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Skip to comments.Judaisms Sexual Revolution: Why Judaism (and then Christianity) Rejected Homosexuality
Posted on 11/23/2007 10:15:15 AM PST by NYer
When Judaism demanded that all sexual activity be channeled into marriage, it changed the world. The Torah's prohibition of non-marital sex quite simply made the creation of Western civilization possible.
This revolution consisted of forcing the sexual genie into the marital bottle. It ensured that sex no longer dominated society, heightened male-female love and sexuality (and thereby almost alone created the possibility of love and eroticism within marriage), and began the arduous task of elevating the status of women.
It is probably impossible for us, who live thousands of years after Judaism began this process, to perceive the extent to which undisciplined sex can dominate man's life and the life of society. Throughout the ancient world, and up to the recent past in many parts of the world, sexuality infused virtually all of society.
Human sexuality, especially male sexuality, is polymorphous, or utterly wild (far more so than animal sexuality). Men have had sex with women and with men; with little girls and young boys; with a single partner and in large groups; with total strangers and immediate family members; and with a variety of domesticated animals. They have achieved orgasm with inanimate objects such as leather, shoes, and other pieces of clothing, through urinating and defecating on each other (interested readers can see a photograph of the former at select art museums exhibiting the works of the photographer Robert Mapplethorpe); by dressing in women's garments; by watching other human beings being tortured; by fondling children of either sex; by listening to a woman's disembodied voice (e.g., phone sex); and, of course, by looking at pictures of bodies or parts of bodies. There is little, animate or inanimate, that has not excited some men to orgasm. Of course, not all of these practices have been condoned by societies parent-child incest and seducing another's man's wife have rarely been countenanced but many have, and all illustrate what the unchanneled, or in Freudian terms, the un-sublimated, sex drive can lead to.
De-sexualizing God and religion
Among the consequences of the unchanneled sex drive is the sexualization of everything including religion. Unless the sex drive is appropriately harnessed (not squelched which leads to its own destructive consequences), higher religion could not have developed. Thus, the first thing Judaism did was to de-sexualize God: In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth by his will, not through any sexual behavior. This was an utterly radical break with all other religions, and it alone changed human history. The gods of virtually all civilizations engaged in sexual relations. In the Near East, the Babylonian god Ishtar seduced a man, Gilgamesh, the Babylonian hero. In Egyptian religion, the god Osiris had sexual relations with his sister, the goddess Isis, and she conceived the god Horus. In Canaan, El, the chief god, had sex with Asherah. In Hindu belief, the god Krishna was sexually active, having had many wives and pursuing Radha; the god Samba, son of Krishna, seduced mortal women and men. In Greek beliefs, Zeus married Hera, chased women, abducted the beautiful young male, Ganymede, and masturbated at other times; Poseidon married Amphitrite, pursued Demeter, and raped Tantalus. In Rome, the gods sexually pursued both men and women.
Given the sexual activity of the gods, it is not surprising that the religions themselves were replete with all forms of sexual activity. In the ancient Near Fast and elsewhere, virgins were deflowered by priests prior to engaging in relations with their husbands, and sacred or ritual prostitution was almost universal. Psychiatrist and sexual historian Norman Sussman describes the situation thus: Male and female prostitutes, serving temporarily or permanently and performing heterosexual, homosexual oral-genital, bestial, and other forms of sexual activities, dispense their favors in behalf of the temple. Throughout the ancient Near East, from very early times, anal intercourse formed a part of goddess worship. In ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Canaan, annual ceremonial intercourse took place between the king and a priestess. Women prostitutes had intercourse with male worshippers in the sanctuaries and temples of ancient Mesopotamia, Phoenicia, Cyprus, Corinth, Carthage, Sicily, Egypt, Libya, West Africa, and ancient and modern India. In ancient Israel itself, there were repeated attempts to re-introduce temple prostitution, resulting in repeated Jewish wars against cultic sex. The Bible records that the Judean king Asa put away the qdeshim [temple male prostitutes] out of the land; that his successor, Jehosaphat put away out of the land ...the remnant of the qdeshim that remained in the days of his father Asa; and that later, King Josiah, in his religious reforms, broke down the houses of the qdeshim. In India until this century, certain Hindu cults have required intercourse between monks and nuns, and wives would have intercourse with priests who represent the god. Until it was made illegal in 1948, when India gained independence, Hindu temples in many parts of India had both women and boy prostitutes. In the fourteenth century, the Chinese found homosexual Tibetan religious rites practiced at the court of a Mongol emperor. In Sri Lanka through this century, Buddhist worship of the goddess Pattini has involved priests dressed as women, and the consort of the goddess is symbolically castrated.
Judaism placed controls on sexual activity. It could no longer dominate religion and social life. It was to be sanctified which in Hebrew means separated from the world and placed in the home, in the bed of husband and wife. Judaism's restricting of sexual behavior was one of the essential elements that enabled society to progress. Along with ethical monotheism, the revolution begun by the Torah when it declared war on the sexual practices of the world wrought the most far-reaching changes in history.
Inventing homosexuality
The revolutionary nature of Judaism's prohibiting all forms of non-marital sex was nowhere more radical, more challenging to the prevailing assumptions of mankind, than with regard to homosexuality. Indeed, Judaism may be said to have invented the notion of homosexuality, for in the ancient world sexuality was not divided between heterosexuality and homosexuality. That division was the Bible's doing. Before the Bible, the world divided sexuality between penetrator (active partner) and penetrated (passive partner).
As Martha Nussbaum, professor of philosophy at Brown University, recently wrote, the ancients were no more concerned with people's gender preference than people today are with others' eating preferences:
Ancient categories of sexual experience differed considerably from our own... The central distinction in sexual morality was the distinction between active and passive roles. The gender of the object... is not in itself morally problematic. Boys and women are very often treated interchangeably as objects of [male] desire. What is socially important is to penetrate rather than to be penetrated. Sex is understood fundamentally not as interaction, but as a doing of some thing to someone...
Judaism changed all this. It rendered the gender of the object very morally problematic; it declared that no one is interchangeable sexually. And as a result, it ensured that sex would in fact be fundamentally interaction and not simply a doing of something to someone.
To appreciate the extent of the revolution wrought by Judaism's prohibiting homosexuality and demanding that all sexual interaction be male-female, it is first necessary to appreciate just how universally accepted, valued, and practiced homosexuality has been throughout the world.
The one continuous exception was Jewish civilization and a thousand years later, Christian civilization. Other than the Jews, none of the archaic civilizations prohibited homosexuality per se, Dr. David E. Greenberg notes. It was Judaism alone that about 3,000 years ago declared homosexuality wrong.
And it said so in the most powerful and unambiguous language it could: Thou shalt not lie with mankind, as with womankind; it is an abomination. And if a man lie with mankind, as with womankind, both of them have committed an abomination. It is Judaism's sexual morality, not homosexuality, that historically has been deviant.
Greenberg, whose The Construction of Homosexuality is the most thorough historical study of homosexuality ever written, summarizes the ubiquitous nature of homosexuality in these words: With only a few exceptions, male homosexuality was not stigmatized or repressed so long as it conformed to norms regarding gender and the relative ages and statuses of the partners... The major exceptions to this acceptance seem to have arisen in two circumstances. Both of these circumstances were Jewish.
Bible truth
The Hebrew Bible, in particular the Torah (The Five Books of Moses), has done more to civilize the world than any other book or idea in history. It is the Hebrew Bible that gave humanity such ideas as a universal, moral, loving God; ethical obligations to this God; the need for history to move forward to moral and spiritual redemption; the belief that history has meaning; and the notion that human freedom and social justice are the divinely desired states for all people. It gave the world the Ten Commandments, ethical monotheism, and the concept of holiness (the goal of raising human beings from the animal-like to the God-like). Therefore, when this Bible makes strong moral proclamations, I listen with great respect. And regarding male homosexuality female homosexuality is not mentioned this Bible speaks in such clear and direct language that one does not have to be a religious fundamentalist in order to be influenced by its views. All that is necessary is to consider oneself a serious Jew or Christian.
Jews or Christians who take the Bible's views on homosexuality seriously are not obligated to prove that they are not fundamentalists or literalists, let alone bigots (though, of course, people have used the Bible to defend bigotry). Rather, those who claim homosexuality is compatible with Judaism or Christianity bear the burden of proof to reconcile this view with their Bible. Given the unambiguous nature of the biblical attitude toward homosexuality, however, such a reconciliation is not possible. All that is possible is to declare: I am aware that the Bible condemns homosexuality, and I consider the Bible wrong. That would be an intellectually honest approach. But this approach leads to another problem. If one chooses which of the Bible's moral injunctions to take seriously (and the Bible states its prohibition of homosexuality not only as a law, but as a value it is an abomination), of what moral use is the Bible?
Advocates of the religious acceptance of homosexuality respond that while the Bible is morally advanced in some areas, it is morally regressive in others. Its condemnation of homosexuality is one example, and the Torah's permitting slavery is another. Far from being immoral, however, the Torah's prohibition of homosexuality was a major part of its liberation (1) of the human being from the bonds of unrestrained sexuality and (2) of women from being peripheral to men's lives. As for slavery, while the Bible declares homosexuality wrong, it never declares slavery good.
Those who advocate religious acceptance of homosexuality also argue that the Bible prescribes the death penalty for a multitude of sins, including such seemingly inconsequential acts as gathering wood on the Sabbath. Thus, the fact that the Torah declares homosexuality a capital offense may mean that homosexuality is no more grave an offense than some violation of the Sabbath. And since we no longer condemn people who violate the Sabbath, why continue to condemn people who engage in homosexual acts?
The answer is that we do not derive our approach toward homosexuality from the fact that the Torah made it a capital offense. We learn it from the fact that the Bible makes a moral statement about homosexuality. It makes no statement about gathering wood on the Sabbath. The Torah uses its strongest term of censure abomination to describe homosexuality. It is the Bible's moral evaluation of homosexuality that distinguishes homosexuality from other offenses, capital or otherwise. As Professor Greenberg, who betrays no inclination toward religious belief writes, When the word toevah (abomination) does appear in the Hebrew Bible, it is sometimes applied to idolatry, cult prostitution, magic, or divination, and is sometimes used more generally. It always conveys great repugnance (emphasis added). Moreover, the Bible lists homosexuality together with child sacrifice among the abominations practiced by the peoples living in the land about to be conquered by the Jews. The two are certainly not morally equatable, but they both characterized a morally primitive world that Judaism set out to destroy. They both characterized a way of life opposite to the one that God demanded of Jews (and even of non-Jew homosexuality is among the sexual offenses that constitute one of the seven laws of the children of Noah that Judaism holds all people must observe). Finally, the Bible adds a unique threat to the Jews if they engage in homosexuality and the other offenses of the Canaanites: You will be vomited out of the land just as the non-Jews who practise these things were vomited out of the land. Again, as Greenberg notes, this threat suggests that the offenses were considered serious indeed.
Choose life
Judaism cannot make peace with homosexuality because homosexuality denies many of Judaism's most fundamental principles. It denies life, it denies God's expressed desire that men and women cohabit, and it denies the root structure that Judaism wishes for all mankind, the family.
If one can speak of Judaism's essence, it is contained in the Torah statement, I have set before you life and death, the blessing and the curse, and you shall choose life. Judaism affirms whatever enhances life, and it opposes or separates whatever represents death. Thus, a Jewish priest (cohen) is to concern himself only with life. Perhaps alone among world religions, Judaism forbade its priests to come into contact with the dead. To cite some other examples, meat (death) is separated from milk (life); menstruation (death) is separated from sexual intercourse (life); carnivorous animals (death) are separated from vegetarian, kosher, animals (life). This is probably why the Torah juxtaposes child sacrifice with male homosexuality. Though they are not morally analogous, both represent death: one deprives children of life, the other prevents their having life. This parallelism is present in the Talmud: He who does not engage in propagation of the race is as though he had shed blood.
GOD'S FIRST DECLARATION about man (the human being generally, and the male specifically) is, It is not good for man to be alone. Now, presumably, in order to solve the problem of man's aloneness, God could have made another man or even a community of men. But instead God solved man's aloneness by creating one other person, a woman not a man, not a few women, not a community of men and women. Man's solitude was not a function of his not being with other people; it was a function of his being without a woman. Of course, Judaism also holds that women need men. But both the Torah statement and Jewish law have been more adamant about men marrying than about women marrying. Judaism is worried about what happens to men and to society when men do not channel their passions into marriage. In this regard, the Torah and Judaism were highly prescient: the overwhelming majority of violent crimes are committed by unmarried men. Thus, male celibacy, a sacred state in many religions, is a sin in Judaism. In order to become fully human, male and female must join. In the words of Genesis, God created the human ... male and female He created them. The union of male and female is not merely some lovely ideal; it is the essence of the Jewish outlook on becoming human. To deny it is tantamount to denying a primary purpose of life.
Few Jews need to be informed of the centrality of family to Jewish life. Throughout their history, one of the Jews' most distinguishing characteristics has been their commitment to family life. To Judaism, the family not the nation, and not the individual is to be the fundamental unit, the building block of society. Thus, when God blesses Abraham He says, Through you all the families of the earth will be blessed.
The enemy of women
Yet another reason for Judaism's opposition to homosexuality is homosexuality's negative effect on women.
One of the most remarkable aspects of contemporary societies' acceptance of homosexuality is the lack of outcry from and on behalf of women. I say outcry because there is certainly much quiet crying by women over this issue, as heard in the frequent lament from single women that so many single men are gay. But the major reason for anyone concerned with women's equality to be concerned with homosexuality is the direct correlation between the prevalence of male homosexuality and the relegation of women to a low social role. The improvement of the condition of women has only occurred in Western civilization, the civilization least tolerant of homosexuality.
In societies where men sought out men for love and sex, women were relegated to society's periphery. Thus, for example, ancient Greece, which elevated homosexuality to an ideal, was characterized by a misogynistic attitude, in Norman Sussman's words. Homosexuality in ancient Greece, he writes, was closely linked to an idealized concept of the man as the focus of intellectual and physical activities...The woman was seen as serving but two roles. As a wife, she ran the home. As a courtesan, she satisfied male sexual desires. Classicist Eva Keuls describes Athens at its height of philosophical and artistic greatness as a society dominated by men who sequester their wives and daughters, denigrate the female role in reproduction, erect monuments to the male genitalia, have sex with the sons of their peers...
In medieval France, when men stressed male-male love, it implied a corresponding lack of interest in women. In the Song of Roland, a French mini-epic given its final form in the late eleventh or twelfth century, women appear only as shadowy marginal figures: The deepest signs of affection in the poem, as well as in similar ones appear in the love of man for man... The women of Arab society, wherein male homosexuality has been widespread, remain in a notably low state in the modern world. This may be a coincidence, but common sense suggests a linkage. So, too, in traditional Chinese culture, the low state of women has been linked to widespread homosexuality. As a French physician reported from China in the nineteenth century, Chinese women were such docile, homebound dullards that the men, like those of ancient Greece, sought courtesans and boys.
While traditional Judaism is not as egalitarian as many late twentieth century Jews would like, it was Judaism very much through its insistence on marriage and family and its rejection of infidelity and homosexuality that initiated the process of elevating the status of women. While other cultures were writing homoerotic poetry, the Jews wrote the Song of Songs, one of the most beautiful poems depicting male-female sensual love ever written.
A final reason for opposition to homosexuality is the homosexual lifestyle. While it is possible for male homosexuals to live lives of fidelity comparable to those of heterosexual males, it is usually not the case. While the typical lesbian has had fewer than ten lovers, the typical male homosexual in America has had over 500. In general, neither homosexuals nor heterosexuals confront the fact that it is this male homosexual lifestyle, more than the specific homosexual act, that disturbs most people. This is probably why less attention is paid to female homosexuality. When male sexuality is not controlled, the consequences are considerably more destructive than when female sexuality is not controlled. Men rape. Women do not. Men, not women, engage in fetishes. Men are more frequently consumed by their sex drive, and wander from sex partner to sex partner. Men, not women, are sexually sadistic. The indiscriminate sex that characterizes much of male homosexual life represents the antithesis of Judaism's goal of elevating human life from the animal-like to the Godlike.
The Jewish sexual ideal
Judaism has a sexual ideal marital sex. All other forms of sexual behavior, though not equally wrong, deviate from that ideal. The further they deviate, the stronger Judaism's antipathy to that behavior. Thus, there are varying degrees of sexual wrongs. There is, one could say, a continuum of wrong which goes from premarital sex, to celibacy, to adultery, and on to homosexuality, incest, and bestiality. We can better understand why Judaism rejects homosexuality if we first understand its attitudes toward these other unacceptable practices. For example, normative Judaism forcefully rejects the claim that never marrying is an equally valid lifestyle to marriage. Judaism states that a life without marrying is a less holy, less complete, and a less Jewish life. Thus, only a married man was allowed to be a high priest, and only a man who had children could sit as a judge on the Jewish supreme court, the Sanhedrin. To put it in modern terms, while an unmarried rabbi can be the spiritual leader of a congregation, he would be dismissed by almost any congregation if he publicly argued that remaining single were as Jewishly valid a way of life as marriage. Despite all this, no Jew could argue that single Jews must be ostracized from Jewish communal life. Single Jews are to be loved and included in Jewish family, social, and religious life.
These attitudes toward not marrying should help clarify Judaism's attitude toward homosexuality. First, homosexuality contradicts the Jewish ideal. Second, it cannot be held to be equally valid. Third, those publicly committed to it may not serve as public Jewish role models. But fourth, homosexuals must be included in Jewish communal life and loved as fellow human beings and as Jews. Still, we cannot open the Jewish door to non-marital sex. For once one argues that any non-marital form of sexual behavior is the moral equal of marital sex, the door is opened to all other forms of sexual expression. If consensual homosexual activity is valid, why not consensual incest between adults? Why is sex between an adult brother and sister more objectionable than sex between two adult men? If a couple agrees, why not allow consensual adultery? Once non-marital sex is validated, how can we draw any line? Why shouldn't gay liberation be followed by incest liberation?
Accepting homosexuality as the social, moral, or religious equivalent of heterosexuality would constitute the first modern assault on the extremely hard won, millennia-old battle for a family-based, sexually monogamous society. While it is labeled as progress, the acceptance of homosexuality would not be new at all.
Again, Judaism's sexual ideals, especially its opposition to homosexuality, rendered Jews different from the earliest times to the present. As early as the second century B.C., Jewish writers were noting the vast differences between Jewish sexual and family life and that of their non-Jewish neighbors. In the Syballine Oracles, written by an Egyptian Jew probably between 163 and 45 B.C., the author compared Jews to the other nations: The Jews are mindful of holy wedlock, and they do not engage in impious intercourse with male children, as do Phoenicians, Egyptians, and Romans, specious Greece and many nations of others, Persians and Galatians and all Asia. And in our times. sex historian Amo Karlen wrote that according to the sex researcher Alfred Kinsey, Homosexuality was phenomenally rare among Orthodox Jews.
Moral and psychological questions
To all the arguments offered against homosexuality the most frequent response is: But homosexuals have no choice. To many people this claim is so emotionally powerful that no further reflection seems necessary. How can we oppose actions that people have not chosen? The question is much more instructive when posed in a more specific way: Is homosexuality biologically programmed from birth, or is it socially and psychologically induced? There is clearly no one answer that accounts for all homosexuals. What can be said for certain is that some homosexuals were started along that path in early childhood, and that most homosexuals, having had sex with both sexes, have chosen homosexuality along with or in preference to heterosexuality.
We can say chosen because the vast majority of gay men have had intercourse with women. As a four-year study of 128 gay men by a UCLA professor of psychology revealed, More than 92 percent of the gay men had dated a woman at some time, two-thirds had sexual intercourse with a woman. As of now, the one theory we can rule out is that homosexuals are biologically programmed to be homosexual. Despite an understandably great desire on the part of many to prove it (and my own inclination to believe it), there is simply no evidence that homosexuality is biologically determined. Of course, one could argue homosexuality is biologically determined, but that society, if it suppresses it enough, causes most homosexuals to suppress their homosexuality. Yet, if this argument is true, if society can successfully repress homosexual inclinations, it can lead to either of two conclusions that society should do so for its own sake, or that society should not do so for the individual's sake. Once again we come back to the question of values. Or one could argue that people are naturally (i.e., biologically) bisexual (and given the data I have seen on human sexuality, this may well be true). Ironically, however, if this is true, the argument that homosexuality is chosen is strengthened, not weakened. For if we all have bisexual tendencies, and most of us successfully suppress our homosexual impulses, then obviously homosexuality is frequently both surmountable and chosen. And once again we are brought back to our original question of what sexual ideal society ought to foster heterosexual marital or homosexual sex.
I conclude:
Is homosexuality an illness?
Society, in short, can consider homosexuality right or wrong whether or not it is chosen. Society can also consider homosexuality normal or ill whether or not it is chosen.
Though the father of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud, did not think that in and of itself homosexuality meant that a person was sick, according to his standards of psychosexual development, he considered homosexuality to be an arrested development. But until 1973, psychiatry did consider homosexuality an illness. To cite one of countless examples, Dr. Leo Rangell, a psychoanalyst, wrote that he had never seen a male homosexual who did not also turn out to have a phobia of the vagina.
In 1973, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) removed homosexuality from its official listing of mental illnesses in its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Psychiatric Disorders. Gay activists have used this as a major weapon in their battle for societal acceptance of homosexuality. But, for many reasons, the APA decision has not resolved the question of whether homosexuality is an illness, and the question may well be unresolvable. Given the mixed moral and judgmental record of psychiatry, especially since the 1960s, all one may conclude from the APA's decision to remove homosexuality from its list of illnesses is that while it may have been right, organized psychiatry has given us little reason to trust its judgment on politically charged issues. For these reasons, the fact that the American Psychiatric Association no longer labels homosexuality an illness should not persuade anyone that it is not. Given the subjective nature of the term mental illness, given the power of gay activists, and given the political views of the APA leadership (as opposed to most of its members), the association's vote means nothing to many observers.
If social pressures forced psychiatrists in the past to label homosexuality an illness, how can we be certain that social pressures in our time have not forced them to label it normal? Are present-day psychiatrists less influenced by societal pressures than were their predecessors? I doubt it. So, putting aside psychiatry's ambivalence about homosexuality, let us pose the question in this way: Assuming there is such a thing as normal, is it normal for a man to be incapable of making love to a woman (or vice versa)?
Presumably, there are only three possible answers:
If the first response is offered, then we have to acknowledge that the homosexual has chosen his homosexuality. And we may then ask whether someone who chooses to love the same sex rather than the opposite sex has made this decision from a psychologically healthy basis. If the second response is offered, each of us is free to assess this answer for him or herself. I, for one, do not believe that a man's inability to make love to a woman can be labeled normal. While such a man may be a healthy and fine human being in every other area of life, and quite possibly more kind, industrious, and ethical than many heterosexuals, in this one area he cannot be called normal. And the reason for considering homosexuality abnormal is not its minority status. Even if the majority of men became incapable of making love to women, it would still not be normal. Men are designed to make love to women, and vice versa. The eye provides an appropriate analogy: If the majority of the population became blind, blindness would still be abnormal. The eye was designed to see. That is why I choose the third response that homosexuality is unhealthy. This is said, however, with the understanding that in the psychological arena, illness can be a description of one's values rather than of objective science (which may simply not exist in this area).
Man and woman he made them
To a world which divided human sexuality between penetrator and penetrated, Judaism said, You are wrong sexuality is to be divided between male and female. To a world which saw women as baby producers unworthy of romantic and sexual attention, Judaism said You are wrong women must be the sole focus of men's erotic love. To a world which said that sensual feelings and physical beauty were life's supreme goods, Judaism said, You are wrong ethics and holiness are the supreme goods. A thousand years before Roman emperors kept naked boys, Jewish kings were commanded to write and keep a sefer torah, a book of the Torah.
In all my research on this subject, nothing moved me more than the Talmudic law that Jews were forbidden to sell slaves or sheep to non-Jews, lest the non-Jews engage in homosexuality and bestiality. That was the world in which rabbis wrote the Talmud, and in which, earlier, the Bible was written. Asked what is the single greatest revelation I have derived from all my researches, I always respond, That there had to have been divine revelation to produce the Torah. The Torah was simply too different from the rest of the world, too against man's nature, to have been solely man-made.
The creation of Western civilization has been a terribly difficult and unique thing. It took a constant delaying of gratification, and a re-channeling of natural instincts; and these disciplines have not always been well received. There have been numerous attempts to undo Judeo-Christian civilization, not infrequently by Jews (through radical politics) and Christians (through anti-Semitism).
The bedrock of this civilization, and of Jewish life, has been the centrality and purity of family life. But the family is not a natural unit so much as it is a value that must be cultivated and protected. The Greeks assaulted the family in the name of beauty and Eros. The Marxists assaulted the family in the name of progress. And today, gay liberation assaults it in the name of compassion and equality. I understand why gays would do this. Life has been miserable for many of them. What I have not understood was why Jews or Christians would join the assault. I do now. They do not know what is at stake. At stake is our civilization.
It is very easy to forget what Judaism has wrought and what Christians have created in the West. But those who loathe this civilization never forget. The radical Stanford University faculty and students who recently chanted, Hey, hey, ho, ho, Western civ has got to go, were referring to much more than their university's syllabus. And no one is chanting that song more forcefully than those who believe and advocate that sexual behavior doesn't play a role in building or eroding civilization. The acceptance of homosexuality as the equal of heterosexual marital love signifies the decline of Western civilization as surely as the rejection of homosexuality and other nonmarital sex made the creation of this civilization possible.
Among his many accomplishments Dennis Prager has engaged in interfaith dialogue with Catholics at the Vatican, Muslims in the Persian Gulf, Hindus in India, and Protestants at Christian seminaries throughout America. For ten years, he conducted a weekly interfaith dialogue on radio with representatives of virtually every religion in the world. New York's Jewish Week described Dennis Prager as "one of the three most interesting minds in American Jewish Life."
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That is all very nice - but there is NOT one religion in the world that I know of that believes Homosexuality is acceptable, whether on the basis or morality, or on the basis of health.
Maybe God just doesn't like sin.
Societies that did not place boundaries around sexuality were stymied in their development. The subsequent dominance of the Western world can largely be attributed to the sexual revolution initiated by Judaism and later carried forward by Christianity.<<
I value marriage.
And I practice a form of covenant marriage.
But if we talking origins of western civilization its impossible to ignore Greece and Rome and they did not share these principles.
Now if you could take that idea, replace it with a 10,000 word monologue (half of which is the word "I"), then leave that idea out you'd have a Prager monologue.
The next article is:
Why God hates oysters.
I don't know about that one. When they got rid of the 72 virgins, they messed everything up.
I'm surprised that Prager used slavery as an example of moral regressiveness of Judaism. Just as the Torah was the first time these distinctions in sexual relations were set forth, it was also among the first time that chattel slavery was abolished. The slavery described in the Torah is more generally along the lines of indentured servitude, rather than the modern American conception of slavery.
Rome's glory was always mixed with brutality. Both Rome and Greece were, in their power, imperialistic. They also practiced infanticide, abandoning unwanted children to die of starvation and exposure. They were powerful and advanced in many things, but no model for morality.
Perhaps you haven't seen some of the recent statements of Reform Judaism, Unitarianism, or the American Episcopal deviances of the past 30 years.
>>Romes glory was always mixed with brutality. Both Rome and Greece were, in their power, imperialistic. They also practiced infanticide, abandoning unwanted children to die of starvation and exposure. They were powerful and advanced in many things, but no model for morality.<<
I hope you weren't expecting me to disagree with that.
But the part I commenting was about making Western civilization possible.
>> When Judaism demanded that all sexual activity be channeled into marriage, it changed the world. The Torah's prohibition of non-marital sex quite simply made the creation of Western civilization possible.<<
Good article by Prager; I post it occassionally on appropriate threads
for reference by the forum.
(I do add a "CAUTION: GRAPHIC DESCRIPTIONS" warning just in case
someone of "tender sensibilities" happens to come across it!)
That may be true of modern religions, but at the time the Torah was written most of the religions in the region did. The author's thesis is that Judaism was the first modern religion to condemn homosexual behaviour.
Easy to prove when you define Judaism as the first modern religion.
For the record Zorasterism condemns homosexuality and is pro-marriage. The code of Hammurabi predated the ten commandments by centuries.
Galatians 5; Romans 7
Also include Presbyterian Church-USA, Metropolitan Community Church (ie the 'gay' church), United Church of Christ (the 'other gay church'), and ELCA.
And . . . Acts 10:9-48
Wonderful article. I'm keeping it for future discussions with people who want to "normalize" homosexuality. Thanks for posting it.
Was thinking along the same lines. Why is it wrong? "Because God said so."
Good point. I think it's noteworthy that the Zoroastrians had a very strong influence on Judaism and Christianity.
"Romes glory was always mixed with brutality. Both Rome and Greece were, in their power, imperialistic. They also practiced infanticide, abandoning unwanted children to die of starvation and exposure. They were powerful and advanced in many things, but no model for morality."
By that same standard, neither can any Judeo-Christian society be considered a model for morality.
Blessings on you and yours for this post !shalom b'shem Yah'shua
I read the whole article and never did see any convincing arguments for the claim that the development of western Civilization was inextricably linked to Judaism or Christianity. If things had happened differently, could we have gotten to somewhere like where we are today, still praying to the Roman pantheon?
Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc - After this, therefore because of this
I liked the article. A lot.
The wifeless rabbi paragraphs make one think of Jesus & Paul, but they are not central to the argument.
Those given totally to the true God would be making a statement about ultimate values.
It's too bad that Dennis gives such weight to Freud, who's work was fraudulant, self-serving, and sick.
>>I read the whole article and never did see any convincing arguments for the claim that the development of western Civilization was inextricably linked to Judaism or Christianity. If things had happened differently, could we have gotten to somewhere like where we are today, still praying to the Roman pantheon?<<
Its an interesting premise. And certainly Roman occupation of Israel did lead to Rome adopt Christianity.
But also certainly most of the roots of western civilization, from democracy to science, roads, entertainment and even politics, corruption and other "western" evils were present before Christianity conquered Rome.
One reason you can't claim modern Western civilization is totally from Christianity is that Wester Civilization is not that Christian.
But its an interesting article and I'm glad it was posted.
I agree with much of what Prager says, but clearly he doesn't understand medieval France:
"In medieval France, when men stressed male-male love, it implied a corresponding lack of interest in women. In the Song of Roland, a French mini-epic given its final form in the late eleventh or twelfth century, women appear only as shadowy marginal figures: The deepest signs of affection in the poem, as well as in similar ones appear in the love of man for man...
The Song of Roland is a military epic, a tragedy wrapped in bravery. In all ancient and medieval military epics there were expressions of love - that's friendship, people - between men. There were no women in the armies after all! The love between male characters in the Song of Roland was not homosexual, sexual, or even "homo-erotic". It was simply friendship. It was no more sexual than the love between Frodo and Sam in the Lord of the Rings (and homosexuals are trying to claim that was sexual too!).
Greek and Roman civilization were not western civilization. Western Civilization rose from the ashes of the dark ages and it's rise was largely the result of the injection of Christianity (therefore Judaism) into a then pagan culture.
So I think Praeger's point is fair. The dark ages was a huge civilizational break. While the Greek and Roman influence persists, the emergence from the dark ages coincided with the Christianization of Europe. So Judaeo-Christian values in marriage, amongst other things, were at least coincident with the rise of what we now call Western Civilization and clearly distinguish it from it's predecessors in Greece and Rome.
Too hardest addictions to control
Alcohol—tobacco—Others drugs addictions can be overcome easier than SEX and FOOD addictions because the latter two are normal appetites and always there while the former fade after ceasing the intake
>>But the part I commenting was about making Western civilization possible.
That's a different definition of Western civilization than I had in mind and certainly different than taught in the "Origins of Western Civilization" I studied at a conservative Christian school...
but that doesn't make you wrong. And if the author is using your definition then I can see how he reached his conclusions.
Understandable, but it is not merely the fact that Zoroastrianism predates Judaism. There was a lot of interaction between Jews and Zoroastrians, especially after the Persians liberated the Jews from Babylon.
...It is Judaism's sexual morality, not homosexuality, that historically has been deviant.
Let me pause at this point.
You'd think that he could express himself in such a way so that it didn't sound like he was speaking for homosexuals. I wouldn't be surprised if they were able to use his remarks in order to bolster their own arguments.
Also, slight correction, Ishtar was a goddess, not a god.
Now back to the article.
Good fact. I did enjoy the article. It seems to me to be written as a non-believer would write: for example he argues that Judaism desexualized God . . . rather than in the nature of God himself. I wonder whether Prager's faith is rooted in a belief in God or if it is rooted in the social benefits of his Jewish heritage . . .
Again, he is making the other side's points for them -- because after reading this, they will say, So why are people so concerned with other people's gender preferences?
Just curious: When do you think Abraham and Moses lived and when do you think Zoroastrianism was a distinct philosophy?
Judaisms Sexual Revolution: Why Judaism (and then Christianity) Rejected Homosexuality...
Leviticus 18:22
"Thou shalt not lie with mankind, as with womankind: it is abomination."
I'm not a biblical scholar, but I thought there was some type of reference to female homosexuality. Perhaps not in such explicit terms as those of male homosexuality.
Thanks, NYer. Great post!
Romans 1:26-27 For this cause God gave them up unto vile affections: for even their women did change the natural use into that which is against nature: And likewise also the men, leaving the natural use of the woman, burned in their lust one toward another; men with men working that which is unseemly, and receiving in themselves that recompense of their error which was meet.
Very clear also in the verses regarding the marriage bed. Sex is for married couples; marriage is between a man and a woman.
True, but one could equally argue that Rome developed those concepts from Greece, and that Greece, in her infancy, learned those concepts from elsewhere.
If one accepts the dating present in the Bible, The Hebrews (while a sort of theocracy by way of it's priestly sect) sported a form of republicanism from their very beginnings. While this republicanism was based upon tribal affiliation and a patriarchy, it is undoubtedly there- Representative counsels within families represented in each tribal counsel, and each tribe represented in the national council.
One must also remember that it was rebellion against this original system that caused Jehovah to acquiesce to their wishes and provide them with a king...Thereafter their body politic was still parliamentarian.
Their (the Hebrews) interaction with their neighbors, especially the Phoenicians and the Greeks might lend some credit to where the Greeks got such strange, "new" concepts...
"Why Judaism . . . Rejected Homosexuality"
Just a wild guess, but I would think that the treatment of Sodom and Gomorrah would have gotten Lot's attention, and the rest is history.
Thank you. I knew it was there. How could this so-called theologian miss that?
bump mark
Uh, no. Really, no. It's using the exit shute in a way that wasn't intended. (I guess it's ok to write that, given the graphic nature of the article.)
I think that some dispute that "the natural use" means female on female relations but only other things. I would say that the statement is intentionally broad. Also, I think the writer of the article is Jewish so less focused on New Testament scripture. Not sure he's Jewish, just my impression.
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.


text:
Google Seo for a clothing company
This project received 41 bids from talented freelancers with an average bid price of £142 GBP.Get free quotes for a project like this
Skills Required
Project Budget£20 - £250 GBP
Total Bids41
Project Description
I own a clothing website and need a company to run the Addwords and get cheap PPC's to my website.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
All hotels in York, England, United Kingdom
1 room, 2 adults
124 Holgate Road, York, England, YO2 4BB, United Kingdom, 1-877-214-4288
Holgate Hill Hotel - York
Lowest price$64
Just a 15-minute walk from Holgate Windmill and York National Railway Museum, Holgate Hill Hotel offers 3-star York hotel accommodations. You'll also be within a 30-minute walk of York Minster and York Dungeon.
This hotel has its own restaurant serving breakfast and dinner where you'll find a selection of items to try. The bar/lounge is a perfect place to have a drink. Free WiFi is available.
This hotel has its own restaurant serving breakfast and dinner where you'll find a selection of items to try. The bar/lounge is a perfect place to have a drink. Free WiFi is available.
See all 152 Venere.com reviews
Fantastic service
Tasty breakfast
Great location
Amenities are not the best
TripAdvisor Traveller Rating: 3.5
From 195 reviews
Holgate Hill Hotel - York
Hotel Info: 1-877-214-4288from $64
- Standard Twin Room
- Standard Single Room
- Standard Double Room
Also popular with travelers from the USA
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 18 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 2 floors
- Check-in time noon-midnight
- Check-out time is 10:30 AM
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
Travelling with others
- Pets not allowed
Extra people
- Roll-away beds available, charges may apply*
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Free self parking
Other information
- Smoke-free property
In the hotel
Food and drink
- Free cooked-to-order breakfast
- Restaurant
- Bar/lounge
- Room service
Things to do
- Golfing nearby
- Hiking/biking trails nearby
- Front desk (limited hours)
- Laundry facilities
- Luggage storage
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Year Built 1847
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Garden
In the room
Home comforts
- In-room climate control (air conditioning)
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Freshen up
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- Shower only
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- Hair dryer
Be entertained
- Digital TV channels
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- Phone
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Special features
DiningOnsite venue - This restaurant serves breakfast and dinner. Guests can enjoy drinks at the bar.
Holgate Hill Hotel - York's small print
Also known as
- Holgate Hill
- Holgate Hill Hotel
- Holgate Hill Hotel York
- Holgate Hill York
- Holgate Hotel
Only registered guests are allowed in the guestrooms.
Some facilities may have restricted access. Guests can contact the property for details using the contact information on the booking confirmation.
Optional extras
Late check-out can be arranged for an extra charge of GBP 20.00
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.


text:
Dr. Michael Hanson specializes in orthodontics in Panama City, Florida.
Dr. Michael Hanson has been compared 32 times. Details of Dr. Hanson's experience as an DDS are available on your free dentist report.
Primary Location for Dr. Hanson
1328 W 23rd St
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Dallas Skyline four-star linebacker prospect Michael Morgan has been awfully tight-lipped regarding his favorites since his recruitment began. Now that his senior season has ended it is time to foc...
Morgan playing poker
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text:
Newcomers in e-business will most likely have read how profitable having an online business is. The thing is that many newcomers think that they can make their online business as a form of a cash cow where they can easily earn money. As they try to read about how easy it is to open up an online business, what they fail to understand though are the many complexities involved in order to be successful in this business. In fact, there are literally many who have tried this business and failed miserably; all because they did not know the different trade secrets involved.
In any online business, there are different types of strategies that must be applied. Sometimes, you even have to gamble to stay ahead of the competition. Keep in mind that the competition in online business is cut-throat and you will surely be put to place if you do not know what you are doing. This is often the mistakes of new internet entrepreneurs as they fail to understand that in internet business, you need to spend in order to earn. You cannot simply have a website that has very good content and products that earns. It is vital that the website is also properly marketed.
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Emethod – Calgary SEO
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text:
Our Team
Dr. William Allen
Joanne Cardi, RDH
Christina Koser
Debra Quintana
Megan Renholzberger
Jasondra Mendez
Joan Delahoy
What our patients have to say
The Aspen Periodontics Blog
What is the Best Kind of Dental Floss?
So, what is the best type of dental floss? Haha!! Who cares–right? Really, dental floss can be helpful for all patients and is essential for some to prevent periodontal infections. The best floss used to be Johnson&Johnson Gentle Gum Care. The latter has now been rebranded as "Listerine Gentle Gum Care" and a marketing[…]
Treating Periodontal Pockets with the Laser
Laser WPT (Wave Optimized Periodontal Therapy) This is the latest non-invasive therapy for deep periodontal pockets. Step one is to gently remove the epithelial lining from the pocket with the Nd-yag laser. Then the Erbium-yag laser assists in removing all the plaque and tartar deposits from the root surface. Cavitron and hand scaling are used[…]
Smoking Equals Gum Disease
Smoking is the leading risk factor for Periodontal Disease. If you are having problems with your mouth and you smoke, it would be advisable for you to quit or at least cut back to ½ pack per day if possible. There are at least 12 different ways that cigarette smoke adversely effects the oral tissues[…]
Bad Breath
Because periodontal disease is an infection, it may cause bad breath. Elimination of the infection and good daily brushing and flossing is needed to stop this problem. However, it is interesting to note that the vast majority of people with chronic bad breath have healthy gums. We now know that almost all halitosis (bad breath)[…]
Will Your Bad Teeth Cause a Heart Attack?
Historic studies linking periodontal infection with heart disease The first modern studies to connect periodontal infection with heart disease appeared in the mid 1990's and were amplified by a surgeon general's report published in 2000. Initially these reports were thought to be a rehash of the old "focal theory of infection." The focal theory was[…]


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PvP Soup
The ultimate PvP plugin, no lag and easy to use!
PvP Soup is 1.7.4 compatible!
What is it?
PvP Soup is a plugin that allows you to insta-eat mushroom stew to heal. At full health, you fill up your food bar instead!
You can craft custom soup, Cacti Juice and Chocolate Milk, like the ones at MCPVP!
This plugin won't lag your server, it's built on efficient code and it's so easy to use! So why wait? Improve the pvp experience on your server today!
PvP Soup in action:
How to use
Just drag and drop into your plugins folder!
Use the config to change and/or disable certain features!
Crafting recipes for cacti juice and chocolate milk:
pvpsoup.use - Permission to use the soups' "magic", default to OP
pvpsoup.reload - Permission to reload the plugin, with /pvpsoup
Default config values:
soup-heal: 7
soup-feed: 7
cacti-juice: true
chocolate-milk: true
You can download the latest version here: PvP Soup v1.2.1
Try it out
You're maybe wondering why anyone would want healing soups?
Try out PvP Soup here and find out:
Check out my other plugins!
AntiCombatLog - No more combat loggers!
Enchantment Control - Make your own, custom, enchantments! Fully customizable with the config, and also has an API available for developers!
Gl0weN555 Jun 16, 2016 at 21:26 UTC - 0 likes
Can you make so you can do soups with carrots, mel0ns & potatoes?
matansela2002 Nov 14, 2014 at 08:16 UTC - 0 likes
best plugin!
matansela2002 Nov 13, 2014 at 20:59 UTC - 0 likes
This Its A Cool Plugin!
Finferno00 Jun 18, 2014 at 04:15 UTC - 0 likes
Can you make it so this is can intertwine with the 'War' plugin? Or make it so you can set areas where you can and cannot soup?
ImXenoz Jun 16, 2014 at 16:10 UTC - 0 likes
How i can made this Kits??
DarkShad0wKwt May 10, 2014 at 17:38 UTC - 0 likes
▌Gold Shop ▌Random Gift ▌Trash ▌BeaconDropParty ▌Anvil Repair ▌
▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ ZBDH170798e80280a9200c12f435db672741
chimpukasx Apr 20, 2014 at 20:27 UTC - 0 likes
rangewonk Apr 12, 2014 at 01:09 UTC - 0 likes
On my server players have 20 hearts. This plugin only heals then once they are under 10 hearts and will not heal anymore. Do you know how I can fix this? (it works for ops though)
119patman Mar 23, 2014 at 15:40 UTC - 0 likes
Hi, I made a Tutorial on how to install it and a review on how it works. Do you mind putting it on the page? It would mean allot https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZpBjc0GU_yY&list=UUqfx_lUs6x-zo6iJY-ctxtw
highfaller Feb 21, 2014 at 15:22 UTC - 0 likes
Would you be able to add support for this plugin also in your next update along with Sa5mmm's request? http://dev.bukkit.org/bukkit-plugins/more-hearts/
The plugin's page states it's inactive but I assure you it works perfectly with 1.72/4
- Date created
- Feb 01, 2013
- Categories
- Last update
- Aug 19, 2013
- Development stage
- Release
- Language
- enUS
- License
- All Rights Reserved
- Curse link
- PvP Soup
- Downloads
- 120,780
- Recent files
- R: PvP Soup v1.2.1 for 1.7.4 Aug 19, 2013
- R: PvP Soup v1.2 for CB 1.6.2-R0.1 Aug 06, 2013
- R: PvP Soup v1.1 for CB 1.5.2-R0.1 Feb 19, 2013
- R: PvP Soup v1.0 for CB 1.4.7-R1.0 Feb 01, 2013


text:
Australian Bicycle ShopsSort by: A-Z Newest
99 Bikes Mile End
99 Bikes at Mile End is our first Adelaide Bike Shop. We carry a huge range of road, mountain, BMX, kids and commuter bikes at great prices. We also carry a wide selection of bike parts and accessories to suit all types and styles of riding.
CSD Bikes
CSD is an Australian brand name trialing and testing carbon bicycle frames. Our CSD track bike frames are manufactured from a strong UD carbon fibre and has proven to be light, stiff and strong with beautiful colours and unique designs. CSD bikes have been racing the Australian velodromes and has been doing well on the podium. If you want to be faster, fitter and go further, get yourself a CSD frame today.
Mountain Bikes Direct
A Mountain Bike Specific online store located on the Gold Coast and shipping Australia wide. Huge range of Parts, Accessories, Clothing, Bikes and Frames all at dirt cheap prices. 100% Australian owned with local warranty support and same day shipping on all orders if placed before 2pm. The one stop MTB shop!
Happy Wheels
Founded with a love for bikes and cycling. Happy Wheels provides quality bicycle products and mechanical expertise. Our professional bike servicing takes care of every bike as if they were our own. Visit our Kensington store for a test ride.
Bacchus Marsh Bikes
We have been operating for 4 years with 10 years retail and service experience. I have raced in europe in the amature pro series beforre returning to australia. We have an extensive knowledge of product and High level of service.
V1 Cyclery
Opening in December 2014, V1 Cyclery is located at Wellington Point, in the heart of the well known "Bay Loop" for Brisbane cyclists. Our Brands Cannondale, GT, Mongoose, Schwinn, Garneau, Lezyne, ENVE, Fizik, Bell, Saris, SRAM, Stages Power, Garmin, K-Edge and many more.
Shop with the BMX experts. LUXBMX is the best BMX store carrying the largest range of BMX bikes, parts and accessories in Australia. Order online with super-fast free shipping* and hassle-free returns or drop into our store in the Fortitude Valley, Brisbane.
Spoke and Chain Group
Spoke and Chain Group is committed to providing you with a high level of customer service. Spoke and Chain Group is a small family owned business with a passion for cycling and quality products. We have researched and sourced the finest handmade frames and clothing from Italy with a Superior Ride, Handling & Quality Comfort.
Perth Retro Bikes
Perth Retro Bikes specialises in new and used retro bikes. Based in Perth and servicing the West Coast of Australia, we offer a great selection of cheap mens and women's bikes.
Glebe eBikes
eBike Conversion Service for road/commuter or mountain bikes. Glebe eBike upgrade your existing pushbike to an electric bike at your place* – saving you time & money! If you have a reasonable quality mountain or road/commuter bike, we can upgrade it to an eBike starting from $995. Conversions. Rentals. Service & Repairs.


text: Final SaleOuterwear that declares a fashion statement? Look no further. This plush faux fur coat jettisons the collar and extraneous details, while maintaining a minimalist aesthetic with a hook-eye front closure and side pockets, emphasizing its luxe look and feel. Through nights out at the gala to a dinner date with friends, this layer will have you feeling premium warmth in ultimate style. Heavyweight, fully linedLong sleevesShell: 47% modacrylic, 31% acrylic, 22% polyester; Lining: 100% polyester32" full length, 36" chest, 36" waist, 25" sleeve lengthMeasured from SmallDry cleanImported Product Code : 2055878265


text:
Conservators have been reattaching tributes to the Last Column inside the 9/11 Memorial Museum. Read more »
Thirty military heroes from around the country visited the 9/11 Memorial as part of activities leading up to the MLB All-Star Game. Read more »
Students from Brooklyn ran a "Penny Harvest" drive to support the 9/11 Memorial. Read more »
A third generation marine is proud to work as a 9/11 Memorial host. Read more »
American Flags adorned the 9/11 Memorial on July 4. Read more »
A number of large artifacts have been set into place as the 9/11 Memorial Museum takes shape. Read more »


text:
After leading the High Point Panthers to the program's best record in 30 years (33-22), a disappointing finish in the Big South Tournament to eventual Tournament Champion, Campbell in the Big South Semi-Final cut the season short. Head Coach Craig Cozart and the Panthers look to bounce back from that disappointing finish and hope to […]
Tag: Interviews with Coaches
New Mexico State's Brian Green talks to NM State Sports Weekly
New Mexico State Sports Weekly recently sat down with Aggie first year head coach Brian Green as he discusses his move to Las Cruces and how fall practice is going with the squad. You can check out the full interview by clicking here or fast forwarding the video below to the 9:18 mark.
Eastern Michigan Fall Baseball Review
Interview with Rutgers head coach Joe Litterio
Rutgers head coach Joe Litterio recently recapped the Scarlet Knights fall series which concluded. They are coming off a 30-25 campaign in the American Athletic Conference but will be playing in the Big Ten during the 2015 season. You can check out the full interview below.
Oklahoma State Baseball Fall Update
The Oklahoma State Baseball squad is coming off a 48-18 campaign under Josh Holliday bowing out in the Super Regionals to UC-Irvine. Coach Josh Holliday has updated fans on how fall practice is going for the Cowboys below.
Get to know Indiana assistant Kyle Cheesebrough
Indiana Baseball is doing a series of interviews with the newcomers to the IU baseball family. The first interview is with Kyle Cheesebrough who comes to Bloomington after serving as an assistant with Louisville in the past with head coach Chris Lemonis on the staff also. You can check out the full interview below.
ULM Fall Practice Preview with Bruce Peddie
Louisiana-Monroe is scheduled to start up fall practice on Monday. New head coach Bruce Peddie shared his thoughts on the Warhawks starting up practice with ULM Media Relations. You can check out the full video interview below.
South Carolina holds Press Conference before Fall Practice
Rutgers head coach Joe Litterio talks about 2015 Squad
Rutgers head baseball coach Joe Litterio recently sat down for an interview with Mike Pavlichko and Anthony Fucilli of 1450 WCTC to talk about his 2015 Squad. You can check out the full audio interview below courtesy of Rutgers Media Relations.


text:
Android 6.0 M Developer Preview Announced at Google I/O : Android 6.0 Name Release Date and Features
Here we have a good news for Android Lovers. Google acquired Android latest OS version is coming soon as upcoming Android OS, Android 6.0 M developer preview is announced at Google I/O on 28th May 2015. Google I/O Conference 2015 is held in San Francisco, USA for 2 days on 28-29 May 2015. Still Android 6.0 Name is revealed but its features and release date are revealed with developer preview launch. Google says that Android M, which is debuting as a prerelease version in Google I/O 2015 with a full…Read More


text:
Welcome to Labwarehouse, your 100% New Zealand based online source for all kinds of labware for education, research, industry or personal use.
Products are stocked in New Zealand and usually ship same day (ensure you order before 1 p.m to catch today's courier).
If you can't find what you're after, ask us, we may be able to get it for you. Our product range is getting bigger all the time.
So that we can manage your order, you'll need to register with us – just click the "My account/login" link above and follow the instructions.
If you prefer to place your orders using an order form, please download one here and fax or email it to us. You'll need to contact us to open an account to use this.


text:
local know how: russia
It can be easy to put a foot wrong when we travel, but thanks to our Intrepid Russia team, here are some responsible travel tips to help you get it right…
In Moscow it won't cost you a ruble to visit the Sakharov Museum, which tells the history of repression and human rights in Russia from the revolution onwards. Another great option is the newly-designed 'Eco Walk' to Vorobyovy Gory. The walk to the city's highest point marks Moscow's first attempt at recycling bins, bird feeders for the local wildlife and information about the nature of the area.
vietnam spring recipe
Ask Intrepid traveller Susan Everton what were her Vietnam Holiday highlights and she'll tell you she loved cruising Halong Bay, exploring the Old Quarter of Hanoi and overnighting at a Mekong Delta homestay – but her special stand-out event was the Hoi An cooking school…
"If you're travelling on a holiday with Intrepid make sure you join in the cooking class in Hoi An. It was fantastic – our teacher had a great sense of humour and we all had so much fun learning to cook Sweet & Sour Chicken Soup, Aubergine Claypot, Fish in Banana Leaf, Spring Rolls and Green Papaya Salad. The best thing is now I get to make these dishes at home and the food reminds me of my special Vietnam moments. Here's my spring roll recipe that's a favourite with all my friends."
italy on two cones a day
What could be sweeter than Italy, when the roses are in bloom and the weather is warm? And as Intrepid traveller John Kirk attests, don't put your Italy trip on ice, because a wonderful gastronomic adventure also awaits…
"Italy offers many tantalising treats, but none so sweet and addictive as its gelato in summer. I pretty much did a gelato tour of Italy with Intrepid's La Dolce Vita, having at least one, but more often two cones (cono) or cups (coppa) each day.
Within an hour of checking into my hotel in Rome, I was standing at the amazing Trevi Fountain trying to decide which of the many gelateria surrounding the fountain would provide my first taste of real Italian iced confection. I joined the queue in the Gelateria di San Crispino, not knowing at the time that it has reputedly the best gelato in Italy. What a way to start my adventure!
china's qingming festival
With the arrival of spring, a special festival has just taken place in China and Intrepid's Sunny Bin helps explain the history behind the local traditions…
"I always think that the Chinese farmer's calendar is more sensitive, and really makes you realise the passage of time. This calendar divides the whole year into 24 segments based on the slightest change in nature, such as the walking of the insect and the first spring rain.
It seems like only yesterday I was introducing the Spring Equinox customs to my Intrepid group on the way to Great Wall on 20th of March, then all of a sudden, I'm in southern China on the 5th of April telling them stories about Qingming, or Grave-sweeping Day.
happy to matatu you
Kenya Teaching and Building trips focus on helping communities that lack government funding, but how do you get to these villages? Intrepid's Samantha Finn takes us on a unique ride in Kenya that leads to a remarkable real life experience…
"Let me take you on a typical Kenyan journey in a matatu, an erratic ride on a Nissan minibus out of Nairobi. Something like a rollercoaster safari amongst the smells, chaos and exciting random nature of Kenyan public transport.
We begin our journey with a friendly, yet persistent, face through the window of the bus, proffering a bewildering mix of strawberry biscuits, hot sausages and lurid plastic jewellery. Having purchased some of these questionably essential travel items, you tune your senses to the upbeat melody of Kikuyu radio or marvel at the tightly-braided heads moving eagerly as mamas chat to their closely-sat neighbour. This is all enveloped in the unfamiliar and exotic aromas of hair oil mixed with dust, that is surprisingly more enticing than unpleasant!
from couscous to apple crumble
Intrepid's Laura Carroll knows that sometimes the most unexpected moments are the most memorable, especially in Morocco…
"On a trip through the High Atlas Mountains, heavy rainfall and flooding prevented my group from making our planned mountain trek. After a bit of boredom, we came to an ingenious solution. Apple crumble!
We'd all been missing food from home, and here we were in one of the premier apple-growing regions of Morocco. With this idea in mind we set off to buy flour, sugar, spices and apples with which to occupy our evening.
talk travel photos with steve davey
It's not easy to find some free time with renowned photographer Steve Davey. In between photographic assignments, writing his new book, Footprint Travel Photography, and launching a new range of photographic tours in conjunction with Intrepid UK, we found a rare moment to catch up with the man behind the lens…
You've travelled throughout the world with your camera – where's your favourite place to photograph?
Undoubtedly it has to be India. I love the pace and the chaos and the love of life. I love the colours and the faces and the exuberance of the religion. I love the people, the history and of course, the food!
seven eleven in vietnam with sarah
Sarah Moore from our NZ team recently boarded Intrepid's Reunification Express and here's her diary extract for days 7 to 11 in Vietnam…
Day Seven – Hoi An
Our first day in Hoi An! The bus trip from Hue was around four hours including a couple of stops along the way. We stopped in between Hue and Da Nang at the Hai Van Pass, where our bargaining skills were really put to the test. It's likely your bus will stop here and you will not be approached, as much as mobbed, by vendors selling necklaces, bracelets, 'real pearls' and drinks. But the views were worth stopping for – and most of us ended up with jewellery we didn't really need too.
asia cover story
For any of you who have been wondering where the rich cover for our 2009 Asia brochure comes from, it was taken by Intrepid traveller Jennifer Broomhall in Varanasi, India.
The woman in the photo was a guest at a wedding and she was going to fill her urn with water from the Holy Ganges. Jennifer says she loves the "brightness" and the way the sun catches the jewels on the sari. "The contrast of her work-worn hands holding such an ornate urn adds to the beauty of this special moment."
good news for ghana
When a young man from Ghana announced his goal to ski in the Olympics, you could imagine the responses. But he's done it! Kwame Nkrumah-Acheampong has just qualified and will be Ghana's one-man ski team in Vancouver next year. A great good news story to come out of Ghana, and here's another from Intrepid's Erin Farmer..
"It's 6 am and I'm sitting on the veranda watching the mist roll through the mango orchard and listening to the echoes of the school choir practising their hymns. As I sip my coffee and coax my eyes to open fully, I think of the day ahead.


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Call Toll Free for Questions
and Reservations
A wonderful tour, visiting the best of Europe's great highlights. At this time of year, nothing could be more enjoyable than rubbing shoulders with the locals while you snack on home-made gingerbread and sip mulled wine in cozy cafés and colorful Christmas Markets.
1 Welcome Dinner (WD), 8 Buffet breakfasts (BB), 1 Signature Evening with wine (SE), 1 three-course table d'hote Dinner with wine, plus tea or coffee (D) and 1 Celebration Dinner (CD).
Departures on tour for Christmas and New Year's Eve enjoy a festive Highlight Dinner.
|Depart Date
|Return Date
|25 Nov 16
|4 Dec 16
$2,095 pp
|2 Dec 16
|11 Dec 16
$2,095 pp
|20 Dec 16
|29 Dec 16
$2,250 pp
|29 Dec 16
|7 Jan 17
$2,250 pp
18 December departure includes a Christmas Highlight Dinner with gift in Lucerne. 20 December departure includes Christmas Highlight Dinner with gift in Innsbruck. 29 December departure includes New Year's Eve Dinner in Munich. These additional dinners will replace dinners shown in the itinerary.
Christmas Markets: 18 November will explore Innsbruck, Lucerne and Heidelberg. 18 December will explore Mainz, Munich, Salzburg, Innsbruck, Rothenburg and Lucerne. 20 December will explore Mainz, Munich, Innsbruck, Rothenburg, and Salzburg. 25 November and 2 December will explore Mainz, Rothenburg, Munich, Salzburg, Innsbruck, Lucerne and Heidelberg. 29 December will explore Innsbruck.
Price is per person and is based on two people sharing a twin bedded room. Single rooms are available at a supplement.
Single Room Supplement: from $440.
Gratuities: Option to pre-pay gratuities for Travel Director and Driver $84 per person.
Early Payment Discount: Pay in full to save the amount listed above. For details, click here.
AARP Members are entitled to an exclusive Member Benefit Discount on all Grand European Travel vacations. Plus receive a free travel gift! Call Toll Free: 1-866-847-3858 for details.
Past Travelers: Save an additional 5% off the Land Only price of the vacation..
U.S. citizens traveling to Germany, Austria, and Switzerland must have a current passport valid for six months beyond the conclusion of their trip. You can find information on how to apply for a passport here, and how to renew a passport here. No visa is required for U.S. citizens entering these countries.
The currency in Germany and Austria is the Euro (€).The currency in Switzerland is the Swiss Franc (CHF). Please note that Switzerland is not part of the European Union and thus is not obliged to convert to the Euro, however many prices are nonetheless indicated in euros to help travelers compare prices. Some Swiss merchants may accept euros but are not obliged to do so. Change given back will most likely be in Swiss francs.
While it's a good idea to bring some money for when you first arrive in Europe, you'll usually find a better exchange rate in your destination. The most convenient way to obtain cash is to use your ATM card at local banks in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. We recommend you also bring a valid credit card for purchases while you are traveling. It is important that you inform your financial institutions of your travel plans before you leave home so they don't flag your purchases as potentially fraudulent charges.
Traditional German cuisine is rich and delicious. Try specialties including a variety of bratwurst with sauerkraut, cold cuts, spätzle and potato dumplings. For dessert you cannot miss the world famous Black Forest Gateau. Beer is a big part of German culture; sample a variety of German offerings including pilsner, Kölsch and sour beers. In Frankfurt, try the local cider (Apfelwein). Wine is also popular throughout Germany, and world-class whites are produced in the Rhine and Mosel regions.
Austrian cuisine is hearty and satisfying and reflects regional influences from Italy, Hungary, Germany and the Balkans. Try a variety of sausages including the popular Wiener Schnitzel and Viennese specialties such as goulash and apple strudel.
Swiss cuisine is a flavorful blend of German, Italian, and French influences and a wide variety of regional offerings. Specialty dishes include fondue and raclette (cheese dipping dishes), sausages and rösti (fried potato), bündnerfleisch (air-dried beef) and fondue bourguigon (cubes of steak with various sauces). Swiss pastries and desserts are excellent. There are also spirits made from fruit; the most popular are Kirsch, Pflümli and Williamine. And don't miss out on the world-class selection of Swiss chocolate.
We recommend packing layers to save space in your suitcase and give you more options for how to dress. It's important to bring comfortable walking shoes and a waterproof jacket with a hood. For more helpful information please refer to our Packing Tips & Packing List.
A service charge is typically included in the price of food at restaurants in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. When leaving a tip, it is appropriate to simply round up or add up to 10 percent to your bill. Rather than leaving your money on the table, be prepared to leave it with your waiter when you pay your bill. If you are expecting change, simply tell them how much you will need back after gratuity.
At the end of your guided vacation, it's customary to offer your motor coach driver and Travel Director a gratuity. We recommend €3.00 per person/per day for your driver and €5.00 per person/per day for your Travel Director. Recommended gratuity for a Local Host and Local Specialist is 1-2 euros per person, paid at the conclusion of each guided visit. A convenient option is to prepay your tips before your departure.
Baggage on our trips is restricted to one large suitcase per person with dimensions not exceeding 30x19x10 inches and a maximum weight of 50 pounds. You are also permitted one piece of hand luggage, which should be small enough to fit under your coach seat or on the small overhead shelf compartment. Please note that luggage with an adjustable handle and wheels will not fit in the overhead compartment of the coach. Hotel porterage is included in your vacation.
You will need to be comfortable on your feet, walking and standing for up to three hours in various weather conditions. All of our vacations involve walking, often on cobblestone and uneven surfaces in historic city centers. In order to get the most out of your vacation you need to be able to comfortably walk 1-3 miles unassisted in one day, be in good condition and be able to keep pace with the group.
If you need any medications, it is important that you bring enough to last you the whole trip and keep them in your carry-on bag while you travel.
We highly recommend our optional Travel Protection Plan, which allows you to cancel for any reason up to 48 hours before departure. The plan also includes trip interruption, baggage loss or delay, and medical and emergency assistance. Click here for a summary of coverage details, terms and conditions.
Receive the latest news, announcements, special offers, and more on Grand European Travel vacations! Simply fill in the form below and submit to be added to our mailing list.Sign Up #0072bb


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