text:
|Peyote in the wild
Vulnerable (NatureServe)[1]
|Scientific classification
|Core eudicots
|L. williamsii
|Binomial name
|Lophophora williamsii
(Lem.) J.M.Coult.
Echinocactus williamsii Lemaire ex Salm-Dyck
Lophophora williamsii /loʊˈfɒfərə wɪlˈjæmsiaɪ/ or peyote (/pəˈjoʊti/) is a small, spineless cactus with psychoactive alkaloids, particularly mescaline.[2] The English common name peyote comes from the like-spelled Spanish name,[3] which in turn comes from the Nahuatl name peyōtl [ˈpejoːt͡ɬ], said to be derived from a root meaning "glisten" or "glistening". Other sources translate the Nahuatl word as "Divine Messenger".[4][5][6][7] Native North Americans are likely to have used peyote, often for spiritual purposes, for at least 5,500 years.[8]
Peyote is native to Mexico and southwestern Texas. It is found primarily in the Chihuahuan Desert and in the states of Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas and San Luis Potosí among scrub, especially where there is limestone.
Known for its psychoactive properties when ingested, peyote is used worldwide as an entheogen and supplement to various transcendence practices, including meditation, psychonautics, and psychedelic psychotherapy. Peyote has a long history of ritualistic and medicinal use by indigenous Americans. It flowers from March through May, and sometimes as late as September. The flowers are pink, with thigmotactic anthers (like Opuntia).
The various species of the genus Lophophora grow low to the ground and they often form groups with numerous, crowded shoots. The blue-green, yellow-green or sometimes reddish green shoots are mostly flattened spheres with sunken shoot tips. They can reach heights of from 2 to 7 centimeters (0.79 to 2.76 in) and diameters of 4 to 12 centimeters (1.6 to 4.7 in). There are often significant, vertical ribs consisting of low and rounded or hump-like bumps. From the cusp areoles arises a tuft of soft, yellowish or whitish woolly hairs. Spines are absent. Flowers are pink or white to slightly yellowish, sometimes reddish. They open during the day, are from 1 to 2.4 centimeters long, and reach a diameter from 1 to 2.2 centimeters.
The cactus produces flowers sporadically; these are followed by small edible pink fruit. The club-shaped to elongated, fleshy fruits are bare and more or less rosy colored. At maturity, they are brownish-white and dry. The fruits do not burst open on their own and they are between 1.5 and 2 centimeters long. They contain black, pear-shaped seeds that are 1 to 1.5 mm long and 1 mm wide. The seeds require hot and humid conditions to germinate. Peyote contains a large spectrum of phenethylamine alkaloids. The principal one is mescaline. The mescaline content of Lophophora williamsii is about 0.4% fresh[9] (undried) and 3-6% dried.[9] Peyote is extremely slow growing. Cultivated specimens grow considerably faster, sometimes taking less than three years to go from seedling to mature flowering adult. More rapid growth can be achieved by grafting peyote onto mature San Pedro root stock.[10]
The top of the cactus that grows above ground, also referred to as the crown, consists of disc-shaped buttons that are cut above the roots and sometimes dried. When done properly, the top of the root will form a callus and the root will not rot.[11] When poor harvesting techniques are used, however, the entire plant dies. Currently in South Texas, peyote grows naturally but has been over-harvested, to the point that the state has listed it as an endangered species.[citation needed] The buttons are generally chewed, or boiled in water to produce a psychoactive tea. Peyote is extremely bitter and most people are nauseated before they feel the onset of the psychoactive effects.
Distribution and habitat[edit]
L. williamsii is native to southern North America, mainly distributed in Mexico. In the United States it grows in Southern Texas. In Mexico it grows in the states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas in the north to San Luis Potosi and Zacatecas.[12][13][14] It is primarily found at elevations of 100–1,500 m (330–4,920 ft) and exceptionally up to 1,900 m (6,200 ft) in the Chihuahuan desert, but is also present in the more mild climate of the state of Tamaulipas. Its habitat is primarily in desert scrub, particularly thorn scrub in Tamaulipas. It is common on or near limestone hills.[15]
Psychoactive and medicinal[edit]
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When used for its psychoactive properties, common doses for pure mescaline range from roughly 200 to 400mg. This translates to a dose of roughly 10 to 20g of dried peyote buttons of average potency; however, potency varies considerably between samples, making it difficult to measure doses accurately without first extracting the mescaline. The effects last about 10 to 12 hours.[16] Peyote is reported to trigger states of "deep introspection and insight" that have been described as being of a metaphysical or spiritual nature. At times, these can be accompanied by rich visual or auditory effects (see synesthesia).[citation needed]
In addition to psychoactive use, some Native American tribes use the plant for its curative properties. They employ peyote to treat such varied ailments as toothache, pain in childbirth, fever, breast pain, skin diseases, rheumatism, diabetes, colds, and blindness.[citation needed][17] The US Dispensatory lists peyote under the name Anhalonium, and states it can be used in various preparations for neurasthenia, hysteria and asthma. Peyote also contains an alkaloid which was given the name peyocactin.[18] It is now called hordenine.[citation needed]
In 2005 researchers used radiocarbon dating and alkaloid analysis to study two specimens of peyote buttons found in archaeological digs from a site called Shumla Cave No. 5 on the Rio Grande in Texas. The results dated the specimens to between 3780 and 3660 BCE. Alkaloid extraction yielded approximately 2% of the alkaloids including mescaline in both samples. This indicates that native North Americans were likely to have used peyote since at least five and a half thousand years ago.[8]
Specimens from a burial cave in west central Coahuila, Mexico have been similarly analysed and dated to 810 to 1070 CE.[19]
From earliest recorded time, peyote has been used by indigenous peoples, such as the Huichol[20] of northern Mexico and by various Native American tribes, native to or relocated to the Southern Plains states of present-day Oklahoma and Texas. Its usage was also recorded among various Southwestern Athabaskan-language tribal groups. The Tonkawa, the Mescalero and Lipan Apache were the source or first practitioners of peyote religion in the regions north of present-day Mexico.[21] They were also the principal group to introduce peyote to newly arrived migrants, such as the Comanche and Kiowa from the Northern Plains. The religious, ceremonial, and healing uses of peyote may date back over 2,000 years.[22]
Under the auspices of what came to be known as the Native American Church, in the 19th century, American Indians in more widespread regions to the north began to use peyote in religious practices, as part of a revival of native spirituality. Its members refer to peyote as "the sacred medicine", and use it to combat spiritual, physical, and other social ills. Concerned about the drug's psychoactive effects, between the 1880s and 1930s, U.S. authorities attempted to ban Native American religious rituals involving peyote, including the Ghost Dance. Today the Native American Church is one among several religious organizations to use peyote as part of its religious practice. Some users claim the drug connects them to God.[23]
Traditional Navajo belief or ceremonial practice did not mention the use of peyote before its introduction by the neighboring Utes. The Navajo Nation now has the most members of the Native American Church.
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Dr. John Raleigh Briggs (1851–1907) was the first to draw scientific attention of the Western scientific world to peyote.[24] Louis Lewin described Anhalonium lewinii in 1888.[25] Arthur Heffter conducted self experiments on its effects in 1897.[26] Similarly, Norwegian ethnographer Carl Sofus Lumholtz[27] studied and wrote about the use of peyote among the Indians of Mexico. Lumholtz also reported that, lacking other intoxicants, Texas Rangers captured by Union forces during the American Civil War soaked peyote buttons in water and became "intoxicated with the liquid".[28] Arguably, this is the first documented use of peyote by non-Native Americans.
Adverse reactions[edit]
A study published in 2007 found no evidence of long-term cognitive problems related to peyote use in Native American Church ceremonies, but researchers stressed their results may not apply to those who use peyote in other contexts.[29] A four-year large-scale study of Navajo who regularly ingested peyote found only one case where peyote was associated with a psychotic break in an otherwise healthy person; a handful of other psychotic episodes were attributed to peyote use in conjunction with pre-existing substance abuse or mental health problems.[30] Later research found that those with pre-existing mental health issues are more likely to have adverse reactions to peyote.[31] Peyote use does not appear to be associated with hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (a.k.a. "flashbacks") after religious use.[32] Peyote does not seem to be associated with physical dependence, but some users may experience psychological dependence.[33]
Peyote can have strong emetic effects, and one death has been attributed to esophageal bleeding caused by vomiting after peyote ingestion in a Native American patient with a history of alcohol abuse.[34] Peyote is also known to cause potentially serious variations in heart rate, blood pressure and breathing.[35]
Research into the huichol natives of central-western Mexico, who have taken peyote regularly for an estimated 1500 years or more, found no evidence of chromosome damage in either men or women.[36]
Cultural significance[edit]
Huichol culture[edit]
The Huichol religion consists of four principal deities: Corn, Blue Deer, Peyote, and the Eagle, all descended from their Sun God, "Tao Jreeku". Schaefer has interpreted this to mean that peyote is the soul of their religious culture and a visionary sacrament that opens a pathway to the other deities.[37]
In popular culture[edit]
Many authors, especially those of the Beat Generation, wrote about their experiences with peyote, or were otherwise influenced by the plant.
- Ken Kesey, while working as a night watchman at a psychiatric ward, was peyote-inspired to write his novel, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. "'Peyote... inspired my chief narrator, because it was after choking down eight of the little cactus plants that I wrote the first three pages.' (As quoted in John Clark Pratt's "Introduction to One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest", The Viking Critical Library, ed. John Clark Pratt, expanded edition, 1996)."[38]
- Michael McClure wrote "Peyote Poem" after experimenting with peyote and other psychedelic drugs.[39]
- The pilot episode of the sitcom Cuckoo features Cuckoo describing his experience on peyote
- Allen Ginsberg's poem, "Howl", was partly inspired by his use of peyote on October 17, 1954 in his apartment at 755 Pine Street in San Francisco, when he had a vision of the Sir Francis Drake Hotel and the Medical Arts buildings being transformed into the ancient Phoenician god Moloch.[40]
- In the 1970s, the early writings of Carlos Castaneda sparked a resurgence of interest in using peyote as a psychoactive drug.[2][41]
- The current A&E series Longmire features modern Native American use of peyote in its Season 3 storyline.[42]
- In PlayStation 4, Xbox One and PC versions of Grand Theft Auto V, peyote plants are featured as an easter egg in which taking peyote will turn players into various animals in form of hallucination.
- In the 1996 animated film Beavis and Butt-Head Do America, when the title characters are lost and dying of dehydration in the desert, Beavis partially consumes a nearby peyote button while under the assumption that all cacti contain water. Seconds later, he begins to hallucinate White Zombie imagery.
- In the first season of the television series 90210, one of the main characters, Ethan Ward, is tricked into thinking he has taken peyote.
- In the 2007 Sopranos Season Six episode "Kennedy and Heidi", Tony takes peyote with the recently deceased Christopher's Las Vegas girlfriend.
- Gonzo journalist Hunter S. Thompson described peyote usage in his auto-biographical novel Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas. A peyote button is also used on the Gonzo symbol.
- In season one, episode one of the Netflix series Grace and Frankie, Grace and Frankie consume peyote tea.
- In season nine, episode 19 of Family Guy, Peter takes him and his children to a desert to consume peyote as an "outside of a box" homeschool teacher.
- In the ninth episode of the One Piece abridged parody None Piece, Johnny is revealed to have consumed peyote, which influences him to force oral insertion of his testicles on another character.[43]
United Nations[edit]
Article 32 of the Convention on Psychotropic Substances allows nations to exempt certain traditional uses of peyote from prohibition:
A State on whose territory there are plants growing wild which contain psychotropic substances from among those in Schedule I and which are traditionally used by certain small, clearly determined groups in magical or religious rites, may, at the time of signature, ratification or accession, make reservations concerning these plants, in respect of the provisions of article 7, except for the provisions relating to international trade.
However, this exemption would apply only if the peyote cactus were ever explicitly added to the Schedules of the Psychotropic Convention. Currently the Convention applies only to chemicals. Peyote and other psychedelic plants are neither listed nor regulated by the Convention.
Mescaline is listed as a Schedule III controlled substance under the Canadian Controlled Drugs and Substances Act, but peyote is specifically exempt.[44] Possession and use of peyote plants is legal.[45]
United States[edit]
Where there is exclusive federal jurisdiction or state law is not racially limited, peyote use by Native American Church members is legal and racially neutral in the United States.[46] This exemption from federal criminalization is as old as creation of federal law creating peyote related offenses.
This law has been codified as a statute in the American Indian Religious Freedom Act of 1978, and made part of the common law in Peyote Way Church of God v. Thornburgh, (5th Cir. 1991);[47] it is also in administrative law at the 21 C.F.R. 1307.31. The C.F.R. part dealing with "SPECIAL EXEMPT PERSONS" states:
Section 1307.31 Native American Church. The listing of peyote as a controlled substance in Schedule I does not apply to the nondrug use of peyote in bona fide religious ceremonies of the Native American Church, and members of the Native American Church so using peyote are exempt from registration. Any person who manufactures peyote for or distributes peyote to the Native American Church, however, is required to obtain registration annually and to comply with all other requirements of law.
U.S. v. Boyll, 774 F.Supp. 1333 (D.N.M. 1991)[48] addresses this racial issue specifically and concludes:
For the reasons set out in this Memorandum Opinion and Order, the Court holds that, pursuant to 21 C.F.R. § 1307.31 (1990), the classification of peyote as a Schedule I controlled substance, see 21 U.S.C. § 812(c), Schedule I(c)(12), does not apply to the importation, possession or use of peyote for 'bona fide' ceremonial use by members of the Native American Church, regardless of race.
Following the passage of the American Indian Religious Freedom Act Amendments of 1994, United States federal law (and many state laws) protects the harvest, possession, consumption and cultivation of peyote as part of "bona fide religious ceremonies" (the federal statute is the American Indian Religious Freedom Act, codified at 42 U.S.C. § 1996a, "Traditional Indian religious use of the peyote sacrament," exempting only use by Native American persons, while some state laws exempt any general "bona fide religious activity"). American jurisdictions enacted these specific statutory exemptions in reaction to the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Employment Division v. Smith, 494 U.S. 872 (1990), which held that laws prohibiting the use of peyote that do not specifically exempt religious use nevertheless do not violate the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment. Peyote is listed by the United States DEA as a Schedule I controlled substance.
See also[edit]
- Ayahuasca
- Convention on Psychotropic Substances: Psychedelic plants and fungi
- Dimethyltryptamine
- Icaro (shamanic tool to prepare ayahuasca)
- Psychedelic experience
- Peyote song
- ^ http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/151962/0
- ^ a b Salak, Kira. "Lost Souls of the Peyote Trail (published in National Geographic Adventure)". Kira Salak. Kira Salak, KiraSalak.com. Retrieved 2013-09-12.
- ^ "Lophophora williamsii information from NPGS/GRIN". GRIN taxonomy for plants. Retrieved 2013-07-02.
- ^ "Empiricism and Magic in Aztec Pharmacology", Efren C. del Pozo Institute de Estudios Medicos y Biologicos National University of Mexico, in book "Ethnopharmacologic Search for PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS", publisher: Pharmacology Section, Psychopharmacology Research Branch National Institute of Mental Health Public Health Service, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE, U.S. Government Printing Office https://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/ethnopharmacologic_search.pdf
- ^ Andrews, J. Richard (2003). Workbook for Introduction to Classical Nahuatl, Revised Edition. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3453-6. p. 246. See peyotl in Wiktionary.
- ^ Anderson, Edward F. (2001). The Cactus Family. Pentland, Oregon: Timber Press. ISBN 978-0-88192-498-5. p. 396.
- ^ http://sites.estvideo.net/malinal/nahuatl.page.html
- ^ a b El-Seedi HR, De Smet PA, Beck O, Possnert G, Bruhn JG (October 2005). "Prehistoric peyote use: alkaloid analysis and radiocarbon dating of archaeological specimens of Lophophora from Texas". J Ethnopharmacol. 101 (1–3): 238–42. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2005.04.022. PMID 15990261.
- ^ a b "Lophophora". Visionary Cactus Guide. Erowid.org. 2008-03-08. Retrieved 2013-09-12.
- ^ "Year by year progress report documenting the increased growth rates of grafted peyote". The Lophophora Blog. Retrieved 30 December 2008.
- ^ "Proper peyote harvesting technique". The Lophophora Blog. Retrieved 30 December 2008.
- ^ Martin, Terry (July 2008). "Stalking the wild Lophophora Part 1: Chihuahua and Coahuila" (PDF). Cactus and Succulent Journal. Cactus and Succulent Society of America. 80 (4): 181–186. doi:10.2985/0007-9367(2008)80[181:STWL]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0007-9367. Retrieved 2013-09-12.
- ^ Martin, Terry (September 2008). "Stalking the wild Lophophora Part 2: Zacatecas, San Luis potosí, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas" (PDF). Cactus and Succulent Journal. Cactus and Succulent Society of America. 80 (5): 222–228. doi:10.2985/0007-9367(2008)80[222:STWL]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0007-9367. Retrieved 2013-09-12.
- ^ Martin, Terry (November 2008). "Stalking the wild Lophophora Part 3: San Luis Potosí (central), Querétaro, and Mexico City" (PDF). Cactus and Succulent Journal. Cactus and Succulent Society of America. 80 (6): 310–317. doi:10.2985/0007-9367-80.6.310. ISSN 0007-9367. Retrieved 2013-09-12.
- ^ Zimmerman, Allan D.; Parfitt, Bruce D. (2006). "Lophophora williamsii". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. 1993+. Flora of North America. 4. New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 242.
- ^ Shulgin, Alexander; Ann Shulgin (September 1991). PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story. Berkeley, California: Transform Press. ISBN 0-9630096-0-5. OCLC 25627628.
- ^ Schultes, Richard Evans (1938). "The appeal of peyote (Lophophora williamsii) as a medicine". American Anthropologist. 40 (4): 698–715. doi:10.1525/aa.1938.40.4.02a00100.
- ^ McCleary, J.A.; Sypherd, P.S.; Walkington, D.L. (1960). "Antibiotic Activity of an Extract Of Peyote [Lophophora williamsii (Lemaire) Coulter]". Economic Botany. 14: 247–249. doi:10.1007/bf02907956.
- ^ Bruhn JG, Lindgren JE, Holmstedt B, Adovasio JM (March 1978). "Peyote Alkaloids: Identification in a Prehistoric Specimen of Lophophora from Coahuila, Mexico". Science. 199 (4336): 1437–1438. doi:10.1126/science.199.4336.1437. PMID 17796678.
- ^ Lumholtz, Carl, Unknown Mexico, New York: Scribners, 1902
- ^ Opler, Morris Edward (2008) [1938]. "The use of Peyote by the Carrizo and Lipan Apache tribes". American Ethnography Quasimonthly. Retrieved 19 January 2009.
- ^ Schultes, Richard Evans (2008) [1938]. "The appeal of peyote (Lophophora Williamsii) as a medicine". American Ethnography Quasimonthly. Retrieved 19 January 2009.
- ^ "The people who take drugs to see God". BBC news. 21 August 2016.
- ^ Jan G. Bruhn and Bo Holmstedt, "Early peyote research: an interdisciplinary study", Economic Botany, Volume 28, Number 4, October 1973, accessed 15 Nov 2009
- ^ Lewin, Louis (1888-05-18). "Ueber Anhalonium Lewinii". Archiv für Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie (in German). 24 (6): 401–411. doi:10.1007/bf01923627.
- ^ Daniel Perrine, "Visions of the Night: Western Medicine Meets Peyote, 1887-1899", in The Heffter Review of Psychedelic Research, Vol. 2, 2001, p.42, accessed 15 Nov 2009
- ^ Lumholtz, Carl, Unknown Mexico, New York: Scribners (1902)
- ^ Lumholtz, Carl, Unknown Mexico, New York: Scribners (1902), p.358
- ^ Halpern JH, Sherwood AR, Hudson JI, Yurgelun-Todd D, Pope HG Jr. Psychological and cognitive effects of long-term peyote use among Native Americans. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;58(8):624-631.
- ^ Bergman RL (1971). "Navajo peyote use: its apparent safety," Amer J Psychiat 128(6):695-699[51-55].
- ^ Inaba, D.S. & Cohen, W.E. (2004). Uppers, Downers, All Arounders. (pp. 229-230, 232). Oregon: CNS Publications, Inc.
- ^ Halpern, J. H. (1996). The use of hallucinogens in the treatment of addiction. Addiction Research, 4(2);177-189.
- ^ Hyman, S. E. & Malenka, R. C. (2001). Addiction and the brain: The neurobiology of compulsion and its persistence. Neuroscience. 2;696
- ^ K B Nolte and R E Zumwalt. Fatal peyote ingestion associated with Mallory-Weiss lacerations. West J Med. 1999 Jun; 170(6): 328.
- ^ Nole and Zumwalt 1999
- ^ Dorrance; Janiger; and Teplitz (1975), "Effect of peyote on human chromosomes: cytogenic study of the huichol indians of northern mexico." JAMA 234:299-302.
- ^ Stacy B. Schaefer, Peter T. Furst. People of the Peyote: Huichol Indian History, Religion, and Survival. UNM Press, 1997. Pg 52-53
- ^ Hartman, Steven (Spring 2001). "Ken Kesey: An Overview". New York State Writers Institute. State University of New York. 5 (2). Retrieved 2013-09-12.
- ^ Charters, Ann. "Michael McClure." The Portable Beat Reader, 1992. Print.
- ^ "Howl on Trial: The Battle for Free Expression." Edited by Bill Morgan and Nancy J. Peters
- ^ Castañeda, C: The Teachings of Don Juan: A Yaqui Way of Knowledge, pp. 88–120, Washington Square Press Publication, 1968 paperback ISBN 0-671-60041-9
- ^ List of Longmire episodes#Season 3 .282014.29
- ^ PurpleEyesWTF (2016-07-25), None Piece - Episode 9, retrieved 2016-07-28
- ^ http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-38.8/page-14.html#h-30 Controlled Drugs and Substances Act - S.C. 1996, c. 19 (SCHEDULE III), accessed 15 Aug 2016
- ^ http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/psychedelic-use-spreads-in-b-c-native-community-1.1111869 CBC News: Psychedelic use spreads in B.C. native community, accessed 15 Aug 2016.
- ^ "Section 1307.31 Native American Church". Code of Federal Regulations. U.S. Department of Justice Drug Enforcement Administration Office of Diversion Control. Retrieved 2013-09-12.
- ^ James W.H. McCord, Sandra McCord, and C. Suzanne Bailey, Criminal and Procedure for the Paralegal: A Systems Approach, p. 178-179 (4th ed. Delmar Cengage 2012) ISBN 978-1435440166.
- ^ UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff, v. Robert Lawrence BOYLL, Defendant., Crim. No. 90-207-JB, 774 F.Supp. 133 (D.N.M. 1991) (United States District Court, D. New Mexico 1991-09-03).
Further reading[edit]
- Calabrese, Joseph D. "The Therapeutic Use of Peyote in the Native American Church" Chapter 3 in Vol. 1 of Psychedelic Medicine: New Evidence for Hallucinogens as Treatments Michael J. Winkelman and Thomas B. Roberts (editors) (2007). Westport, CT: Praeger/Greenwood.
- Feeney, Kevin. "The Legal Basis for Religious Peyote Use." Chapter 13 in Vol 1 of Psychedelic Medicine: New Evidence for Hallucinogens as Treatments Michael J. Winkelman and Thomas B. Roberts (editors) (2007). Westport, CT: Praeger/Greenwood.
- Baggot, Matthew J. A Note on the Safety of Peyote when Used Religiously. Council on Spiritual Practices, 1996.
- Rätsch,Christian, "The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants, Enthnopharmacology and Its Applications" 1998/2005, Rochester, Vermont, Park Street Press, ISBN 978-0-89281-978-2
External links[edit]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Peyote.
- NatureServe vulnerable species
- Lophophora
- Entheogens
- Herbal and fungal hallucinogens
- Flora of the Chihuahuan Desert
- Flora of Texas
- Flora of New Mexico
- Flora of Northeastern Mexico
- Flora of the U.S. Rio Grande Valleys
- Flora of Zacatecas
- Native American Church
- Native American religion
- Huichol
- Plants used in traditional Native American medicine
- Psychedelic phenethylamine carriers
- Religion and politics
- Cacti of the United States
- Cacti of Mexico


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Artist: Blind Witness
Album: Silences Are Words
Genre: Rock
The only way to keep me from watching you die
Is to stab myself in the eyes before I do that to you.
Those eyes that were telling me truly your feelings for me were so strong.
But there's no more of this tenderness.
You entered the mold of the pathetic human kind,
Who just fills up his life with dreams of true love and sincere devotion.
Why didn't you ever realize you were sinking into this world of fake drama
And desperate need of affection?
Your sudden apathy gives me the strength to load up my rage.
I promise, it wont be long dear.
You wont even see it coming.
You'll never see the ground coming so fast.
As I grin, your last word goes up in smoke.
From this perfect shot.
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The Kenilworth Meeting Room Facilities
For many years now The Kenilworth has offered a private room in the hotel as a small informal meeting room. This has proved popular to many blue chip clients who look for something bespoke for their own needs and seek that personal touch. The room caters for groups of up to 15 people. This can be hired with or without food and drink, price ranges between £150 and £250 inclusive. Alternatively we are able to offer a fully inclusive day delegate rate of £25 per guest based upon a minimum of 10 guests, to include the following:
Tea/Coffee and pastries on arrival
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Why not follow your meeting with one of our bespoke Cocktail Masterclasses, the perfect team building opportunity, break down the barriers and have some fun!
If we can assist in any of the above please call us 01926 779473 or email firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Kawaguchiko, Japan
Photos from KawaguchikoPictures of Kawaguchiko (549)
Hotel Deals in Kawaguchiko
Videos from KawaguchikoKawaguchiko Videos (7)
Travel Blogs from KawaguchikoKawaguchiko Travel Blogs (41)
First impressions of Japan
... electronics: at night it is Tokyo's biggest entertainment district and everyone cooperates. Or so I heard! The bus ride to Kawaguchiko was quite eventless: the hills/mountains through which it drove were quite different and beautiful - so much greener ...
Come out, come out, wherever you are
Kawaguchiko is the largest of three lakes in the Japanese lake district just North of Mount Fuji. Mount Fuji, one of few symbols which immediately reminds us of Japan, and depictions of it in different forms were painted throughout Japanese art history, ...
Heading for the hills!
Well, to be exact, we headed for Mount Fuji. Here we stayed in our first Ryoken (Japanese Inn), where thay have an "Onsen" (Hot bath), "Tatami mat" (Traditional straw mat that you sit on, dressed in a "Yukata" (Cotton Kimono) drinking japanese tea. The ...
mt fuji
... shinkansen (bullet train) to mishima. it only took about 2 hours so we must have been going some. From mishima we took a bus to kawaguchiko which also took about 2 hours and was ok as kev and i had a 52 seater bus to our selves. 16th kevs bday! we went ...


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December 30, 2015
New Year Eve and New Year Day
we will take all day reservation on New Year Eve, open hours will be 11am-midnight, and we will open on New Year Day at 12:00
December 13, 2015
Holiday Hours
We are altering our hours for Christmas so our staff can enjoy the holiday. Regular business hours will resume on Dec. 26th.
Holiday Hours:
Thursday Dec 24th 11-6pm
Friday Dec 25th Closed
Happy Holidays!!!
November 26, 2014
New Business Hours
BarChi will now be opening at 3pm on Saturdays. All other business hours will remain the same.
May 5, 2012
Happy Hours
(Mon. to Sat. 3pm-7pm)
(Sunday all day)
Reverse Happy Hours
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© 2011 Bar Chi Sushi | 206 Colorado St. | Austin, TX 78701


text: It all started at 4 years old behind the drums, performing with his older teenage brothers and sister. By 16 he was playing all the instruments, writing & producing his own recordings. He became the founder and heartbeat of Slapbak and is still pumping blood through it's veins to date, as well as working with artists from The Time & En Vogue to Jordin Sparks. Right before doing Jordin Sparks in the fall of 2007, Jara decided to challenge himself and do a cd from top to bottom by himself (including the writing & recording) in a month. He succeeded in recording 10 songs in a month, then he got busy with Jordin. After sitting on it for 2 years he decided to do a few more songs in 2009. Then you guessed it....he sat on it again, because he started Slapbak in motion again. 2011 he added two more and called it finished LOL. He's still sitting on it, but he thought he would atleast make it available for his immediate fans right now.......WOW!!!!!


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Chris Christie, the New Jersey governor and failed presidential candidate, is not having a great day.
First, six New Jersey newspapers called for his resignation in a joint editorial. Then his reaction during Donald Trump's Super Tuesday speech in Florida had the Internet wondering if he'd been taken hostage by the Republican front-runner. (Hashtag: #FreeChrisChristie)
First, a short excerpt from the editorial:
What an embarrassment. What an utter disgrace.
We're fed up with Gov. Chris Christie's arrogance.
We're fed up with his opportunism.
We're fed up with his hypocrisy.
We're fed up with his sarcasm.
We're fed up with his long neglect of the state to pursue his own selfish agenda.
We're disgusted with his endorsement of Donald Trump after he spent months on the campaign trail trashing him, calling him unqualified by temperament and experience to be president.
Now, onto the memes. If you saw any other great ones, feel free to share them in the comments.


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Judah Friedlander is bringing his championship skills to Allentown.
The comedian and former "30 Rock" star will headline the Jan. 7 "Tickle Me Tuesdays" comedy showcase sixth anniversary show at the Allentown Brew Works in Allentown, according to a news release.
Friedlander, who played television writer Frank Rossitano on "30 Rock," will perform in the Brew Works' fifth floor banquet hall. Friedlander is known for his array of stylized trucker hats, including his famous "World Champion" cap. In 2011, he performed at Musikfest Cafe in Bethlehem.
Showtime is 8 p.m.
Besides stand-up and film (his credits include "American Splendor" and "The Wrestler"), Friedlander is also the author of the book "How to Beat Anybody Up: An Instructional and Inspirational Karate Book."
Friedlander will be joined by comedians Jay Black, Ryan Hill and Steven Bost.
The show is hosted by comedian Jason Brown.
Tickets cost $15. A portion of the proceeds will benefit Jamie Folweiler, a friend of Brown's, who was born with spina bifida. Folweiler, who is in a wheelchair, was recently diagnosed with an infection that has spread to his bones; he is losing part of his pelvis and the ball end of his hip joint as a result, according to the release.
The Dec. 3 "Tickle Me Tuesdays" show will feature headliner Allen Finn, along with Brown, Ryan Meehan, Brandon Strohl, Dan Shelly and Matt Folger. Tyler Rothrock will host that night.
Cost for the Dec. 3 show is $8.
For more information, call 610-433-7777.


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Hey All – Its the "retired bookie" coming at ya. BTB and I go way back. He actually started his gambling thru me so I had a bunch of years of profitability from him until he learned a thing or two. Now we remain good friends and he has asked me to give a couple picks daily so I will be doing it right here in the blog for now. My write-ups will be thoughts, analytics for some content but the picks go much deeper and I cant write all that much. So excuse the grammar problems and any of that nonsense and lets just win… I will re-post this opening paragraph along with my record each day!
Record 17-12-2
Wednesday, December 29 2010
@6:00 Illinois (6-6) vs Baylor (7-5)
Both teams the Illinois Fighting Illini and the Baylor Bears are coming in to this Texas Bowl match-up playing inconsistently especially on the defensive end of the ball. The Fighting Illini have lost 3 of their last 4 contest. In those particular 3 defeats, the Illinois defense gave up 67 points at Michigan on 11/06, then on November 13th 38 while hosting Minnesota and 25 at Fresno State in their last loss on December 3rd. Offensively Illinois has improved their production from a seasonal average of 32.1 to 35 points in their last 3 encounters and from 386.9 total yards to 456.
The Baylor Bears' defense have been hellish in their last 3 games. They surrendered an average of 50 points, 538.7 total yards. Need I say more?
Pick: Over 62
@9:15 Arizona (7-5) vs No. 14 Oklahoma State (10-2)
Winners of their last 8 out of 10, the Oklahoma State Cowboys are riding high offensively and defensively after finishing second to Oklahoma in the South Division of the Big 12 Conference. Meanwhile, the Arizona Wildcats finished 5th in the Pac-10 Conference and only 4 and 5 within the conference.
The Cowboys of Oklahoma State are Nationally ranked 3rd in scoring 44.9 points a game and 2nd in total yards accumulating 540.5. Oklahoma State has a balanced attack, but it should be their rushing attack that will benefit from an Arizona rushing defense that allowed 205 rushing yards to USC and 398 to Oregon.
Arizona's offense will be their only substantial hope to stay in shouting distance with the Cowboys. The Wildcats' passing game ranked 9th in the country will take full advantage of the Cowboys' passing defense which is 115th in the United States.
The bottom line should be Oklahoma State's ground game "should" take time away from the Arizona's Ariel show and thus cover the spread.
Pick: Oklahoma State -4.5


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my 5 month old is learning how to crawl. she's lunging herself forward and around the floor. she doesn't seem to want to nurse as often as before and has started to sleep longer through the night. (although just last week, she was waking up more often at night than usual).
does learning how to crawl change their nursing behaviors?
i am just not sure if she's getting enough, and sometimes i'm getting pretty full when she misses feedings again (had oversupply early on).


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UZ Launches Advanced Junior Faculty Research Training Programme
The University of Zimbabwe College Of Health Sciences (UZ-CHS) launched an exciting advanced junior faculty research training programme at a glittering ceremony held on Wednesday, 10 February 2016, at the CHS Research Support Centre.
The UZ-CHS is one of the 11 medical schools in Sub-Saharan Africa awarded grant funding by the USA NIH/Forgaty International Centre for advanced junior faculty research training. Dubbed "Promoting Excellence in Research and Faculty Enhanced Career Training (PERFECT) Programme'', the initiative seeks to serve as a national model and is a follow-up to the highly successful Medical Education Partnership Initiative (MEPI) Programme. It will run from 2015 to 2020, with the first cohort commencing training in May 2016.
PERFECT Training Program
The program will support junior faculty training in advanced research and mentorship and will encourage them to pursue careers in research.
Target Scientific Areas
Women's Health
Mental Health
Cardiovascular Diseases/Stroke Respiratory Diseases Haematology
Dental/Craniofacial disorders
Core Research Skills Courses: Research methodology, health information literacy, bioethics, research administration, grant writing, scientific writing for publication, presentation skills
Associated Skills Training: Leadership & management & governance, bioinformatics, biosafety, Intellectual property rights and technology transfer
Mentorship, mentored research projects, Electives and attachments
Trainees will be selected from across the UZCHS departments with research interest in the above target scientific areas.
Program Structure
In total 30 trainees will undergo intensive research training in 3 cohorts of 10 over the 5 years of the programme. Each cohort will undergo training over a 24-month period.
- Requirements
· All eligible faculty members from all UZCHS Departments may apply;
· Must be current faculty member at UZCHS.
- Qualifications and Experience
· MMed or equivalent, MSc, MPhil or PhD ;
· Not be more than 45 years of age; and
· Staff development fellows, research fellows, lecturers and senior lecturers.
- Expectations
· Commitment to a research career;
· Commitment to complete all components of the programme;
· Commitment to remain on the UZCHS faculty during and beyond the training program; and
· Strong endorsement of each trainee by departmental chair/departmental board.
Part of the audience during the Launch of the PERFECT Programme
Officially launching the programme, the Vice Chancellor of the University of Zimbabwe, Professor Levi Nyagura highly commended the UZ-CHS in general and Professor James Hakim, the architect of both the MEPI and PERFECT Programmes, for the strategic thinking and planning that had resulted in the UZ-CHS becoming one of the best medical schools, not only in Africa, but internationally.


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Welcome to NCOTA
The North Carolina Occupational Therapy Association was founded in 1957 and was incorporated as a nonprofit professional association in 1976. Dedicated volunteers also led the drive for licensure in 1984. From then until now, occupational therapy has grown from a few therapists around the state to over 5,400 licensed OT and OTA practitioners in many different specialty fields. And yet the mission continues. Providing leadership in advocacy to legislation and policy makers. Supporting continued competence of OT practice through several comprehensive educational conferences each year, from the coast to the mountains. Helping to create networking opportunities and resources for our members. We hope you will find your visit to our site useful and, if you are not a current member, that you will consider joining with us. The future is exciting and we are looking forward to enjoying it together.
The Benefits of Membership
NCOTA aims to advocate, educate, and communicate. Membership in any professional association offers you to opportunity to lend your support, as many others have done in the past, to the mission and activities of that association and to your colleagues who are already involved. In addition to what you give, members also receive a few valuable benefits.
Membership has been proven to enhance professional identity and pride. Members receive substantial discounts at continuing education events, making license renewal easier to manage, while knowing that those events are being produced specifically for you.
Members become part of various networking resources, both locally and statewide. Members have a voice when lawmakers are considering legislation that might impact the care OT practitioners offer or access to that care for NC citizens.
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NCOTA Annual Conference
The largest gathering for occupational therapy practitioners and students each year is the NCOTA Annual Fall Conference. This year our conference will be held at the Koury Convention Center & Sheraton Greensboro in Greensboro, NC, on the weekend of November 4-6. Stay onsite at the Sheraton for only $137 per night (mention NCOTA or Occupational Therapy when making your reservations). Call (336) 292-9161 to book your room.
We are bringing back Pre-Conference Institutes on Friday the 4th and then our Full Conference will be held on Saturday and Sunday, November 5 & 6th. Participants can earn up to 21.75 hours of quality continuing education, network with colleagues, and visit with industry leading vendors and employers. A copy of the conference program and fee schedule is available below. Contact us at firstname.lastname@example.com with any questions.
Exhibitor and Sponsor Prospectus
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Fri Nov 4, 2016Annual Conference
Category: Conference
Fri Nov 4, 2016NCOTA Board Meeting
Category: Board Meeting
Sat Nov 5, 2016Annual Conference
Category: Conference
Sun Nov 6, 2016Annual Conference
Category: Conference
Thu Dec 8, 2016Charlotte Area NCOTA Group - Journal Article Review
Category: Events
Wed Mar 15, 2017Advocacy Day
Category: Events


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The rain forest is most definitely beautiful. The only problem is that there is not form of public transportation that goes to it, so you are gonna have to drive. If you are visiting San Juan and want to visit El Yuenque you are going to have to rent a car or take one of those tour group trips advertised through out the city.
A warning about driving. The roads are very skinny and winding. Obey the speed limits for your safety and the safety of others.
There are plenty of pull offs for you to enjoy the scenery, take advantage of them.
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Driving from San Juan
We debated over driving vs. taking a tour and we were really glad that we decided to do it on our own. We rented a car from Charlie's near our hotel in Carolina which was only $22 for the day, gas was only another $6. The tours I found were around $50 per person and only stayed for 1/2 a day. Driving to El Yunque from San Juan was an easy drive, I printed out directions from Mapquest or Google Maps and followed that on the way over and then followed the coastal road on the way back.
- 1
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Jacke, a sixth-round pick in 1989 who was inducted into the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame on Saturday, kicked for the Packers for eight seasons. His rookie season was like a dream. He made 22-of-28 field goals, including several clutch kicks as the "Cardiac Pack" won six games by three points or less. The most memorable of his three game-winning kicks was a 47-yarder on the last play to beat Tampa Bay.
"That was a fun year," Jacke said. "As a rookie, you're just happy to be on the team, you really are. The year that we had — we just missed the playoffs. We were all sitting around and, I believe, it was a Sunday night game that Minnesota had to lose and we would have been in the playoffs. When they won, it made me think, 'This is going to be pretty easy. Everyone's coming back, we're all pretty healthy.' Then the following two years, we go 4-12. It was a great experience with those guys. It was an honor and a joy to be a part of that 1989 season."
Jacke was an astounding 18-of-31 on field goals from 50-plus yards, the biggest of which was his 53-yarder that beat San Francisco in overtime during the Super Bowl season of 1996.
"That was a great night," Jacke said. "We were talking a little bit back in the Green Room. Robert Brooks went down in that game; Don Beebe had an incredible night that night. If a receiver's having a great night, obviously Brett (Favre) was having a great night. The game was going back and forth. I think I had five field goals that night. That's obviously the game that stands out. I can remember my first field goal in L.A. against the Rams as a rookie. There's a lot of memories. My bet is, after this evening, this will be the pinnacle of my career."
After the season, the Packers used a third-round pick on Brett Conway — who flopped and was replaced by Ryan Longwell. Jacke, a free agent, signed with Pittsburgh, his Green Bay career ending with 820 points — three shy of Don Hutson's then-team record.
"At the time it probably did (bother me) but, in reflection, I don't think I will be defined by not having three more points and having the record," Jacke said. "Green Bay has been real fortunate as far as kickers go: Don Chandler, Jan Stenerud, Chester Marcol, Al Del Greco, myself, and then when I left, Ryan took over. He took it up a level from me, and I feel the same way with Mason (Crosby) today. I think he's taken it up a level, as well. In hindsight, at the time, it was something I wish I could have achieved but it was going to be broken, anyway, eventually."
Former fullback William Henderson, a teammate of Jacke's, called Jacke the most normal kicker he'd been around. Jacke took his job seriously, to be sure, but he didn't consider himself a part of the team in the same way as a quarterback or some other every-down player.
"I was doing the math — I'm a math guy — field goals last 1.4 seconds and kickoffs would last about 10 seconds," Jacke said. "I did the math, thinking if I had 10 (plays), that's roughly a minute-and-a-half. What do I do for the other 58-and-a-half minutes during the game? I became a fan of the game. Watching Don Majkowski, Sterling Sharpe, Brian Noble, on up to when Mike (Holmgren) and Ron (Wolf) came in and (watching) the Reggie Whites, the Brett Favres. I was just a fan in reflection. I kind of feel what the fans feel. I love the game. I love watching these guys. To become a part of the Hall of Fame with a lot of the guys that I played with is truly an honor and it's very humbling."
Agree or disagree?: Discuss hot Packers topics in our, free forums. Leave Bill a question in the subscribers-only Packers Pro Club forum.
Bill Huber is publisher of Packer Report magazine and PackerReport.com and has written for Packer Report since 1997. E-mail him at firstname.lastname@example.com, or leave him a question in Packer Report's subscribers-only Packers Pro Club forum. Find Bill on Twitter at twitter.com/PackerReport.


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SCOTTSDALE, Ariz. — TCU quarterback Trevone Boykin has spent a great deal of time studying Michigan State's defensive looks, all the better to make the right reads in Saturday night's Buffalo Wild Wings Bowl. "They are bigger than most Big 12 defenses, I wouldn't say they are faster,'' Boykin said. "They are very aggressive, they are run stoppers. They have one of the best D-Line's in the nation.
Boykin Ready to Give His WRs Chances Against Banged-Up Spartans Secondary
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We'd like to introduce you to two new shows that you may have caught on air recently, both hosted by new announcers who joined the station in the last training round.
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The MRAP Boondoggle
Why the $600,000 Vehicles Aren't Worth the Money
An MRAP manufactured by Navistar International. Nearly 8,000 have been produced. (david_axe / flickr)
Last summer, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates said that the Pentagon's Joint Program Office for Mine-Resistant Ambush Protected Vehicles (JPO-MRAP), a $45 billion program to design, manufacture, and deploy 27,000 heavily protected vehicles into Iraq and Afghanistan, had saved "thousands and thousands of lives." The Joint Program Office drilled down a more specific figure: MRAPs, as they're known in military jargon, saved the lives of 40,000 troops in Iraq and Afghanistan. In other words, without MRAPs, the number of combat deaths from those wars would be comparable to the number killed in Korea or Vietnam.
The Joint Program Office put a specific number on what was becoming the conventional wisdom on the new military machinery. Over the past few years, media outlets, including the Boston Herald and USA Today, repeatedly reported on the life-saving power of MRAPs. The Pentagon underscored the news with its own official releases. Purchases of MRAPs have declined recently due to the withdrawal of forces from Iraq and Afghanistan, but the Defense Department continues to focus on the vehicle -- it recently awarded a contract for more MRAPs, with the authority to purchase another 5,244 of them in the future. Just last week, an opinion piece in The Wall Street Journal argued, "the success the Army and Marines have had with [the MRAP] shows what happens when the Pentagon throws out the bureaucratic rule book and takes on a more World War II-style business model."
But data from the battlefield does not support the claims that MRAPs are highly effective in decreasing the number of U.S. causalities. We recently conducted a study using For Official Use Only (FOUO) Pentagon data, which the Defense Department provided in response to a research request. We found that, relative to light
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Many areas with wood panels, surfaces or other components suffer from inadequate acoustics. That's because the wooden areas can produce a "hard" feeling, creating seem reflections where there shouldn't be any. In some other spaces, including wood dampens seem. Each wood has its own qualities, but you may generally expect dense forest like mahogany and also Brazilian teak to reflect audio more than they absorb it. Woods which are lighter in weight, including Caribbean maple, are more likely to absorb sound.
Green Multiplex also called Hedge Bamboo An excellent selection for creating a visual screen and it is usually the most affordable variety sold in the North Central Florida area. This sort of bamboo also comes in a beautiful green candy striped version referred to as Alphonse Karr.
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You may notice that there are actually a lot of different preparations for the lucky bamboo. They are available in different numbers of stems, tend to be directly or curled and are occasionally formed in to different styles and offered as originality items. The amount of stalks alone has specific meaning. The greater the amount of bamboo stems in an arrangement does not necessarily translate to far better luck. If there's 3 stems or Half a dozen, it represents happiness. 5 or 7 stalks represents health. Two stalks represent love and marriage, 8-10 represent wealth and abundance, 9 means good fortune and then a big set up of 21 years old stalks symbolizes blessings.
Additionally, there are special methods to use the fortunate bamboo to display the five components of feng shui in action, making balance and harmony inside a specified region. The plant alone represents the particular wood element, simply position them in a cup vase loaded with water to incorporate the actual metal and water elements, atart exercising . stone regarding earth and tie the particular stalks along with a red ribbon or string to add the particular element of fire.
The other kind of bamboo is called clumping bamboo. The actual clumping variety is easily confined in one area and won't spread around like the operating variety will be prone to perform. It can distributed slightly, but you will find it will be nowhere near the amount the functional type spreads. Clumping bamboo is fashionable as a privacy fence or even as a decorative garden feature that you need to remain in one place. Since the clumping kind doesn't get the size of the running type in most cases, this is a better choice for smaller locations as well.


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Most news stories involving college football players, the summer and the wee hours of the morning aren't positive ones. Just ask Ohio State.
But if Michigan State nose tackle Micajah Reynolds wasn't driving in the early hours of July 31 in Lansing, Mich., a young man might have lost his life. Reynolds was returning home from a friend's house when an 18-year old man flagged him down. The man had been shot multiple times, including in the head, after being the victim of an apparent robbery.
Reynolds shared the story Monday during Michigan State's preseason media day.
"Nobody else was around, and he was bleeding pretty badly," Reynolds said. "I whipped my car around in the middle of the street and jumped out and ran over to him and helped him out. I put pressure on his wounds and stuff. He had been shot in the head. I've still got my shirt and all my clothes over at the house that are completely drenched in his blood and stuff. Thank God he made it."
Here's more from the Spartans senior, a Lansing native:
"I'm holding him, cradling him and putting pressure and telling him, 'Hey, everything is going to be OK, everything is going to be all right.' He's telling me, 'I'm dead,' and I said, 'You're not dead, you're sitting here talking to me. You're gonna be fine, just hang on, just keep fighting.' I felt like I was spotting someone on the bench and being like, 'Man, you can do it. Just relax and keep going. You got it and all that.' Thankfully, he made it. I haven't really spoken to the family since I've been in camp and stuff. He was stable and everything the last time I checked."
Reynolds said the experience has made him appreciate life more as well as the opportunity to play major college football. He has increased his level of intensity during the Spartans' first few practices.
"Life is so delicate," he told reporters. "You don't think about things like that happening until it's happened. Just thinking, I was like what if my son would've been in that situation? Would somebody else have stopped?"
Thankfully, Reynolds did and the teen survived.
It remains to be seen whether Reynolds will be a starter, a backup or an All-Big Ten player this fall.
This much is clear: he should be called a hero.


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Business and Society
This report presents the financial indicators and main achievements that Odebrechts teams have produced in the businesses and countries where they worked, and the social, environmental and cultural programs in which they took part in 2006.
In it, we also underscore some distinctive traits of the Odebrecht Groups subsidiaries:
the systematic application of an entrepreneurial philosophy that is based on the spirit of service;
strong global operations and a significant presence in
countries around the world;
a commitment to preserving the environment;
corporate social responsibility (CSR).
Last but not least, CSR reflects one of our core beliefs: that the role of an entrepreneurial organization is not limited to its basic responsibility, which is providing high-quality products and services to its clients.
In addition to ensuring its clients satisfaction and producing wealth for shareholders the two sources of life for any business an organization must also share the wealth and knowledge it produces with its members, the State and the communities in which it operates.
That is how we contribute to sustainable development in our local communities, with which we maintain an interdependent relationship.
We do this for a very simple reason: no company can grow in isolation, and no society can progress unless business plays a leading role in societys growth.
© Copright Odebrecht S.A.