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realmagick.com The shrine of knowledge.
Kathleen Hall Jamieson
A selection of articles related to kathleen hall jamieson.
Original articles from our library related to the Kathleen Hall Jamieson. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Kathleen Hall Jamieson.
- Ancient Egyptian Wisdom
- FROM THE BOOK OF THE DEAD "Hail to thee, great lord of justice. I have come to you, my lord, that thou may bring me so that I may see your beauty, for I know thou and I know your name, and I know the names of the fourty-two Gods of those who are with...
Religions >> Egyptian
- Laguz/Laukaz
- This rune, the fifth rune of the third aett and twenty-first of the Elder Futhark, has two names. Kenaz/Kaunaz is the other rune with two names. Laguz is the best-known name of today's rune. It means "lake." Laukaz is the alternative name and means "leek," a...
Divination >> Rune Stones
- Subliminal Persuasion: References
- (1957). " Persuaders' Get Deeply 'Hidden' Tool: Subliminal Projection " Advertising Age , Vol 37, page 127, September 16, 1957. Benes, Kathryn M.., Gutkin, Terry B., Decker, T. Newell, (1990) "The effects of mellow and frenetic music on...
Parapsychology >> Subliminal Persuasion
- Hel, Hela
- Norse Goddess of Death, Ruler of the underworld. Teutonic Goddess of the kingdom of the dead, not considered as a place of punishment. Daughter of Loki and Angurboda, and sister of the Midgard serpent of the ocean encircling the Earth, and of the devouring...
Deities & Heros >> Nordic & Germanic
- King James Bible: John, Chapter 18
- Chapter 18 18:1 When Jesus had spoken these words, he went forth with his disciples over the brook Cedron, where was a garden, into the which he entered, and his disciples. 18:2 And Judas also, which betrayed him, knew the place: for Jesus ofttimes resorted...
New Testament >> John
- Perthro
- Welcome to the Perthro column of Rune-of-the-Month Club. Perthro is the Rune for the sound represented by the Roman letter "P." This is the sixth Rune of the second Aett, hence the fourteenth Rune, so we are moving right along! Perthro is the reconstructed...
Divination >> Rune Stones
Kathleen Hall Jamieson is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Kathleen Hall Jamieson books and related discussion.
Suggested News Resources
- Nearly half of Americans mistakenly think Zika is fatal
- "It's critical that the public understand that it's possible to have and as a result to transmit the virus while showing no symptoms," Kathleen Hall Jamieson, director of the APPC, said in a press release.
- All those debates: Reality TV for the political masses
- Ted Cruz has shown great technical ability in mounting an argument, but the Texas senator's calculated delivery style is a turnoff, says Kathleen Hall Jamieson, director of the Annenberg Public Policy Center at the University of Pennsylvania.
- Most Americans wrongly think Zika is deadly
- "It's critical that public understand that it's possible to have and as a result to transmit the virus while showing no symptoms," said Kathleen Hall Jamieson, director of the Annenberg Center, in a press release.
- Circling the Square: Will licenses be necessary for cars without drivers?
- A graduate of Holten High School, Class of 1940, Jane Porter at the time, graduated from the Kathleen Dell Secretarial School in 1942 but later went to Salem State University to earn a bachelor's degree in 1979.
Great care has been taken to prepare the information on this page. Elements of the content come from factual and lexical knowledge databases, realmagick.com library and third-party sources. We appreciate your suggestions and comments on further improvements of the site.
Kathleen Hall Jamieson Topics
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Our writing prompts invite students to write poems, stories and facts. These open-ended questions allow students to think and express themselves. Print a variety of writiing prompts for a learning center where students can choose their own topics. Themes, seasonal and opinion prompts will encourage writing at home or in the classroom.
Print these journal pages and bind them. This makes a cute journal to take to camp. Quick and easy.
"My dad is... " Short Dad-themed writing prompts with the word "Dad" repeated in color in the surrounding border.
10 different sentence starters about Dad. Would make a great gift for Father's Day. Coloring pages included.
Six creative prompts for writing "just so" stories. CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.W.5.3

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Largest Flyer?
Lots of bird
Extinct bird fossils
Pelagornis sandersi
Here, Ksepka examines the bird's fossilized skull, revealing its unique beak. [Read full story]
Before becoming managing editor, Jeanna served as a reporter for Live Science and SPACE.com for about three years. Previously she was an assistant editor at Scholastic's Science World magazine. Jeanna has an English degree from Salisbury University, a Master's degree in biogeochemistry and environmental sciences from the University of Maryland, and a science journalism degree from New York University.
The remains of a giant seabird that lived between 25 million and 28 million years ago have been discovered near what is now Charleston, South Carolina. Now considered the world's largest flying bird, the beat, dubbed Pelagornis sandersi, had a wingspan of about 20 to 24 feet (6.1 to 7.3 meters), which is at least twice that of the previous record holder &emdash; Argentavis magnificens. Here, an artist's reconstruction of the giant bird. [Read full story]
When alive, the seabird would've been much bigger than condors and nearly twice as big as today's largest flying bird — the royal albatross with its 11.4-foot (3.5 m) wingspan. (Comparison of the birds' sizes shown.)
The fossils, which included several wing and leg bones as well as a complete skull, were discovered in 1983 when construction workers began their excavations for a new terminal at the Charleston International Airport. The species was named after the excavation leader, Albert Sanders.
The extinct bird is a previously unknown member of a group of extinct seabirds called pelagornithid known for their pseudo-teeth. "These pseudo-teeth were not made with enamel like true teeth are, but were projections of bone from the jaw," said study researcher Daniel Ksepka, a paleontologist and curator of science at the Bruce Museum in Greenwich, Connecticut. "They are very conical and pointed, which suggests they were used for piercing prey. The most likely source of food for these birds were fish and squid near the surface of the water."
Here, Ksepka examines the bird's fossilized skull, revealing its unique beak. [Read full story]
Illustration of the world's largest known flying bird (Argentavis magnificens) with a wingspan of about 23 feet, soaring over the plains of Argentina 6 million years ago.
The comparable bones of Pelagornis sandersi also would have been 15 percent larger than those of another pelagornithid, this one dubbed Pelagornis chilensis, discovered in northern Chile, Ksepka told Live Science. P. chilensis lived some 5 million to 10 million years ago. [Read full story about the P. chilensis finding]


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Prosecutors Get Extension In Crundwell Case
State Charges Dropped Against Ex-Dixon Comptroller
Former Dixon Comptroller Gets Nearly 20-Year Prison Sentence
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Not your typical sports podcast. Forget the "hot takes" and meet us at the intersection of sports and culture every two weeks.
Classic Mornings
Get more out of your classical music experience and check out Vic Di Geronimo's blog.


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This is a guest editorial post by Kurt Sorensen, the Corporate Credit Director for H&E Equipment. The following was submitted to the Louisiana State Law Institute Security Devices Committee suggesting changes be made to Louisiana's Private Works Act (i.e. the Louisiana mechanics lien laws). Kurt was recently an instrumental player in lobbying the Mississippi legislature to […]Read More
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Lessors Beware: Notifying the Owner of Your Lease
You are in the business of leasing heavy equipment to contractors. You are beginning to provide more and more machinery to jobsites. You just hit your first snag with payment. What do you do? Chances are you are stuck in rough spot and have to defer to your contract for remedy. There is likely no […]Read More
Is Notice Required Before Filing a Construction Lien? Louisiana Law
It's difficult to stress how beneficial filing a lien can be for your company when attempting to collect on a non-paying project. However, this begs the very important, and sometimes difficult to answer question: Are you legally entitled to lien? In Louisiana, the lien statutes are drafted with a certain balance. On the one hand, […]Read More
Why Lien?
Dear Contractor/Subcontractor/Supplier: There are some customers or prime contractors who will not pay you after a significant amount of work, labor, services and materials have been invested into performing a job. The founder of zlien's father and grandfather were both general contractors in New Orleans, LA, so we know your frustration. The best way to […]Read More


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A stock recommendation is http://www.arcsynthesis.org/gltut/
Oh I see. Are NeHe tutorials updated to 3.x version ? Can you suggest online tutorials based on 3.x version that covers basic to advanced techniques that are available in indie game engines available in the market ?
I also like to plug the examples from my signature: https://github.com/p...OpenGL-Examples ;).
Thanks for the links. I guess, those are enough for starting now.


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I'm trying to test angular directives that uses an external template with Jasmine running with Karma in WebStorm. I'm using OS X Mavericks and use WebStorm 7.0.2 and Karma version 0.10.2. I'm using the Karma runner in Webstorm that comes with Webstorm 7+.
I cloned Vojta Jina's angular directive testing project from git: https://github.com/vojtajina/ng-directive-testing.git . I haven't made any changes to the karma config file. If I run Karma from WebStorm I get the errors:
/usr/local/bin/node /Applications/WebStorm.app/plugins/js-karma/js_reporter/karma-intellij/lib/intellijRunner.js --karmaPackageDir=/Users/mags/WebstormProjects/node_modules/karma --serverPort=9876 --urlRoot=/ Testing started at 4:11 PM ... Uncaught SyntaxError: Unexpected token < at http://localhost:9876/base/tpl/pane.html?1387211367000:1 Uncaught SyntaxError: Unexpected token < at http://localhost:9876/base/tpl/tabs.html?1387211367000:1 Process finished with exit code 0
If I run karma from terminal or just open a terminal window inside of WebStorm it executes fine:
karma start WARN [karma]: Port 9876 in use INFO [karma]: Karma v0.10.2 server started at http://localhost:9877/ INFO [launcher]: Starting browser Chrome INFO [Chrome 31.0.1650 (Mac OS X 10.9.0)]: Connected on socket X9kMCrZtNco2FEPaSEfb Chrome 31.0.1650 (Mac OS X 10.9.0): Executed 9 of 9 SUCCESS (0.418 secs / 0.101 secs)
I have installed the karma-ng-html2js-preprocessor before but I think it comes bundled with karma now anyway.
Is there anything that needs to be changed in configuration karma configuration in WebStorm? I have also tried to set it up differently in a separate project without using any of the code from Vojta's repository but I get the same errors when I run it from WebStorm.


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Beware the Ides of March, and all that, at a few beer events around Portland.
First up: Hopworks Urban Brewery is celebrating its 8th anniversary at its Powell Brewpub.
They will cut the birthday cake at 6 p.m. and have $3 pints of their classic beers – plus, they are announcing the addition of a beer to their year-round lineup: Gear Up IPA. Hopworks starting serving it fairly recently, and they say it's popular enough to pour all year and be the first to go into 12-ounce cans for six-packs. Look for those in stores in mid-April. Gear Up is brewed using organic malted barley from Oregon, Bull Run water and hops from Oregon and Washington. Hopworks says the result is a "hop profile of ripe passionfruit, pineapple and mango that balances the dank hop aroma and flavors."
Hopworks Urban Brewery, 6 p.m., Tuesday, March 15, 2944 S.E. Powell Blvd.
If you're feeling a little more Shakespearean, raise a glass of Et Two, Fruitus? Released on the Ides of March, it refers to Julius Caesar's last words, "Et tu, Brutus?" according to Shakespeare's play. Cascade Brewing Co. says this sour bock ale is aged on black raspberries and orange peel and pours blood red.
Tap It Tuesday, 6 p.m., Tuesday, March 15, at Cascade Brewing Barrel House, 939 S.E. Belmont.
This just in: Alberta Street Pub is collaborating with Deschutes Brewing for a Deschutes Pairing Dinner. Just to tease your taste buds, the first course is a chilled shrimp with couscous and watercress salad paired with Fresh Squeezed IPA. Check out the five-course dinner and beer lineup for yourself.
Deschutes Pairing Dinner, 6:30-9:30 p.m., Tuesday, March 15, at Alberta Street Pub, 1036 N.E. Alberta St.
Over on Stark Street, Belmont Station is also having a little party of its own for its 19th anniversary. For the celebration, staff members choose their favorite beers. This year, the lineup includes Block 15's Intergalactic Hop Shop, Deschutes' Abyss 2015, Upright's Hearts Beat and Lagunitas' One-Hitter Imperial Stout with hazelnuts. The festivities are from 3 p.m. to close, Thursday, March 17, at Belmont Station, 4500 S.E. Stark St.
On Monday, March, 21, the station's 19th Anniversary Bourbon Barrel Aged Barley Wine from Ecliptic Brewing will go on sale. But Thursday, they will have a sneak preview of the barley wine.


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Due to the slush and ice that is still on the side roads as well as the sidewalks and parking lots of both First Baptist and Second Baptist, Upwards Practice for tonight has been cancelled.
Search Site
Recent News
Calendar of Events
Practices begin the week of January 4th but it is still not to late to register. Just go to the Contact Us tab.


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What is in this article?:
- Franklin's bumble bee on edge of extinction
- Endangered status
- Global bumble bee decline
- Surveys for Franklin's bumble bee, conducted since 1998, clearly show declining population. Sightings decreased from 94 in 1998 to 20 in 1999 to 9 in 2000 to one in 2001. Sightings increased slightly to 20 in 2002, but dropped to three in 2003. Thorp saw none in 2004 and 2005; one in 2006; and none since.
Endangered status
Thorp and the Xerces Society petitioned USFWS on June 23, 2010, for endangered status for the bumble bee. USFWS announced, "Based on our review, we find that the petition presents substantial scientific or commercial information indicating that listing this species may be warranted. Therefore, with publication of this notice we are initiating a review of the status of the species to determine if ... Franklin's bumble bee may warrant protection under the U.S. Endangered Species Act."
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the world's oldest and largest global environmental network, named Franklin's bumble bee "Species of the Day" on Oct. 21, 2010. IUCN placed it on the "Red List of Threatened Species" and classified it as "critically endangered" and in "imminent danger of extinction."
Franklin's bumble bee, mostly black, has distinctive yellow markings on the front of its thorax and top of its head, Thorp said. It has a solid black abdomen with just a touch of white at the tip, and an inverted U-shaped design between its wing bases.
"This bumble bee is partly at risk because of its very small range of distribution," he said. "Adverse effects within this narrow range can have a much greater effect on it than on more widespread bumble bees."
If it's given protective status, this could "stimulate research into the probable causes of its decline," said Thorp, an active member of the Xerces Society. "This may not only lead to its recovery, but also help us better understand environmental threats to pollinators and how to prevent them in future. This petition also serves as a wake-up call to the importance of pollinators and the need to provide protections from the various threats to the health of their populations."
Thorp hypothesizes that the decline of the subgenus Bombus (including B. franklini and its closely related B. occidentalis, and two eastern species B. affinis and B. terricola) is linked to an exotic disease (or diseases) associated with the trafficking of commercially produced bumble bees for pollination of greenhouse tomatoes.
Other threats may include pesticides, climate change and competition with nonnative bees, according to Xerces Society executive director Scott Hoffman Black. Said Sarina Jepson, endangered species program director at the Xerces Society: "Bumble bees play a critical role in ecosystems as pollinators of wildflowers, as well as many crops. We hope that the service will ultimately provide Endangered Species Act protection to this important pollinator."
Named in 1921 for Henry J. Franklin, who monographed the bumble bees of North and South America in 1912-13, Franklin's bumble bee frequents California poppies, lupines, vetch, wild roses, blackberries, clover, sweet peas, horsemint and mountain penny royal during its flight season, from mid-May through September. It collects pollen primarily from lupines and poppies and gathers nectar mainly from mints.


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Just days ahead of his Bellator debut, former UFC light heavyweight champion Quinton "Rampage" Jackson and his new promotion have announced a deal with Monster Energy.
Monster Energy is the new "Official Energy Drink Partner" of Bellator MMA, with Jackson securing sponsorship for his fight this Friday night at Bellator 110 against Christian M'Pumbu.
"When sponsorship opportunities arise like the Monster Energy alliance, fighter involvement is paramount," Bellator chairman and CEO Bjorn Rebney said. "Bellator's talent connects with Monster's brand identity and as this partnership continues to develop, you will see more Bellator fighters have the opportunity to be involved with the Monster Energy brand. This benefits our fighters both financially and from an exposure perspective. It really is a win-win for everyone involved."
Monster Energy logos will be placed inside the Bellator cage and at various other spots in the arena during events.
"As Monster was looking to extend its sports platform and build equity within MMA, there was no other choice than to partner with Bellator," said Cody Dresser, Director of Action Sports at Monster Energy. "From Bellator's talent roster, national platform, global reach and the Bellator girls, the alignment was purely endemic. Couple Bellator's strengths with the power, reach and digital prowess of the Monster brand, and the sky is truly the limit."


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Stormwater woes drive up costs in Manchester
Kitsap County Surface and Stormwater Management is poised to spend another $800,000 to $1 million to try and solve Manchesters on-going drainage problems.
The latest project comes a little less than a year after SSWM paid to enlarge and upgrade the Alaska Avenue stormwater detention pond at the south end of Manchester. Both plans are part of a preliminary report done in 1999 to assess Manchesters stormwater problems and propose possible solutions.
We just had a lot of complaints and requests for action, said SSWM project engineer Michael McCarthy.
McCarthy said the Manchester area has chronic water-related problems. Residents are constantly reporting overflowing drainage ditches, undersized culverts and water polling in residential backyards. The current project, now in its planning stages, would address the Main Street outfall and the collection systems that feed into it.
Much of downtown Manchester is served by the Main Street system. The main collector runs from the Manchester dock up Main to Madrone Avenue, then south on Alaska Avenue to Collins Road. Past Collins, the stormwater is diverted into the Alaska Avenue system.
It has to do with the lay of the land how things slope, McCarthy said.
Right now, all the runoff from that entire area drains into Puget Sound at Main Street via a 24-inch pipe. That pipe, said McCarthy, is much too small to handle the volume of water coming out of Manchester, particularly during heavy storms. The pipe also drains above the mean low tide mark, creating an erosion problem.
SSWM engineers originally hoped to simply enlarge the pipe and extend further out into the water. However, eelgrass a critical salmon habitat was found just beyond the outfall site and made the so-called plan A unfeasible. Eelgrass beds are protected habitat under state law and therefore present a major obstacle to construction nearby.
Permitting something in that area would be really really difficult and youre better off going somewhere else, McCarthy said.
SSWM therefore hired a Tacoma-based engineering firm to create an options list of four different potential locations along the Manchester waterfront, combined with three different possible locations for the end of the pipe to fall at or above the mean high tide mark, below the mean low tide mark, or somewhere in between.
Of those 12 possibilities, four finalists were chosen. All four will be on display Monday night at a project open house at the Manchester Library.
*Option D1 is located off the south leg of Daniels Loop and falls above the mean high tide mark.
McCarthy said the location is a good choice because, with the pipe mouth above the tideline, crews wouldnt have to work on the beach as much, digging and laying the pipe. However, SSWM would have to lay riprap large chunks of rock around the pipe mouth to reduce erosion. This, said McCarthy, could create fish habitat issues. Even with the riprap, McCarthy said there would still be some beach erosion and SSWM could have permitting problems as a result.
The estimated cost of the option is $861,000.
*Option C2 is located north of the Manchester boat ramp in the intertidal zone.
The exact endpoint would be worked out in the final design, McCarthy said.
The option works better than the current site to the south because there are no eelgrass beds there and boat traffic is less. With the outflow between the high and low tide lines, McCarthy said erosion would be less than at the Daniels Loop site, although SSWM might still have to lay some riprap. McCarthy said there will definitely be permitting issues since significant excavation will have to be done to lay the pipe.
Crews would also have to rip up the Port of Manchesters parking lot to run the new pipe from Main Street to the outflow site. McCarthy said the port has been very cooperative with SSWMs plans, but said the agency would rather not cut a trench through a parking lot if it didnt have to.
The estimated cost of the option is $820,000.
*Option B3 runs between the boat ramp and the nearby dock, ending at the mean low tide mark.
McCarthy said this choice would eliminate the need to dig up the parking lot and would keep the discharge submerged nearly all the time, reducing erosion. The project would require much pricier construction equipment, since half the digging would be done partially underwater. The area is also high-traffic, resulting in possible complications with passing boats.
The estimated cost of the option is $914,000.
*Option B4 runs at the same site as option B3, but the outfall is underwater at all times.
McCarthy said this is very likely a highly impractical option, but said it was necessary to show all possible choices.
We felt we needed to include one of these deep-water outfalls in the study because someone will ask us: Did you look at this? So we did, he explained.
The benefits are pretty clear-cut, McCarthy said the deep-water option has none of the erosion or boat traffic issues associated with other options. However, that convenience comes at a cost. McCarthy said the project would require an aquatic easement from the Department of Natural Resources. He said he didnt know what the price tag would be, but said the process would be time consuming and costly.
We havent had to get one from DNR yet, so we dont have the experience, McCarthy said. And its a moving target.
The estimated cost of the option is $1,045,000 not including the DNR easement.
A few Manchester residents have already seen the project. SSWM officials presented the options at a Port of Manchester meeting, at which time the board unanimously approved a resolution backing option C2. Port Commissioner Bob Parks said even though that option requires cutting into the ports main parking lot, it seemed to the commissioners to be the only viable choice.
Thats the only logical place for it to go, Parks said.
Despite the resolution, however, it appears public opinion is largely against the project as a whole.
Parks, who lives at the corner of Beach Drive and Daniels Loop, said is property is constantly flooded out by excess runoff. The property below his, he said, is essentially unsalable because of the stormwater problem. Nevertheless, he doesnt see the proposed upgrade as the answer to his problems.
When they built the roads out here, they tilted them the wrong way, Parks explained. Theyre spending a lot of money and arent going to accomplish a lot.
Manchester resident Jim Thompson, who also serves as a port commissioner, said he wasnt thrilled with the last project SSWM did in the area the Alaska retention pond.
Thompson said his neighborhood the Alaska Avenue area doesnt have any flooding problems and hasnt had any problems in the last 20-odd years. He sees the upgrade projects as largely useless or, in the case of the retention pond, a source of aggravation.
I think its stupid and a place to breed mosquitoes, Thompson said. I think (the project) is one heck of a waste of money.
The money for this project will come out of SSWM fees, which are included in county property taxes. McCarthy said single-family home owners pay about $45 into the SSWM fund; commercial properties are assessed base on their total impervious surface area. The money pays for capital projects like the Manchester upgrade, but also pays for repairs and maintenance on existing stormwater systems.
Because SSWM works on several of these projects at once, McCarthy said the process from identifying the problem to fixing it is usually a slow one. With luck, McCarthy hopes to award a design contract for the project this fall, after a preferred option is chosen. Permit applications will likely go out the following summer and then, McCarthy said, its pretty much up to the Army Corps of Engineers and the other permitting agencies how long SSWM has to wait to start construction.
Supposedly the Corps getting better, but it could take one to two years to get a permit, he said.
In an effort to spread out the cost and the work, SSWM plans to upgrade the system in phases, starting with the outflow pipe. Crews will eventually work all the way up Main Street and Madrone, but McCarthy could not even begin to guess at a projected completion date for the whole project.
We havent broken down how big of bites this will be, he said.
There are still several projects left in the 1999 Manchester report. According to the study, Virginia Avenue East is impassable during large storms because of flooding. Ricky Court, also on SSWMs to-do list, suffers from intermittent flooding and the potential for septic tank submersion.
Nevertheless, McCarthy doesnt expect to get around to those project areas for quite some time to come.
I think were going to be concentrating for some time handling the phases of this (project), he said.
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Holmes and Watson's Exciting Return
Sherlock Holmes purists may once again be off put by director Guy Ritchie's rock-'em sock-'em take on the genius British detective and his faithful friend Dr. Watson, but for the rest of us, his second outing is simply tons of fun.
Everyone is back in "Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows," from Robert Downey, Jr., as the great sleuth to Jude Law as Dr. Watson, Rachel McAdams as Irene Adler, Eddie Marsan as Inspector Lestrade and Kelly Reilly as Watson's soon-to-be wife Mary. Those coming nuptials are a key part of the story, as Holmes and Watson get entangled with the nefarious Professor James Moriarty just as the bachelor party is about to begin.
Moriarty is Holmes' continuing nemesis throughout the writings of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and he plays a huge role in this episode. Well played by Jared Harris, he's an evil genius who is plotting world financial domination. If that sounds a bit like a Bond movie, it's because it is, for in Ritchie's hands, Sherlock Holmes is as much an action star as James Bond – or even Jackie Chan. There are numerous fight sequences in the flick, choreographed with fascinating precision as Holmes first visualizes the coming action, then fast-forwards into it.
That technique, as well as a number of other visually exciting storytelling devices, are what sets "Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows" apart from the many iterations of the Holmes legend that have come before on the silver screen. For by combining all the elements of the original Holmes that we know and love, including elaborate disguises, incredible observation skills and even his penchant for cocaine, with fast-moving action sequences and a large dollop of humor, Ritchie and his gang have created a seriously enjoyable new take on an old saw.
Add in terrific performances by the leads, as well as newcomers Noomi Rapace (best known for the Swedish "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo" film trilogy) as a sultry gypsy and Stephen Fry as Holmes' foppish brother Mycroft, and there's no doubt about it: the game's afoot once again, and we're happy to be along for the chase.
Reviewed by Jenny Peters
Related Content:
"Sherlock Holmes" (2009) review
The kinds of movies made for foodies, including classics such as Like Water for Chocolate and newer releases like Chef and Ratatouille.
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Westbury Bank profit reverses year-ago loss
The parent company of Westbury Bank posted a profit in the third quarter of its fiscal year as lending grew and the quality of its loan portfolio improved.
West Bend-based Westbury Bancorp Inc. said Tuesday it had net income of $69,000, or 1 cent a share in the quarter, compared with a loss of $446,000, or 10 cents, in the year-ago quarter.
"The results for the most recent quarter reflect important ongoing progress that we have made toward our primary goals of growing commercial and retail loans and related deposits," Ray Lipman, chairman, president and chief executive, said in a statement. "We have also continued to reduce nonperforming assets, reduce operating expenses and increase service fee income."
The bank closed three branches during the quarter, which ended June 30.
Before the announcement, shares of Westbury closed up 12 cents at $15.23.
Business Wire
Recent national business updates from the Associated Press


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A return to traditional methods: Desks are arranged in rows during Latin lessons at Toby Young's West London Free School
Jane Mitchell was the daughter of a lorry driver. Reflecting on her education during the 1940s, she wrote: "I enjoyed the mental drill and exercise I was put through, even the memorising from our geography book of the principal rivers and promontories of the British Isles . . . It never occurred to me to question the purposes or methods of what we were made to do at school. The stuff was there to be learned, and I enjoyed mopping it up."
Jane went on to become a classics lecturer at Reading University. It is hard to imagine a child of her background taking so academic a career route today. Then again, it is hard to imagine that such a child today would receive the rigorous education she enjoyed.
What has changed between then and now? This question has dominated my thoughts since I became a history teacher at one of Britain's abundant failing state schools. Having been educated in the private sector since the age of seven, I was not ready for the deprivation that confronted me at my new job. However, this was no material deprivation. At around £6,200 a year, average state spending per pupil is not far off the cost of a good private day school. Instead, it was a deprivation of effective teaching methods.
One in five pupils leaves British secondary schools functionally illiterate. It comes as no surprise, therefore, that a 2010 Confederation of British Industry report found 22 per cent of employers who hired school-leavers were obliged to give them remedial training in literacy. How can such a large proportion of our pupils pass through 11 years of state schooling and still not have the basics of literacy? The answer can be found in a pedagogical outlook which renounces rigour, embeds underachievement, and dominates the state sector.
During my teacher training, the university reading list covered the canon of "child-centred" educators. One of the most influential is the Californian academic and self-styled "liberation psychologist" Carl Rogers. In his 1969 work Freedom to Learn he proclaimed, "Traditional teaching is an almost completely futile, wasteful, over-rated function in today's changing world," adding, "no one should ever be trying to learn something for which one sees no relevance."
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Luminous Botanicus II: Night MoodsAustralian National Botanic Gardens / Discover / Ticketed
A moving experience of live music and sound scaping overlayed by dramatic garden lighting. Rainforest drumming, wind and strings over the water garden, sultry jazz & blues in the Eucalypt 'lounge', with ancient rhythms and stories in the Red Centre.
Date: 4, 5, 11 & 12 March
Time: 8pm & 8:30pm
Venue: Australian National Botanic Gardens
Cost: Adult $25, Concession $20, Child $15


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"We are very excited to introduce this new twist for the Maxxis EnduroCross crowd," said Eric Peronnard, co-promoter of the event. "Prior to the final race of the evening, the Orleans Arena will go dark and eight of our selected riders will line up behind the start gate to take on the EnduroCross track in the dark with the use of Baja Design head lamps and NiteRider helmet lamps. This should prove to be quite a challenge to the riders and great entertainment for the spectators. A perfect fit for an already action-packed event."
The riders to be selected for the Baja Designs/NiteRider Night Race will be the riders finishing in the second through eighth spots of the evenings LCQ. These seven riders will take on former Baja 1000 Champion, Jimmy Lewis (Baja Designs Wild Card), to make a field of eight.
"Baja Designs and NiteRider have kicked in $1000 and we'll toss in another $500 to make it total $1500 purse for the Night Race," said Peronnard. "That should give these guys a little incentive to put on a show for the crowd."
For more information about the event and to register for the Qualifier Round, go online to www.endurocross.com. Tickets for the event are available by calling 888-234-2334 or they may be purchased on line at www.orleansarena.com.


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ORLANDO, Fla. — Representatives from the Florida Tomato Exchange and the California Tomato Farmers cooperative have concluded a summit sponsored by the United Fresh Produce Association by expressing their commitment to unify food safety practices for U.S. tomatoes. "A primary goal of the California Tomato Farmers is for standardized food safety criteria to be developed and implemented in all U.S. growing areas and eventually in Canada and Mexico as well," Ed Beckman, president of the ...
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realmagick.com The shrine of knowledge.
- Kenchuto J › Being absolutely natural ... They can be defined and rendered a bit differently, and are not supposed to be stupid, not in their effects either: (1) ...
- Health news: How knee gel could boost your mobility, the new benefits of Omega
- Dai-kenchu-to, a treatment containing ginseng and zanthoxylum fruit, was effective for constipation. Hange- shashin-to, which contains ginseng as well as ginger, reduced the severity of diarrhoea.
- Howelsen Hill Trail Run sees repeat winner in 8-mile race
- #Freedman, who owns Kenchuto Bliss, which specializes in raw foods and organic energy bars for athletes, is originally from Cape Town, South Africa, but has lived in Steamboat nearly three years.
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- #Offered this week are pork breakfast sausage from Yampa Valley Farms, garlic parmesan bread from Kate's Cafe in Yampa, sweet potato hummus from Kenchuto Bliss in Steamboat and many more healthy products. #Producers include bakers, herb growers, ...
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realmagick.com The shrine of knowledge.
Church Of The Subgenius
A selection of articles related to church of the subgenius.
Original articles from our library related to the Church Of The Subgenius. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Church Of The Subgenius.
- The Aeonic Perspective of the Enochian Temples
- The initiatory system of the Enochian Temples divides the path of initiation into four major stages, distinguished primarily by the types and sources of the influences they are sensitive to. Briefly, these stages are: 1. Lunar-planetary, focused in Yesod and...
Magick >> Enochian
- Bringing it Down to Earth: A Fractal Approach
- 'Clouds are not spheres, mountains are not cones, coastlines are not circles, and bark is not smooth, nor does lightning travel in a straight line.' B. Mandelbrot W e want to think about the future - it's our nature. Unlike other creatures, humans possess an...
Mystic Sciences >> Astrology
- Mother Of The Gods And The Father Of The Gael
- There is no surviving, or as yet translated, Creation story within Irish mythology. We learn from the Lebor Gabala Erenn, a text from the Christian Middle Ages, of the Tuatha De Danann, or "People of the Goddess Danu", who came to Ireland either...
Deities & Heros >> Celtic, Welsh, Irish & Brittish
- Select Cross-Cultural and Historical Personifications of Death
- This extensive introduction includes some of the more well known, along with some lesser known Death "incarnations", and I use that term loosely, as in many cultures, the Angel of Death can be quite an adept shapeshifter. We have tried to cull...
Mystic Sciences >> Necromantic Studies
- The Celtic Vedic Connection, Part I
- Of all the great ancient cultures perhaps no two share more parallels than those of the Celtic and Vedic peoples. A deep rooted affinity runs between them, what is present in one is mirrored in the other. Myths, Gods, Goddesses, even fairy tales bear a...
Religions >> Druidism
Church Of The Subgenius is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Church Of The Subgenius books and related discussion.
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- Far More People Claim Alien Abduction Than KKK Membership
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- A User's Guide to Parody Religions Churches of the SubGenius & the Flying
- Few parody religions have captured the tenor of their times more than the Church of the SubGenius, co-created by Ivan Stang and "Dr" Philo Drummond in 1979, the same year that the Moral Majority was founded. Although the former organization is, in many ...
- 11 of the best new religions of the last century
- Created in the 1970s, the Church of the SubGenius is best understood as Discordianism's puckish little brother. The Church is centered around the prophet J.R.
- John Oliver Shuts Down Tax-Exempt Church for the Most Disgusting Reason
- Just four weeks after John Oliver announced the creation of his new church, Our Lady of Perpetual Exemption, the Last Week Tonight host decided to shut it down. The announcement came at the end of Sunday night's show and was accompanied by a note ...
- Praying at the church of rock and roll: How John Lennon made me a skeptic
- In the Middle East, fundamentalist Muslims had succeeded in ousting the Shah via a passionate revolution. Scientolology was also expanding. I think they annexed Tom Cruise during this era.
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Oscar Nominated Derby-Bound Despite 'Plan C'
An interesting name popped up on the undercard stakes nominations for Kentucky Derby Day, but Ken Ramsey says not to get the wrong impression.
An interesting name popped up on the undercard stakes nominations for Kentucky Derby Day, but Ken Ramsey says not to get the wrong impression.
Oscar Nominated isn't nominated to the Triple Crown, but he's headed to the Kentucky Derby (gr. I) after his upset win in the $500,000 Horseshoe Cincinnati Casino Spiral Stakes (gr. III) April 2 at Turfway Park.
In light of a slow start that left him with plenty to do to close into a soft pace, Team Valor International and Gary Barber's Kasseopia put in an impressive run to get third in the Feb. 13 El Camino Real Derby (gr. III).
Larry Jones hopes to find an easy debut spot in the 1 1/16-mile Doubledogdare for grade I winner I'm a Chatterbox, who was rested this winter at Fair Grounds. Her first big target is the June 11 Ogden Phipps (gr. I).
John Oxley's Airoforce, who turned in an uncharacteristically dull effort in the Risen Star Stakes (gr. II) last time out, seeks to rebound in the $500,000 Spiral Stakes (gr. III) April 2 at Turfway Park.
Larry and Cindy Jones' homebred colt Jensen isn't nominated to the Triple Crown, but he will attempt to follow in the footsteps of his broodmare sire, Hard Spun, in the April 2 Spiral Stakes (gr. III) at Turfway.
Funny Cide, winner of the 2003 Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes (both gr. I) and now a resident at the Kentucky Horse Park Hall of Champions, will visit Turfway Park April 2 as part of the Spiral Stakes (gr. III) program.
Beverly Anderson and Edward Seltzer's homebred Surgical Strike appears headed to the Spiral Stakes (gr. III) after a come-from-behind victory in the $100,000 John Battaglia Memorial Stakes March 12 at Turfway Park.
Gary Barber's Whatawonderflworld, who thus far has shown an affinity for turf and synthetic surfaces, is among a full field of 3-year-olds entered for the $100,000 John Battaglia Memorial Stakes March 12 at Turfway Park.
A full field of 3-year-olds will line up for the $50,000 WEBN Stakes at Turfway Park on Saturday, Feb. 20 for the 30th renewal of the 6-1/2 furlong race.
The first reported foal by grade I winner Capo Bastone arrived at Y-Lo Racing Stables in Ocala, Fla. Jan. 23. The foal is a filly out of Y-Lo's homebred Speightstown mare Speightstown Girl.
The first reported foal for Uncaptured, Canada's Horse of the Year of 2012, is a filly born Jan. 3 at J. Michael O'Farrell Jr.'s Ocala Stud Farm.
Turfway Park's winter/spring Thoroughbred race meet opens Jan. 1, with eight stakes highlighting the 46-day schedule. The meet runs through April 3 and includes the Horseshoe Casino Cincinnati Spiral Stakes (gr. III).
Ted Mitzlaff's Neck 'n Neck just got up in the final strides to take the $200,000 Greenwood Cup (gr. III) from Parx Racing on Monday afternoon.
Grade III winner Went the Day Well, who finished fourth in the 2012 Kentucky Derby Presented by Yum! Brands (gr. I), has arrived in Uruguay and will stand for Las Zainas Farm, according to bloodstock agent Pablo Nunez.
Nine older horses square off in the one-mile $100,000 Hanshin Cup over Arlington's Polytrack in a wide-open affair
Last-out stakes winners The Pizza Man, Dramedy, and Xtra Luck will seek to continue their successful ways at the marathon distance of 1 1/2 miles at Arlington International Racecourse.
Michele and Cliff Love's Xtra Luck took over from pacesetter Majestic Harbor in early stretch and held his command for a comfortable win in the $100,000 Louisville Handicap (gr. IIIT) May 23 at Churchill Downs
Dubai Sky, winner of the March 21 Horseshoe Casino Cincinnati Spiral Stakes (gr. III), is off the Triple Crown trail after sustaining a cannon bone fracture in his left hind leg April 4.
Dubai Sky collected his fourth straight victory and second straight stakes with an impressive win in the $550,000 Spiral Stakes (gr. III) March 21 at Turfway Park.
J. Keeler Johnson handicaps the Spiral Stakes (gr. III) at Turfway Park. read blog
With an impressive win at Turfway Park last time out in the John Battaglia Memorial Stakes, Royal Son appears to be the one to beat in the $550,000 Horseshoe Casino Cincinnati Spiral Stakes (gr. III).
Upstart, winner of the Holy Bull Stakes (gr. III) and disqualified from first in the Besilu Stables Fountain of Youth Stakes (gr. II), breezed six furlongs at Palm Meadows March 13. Frosted and Imperia also worked.
After a five-furlong workout in 1:00 4/5 March 5 at Santa Anita Park, trainer Jeff Bonde said Metaboss is scheduled to race next in the 1 1/8-mile $550,000 Spiral Stakes (gr. III) March 21 at Turfway Park.
Adena Springs South will stand Capo Bastone, City Wolf, and Hunters Bay for the 2015 breeding season.
|Breeder / Owner
|Balance the Books
|Chad C. Brown
|Black Onyx
|Christophe Clement
|Capo Bastone
|Todd A. Pletcher
|Channel Isle
|D. Wayne Lukas
|Fear the Kitten
|Michael J. Maker
|For Greater Glory
|Steve Hobby
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|Giant Finish
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|Mac the Man
|Jeffrey L. Greenhill
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|Mark E. Casse
|Magnolia S.
|Turnback the Alarm H. (gr. III)
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|Bold Ruler H. (gr. III)
|Tri-State Futurity


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Elton John Sings The Praises Of Pope Francis In "Vanity Fair"
Perhaps its a shared love of Prada footwear, but Pope Francis has found an admirer in Elton John. The 76-year-old leader of the Catholic Church appears on the cover of the Italian edition of Vanity Fair, which has named him "man of the year" (reminder: it's the Italian edition — you know Graydon Carter would never let this happen on his watch).
Anyway, VF Italia asked five celebs to sound off on the 266th pope, who as Cardinal Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio urged the church should support civil unions as the "lesser of two evils."
As the non-Catholic Sir Elton puts it, "Francis is a miracle of humility in an era of vanity." Wait, is he talking about the pope or Princess Diana?
This seems a far cry from a few years ago when the out(rageous) entertainer called for all organized religions to be banned. Perhaps he hasn't read about Pope Francis' plans to reform the Vatican's secretive "gay lobby."
In the issue John also expressed his hope that the pope will "reach out to children, women, men who live with HIV and AIDS — often alone, and hidden away in silence."
h/t: Huffington Post
Elton, you've passed from somewhat useful toadying cretin to hypocritical self aggrandising c*nt.
How can any gay man. or anyone at all in general sing the praises of a man behind the deaths of millions, cursing many of them to agony, beatings and systematic [email protected] since they were children. He's refused to apologise and hasn't changed anything except for the worse.
These lunatics will only accept our death, nothing else.
how about a h/t to me who blogged about this 4 days ago with the same headline? http://www.nyinexile.com/2013/07/elton-john-sings-praises-of-pope.html
What a worthless, flaming queen!
and Elton's quite a bitch too
@2eo: you must be talking about Ratzi the Natzi. He's gone now. I was raised catholic but left the church when reason and sanity entered my life. I'm hoping this new pope will change things for the better. After all, all those after mass alter boy orgies in the rectory were alot of fun when I was 13.
Jeebus, Sir Elton, love some of your hits, but singing the praises to the new monarch (queen?) of a multibillion dollar, multi-national tax-exempt corporation that specializes in boy rapes? I mean, bad enough that you performed for a million bucks at Gush Lindberger's (latest) wedding, but backing serial boy rapists and their in-denial enablers?
What's up with that, mate?
@Harley: This pope is no less hateful and bigoted than the previous one(s). The only thing that will grow "better" during his reign are protections for child molesters and support for anti-LGBT causes.
sucking arse again are we,first it was the arse of eminem, now the arse of the silly pope….i hope Elton flosses after each meal
He also was attacking gays for pushing for marriage….until not being married became inconvenient for him, then he changed his tune.
He's always been a sellout, the Pope probably said he'd hire him to play a birthday in the Vatican if he said this.
@Harley: No, I'm talking about the ENTIRE catholic heirarchy, absolutely to a man.


text:
A Recent Favorite:
Uh Oh, Nothing Here Yet
Why don't you go browse some Comics or Editorials and pick a few to favorite?
Recent Comments
When everything's going to worse, Irving left away just like that?? eyeroll
Now there's Lydia, single fighter confronting two berserk woman.
Poor Cathy…
If I were you I would after him and spy for a while ;)
But I'm wondering how if Irving was actually shopping with his cousin?
Perhaps it's because of the room lighting. The store fitting room lighting is designed to create such "feeling good" mood to look at yourself wearing the outfit. While the home lighting doesn't concern with such of thing.
Hello all, I've been a Cathy nuts since I was 15. My mom bought me an old copy of "Revelations from a 45-pound purse" from a secondhand bookseller. I can't believe I found this comic strip! I've been searching the entire bookstores in town but can't find any Cathy collections! :-( I wanted to buy online, but I don't have credit card or Paypal thing.
However, I still can enjoy this daily comic strips. Nice to meet you all! :-)
I do have the same way of thinking with Cathy if I meet my ex bf. It just simply imagining what would happen if i took the other decision (to preserve the relationship), it's not regretting at all. Anyway, I love Cathy's dress! Sometimes I admire her fashion taste.


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CHICAGO – Public library staff, by their sheer nature of being "public," are particularly vulnerable to encountering dangerous or difficult individuals. Learn how to identify potentially violent behavior as well as strategies to diffuse or, in the worst case, survive the situation in the hour-long, live webinar, "Violence Prevention in the Public Library," presented by the Public Library Association (PLA) at 1 p.m. CT on May 14.
CHICAGO — STEAM Learning, a framework for teaching across the multiple disciplines of Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts and Mathematics, is the focus for the next webinar in Barbara Stripling's "Libraries Change Lives" series. This free webinar will concentrate on introducing the STEAM philosophy into school and public libraries; highlighting its project-based learning and collaborative qualities. Please mark your calendar for 1 p.m. - 2 p.m. Central time on Monday, May 19, 2014.
American Libraries Live
"The Library Security and Safety Guide to Prevention, Planning, and Response"
CHICAGO — Regardless of the size or type of library, staff and patrons need to feel confident that their facility is welcoming and safe. Does your library have a clear plan for dealing with problem patrons and other security incidents? In the next broadcast of American Libraries Live, Dr. Steve Albrecht—a library security expert, consultant and author of several books on workplace violence—will lead our expert panel in a discussion on both preventative and reactive security strategies. Please tune in at 2 p.m.
CHICAGO — ALA TechSource announces an exciting new workshop, Gadgets in the Library: A Practical Guide to Personal Electronics for Librarians with Jason Griffey. This workshop will last consist of two 90-minute sessions and take place at 2:30 pm EST/1:30 pm CST on Wednesday, July 23 and Thursday, July 24, 2014.
CHICAGO — ALA TechSource announces an exciting new workshop, Supporting Digital Scholarship with Karen Calhoun and Aaron Brenner. This workshop will last 90 minutes and take place at 2:30 pm EST/1:30 pm CST on Thursday, June 19, 2014.
CHICAGO — ALA Editions announces a new facilitated eCourse Putting the "Pop" in Information Literacy. Dawn Stahura and Erin Milanese will serve as instructors for a five-week facilitated eCourse starting on Monday, July 7, 2014.
CHICAGO — Dark forces conspire online to undermine privacy, compromise accounts, stalk, troll and just plain creep us out. Libraries have a longstanding tradition of protecting their users' privacy and confidentiality, but often fail to take basic steps to protect patrons' use of their public access computers and digital resources.
CHICAGO — ALA Editions announces a new iteration of its popular eCourse, Using Drupal to Build Library Websites. Ken Varnum will serve as instructors for a 6-week facilitated eCourse starting on Monday, June 2, 2014.
CHICAGO — The Association for Library Collections and Technical Services (ALCTS) will present a three-day (June 10-12) virtual preconference designed to inform and inspire attendees to "just say yes" to developing or expanding scholarly communication programs on their own campuses and to identify content recruitment opportunities for library-supported publishing and institutional repositories.
CHICAGO — ALA Editions announces a new iteration of our popular eCourse, Basic American Sign Language for Library Staff. Kathy MacMillan will serve as instructors for a six-week facilitated eCourse starting on June 2, 2014.
50 E Huron St., Chicago IL 60611 |


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Eurofit Direct - Fittings and components for office and kitchen furniture
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WASHINGTON (AP) - The surgeon general is unveiling a 10-year health plan for America that won't be popular with couch potatoes, particularly kids who'd rather play computer video games than shoot baskets or run track.
It focuses on whipping kids into better shape, getting people to quit smoking, cutting drug use and pushing teens to either abstain from sex or use condoms.
Surgeon General David Satcher's blueprint aims for 30 percent of Americans to exercise 30 minutes each day - today only 15 percent of the population does - and reduce by half the number of overweight or obese children, which now stands at about 11 percent of kids.
To get there, the surgeon general will begin measuring 10 areas - called "leading health indicators" - that address a broad range of health and, one might argue, social concerns.
In addition to working on traditional health goals such as increasing the number of kids getting vaccinated and persuading people to exercise more, the surgeon general's Healthy People 2010 program will target depression, substance abuse, sexual behavior, homicides, access to health insurance and even fatal car crashes.
These categories have a direct effect on the health of Americans, Satcher said.
"The underlying premise of Healthy People 2010 is that the health of the individual is inseparable from the health of the larger community," Satcher said in a statement.
The new program is the first to establish a set of measurements. The surgeon general's office will collect data from state and local health agencies and from federal agencies that compile health statistics to track each year whether Americans are reaching goals set by the program in the 10 areas.
Tracking 10 indicators is the cornerstone for another goal for the surgeon general: eliminating racial disparities in health by 2010, an idea introduced by President Clinton last year. The health program will emphasize prevention and early intervention initiatives run by local public health agencies, community groups, churches and schools.
Americans of all racial and ethnic groups are healthier than they were a decade ago, but considerable disparities exist among whites and other races:
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Issue 63
February 2002
Glastonbury lake village and prehistoric tracks 'drying out'
Rare Bronze Age metal working site found on Eigg
Log boat from Tay estuary dated to the later Bronze Age
Archaeologists uncover history of the Royal Arsenal
Hidden collection of cross slabs at Co Durham church
Commanders and Kings
People of the Sea
Great sites
On defleshing, ancient roofs, plague and conservation
David Baker on regulation of developer-funded archaeology
Peter Ellis
London Under Ground edited by Ian Haynes, Harvey Sheldon and Lesley Hannigan
Northumberland: the Power of Place by Stan Beckensall
Archaeology and the Social History of Ships by Richard Gould
Prehistoric and Roman Essex by James Kemble
Landscape Detective by Richard Muir
A Fortified Frontier by Iain MacIvor
CBA update
favourite finds
Memories of Callanish. Aubrey Burl had a 'eureka' moment in pondering Callanish.
Editor Simon Denison
People of the Sea
From Mesolithic times, western European peoples were united above all by one thing: access to the sea. Barry Cunliffe explains
In 1934 the trawler Muroto, working out of Cardiff, dredged up a 2nd century AD Roman pot while fishing on the Porcupine Bank 250km west of the west coast of Ireland. What the find means we can only guess. Most likely it was lost overboard from a Roman trading vessel blown widely off course, but the possibility remains that it came from a more adventurous voyage of exploration - a failure perhaps about which history is silent.
More than 600 years earlier, a Carthaginian, Himilco, had sailed out of the Mediterranean deep into the Atlantic. After months at sea he found only sluggish, windless waters and clogging seaweed - he may possibly have reached the Sargasso Sea with its tangle of weed and the Doldrums beyond the Trade Winds - but he returned to tell the tale. Both ships' masters will have shared in common the belief that the Ocean was endless but that if they continued sailing west they might encounter islands famous in mythology but unknown in reality.
Our unnamed Roman captain may also have been aware of the hypothesis, common since the 2nd century BC, that the earth was a sphere and therefore it would, at least in theory, have been possible to reach the eastern shores of Asia by sailing west from Europe. But whatever their cognitive geography, the Ocean was a dangerous place to be avoided if possible - except for the coastal corridor, which allowed rapid and often easy communication around the arc of Ocean-facing Europe.
The importance of the Atlantic seaways to the development of European society has not always been fully appreciated. A hundred years ago when the Oxford geographer HJ Mackinder published Britain and the British Seas he presented the Ocean as a barrier to human communication. Yet ten years later one of the students of the same department, OGS Crawford, argued instead for the importance of the Atlantic seaways in the distribution of Early Bronze Age artefacts in the west of Britain.Crawford's 1912 paper in Geographical Journal was a beginning to be followed over the next 60 years by a gallery of famous names - HJ Fleure, ET Leeds, Cyril Fox, Gordon Childe, Glyn Daniel and EG Bowen - all writing from different viewpoints but all convinced of the vital role played by the Ocean fringe in cultural transmissions.
Taking to the sea
Bowen's book Britain and the Western Seaways published in 1972 marked the culmination of this movement, but it came at a time when the mild geographical determinism it proclaimed (ie, that people's lifestyles were determined to some extent by where they lived) was deeply unpopular and archaeological minds were pursuing other fancies. Now 30 years on there is a new awareness of the vital importance of the varied resources which coastal communities commanded - and of the mobility offered by the sea.
At what stage people first began to take to the sea is difficult to say. The earliest log boat at present known comes from the Netherlands and dates to around 7000 BC, placing it firmly in the Mesolithic period. But there is some doubt as to whether craft of this kind could make long journeys on the open sea unless, of course, freeboard (the vertical distance between waterline and deck) was increased by attaching planks, and a greater stability introduced with outriggers or some such device.
This said, Grahame Clark put forward a convincing case some years ago arguing that Mesolithic coastal communities regularly made sea journeys in pursuit of shoals of fish like cod and hake. This kind of maritime mobility was after all little different from the terrestrial mobility of hunter-gatherers in following the herds of migrating animals. Both activities required navigational skills and it could well be argued that it was in the Upper Palaeolithic-Mesolithic period that communities learnt to use celestial phenomena to chart their courses and become aware of the different qualities of the prevailing winds, cloud formations and even wind-borne smells, in building up cognitive maps to enable them to travel more safely through their wider worlds. Indeed, it is only by assuming that sea travel created considerable mobility along the Atlantic seaways that the remarkable similarities in Mesolithic culture across this zone can be easily explained.
Our knowledge of the vessels in use in the prehistoric period is still uncomfortably slight. The log boat tradition, once established in the Mesolithic period, continued well into the Middle Ages. By the Iron Age, it had already reached heights of technical sophistication never to be surpassed, as the Hasholme boat of about 300 BC vividly demonstrates. This massive structure, nearly 13m long and 1.4m broad, was fashioned out of a single oak.
By this time, however, a far more complex plank-built tradition was established - and was already ancient. The earliest of these vessels, the justly famous North Ferriby boat, has recently been dated to about 1900 BC (see News). Others, from Caldicot, Dover and Brigg, show that the tradition was widespread in the British Isles at least until 800 BC. A few centuries later Caesar was describing the sturdy ocean-going ships of the Veneti of Armorica, massively constructed with thick nailed planks, high prowed, and square rigged with sails of rawhide to withstand the Atlantic gales. These vessels lie within a long-lived tradition of north-west Atlantic shipbuilding better known from actual Roman examples.
A third tradition of Atlantic shipbuilding involved light-framed vessels covered with hides. The earliest reference to these is in a Roman poem, Ora Maritima, in a section thought to be quoting from a 6th century BC document describing the ocean-going vessels of north-western Iberia. Hide boats carrying tin from Britain to Gaul are mentioned by Pliny (1st century AD), using earlier sources, and in the currachs of western Ireland we see the same tradition still in use even today.
No hide boat has yet been found but the famous gold model from Broighter, Co. Derry, of a square-rigged vessel with provision for seven rowers and a steersman manning a steering oar to the rear quarter, may well represent just such a vessel from the 1st century BC.
Although reliable evidence of the shipping that plied the Atlantic seaways in the prehistoric period is sparse it is quite clear from the few scraps we have, and from the copious archaeological evidence of contact between maritime countries, that the technical skills of the people, both in shipbuilding and navigation, must have been sufficiently advanced, even at a very early date, to allow voyages in the open sea to have been a normal part of life. We have, I believe, a tendency seriously to underestimate the abilities of our distant ancestors.
Spread of ideas
If we accept that networks of maritime communication along the entire Atlantic façade had developed during the Mesolithic period, then it is easier to understand how the cultural traits of agro-pastoralism, which characterized the subsequent Neolithic way of life, quickly spread from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic coast of Portugal and from Continental Europe to the British Isles and Ireland.
It is easier, too, to understand the 'megalithic phenomenon' of the Neolithic which has featured large in archaeological writing over the past century or so. Since Colin Renfrew's devastating critique of the Mediterranean-centred view of 'megalithic origins' in the 1960s, and the publication of an increasing number of reliable radiocarbon dates for megalithic tombs along the Atlantic, the awareness has grown that during the 4th millennium BC there developed a belief system, shared from Portugal to Shetland, that involved the construction of megalithic collective tombs and the use, in ritual contexts, of a highly distinctive art.
There is also clear evidence of a deep understanding of celestial phenomena and the determination, in some areas, to align structures to 'capture' them. The great Neolithic tomb of Maes Howe in Orkney, for example, is so built that the setting midwinter sun shines straight down the passage to light the back wall of the chamber.
No one, nowadays, would wish to conjure up visions of 'megalithic missionaries' driven by religious ardour to spread the word among the benighted communities of the Atlantic littoral. It is, however, clear that the concepts behind the belief system originated somewhere along the Atlantic coast, quite possibly in north-western France, in the 5th millennium, and quickly spread along the existing networks of communication to be adopted into local belief systems all along the Atlantic façade. The passage graves of the Tagus region, Brittany, Ireland and Orkney are local manifestations of a knowledge stream that included beliefs and rituals, technical skills of construction, common 'decorative' motifs, and a shared cosmology.
Exactly how these networks of communication worked it is difficult to say but we may suppose that the coastal communities were bound to neighbouring, or sometimes quite distant, peoples in complex socio-economic systems which involved patterns of travel at prescribed times, the ceremonial exchange of gifts, and other economic exchanges that could reasonably be called trade.
The best known example of this from recent times is the Kula Ring, which bound groups of island peoples in the Pacific in cycles of contact governed by complex rules well-understood by all the participants. Some such system would explain how the Atlantic coastal communities interacted and how information, in its broadest sense, came to be shared over considerable distances.
The high point of the megalithic phenomenon came about 3000 BC. Thereafter new factors began to enter into the equation - the most important being an increased demand for raw materials. In some of these the Atlantic zone was particularly well endowed.
By the end of the 3rd millennium tin, copper and gold were being extracted in considerable quantities and distributed through existing networks as well as along new axes of contact extending deep into mainland Europe along the major river valleys. Other items such as daggers made from honey-coloured 'Grand Pressigny' flint from the Loire valley and amber from the North Sea coast of Jutland were also entering the exchange networks.
By this time new belief systems were spreading throughout much of western and central Europe, most readily recognizable in a characteristic burial rite involving single inhumation usually accompanied by a set of artefacts including a beaker-like pot. The rapid spread of this 'Beaker culture', as it used to be called, is probably best explained simply in terms of a new belief system spreading very quickly along the long-established channels of trade and communication. One of these was, of course, the Atlantic seaways along which the concepts of the 'Beaker package' were widely disseminated and locally interpreted from Portugal to Scotland.
Growth of trade
By the end of the 2nd millennium (ie, in the middle of the Late Bronze Age) trade in bronze, and no doubt a wide range of other commodities less visible in the archaeological record, seems to have intensified with each of the coastal regions feeding its own distinctive produce into the flow. Amid the confusing variety of implements and weapons found in the maritime region, certain items of élite gear stand out as common to most areas. Circular shields, long swords and spears were the normal equipment of the warrior but so too were cauldrons, hooks for clawing the hunks of meat out of the stew, and spits for roasting the joint over the fire. These were items appropriate to the feast which would have formed the focus of gatherings hosted by society's leaders.
What the distribution of artefacts shows is that these same social values were adopted throughout the Atlantic zone. Had a warrior from the Algarve sailed to Aberdeenshire he would have found much in local behaviour and equipment that was very familiar.
Until about 800 BC it is highly probable that the Mediterranean and the Atlantic remained largely separate oceans, though there must have been some shipping movements between them, but after about 800 BC all this changed. The occasion was the establishment of a port-of-trade on the islands of Gadir (Roman Gades, modern Cadiz) by Phoenician traders from the ports of Tyre and Sidon on the coast of what is now Lebanon. The initial impetus for this remarkable commercial adventure was the Assyrian demand for large quantities of silver which the Phoenician middle-men obtained for them from the metal-rich region of south-western Iberia.
Gadir was admirably sited to exploit the trading opportunities of the region and once established the traders could venture further, down the African coast to acquire gold and ivory and along the Atlantic shores of Iberia where copper, gold and tin were to be had. The curious, ornate sailing ships of the Phoenicians were soon to become a familiar sight as they explored the Atlantic coastlines beyond the Pillars of Hercules.
Once the Straits were opened up to Mediterranean shipping Gadir became a focus for more adventurous expeditions. Some time in the 5th century the Carthaginian Himilco sailed into the Atlantic but claims to have found nothing after three months' sailing. Later another Carthaginian, Hanno, pushed south along the African coast possibly as far as Cameroon. Both were courageous voyages, but were only the best published of the many that were surely made.
The end of the 4th century saw another remarkable journey - that of Pytheas of Massalia (now Marseille). He probably travelled overland along the Aude - Carcassonne Gap - Garonne - Gironde route to the Atlantic, and then sailed on local shipping to explore the sources of British tin and Jutish amber. In doing so he seems to have circumnavigated Britain and may even have got to Iceland. Returning safely to Massalia, he wrote a book On the Ocean which became quite widely known in the Mediterranean for its strange tales of the mysterious Ocean peoples.
Increasing knowledge of the Atlantic sea routes in the Hellenistic, and later the Roman, world seems to have had little effect on local shipping other than bringing the coasts of Africa and Iberia firmly into the sphere of Mediterranean influence. The north-west, from Armorica northwards, continued much as before and it was probably along the traditional seaways that items of Late Iron Age 'La Tène' art were introduced to Britain and Ireland, there to be copied by innovative local craftsmen intent on introducing their own interpretations and improvements.
Roman interlude
The Roman conquest of the West - first Iberia and later Gaul and Britain - brought major changes to the social and economic dynamics of the Atlantic zone. Maritime traffic, of course, continued as a number of shipwrecks bear witness: a vessel carrying Italian wine lost off the southern coast of Armorica, one carrying British lead wrecked on Les Septs Iles off Armorica's north coast, and a vessel with blocks of pitch from western France catching fire and sinking in the harbour of St Peter Port, Guernsey.
But now, with a new system of roads in place and an unaccustomed peace imposed over the recently-conquered Provinces, land transport, by road and river, began to play a dominant role. It was only with the end of the Roman interlude in the 5th century AD that the old sea routes began to come into their own again.
The millennium from AD 500-1500 saw the communities of the Atlantic façade re-establish themselves once more as a dominant force in European development. At the beginning the flow of goods was comparatively meagre, but by the end of the Middle Ages the volume and range of goods moved by sea were enormous, including wine, wool, linen, salt fish, dried fruits and pilgrims - the cargoes offered unlimited variety.
It was familiarity with the Ocean and a technical competence to master it, born of many millennia of tradition, that ensured the readiness of the ships' masters of Spain, Portugal, France and Britain and later Holland to face the Ocean as global explorers - and as the instruments of colonization when at last the challenge came.
Barry Cunliffe is Professor of European Archaeology at Oxford University. His books, 'Facing the Ocean' (OUP, £25.00) and 'The Extraordinary Voyage of Pytheas the Greek' (Penguin, £12.99) were both published last year. All images, copyright as credited, are taken from 'Facing the Ocean'.
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