thus both vendor and purchaser benefit from the use of a credit card. However, for telephone and internet transactions, which are defined by the credit card operator as "card holder not present" transactions, the risk of loss rests with the retailer not the card operator. Thus, it becomes less beneficial for a vendor to accept credit cards as payment for telephone and internet orders because they must pay the handling fee and they receive no protection.
The so-called electronic purse (e.g. the Mondex Electronic Purse System) has been developed to eliminate the problems of carrying actual cash and of the minimum processing charges for small debit or credit card transactions. The electronic purse makes use of smart-card or chip-card technology. To use the electronic purse, the user must either load cash onto the smart-card electronic purse at a vending machine or at the desk of a load agent such as a Post Office, or the user must transfer funds from their bank account or credit card to the smart-card electronic purse. The purse may then be used to make purchases in the real world, over the internet or over the telephone, subject to the telephone being with an appropriate smart-card reader.
From a transaction processing point of view, full clearing would only be required when loading the purse, which would normally be a medium to large value transaction and therefore acceptable. Payments could be batched into daily totals and cleared to the retailers as single daily transactions, again being of reasonable size. There would be no requirement to account for every transaction back to the card holder, all that would happen would be that payment would be made out of the cash float created when taking cash to load the electronic purse.
Thus from a bank's point of view, the electronic purse solved a major problem. However, from the card holder's point of view the electronic purse is less successful and all open electronic purse trials have tended towards failure in terms of take up. Among the reasons for the poor take up are: poor education of the card holders, small scale trials leading to purse being usable at only a few locations, lock-in of card holder money to the card and places it could be used, no interest on prepayment, requirement for a bank account to back the electronic purse and fear over security and transaction accountability.
The requirement for a bank account to back the electronic purse is a major failing of the system. This is because many people who could best benefit from an electronic purse (or other prepaid mechanisms) are those people who do not have bank accounts and who are therefore automatically excluded from using cheques, debit cards or credit cards. Approximately twenty percent of the UK population are disallowed by the banks from having a bank account. It should be noted that the Mondex Electronic Purse System was specifically developed to allow use by persons not having a bank account, however the operators still insisted on a user having a bank account before a card would be issued.
Regarding fear over security and transaction accountability, the problem is one of how much the card holder trusts the retailer. For example, how does the card holder know how much credit is stored on his or her card and how do they know how much is removed? For internet transactions, this problem grows to incorporate issues such as: how to identify how much is being deducted from the card, how to identify the other party to the transaction, how to identify the location of the other party to the transaction, whether goods will actually be shipped, whether the payment made will actually go to the vendor, whether the vendor will recognise the payment as being against the goods purchased, whether the payment could be fraudulently redirected and concerns over who will be able to see the delivery address specified.
The existing electronic purse schemes use so-called smart-cards or chip-cards. These are cards having a microprocessor and memory mounted onto or into a card, with an interface provided for the microprocessor to be powered and interfaced with by a reader. The standards for smart-cards where the interface is by means of physical connection terminals are set out in ISO 7816. The standards for smart-cards where the interface is by means of radio signals (including supply of power) are set out in ISO 14443.
In an attempt to address some of the above problems, a number of banks and financial card operators including Mastercard and Visa have agreed a smart-card standard for credit and debit services such that a retailer could have a common terminal to support all smart credit and debit cards in a similar manner to the current situation with magnetic stripe cards. This standard is known as EMV (Europay Mastercard Visa) and it applies to credit and debit services on smart-cards as well as the terminals to support them. An electronic purse system based on the EMV specifications is the common electronic purse specifications (CEPS) with which the European Standard Organisation (CEN) has been involved. CEPS requires a personalised system and additional hardware to identify the cardholder in order for him or her to digitally sign and certify all CEPS transactions. Further, for use in telephone or internet transactions, there is a requirement in CEPS for digital signatures. There is currently no worldwide or European standard for producing digital signatures. Such digital signatures require a public key infrastructure administered by a certification authority which acts as a library or directory of public keys. In addition, when it supplies a public key it adds a certificate signed with its own private key such that the recipient can then validate that the public key information is genuine within Europe, the various public key infrastructures that currently exist are not compatible and therefore such digital signatures are not interoperable across services and countries. Thus the full implementation of CEPS will be delayed until such standardisation can be completed.
In summary therefore, cash and cheques require the exchange of physical tokens and are therefore totally unsuitable for real time trading by telephone or over the internet. Credit and debit cards and cheques suffer from clearing time delays. Credit and debit cards are also unsuitable for small value transactions due to the processing charges included. Electronic purses have been unpopular due to the "tied-in" nature of the funds and the small number of places where trials have allowed use of the purses. Credit and debit cards and electronic purses have the additional problem for internet and telephone transactions of requiring trust between purchaser and vendor. CEPs has the drawback of an awkward and non-standard security system.
Aspects of the present invention relate to a smart-card payment system wherein:
The present invention seeks to address difficulties of the prior art. According to one aspect, there is provided an electronic transaction payment system comprising a vendor terminal associated with a vendor who provides goods or services to a purchaser; a vendor smart-card; a vendor smart-card reader for transmitting data to and receiving data from the vendor smart-card; a purchaser smart-card reader for transmitting data to and receiving data from a purchaser smart-card. The vendor terminal comprises means for processing requests for vendor goods or services from the purchaser, means for generating cost data identifying the cost of requested goods or services and means for transmitting the cost data to the purchaser smart-card. The purchaser smart-card includes means for receiving the cost data from the vendor terminal and means for encrypting the payment data for transmission back to the vendor smart-card. The vendor smart-card also includes means for receiving the encrypted payment data and means for decrypting the payment data to obtain payment for the requested goods or services.
Preferably, all communications relating to the purchase of the goods pass from the purchaser's smart-card to the vendor and are encrypted with an encryption key specific to the current transaction. In this way, payment of the goods and/or services can be inextricably linked to the transaction itself. The invention can be applied for electronic trading on, for example, the Internet and can be used at traditional points of sale.
In a preferred embodiment, a third party registry is provided to provide guarantees for the purchaser and/or the vendor if required. The third party registry may provide additional support as requested and to a level requested by the vendor or purchaser, to ensure trust and confidence in the trade. Either party in the transaction may choose to validate the credentials of the other party by making a reference to the third party registry. In this case, the registry will provide the information and may levy an appropriate fee.
Preferred embodiments of the present invention will now be described by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
In the following description it is assumed that the purchaser's terminal is already connected to the internet, as is the vendor's terminal. Also, using his or her terminal, the purchaser has browsed the vendor's website and has selected a product or products that he or she wishes to purchase.
Referring to
As shown in
Attached to the registry terminal 25 is a registry smart-card server 27 having a plurality of registry account smart-cards permanently inserted in card slots 7 r therein. In this embodiment, there is typically one registry account logical smart-card for each user of the payment system, although in practice many such logical smart-cards will be grouped onto one master smart-card which will substantially reduce the smart-card and smart-card reader requirement at the registry. Each registry account is represented by a logical record on a master account card. The number of master account cards will be equal to the number of accounts divided by the number of logical account records on each card. Since the information on the card need only contain an account number and balance, with further information held in a connected hard disk at the registry 25, there could be as many as five thousand logical account records per master card.
In this embodiment, every registry account is represented by a disk based record at the registry 25. As and when a registry account is to be accessed for whatever reason, key information is copied to a spare logical account slot in a master card, so that card to card working may take place. The number of master cards required will be just greater than the number of parallel transactions required to provide adequate performance. After a transaction is completed, the disk record is updated. The card record is retained until the logical account slot is required. This provides a form of caching to provide better performance for those actively using their smart-cards and registry. Typically, a retailer's account will be more active than a purchaser's account.
As shown in
Referring now to
Next, at step S4-3, the purchaser smart-card 3 inserted in the purchaser terminal 5 and vendor smart-card 23 inserted in the vendor terminal 21 create and exchange secure encryption keys (which are stored in the respective key stores 78 of the purchaser and vendor smart-cards 3,23) to be used throughout the payment session and to be used as the basis for the secure exchange of information using data encryption between terminals. Before payment is made, however, in this embodiment the smart-cards 3,23 return control to the terminals so that user validation can be performed. This is initiated at step S4-5, where the vendor terminal 21 displays on monitor 9 a request for user input to indicate whether validation of the purchaser should be undertaken. Such input is received via the keyboard 11 or mouse 13. If validation is to be undertaken, processing proceeds to step S4-7 where validation is performed. To perform validation, as will be described in more detail below, the vendor terminal 21 communicates with purchaser terminal 5 or the registry 25 via the internet 19 to request identifier data about the purchaser so that certain pre-specified levels of knowledge about the purchaser are obtained.
Following purchaser validation, or if purchaser validation is not to be undertaken, the processing proceeds to step S4-9, where the purchaser's terminal 5 displays on monitor 9 a request for user input to indicate whether validation of the vendor should be undertaken. If vendor validation is required, then at step S4-11, validation of the vendor is performed, which is a similar process to that described above for purchaser validation. Following such validation, or if validation of the vendor is not required, processing continues at step S4-13. At this step, it is decided whether or not delivery of the product will be required. To determine whether delivery is required, the vendor terminal 21 analyses the delivery terms agreed at step S4-1. From these terms it will be clear whether anything is to be delivered. It is to be understood that delivery may include electronic transfer of data as well as postal delivery of physical items. If delivery is required, then the delivery data is confirmed at step S4-15 where the purchaser terminal transmits the relevant delivery address (which may be a postal address, an e-mail address or an FTP (file transfer protocol) server address for example) to the vendor terminal 21. Following this, or in the event that delivery is not required, control is passed back to the smart-cards 3,23 where payment and receipting is performed at step S4-17. In this step, the purchaser terminal 5 causes the appropriate value to transfer from the money store 68 of the purchaser smart-card 3 to the money store 68 of the vendor smart-card 23, during which a receipt message is transferred from the vendor smart-card 23 to the purchaser smart-card 3.
An overview of the smart-card payment system of this embodiment has been given above. The system offers a number of advantages, including:
These and other advantages of the payment system of the present embodiment will become apparent from the following more detailed description.
Product Selection
At step S5-1, the purchaser terminal 5 receives product selection input from the user via the keyboard 11 or mouse 13, and at step S5-3 product selection data is transmitted to the vendor terminal 21 by transmitting signals 17 from the modem 55 connected to the purchaser terminal 5 to the modem 55 connected to the vendor terminal 21 via the internet 19. The product selection data is received by the vendor terminal 21 at step S5-5. At step S5-7, the vendor terminal 21 compares the product selection data to a product database to determine the price of the product and at step S5-11 the price and any necessary delivery terms data are transmitted to the purchaser terminal 5. At step S5-13 the purchaser terminal 5 receives the price and delivery terms data, which data is then displayed to a user at step S5-15. The purchaser terminal 5 then receives acceptance input from the user at step S5-17 and at step S5-19 the terminal 5 processes the input from the user to determine whether the user accepted the price and delivery terms. If the price and delivery terms are not accepted, then at step S5-21 the purchaser terminal 5 transmits that the terms are not accepted to the vendor terminal 21 which is received at step S5-23. The transaction process then ends. If the user does accept the price and delivery terms, then at step S5-25 the purchaser terminal 5 transmits that the terms have been accepted and at step S5-27 the vendor terminal 21 receives that the terms have been accepted. Following this, the selection of product and agreement of price and delivery terms is complete and referring again to
Establish Secure Link
The processing of step S4-3 is shown in more detail in
Once it has been established that the payment system of the current embodiment is to be used, control passes to the smart-cards 3,23 which establish a secure session between themselves. This is achieved, in this embodiment, using so called public key encryption where each party transmits to the other a public key with which data should be encrypted. It is only possible to decrypt the encrypted data using a private key which is retained by each party. The present embodiment uses a modified public key encryption scheme which allows a new, unique session ID to be used for each transaction in connection with the asymmetric key pair.
Setting up the secure session begins at step S6-9 where the vendor smart-card 23 transmits its public key from its key store 78 to the purchaser smart-card 3. The purchaser smart-card 3 receives the public key from the vendor smart-card 23 at step S6-11 and stores it in its key store 78. Next, at step S6-13, the purchaser smart-card 3 generates, using the session ID generator 72, a purchaser session ID which it appends to all communications transmitted to the vendor smart-card 25 during the current session. In the present embodiment, the purchaser session ID takes the form of a block of data made up of a time stamp, a random number, a terminal ID and a card ID, all encrypted using the purchaser smart-card's public key (so that only the purchaser smart-card 3 can decrypt the purchaser session ID). Then at step S6-15, the purchaser smart-card 3 encrypts the purchaser session ID using the vendor smart-card's public key and transmits this to the vendor smart-card 23, along with its own public key. At step S6-17, the vendor smart-card 23 receives and decrypts the data to recover the purchaser session ID and the purchaser public key, which it stores within the session ID store 76 and the key store 78 respectively of the vendor smart-card 23. Next, at step S6-19, the vendor smart-card 23 generates a vendor session ID using its session ID generator 72. In the present embodiment, the vendor session ID comprises a time stamp, a random number, a terminal ID and a card ID, all encrypted using the vendor smart-card's public key (so that only the vendor smart-card 23 can decrypt the vendor session ID). At step S6-21, the vendor smart-card 23 then encrypts the vendor session ID using the purchaser smart-card's public key and transmits it to the purchaser smart-card 3. At step S6-23, the purchaser smart-card 3 receives and decrypts the data to recover the vendor session ID which it stores in its session ID store 76. At step S6-25, the purchaser smart-card 3 transmits a message to the vendor smart-card 23 stating that the vendor session ID has been received, which message is received by the vendor smart-card 23 at step S6-27.
The session ID generated by each of the purchaser smart-card 3 and the vendor smart-card 23 will be different for a given session (because of the time stamp and the random number), but they will be inextricably linked to the one session smart-cards and the two smart-cards. In present embodiment, the session IDs are added to every transfer of data passing between the terminals after it has been established that the payment system of the present embodiment is to be used. This will take the form of appending both session IDs to the end of the message and then encrypting the whole with the recipient's public key. By performing the encryption each message is protected from being read by an unauthorized party, and by using the session ID each message is digitally signed to certify that the sender of the data is who they claim to be and that the message is valid. It should be noted that only the purchaser smart-card 3 and the vendor smart-card 23 will be able to: validate the session IDs, encrypt data and decrypt data. The cards will use their own encryption engines 74 for this purpose, rendering it unnecessary for the terminals to be secure devices.
Part of the session will include the transmission of a user input such as acceptance or refusal of validation information supplied and/or delivery data. This will be entered as plain text (i.e. unencrypted and uncoded) by the vendor or purchaser and then passed to the local smart-card for appending of session IDs, encryption and transfer to the other party. Again, it is not necessary for the terminal to be a secure device.
Purchaser Validation
Referring now to
First, the vendor or vendor terminal 23 must determine the level of validation required at step S7-1. Note that if it is determined at step S4-5 that no validation is required, then the processing steps shown in
Once the level of validation has been determined, the vendor terminal 21 will transmit a request for the purchaser validation at step S7-3 indicating the level of validation required. In the present embodiment, it is assumed that a relatively low level of validation is required. Therefore the validation request is sent to the purchaser terminal 5, not the registry 25. At step S7-5, the purchaser terminal 5 receives the validation request and at step S7-7 transmits the requested validation data (which may either be input by the purchaser or is stored in the validation store 70 of the purchaser smart-card 3). At step S7-9 the vendor terminal 21 receives the validation data and at step S7-11 determines whether the validation data received is acceptable. This is done either automatically by comparing the received validation data with pre-stored data or manually by displaying the validation data to the vendor and awaiting confirmation from the vendor that it is acceptable. If the validation data is unacceptable then processing continues at step S7-13 where the vendor terminal 21 transmits to the purchaser terminal 5 that the validation data provided was unacceptable. This is received at step S7-15 by the purchaser terminal 5 and then the transaction process ends. Alternatively, if the validation data is acceptable, processing continues at step S7-17 where the vendor terminal 21 transmits to the purchaser terminal 5 that the validation data provided was acceptable and at step S7-19 the purchaser terminal 5 receives this. The validation of the purchaser is then complete and, referring again to
Vendor Validation
If it is decided at step S4-9 that validation of the vendor is required, as described above, then the steps shown in
Thus at step S8-1, the purchaser terminal 5 determines the level of validation that is required in substantially the same manner as described above with reference to purchaser validation in
Following receipt of the validation data by the purchaser terminal 5 at step S8-9, the purchaser terminal 5 determines at step S8-11 whether the validation data is acceptable. This is done either automatically by comparing the received validation data with pre-stored data or manually by displaying the validation data to the purchaser and awaiting confirmation from the purchaser that it is acceptable. If the validation data is decided to be unacceptable, then at step S8-13 the purchaser terminal 5 transmits to the vendor terminal 21 that the validation data is not acceptable and the vendor terminal 21 receives this at step SB-15 following which the transaction process terminates. If, however, the validation data is determined to be acceptable at step S8-11, then at step S8-17 the purchaser terminal 5 transmits to the vendor terminal 21 that the validation data is acceptable. This acceptance is received by the vendor terminal 21 at step S8-19 following which the validation of the vendor is complete and, referring again to
Confirm Delivery Data
If it is determined at step S4-13 that delivery is required, then the delivery data must be confirmed at step S4-15. This process is shown in more detail in
At step S9-1, the vendor terminal 21 requests the delivery data, that is the delivery address (which may be a postal address or an e-mail address, for example) and the name of the person or company to whom the items should be directed. At step S9-3, the purchaser terminal 5 receives the delivery data request and displays on monitor 9, at step S9-5, a request for a user to enter delivery data. At step S9-7, the purchaser terminal receives the delivery data input from the user via the keyboard 11 or the mouse 13 and at step S9-9 transmits the delivery data to the vendor terminal 21. The vendor terminal 21 then receives the delivery data at step S9-11, following which the process of confirming delivery data is complete and, referring again to
Payment and Receipting
Performing payment and receipting (step S4-17) will now be described in greater detail with reference to
Starting at S10-1, the vendor smart-card 23 transmits a request for payment to the purchaser smart-card 3. At step S10-3, the purchaser smart-card 3 receives the request and at step S10-5 transmits the payment data to the vendor smart-card 23. At step S10-7, the vendor smart-card 23 receives the payment data and at step S10-9 transmits a receipt for the payment. At this time, the vendor smart-card 23 has received the payment data but has not accepted the payment described therein. The purchaser smart-card 3 then receives the receipt at step S10-11. At step S10-12, the purchaser smart-card 3 validates the receipt by checking that the purchaser session ID has been appended to the receipt data and that it matches its purchaser session 1D stored in the session ID store 76. If the purchaser session ID is not present and correct, then at step S10-13, the purchaser smart-card 23 transmits an error message to the vendor smart-card 23 stating that the session ID is incorrect. This error message is received by the vendor smart-card 23 at step S10-14 following which the transaction process ends. On the other hand, if it is determined at step S10-12 that the purchaser session ID is present and correct, then at step S10-l5 the purchaser smart-card 3 transmits an acknowledgement that the receipt has been received. This acknowledgement is received by the vendor smart-card 23 at step S10-16, following which the vendor smart-card 23 validates the acknowledgement by checking that the vendor session ID has been appended to the acknowledgement data and that it matches the vendor session ID stored in the session ID store 76. If the vendor session ID is not present and correct, then at step S10-18 the vendor smart-card 23 generates an error message stating that the vendor session ID is not present and transmits it to the purchaser smart-card 3 which receives the message at step S10-19 following which the transaction process ends. If on the other hand, however, it is determined at step S10-17 that the vendor session ID is present and correct, then processing continues at step S10-20 where the vendor smart-card 23 finalizes the order data and accepts the payment data, thereby actually receiving the payment, to complete the transaction. The receipt and acknowledgement are validated by each smart-card 3 and 23 to ensure the session remains intact. The transaction can only be completed if both smart-cards 3 and 23 complete this test successfully. Thus the payment process is inextricably linked to the purchase transaction, the validation of the parties and acceptance of all terms into a single transaction session including user input of validation acceptance and possible delivery details. Once the session has been validated as complete the vendor smart-card 23 transmits, at steps S10-21, a message to the purchaser terminal 5 to indicate that the transaction is complete. At step S10-22 the purchaser smart-card 3 receives the transaction complete message following which the transaction process terminates. Following completion of the transaction, the purchaser terminal 5 and smart-card 3 may then be used to perform other actions unconnected with the purchase.
Validation Level Determination
As described above, it is necessary to determine at step S7-1 and S8-1 the level of validation of the other party to a transaction that is required. For example, one party may wish to validate the address and other credentials (such as age, legal status or credit worthiness) of the other party and also to be guaranteed that purchased goods will be delivered intact and possibly to a given quality. As discussed above, some of this information, such as name, age or address, is held in the validation store 70 on the smart-card of the user and this information plus further information may be held by the registry 25. Either party may opt for more or less information from the registry 25, and/or a greater or lower level of guarantee. The registry 25 may implement a charging structure to enable users of the payment system to be charged for information held by and requested from the registry 25, or to charge users for storing and providing their data to others. Different levels of payment will be required depending on the amount of validation data held by the registry.
In all trades made using the payment system of the present invention, the complete trade, that is selection of goods, agreement to purchase, payment and subsequent expected delivery are based on the honesty of the two parties and their acceptance of each other's bona fides and mutual acceptance of the terms of trading. The payment system does not apply any specific trading rules of its own and it is up to both parties to agree on terms that overcome any doubts a party may have regarding the other party and the trade. The payment system provides electronic packaging of a negotiation between the parties such that value does not move from one party to the other until both parties are satisfied with the terms.
Thus, each party is able to decide upon the level of trust it has in the other party and if insufficient, to make use of the registry 25 as necessary until satisfied. For example, two parties trading for the first time may both seek the top level of guarantee from the registry 25. However, as the parties get to know one another, the trust level between them will increase and their reliance on the registry 25 will decrease.
Further Embodiments
The first embodiment discussed above made no use of the registry 25 for validation or for payment, as it was assumed that only a low level of validation was required and payment was made directly from the purchaser smart-card 3 to the vender smart-card 23. However, either or both parties to a transaction may wish to validate the other party with the registry 25 or make payment to or from a registry account card 33. Where the registry 25 is to be involved in a transaction, session IDs are generated as described above with reference to
Referring now to
At step S11-1, the level of validation required is determined as in step S7-1. Next, at step S11-3, the vendor terminal 21 transmits a request for validation at the registry 25 to the purchaser terminal 5. At step S11-5, the purchaser terminal 5 receives the request and at step S11-7 decides whether or not to agree to the level of validation requested. This decision is either made automatically by the purchaser terminal 5 according to predetermined rules set by the purchaser or manually by presenting the request to the purchaser on monitor 9 and awaiting acceptance or refusal of the request from the purchaser via the keyboard 11 or mouse 9. If the requested level of validation is not acceptable, then processing continues at step S11-9 where the purchaser terminal 5 transmits a disapproval of the validation request to the vendor terminal 21. The disapproval is received by the vendor terminal 21 at step S11-11, following which the transaction process terminates.
On the other hand, if the requested level of validation is agreed, then processing continues at step S11-13, at which step the purchaser terminal 5 transmits an approval of the validation request to the vendor terminal 21. Following receipt of the validation approval at step S11-15, the vendor terminal 21 transmits a validation request (identifying the purchaser) to the registry 25 at step S11-17. At step S11-19, the registry 25 receives the validation request from the vendor terminal 21 and at step S11-21 transmits the appropriate validation data back to the vendor terminal 21. The validation data is received by the vendor terminal 21 at step S11-23. Processing then proceeds as described above with reference to
Another alternative to the processing of
At step S12-1, the level of validation required is determined as in step S7-1. At step S12-3, the vendor terminal 21 transmits to the registry 25 a request for validation of the purchaser, which request is received by the registry 25 at step S12-5. At step S12-7, the registry 25 transmits the validation data, which is then received by the vendor terminal 21 at step S12-9. Processing then continues as for
A further method of validation will now be described with reference to
At step S13-1, the level of validation required is determined as for step S8-1. At step S13-3, the purchaser terminal 5 transmits to the registry 25 a request for validation of the vendor. Following receipt of the validation request by the registry 25 at step S13-5, the registry 25 transmits to the vendor terminal 21 at step S13-7 a request for permission to validate. The request is received at step S13-9 by the vendor terminal 21, and at step S13-11 it is decided whether to agree to the level of validation requested in substantially the same manner as described above with reference to
On the other hand, if it is decided at step S13-11 that the level of validation requested is agreed, then at step S13-17, the vendor terminal 21 transmits a validation approval to the registry 25, which approval is received by the registry 25 at step S13-19. At step S13-21, the registry 25 then transmits the validation data to the purchaser terminal 5 which receives the validation data at step S13-23. Following this, the processing continues as in
It is also possible for payment to take place in a number of different ways. For example, as mentioned above, the registry 25 may hold account cards 33 p, 33 v on behalf of users of the payment system in a smart-card server 27. The presence of these account cards make it possible for a prospective purchaser to have a large volume of funds available to spend using the payment system without having to have those funds tied into the card which they carry, which card could be lost or stolen thereby denying the user access to those funds. It is therefore possible that a purchaser may wish to make a payment from his or her account card 33 p or a vendor may wish to have a payment made to his or her account card 33 v. If such a payment is to take place, then this will be agreed between the parties before payment is made. If the purchaser or the vendor decides to make payment from or to receive payment from a registry smart-card 33, then the purchaser or the vendor smart-card is informed of this and in response, it provides account details of the appropriate registry smart-card 33, from its registry data store 82. This information is then transmitted to the other smart-card so that the appropriate secure session can be established between the other smart-card and the registry smart-card. Examples of these will now be described with reference to
Referring now to
At step S14-1, the vendor smart-card 23 transmits to the purchaser smart-card 3 a request for payment, which request is received at step S14-3. At step S14-5, the purchaser smart-card 3 transmits the appropriate payment to the vendor account card 33 v at the vendor account card 33 v registry 25, which payment is received by the vendor account card 33 v at step S14-7. At step S14-9, the vendor account card 33 v then transmits to the vendor smart-card 23 an acknowledgement that the payment has been made which acknowledgement is received at step S14-11 by the vendor smart-card 23. The receipting process now continues as in
Referring now to
At step S15-1, the vendor smart-card 23 requests payment from the purchaser smart-card 3. Following receipt of the request for payment by the purchaser smart-card 3 at step S15-3, the purchaser smart-card 3 transmits, at step S15-5, to the purchaser's registry account card 33 p, an instruction to make the payment. At step S15-7, the registry account card 33 p receives the payment instruction and at step S15-9, it transmits the payment to the vendor smart-card 23. The payment is received by the vendor smart-card 23 at step S15-11, following which the receipting procedure proceeds as in
Referring now to
At step S16-1, the vendor smart-card 23 transmits a request for payment to the purchaser smart-card 3, which request is received at step S16-3. At step S16-5, the purchaser smart-card 3 transmits a payment instruction to the purchaser's registry account card 33 p, which payment instruction is received at step S16-7. The purchaser account card 33 p then effects the payment to vendor's registry account card 33 v at step S16-9. At step S16-11, the vendor's registry account card 33 v transmits a payment acknowledgement to the vendor smart-card 23 which acknowledgement is received at step S16-13. Thereafter, the receipting process between the purchaser smart-card 3 and the vendor smart-card 23 continues as in
A further optional feature of the payment system described in any of the above embodiments is that a smart-card for use with the payment system may hold funds in a number of different currencies. It will be possible to load funds onto a purchaser's smart-card 3 or registry account card 33 p in the required currency or it would be possible to convert funds held on the card. Conversion between currencies could take place on a particular user card 3 or 23 or, as would be preferable from a fraud control point of view, conversion could be undertaken on a user's registry account card 33 under the control of the registry 25 to prevent fraudulent currency creation. The process of currency conversation does not entail the actual conversion of one currency into another, rather it implies debiting an amount in one currency and crediting the equivalent amount in another currency. The implications of this are twofold;
An example of how conversion of funds within a registry account card 33 could be accomplished by a user will now be described with reference to
Before the currency conversion process may commence, a secure session between the user's own card 3 or 23 and the registry card 33 p or 33 v, respectively must be established. This is achieved in the same manner as described above with reference to
A further feature which may be applied to the payment system according to any of the described embodiments is that transaction logging may be undertaken. At the end of a given transaction, both the vendor and purchaser will have stored in the transaction log store 80 of their respective smart-cards 3, 23 a record of all of the data transferred during the transaction. This record will include the goods or services specified, any validation data concerning the purchaser or vendor, any delivery data and payment data. Each party to the transaction therefore has a complete record of that transaction. A limited number of such transaction records may be held by the smart-card 3, 23 to provide a short-term transaction log. However, due to the memory limitations of smart-cards, it is not likely to be possible for the smart-card to store a complete log of all transactions in which the particular smart-card 3, 23 is involved. Therefore, the smart-cards are programmed to allow the transaction records to be copied from the transaction log store 80 into a full transaction log within a personal computer or the like. For example, a vendor may set up an automatic process through their usual vending terminal such that at the completion of any transaction, a copy of that transaction record is made on a central transaction log held within the vendor terminal or in a further terminal which is connected to the vendor terminal. A purchaser may for example, have a home computer comprising a smart-card reader into which the user smart-card 3 may be inserted such that records of purchases made using the smart-card 3 may be transferred to a log on the home computer. In addition, the registry 25 may be configured to automatically save details of all transactions in which it is involved in order to provide a centralised accountability for the payment system.
In the above embodiments, different levels of validation were described. Some practical trading examples will now be described that illustrate how these different levels of validation would be used.
In this example, a user of the payment system wishes to purchase weather forecast data from the UK Meteorological Office. The purchaser knows he is at the Meteorological Office website and trusts them to deliver the requested information. There is no reason for the purchaser to carry out any further checking on the vendor. The Meteorological Office does not care who the purchaser is or where they are located. The information to be purchased is not restricted in any way. In addition, the Meteorological Office will collect payment from the purchasers smart-card before shipping the requested information. So the vendor requires no further information about the purchaser and an immediate anonymous trade can take place subject to both parties indicating their satisfaction with the price and terms of trade.
In this example, the purchaser wishes to buy videos from an internet discount store. In this case the value of the trade will be low but checking is required by both parties. The vendor will wish to assure itself that the purchaser is of a suitable age to purchase the videos requested, while the purchaser will wish to validate the credentials and location of the vendor to ensure that the vendor will not simply take the purchaser's money and disappear, never delivering the goods.
The vendor could simply ask a purchaser for their age and address but there would be no support for this information, which therefore could not be trusted. The vendor would therefore check the credentials of the purchaser with the registry 25 and if the purchaser was not registered or refused to permit the information to be released, the vendor could refuse to sell the products to this purchaser. If the information were provided, only a low confidence level would probably be required and the registry 25 would provide no warranties or guarantees.
The purchaser would wish to be assured that the vendor can be trusted. To achieve this, the purchaser would check that the vendor had a registry account and that the vendor would allow the registry 25 to release/confirm the address of the vendor. Only under these circumstances would the purchaser agree to make the trade.
When both parties are satisfied with the information supplied, the sale price, the transaction charges and the terms of trading, the sale would be completed and value transferred. In subsequent trades between the two parties, it is likely that the purchaser will have built up a level of trust in the vendor such that the purchaser will not seek any validation from the registry.
This example concerns the purchase of fine art. In this circumstance a great deal of checking and validation will be required. Even though the vendor will be paid immediately, the vendor may need to verify the nationality and domicile of a purchaser. The vendor may also wish to avoid being part of a possible money laundering exercise and will therefore seek the most exhaustive credentials concerning a purchaser with the highest level of confidence.
The purchaser will also need to have more guarantees than simply the credentials of the vendor. Since the fine art cannot be authenticated until it is shipped (or the benefit of using the internet will be lost), and since the goods may be damaged in transit, the purchaser may seek a cash back guarantee from the smart-card registry 25. For this purpose, the registry 25 may be underwritten to supply such a guarantee with the properly authenticated vendors but of course is likely to levy a high transaction charge for this service.
Once all parties have agreed to the levels of confidence they have been given, agreed prices, transaction charges and terms and conditions, the trade may be completed. Given the high value of the deal, it is likely that payment will be made from an account card held by the registry on the purchaser's behalf, rather than his or her personal card. In addition, it may be possible for the registry operator to function as a credit providing service such that users of the payment system may be able to borrow money from the registry to be paid back at a later date as with a traditional credit card 25.
For the purpose of purchasing goods such as a newspaper the smart-card of the payment system according to the present invention may be used as a "traditional" electronic purse at any shop accepting the card. To make a newspaper purchase the cardholder will simply use his or her card in an anonymous manner to make the purchase using a purchaser smart-card reader provided within the shop.
For the purchase of a larger value item such as a television, the purchaser may have sufficient value on their personal card to make payment or they may indicate their desire to pay from the registry account card in much the same way as a traditional bank debit card payment. In either event, the vendor will wish to validate the credentials of the purchaser to check that the card has not been lost or stolen and that a registry account is not being fraudulently used. In the case of account payment, the vendor will also take payment from the registry 25.
For this purpose the vendor will need a simple smart-card terminal capable of connectivity either directly to the registry or via the internet. Such terminal may be similar to the bank/credit card terminal currently in use for debit and credit card payments. Since the purchaser is physically in the vendor's shop it is unlikely that they will seek any further accreditation of the vendor, however this is always possible. For example, the purchaser may wish to obtain guarantees about the delivery date and goods quality for purpose made goods. To achieve this, the purchaser will make use of a vendor's terminal to contact the registry and seek the necessary guarantees. Once all terms have been agreed, the purchaser can authorise payment to be made in exactly the same way as in the case with internet trading.
Booking or purchasing a ticket from an unattended terminal is the same as internet trading. For ticket purchases, it will be possible for a physical paper ticket to be issued via the terminal, for a ticket to be delivered to the vendor following the purchase transaction at the terminal or for an electronic ticket to be written to the purchaser's smart-card. This is possible because a smart-card is not restricted to holding programs and/or data for a single purpose but may have a number of separate application entities on the same card. In particular, technologies such as Sun Microsystems Inc's JavaCard™ technology allow applications to be written to a smart-card at any time. Thus the user of a smart-card equipped with programming to perform processing to enable it to participate in the payment system of the present invention could decide that the ability to have electronic tickets written to his or her card would be useful and therefore arrange for software to enable that function to be written to his or her card at any time.
Although it has been described above with reference to
Also connected to the vendor terminal 21 is a user smart-card reader 34 into which the user smart-card 3 may be inserted by a purchaser when a purchase is to be made using the payment system of the present embodiment. In such circumstances, there is obviously no need for communication between the purchaser smart-card 3 and the vendor smart-card 23 to take place via the internet and thus the same process as described above with reference to flow diagrams 4 to 16 may be performed as shown but with communication between the cards 3 and 23 taking place via the cables connecting the user smart-card reader 34 to the vendor smart-card reader 31.
It should be noted that in the above-described arrangement, the vendor and purchaser smart-cards still create a secure session to wrap the transaction to provide full transaction accountability and traceability, to provide a secure channel between the cards to transfer funds, and to enable data to be certified, all as described above.
In the event that either the purchaser or the vendor should wish to validate the other party at the registry or make payment from or receive payment to a registry account card this may be achieved using the internet connection to the registry terminal 25.
Referring to
Although it has been described above that the various terminals communicate with one another via the internet, the terminals may be connected together via a Local Area Network (LAN) or a Wide Area Network (WAN). In addition, it is possible that the terminals could perform a so-called "tunnelling" operation to create a Virtual Private Network (VPN) between the terminals across the internet, or a direct dial telephone link between the terminals may be used.
Although it has been described above that where particular validation data or particular delivery terms are decided to be unacceptable the transaction process terminates, further negotiations between the two parties could be undertaken to resolve such situations. For example, a prospective purchaser may select a product and request next day delivery, but then decide that the cost for next day delivery is more than he or she is willing to pay. It could be made possible for the prospective purchaser to request to be offered a cheaper delivery service which they might then accept.
Although it has been described above, particularly with reference to
Although, it has been described above with reference to
Although it is described above with reference to
Although it is described above that the registry 25 stores validation data, it is possible that the validation data could be stored on the registry account card 33 v, 33 p.
Although it is described above that a single registry 25 is present, it is possible that a number of registries could exist. In this case it would become necessary to establish which registry should be queried to receive validation data from the party to be validated. For simplicity, this information is preferably stored on the party's smart-card.
Although it has been described with reference to
Although it has been described above with reference to
Although it has been described above with reference to
Although it has been described above that the various terminals have specific components and arrangements, it is sufficient for the performance of the embodiments that any stand alone terminal has a card reader, a means for presenting data to and requesting data from a user, means for receiving user input and means for communicating with other terminals. Thus it is not necessary for the terminal to be a desk-top computer. It is possible that terminals may take the form of railway, airline or bus ticket vending machines, public information booths or terminals, theatre or cinema ticketing booths, shop tills, portable computers, hand-held computers and information appliances, telephones and tourist attraction entry gates, for example. As those skilled in the art will appreciate, the present invention can be used not only from a purchaser's own home terminal but from terminals in so-called internet cafes and in other public terminals.
Although it has been described above with reference to
Although it has been described above that a user would hold funds on their user smart-card and may hold further funds on their registry account card, it is possible to operate the entire system in the manner of a credit card system whereby a user holds no funds on their own smart-card or on their registry account card, but every time they wish to make a purchase requesting payment from the registry account, and funds being provided to the registry account by the registry on a credit basis with the money supplied as credit to be repaid by the user according to predetermined practices. It is also possible for the system to be operated in a combination of a stored cash and credit based system whereby a user may store small amounts of cash on their personal smart-card or on their registry account card, but for large purchases make use of a credit arrangement with the registry provider. Such a system would address the problem of previous smart-card systems whereby funds held on the card are "locked in" to the card.
The smart-cards used to implement the present invention may use any standard interface. There is an International Standard (ISO7816-3) which governs the so-called contact interface where the microchip on the smart-card interfaces with a reader by means of physical contacts between the microchip on the smart-card and the reader. There is a further International Standard (ISO14443) which governs the so-called contactless interface. In this interface, the microchip on the smart-card and the reader have no physical connection, all communication between the reader and the smart-card, including supply of power to the smart-card, is performed using radio transmissions. It is also possible to implement the invention using a smart-card capable of using both of the above interface types.
As described above, the smart-cards 3,23,33 may be implemented using multi-programmable technologies such as Sun Microsystems Inc's JavaCard™ technology. It is therefore possible for a person or organisation already possessing a smart-card conforming to such a multi-programmable technology to have software to enable the smart-card as a smart-card 3,23,33 according to any of the above embodiments loaded onto their smart-card. Such software loading could be performed by an authority such as a registry operator, or the software could be transmitted to the smart-card owner via the internet or similar connection, or on a storage medium such as a floppy disk or CD-ROM for the smart-card owner to use to load the software onto the smart-card themselves.
Although it has been described above that the session IDs should be generated using a time stamp, a random number, a terminal ID and a smart-card ID, it is not necessary that the session ID be generated in this manner for the successful operation of the embodiments. As one skilled in the art would appreciate, any method of generating a new, unique session ID for each transaction that a particular smart-card 3,23,33 is involved in, could be used. This method could involve using less than all of the above parts of the session ID described in the above embodiment, or other values such as account holder identifiers or a transaction counter could be used.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Mar 4, 1986
|Aug 29, 1989
|Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba
|Communications network using IC cards
|Mar 6, 1995
|Apr 22, 1997
|Jonhig Limited
|Value transfer system
|Mar 24, 1998
|Jun 13, 2000
|Schlumberger Technologies, Inc.
|System and method of tracking continuing education information using secure stored data devices
|Oct 16, 1997
|Aug 28, 2001
|Visa International Service Association
|Internet payment system using smart card
|Jun 28, 1996
|Apr 2, 2002
|Mondex International Limited
|Value transfer system
|Aug 5, 1987
|Feb 24, 1988
|Oki Electric Industry Company, Limited
|Transaction processing apparatus
|Oct 5, 1990
|Apr 10, 1991
|Andr� Peter Mansvelt
|Funds transfer system
|Feb 2, 1995
|Aug 23, 1995
|AT&T Corp.
|Secure money transfer techniques using smart cards
|Apr 15, 1997
|Nov 19, 1997
|Certicom Corp.
|Digital signatures on a smartcard
|Feb 26, 1999
|Sep 8, 1999
|Hitachi, Ltd.
|Electronic money processing
|Nov 18, 1999
|May 25, 2000
|Wintriss Marc V
|A method and apparatus for facilitating business transactions over a network by providing a reliable verification source
|Jun 1, 2000
|Dec 21, 2000
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Storing electronic receipts on a removable storage medium
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 12, 2006
|May 10, 2011
|Uc Group Limited
|Systems and methods for funding payback requests for financial transactions
|Dec 12, 2006
|Jan 17, 2012
|Uc Group Limited
|Systems and methods for determining taxes owed for financial transactions conducted over a network
|Nov 14, 2011
|Feb 11, 2014
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Certifying the identity of a network device
|May 31, 2012
|Sep 9, 2014
|Uc Group Limited
|Systems and methods for registering a user across multiple websites
|Dec 12, 2006
|Oct 25, 2007
|Uc Group Limited
|Systems and methods for determining regulations governing financial transactions conducted over a network
|Dec 12, 2006
|Feb 14, 2008
|Uc Group Limited
|Systems and methods for identifying potentially fraudulent financial transactions and compulsive spending behavior
|Feb 19, 2009
|Mar 25, 2010
|Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd.
|Information processing apparatus, management apparatus, communication system and computer readable medium
|Oct 24, 2008
|Apr 29, 2010
|Uc Group Ltd.
|Financial transactions systems and methods
|Dec 3, 2009
|Jun 9, 2011
|Symbol Technologies, Inc.
|Secure electronic receipt systems and methods
|Nov 14, 2011
|Mar 8, 2012
|Jan Vilhuber
|Certifying the identity of a network device
|Jan 11, 2013
|Jul 18, 2013
|Ebay Inc.
|Systems, methods, and computer program products providing payment in cooperation with emv card readers
|Jan 11, 2013
|Sep 6, 2013
|Ebay Inc.
|Systems, methods, and computer program products providing payment in cooperation with emv card readers
|U.S. Classification
|705/41, 235/382, 705/44, 235/380, 705/67, 705/64, 235/381, 235/383, 705/76, 705/39, 235/382.5
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Nov 3, 2009
Owner name: FREEDOM CARD LIMITED, UNITED KINGDOM
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:JARMAN, JONATHAN S.;NEWMAN, PAUL A.;NEWMAN, LUCY H.;REEL/FRAME:023463/0358
Effective date: 20040324
Owner name: FREEDOM CARD LIMITED, UNITED KINGDOM
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:LEIBERT, ALAN L.;REEL/FRAME:023463/0477
Effective date: 20060615
Owner name: FREEDOM CARD LIMITED,UNITED KINGDOM
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:JARMAN, JONATHAN S.;NEWMAN, PAUL A.;NEWMAN, LUCY H.;REEL/FRAME:023463/0358
Effective date: 20040324
Owner name: FREEDOM CARD LIMITED,UNITED KINGDOM
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:LEIBERT, ALAN L.;REEL/FRAME:023463/0477
Effective date: 20060615
|Sep 9, 2013
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4


text:
Asja Hüsing dressage ponies – appealing sports partners for great success!
It is my goal to bring ambitious futurity riders together with the most suitable sport pony.
My primary objective: I only sell ponies which I know will perform at their best. This can also be considered as guarantee for my customers.
From promising futurity prospects to the upper level, experienced champion, I offer a variety of noble dressage ponies. Their common feature: above-average quality!
I will be happy to welcome you and your family as my clients.
Asja Hüsing

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Sanctification and Growth
From Heaven With Love
Teaching Series by R.C. Sproul
What are you willing to sacrifice to make sure those you love had a good Christmas? Much of that answer can be measured with a credit card statement or check book ledger. But more than money, time and effort are … Learn MoreCD This item has sold out.
Also available in one other format
Living by Faith
Teaching Series by R.C. Sproul
The role of reason has been seriously neglected as a necessary element in our life of faith. In this series, Dr. R.C. Sproul demonstrates the interplay between faith and reason in all aspects of our lives as children of God. Learn MoreCD $38.00 $34.20 Add to Cart
Also available in one other format
Golden Booklet of the True Christian Life
Book by John Calvin
Golden Booklet of the True Christian Life has inspired readers around the world for more than four centuries.Now in paper, this classic devotional will guide you on how to apply biblical principles to everyday life. Originally part of John Calvin's … Learn MorePaperback $9.00 $7.20 Add to Cart
Heirs With Christ: The Puritans on Adoption
Book by Joel Beeke
The Puritans have gotten bad press for their supposed lack of teaching on the doctrine of spiritual adoption. In Heirs with Christ, Joel R. Beeke dispels this caricature and shows that the Puritan era did more to advance the idea that … Learn MoreHardcover $13.00 $10.40 Add to Cart
Jonathan Edwards' Resolutions and Advice to Young Converts
Book by Various Authors
Nichols opens with a brief introduction to Edwards' historical context, the events of his life, and a brief note on the two texts themselves. "Resolutions" paints a picture of a young minister whose strength and trust lie in his God, … Learn MorePaperback $4.00 $3.20 Add to Cart
Teaching Series by R.C. Sproul
In this series, Dr. R.C. Sproul offers practical help for understanding and controlling anger. As he examines the subject of anger, he explains how God's righteous anger is different than man's sinful expression of anger. Yet, as Dr. Sproul explains, … Learn MoreCD $17.00 $15.30 Add to Cart
Also available in one other format
Grow in Grace
Book by Sinclair Ferguson
Becoming a Christian is only the beginning of a process of spiritual growth that involves increasing in knowledge of God, obedience to his word and understanding of his will. Yet, some Christians' lives seem to grind slowly to a halt … Learn MorePaperback $9.00 $7.20 Add to Cart
When Grace Transforms
Book by Terry Johnson
Terry Johnson stresses that the Beatitudes are Jesus' handbook to living a fuller life. This better, more contented and satisfying life is only for the people who believe in him, because, as Terry demonstrates, the Sermon on the Mount was … Learn MorePaperback $15.00 $12.00 Add to Cart
The Pilgrim's Progress
Book by John Bunyan
This classic book records the journey of Christian, an "every person" man seeking salvation on a pilgrimage to Heaven. Along the way, Christian encounters obstacles that test his faith and characters that help show him the difference between right and … Learn MoreHardcover $30.00 $24.00 Add to Cart
A Heart For God
Book by Sinclair Ferguson
A Heart for God is written out of the conviction that the world's greatest need, and the contemporary church's greatest lack is the knowledge of God. In a popular, readable style it draws us to an awareness of the character … Learn MorePaperback $9.00 $5.40 Add to Cart
What Jesus Demands from the World
Book by John Piper
The four Gospels are filled with demands straight from the mouth of Jesus Christ. These demands are Jesus' way of showing us who he is and what he expects of us. They are not the harsh demands of a taskmaster. … Learn MoreHardcover $22.00 $17.60 Add to Cart
The Hunger for Significance
Book by R.C. Sproul
"The rigorous pursuit of our day," writes the author, "is the search for dignity and personal worth… The search for dignity is a titanic struggle, an epic adventure,prodded by a pain that will not go away. Modern man has an … Learn MorePaperback $12.00 $9.60 Add to Cart
Overcoming the World: Grace To Win The Daily Battle
Book by Joel Beeke
We see all around us that the world is on a quest for pleasure, power, profit, and position. Many Christians struggle to live faithfully in such a world and stay true to Christ's command to be in the world, but … Learn MorePaperback $13.00 $10.40 Add to Cart


text:
http://www.MMAWeekly.com/ -- Derek Brunson breaks down his 36-second TKO stoppage of Ed Herman at UFC 183 in Las Vegas. watch video >>
The Shoot! by Yahoo Sports featuring UFC on Versus 3 fighters Diego Sanchez vs. Martin Kampmann watch video >>
Diego Sanchez Postfight Interview UFC on Versus 3 watch video >>
UFC Live 3 Postfight Press Conference watch video >>
Greg Jackson: Sanchez's Performance 'Inspirational' - UFC on Versus 3 watch video >>
Legendary cutman 'Stitch' Duran gives Fighters Only his views on the greasing scandal that has developed in the aftermath of GSP-BJ Penn.At the end of the video, he demonstrates the appli watch video >>
At the Final press conference in Pensacola on March 18, 2007, Jason Guida was mouthing off at Bobby Lashley then went at Lashley just prior to the photo op. "Promoter" Roy Jones had to step between t watch video >>
Frank Shamrock Breaks Down Werdum vs Silva watch video >>
Frank Shamrock Breaks Down Mousasi vs Sokoudjou watch video >>
In Matt Hughes's last fight he was able to methodically destruct Renzo Gracie. Ricardo Almeida earned his black belt under Gracie and will be looking to institute some revenge for his teacher. Watch watch video >>


text:
OK problem solved. The rootcause is that really for Intel graphic card I should used software vertex processing not hardware one, as graphic card doesn't support shaders.
Here is article about that:
So my code and shader is OK and there is none any bug in it.
Thanks all for hints and help.


text:
Flyve v. Store Økssø (Pitch)
Flyve v. Store Økssø (Pitch)
Tentsite at St. Økssø (forest lake)
This primitive tentsite is situated in a glade in the old hardwood forest nearby St. Økssø. There is a parking lot just 500 m away from the tentsite.
Follow the asphalt road 100 m up the hill from the parking lot at Mosskov Pavillion (restaurant). At the top of the hill there is a forest road to the right (facing south east). A signpost refers to the tentsite, which you will find approximately 300 m further down the forest road. The tentsite is marked with a pictogram. Do not confuse the tentsite with the place for a bonfire even further down the road.
Last updated byRebildPorten firstname.lastname@example.com
Den nedstyrtede flyvers plads St. Økssø
9520 Skørping
- Campfire
CoordinatesLongitude : 9.8800877003
Latitude : 56.802418183
Blåhøl (Spring)9520, Skørping
Blåhøl (spring) The spring "Blåhøl" is situated west of Skindbjerg (village). The water flow is at 140 liters of water per second all the year round. The spring is not very well known, and it is di...
Bålpladsen - Mosskov (Place for bonfire)9520, Skørping
On the camp site in Mosskov - placed in Rold Skov - you will find wood, stumps for table and chairs. It is expected that you clean up after you, put out the fire etc. Information at Rebild Touristo...
Troldeskov (Campfire)9520, Skørping
On the camp site in Troldeskoven - placed in Rold Skov - you will find wood, stumps for table and chairs. It is expected that you clean up after you, put out the fire etc. Information at Rebild Tou...
Teltplads i Suldrup ( Pitch)9541, Suldrup
Tentsite at a big lawn between fruit trees and hardwood trees. Approximately 1 km to the stream. To get to the tentsite, follow the bike path "Skivumruten" towards the west about 2 km to Hyldal Mø...
Frueskoen (The Lady's Slippers)9520, Skørping
Fruesko (The Lady's Slippers) On a slope in Bjergeskoven (northwest of Skørping) you will find the only habitat of our biggest orchid Frueskoen (The Lady Slippper). The orchid is flowering from the...
Hvass Sø (Lake)9510, Arden
The lake Hvass Sø - is located south of Store Økssø, approx. midway between the parking place Mosskov and the town Arden. It is a tiny, oblong lake, artificially established in 1959 by construction ...
Kovads bæk (Spring)9520, Skørping
Kovadsbækken - is located east of the Nationalpark in Rebild. The Kovadsbæk gushes in the flat morass-area streching from Hulvejen (The Sunken Road) towards Stendalen (The Stone Valley).
Lille Blåkilde (Little Bluespring)9520, Skørping
Lille Blåkilde (little blue spring) is located north of Rebild. It is known to be the richest of the springs in the area of Rold Skov, measuring the outflow of water. The outflow is approx. 150 l/se...
Kremses Bøg (Beech)9520, Skørping
The tree - a giant beech - is named after a forester, Thorvald Nielsen Krems (1898-1987). It is approx. 125 years old and has a diameter of 2,3 m. You find this tree west of Lille Økssø.
Lindenborg Å og Ådal (Lindenborg Stream & River Valley)9520, Skørping
The stream Lindenborg Å is very rich in water and constant in its flow. (From a Danish point of view). The land it cuts through, is very varied, and the river changes from straight passages with rap...
Mosskovegen (Oak)9520, Skørping
Not far away from the town Skørping, you find the oak Mosskov-oak.It is situated close to the lake St. Økssø. The tree is planted approx. 1900 - it is preserved and is beeing photographed every 10th. ...
Ravnkilde (Spring)9520, Skørping
Ravnkilde (the Ravens Spring) is located north-northwest of the hills Rebild Bakker. Ravnkilde is a seepagespring. Brochure in Danish, English and German.
Rebild Bakker | National Park9520, Skørping
Rebild is the name of a little village approx. 25 km south of Aalborg. The Rebild Nationalpark is a part of Himmerland consisting of hills covered with heather, purchased in 1911 by a group of Ameri...
Ritmesterens Bøg (Beech)9520, Skørping
The beech is named after a forester (Ritmesteren) from Rold Skov. You find the tree west of St. Økssø (lake) and it is approx. 100 years old.
Rold Skov (Forest)9520, Skørping
The forest Rold Skov is not only Denmark´s largest forest, it is also an enchanted, seven-league forest with remarkable natural phenomena and places of interest from the famous Troldeskov (Troll Fore...
Springkilden (The Spring)9520, Skørping
This spring in Rold Skov is situated southwest from the hotel Rold Stor Kro, and here you can see how much power the water has.
Teltplads i Bjergeskoven (Pitch)9520, Skørping
The primitive tentsite is situated in Bjergeskoven (forest) about 2 km north east of Rebild (town). Vehicles are not allowed on the road that leads to the tentsite. There is no access to drinking ...
Urskoven Teltplads (pitch)9520, Skørping
This tentsite is situated in one of our biggest forests close to the famous Rebild Bakker (national park) and not far from Rold Storkro (inn). To get to the tentsite, follow the forest road about 1 k...
Shelters by Mosskov Pavillonen9520, Skørping
This primitive campsite consists of 10 shelters and is situated close to Mosskov Pavillonen (parking lot). There is only 700 m to St. Økssø (forest lake) where you can go for a swim. One shelter can...
Store Blåkilde (Spring)9510, Arden
Store Blåkilde (great blue spring) is located south-southwest of Madum Sø. The spring is preserved and collecting of plants and animals is prohibited. Brochure in Danish, English and German
St. Økssø (Lake)9520, Skørping
Store Økssø is situated west of Mosskov Pavillon. During summer the lake is fine for bathing and in winter it is fine for skating. Fishing is allowed. Brochure in Danish, German and English
Teglsø (Lake)9520, Skørping
Teglsø (lake) Located in the western part of the forest. Main attraction is the impressive juniper berry stands surrounding the lake. There are routes near the lake, where you may go, but it is a priv...
Teltplads ved Hornum Sø (Pitch)9530, Støvring
Tentsite at a small forest nearby Hornum Sø (lake). There are shelters, benches, toilet and a place for a bonfire. To get to the tentsite, follow the road from Sørup (town) towards Nibe (town), tu...
Teltlads ved Støvring (pitch)9530, Støvring
Tentsite beautifully situated between apple trees at a small farm with lots of animals. There is a place for a bonfire and toilet facilities at the tentsite. Follow Vestre Primærvej (road) from Støv...
Troldeskoven (The Magic Forest)9520, Skørping
You find Troldeskoven (the magic forest) in the forest Rold Skov - in the nationalpark area Rebild Bakker.Typically, each subject has many trunks. The distinctive vision due to a combination of descen...
Rold Kildebæk (Spring)9520, Skørping
Little Spring in the forest, is located in the southern part of Rold Skov.
Røverknolden (Playground)9520, Skørping
RØVERKNOLDEN (playgrond) NATURE ADVENTURE FOR KIDS 200 meters from the parking in Rebild, you´ll find the natural playground , which at first peep it´s not so great . It contains a slide , fireplace...
Arden Naturlegeplads (Nature-Playground)9510, Arden
Arden Playground is a Nature Playground, where you also can stay for the night, having a barbecue and a lot of funny stuffs.
Naturlegeplads (Playground) v. Mosskov Pavillon (natur playgroud)9520, Skørping
By the lake St. Økssø, you´ll find the nature playground, from where you also can swim, fishing and make a fire for cooking.
Naturlegeplads ved Stabelpladsen (Playground)9510, Arden
Nature Playground in the mittle of Rold Skov (forest). There is a place for a bonfire, tables and benches.


text:
2 posts tagged with lost by WCityMike.
Displaying 1 through 2 of 2.
Lost, Loster, Lostest, Lost Squared, Lost Cubed, Lostercalifragilisticexpialidocious
There will be a 12-14 minute epilogue on the Lost complete series collection that will reveal a little bit of two characters being a "great number one" and "great number two". Also, a round-up of some amazing post-Lost finale observations from around the Web, beginning with a Bad Robot intern's pontifications on the finale and the meaning of the series. More inside ... [more inside]
And a little bit of mystery goes out of your life ...
Bob: "______________" Charlotte (Johansson): "Okay." Lost in Translation's mysterious whisper finale revealed by audio processing. (via kottke)
Page: 1


text:
Despite a decline in ratings, ABC has decided to stick with Suburgatory. The sitcom has been renewed for a third season.
Leave a Reply
5 Comments on "Suburgatory: ABC Renews Sitcom for Season Three"
January 15, 2014 10:36 pm
So glad to have this show back on. Thought the first Season 3 episode was great…sweet, quirky and heartwrenching. looking forward to the rest of the season.
October 2, 2013 4:45 am
Season one was hilarious, and very creative, great story line and relatively about family and caring. Then season two started going down the drain with all the added sex, as happens with so many other good shows
May 13, 2013 12:27 am
Season one was great. Season two was OK. Let's hope that season three brings back that season one magic.
May 12, 2013 8:27 pm
Great news… under watched, but given time folks will catch on.
May 10, 2013 9:46 pm


text:
Alexander Cohen, PhD
College of Liberal Arts
Alexander Cohen is the Program Chair for the Associate of Arts and Bachelor of Arts in Military Studies in the College of Liberal Arts at Ashford University. He received his Bachelor of Arts in Political Science from New York University and his PhD from the University of Iowa. His dissertation, which explores how weather can drive political behavior, has been the source of two publications. He joined Ashford University in 2011 and teaches political science and sociology.


text:
Buy one top-quality, all-purpose purse and use it until it wears out.
You'll save the hassle of keeping track of multiple purses, transferring contents, and it will minimize the possibility of losing things. This concept works great for briefcases too.
- Log in or register to post comments
- Printer-friendly version
glendita78 replied on Permalink
i have lots of purses that i don't use. does anyone know where i can sell them?
Steve replied on Permalink
Sell your purses
Try consignment stores, CraigsList.org, Ebay or host a garage sale and list the purses in an ad.


text:
Thursday, November 17 at 7 p.m.Goodwin Hall AuditoriumMain Campus | Lisle, ILMore Information
Saturday, December 3 at 6 - 10 p.m.Chicago, ILMore Information
Benedictine University is an inclusive academic community dedicated to teaching and learning, scholarship and service, truth and justice, as inspired by the Catholic intellectual tradition, the social teaching of the Church, and the principles of wisdom in the Rule of St. Benedict.
Benedictine University aspires to be a thought leader in Catholic higher education. We seek to provide a transformative and integrative educational experience grounded in Benedictine values, helping students shape lives of meaning and purpose as engaged citizens who care for the earth, welcome people of diverse faiths and cultures, and promote the common good.
Popular search terms:apply online, campus map, admissions events, tuition, transcripts, calendar, graduation, scholarships, nursing, bookstore, registrar, academic calendar, athletics
Sponsored by the Master of Science in Management and Organizational Behavior program and the Ph.D. in Organization Development program at BenU.
For further information contact (630) 829-6361 or email@example.com 5700 College Rd. Lisle, IL


text:
News Detail
Costigan and Berman Win Emerald Literati Network Award for Excellence
Drs. Jason Berman and Robert Costigan, Professors at St. John Fisher College's Ronald L. Bittner School of Business, have won an Award for Excellence from the Emerald Literati Network.
Every year, the Emerald Literati Network's editorial team nominates previous articles from each of the network's journals that they consider to be the Outstanding Paper and up to three Highly Commended Papers.
The pair's paper, "A cross-cultural study of coworker trust," was chosen as an Outstanding Paper. It was published in the International Journal of Commerce and Management.
Emerald's publishing philosophy highlights six areas that inform the development of the network's journals and books: internationality; diversity; support for scholarly research; encouragement of applied research (impact); commitment to high quality scholarship; and a desire to ensure reader, author, and customer experience is the best it can be.
Dr. Robert Costigan
Dr. Jason Berman
Latest School of Business News
- Junior Places Fourth in National Marketing Sales Competition
- AMA Marketing Week Incites Passion for Field
- Students Focus on Strengths during Semester's First Women's Leadership Series Event
- Fisher Student Nominated for National Collegiate Honors Counsel Award
- Human Resources Student Organization Earns Recognition from National Chapter
- St. John Fisher College Appoints Dean of School of Business
- School of Business Honors Class of 2016
- School of Business Inducts 42 into Beta Gamma Sigma
- Professor Shares Business Expertise through Fulbright, Aims to Erupt Economic Development on Volcanic Island of Rodrigues
- Speed Networking Connects Students, Industry Leaders


text:
Newsletter Signup
Summary goes here
When it comes to haircolor, men have their own special needs. Here are Brad's tactics for success with male clients.
In Celebration of Sally
And you think you work long days? Ruth shares the styling techniques she used to create these three glamorous looks for Amerie's new music video.
Finding the happy medium between pushing a client to try something new while also achknowledging the risks involved is a dine line. Billy explains why.
Get Your Daily Beauty Fix and be up on the latest professional news, advice, tips and stories — straight to your inbox daily.


text:
Skip to comments.Napolitano: Watch for Obama to ban ammo by EO through EPA action
Posted on 02/12/2013 11:33:51 AM PST by pabianice
click here to read article
I wish.
The House has the numbers to do it but the cowardly bastards never will. Of course it would become a, dead on arrival matter in the Senate but the a-hole in chief would have that asterisk of shame beside his name in the history books forever.
That's precisely what was attempted some 500 years ago.
The origin of copyright law in most European countries lies in efforts by the church and governments to regulate and control the output of printers.[6] Before the invention of the printing press, a writing, once created, could only be physically multiplied by the highly laborious and error-prone process of manual copying by scribes. An elaborate system of censorship and control over scribes existed.[7] Printing allowed for multiple exact copies of a work, leading to a more rapid and widespread circulation of ideas and information (see print culture).[6] Pope Alexander VI issued a bull in 1501 against the unlicensed printing of books and in 1559 the Index Expurgatorius, or List of Prohibited Books, was issued for the first time.[7]
In Europe printing was invented and widely established in the 15th and 16th centuries.[6] While governments and church encouraged printing in many ways, which allowed the dissemination of Bibles and government information, works of dissent and criticism could also circulate rapidly. As a consequence, governments established controls over printers across Europe, requiring them to have official licences to trade and produce books. The licenses typically gave printers the exclusive right to print particular works for a fixed period of years, and enabled the printer to prevent others from printing the same work during that period. The licenses could only grant rights to print in the territory of the state that had granted them, but they did usually prohibit the import of foreign printing.[6]
I believe you have something there. If he controls Roberts, particularly if through the knowledge of how Roberts acquired his kids reported or other FR threads, then the Supreme Court won't be any protection against a usurpation of the Second Amendment.
"used car batteries"
Yeah, I need some of those lithium bullets.
"What about all that crap that is naturally occuring in the environment? "
There are large amounts of lead and steel and brass and primer chemicals and other stuff at the bottom of many lakes.
An asterisk by his name sure hurt klinton!
Asterisks are a complete waste of ink.
Let's start making our list of liberal items to hit with 1000% fees, as soon as we take power.
Seriously though, this POS POTUS is going to start a war.
Try making cases, primers, and smokeless powder in your basement.
Yup. You missed the sarc tag.
The idea of banning ammunition due to lead poisening is not a new idea. Sort of like banning smoking in public places as a back door way to stop the sale and purchase of tobacco products.
Already, much of the shot gun ammo is now legislated to be steel shot rather than the long traditional lead shot. And to those who do a lot of shotgun shooting (game or sport), all complain of excessive wear on their gun barrels.
But at least the birds don't get cancer.... (that was arc, BTW)
Or if you don't give a rat's behind what the USSC says.
He's going to keep taunting the Bull until he gets the horn.
No, like banning ink.
The nitrates (nitro cellulose) have a key component which is cellulose. The highest priced is something called cotton linters. Wood cellulose (which I used to sell to the smokeless powder industry) is the next best.
Now, class. As we all know, cotton has racist over tones due to decades of slave labor and that wood cellulose all comes from clear cut old growth forests that are killing spotted owls....
Oh, these are complicated times!
Yes, and with all the intelligence of a common
I think most of us have given up on any of these slime sucking scum bags ever paying attention to the Constitution. We are living under Marxist dictatorship. The only question is, what happens in the next few years? How many freedom loving Americans will face extinction, before this ends, if it ever ends?
I believe the constitution would require the senate to conduct a trial. That's right. I said the constitu.....Oh, never mind.
IMHO, the water was at boiling point in November 2008. Apparently, too many Americans have a high tolerance for pain.
I have been wondering about the massive ammo buys lately. When a government agency makes a big contract, part of that contract is usually that the government takes priority over any civilian or peasant orders. By ordering a billion and a half rounds of ammo, the ammo makers are probably working three shifts to try and satisfy the contracts with little or no civilian production. Combine that with the panic over Obama's gun control announcements, and they have ensured that the shelves are bare and everything is backordered. It's a neat one-two punch that ensures there will be no ammo for months. Hmmm.
Paging Major von Stauffenberg paging Major von Stauffenberg, pick up the white courtsey phone.
That's why I said, it would be dead on arrival if it ever came to the Senate.
Confucius say Big Shot who play with Ammo is.
nothing, no matter how despicable, degenerate, immoral, or illegal coming out of washington, DC surprises me any longer.
Is there any supporting evidence that this move is imminent by dear leader, or is just speculation? There has been way too much panic buying, which has spiked prices enough as it is.
Call me over when you get a drawing press down the steps.
Recommend 19 April to celebrate anniversary of Lexington & Concord.
This will sure help the murder rates in Chicago, LA, and Newark/s
Effing POS.
Cowboy Action Shooting mandates the use of lead bullets, to remain as authentic as possible to the cowboys of the 1800's. This POS has no problem killing a wonderful sport.
Duh. Obama was installed by Soros to execute the UN's destruction of America. Blame the Bildebergers or Illuminati or One World Govt.
I don't really care. I was here screaming that the only way to even slow down the race toward socialist totalitarian tyranny was to vote Obama out and put in Romney and repearl Obamacare.
We had one chance. We ONLY had one chance.
Enough conservatives failed to turn out for Romney to let Obama steal the election through massive fraud.
Now we have what we have. Obama will race us toward totalitarian tyranny, after he destroys the economy and society.
I hope all the folks who sat out the election are feeling good about it. This is the result.
The good news is, we wouldn't have slowed the fall of America that much anyway. The 60s radicals are in charge of the grade schools, high schools, media and government.
We are rapidly being transformed. Pray to God and apologize to your children.
" Watch for Obama to ban ammo by EO through EPA action"
It's two-edged sword.
Do these 50 IQ chicken leftists think that Americans are buying record numbers of weapons and ammo to go squirrel hunting?
A rifle behind every blade of grass? Try three or four.
Impeachment.....Obama isn't the only one who needs impeached, but it won't happen because our government is fully owned and operated by those few who pull Obama's strings, and they control more than the Ds.
The PTB wants exactly what we the people are now getting, a corrupt government that is owned by the political elite and freely trashes the USA and Constitution. Only if Obama is impeached will it ever end with Obama.
If you people can't figure out where to get all the ammo and arms you need, you're not worth talking to.
This thread should have one post: Eh!?
Impeachment time...
That and also think Liberator... an appropriate application of ;iberator can liberate a trunk full of ammo.
If only the Republicans had the nerve.
Did you catch ANOTHER executive order he talked about in his SOTU?
"earlier today, I signed a new executive order that will strengthen our cyber defenses by increasing information sharing, and developing standards to protect our national security, our jobs, and our privacy."
excerpt http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2013/02/12/obama_sotu_2013_text_president_obama_s_state_of_the_union_speech_as_prepared.html
If this is an excuse to take away Americans' free speech on the internet, the Republicans still won't impeach.
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.


text:
Communications Tools
1 Result Found that Includes 1 Product
How can we improve the Search Experience?
- Extraction Tool, ESD, 4 In. Extraction Tool, ESD, 4 In.
- Item # 23PA50
- Mfr. Model # 902-224
Extraction Tool, ESD, Number of Pieces 1, Material Stainless Steel and POM Plastic, Length (In.) 4, Number of...More
Price $11.16 / each
Catalog Page # NA
How can we improve the Search Experience?
Note: Product availability is real-time basis and adjusted continuously. The product will be reserved for you when you complete your order. More


text:
Loading, please wait...
Royal Flooring changes how you will shop for your flooring needs. Rather than wasting your valuable time going to one traditional store after another, we bring the store to you!
We have dozens of samples, from plush carpet to easy-care laminate to beautiful hardwood flooring, everything you need to make a decision brought right to your door.
We don't make you fit into our schedule, we fit into yours! Contact us today!
|5205 S Mason Rd., 180
Katy, TX 77450
|Contact Miralem Turkic
|Miralem Turkic accepts cash, checks and credit cards
Your testimonial has been sent successfully. However, it must be reviewed by Fixr before going live. This action takes around 24 hours.
Thank you for using Fixr!
Our apologies, but your testimonial hasn't been sent successfully. Please try again after a few minutes.


text:
With a stay at An Huy Hotel in Hoi An (Riverside Hoi An), you'll be minutes from Hoi An Cloth Market and Quan Cong Temple. This hotel is within close proximity of Tran Duong House and Assembly Hall of the Chaozhou Chinese Congregation.
Make yourself at home in one of the 14 air-conditioned rooms featuring refrigerators. Complimentary wireless Internet access keeps you connected, and cable programming is available for your entertainment. Bathrooms feature separate bathtubs and showers, designer toiletries, and bidets. Conveniences include phones, as well as desks and complimentary bottled water.
Make use of convenient amenities, which include complimentary wireless Internet access and tour/ticket assistance.
Enjoy a meal at a restaurant, or stay in and take advantage of the hotel's room service (during limited hours). Breakfast is available for a fee.
Business, Other Amenities
Featured amenities include complimentary high-speed (wired) Internet access, express check-in, and express check-out. A train station pick-up service is available for a surcharge.


text:
5th Birthday in the shape of #5. "Whimsical Princess" was the theme. I took a 3 tier cake separated with flowers as my inspiration and broke it down into the flat #5 cake I made. Thanks for looking!
CakeCentral.com is the world's largest cake community for cake decorating professionals and enthusiasts.
(if this is a private computer)
Yes please, register now!


text:
View allAll Photos Tagged 2011
copyright: © FSUBF. All rights reserved. Please do not use this image, or any images from my photostream, without my permission.
© Quynh Vu All Rights Reserved. No usage allowed including copying or sharing without written permission.
Copyright © 2011 Michael Orso | All Rights Reserved | Don't be a dick, do not use or blog, without asking me or Bruce first.
Exif data
Camera Canon EOS 5D Mark II
Exposure 407 secs
Aperture f/16.0
Focal Length 70 mm (cropped)
ISO Speed 125
Festival of Ligths 2011, Oberbaumbrücke again ;)
Technique details: 30 sec., 35mm, ISO200, f/10
NEW: Google+ | Getty Images | Facebook | 500px | Fluidr | DNA
Please don't use this image on websites, blogs or other media without my explicit permission. © 2011 www.dietrichbojko.com, All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2011 by pixel@work ! All rights reserved.
put on front page in level 4 of LOVE IT on the 27/11/111
© Quynh Vu All Rights Reserved. No usage allowed including copying or sharing without written permission.
Prise le 21 Septembre 2011
Explore Sept 11,2011.Best rank #364
Têm vezes que o sedex acerta na entrega sem nem mesmo precisar esperar.
better view or press L
Yes the breakers I love them for taking photo's.
Camera ModelCanon EOS 5D Mark II
FirmwareFirmware Version 2.0.8
Shooting Date/Time9-1-2011 13:29:31
Owner's Name
Shooting ModeManual Exposure
Tv( Shutter Speed )1/30
Av( Aperture Value )22.0
Metering ModeEvaluative Metering
ISO Speed100
Auto ISO SpeedOFF
LensEF24-105mm f/4L IS USM
Focal Length32.0mm
Image Size5616x3744
Image QualityRAW
Hope you spent a wonderful month, its my first pic in this year i am little busy but will check your streams.
Take care !!!
ich bin Optimist.
2011 is coming.i pray for all 2011 bring happinass for all INSHALLAH.Thax friend for urs continous supported..
© Quynh Vu 2011 All Rights Reserved. No usage allowed including copying or sharing without written permission.
Parc de la Pointe-Merry
© Anne d'Huart
Cotton Tree Fishing
Sunshine Coast, QLD, Australia
Explore 1.01. 2011 # 301 Thanks :)))
An ancient Japanese legend promises
that anyone who folds a thousand origami cranes
will be granted a wish by a crane,
such as long life
or recovery from illness or injury.
The crane in Japan is one of the mystical
or holy creatures (others include the dragon and the tortoise),
and is said to live for a thousand years.
In Asia, it is commonly said that folding
1000 paper origami cranes makes a person's wish come true.
This makes them popular gifts for special friends and family.
I offer these to you...a beginning....at the ending...
and if 3 cranes are folded a day..in 2011...your wish may be granted by the New Years end...
it's a peaceful thought...
and I hope you have many of those in this NEW YEAR...
peaceful thoughts...
peaceful dreams...
and may all your wishes come true.
Happiest New Year to you all~
may your 2011 be all that you want and more....
Thanks for the visits, comments, awards, invitations, favourites and specially for sharing your exceptional talent and creativity.
Have a Fantastic! 2011 and more.....
by train
un petit plaisir en pleine street aprés 2 semaine de taff de chien
o Hyper fez um pedaço do S
Osprey have been sighted in Maryland! Here's to a good 2012.
(a couple distractions cleaned up in photoshop, hopefully you can't tell where [lower right])
Osprey, Pandion haliaetus.
From the archieve. The camera has been lying in the drybox for almost 2 months now. No time for shooting. Too busy with work and running. Preparing for Ultramarathon for year 2012.
Will be back to Singapore this weekend and hope to find myself sometime for a shooting before 2011 ends and couple of location in mind. ;)
You can also follow me @ 500px
Technical Details:
Camera: Canon EOS 5D Mark II
Lens: EF 24-70mm f/2.8 L USM
Exposure: 92 seconds
Aperture: f/18.0
Focal Length: 34 mm
ISO Speed: 100
Filter: B+W ND110
Processing Tool: CS5 + SEP
!!! Please, do not leave award without a comment and it will be deleted, a small comment will make my day. Thank you !!!
Here's to a fabulous 2011 (please click the 2011 for a slideshow of the year).
It's been such fun.
Rock on 2012!
Thank you to everyone I have met up with during the year (you know who you are and I've tried to put you all in the slideshow). And for all your lovely comments, flickr and snailmail. But mainly for the inspiration!
And a very Happy New Year!
Siempre me sorprendo de las imágenes interesantes que se pueden encontrar en las calles de São Paulo...