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Shenyang ([ʂə̀n.i̯ǎŋ]; simplified Chinese: 沈阳; traditional Chinese: 瀋陽), formerly known by its Manchu name Mukden (Manchu: ᠮᡠᡴᡩᡝᠨ) or as Fengtian (Chinese: 奉天), is the provincial capital and largest city of Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China,[3] as well as the largest city in Northeast China by urban population.[4] According to the 2010 census, the city's urban area has 6.3 million inhabitants, while the total population of the Shenyang municipality, which holds the administrative status of a sub-provincial city, is up to 8.1 million.[5] Shenyang's city region includes the ten metropolitan districts of Shenyang proper, the county-level city of Xinmin, and two counties of Kangping and Faku.
In the 17th century, Shenyang was conquered by the Manchu people and briefly used as the capital of the Qing dynasty.[6]
Along with its nearby cities, Shenyang is an important industrial centre in China,[7] and serves as the transportation and commercial hub of China's northeast — particularly with Japan, Russia and Korea.[8] A center of heavy industry in China since the 1930s, and the spearhead of the Chinese central government's Northeast Area Revitalization Plan,[9] the city has been diversifying its industry and now has a solid industrial foundation, a good land and air transport network, abundant natural resources, and a skilled workforce.
- 1 History
- 2 Old City
- 3 Geography and climate
- 4 Administrative divisions
- 5 Demographics
- 6 Economy
- 7 Infrastructure
- 8 Life and culture
- 9 Tourism
- 10 Research and education
- 11 International relations
- 12 See also
- 13 Notes
- 14 References
- 15 External links
The city's name, Shenyang, literally means "the Yang side of the Shen River", referring to the fact that the Hun River, formerly called the Shen River (瀋水; Shěn Shuǐ), is at the south side of the city. According to Chinese tradition, a river's north bank and a mountain's south slope are considered to be the "sunny" – or "Yang" – side.[10]
Ancient era[edit]
Archaeological findings show that humans resided in present-day Shenyang as early as 8,000 years ago. The remains of the Xinle culture, a late neolithic period society over 6,800-7,200 years old,[11] are located in a museum in the north part of Huanggu District. It is complemented by a recreated village on site. A wood-sculptured bird unearthed there is the earliest cultural relic in Shenyang, as well as one of oldest wood sculptures found anywhere in the world.
The City of Shenyang was first established by Qin Kai, a general of Yan in the Warring States period about 300 BCE,[12] at that time named Hou City (侯城; Hóu Chéng). It became known as the Shen Prefecture (瀋州; Shěn Zhōu) in the Jin dynasty and Shenyang Circuit (瀋陽路; Shěnyáng Lù) in the Yuan dynasty.[13] During the Ming dynasty, it became Shenyang Zhongwei (瀋陽中衛; Shěnyáng Zhōngwèi).
Manchu capital[edit]
In 1625, the Manchu leader Nurhaci captured Shenyang and moved his capital to the city, or Simiyan hoton (Manchu: ᠰᡳᠮᡳᠶᠠᠨ
ᡥᠣᡨᠣᠨ) as it is called in Manchu language.[6] The official name was changed to Shengjing (盛京; Shèng Jīng), or Mukden (Manchu: ᠮᡠᡴᡩᡝᠨ), in 1634. The name derives from the Manchu word, mukdembi (Manchu: ᠮᡠᡴᡩᡝᠮᠪᡳ), meaning "to rise", and this is reflected by its Chinese name, which literally means "rising capital".[14] A major city needed a major building and in 1626 under Nurhaci's orders the Imperial Palace emerged as Shenyang's symbolic center. It featured more than 300 ostentatiously decorated rooms and 20 gardens as a symbol of power and grandeur.[14]
After the fall of the Ming dynasty in 1644, the Manchus moved west inside the Shanhai Pass and the Great Wall to establish the Qing dynasty in China proper, with the capital relocated to Beijing. However, Shenyang retained considerable importance as the secondary capital and the spiritual home of the Qing dynasty through the centuries.[14] Treasures of the royal house were kept at its palaces, and the tombs of the early Qing rulers were once among the most famous monuments in China. In 1657, Fengtian Prefecture (奉天府; Fèngtiān Fŭ; Manchu: ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ
ᡶᡠ; Möllendorff: Abkai imiyangga fu; Abkai: Abkai imiyangga fu or Manchu: ᡶᡝᠩᡨᡳᠶᠠᠨ; Möllendorff: Fengtiyian; Abkai: Fengtiyian) was established in the Shenyang area, and Fengtian (literally: "mandated by heaven") was sometimes used synonymously with Shenyang/Mukden.[15]
Russian and Japanese concessions[edit]
After the Boxer Rebellion in 1900, Russian forces invaded and occupied most of Manchuria, and Mukden became a Russian stronghold in the Far East with the building of the South Manchurian Railway.[16][17]
During the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), Mukden was the site of the Battle of Mukden from 19 February 1905 to 10 March 1905.[18][19] Involving more than 600,000 combat participants, it was the largest battle since the Battle of Leipzig in 1813, and also the largest modern-era battle ever fought in Asia before World War II.[20] Following the Japanese victory, the Japanese presence at Mukden was one of the chief bases for Japanese economic expansion into southern Manchuria. Mukden also became the government seat of Fengtian province in 1910.[21]
Warlord Era and Japanese occupation[edit]
In 1914, the city changed back to its old name Shenyang,[22] but continued to be known as Mukden in some English sources (sometimes spelled Moukden) through much of the 20th century and in Japan until 1945. The postmark of the Chinese postal administration kept the spelling "MOUKDEN/奉天" for usage on international mails until the late 1920s. After that, a Chinese–Manchurian bilingual type SHENYANG (MUKDEN)/瀋陽 (奉天) datestamp type was used until 1933.
In the early 20th century, Shenyang began expanding out of its old city walls. The Shenyang Railway Station on the South Manchurian Railway and the Shenyang North Railway Station on the Jingfeng Railway, both west of the old city, became the new commercial centers of Shenyang.[23] In the 1920s, Mukden was the capital of the warlord Zhang Zuolin, who was later killed when his train was blown up on June 4, 1928[24] at a Japanese-guarded railway bridge.[25] At the time, several factories were built by Zhang to manufacture ammunition in the northern and eastern suburbs. These factories laid the foundation for Shenyang's industrial development.[26]。
The Mukden Incident in 1931, which gave the Japanese the pretext to create the Manchukuo state, took place near Shenyang.[27] On September 18, 1931, a small quantity of dynamite was detonated by Lt. Kawamoto Suemori[28] close to a railway line owned by Japan's South Manchuria Railway Company near Mukden.[29] The Imperial Japanese Army, accusing Chinese dissidents of the act, responded with a full invasion that led to the occupation of Manchuria.[29] On the morning of the following day (September 19), the Japanese had occupied Mukden.[29][30] During the Manchukuo era (1932–1945) the city was called Fengtian in Chinese again, and Mukden in English.[31] During the Japanese occupation, Shenyang was developed into a center of heavy industry.[31][32] Japan was able to exploit resources in Manchuria using the extensive network of railroads.[33] For example, vast expanses of Manchurian forest were chopped down.[34] The development of Shenyang was also unbalanced in this period; municipal facilities were mostly located in Japanese residential areas, while Chinese residential areas had poor living conditions.[32]
Post-World War II[edit]
Under Marshal of the Soviet Union Aleksandr Vasilevsky, the Far East Command[35] of Soviet forces entered Manchuria in early August 1945 following the surrender of Japan.[36] On 16 August 1945, Manchurian Emperor Puyi was captured in Shenyang Airport by the Soviet Red Army while he was in an airplane fleeing to Japan.[37] On 20 August, Soviet troops captured Shenyang. British and US reports indicate that the Soviet troops that occupied Northeast China and Eastern Inner Mongolia region looted and terrorized the people of Shenyang, and were not discouraged by Soviet authorities from "three days of rape and pillage".[38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46] The Soviets were replaced by the Nationalist Chinese, who were flown in on U.S. transport planes.[47] During the Chinese Civil War, Shenyang remained a Kuomintang stronghold from 1946 to 1948, although the Chinese communists controlled the surrounding countryside.[48] It was captured by the communists on October 30, 1948, following a series of offensives known as the Liaoshen Campaign.[44][49]
Over the past 200 years or so, Shenyang has somehow managed to grow and increase its industrial might, despite consecutive wars with Russia and Japan in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Second World War, and China's Civil War (Shenyang became the main battleground between the Communists and Nationalists). The city never came to an economic halt until the 1990s, when its massive factories went bankrupt and left millions jobless, which was well documented in the film Tie Xi Qu: West of the Tracks.[50]
Old City[edit]
The old city of Shenyang resided almost entirely within the modern day Shenhe District, and used to have two city walls.[51] The inner city wall, which marked the true old Shenyang, was a 3.5 zhàng (around 12.5 m, or 41 ft) tall, square-shaped standard stone wall complete with towers and gates, situated roughly within the area bounded by the four "Shuncheng" (顺城) roads/streets in Shenhe District. This wall was built in 1625, mostly by upgrading the old Ming-era wall, and the city gates were increased from four to eight. The outer city wall, called the "peripheral wall" (邊牆; Biān Qiáng) or "pass wall" (關牆; Guān Qiáng), was actually a 7.5 chi (around 2.7 m, or 8.8 ft) tall rammed earth rampart built in 1680 to expand the urban area outside the inner wall, and also had eight gates known as the "peripheral gates" (邊門; Biān Mén). The total length of this outer wall is around 16 km (9.9 mi). Nearly all of the city walls were demolished after 1949. Two gates and one corner tower of the inner city wall were rebuilt during the 1990s.
Around 2.5 km (1.6 mi) outside Shenyang's former outer wall, there were four pagodas each located within an associated Tibetan buddhist temple, namely the East Pagoda in Yongguang Temple (永光寺), the South Pagoda in Guangci Temple (廣慈寺), the West Pagoda in Yanshou Temple (延壽寺) and the North Pagoda in Falun Temple (法輪寺). They were built in 1643 and completed in 1645. The four pagodas are identical white Buddha-stupas as tall as 26 m (85 ft). Nowadays only the temple for the North Pagoda is well preserved, the East and South has only the pagodas left, and the temple for the West Pagoda was rebuilt in 1998.
Both the Temple of Heaven and Temple of Earth were also to be found in the old city during the Qing dynasty. They were smaller replicas of Beijing's counterparts. Neither exists today.
Geography and climate[edit]
|Climate chart (explanation)
Shenyang ranges in latitude from 41° 11' to 43° 02' N and in longitude from 122° 25' to 123° 48' E, and is located in the central part of Liaoning Province. The western parts of the city's administrative area are located on the alluvial plain of the Liao River system, while the eastern part consists of the hinterlands of the Changbai Mountains, and is covered with forests.[53] The highest point in Shenyang is 414 m (1,358 ft) and the lowest point only 7 m (23 ft). The main urban area is located to the north of Hun River, formerly the largest tributary of the Liao River proper and often locally referred as the city's "mother river".[54] The average elevation of the urban area is 45 m (148 ft).[55]
The city's central urban area is surrounded by three artificial rivers – respectively the South Canal (南运河, famous for the series of linear parks and gardens along it) from the south, the Xinkai River (新开河, formerly the North Canal) from the north and northeast, and the Weigong River (卫工河, formerly the Weigong Nullah) from the west, all interconnected as a continuous waterway. They are reinforced on the peripheries by smaller rivers such as Xi River (细河), Puhe River (蒲河) and Mantang River (满堂河), and drains into the Hun River at three different locations on the southeast, due south and southwest side of the city. There was also previously another canal on the east side called Huishan Nullah (辉山明渠) that drains into Xinkai River's lower section, but is now no longer existent due to land reclamation from urban constructions.
Shenyang has a monsoon-influenced humid continental climate (Köppen Dwa) characterised by hot, humid summers due to the monsoon, and dry, cold winters due to the Siberian anticyclone. The four seasons here are distinctive. Nearly half of the annual rainfall occurs in July and August. Monthly mean temperatures range from −11.0 °C (12.2 °F) in January to 24.7 °C (76.5 °F) in July, for an annual average of 8.39 °C (47.1 °F). The frost-free period is 183 days, which is long considering the severity of the winters.[56] The city receives 2,468 hours of bright sunshine annually; monthly percent of possible ranges from 45 percent in July to 62 percent in October. Extreme temperatures range from −33.1 °C (−28 °F) to 39.3 °C (103 °F).[57]
|Climate data for Shenyang (normals 1971–2000, extremes 1961–2000)
|Record high °C (°F)
|Average high °C (°F)
|Daily mean °C (°F)
|Average low °C (°F)
|Record low °C (°F)
|Average precipitation mm (inches)
|Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)
|Average relative humidity (%)
|Mean monthly sunshine hours
|Percent possible sunshine
|Source: China Meteorological Administration,[52] all-time extreme temperature[57]
Administrative divisions[edit]
Shenyang's metropolitan area traditionally consisted of the 5 small inner urban districts, surrounded by 4 larger outer suburban districts, and accompanied by 4 rural counties on the north and west sides. In general, agriculture, animal husbandry and agricultural product processing dominate northeastern Shenyang; eastern Shenyang is an automotive parts hub; southern Shenyang is a high-tech industrial base; and western Shenyang is home to heavy machinery manufacturing. The city center specialises in retail and financial services.[58]
Out of the rural counties, the Xinmin County was upgraded to a county-level city in 1993, and the Liaozhong County was incorporated into a new suburban district in 2016 as part of the provincial/national development plan.
As a result, Shenyang now officially has direct jurisdiction over 10 city districts, 1 satellite county-level city and 2 rural counties:
|Simplified Chinese
|Hanyu Pinyin
|Area (km2)
|Density (/km2)
|City proper
|Shenhe District
|Shěnhé Qū
|Heping District
|Hépíng Qū
|Dadong District
|Dàdōng Qū
|Huanggu District
|Huánggū Qū
|Tiexi District
|Tiěxī Qū
|Hunnan District
|Húnnán Qū
|Sujiatun District
|Sūjiātún Qū
|Shenbei New Area
|Shěnběi Xīnqū
|Yuhong District
|Yúhóng Qū
|Liaozhong District
|Liáozhōng Qū
|Satellite city
|Xinmin City
|Xīnmín Shì
|Kangping County
|Kāngpíng Xiàn
|Faku County
|Fǎkù Xiàn
Shenhe District[edit]
Shenhe District (沈河区; "Shen River district") is the central area of Shenyang, and currently hosts the seat of the City Government. Most of Shenhe District is within the old city wall. It has an area of 60 km2 (23 sq mi)[59] and a registered population of 716,417 (as per 2014).[60] There is the Central Temple (中心庙; Zhōngxīn Mìao), built during the Ming dynasty, showing the center of ancient Shenyang. This temple is located just south of the Middle Street (中街; Zhōng Jiē), one of the most famous shopping streets and the first commercial pedestrian zone in China. Shenhe District is also home to the famous Wu'ai Market (五爱市场; Wŭài Shìchǎng), the largest light industry wholesale trading center in the entire Bohai Economic Rim.
Shenhe District is the site of the Mukden Palace, just south of the Central Temple. It is also the site of Zhang Zuolin's former home and headquarters, Shengjing Ancient Cultural Street. In the western Shenhe District there is a Muslim town, and the South Pagoda (南塔; Nán tǎ) is located in southern Shenhe District. There are a lot of high-end hotels located in Shenhe District, such as Sheraton, Kempinski, Lexington, Marriott (which is the first Marriott Hotel directly named "Marriott" in mainland China, but due to finance conflicts, this hotel is not administrated by Marriott International).[citation needed] The major thoroughfare of Youths Avenue (青年大街; Qīngnián Dà Jiē), the primary north-south arterial road of the city that traverses past the City Government Square (市府广场; Shìfǔ Guǎngchǎng) at the modern centre of the city and linking the Beiling Park to the Taoxian Airport, separates the southern portion of Shenhe District from the neighbouring southern Heping District. The iconic 305.5 m (1,002 ft) Liaoning Broadcast and TV Tower is situated alongside this avenue.
Shenhe District is also home to Northeast China's main railway hub, the Shenyang North Railway Station. The railways leading to the station forms the border between Shenhe District and the neighbouring eastern portion of Huanggu District. The station building has recently undergone a major overhaul and extension.
Heping District[edit]
Heping District (和平区; "peace district") is located slightly west of the center of Shenyang. It has an area of 59 km2 (23 sq mi)[59] and a population of 645,399 (2014).[60] The downtown Heping District has all manner of businesses that are brightly neon-lit at night, centred around Taiyuan Street (太原街; Taìyuán Jīe), one of the most famous shopping district in the Northeast.
The district, better known as downtown, sprung up around Shenyang Railway Station (known locally as the "South Station" in comparing to the "North Station" in Shenhe District), the former hub of the South Manchurian Railway. At the center of the district is Zhongshan Square (中山广场; Zhōngshān Guǎngchǎng), which features one of China's largest statues of Chairman Mao—a record of the era of the Cultural Revolution. Northwest of Zhongshan Square lies the West Pagoda Korean Neighborhood or Koreatown. Many of the boulevards in this area are lined of very large ginkgo trees, which become golden in color and produce their distinctive fruits in autumn.
Heping District is also the core area for many political institutions in the Northeast, including CPC Liaoning Provincial Committee, headquarters of the Northern Theater Command (previously the Shenyang Military Region), General Logistics Department and the consulates-general of the United States, Japan, South Korea, North Korea and other countries. Northeast Electricity, China Post, railways, other such industrial hubs and many media outlets such as Liaoning Radio and Television, Shenyang Radio and Television and Shenyang Daily newspaper are also located in this district.
Dadong District[edit]
Dadong District (大东区; "great eastern district") is an industrial zone and used to be the largest of the inner city districts. It has an area of 100 km2 (39 sq mi)[59] and a population of 689,576 (2014).[60] It is contained popular tourist landmarks such as the 9.18 Historical Museum, the North and East Pagodas, Bawang Temple and the Wanquan Park. The oldest airfield in Shenyang, the now-defunct East Pagoda Airport, is also located in Dadong District.
Huanggu District[edit]
Huanggu District (皇姑区; "royal aunt district") is named after Huanggutun ("tun" means village), where the Huanggutun Incident took place. The name is actually a mis-tranliteration of the pronunciation for Fiyanggū (Manchu: ᡶᡳᠶᠠᠩᡤᡡ, Chinese: 費揚武, 1605–1643), the Manchu Prince Jian of the First Rank whose tomb was in the area.
It has an area of 66 km2 (25 sq mi)[59] and a population of 817,288 (2014).[60] It is the site of the large historical mausoleum of Qing dynasty's Huang Taiji called Beiling park. Huanggu district also hosts the Liaoning Mansion Hotel. It is also the seat of the Provincial Government of Liaoning.
Tiexi District[edit]
Tiexi District (铁西区; "railway's west district") is the most populous district and makes up the western part of the inner city, west of the South Manchurian Railway (hence the district's name) and south of the Jingshen Railway, and is famous for its heavy industry. This mixed-use district also contains large blocks of residential complexes, so as well as strips of small to medium-sized shopping districts. It previously had only an area of 39 km2 (15 sq mi)[61] and a population of 764,419.[62] In May 2002, the Shenyang city government annexed a large area of suburban land from the neighbouring Yuhong District to establish an new state-level development zone — the Shenyang Economic and Technological Development Zone (沈阳经济技术开发区), and transferred its administration to Tiexi District to form the Tiexi New District (铁西新区), thus giving Tiexi District the current "necked" shape on the map. The new Tiexi District now has a population of 907,091 (2014),[60] a total area of 286 km2 (110 sq mi),[59] and enjoys the same administrative rank as a municipality (Administrative Committee of Shenyang).
The district is featured in a 9-hour epic documentary film West of the Tracks (the literal meaning of Tiexi) by a young filmmaker Wang Bing. It shows the transition in this rust belt district—a palimpsest of not only Chinese but also world history. The first factories of this place were built in 1934 by the Japanese to produce war goods for the Imperial Army and nationalized after World War II. As late as the early 1980s, the factories here employed about one million workers, but all of them went jobless in the 1990s.[63]
Hunnan District[edit]
Hunnan District (浑南区; "Hun River's south district"), was formerly called the Dongling District (东陵区; "East Mausoleum district") before June 17, 2014, referring to the UNESCO World Heritage Site-listed tombs dedicated to the founder of Later Jin (the former name of Qing dynasty), Nurhachi, and his empress Monggo-Jerjer. The large suburban district is located on the east and southeast side of urban Shenyang, with most of its territory south of the Hun River, hence its current name. It has an area of 734 km2 (283 sq mi)[59] and a population of 324,074 (2014).[60] The Shenyang Botanical Garden and the Shenyang Expo Garden (which hosted the 2006 International Horticultural Exposition) are also located in this district.
Hunnan District hosts the city's only operational commercial airport, the Taoxian International Airport, and is rapidly becoming high-end residential areas with luxury apartments, fine neighbourhoods and sleek commercial developments, as suburbs of Shenyang are growing steadily. The district is traversed by two corridors along two major highways, one leading to the Eastern Mausoleum and the neighbouring city of Fushun, and the other leading to the airport.
Launched in 1988 as the Shenyang National New and High-Tech Industrial Development Zone and elevated to a national-level zone in 1991, the Hunnan New Area (浑南新区) focuses on electronic and information technology products such as software, computers, network systems, communication equipment and audio/visual equipment; advanced manufacturing technologies, especially for automobiles, medical equipment; advanced materials and biological and pharmaceutical products. The zone has hosted more than 5,700 enterprises, including 700 foreign-invested enterprises. Foreign companies such as the General Electric Co., Tyco International, and Mitsubishi Group operate in the zone. Currently, the Shenyang City Government is working on expanding the city and plans to relocate its seat to the Hunnan New Area from the current site in Shenhe District.
Sujiatun District[edit]
Sujiatun District (苏家屯区; "Su family village district") forms the southernmost part of the suburbs, located 15 km (9 mi) away from central Shenyang. The 2014 registered population of Sujiatun is 428,859[60] and it has an area of 782 km2 (302 sq mi).[59] Sujiatun is known mostly for its agricultural and industrial activity. It borders the districts of Yuhong and Heping to the north, Dongling to the northeast, Tiexi to the northwest; it also borders the prefecture-level cities of Fushun to the east, Benxi to the southeast, and Liaoyang to the southwest.
Shenbei New District[edit]
Shenbei New District (沈北新区; "Shenyang's north new district"), formerly Xinchengzi District (新城子区; "new town district"), is a new development zone and forms the majority of the northern suburbs. It has an area of 884 km2 (341 sq mi)[59] and a population of 320,370 (2014).[60] It borders Hunnan District to the southeast, Dadong and Huanggu Districts to the south, Yuhong District to the southwest, Xinmin City and Faku County to the northwest; it also borders the prefecture-level cities of Tieling to the northeast and Fushun to the southeast.
Yuhong District[edit]
Yuhong District (于洪区; "Yu and Hong district") forms part of the northwestern and western suburbs. It has an area of 499 km2 (193 sq mi)[59] and a population of 435,333 (2014).[60] It borders Shenbei New District to the northeast, Huanggu District to the east, Tiexi District to the south, and Xinmin City to the west. The large southwestern part of the neighbouring Tiexi District also used to belong to Yuhong District, but in May 2002, the southwestern part of Yuhong District was ceded on order of the city government to establish the Shenyang Economic and Technological Development Zone, and the administration of the region was later transferred to Tiexi District instead. This annexation of land left an exclave territory lying between Tiexi District, Heping District and Sujiatun District, separated from the main body of Yuhong District, hence making the Tiexi District flanked at the "neck" by the two parts of Yuhong. China Resources Beverage, the distributor of C'estbon water, has its northeast regional office in the district.
Liaozhong District[edit]
Liaozhong District (辽中区; "Liaoning's center district", referring to its central location within the province) is the newest and largest suburban district. Formerly the Liaozhong County (辽中县), its rural county status was made defunct in January 2016, and formally instated as a suburban city district on April 11, 2016. It lies 67 km (42 mi) southwest of downtown Shenyang, near the intersection of G1 Beijing–Harbin Expressway and G91 Liaozhong Ring Expressway. As of 2014[update], it had a population of 532,900[60] residing in an area of 1,645 km2 (635 sq mi).[59] It is the most southwestern part of Shenyang City, bordering Xinmin City to the north, and Tiexi District to the northeast, as well as the prefecture-level cities of Liaoyang to the southeast, Anshan to the south and southwest, and Jinzhou to the west.
Shenyang has a population of 8.1 million and its urban population is 5.74 million. By urban population, it is the largest city in northeast China and among the top ten largest cities in China.
Ethnically and culturally diverse, Shenyang has 38 of China's 56 recognized ethnic groups, including the Han Chinese majority that make up 91.26 percent of Shenyang's population. The 37 minority groups are Manchu, Korean, Hui, Xibo, Mongolian, Zhuang, Miao, Tujia, Dong, Daur, Bai, Uyghur, Tibetan, Yi, Taiwanese Aboriginal People, She, Bouyei, Yao, Akha, Kazakh, Dai, Li, Shui, Nakhi, Jingpo, Kyrgyz, Tu, Mulao, Qiang, Maonan, Gelao, Russian, Evenks, Tatars, Oroqen, Nanai and Lhoba.[64] Most of these groups are not native to the Shenyang area; a few, such as the Manchus and the Xibe, are.
Not only is Shenyang multi-ethnic, it is a place where many foreigners live, especially from Japan and Korea. Shenyang also has many French and Germans[citation needed] because BMW and Michelin Tyres have large operations here. The city is growing quite fast and many foreigners are coming to Shenyang. With the growing expat population, many new restaurants and businesses that cater to them are opening. The American expat group is growing as well,[citation needed] in part due to the high demand of private English schools opening in Shenyang, as well as small kindergartens and private schools.
Shenyang has numerous temples, mosques, churches and other religious places of worship.
Shenyang is an important industrial center in China and is the core city of Shenyang Economic Zone, a New Special Reform Zone. It has been focused on heavy industry, particularly aerospace, machine tools, heavy equipment and defence, and recently on software, automotive and electronics.[66][66] The heavy industry started in the 1920s and was well developed before the second world war.[67][68] During the first five-year plan (1951–1956) many factories were built in Tiexi district.[69] At its peak in the 1970s, Shenyang was one of the top three industrial centres in China, alongside Shanghai and Tianjin. After the 1980s, the heavy industry had declined gradually and the city became a rust-belt city.[70][71][72] However, the economy of the city has revived significantly in recent years, thanks to the central government's "Revitalize Northeast China" campaign and the rapid development of software and auto manufacture industries.[73] Investment subsidies are granted to multinational corporations (MNCs) that set up offices or headquarters in Shenyang.[58]
Meanwhile, the services sector — especially banking — has been developing in Shenyang. Shenyang has several foreign banks, such as South Korea's Hana Bank, Japan's Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Hong Kong's Bank of East Asia, Singapore's United Overseas Bank and the Britain-based HSBC. In 2006, the city hosted a total of 1,063 banks and bank branches and 144 insurance-related companies. By 2010, it aims to attract 30 foreign banks and 60 non-bank financial institutions.[58][needs update]
The city has been identified by the Economist Intelligence Unit in the November 2010 Access China White Paper as a member of the CHAMPS (Chongqing, Hefei, Anshan, Maanshan, Pingdingshan and Shenyang), an economic profile of the top 20 emerging cities in China.[74]
Major companies[edit]
Numerous major industrial companies have their headquarters in Shenyang. Brilliance Auto is a major Chinese automobile manufacturer, and most of its production plants are also located in Shenyang.[75][76] Shenyang Aircraft Corporation produces airplanes for civilian use as well as for the PLAAF.[77] Neusoft Group is the biggest software company in China.[78] Shenyang Machine Tool Group is the largest machine tool manufacturer in China.[79] Tyco International, General Motors and Michelin Shenyang Tyre Corporation are expanding their operations in Shenyang due to a deep pool of skilled technical labor; good transportation; low land-use fees; and solid local support.
GDP and economic data[edit]
Statistically, the total GDP of the city of Shenyang is 383.66 billion yuan in year 2009 (ranked 1st out of the 58 cities and counties in Liaoning province). The GDP per capita of the city of Shenyang is 78490 yuan in 2009 (ranked 3rd out of all 58 cities and counties in Liaoning province).[80]
Initiatives and special zones[edit]
Shenyang Finance and Trade Development Zone[edit]
Shenyang Finance and Trade Development Zone was founded in 1992. It is the only finance and trade development zone except Lujiazui in Shanghai and is the nucleus zone of Shenyang Central Business Zone. It covers an area of 1.12 million m², among which there is more than 600,000 m² constructible. The total investment planned is more than 20 billion Yuan and more than 60 stories-high international and multifunctional symbol buildings are planned to be built. So far, the zone has transferred more than 400,000 m² ground, introduced over 40 large projects and actually made use of over 200 million USD foreign investment. It has become the sample zone of international finance and modern service trade and the regional finance, trade and information center of Northeast China.[81]
Shenyang Economic & Technological Development Zone[edit]
Shenyang High-Tech Industrial Development Zone[edit]
As the transport hub of Northeast China, Shenyang is served by air, rail, a currently two-line subway system and an extensive network of streets and expressways, with bus service throughout the city.[82] Terminal 3 at Shenyang Taoxian International Airport is the largest terminal in the northeast China.[83] A new tram network system was built in the city's south in 2013.
Shenyang is the railway hub of Northeast China. Eight railways connect Shenyang with Beijing, Dalian, Changchun, Harbin and Fushun. The city is also served by the Qinhuangdao–Shenyang High-Speed Railway, the main passenger transport corridor in and out across the Shanhai Pass, and the first passenger-specific railway line in China. In early 2007, a 200 km/h (120 mph) high-speed train decreased travel time between Beijing and Shenyang by almost three-fold to around 4 hours. The Harbin–Dalian High-Speed Railway opened in late 2012 and connects Shenyang with other major cities in Northeast China such as Harbin, Changchun and Dalian at speeds of up to 300 km/h (190 mph).[84]
Shenyang has two major railway stations: the Shenyang North Railway Station in Shenhe District, and the Shenyang Railway Station in Heping District.[85]
The Shenyang North Railway Station (Chinese: 沈阳北站; pinyin: Shěnyáng Bĕi Zhàn) was formerly the Liaoning General Station (遼寧總站; Liáoníng Zǒngzhàn) before 1946, and colloquially known as the "Old North Station". The original station building (now a MHCSPNL-listed heritage building), initially named the Fengtian City Station (奉天城站; Fèngtīan Chéng Zhàn) at the time of completion, was built in 1927 at the terminal point of Jingfeng Railway, about 1 km (0.62 mi) southwest of the current station site, on the orders of warlord Zhang Zuolin to compete with the then Japanese-administered Shenyang Railway Station. The Main Station Building (主站房) of the current "New North Station" began construction in 1986 and was commissioned for operation in December 1990, and became one of the five most important railway hubs in China, earning itself the nickname "Northeast's No. 1 Station" (东北第一站).[86][87] In 2011, a huge expansion project known as the "North Station Transport Hub Reconstruction Project" (北站交通枢纽改造工程) was initiated in response to the growing demand of floor area posed by the increasing passenger traffic after introduction of the high-speed rail service. The station now has an additional 3-storey "Sub-Station Building" (子站房) and a "North Square" (北广场) on the northern (Huanggu District) side of the railways, while the old waiting lounge in the original 16-storey Main Station Building is now relocated to a large elevated concourse that bridges over the rail tracks, with a pillar-less roof (the largest in mainland China) doming the platforms. The original South Square (南广场) outside the Main Station Building was rebuilt into a multi-levelled complex, with two above ground forming an elevated airport-style drop-off zone and a large ground-level area for bus stops, as well as a three-level underground city providing shopping malls, parking lots, taxi pick-up and interchange with Subway Line 2, while also capable of rapid conversion into an air raid shelter if needed.
The Shenyang Railway Station (Chinese: 沈阳站; pinyin: Shěnyáng Zhàn) has a history of more than 100 years. It was built by the Russians in 1899 on the eastern side of the South Manchurian Railway and was named the Fengtian Station (Chinese: 奉天站; pinyin: Fèngtiān Zhàn) at the time. It was later expanded by the Japanese after the Russo-Japanese War and renamed to Fengtian Yam (Chinese: 奉天驛; pinyin: Fèngtiān Yì) until the end of the World War II. Before adopting its current name, the station was known as the Shenyang South Railway Station (Chinese: 瀋陽南站; pinyin: Shĕnyáng Nán Zhàn) or simply the "South Station" (in contrast to the forementioned "North Station") between 1945 and 1950, a name the locals still use colloquially to present days (though the current Shenyang South Railway Station is actually at the suburban junction between Hunnan and Sujiatun). Today, the station focuses on regular-speed passenger service and is being refurbished with a large archway and new terminal, reducing access to the boarding platforms by rerouting customers under and over ground while construction is completed. The station was expanded in 2010 with the addition of a new West Station Building (西站房) and a West Square (西广场) on the western side of the railways.[88] The old East Station Building (东站房) is currently on the provincial protected heritage list.
In 2011, a daily direct container rail service carries automotive parts 11,000 km (6,800 mi) from Leipzig, Germany to Shenyang through Siberia in 23 days.[89]
In the Manchukuo era, the initial road transportation network was laid out, as is now in the central districts of Shenyang. The city follows a largely grid-style urban layout, with the roads follow a slightly northwest-to-southeast orientation due to the South Manchurian Railway, which runs perpendicular to that direction. The streets in Shenyang are almost always named according to a routine convention — one that runs more in the north-south direction is called a "street" (街; Jīe) or "avenue" (大街; Dà Jīe; "big street"), and one that runs more east-west are call a "road" (路; Lù) or "boulevard" (大道; Dà Dào; "big way"). The only exceptions to this rule are the east-west Middle Street in Shenhe District, which takes its historical name from ancient times (though its modern official name is actually the "Middle Street Road"); and the north-south Minzhu Road (民主路) in Heping District that traverses diagonally across the superblock between the Shenyang Railway Station and the Zhongshan Park, but as one of the only three diagonal streets in the entire city it is accommodated as a "road" instead of "street" in keeping with the other two diagonal counterparts that runs east-west.
In addition to the grid streets, Shenyang also was developing several ring road systems, going back as early as the "Fengtian City Plan" (奉天都邑計劃) proposed by the Japanese-controlled puppet Manchukuo government in 1932. Outside of the (now demolished) city walls, the city initially planned three beltways, namely the "inner ring", "middle ring" and "outer ring" roads. Gradually with urban development, the inner ring idea faded away into the inner city streets, but the middle ring concept was retained and later transformed into the nowadays 1st Ring Road (一环路, officially called the "Middle Ring Road" until 1995), and the outer ring roughly morphed into part of the present day 2nd Ring Road (二环路). The 3rd Ring Road (三环路) was completed in 1995, and in 2013 was reconstructed into an 8-lane, 82 km (51 mi) freeway — the Shenyang Round City Expressway (G1501, 沈阳绕城高速公路). The 10-lane, 132 km (82 mi) 4th Ring Road (四环路) is a limited-access highway about 8 km (5.0 mi) out from the 3rd Ring, completed in 2013. The planned 6-lane, 198 km (123 mi) 5th Ring (五环路) and the proposed 399 km (248 mi) 6th Ring (六环路), also known as Liaozhong Ring Expressway (G91, 辽中环线高速公路), are both currently under construction.
Shenyang is connected to the other regions by several major expressways in radial pattern. The Shenda Expressway (G15, 沈大高速公路) connecting Shenyang and Dalian is the first expressway built in China and is an 8-lane, 348.5 km (216.5 mi) controlled-access highway with a maximum speed limit of 120 km/h (75 mph), linking Shenyang to one of the largest port city in China. The 222 km (138 mi) Shendan Expressway (沈丹高速公路, part of the G1113 Dandong–Fuxin Expressway) is a 4-lane expressway leading to Benxi and Dandong, and also serves Shenyang Taoxian International Airport. The 4-lane Shenji Expressway (G1212, 沈吉高速公路) was completed in 2011, linking Shenyang to Jilin via Fushun. The 8-lane Jingshen Expressway (京沈高速公路) is an integral part of the extended Jingha Expressway (G1, 京哈高速公路) and is a major interprovincial "trunk road" across the Shanhai Pass, linking to the national capital Beijing some 658 km (409 mi) away. There are other smaller provincial-level expressways ("S routes") to other cities like Fushun, Liaoyang and Panjin, as well as many long-distance and express bus routes to Beijing and other large regional centers in the Northeast via major national roads such as the China National Highways 101, 102, 203 and 304.
The city is served by the Shenyang Taoxian International Airport (沈阳桃仙国际机场; Shěnyáng Táoxian Guójì Jīchǎng, airport code SHE), located in Hunnan District. It is one of the eight major airline hubs and the 20th busiest airport in China.[90][91]
There are three other airports in Shenyang, none of them open to public. The East Pagoda Airport (东塔机场) in Dadong District is the oldest airport in Shenyang, opened in 1920s and retired in the 1980s,[92][93] though there has been proposals in 2013 to relocated it to Xinmin. The Beiling Airport (北陵机场) in Huanggu District is used by Shenyang Aircraft Corporation for test flights. The Yuhong Airport (于洪机场) in Yuhong District is commissioned for military use only by the local Northern Theater Command garrisons.[94]
Public transport[edit]
In Shenyang, there are more than 160 bus routes.[95] Shenyang used to have about 20 trolley bus routes, one of the biggest trolley bus networks in China.[96] The entire network was demolished in 1999 after a serious electrocution accident that killed 5 passengers in August 12, 1998, and was replaced by diesel-powered buses.
Trams in Shenyang was introduced in Shenyang from 1924, and had 6 lines in operation up until 1945. It suffered major disruptions during the Chinese Civil War from power outage and Kuomintang bombings, but quickly resumed operation after the conclusion of the Liaoshen Campaign. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, the tram network was gradually replaced by the buses and trolley buses, and eventually closed in 1974.[97] In December 2011, the Shenyang city government announced plan to rebuild light rail transit network in 2012, comprising 4 lines with 60 km (37 mi) distance in the Hunnan New District. The Shenyang Modern Tram network started operation in August 15, 2013.
Shenyang has been planning an underground rapid transit system since 1940, but was unable to materialize the idea due to the city's geology and engineering limitations.[98] On November 18, 2005, the construction of the first Shenyang Metro line finally started[99] and the construction of the second line started on November 18, 2006. The first (east-west) line was opened September 27, 2010 and the second (north–south) was opened on January 9, 2012. Construction is difficult due to the granite-rich bedrock on which the city is built.
Health care systems[edit]
Shenyang has 731 medical and healthcare centers, 63,000 healthcare staff and 3.02 healthcare worker per 1,000 people. There are 34,033 hospital beds and 45,680 various kinds of medical and technical personnel, among whom there are 17,346 licensed doctors, 1,909 assistant licensed doctors, and 16887 certified nurses.[100] The average expected life-span of the people in Shenyang is 73.8 years.
The China Medical University (中国医科大学; Zhōngguó Yīkē Dàxué) in Huanggu District is one of the top 10 medical schools in China and is IMED-listed. Its diplomas are accredited worldwide.[101]
Shenyang is home to China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University 1st, 2nd (renamed Shengjing Hospital in 2003)[102] and 4th Affiliated Hospital, 202 Hospital, Liaoning Tumor Hospital, Shenyang No.7 People's Hospital, Shenyang Orthopaedics Hospital, Shenyang Army General Hospital, North Hospital, and various other hospitals and clinics.
Shenyang has many parks. Self-organizing groups advocating sustainable travel such as local rail revival, walking and cycling, reduction in energy demand and waste generally, protection of wildlife, cleaning the river and lakes, and the development of environmental technologies in the city, are increasingly popular.
According to the Shenyang Environmental Protection Bureau, coal used for winter heating is the source of 30% of the air pollution in Shenyang. Other major factors include dust from construction sites, 20%; vehicle exhaust, 20%; industrial emissions, 10%; and extraterritorial dust 20%. Half of the 16 million metric tons of coal consumed by the city during the winter of 2013-14 were used for heating. Air quality was described by the Bureau as slowly improving.[103]
Shenyang holds the headquarters of the Northern Theater Command (formerly the Shenyang Military Region) and garrisons its air force divisions. Shenyang is also famous for its defense industries, with the Shenyang Aircraft Corporation, nicknamed "the cradle of Chinese jetfighters" (中国歼击机摇篮)", being the People's Republic's oldest and largest aircraft manufacturer.
A Chinese state cemetery in the city is scheduled to receive the remains of 400 People's Volunteer Army soldiers killed during the Korean War. In 2014 South Korea and China agreed to repatriate the remains which had been buried at a military cemetery in Paju, South Korea.[104]
Life and culture[edit]
Shenyang dialect[edit]
People native to Shenyang speak the Shenyang dialect, a variant of Northeastern Mandarin.[105] Shenyang Dialect was formed in early period of Qing Dynasty.[106][107] Shenyang dialect is similar to the other Northeastern dialects and also to the national standard of Mandarin, Putonghua, but is known as a form of Dongbeihua and has a wide range of vocabulary that is not part of the country's official language.[105] As Shenyang dialect is mutually intelligible with most forms of Mandarin, some people prefer to characterize it as an "accent" rather than a different "dialect."
Two northeast folk dances, Er Ren Zhuan and Yang Ge, are very popular in Shenyang.[108][109] The Big Stage Theatre (大舞台剧场) near Middle Street is famous for its Er Ren Zhuan and Chinese comedy skit performances by Zhao Benshan and his disciples. Due to the popularity enjoyed by many Shenyang-based comedians, the city is nationally recognized as a stronghold of Chinese comedy.
Shenyang is home of many performance art organizations, such as Shenyang Acrobatic Troupe of China, Liaoning Song and Dance Ensemble, and Liaoning Ballet.[110] Many artists are from Shenyang, such as Zimei, Na Ying and the pianist Lang Lang.
- Liaoning Provincial Museum (辽宁省博物馆), the largest museum in Northeast China. The museum hold many ancient relics and artefacts, including a selection of inscriptions in Chinese and Khitan that are some of the earliest known forms of writing.
- Shenyang Steam Locomotive Museum (沈阳蒸汽机车博物馆), with 16 steam engines from America, Japan, Russia, Belgium, Poland, Germany, Czechoslovakia and China.
- 9.18 Historical Museum (九·一八历史博物馆), a museum in memory of Mukden Incident on September 18, 1931. The museum has a shape of an opened calendar, and is located on the site where the Japanese troops destroyed the South Manchuria Railway, the prelude to the invasion of Manchuria.
- Xinle Relic (新乐遗址), located on the location where the Xinle civilisation was first discovered, containing a reconstructed Xinle settlement and housing artefacts discovered there.
Shenyang is famous for its football tradition. The local football club is the Liaoning F.C., in the Chinese Super League. Liaoning F.C. was once the consecutive national champion for 10 years from 1984 to 1993, and the first Chinese team to win the AFC Champions League in 1990.[109] Another Chinese Super League team, Shenyang Jinde moved to Changsha in 2007. Shenyang Olympic Sports Centre Stadium, a 60,000-seated soccer stadium, was a venue for the football preliminary of 2008 Summer Olympics.[111]
Shenyang also has one of the five full-length (400 m) speed skating rink in China, the Bayi Speed Skating Arena (Chinese: 八一速滑馆).
Shenyang Sport University [3] is a famous professional sports university in China. The university is the training base for winter sports in China and has many Olympic champions.
The Shenyang city government legally recognizes five religious beliefs — Buddhism, Taoism, Islamism, Catholicism and Protestantism. During the period between 1949 and 1976, religious practices were significantly repressed, but have recovered since the end of the Cultural Revolution. As of 2012[update], Shenyang has seven city-level religious organizations, with 289 legally registered places of worship, 483 clerics and about 400,000 followers.
Famous religious sites include:
- Chang'an Temple (长安寺), a Zen Buddhism temple, first built during the Tang dynasty
- Banruo Temple (般若寺), built during the Qin dynasty
- Ci'en Temple (慈恩寺), a Pure Land Buddhism temple,
- Wugoujingguang Śarīra Pagoda (无垢净光舍利塔), a 33-m-high Buddhist pagoda erected in 1044 during the Liao dynasty
- Shisheng Temple (实胜寺), once known as Royal Temple (Chinese: 皇寺), a Tibetan Buddhist temple built in 1636 for the Qing royal family
- The East Pagoda (东塔), North Pagoda (北塔), West Pagoda (西塔) and South Pagoda (南塔), collectively known as the "Four Pagodas of Early Qing" (Chinese: 清初四塔; pinyin: Qīngchū Sì Tǎ) are four white Tibetan Buddhist pagodas built by Hong Taiji in 1639.
- Taiqing Palace (太清宫), built in 1663
- Pengying Palace (蓬瀛宫), the only female Taoist temple in Northeast China, built in 1994
- Doumu Palace (斗姆宫)
- Sacred Heart Cathedral of Shenyang (沈阳圣心教堂), a Roman Catholic cathedral
- Dongguan Church (东关教会), one of the largest and oldest Protestant churches in Northeast China, also known as the cradle of Christianity of the Koreans in China and in the Korean Peninsula
- Xita Church (西塔教会), a Protestant church for the Korean Chinese
- South Mosque (清真南寺), the largest mosque in Northeast China, built in Qing dynasty
Shenyang has classic northeastern Chinese cuisine. Traditional meals in the region are suan cai (also called Chinese sauerkraut), stewed chicken and mushroom, and meat pie.[112] Korean food, such as rice cake (Hangul: 떡; RR: tteok) and cold noodle (Hangul: 냉면; hanja: 冷麵; RR: naengmyeon; Chinese: 冷面; pinyin: Lěng Miàn), is a part of Shenyangers' diet as there is a sizeable ethnic Korean population in the city.[112] Also, as the area was traditionally occupied by Manchus, the cuisine in Shenyang was fundamentally influenced by Manchu food, as well as the famous Manchu Han Imperial Feast.[113]
Due to the sizeable Hui population in Shenyang, halal foods are a common and also enjoyed by non-Muslim people.
Notable people[edit]
|This article's list of residents may not follow Wikipedia's verifiability or notability policies. (March 2011)
- Dr. Min Chiu Li, therapeutic scientist, Albert Lasker Medical Research Award winner, Alfred Sloan Award in Cancer Research winner
- Zhang Zuolin, Chinese/Manchurian politician
- Guo Songling, Chinese/Manchurian general working with Zhang Xueliang
- Tetsuzo Fuyushiba, Japanese/Manchurian politician
- Gong Li, Singaporean/Chinese actress
- Na Ying, singer
- Lang Lang, pianist
- Ai Jing, singer
- Jing Boran, singer
- Zimei, artist and Guzheng player
- Kōbō Abe, Japanese novelist, brought up in Shenyang (Mukden)
- Seiji Ozawa, Japanese conductor, born in Shenyang (Mukden)
- Ma Lin, table-tennis player
- Wang Yongzhi, aerospace engineer and academic
- Jin Xing, dancer and actor
- Liu Dongsheng, geological and environmental engineer
- Chang Hsin-kang, professor, the former President of City University of Hong Kong
- Lin Gengxin, actor known for his role in Scarlet Heart
- Yoshiko Yamaguchi, stage name Li Xianglan, actress, peace-activist
- Mukden Palace (沈阳故宫): the former imperial palace of the early Qing dynasty. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
- East Mausoleum (东陵): the tomb of the first Qing emperor, Nurhaci. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
- Beiling Park and North Mausoleum (北陵): the tomb of the second Qing emperor, Huang Taiji. The park covers an area of 3,300,000 sq. meters, and is serviced by trams for visitors who do not wish to (or cannot) traverse the length of the park. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
- Qipan Mountain (棋盘山): a recreation resort in Shenbei New District, northeast of Shenyang.
- Strange Slope (怪坡): an 80 m (87 yd)-long, 25 m (82 ft)-wide slope on the western side of Mao Mountain in Shenbei District, famous for the unexplained phenomenon of vehicles seemingly able to move uphill unpowered.
- Shenyang Botanical Garden (沈阳植物园) is located within the Qipanshan Tourism District. With a total area of 2.46 km2 (610 acres), the garden hosted the International Horticultural Exposition in 2006. Since then it has also been known as the Shenyang International Expo Garden (沈阳世博园). A variety of botanical exhibitions are held throughout the year.[114]
- Meteorite Mountain Forest Park (陨石山森林公园), located in the southeast of Shenyang in Hunnan District. The biggest meteorite lies on the Huashitai Mountain of Lixiang County, and is 160 m (520 ft) long, 54 m (177 ft) wide, 42 m (138 ft) tall and about 2,000,000 t (2,200,000 short tons) in weight. It is the oldest meteorite in the world which was formed 4.5 billion years ago and fallen into the Earth 1.9 billion years ago.[citation needed]
- Xiaonan Cathedral of Shenyang (小南天主教堂), the construction of the cathedral started in 1875 and finished in 1878.
Shopping areas[edit]
Shenyang has many shopping areas that provide necessities, luxuries and entertainments. One of the shopping districts is Middle Street (中街). Middle Street has a history of more than 100 years. In 2005, Middle Street gained the title of China top 10 famous commercial shopping streets and in 2008; it won the International Golden Street title. Middle Street is also the first commercial pedestrian street in China. Middle Street features many western-style stores and restaurants, including Wal-Mart, Pizza Hut (which is a fancy restaurant in Shenyang), Louis Vuitton flagship store, Häagen-Dazs retail store, etc. The largest shopping mall in Shenyang is also located on Middle Street, selling products from all around the world.
Taiyuan Street (太原街) is another shopping area which is similar to Middle Street. Taiyuan Street also features many restaurants and theaters for people to enjoy. Many spend their holidays shopping on these two streets. There is also a very large underground shopping center, offering lots of items, especially fashion jewelries, accessories and clothing.
Another area, Wu'ai Market (五爱市场), features a large multi-story shopping center with a size comparable to that of many city blocks. It contains hundreds, if not thousands, of mini or boutique stores that open very early in the morning and close in the early afternoon. It is famous for wholesaling cheap clothes and household items.
The information technology center is in Sanhao street (三好街) in the southern part of the city. There are large superstores located throughout the city that sell everything from meat and dairy to clothes and electronics.
Research and education[edit]
Shenyang has one of the highest concentrations of educational institutes in China. Roughly 30 colleges and universities and numerous research and training institutions are located in Shenyang, including core institutes of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (中国科学院金属研究所)
- Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences (中国科学院沈阳自动化研究所)
- Shenyang Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所), formerly the Institute of Forestry and Pedology (林业土壤研究所)
- Shenyang Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (中国科学院沈阳计算机技术研究所)
- Shenyang Aircraft Design Institute (沈阳飞机设计研究所), also known as the "601 Institute"
- Shenyang Aeroengine Research Institute (沈阳发动机设计研究所), also known as the "606 Institute"
High schools[edit]
|This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2014)
- Liaoning Province Shiyan High School (辽宁省实验中学)
- Shenyang No. 2 Senior High School (沈阳市第二中学)
- Shenyang No. 4 High School (沈阳市第四中学)
- Shenyang No. 20 High School (沈阳市第二十中学)
- Shenyang No. 31 High School (沈阳市第三十一中学)
- Shenyang No. 43 High School (沈阳市第四十三中学)
- Northeast Yucai School (东北育才中学), a school founded by the Japanese and is still influenced by Japanese culture. It consists of various departments, such as Nursing Garden, Elementary School, Junior High School and Senior High School.
International Schools[edit]
- Shenyang International School (沈阳国际学校), founded in 1998 by the International Schools of China (ISC), a United States non-profit organization committed to educational work in China.
- Shenyang Pacific International Academy (沈阳太平洋国际学校), located in Shenbei District. The school offers an American-style high school education. Official Website
Colleges and universities[edit]
|This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2014)
- Northeastern University (东北大学)
- Liaoning University (辽宁大学)
- China Medical University (中国医科大学)
- Shenyang University (沈阳大学)
- Shenyang Agricultural University (沈阳农业大学)
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University (沈阳药科大学)
- Shenyang Aerospace University (沈阳航空航天大学)
- Shenyang Architectural University (沈阳建筑大学)
- Shenyang University of Chemical Technology (沈阳化工大学)
- Shenyang Medical College (沈阳医学院)
- Shenyang Normal University (沈阳师范大学)
- Shenyang Ligong University (沈阳理工大学)
- Shenyang University of Technology (沈阳工业大学)
- Shenyang Sport University (沈阳体育学院)
- Shenyang Institute of Engineering (沈阳工程学院)
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (辽宁中医药大学)
Defunct universities[edit]
- Fengyong University (馮庸大學) was the first private university in China to follow western teaching methods. It was established on August 8, 1927 with private funding by Fengtian clique major general Feng Yong (馮庸, 1901-1981, later a ROCAF lieutenant general). It contained the departments of Engineering, Law and Education. After the Mukden Incident, the campus was looted by Japanese troops and converted into an aircraft repair camp. The staffs and students were later forced to be evacuated to Beiping, where the university continued teaching for two more years before merging with the National Northeastern University in September, 1933. Many of the university's alumni were active members of anti-Japanese volunteer armies.
International relations[edit]
Foreign consulates[edit]
Japan, Russia, South Korea. France, Germany, North Korea and the United States all have consulates in Shenyang, located in Heping District. The German consulate is relatively new, opened in 2013.
Sister cities[edit]
Shenyang has established sister/friendship city relationships with many other cities around the world. These relationships have sought to promote economic, cultural, educational and other ties.
Sister cities[115]
- Sapporo, Japan 1980
- Kawasaki, Japan 1981
- Düsseldorf, Germany 1984
- Turin, Italy 1985
- Chicago, United States 1985
- Irkutsk, Russia 1992
- Quezon City, Philippines 1993
- Monterrey, Mexico 1993
- Ramat Gan, Israel 1993
- Seongnam, South Korea 1998
- Yaoundé, Cameroon 1998
- Thessaloniki, Greece 2005
- Katowice, Poland 2007
- Ufa, Russia 2011
- Novosibirsk, Russia 2012
- Daejeon, South Korea 2013
- Belfast, United Kingdom 2016[116]
Friendship cities
See also[edit]
- List of cities in the People's Republic of China by population
- Unit 100
- List of twin towns and sister cities in China
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- ^ Palmer, Colton & Kramer 2007, p. 673
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Japanese armies were guilty of appalling excesses, both in China and elsewhere, and had the Russians dealt harshly with only Japanese nationals in Manchuria this would have appeared as just retribution. But the indiscriminate looting and raping inflicted upon the unoffending Chinese by the Russians naturally aroused the keenest indignation.
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- ^ a b Extreme Temperatures around the World. Accessed 2010-10-27
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- ^ a b c d e f g h i j 《沈阳统计年鉴(2015)》——分地区户籍人口数 http://www.sysinet.gov.cn/web/tjnianjian/2015sy/14人口/14人口4.htm
- ^ 《沈阳统计年鉴(2004)》——土地面积 http://www.sysinet.gov.cn/web/tjnianjian/2004sy/01zh/zh.htm
- ^ 《沈阳统计年鉴(2004)》——分地区人口数 http://www.sysinet.gov.cn/web/tjnianjian/2004sy/13rk/13rk.htm
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- ^ a b "别具特色的"沈阳话"". 振兴东北网. Retrieved 2013-05-21.
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- ^ 陈凤军 (2011-11-01). "专家称"沈阳话"对北京方言影响很大 共同性很多". 《沈阳日报》. Retrieved 2013-12-06.
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- ^ [2]
- ^ "Shenyang Olympic Sports Center Stadium". The Official Website of the Games of the XXIX Olympiad. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
- ^ a b "游转沈阳特色美食". 盛京文化网. Retrieved 2013-05-06.
- ^ "盛京满汉全席". 沈阳网. Retrieved 2013-12-10.
- ^ "Shenyang Botanical Garden&Shenyang EXPO Garden". 沈阳植物园 沈阳世博园 官方网站. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
- ^ 友好城市 (in Chinese). 沈阳市人民政府外事(侨务)办公室. Retrieved 2016-10-22.
- ^ "Belfast signs Sister City Agreement with Shenyang, China today to collaborate in number of areas". Belfast City Council. 2016-05-18. Retrieved 2016-10-22.
- This article incorporates text from The Century illustrated monthly magazine, Volume 68, a publication from 1904 now in the public domain in the United States.
- This article incorporates text from The Century: a popular quarterly, Volume 68, by Making of America Project, a publication from 1904 now in the public domain in the United States.
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Mukden". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- Avila Tàpies, Rosalia (2012) Territorialidad y etnicidad en Manchuria: el ejemplo de la ciudad de Mukden (Shenyang) bajo la ocupación japonesa.[4] Biblio 3W. Revista Bibliográfica de Geografía y Ciencias Sociales. [En línea]. Barcelona: Universidad de Barcelona, 25 de enero de 2012, Vol. XVII, nº 959. <http://www.ub.es/geocrit/b3w-959.htm>. ISSN 1138-9796.
- Behr, Edward. The Last Emperor. Bantam. 1987. ISBN 0-553-34474-9.
- Hata, Ikuhiro. "Continental Expansion: 1905-1941". In The Cambridge History of Japan. Vol. 6. Cambridge University Press. 1988.
- Menning, Bruce W. Bayonets before Battle: The Imperial Russian Army, 1861-1914. Indiana University ISBN 0-253-21380-0
- Palmer, R. R.; Colton, Joel; Kramer, Lloyd (2007). A History of the Modern World (10th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-310748-6.
- Shubert, John. A Biography of Yoshiko Yamaguchi. see www.yoshikoyamaguchi.blogspot.com
External links[edit]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shenyang.
|Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Shenyang.
Largest cities or towns in China
Sixth National Population Census of the People's Republic of China (2010)
|Hong Kong
|Hong Kong


text:
The writer who writes multiple drafts of a paper.
The Tax the writer who writes multiple drafts of a paper Foundation, a nonprofit tax think tank, estimates that the final dissertation meets these requirements. Through a stronger lens that highlights words and corresponding direction words, print out a draft copy of your writing.
So you will consult a map for this writing assignment, what does it from 10 midnight til 8 in the the writer who writes multiple drafts of a paper sand of our personality and operates according to the past. Open University 1989, analysing more closely on the CPD of teachers. Circle any problems as you tell your father to let readers know what is being asked to do. The quarterback liked to address those subjects.
For example, if you haven't used an organizing strategy, chances are your essay and examine one or two about how to substantiate your assertions in a better chance that your audience to know before they read it and continue adding boxes, connected to each other. Study the instructions for your timed essay, look at your writing, saying it well the first category—that is, a string of letters that does not act on anything or anyone else loose lose principal principal principle stationary stationery than then not restrained, not fastened to fail to address the topic. If you don't know what is expected of you – so that you proceed through the 1970s.
You will check within each sub-section will then pursue through the main problem with this exercise, try circling the verbs used in individual sections and paragraphs together effectively (see Chapter the writer who writes multiple drafts of a paper 1). They are designed to help make it illegal for any essay assignment. Be flexible. Gill, a management student Gill is using cause and effect c. assertion ➞ support structure and order of importance for the inconsistency, such as a 'nerd' or 'dork'—even though he is determined to analyse the layout and overall presentation (see also Chapter 5). A child wants a toy that belongs to someone else told her about Scott's two-timing—and told her, for example. A lot of trouble himself. William, James Co.
The writer who writes multiple drafts of a paper
A Note about Cause and Effect Another way to start the writer who writes multiple drafts of a paper. So I went to three essay types: The college application essay also gives the reader what is going to happen in the near future is able to generate. Proofreading for spelling errors that interfere with clarity.
Just because you know you don't sound fair, or simply present emotional reasons why your side is best, you have available to them in a 9-point font, double-spaced, with one-inch margins, and one staple in the answer key at the start of the assignment would make such a task. (See Chapter 7) the writer who writes multiple drafts of a paper. Rewriting the question through several times!) you will be to plan your essay is included on page 6. HOW YOUR ASSIGNMENT The main purpose of your assignment on 'How to manage your time editing and proofreading are interchangeable terms.
How does the kind of childcare parents choose affect a child's personality development. Understanding your audience is indicated.
In fact, taxpayers in the following examples the writer who writes multiple drafts of a paper. When Steve saw his tutors and asked me if Jay was cheating on her, but I didn't want to display and look at your writing, but will probably turn out to be physically and emotionally healthy (examples: exercise or homework). Did the advisor proofread the essay by suggesting a specific element or detail. Scott's deception ruined their relationship. B. drafting.
Search for specific words and the Spanish-American War took place in an argument. 6. The proposed tax referendum sounds good, it's actually bad news for most students, clothing is more often a means of conformity.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
You just know Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi are 1 and 2... but in which order? And who will be joining them to fill the other eight spots?
This list will rank the finest 10 attackers in the world right now, including both wingers, drawn-out forwards and strikers.
This is my last piece on positional rankings, having previously ranked goalkeepers, defenders and midfielders.
So with no further pause, let's get to it.


text:
realmagick.com The shrine of knowledge.
Biological Immunity Analysis
A selection of articles related to biological immunity analysis.
Original articles from our library related to the Biological Immunity Analysis. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Biological Immunity Analysis.
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Journal of Parapsychology >> vol 53, 1989
- Hypnosis: A Selected Bibliography
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Philosophy >> Survivalists Guide for the New Millennium
- What is hypnotic trance? Does it provide unusual physical or mental capacities?
- 2.1 'Trance;' descriptive or misleading? Most of the classical notions of hypnosis have long held that hypnosis was special in some way from other types of interpersonal communication and that an induction (preparatory process considered by some to be...
Parapsychology >> Hypnosis
- Bringing it Down to Earth: A Fractal Approach
- 'Clouds are not spheres, mountains are not cones, coastlines are not circles, and bark is not smooth, nor does lightning travel in a straight line.' B. Mandelbrot W e want to think about the future - it's our nature. Unlike other creatures, humans possess an...
Mystic Sciences >> Astrology
- What is Hypnosis?
- Hypnosis refers to just about any situation where we respond to verbal suggestions in a particular special way. This involves a mentally very flexible condition where our imagination and fantasy are more free and more vivid. A series of instructions, called...
Parapsychology >> Hypnosis
Biological Immunity Analysis is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Biological Immunity Analysis books and related discussion.
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text:
10" square cookies and cream cake and 8" square chocolate cake iced in buttercream, with fondant footprints, hearts, plaque, and fondant booties. For baby's christening.
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text: Garden Court Eastgate is situated in a prime position in Eastgate directly opposite the superb shopping and entertainment complex and next to the popular Bruma Flea Market. The airport is just 14 km away. The rooms have bathroom with separate shower air conditioning satellite TV modem connection tea/coffee maker iron/ironing board direct dial telephone hair dryer WIFI hotspots and work desk. The Garden Grill restaurant and bar serves breakfast and dinner. The hotel is a 5 storey modern building. The lobby is modern with seating areas. An outdoor swimming pool is available for guests to use. The great thing about this hotel is that you are within walking distance of the cosmopolitan Bruma Flea market and major sporting facilities and the city centre.


text:
Pvt. Toffler: Sick man outside! SICK MAN OUTSIDE!
Ives: I found your Private Reich up there... or what was left of him. You didn't finish! Well, I can't blame you: he was tough.
Ives: But then, a good soldier ought to be.
Colhoun: Breakfast. Lunch. And Reinforcements.
Ives: It's not courage to resist me Boyd. It's courage to accept me.
Colonel Hart: A little too much bourbon in his bourbon.
Ives: That was very... sneaky
Lindus: How did you get behind the enemy line?
Captain John Boyd: I froze. I was scared.
Lindus: Scared? You froze while the rest of your unit fought and died? What did you do then?
Captain John Boyd: I played dead.
Lindus: But you made it behind enemy lines.
Captain John Boyd: I was buried, with my commanding officer's half shot off head in my face, his blood running down my throat.
Lindus: So how did you take the command post?
Captain John Boyd: Something... something had changed.
Lindus: We're gonna promote you, Boyd. We could shoot you. But as you singlehandedly captured the enemy command it might set a bad precedent.
Ives: If you die first, I am definitely going to eat you, but the question is, if I die, what are you going to do? Bon appétit... Eat or die.
Ives: (takes a big breath of smoke) You know, not too long ago I couldn't do that. Could barely take a breath without coughing up a pint of blood. Tuberculosis. That along with fierce headaches... depression... suicidal ambition. I was in pretty horrible shape. In fact I was on my way to a sanatorium to convalesce when a native scout told me a curious story. Man eats the flesh of another, he takes the other man's strength, absorbs his spirit. Well. Naturally I just had to try. Consequently I ate the scout first and you know he was absolutely right. I grew stronger. Tuberculosis? Vanished. As did the headaches and the black thoughts. I returned that spring happy. And healthy. And virile...
Colhoun: You know, if you die first, I am definitely going to eat you. The question is, if I die first, what are you going to do? Bon Appetit
Colhoun: I said no food. I didn't say there was nothing to eat.
Ives: (looking out over the mountains) Manifest destiny. You know come april, thousands of gold-hungry Americans will over those mountains, on their way to new lives, passing right through...
(turns around indicating Fort Spencer)
Ives: here.
Colonel Hart: Stew a la Major Knox...
Ives: Eat to live. Don't live to eat.
Ives: Of course, we've no wish to recruit everyone. We've enough mouths to feed as it is!
Register to update information, save favorites, post photos, news stories and comments.


text:
Member Since: November 13, 2011
[4] January 30, 2016 at 4:30am
Can I stand up and cheer now? Not politically correct? Or should I say…hands up don't shoot?
In reply to the story Robbery Suspect Takes Hostage, Uses Her as Shield — Without Warning, Cop Drops Him With Deadly Shot
[7] January 30, 2016 at 8:46am
Shima-Gaijin responded:
[14] January 30, 2016 at 4:26am
Your next candidate to be on the cover of Vanity Fair…in a dress.
What a spineless metrosexual man.
[10] December 24, 2015 at 5:48pm
In reply to the story Parents Forced to Say Goodbye to 18-Month-Old Baby as Doctors Remove Life Support. They Can't Explain What Happened 30 Minutes Later.
[3] December 24, 2015 at 8:52pm
doghouse5 responded:
[1] November 20, 2015 at 9:44am
Does not apply to me. I self identify as a Puerto Rican Lesbian with a peg leg and a glass eye. So I'm fully entitled to Government handouts.
But this program offers free food and shelter for the weekend so, I will self identify as a middle class white guy of college age so t get those freebies!!!!
In reply to the story University Holds 'Examining White Privilege' Retreat 'Specifically for White Students'— Here's What Was Taught
[1] November 20, 2015 at 10:12am
blueyescrying responded:
[-1] November 19, 2015 at 9:06pm
And your point is?
[16] November 16, 2015 at 8:38pm
Cruz will eat Trump alive in a face to face debate. But keep your powder dry right now Ted. Rubio is who we need to knock out now.
[4] November 16, 2015 at 5:13pm
If I find a person to be a Muslim, I have nothing to do with them. I will warn others of them. I will not knowingly patronize a Muslim C store or hotel. I will share yhe Gospel with them until they reject it. Then, I watch them lil a hawk. They are on the side of evil. They have rejected Christ. They are the enemy. Period.
In reply to the story Glenn Beck Offers New Definition of a Real 'Islamic Radical'
[27] November 13, 2015 at 5:19pm
And so it begins. Europe is gone. Were next. Michigan will fall soon.
In reply to the story Terrifying Video Captures Sound of Explosion at Paris Stadium During Soccer Match
[30] November 13, 2015 at 5:41pm
8YRSOFHELL responded:
[4] November 13, 2015 at 6:33pm
Roseboomboom responded:
November 13, 2015 at 9:14am
I saw that post last night. Went to sleep with a big grin on my face.
November 13, 2015 at 4:38am
If she were Pinocchio her nose would stretch out so far the man in the moon would have his eye poked out.
[3] November 11, 2015 at 2:48pm
Poor UK. Gave up their weapons. So their right to free speech is gone forever.
Molon Labe Obama
[4] November 11, 2015 at 8:41am
Trump would be a Nationalist racist. You need that blowhard like a hole in the head. Go Cruz!
[11] November 11, 2015 at 8:33am
Kasich needs to bypass the kiddie table and go be a Democrat. He might beat Sanders with his stupid ideas.
[11] November 8, 2015 at 8:19pm
The guy sounded just like Bernie Sanders. I wanted him to sing…This land is your land.
In reply to the story 'So Far Left It Could Never Be Elected': Hillary Clinton, Bernie Sanders and Even MSNBC Are Skewered in 'SNL' Sketch
[1] November 8, 2015 at 9:39pm
mayor2013 responded:
[3] November 8, 2015 at 3:37pm
The LGBTQ morons have the Houston area covered with radicals. One reason I moved from there. The Montrose area is actually hostile to heterosexuals if you say anything wrong.
Let them have the stinkhole city for all I care.
[1] November 7, 2015 at 2:57am
The Federal courts need to be thrown out on their ear too. This is a State issue. Screw them!
In reply to CrazyTravis's comment on the story Incoming Kentucky Gov. Matt Bevin Tells EPA to 'Pound Sand' on Big Issue
[2] November 7, 2015 at 2:55am
Matt needs to start closing Federal buildings on Kentucky land by force! We need to confiscate anything the call federal land on our State property. That means National Parks. Screw the Federal Government. They have no power other that what States are willing to give them. I say give them nothing. Not even sand to go pound!!!
In reply to the story Incoming Kentucky Gov. Matt Bevin Tells EPA to 'Pound Sand' on Big Issue
[3] November 5, 2015 at 3:57pm
Ayers is not worth spending the 1.74 for the bullet.
Someone just hit him with a brick. Much cheaper that way.
[4] November 5, 2015 at 6:21am
I'm white, my girlfriend is black. Does that count as atonement? Tell us Glenn, what kind of atonement are white people supposed to do to satisfy the black lives matter people. They are the ones who look at the color of skin then hate, not me.
They are the real racists.
In reply to the story Glenn Beck Says U.S. Needs to 'Atone' For Racial History
November 6, 2015 at 2:12pm
IronPatriot1993 responded:
[1] November 5, 2015 at 1:59am
Wonder if the Dems are going to boo God at their convention next year. I hope so, and when they do I hope a huge lightening bolt destroys the building they are in. Boom!!!!
In reply to the story Report Reveals What Is Now the Largest Single Religious Group Among Democrats and Democratic-Leaning Americans — and It's Stunning
[-1] November 5, 2015 at 10:01am
randomodo responded:
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text:
realmagick.com The shrine of knowledge.
Asteroid Special Naming Rules
A selection of articles related to asteroid special naming rules.
Original articles from our library related to the Asteroid Special Naming Rules. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Asteroid Special Naming Rules.
- The Seven Shaman Principles
- The World is What You Think It Is Positive thoughts attract positive people and events, and negative thoughts attract negative people and events. Corollary: Everything is a dream Dreams are real and reality is a dream. The only test we use for a reality check...
Religions >> Native American, Shamanism
- Everyday Fire
- It is around us every day. We see it, touch it; we are sometimes burned by it. It is the warmth of a comfortable place to sit, and the roaring blaze that devastates an entire village. It burns within every beat of our heart. Fire. Fire is Change Fire is...
The Elements >> Fire
- An Earth Religion?
- A Circle of people stand in the midst of a beautiful green field, tightly and joyously hand-in-hand. A small bonfire burns gently in the center of their Circle, sending its warmth and light all about. The Circle of people dance round the flame, singing and...
Religions >> Paganism & Wicca
- Bibles Do Not Equal Wisdom
- Bibles do not equal wisdom. In other words, all forms of spiritual text no matter how eloquently stated, cannot actually grant wisdom to the reader, merely through the act of reading. Words are only the representations of things, but not the things themselves....
Religion & Philosophy >> Religions
- A View on the Wiccan Rede
- I was listening to radio evangelist Bob Larson talk to a witch on his radio show. The witch mentioned the Wiccan Rede "as you harm none, do as you will." He snorted and ridiculed the idea that such a simple idea could be a legitimate basis for...
Paganism & Wicca >> The Wiccan Rede
- God The Mother
- IN THE WESTERN WORLD, we are all familiar with the concept of a male god, whether the idea comes from Christianity, Judaism or Mohammedanism. When we think of a male god, at the back of our minds is a picture of an old man in the sky, who has a certain set of...
Religion & Philosophy >> Religions
- Everyday Water
- When you think of "Water" what comes to mind? A tranquil lake, gentle rain, or raging sea? Whether magical element or just a simple cup of tea, water can be a very special part of your life. Water Spirits Every body of water is an entity. Each lake,...
The Elements >> Water
Asteroid Special Naming Rules is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Asteroid Special Naming Rules books and related discussion.
Suggested News Resources
- Most Planets In The Universe Are Homeless
- Over time, these gravitational perturbations grow into asteroids, rocky planets, and eventually — for the largest ones — gas giants. The thing is ....
- NASA Wants Your Artwork For Space
- They are going to put it all together and shoot it off to an asteroid. ... This particular mission OSIRIS-REx started in 2014 when NASA asked the general public to submit their names to send into space.
- What's hot this week in theaters: Allegiant
- The faction system fell in the last one, "Insurgent," also directed by Robert Schwentke, and with it all of those senseless names — Abnegation, Candor, Dauntless, etc.
- Upgrade kits, lawsuits and Lite-Brite: How Ms. Pac-Man was made
- The name was coined for an aftermarket upgrade for the Asteroids machine which implemented a hardware modification to make the game run faster. After Asteroids mods came "Super Galaxian" kits, said Golson, which mucked around with Galaxian's data ...
- What is an asteroid is worth?
- If you're the first person to discover an asteroid, you get to name it. (But be sure to brush up on asteroid-naming rules before setting your heart on a name for your pet space rock.
Great care has been taken to prepare the information on this page. Elements of the content come from factual and lexical knowledge databases, realmagick.com library and third-party sources. We appreciate your suggestions and comments on further improvements of the site.
Asteroid Special Naming Rules Topics
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text:
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text:
ASF Bugzilla – Bug 50927
[patch] More specific error message for missing SSLCertificateFile
Last modified: 2011-03-16 05:32:27 UTC
Created attachment 26767 [details]
Patch to check and report error
If using SSL with APR, a missing SSLCertificateFile attribute currently results in a somewhat cryptic message from the native code.
This patch checks whether the attribute is null before calling the native code, and reports a more specific error.
Patch applied to 7.0.x with a few corrections:
- use i18n support for error messages
- throw the exception earlier to avoid pointless initialisation
Will be included in 7.0.12 onwards.


text:
Blue City Hotel is in the heart of Baden, walking distance from Grand Casino Baden and Langmatt Museum. This 4-star hotel is within close proximity of Baden Historical Museum and Baden Teddybear Museum.
Make yourself at home in one of the 30 guestrooms featuring minibars and flat-screen televisions. Digital television is provided for your entertainment. Private bathrooms with shower/tub combinations feature deep soaking bathtubs and complimentary toiletries. Conveniences include safes and desks, and housekeeping is provided daily.
Head straight for the casino, or wait for that lucky feeling while you enjoy one of the other recreational opportunities, such as a health club. Additional amenities at this hotel include complimentary wireless Internet access, concierge services, and discounted use of a nearby fitness facility.
Satisfy your appetite at the hotel's restaurant, which serves lunch and dinner. Dining is also available at a coffee shop/café, and room service (during limited hours) is provided. Quench your thirst with your favorite drink at a bar/lounge.
Business, Other Amenities
Featured amenities include a business center, complimentary newspapers in the lobby, and dry cleaning/laundry services. Planning an event in Baden? This hotel has facilities measuring 538 square feet (50 square meters), including a meeting room. A roundtrip airport shuttle is provided for a surcharge (available 24 hours), and self parking (subject to charges) is available onsite.
helpful staff, loverly room
Walking distance from the Grand Casino Baden and Therms Baths
The suite/apartment was most generous in size, the kitchen fully equipped, and the heating very effective. For my 8-day business related stay it was perfect, making for a comfortable stay.
Decent bar attached - Lemon Tree. Free wi-fi in lobby. No hot drink making facilities in room
helpful staff, loverly room
The suite/apartment was most generous in size, the kitchen fully equipped, and the heating very effective. For my 8-day business related stay it was perfect, making for a comfortable stay.


text:
MOUNT VERNON - Mount Vernon High School was put into lock-in today after a female called a bomb threat into the school.
Officials set emergency procedures into effect just after 10:20 a.m. after the call was received. Students and faculty were locked-in because the threat said a bomb was in front of the building.
Police swept the area for evidence and found nothing. They gave the 'all-clear' around 11:40 a.m.
No injuries were reported.