text: Faculty of Dentistry http://hdl.handle.net/10523/221 2016-10-25T05:02:03Z Investigating resistance mutations in the drug target of triazole drugs http://hdl.handle.net/10523/6697 Investigating resistance mutations in the drug target of triazole drugs 2016 Sagatova, Alia Fungal infections affect a broad spectrum of the population, including premature babies, the elderly and individuals with a range of disease- or medically-induced comorbidities. Fungal pathogens such as Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus cause a variety of conditions, from minor infections to life threatening disease. Some fungi, including C. albicans and Candida glabrata can be commensal living in harmony with the superficial microflora, but these organisms can behave as opportunistic pathogens when individuals become immunodeficient due to comorbidities or become immunocompromised due to AIDS or through medical intervention. Fungal infections have become recognised in recent years as a growing health burden that currently causes around 1.5 million deaths per year worldwide. The azole antifungal drugs (imidazoles and triazoles) are used widely to treat fungal infections and as antifungal prophylaxis. The azole drugs target the fungal enzyme lanosterol 14α-demethylase (Erg11p, CYP51). This monospanning bitopic membrane protein belongs to the CYP51 class in the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes and is involved in the rate-limiting step of ergosterol biosynthesis. Ergosterol is the fungal equivalent of cholesterol and is required for fungal cell growth. Fungal pathogens have evolved several mechanisms of resistance that diminish the action of the azole drugs. The emergence of resistant fungal strains due to mutations in CYP51 can limit therapeutic options and make treatment of fungal infections increasingly problematic. The need for better drugs that overcome resistance is becoming increasingly urgent. The present project builds on the research of Monk et al. who successfully crystallised and obtained the first high-resolution X-ray structures of a fungal CYP51. The aim of this project is to investigate the effect of CYP51 mutations on enzyme structure and function, including different types of triazole drug, by using Saccharomyces cerevisiae Erg11p as a model for the homologous enzymes in pathogenic fungi. A S. cerevisiae overexpression system was used to hyper-express the wild type and the mutant ScErg11p enzymes in order to obtain sufficient quantities of protein for structure-function studies. The C. albicans CYP51 mutations Y132F/H, K143R, G464S and the double mutation Y132F G464S (Y140F/H, K151R, G464S and Y140F G464S S. cerevisiae numbering), as well as the CYP51A G54E/R/W mutations of A. fumigatus (G73E/R/W S. cerevisiae numbering) have been reproduced in a C-terminal hexahistidine-tagged version of S. cerevisiae Erg11p (ScErg11p6×His). In addition, the innate resistance of A. fumigatus CYP51A to fluconazole (FLC) was investigated using the S. cerevisiae Erg11p T322I mutant. Microdilution assays were used to determine triazole susceptibilities of these strains. ScErg11p6×His mutant and wild type enzymes were purified from crude membranes by solubilisation with the detergent n-decyl-β-D-maltoside followed by affinity and size exclusion chromatography. Spectral analysis of the purified protein was used to determine dissociation constants for triazole drugs. Purified preparations of the enzyme were also used to obtain crystals for X-ray crystallographic analysis. High-resolution (1.98 – 2.35 Å) X-ray crystal structures were obtained for mutant enzymes in complex with triazole drugs and without added ligand, as well as for the wild type enzyme in complex with FLC. Microdilution assays revealed that strains overexpressing ScErg11p6×His Y140F/H or Y140F G464S had reduced susceptibility to the short-tailed triazoles FLC and voriconazole but not the long-tailed triazole itraconazole. Strains overexpressing ScErg11p6×His G464S, T322I and K151R mutants had triazole susceptibility patterns similar to the wild type enzyme overexpressing strain but the G73E/R/W mutants showed increased susceptibility to all triazoles tested. Binding studies revealed that the triazole binding was tight for all the mutant enzymes. The high-resolution (2.05 Å) structure of wild type ScErg11p6×His in complex with FLC revealed a water-mediated hydrogen bonding network between residue Y140 and the hydroxyl group of the drug. The crystal structures of the ScErg11p6×His Y140F/H mutants showed that these mutations disrupted the key water-mediated hydrogen-bonding network seen in the wild type enzyme complex. The disruption of these interactions is proposed to weaken the interactions between the drug and the mutant enzyme leading to resistance. These observations explain reduced susceptibility to FLC and voriconazole and the retention of susceptibility to itraconazole of these mutants. The X-ray crystal structures of the ScErg11p6×His G73E/W mutants in complex with itraconazole showed that the drug bound in different conformations compared to the wild type enzyme structure. The piperazine ring of the itraconazole molecule acts as a hinge, which can adopt different conformations. The crystal structures indicated potential π-anion interactions between the tail of the itraconazole and the E73 residue and π stacking interactions between W73 and the tail of itraconazole. The bending of the drug molecule was found to accommodate each mutation. The conformation of itraconazole bound to the G73W mutant had not been seen previously. These extra interactions between the drug and the site of the mutation in part explain the increased susceptibility of G73E/W mutant strains to itraconazole. The structure of ScErg11p6×His G464S revealed that the mutated residue had replaced polar interactions between a water molecule and the propionate group of the heme. No obvious tilting of the heme was observed in this mutant. The ScErg11p6×His T322I and G73W mutant structures without added ligand revealed some density in the active site and some movement of the carbonyl group of helix I residue G314, previously seen in the wild type ScErg11p6×His structure in complex with lanosterol. Residue G314 may be involved in catalysis by potentially stabilising oxygen bound heme iron intermediates. In summary, this work provides insight into the molecular interactions between the triazole drugs and the CYP51 enzyme. The high-resolution structure of the wild type enzyme in complex with FLC has allowed us to identify the potential basis for resistance of the Y140F/H mutants, which we confirmed by recreating those mutations in our S. cerevisiae system. In addition, other mutations reproduced in our system reveal that despite a relatively high sequence similarity amongst fungal CYP51s, our model does not adequately reflect the effect of the same mutations in pathogenic fungi. This knowledge will aid in the structure-directed design of next generation azole-based antifungal drugs that can be used to overcome antifungal resistance. 2016-07-13T21:18:06Z Tooth Preparation - measuring, understand, and reporting tooth preparation and its influence on fracture of all-ceramic crowns. http://hdl.handle.net/10523/6464 Tooth Preparation - measuring, understand, and reporting tooth preparation and its influence on fracture of all-ceramic crowns. 2016 Tiu, Janine Tooth preparation for a single complete crown is a fundamental principle in fixed prosthodontics. The geometry of the preparation is clinician-controlled and accepted by the dental community to affect the retention, displacement resistance, and survival potential of a crown. Crowns are routinely placed by clinicians, therefore investigation into the geometry of tooth preparations and its influence on prosthodontic success is important and is of interest to clinicians. With many geometrical, biological, and technical variables contributing to the clinical success of a dental crown, developing a complete understanding into this complex system is a lifelong challenge. This thesis focuses on the total occlusal convergence angle - the parameter most studied and solely under the control of the clinician. The three objectives of this thesis are: 1. To develop a validated objective method for measuring crown preparation geometry; 2. To report on the geometry of tooth preparations by dentists; and 3. To understand the importance of the total occlusal convergence angles by understanding their effects on fracture mechanisms and hoop stresses. This thesis begins by investigating methods used to measure tooth preparations. By identifying subjective problems in existing methods, a new method was created and further developed into a measuring program. The measuring program was used in a multipart study to report the geometrical parameters of tooth preparations prepared by general dentists. Finally, the convergence angle measurements were taken further in an in vitro study to investigate and understand its influence on hoop stresses by an axial compressive force and understand this effect on the fracture of glass ceramics. The systematic review on measuring methods found that the majority of studies measured the convergence angle in two cross sections. Meta-analysis could not be performed as the methods were too varied. The study highlighted the need for a universal standardised measuring method. A new method was proposed and a small validated study carried out. The method was found to be reproducible and less subjective than all previously reported methods. It was found that convergence angles of tooth preparations by general dentists were greater than the recommended values and marginal widths of preparations fell short of recommended values. Measuring the parameters enabled the calculation of theoretical retention and resistance values of the tooth preparations. Based on the study, the majority of preparations with large angles did not show any resistance form. Large convergence angles demonstrated a greater mechanical advantage when axially loaded in vitro. An extended finite element model was validated by the experimental model to generate a fracture initiating from the inner surface propagating to the outer surface in alignment with clinical failures. This study showed that the recommended convergence angle may not be as responsible for clinical success as previous reported. A thorough understanding on each isolated parameter and in combination is needed before the clinical survival can be attributed to the clinician-controlled geometry. 2016-05-24T01:05:47Z Role of interleukin 17 in progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma http://hdl.handle.net/10523/6317 Role of interleukin 17 in progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma 2016 Avadhani, Avadhoot IL17 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine with increased gene expression in some cancers. It has been demonstrated to exhibit both pro- and anti-tumour effects. The pro-tumour effects of IL17 are mediated either by inducing the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in tumour cells or stimulating increased tumour angiogenesis. The anti-tumour effects of IL17 are exerted either through increased cytotoxic T (Tc) cell or interferon (IFN)γ activity. Immune cells including Th17 cells, Tc cells, natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages are some of the sources of IL17. The presence of these immune cells has been reported in the microenvironment of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). It was therefore hypothesized that IL17 expressed by multiple immune cells may play a role in the progression of OSCC. The initial step to explore this hypothesis was to determine the presence of helper T cells (Th, CD4+), Tc cells (CD8+), NK cells (CD56+) and macrophages (CD68+) in 14 cases of OSCC using immunohistochemistry (IHC). Their presence was quantified in ten defined high power fields using ImageJ software. The cell densities were compared in groups of OSCC classified according to a histological invasive front grading system. This was followed by comparative analysis of the numbers of IL17+ cells in OSCC and inflammatory controls (IC). Additionally, IL17+ cell counts were compared according to their topographical distribution in OSCC (tumoural islands, tumour-stroma interface and distant tumour stroma) and also between the different prognostic groups. Double-labeling immunofluorescence was used to identify the immune cell types that co-expressed IL17. The cytoplasmic similar expression to FGF/IL17R (SEFIR) sequence of the transmembrane IL17 receptors (IL17R) was detected in OSCC tissues using IHC and the mRNA expression of specific receptors, IL17RA and IL17RC was assessed in three OSCC cell lines SCC4, SCC15 and SCC25 using quantitative PCR. Soluble IL17R (sIL17R) was detected in the cell culture supernatants of all OSCC cell lines collected at different time points (24, 48 and 72 hrs) using a sandwich ELISA. Recombinant human IL17 (rhIL17) over a range of concentrations (10, 50, 100 ng/mL) was used to stimulate OSCC cell lines to determine the effect in terms of proliferation, invasion and differential expression of genes associated with tumour metastasis in OSCC cells. Proliferation was assayed at 0, 24, 48 and 72 hrs using cell titer blue dye and invasion at 48 hrs using a QCM ECMatrix cell invasion assay. The effect of rhIL17 on OSCC cells in terms of differential expression of tumour metastasis genes was determined using a human tumour metastasis gene array by quantitative PCR. The results of the proliferation, invasion and gene array experiments were compared with OSCC cells not treated with rhIL17. The data was analyzed using Mann-Whitney test, unpaired Student's t test and one-way or two-way ANOVA as appropriate using GraphPad Prism 6 software. The level of statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Macrophages, Th, Tc and NK cells were seen in OSCC. The mean Th and Tc cell count was higher in the good prognosis group compared with moderate, whereas macrophages and NK cell counts were higher in the moderate group but these differences were not significant statistically. Significantly more Th, Tc and macrophages than NK cells were present in both groups. The Th/Tc ratio was higher in the moderate prognosis group than in the good grade, however this failed to reach significance. Significantly more IL17+ cells were present in OSCC than IC, however IL17+ cell counts were not significantly different in the various sites assessed within the lesions. Double-labeling immunofluorescence studies revealed that Th cells, Tc cells, macrophages and mast cells co-expressed IL17. Cytoplasmic expression of transmembrane IL17R was detected in all OSCC tissues. SIL17R was detected in the cell culture supernatants of all three OSCC cell lines and its concentration increased in a time dependent manner. SCC25 had a significantly higher concentration of sIL17R at 72 hrs compared with 24 and 48 hrs, but this was not the case with SCC4 and SCC15 cells. As well, SCC25 had a significantly higher concentration of sIL17R at 72 hrs compared with SCC4 and SCC15 cells. The rate of proliferation of OSCC cell lines was not affected by the addition of rhIL17. However, IL17 promoted the in vitro invasion of SCC15 and SCC25 cells in a dose dependent manner. At the highest concentration of IL17 (100 ng/mL), SCC25 cells showed significant invasion compared to untreated cells, while the SCC15 cells exhibited significant invasion at both 50 and 100 ng/mL of IL17. In contrast, IL17 failed to stimulate invasion in SCC4 cell line. Genes associated with tumour metastasis were differentially expressed in OSCC cells treated with rhIL17; mRNA expression of MMP2, MMP3, MMP7, MMP10 and MMP11 was up-regulated in SCC15 cells, whereas SCC25 cells overexpressed MMP2, MMP10 and MMP13 when treated with rhIL17. On the other hand, expression of MMP3, MMP9 and MMP13 was down-regulated by rhIL17 in SCC4 cells. At the same time, on stimulation with rhIL17, VEGFA was overexpressed in SCC15 cells and down-regulated in SCC4 cells, whereas no change was observed in SCC25 cells; mRNA expression of numerous other genes affecting the tumour cell growth, proliferation, adhesion, cell cycle regulation and apoptosis was found to be differentially expressed in SCC4 and SCC15 cells but not SCC25 cells. Therefore, based on the findings of my study, it is postulated that IL17 is co-expressed by multiple cell types in OSCC and facilitates the tumour progression by differential expression of genes associated with tumour metastasis, particularly those associated with extra-cellular matrix proteins and regulation of apoptosis 2016-03-30T21:04:22Z Postmortem alterations on gunshot wounds in ribs recovered from the marine environment http://hdl.handle.net/10523/6316 Postmortem alterations on gunshot wounds in ribs recovered from the marine environment 2016 Lindström, Anne-Christine Gudrun Erna This thesis contributes to the understanding of the persistence of gunshot residue (GSR) in tissues during decomposition in a marine environment. The thesis also aims to shed light on the isotope exchange in bone when exposed to the marine environments. The first part of the thesis describes two studies that looked at the retention and distribution of GSR on fleshed and defleshed bony specimens. New and novel combinations of qualitative and quantitative data were obtained by studying bony gunshot wounds (GSWs). Fleshed and defleshed bovine ribs were shot at contact range with .22 calibre hollow point ammunition using a Stirling .22 calibre long rifle. Triplicates were placed in three habitats: submerged, intertidal and supralittoral. Decomposition was examined on 3, 10, 24 and 38 days and analysed with SEM-EDX and ICP-MS. The presence of GSR was recorded using SEM-EDX and persisted on defleshed bones over the full course of the study. On fleshed specimens, GSR persisted on intertidal and supralittoral samples but only up to ten days on submerged. Using ICP-MS for both groups GSR disappeared faster from submerged and intertidal samples compared to supralittoral samples. SEM-EDX, ICP-MS and micro-computed tomography were used to look at the composition of GSR, its distribution on bony GSWs and the effect of overlying softtissue. Entry and exit wound morphology and the distribution of GSR was examined. Greater bony destruction was associated with the presence of overlying soft tissue. In an additional study hollow point and round nose .22 calibre lead (Pb) bullets used, showed similar morphological wounding profiles prior to the marine decomposition study. On defleshed ribs, GSR was irregularly dispersed throughout the wound, with the highest concentrations at entry. In contrast, fleshed bony wounds had more evenly distributed but lower elemental abundances. Shot bone and unshot bone could be distinguished by the presence and concentration of Sb, Ba and Pb. These results highlight the potential of microscopic and analytical methods for examining suspected GSWs in highly decomposed bodies in marine habitats. The second part of the thesis aims to shed light on isotope exchange in bones exposed to a marine environment. Pulverised bone samples from bovine ribs that have been decomposing in the above-mentioned study were chemical treated with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the carbon and oxygen carbonate isotope ratios were analysed with a Thermo mass spectrometer. No significant changes in these ratios were observed over time within or between each environment. However, alteration in the isotope values due to chemical treatments was noted, which highlights the importance of developing a proper standard method for this type of analysis. 2016-03-30T01:10:01Z "Bloody Fabrics". Systematic Investigation of Drip Bloodstain Appearance on Apparel Fabrics http://hdl.handle.net/10523/6281 "Bloody Fabrics". Systematic Investigation of Drip Bloodstain Appearance on Apparel Fabrics 2016 De Castro, Therése C. Bloodstain pattern analysis can be critical for criminal investigations by providing information on the events that have occurred. Interactions of liquids (such as water and ink) and fabrics have been well studied and therefore provide a foundation to understand the more complex interaction of blood and fabrics. Surprisingly, only a handful of peer-reviewed articles have been published on blood-fabric interactions. Hence, insufficient information is available for interpreting bloodstained fabric evidence and reporting on these findings in court. Firstly, the effect of storing whole porcine blood with a liquid anticoagulant on the bloodstains produced was investigated. Significant increases in packed cell volume and drop diameter, and significant decreases in drip stain size and spreading ratio were identified during storage of the blood. An exact time period for storing blood with a liquid anticoagulant could not be estimated, but it was established that blood with a liquid anticoagulant should be used within a few days, as blood properties changed over time. Therefore, the recommendation is that studies on drip stain characteristics should include steps to monitor changes in blood properties and stain characteristics over the duration of the experiment. Secondly, drip bloodstains (passive falling droplets due to gravity) at perpendicular impact (simplified) and inclined impact (complex; 45° and 15°) on apparel fabrics were systematically investigated. Common apparel fabrics (100% cotton plain woven, 100% polyester plain woven, blend of 65% polyester / 35% cotton plain woven, and 100% cotton single jersey knit) that had been laundered for 6, 26 and 52 cycles prior to testing, were used. The relationship between drop impact conditions and stain characteristics was statistically examined to determine the effects of prior-laundering, fibre content and fabric structure on the final appearance of the bloodstains produced. The bloodstain shape ranged from circular to oval for the perpendicular impact angle, to elliptical for the most extreme inclined impact angle (15°). For cotton containing fabrics, the blood spread in all directions along the perimeter of the stain and was accompanied by movement of blood into the fibres. This mechanism was different in comparison to synthetic polyester fibres, which did not absorb liquids. A significant increase in the stain size was observed due to the number of laundering cycles for the blend fabric at all the impact angles investigated. Bloodstain characteristics varied due to both fibre content and fabric structure at all the impact angles investigated. Highlighting the importance of considering the age, the fibre type and the fabric structure before interpreting bloodstain patterns for forensic evidence. Additionally, in an attempt to better understand the blood-fabric interactions, the micro-morphology of drip stains was examined. The polyester fabric had features that were considerably different from the cotton containing fabrics, and these features were mainly due to the way the blood interacted with synthetic fibre versus natural fibres. No micro-morphological features could be identified to distinguish among the cotton containing fabrics. All cotton containing fabrics did have the presence of blood beads, which was not observed on the polyester fabrics. These blood beads formed due to small individual secondary droplets impacting protruding fibres (i.e., pilling on top of the fabric). The penetration of the satellite stains into the fabric was depended on the size of the stain. In this Ph.D study, a variety of physical properties of fabrics on the formation of drip bloodstains were investigated and found that the final appearance of these stains is highly complex. The information generated from this research will be a valuable resource for forensic examiners and scientists, as it highlights the importance of considering the age, the fibre type and the fabric structure before interpreting bloodstain patterns on apparel. 2016-03-17T04:01:45Z Longitudinal associations between periodontitis and glycated haemoglobin http://hdl.handle.net/10523/6238 Longitudinal associations between periodontitis and glycated haemoglobin 2016 Shearer, Dara Context: The plausibility of a bidirectional link between periodontitis and type 2 diabetes has recently been acknowledged. However, little is known of the relationship between the two conditions at an earlier stage in the dysglycaemia continuum. Objective: To describe the natural histories of periodontitis and dysglycaemia over 12 years through the third and fourth decades of life, to identify predictors of both conditions, and to explore the bidirectional relationship between them. Methods: This study used data from the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study (DMHDS), a long-running prospective study of a birth cohort, and the utilisation of advanced statistical techniques to analyse these data. Both periodontal and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) data were gathered during the age-26, age-32 and age-38 assessments. Group-based trajectory analysis (GBTM) was used to assign Study members to trajectories of (a) periodontal experience (using mean % of sites with 4+mm attachment loss) and (b) dysglycaemia experience (using mean HbA1c). Generalisations of the model allowed the statistical linking of baseline characteristics to group membership probability, and identified effect modifiers associated with deviations from the group trajectory. Results: Prevalence, extent and severity of periodontitis, and mean HbA1c, all increased with age, as did the prevalence of prediabetes, type 2 diabetes and dysglycaemia. Both periodontitis and dysglycaemia were highly prevalent by age 38, and health status at 26 predicted health status at 38. Four periodontal trajectory groups were identified: "Very low" 54.0%, "Low" 31.3%, "Medium" 11.3%, and "High" 3.5% (with mean % of sites with 4+mm attachment loss at age 38 of 0.0%, 2.9%, 19.6% and 64.4% respectively). Periodontal status, male sex, smoking, marijuana use, low SES, high plaque score and episodic use of dental services at age 26 were found to be predictors of poorer periodontal status 12 years later. Three HbA1c trajectory groups were identified: "Low" 11.0%; "Medium" 54.0%; and "High" 35.0% (with mean HbA1c at age 38 of 29.9 mmol/mol, 34.2 mmol/mol and 38.5 mmol/mol respectively). HbA1c levels, male sex, smoking, high waist circumference and high waist-height ratio at age 26 were predictors of dysglycaemia 12 years later. The influence of dysglycaemia at age 38 on the extent of periodontitis was found to be minimal and inconsistent, and periodontitis was found to have no influence on HbA1c at any age. Conclusions: Trajectories of both periodontitis and HbA1c begin relatively early in adulthood with a greater risk of poor outcomes being established in the middle of the third decade of life. Periodontal and glycaemic health status at 38 were predicted by periodontal and glycaemic health status respectively at 26. Both conditions were highly prevalent by age 38. No relationship was found between periodontitis and dysglycaemia at this stage in the life course. The findings reinforce the importance of smoking and central adiposity as risk factors for poor health outcomes; they establish that health status at 26 has an influence 12 years later; and recommend that planning for the future burden of disease, early cardiometabolic screening, smoking reduction policies, and measures to tackle the obesogenic environment should be prioritised. 2016-02-24T21:13:06Z Adhesion Between Yttrium Stabilised Zirconia Ceramic And Indirect Composite Resin http://hdl.handle.net/10523/6101 Adhesion Between Yttrium Stabilised Zirconia Ceramic And Indirect Composite Resin 2015 Jansen van Vuuren, Wendy-Ann Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the bond energy of three indirect restorative composite veneering materials to Yittrium stabilised zirconia (YZr) by using the strain energy release rate testing method. Materials and methods: Three indirect composite veneering materials (Ceramage – Shofu Inc; Signum - Heraeus Kulzer GmbH; Sinfony- 3M ESPE) were bonded to YZr plates with and without sandblasting and manufacturer's recommended bonding agents. Utilising the method described by Cheng et al. (1999), a 12mm composite rod was bonded to a YZr plate with two opaque layers at the bond surface interface then, brought to failure using a universal testing machine. G-values were calculated. One-way ANOVA and Dunnetts's tests (P = 95%) were performed. Homogeneity of the variables was confirmed with Bartlett's test. Results: No significant difference in G-values was observed between the control groups of Ceramage, Signum and Sinfony. Within the Ceramage group, there was no significant difference between the surface treatments. In the Signum group no significant difference was observed between the control and sandblasted groups as well as between the sandblasted surfaces in combination with the bonding agent group, but no significant difference between the control and bonding agent alone was observed. In the Sinfony group, no significant difference was observed between the control and sandblasted groups, but a significant difference was observed between the control and sandblasted with bonding agent groups. Conclusion: The application of acidic functional phosphate monomer MDP or silicatising the YZr surfaces before veneering with indirect composite veneering material, resulted in higher bond energy results. Sandblasting the YZr surfaces with 120grit AlO2 only, did not increase the bond energy. The elastic modulus of the composite material influenced the bond energy required for detachment from to the YZr substructure. 2015-12-04T01:31:47Z An orthodontic tooth brushing technique to enhance oral hygiene in patients with fixed appliances: interim results of a randomized controlled clinical trial http://hdl.handle.net/10523/6098 An orthodontic tooth brushing technique to enhance oral hygiene in patients with fixed appliances: interim results of a randomized controlled clinical trial 2015 Kang, Austin Introduction: Traditional tooth brushing techniques, such as the Modified Bass technique, are designed and aimed at the general population without orthodontic appliances. An effective tooth brushing technique for patients wearing orthodontic fixed appliances is still lacking. In this study, an Orthodontic tooth brushing technique was designed to enhance the oral hygiene of patients with fixed orthodontic appliances, and compared its efficacy with that of the traditional Modified Bass technique. Method: This study was conducted as a single blind randomised controlled clinical trial with two parallel arms. With an aim to recruit 60 patients, this interim analysis included 34. To date, 18 patients were assigned to the Modified Bass technique, and 16 patients were assigned to the Orthodontic technique. Plaque index (PI) was assessed on four surfaces of the teeth in relation to the bracket: PIG, gingival; PIM, mesial; PID, distal; and PIO, occlusal. Gingival index (GI) was assessed in three areas: GIMid, mid-labial; GIM, mesial; and GID, distal. Outcome measurements were taken at baseline (T0) and one-month (T1) after the intervention. Results: After one-month follow up, the Orthodontic group had a significant reduction in their overall PI (0.37 ± 0.10, p < 0.05). This was mainly due to the reduction of PIG (0.54 ± 0.16, p < 0.05), and PIM+D (0.43 ± 0.12, p < 0.05). There was no significant reduction of the GI overall (0.08 ± 0.07, p > 0.05). The Modified Bass group had no significant reduction of PI and GI on all surfaces (p > 0.05). When comparing the two groups, the reduction of PIG of the Orthodontic group was significantly higher (p = 0.041) than the Modified Bass group. No significant differences in the reduction of PI and GI were observed on all other surfaces (p ≥ 0.086). Conclusion: Within the limitations of the present interim analysis, the Orthodontic tooth brushing technique shows promising results in improving oral hygiene in patients with fixed appliances. However, our preliminary findings indicate that further research is required to verify the efficacy of the Orthodontic technique observed in this interim analysis. Also, the Modified Bass technique may not be effective in improving the oral hygiene of orthodontic patients. 2015-12-03T22:42:08Z


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EL woman sentenced to year in prison for bring drugs into jail
LISBON – A woman who tried to conceal a smoking device containing cocaine while she was being booked at the Columbiana County Jail, was sentenced in Columbiana County Common Pleas Court Friday to 12 months in prison.
Christy A. Harpold, 35, Ogden Street, East Liverpool, was charged with illegal conveyance of drugs onto a detention facility or institution.
She asked Judge C. Ashley Pike to consider helping her get some counseling for her addiction problems instead of sending her to jail. Harpold claims she has been unable to get into some treatment programs in the past because of her lack of insurance and has made appointments at free counseling programs only to miss those due to her drug use.
"I think the EOCC (Eastern Ohio Correctional Center) would be great for me," Harpold said. "I really want help."
Pike pointed out that while she may know she needs help, her multiple felonies and probation violation issues factored into his decision to send her to jail for 12 months.
"You need to go away, follow the rules and regulations, take part in any programs available to you and look for a program to help you when you get out," Pike said. "You are someone who needs support, I can see that."

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Islam! What Are the Veil, Divorce, and Polygamy For?
Lately, some subjects like the veil, polygamy, and divorce in Islam have become objects of discussion and dispute upon which the mass media, especially the western ones, shed light. What is the veil, polygamy, and divorce in Islam?. In this book: - A dialogue between a Western Orientalist and a...
The Second Coming of Christ: The Indications of the Hour
This book talks about: - The second coming of the Christ. - The hour and the definiteness of its occurrence. - Indications of the hour. - Returning of the Messiah Master. - The first teacher, our Master Adam. - Way of belief and true faith.
Burnt Stones
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An indignant Moabite mocked the Jews, saying: will they offer sacrifices and complete it in a day? Will they revive the stones out of the heaps of rubbish, stones that have been burned in the fire? It's a picture of demonic spirits arrayed against us, arrayed against God's purpose & plan, scorning...
Interpretation of the Thirtieth Part of the Holy Qur'An
In Am'ma Part we can see how Al'lah overwhelms us with His Favor and Charity and guards us by His Mercy and great Care. Within it, we can see the Godly Justice has been manifested Itself with Its most magnificent meanings. How great is he who recites them or reads them! How great is he who...
One Nation under God: Country and Faith through a Grandfather's Eyes
A grandfather speaks about his love of country and faith - formed in family, marriage and career - and where he sees both as he reaches 75. He addresses his concerns for America; its move away from its Constitutional principles formed through a belief in "The Creator" and the need to "rethink" and...
The Book of Esther Explained
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The entire book of Esther is a lie. Find out why by reading the book of Daniel. No where in the entire book of Esther is God mentioned much less prayed to.
Autumn Leaves (Volume 1)
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The first volume in a series of collections of devotional and theological articles and essays
The Church Rapture
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A Biblical study of the church Rapture that draws a conclusion as to whether the church rapture is BEFORE, or DURING or AFTER the tribulation of the Revelation.
The Bhagavad Gita - A Translation and Commentary
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Translation and commentary of the Hindu Scripture The Bhagavad Gita.
The Fatherless Nest
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The Fatherless Nest is about a young boy Ule, who was taken to Brazil by his mother from Tanzania, after his mother had a fuss with his father. It highlights the implications as the boy grew up in the city of Brazil without a father present to guide him. It tells of his struggles and his plight to...


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Skip to comments.The case for Bobby Jindal to be vice president (Washington Post column)
Posted on 07/18/2012 10:47:59 AM PDT by SeekAndFind
The Indian-American community can be a major source of campaign cash if they are activated to give. Picking Jindal as VP would ensure huge buy-in figuratively and literally from this community.
Jindal isnt oozing charisma like New Jersey Gov. Chris Christie or Florida Sen. Marco Rubio. But neither is he labeled as a vanilla pol in the way that Portman and Pawlenty have been cast.
Jindal wouldnt likely overshadow Romney as Christie and Rubio clearly would but neither would he be lumped in with the boring white guy pick that might not get Romney the sort of bump he is looking for.
There are other ways where Jindal is a sort of middle-of-the-road pick too. His resume he spent several terms in Congress before being elected governor in 2007 allows Romney to pick someone who knows how the levers of power work in Washington but who has largely built his reputation outside of the nations capitol. Hes an insiders outsider. Or an outsiders insider. Whatever. You get the point.
Remember that the first rule of vice presidential picking is Above all, do no harm. That means that a sort of warm porridge guy (hes not to hot or too cold) like Jindal could have real appeal to Romney.
* A reform record: In his four-plus years in office, Jindal has built a very impressive record that would fit nicely with Romneys promises to bring conservative principles to the federal government.
Jindals top priority coming into office was ethics reform political corruption is as common as good beignets in Louisiana and he got it done quickly. Jindal also pushed hard to reform the state's education system, an effort that won him praise from none other than the Wall Street Journal op-ed page.
(Excerpt) Read more at washingtonpost.com ...
* Super wonk: While Wisconsin Rep. Paul Ryan gets credit within the Republican party as their wonkiest national voice, Jindal has a case to make that he actually deserves that title. This is someone who was running the Louisiana department of health and human services at 25 and two years later was appointed the executive director of the National Bipartisan Commission on the Future of Medicare.
If Romney wants to prove that he is serious about repealing President Obamas health care law and replacing it with a more conservative approach, there is no one on the Republican side with the possible exception of Romney himself who knows the issue better than Jindal.
Picking someone with widely regarded policy chops like Jindal would also allow Romney to make the argument that he made a governing choice not a political choice in his vice presidential nominee a sign that he is ready, willing and able to step into the office and do the job on day one.
I know I know, there is the Natural Born issue ... but FReepers are SPLIT on this one and so is the country in general. Plus, if Obama is already de facto President and none of the laws he signed are invalid by virtue of his unconstitutional status, I don't see why given that precedent, Jindal is going to be disqualified.
From a vetting perspective, Jindal has obvious downsides. Among them are an element of his background sure to dominate cable chatter if he were selected. In December 1994, Jindal wrote an article in the New Oxford Review (teaser here; subscription required for full version) that details his presence at the dorm-room exorcism of a female friend. Without casting any aspersions on Jindal's beliefs, it's safe to say that Romney — who has dealt with an undercurrent of bigotry toward his own faith — likely wants to avoid a protracted discussion of religious practices that would overshadow his focus on the economy.
Jindal's record as governor would also come under critical scrutiny. As the Wall Street Journal wrote in a glowing profile this week, Jindal "has won plaudits for his smooth handling of crises such as 2008′s Hurricane Gustav and the 2010 Gulf Oil spill." As I wrote at the time, Jindal became a hero for his aggressive attacks on the federal government's response to the spill. But his policy prescriptions were questionable. Jindal pushed hard for the government to construct a pricey barrier of sand berms to protect the state's marshland from oil, and the project was ultimately OKed over the objections of scientists. An investigative commission subsequently found that the project was a $220 million boondoggle that captured little oil. In a way, it's not surprising that Jindal's view broke with the scientific community; as governor, he signed a bill that provides for the teaching of creationism in public schools.
Finally, there's the comfort factor. At the start of the primary, Jindal was an outspoken supporter of Texas Governor Rick Perry. He didn't endorse Romney until April, long after Perry left the race. Unlike Pawlenty, who has been a dogged surrogate for Romney, Jindal is not said to have a strong rapport with the former Massachusetts governor. While Romney has regularly invited rumored veep candidates (such as Portman) to campaign with him over the past few months, his meeting with Jindal on Monday was the pair's first joint meeting of this phase.
If WaPo likes him, the question then has to be "What's wrong with him?".
Thanks, WaPo, for the recommendation. Appreciate your conservative support.
as I have been saying, the commies would love for jindal or rubio to be VP, thus putting the illegal commie usurper into the "we iz alls da sames now category.
The general tendency of conservatives is to ask this — IF A LIBERAL RAG LIKE THE WASHINGTON COMPOST likes a Republican candidate, DON'T GO FOR HIM because that is a sign that they want him to run because he WILL LOSE.
If the Wa Po wants Jindal, we have to be concerned.
Gee, no one sees the Outsourcing of the Vice Presidency coming.....
I agree with this article. Jindal is the best choice. He is young, but unlike Rubio, he is both conservative and experienced and ready to step in immediately if Romney were to drop dead.
In before the eligibility crowd comes screaming with their torches and pitchforks to make sure everyone knows that Jindal and Rubio don't pass their 'test'.
Please, NO!
Nice guy— but not eligible.
Two wrongs, three wrongs, a dozen don't make one right.
Two wrongs, three wrongs, a dozen dont make one right.
True. But it's amazing how many FReepers don't believe in the US Constitution nor the rule of law.
They'd condone any anchor baby from a third world banana republic is just as qualified to be an American President as a US born citizen from American born parents.
[ The general tendency of conservatives is to ask this IF A LIBERAL RAG LIKE THE WASHINGTON COMPOST likes a Republican candidate, DONT GO FOR HIM because that is a sign that they want him to run because he WILL LOSE. ]
They want Jindall because then they can paint him as a "Religious Nutball" due to his excorsism experiance and they will use that along with the "Mormon Narrative".
The constitution does not define natural born citizen, and despite hundreds of lawsuits, no judge has ruled Obama ineligible. Fact is that, because he was born in the US, he is natural born. If he had been born in India and received his legal citizenship after moving to the US, he would be naturalized, but not natural born, and ineligible. Everyone here believes in the rule of law, you just don't know the law.
I agree 100% but some of the sheep around here don't understand the fundamental differences between right and wrong. If they believe it's okay for anchor babies to be President of the United States, they should follow the rule of law and vote to change our Constitution.
Perhaps you've not been aware that for the last year and a half, the "fact" that Obama was born in the US is being discredited.
I framed my paragraph poorly with too many pronouns. I was speaking of Jindal being born in the US.
No, you don't know the law, even though it has been explained on FR over and over again. You're like the kind of journalist who thinks a half-brother and a step-brother are the same thing.
Well, I disagree with you as do the courts.
And I'll bet you can't explain the difference between half and step siblings without looking it up on Google.
Two wrongs don't make a right. Jindal and Rubio are not eligible to be VP or President anymore than Barry Soetoro is.
There are hundreds of perfectly capable natural born citizens that can be nominated to run with Mitt. Rand Paul and Allen West jump to mind along with Michelle Bachman, Paul Ryan, Scott Walker and many others.
This argument is about as lame as it can be. They didn't have to define it. Everyone in the 18th century knew what the term meant!
Born of parents.... who themselves are U.S. Citizens. This disqualifies Marco, Bobby and Barack. This is not rocket science and I believe that both Marco and Bobby are thousands of times better qualified than the jerk who sits in the oval office.
Good grief people.....this is not a big secret. When I learned about the Constitution in 1954 (sixth grade) we had a young man who was born in this country (New Jersey, I believe) of parents who were displaced refugees from Eastern Europe. They were not citizens when this schoolmate of mine was born (they later became naturalized).
I'll never forget my teacher explaining the term "natural born citizen" and why our schoolmate could never ascend to the presidency......no matter where he was born because his parents were not citizens at the time of his birth (1942). He could be a Senator, a Representative....or a Governor....but he could never be the "Commander in Chief".
Friends....as far as I know.....no public school has taught the Constitution (in depth) for more than fifty years or so. This went by the wayside along with many other patriotic observances after Viet Nam..... and the harm it did to our country. Most people today know very little about things like this. They usually just repeat what they have been told by the evening news.....and those folks are (for the most part).....just stupid.
Like someone earlier had said......why open yourself for possible problems down the road? There are probably millions of people out there (born of U.S. Citizens) who are better qualified than Joe Biden. Barack's father.....of course was never a U.S. citizen....so where Barack was born is not even an issue. He's ineligible for that reason alone.
I don't think it is a matter of a personal test. Instead it is a matter of personal take on the words of the Constitution and what history has recorded as to why the Founders specifically differentiated between 'natural born citizen' and just 'citizen' for other National offices/congresspersons.
Unfortunately, previous court decisions have all but over-ruled the understanding "Natural Born" that you proposed.
* In 1875, U.S. Attorney General Edwards Pierrepont was presented with a query from the Secretary of State, Hamilton Fish. A young man, surnamed Steinkauler (his first name was never mentioned), had been born in Missouri in 1855, a year after his father was naturalized a U.S. citizen. When he was four years old, his father returned to Germany with him and both had stayed there ever since. The father has relinquished his American citizenship. Now the young man is 20 years old and about to be drafted into the German army. What is this young man's situation as a native-born American citizen? After studying the relevant legal authorities, Pierrepont wrote:
"Under the treaty [of 1868 with Germany], and in harmony with American doctrine, it is clear that Steinkauler the father abandoned his naturalization in America and became a German subject (his son being yet a minor), and that by virtue of German laws the son acquired German nationality. It is equally clear that the son, by birth, has American nationality, and hence he has two nationalities, one NATURAL, the other acquired. .... Young Steinkauler is a native-born American citizen. There is no law of the United States under which his father or any other person can deprive him of his birthright. He can return to America at the age of 21, and in due time, if the people elect, he can become President of the United States..... I am of opinion that when he reaches the age of 21 years he can then elect whether he will return and take the nationality of his birth, with its duties and privileges, or retain the nationality acquired by the act of his father.
* The decision in Lynch v. Clarke was cited as persuasive or authoritative precedent in numerous subsequent cases regarding the term — NATURAL BORN, including In re Look Tin Sing,on the issue of whether the child, born in the U.S., to two Chinese parents (who were prevented by federal law from becoming U.S. citizens) was a U.S. citizen, notwithstanding the nationality of his parents or the fact that he had traveled to China with them and not returned to the U.S. for many years.
* The federal court held in a decision written by U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice Stephen J. Field) that he was a citizen by birth, and remained such despite his long stay in China, cited the decision in Lynch v. Clarke and described that case:
"After an exhaustive examination of the law, the Vice-Chancellor said that he entertained no doubt that every person born within the dominions and allegiance of the United States, whatever the situation of his parents, was a natural-born citizen, and added that this was the general understanding of the legal profession, and the universal impression of the public mind."
* The Lynch case was also cited as a leading precedent in the U.S. Supreme Court decision in United States v. Wong Kim Ark (1898), which similarly held that the child born here of two Chinese parents was a birthright US citizen, and that decision also used the phrase "natural born".
* In 1939 the U.S. Supreme Court issued its decision in the case of Perkins v. Elg, regarding a young woman, born in New York a year after her father became a naturalized U.S. citizen. However, when she was about four her parents returned to Sweden taking her with them, and they stayed in Sweden. At age 20, this young woman contacted the American diplomats in Sweden and, shortly after her 21st birthday, returned to the United States on a U.S. passport and was admitted as a U.S. citizen. Years later, while she was still in America, her father in Sweden relinquished his American citizenship, and, because of that, the Department of Labor (then the location of the Immigration & Naturalization Service) declared her a non-citizen and tried to deport her. The young woman filed suit for a declaratory judgment that she was an American citizen by birth. She won at the trial level, and at the circuit court - where she was repeatedly described as "A NATURAL BORN CITIZEN"
* Finally in the U.S. Supreme Court, where the court decision quoted at length from the U.S. Attorney-General's opinion in Steinkauler's Case (mentioned above) including the comment that the person born in America and raised in another country could yet "become President of the United States".
As for Rand Paul and Allen West and Bachmann and Paul Ryan, YES I would whole-heartedly support their nominations, but the issue which was brought up is the issue of how we understand the term NATURAL BORN. Court decisions from over a hundred years ago have given us precedents that do not support the two-parents-must-be-Americans-at-birth definition.
The LEGAL principle of stare decisis now applies in practice.
4 previous SCOTUS rulings have defined natural born citizen as a person born in the USA of two US citizen parents. I'm sure you know which cases I'm referring to as they have been posted by me and others ad nauseum.
"The natives, or natural-born citizens, are those born in the country, of parents who are citizens. As the society can not exist and perpetuate itself otherwise than by the children of the citizens, those children naturally follow the condition of their fathers, and succeed to all their rights."
Thirty years later when the Constitutional Convention convened...... this was still the definition.
John Jay (first Chief Justice) wrote this to the convention: "Permit me to hint, whether it would be wise and reasonable to provide a strong check to the admission of Foreigners into the administration of our national Government; and to declare expressly that the Commander in Chief of the American army shall not be given to nor devolve on, any but a natural born Citizen."
In 1857 the Supreme Court (Dred Scott decision) majority opinion quoted "Vattel"....word for word: The citizens are the members of the civil society, bound to this society by certain duties, and subject to its authority; they equally participate in its advantages. The natives or natural-born citizens are those born in the country of parents who are citizens. As society cannot perpetuate itself otherwise than by the children of the citizens, those children naturally follow the condition of their parents, and succeed to all their rights.
So.......one hundred years after Vattel wrote his book and 68 years after the Constitutional Convention used his definition "Natural Born Citizen" to describe Presidential requirements.....the Supreme Court of the United States is still quoting that fact.
It is only recently (50 years) that elememts of our society have attempted to change this meaning.....for their own purposes. What could be their motive?
The examples you have provided are easily disassembled under scrutiny.....and have been many times on these threads.
He might as well nominate Jindal, who is not eligible to be president because he's not a Natural Born Citizen. Then we could have all this certifigate stuff take place in the open, without the media claiming it's a republican ploy.
I second your motion! Jindal has the highest IQ of any living politician. And he is a PROVEN conservative. His choice completely explodes the notion that GOP is a boring white man's party or is racist. Portman is tied to Bush-43 and has never been a executive in public office.
I also like Huckabee although many times he has made me climb the walls with his positions. But he has superlative verbal skills and will be a great asset in campaign to the businessman and mild mannered Romney.
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.


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This product works great with the pressure washer I bought from Sears.
I purchased this in an attempt to remove a gasoline stain from my asphalt driveway. I used it w/ my 3000 PSI washer. This product didn't touch the stain. Use this rating w/ discretion as I haven't yet tried it on concrete or brick.
cleaner works just like I need it to and seems to clean well.
just hooked it up, turned it on, worked great
I spread the Pre-Mixed concentrate on the dirty concrete, as directed, and used the power washer to clean up. Proved to be of no help.
Purchased this for a concrete repair project. Used the cleaner to prep the concrete prior to overlaying with cement. The cleaner worked well and the project turned out great!
I only used about 1 ounce of this cleaner to do a large patio, about 20 FT X 30 FT using the Sear's 2800 PSI / Quite Pressure Washer with the surface cleaner attachment. The chemical is auto fed into the pressure washer. NO MIXING! Took only 30 minutes to clean my algae covered patio. It is amazing. Great cleaner!
My Husband loves it.
This helps take the dirt out of the floor faster than when not using it. Machine works less.
PerfectMix? Extreme Concentrate - Concrete, Brick, and Tile Cleaner is an excellent product....I used this product to clean my concrete driveway and after using this product my concrete driveway is very clean... I would use this product again in the future in order to clean my brick and tile....
I bought this primarely for the bottle. The cost of the detergent is way too high. I then bought a gallon of Zep all purpose pressure washer detergent. I just refill the bottle. The gallon costs less than this quart of detergent.
I found this cleaning solution very easy to use with my Craftsman pressure washer. It fits nicely into the holder and is easy to install. I have a large concrete driveway and it made the job of cleaning it, quick and easy. I'm very pleased with the results.
I cleaned one side of my driveway with this full strength (it used the whole bottle), the other side I used blue Dawn dish washing liquid at full strength. The dish washing soap actually worked better. So from here out I will just keep refilling this bottle with Dawn soap.
This product works great with the pressure washer I bought from Sears.
I got the product for my husbands pressure washer. It was reasonably priced. We used it to clean our cement back porch. It cleaned well . We used a bottle cleaning our front and back porch and siding.
Worked great on concrete with my Craftsman sprayer. It was easy to install onto the sprayer and lasts longer than expected. Cleans oil stains (the old oil stains were much more stubborn) from dripping cars.
Dish soap would have work just as well.
Not sure this was that great. Lots of competitive products at box hardware stores, they could be better. PW got detergent out of concrete/rinsed clean. Concrete more white than ever, but didn't seem like the cleaner was lifting dirt out vs. the PW really doing the work.Good mix rate; mixed too much for the amount I sprayed out through the PW, mix less then you think you'll use, then mix more if necessary. I chose b/c of the Briggs & Stratton affliation, product shouldn't tear up their PW, hopefully cheap insurance for PW unit.


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Join Andrew Smith, Sales Director at BlueVenn and Terry Chegwin, Insights and Analytics Manager at the American Automobile Association (AAA) as they discuss strategies for utilizing the BlueVenn Customer Journey and Analytics platform to accelerate its marketing capability. Using the BlueVenn Closed-Loop marketing methodology, Terry will talk about how AAA can deploy sequences of strategies, combining its, mobile, digital and offline channels.
You will learn:
•The fundamentals of the BlueVenn closed-loop marketing methodology
•The importance of a Single Customer View for AAA
•How AAA can build and coordinate complex, multi-tiered campaigns
•How AAA look to move their members through customer journeys based on their behavior
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FrontSpin Sales Communication Software & PoweDialer Demo
Oct 12 2016
11 mins
FrontSpin helps you engage with more prospects and customers in less time. Our cloud-based sales communication tool and power dialer implements your playbooks across all touchpoints.
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The Data Dilemma
Charlotte Rogers (Marketing Week) and Steve McNicholas (Managing Director of Marketing Solutions at Callcredit)
Oct 12 2016
43 mins
Data and analytics are the lifeblood of effective marketing and consumer engagement. However, we found many of the marketers we recently surveyed are facing a data dilemma. On the one hand, they know data analytics is integral to achieving their marketing objectives. On the other hand, many are struggling with the resource-intensive nature that navigating data demands. This data dilemma is two sides of the same coin, where marketers can feel overpowered, rather than empowered, by data.
In this Marketing Week webinar, in association with Callcredit, we will explore some of the reasons behind The Data Dilemma and ways in which marketers can gain control over their data, to translate it into insight that drives growth.
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Authentic Brands and Their Emotional Connection With Fans
Liz Miller, CMO Council, Jennifer Grabenstetter, Sealed Air and John McGarr, Fresh Squeezed Ideas
Oct 11 2016
63 mins
Winning hearts and minds is a continuing challenge for marketers seeking to connect with consumers on an emotional, cultural or behavioral level. Whether you run marketing for a distinguished, dynamic or developing brand, there is always a need to continually search for ways to stay relevant, real and rewarding for customers.
Drawing on best practices and perspectives from the CMO Council's latest report, titled "Building Brands That Attract and Engage Fans," this upcoming webinar will feature both brand leaders and domain experts.
Topics to be explored include:
-The roots of brand attraction and cognitive connection
-How to survive and prosper amid market diversity and change
-The intersection of cultural and behavioral economics
-The essential ingredients for authenticity and credibility
-Fresh thinking on new ways to invigorate and magnetize brands
Webinar participants will include Liz Miller, SVP Marketing from CMO Council, Jennifer Grabenstetter, Executive Director of Global Communications- Product Care at Sealed Air and author John McGarr, President of Fresh Squeezed Ideas.
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Website personalization: What online shoppers want now
Emma Mcilroy, CEO, WildFang
Oct 6 2016
43 mins
We know one thing for sure -- three quarters of digital natives want a truly personalized web experience. But most marketers aren't actually personalizing their website and messaging content. Why? Because it's hard. And expensive. And messy. And where do you even start with all the data points?
Machine learning is the key. And simplicity is the exception rather than the rule -- it has to be easy to use or forget it. It's time to stop talking about personalization and start actually using it or risk losing out on the the 80% of consumers who felt that brands were not familiar or only somewhat familiar with their needs.
We're going to sit down with the CEO from the popular clothing retailer WildFang. She will reveal how it increased revenue by personalizing its e-commerce site to target small groups of visitors based on their behaviors (across many channels) and affinities. CEO Emma McIllroy will be joined by Craig Schinn, former digital-marketing leader for an outdoor-clothing e-commerce site, who can speak to the thought leadership for marketing professionals in real-time marketing personalization strategy as well as WildFang's case study in particular as it unleashed the power of machine learning-based website personalization..
In the webinar you will learn how to:
* Increase web conversions and revenue with personalized website marketing
* Use behavior-based audience segments to better target visitors.
* Target customers who are most likely to buy or most likely to churn using data science and advanced machine learning algorithms.
* Use cross-channel customer data to power more relevant website marketing campaigns
* Emma Mcilroy, CEO, WildFang
* Craig Schinn, senior director, Solutions Consulting, Lytics
* Wendy Schuchart, Moderator, VentureBeat
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Comment Construire un Welcome Pack Email efficace
Philippe Gateau Sales Manager SEMEA, Movable Ink
Oct 6 2016
44 mins
L'email de bienvenue est certainement la meilleure opportunitée pour poser les bases d'une relation solide et durable avec votre client. Les emails de bienvenue ont les meilleurs taux d'ouverture et de lecture, ce qui fait d'eux une chance unique de créer un impact sur le client. Mais les enjeux sont élevés, vous pouvez gagner ou perdre un client dans ce contact initial. Ce Webinar vous guidera à travers les étapes nécessaires à la creation d'un welcome pack email, qui transformera vos abonnés en clients fidèles, tout en collectant les données qui vous permettrons d'enrichir l'experience et la relation tout au long du cycle de vie client.
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GamesBeat: How to get gamers to love your games and love your brand
Matt Marshall, CEO, VentureBeat
Sep 29 2016
59 mins
Building brand affection is one of the best things you can do for any product. Think about it -- do you ask for a tissue or do you ask for a Kleenex? Do you look for a plastic bandage or do you ask for a Band-Aid? Do you "use a search engine to find out information about your blind date" or do you Google them?
This is more than performance marketing -- which evolved solely to drive transactions and downloads -- this is awareness marketing. And for the games community, it's about getting people to remember and associate an emotion with your game, so they seek it out now -- and later. But brand awareness is hard to measure -- and hard to get your arms around. Many games teams spend little to no budget, favoring the results-focused performance marketing. We're going to show you how to be better than them -- and get the advantage for your mobile game, starting today.
Venturebeat's own CEO Matt Marshall will sit down with execs from the gaming industry such as Seriously's VP of marketing and Eli Danziger, product manager for YouTube Ads as well as the CMO of Smule, Rob Singer. Together, we'll discuss storytelling and brand awareness marketing tips tailored to mobile games today.
In this third installment of our Building Games Communities series, you will:
* Learn how to use YouTube and other channels to drive brand awareness for mobile games;
* Find the right time to invest in brand awareness marketing in your mobile game lifecycle; and
* Understand the right KPIs to measure ROI on awareness marketing.
Our esteemed panel for this rockstar discussion includes:
* Matt Marshall, CEO, VentureBeat
* Phil Hickey, VP Marketing and Communications; Seriously
* Rob Singer, CMO, Smule
* Eli Danziger, product manager, YouTube
* Wendy Schuchart, Moderator, GamesBeat
Don't miss out. Register today and attend live for this interactive mobile gaming panel.
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Staying Ahead of Digital Disruption
Leonie Roderick (Marketing Week), David Aponovich (Senior Director, Digital Experience - Acquia)
Sep 29 2016
55 mins
Digital business isn't just a fad. Digital business is now
just business. And it has created a whole new level of expectations among your customers, prospects and new competition in your industry. Your organisation's success will be determined based on your ability to deliver more personalised digital experiences that meet customer expectations in the moment, as well as your ability to move quickly to combat digital savvy competitors trying to push you aside.
In this Marketing Week webinar, in association with Acquia, we will help you stay ahead and not fall behind in a world of digital disruption that's changing faster than many can keep up with. We'll talk about:
- How to stay ahead of digital disruption, and customers' changing demands, by blending the right combination of digital experience technology and organisational strategy
- How personalisation, new modes of interaction like voice-based interaction (Amazon Echo), digital screens and signage, and other digital channels are expanding the definition of digital experience success
- Describe common internal organisational barriers that cause you to fall behind and prevent you from moving quickly to stay ahead of the market and your stakeholders
- Address how a flexible digital experience platform can help Business and IT to work together and provide a strong foundation for whatever comes next in a fast-changing, digital-first world
Read more >
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3 Data-driven Ways To Power Marketing Campaigns
Adam Corey, VP Marketing, Tealium
Sep 28 2016
32 mins
It's no secret that brands today are investing more money than ever in marketing technologies to gain better insight into customer preferences and behavior. We rely heavily on these systems to collect data and deliver the best experience for engaging and converting visitors. However, when this data isn't shared between your vendors, you may be overlooking a big opportunity to maximize return on your investments.
This webinar will explore 3 ways to power intelligent marketing campaigns by leveraging real-time data you already have, as well as examine a more practical take on how to extract value from connecting data across your entire technology stack, allowing more timely, relevant, and meaningful interactions with the customer.
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No theory or waffle – just 10 great personalisation campaigns
Mindi Chahal (Marketing Week), Andrew Furlong (CRO Director at RedEye)
Sep 27 2016
44 mins
Personalisation is the key to boosting sales, customer loyalty and conversion, yet only a handful of brands are doing it. How's this for startling? 72% of companies say they know they need to implement personalisation but aren't sure how to do it.
Well that's where we come in. Andrew Furlong, RedEye's CRO Director, will not only explain the importance of personalisation, but give real, tangible actions you can take to start ramping up your personalisation efforts. We'll be focussing on real-life campaign examples you can take away and implement quickly to rapidly see increased conversion, loyalty and ROI.
Read more >
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Mobile game statistics every publisher needs to know for 2017
Nov 2 2016
5:00 pm
60 mins
With millions of apps vying for installs, how are the top earning publishers growing and acquiring high quality users at scale, and how do the top channels & formats fit into their strategy? Learn what's working for the top 100 app install marketers — and what isn't — during this session revealing the results from the latest App Install Survey.
The Q3 2016 App Install Marketing survey provides insights, benchmarks, and trends from the top 100 grossing app developers, revealing over 100 detailed questions and enjoying a 65% survey response rate. 62% of respondents represented mobile game developers, and 38% represented non-gaming developers for various app categories, including entertainment, music, news, and others.
The webinar will cover:
* Top app install formats by usage
* Most effective app install formats
* App install budget allocation by channel
* Key KPIs of top advertisers
* Top 5 campaign trends
* Top drivers of app install scale and quality
* The targeting methods that work
* What's changed in mobile apps since 2015
* The big new mobile app trends for 2017
Speakers include:
* Christian Calderon, CRO, Ketchapp
* David Rose, Director of Performance Marketing, Pocket Gems
* Kevin Teng, Sr. Director, User Acquisition, AdColony
* Wendy Schuchart, Moderator, VentureBeat
Sponsored by AdColony
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Build a Better Newsletter
Lauren Lind, Account Manager at Movable Ink
Nov 3 2016
5:00 pm
60 mins
According to the Direct Marketing Association, 68% of marketers say that newsletters are the #1 marketing tool to help them achieve their business goals. Considering that context can more than double email ROI, imagine what you could do with a contextual email newsletter.
In our webinar, we'll show you how to:
- Consistently send the content your subscribers want by building subscriber profiles with progressive polling
- Always deliver up-to-the-minute content, product inventory and more directly from your website with content automation
- Deliver great mobile experiences with device targeting
- Promote events and stores that are nearest to your subscribers with geo-targeting
- Save time by automatically delivering daily sales
Grab your spot now!
Read more >
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Are buy buttons working? Social commerce for 2017
Stewart Rogers, Director of Marketing Technology, VentureBeat
Nov 15 2016
8:30 pm
30 mins
A recent survey of 506 marketers indicated that 36 percent of respondents reported an increase in sales from buy button integration into social media and email interfaces. That percentage will likely increase in 2016 with 60 percent more marketers projected to utilize buy buttons throughout the year. Selling through social, social commerce, is a hot topic and one to watch as marketers look for more ways to connect with consumers.
Companies use buy buttons and the like within social networks like Facebook to increase their visibility to the consumer, have one-on-one conversations with potential buyers, and make it easier to bridge the gap between consumers and brands. With the insights gained from the analytics provided by various social networks, companies are armed with more data about customers and a greater ability to personalize offerings. Join VB experts and panelists as they suss out trends to watch in the social commerce space.
Attendees at this webinar will learn how to:
* Optimize social selling across social media outlets
* Understand the impacts of increasingly mobile consumers on social commerce
* Unlock sales using social networks
* Find and connect with more prospects
* Leverage the analytics from social sites to gain a deeper understanding of customers
* Stewart Rogers, Director of Marketing Technology, VentureBeat
* Jim Tuerk, Director of Business Development, Reverb
* Wendy Schuchart, Moderator, VentureBeat
Register for this free executive session today
Read more >
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Cross-Journey Optimization
Jim Kelly, Principal Consultant at BlueVenn
Nov 16 2016
4:00 pm
60 mins
A deeper understanding of the customer journey is changing the way organizations engage with their customers, meaning brands who adopt customer journey optimization strategies are reaping the benefits.
The problem is, each customer undertakes a unique journey, incorporating multiple channels and exhibiting different behaviors. Although this means huge potential for engagement, tracking this behavior and making use of the data can seem like an insurmountable challenge.
As marketers, we need to move past the old metrics and campaigns that have no relevance in the new age of the customer and look at new ways to monitor cost, measure response, attribute impact and improve communications.
In this webinar, BlueVenn Principal Consultant Jim Kelly will explore this topic in more detail and discuss concepts such as 'cross-journey communication' to manage the customer experience.
Read more >
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Beyond Facebook: Finding the Right Social Platforms for your Brand
Kirya Francis, Director of Media & Research Technology, GSD&M
Nov 17 2016
7:00 pm
45 mins
Everyone is on Facebook, right? Wrong. Every day, there are new social media platforms launching and diluting the impact each social media platform has. And while we're in the era of social media dominance, there's still a large population that falls under "non-social savvy." Believe it or not.
This session will help us understand today's social media landscape and help brands and marketers discover what the right platforms are for their audience. It will also dig into key marketing tools and metrics that help engage and attract the target customer and dial into why having a responsive process is critical for brand visibility, integrity, and equity.
Read more >
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The 2016 State of Marketing Attribution in the UK, France, and Germany
Gavin Flood (Marketing Director, AdRoll EMEA) and Jim Clark (Research Director, Econsultancy)
Nov 22 2016
3:00 pm
75 mins
Attribution is often described as trying to find a single source of truth for the relative impact of every channel on the customer path to conversion.
However, the proliferation of the marketing stack, advertising channels, and user devices has made that search ever more challenging, as have the various schools of thought around the best attribution strategies.
Thus, AdRoll has partnered with Econsultancy to evaluate the state of marketing attribution in the UK, France and Germany. Join Gavin Flood, AdRoll EMEA marketing director, and Jim Clark, Econsultancy research director on November 22nd for a live webinar to make sense of attribution in 2016.
In this webinar you will learn how to tackle numerous attribution challenges:
- Learn why most organisations don't carry out attribution across the majority of their campaigns and how to remedy this.
- Benchmark your organisation against your peers and find out which methods and technologies they are using.
- Discover the skills and training needed for successful attribution.
- Ask any and all your questions live.
Read more >
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Squad goals: Why cost per lead is failing your lead gen strategy
Sam Yount, CMO, LendingTree
Dec 13 2016
8:30 pm
60 mins
Cost per lead. It's like your basic black dress or suit -- never lets you down and crucial in crunch time. But everything we knew about about lead generation has changed. Marketing now owns most of the IT budget and is on tap for the lion's share of revenue generation. If we're supposed to Always Be Closing, the marketing team is on the line to deliver qualified leads with high ROI. That's where we start to get into trouble.
The new world order has moved way past cost per lead into outcome-based performance. It's not quantity anymore -- it's quality. How do you pull your marketing lead generation strategy out of this paradigm? We're going to walk you through it in this free and interactive executive session with VB's own director of marketing technology, Stewart Rogers, and his panel of lead generation and demand generation experts.
In this webinar, you will:
* Understand how to move past quantity and generate quality opportunities
* Build the right marketing KPIs for defining lead quality and lead conversion
* Define a conversion strategy that builds retention
Speakers include:
* Sam Yount, CMO, LendingTree
* Jason John, CMO, Publisher's Clearing House
* Stewart Rogers, Director of Marketing Technology, VentureBeat
* Wendy Schuchart, VentureBeat
Read more >
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realmagick.com The shrine of knowledge.
Brandy Aging
A selection of articles related to brandy aging.
Original articles from our library related to the Brandy Aging. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Brandy Aging.
- Sweet Woodruff
- Botanical Name(s): Asperula odorata , Galium odoratum Species: Rubiaceae Also known as: Woodruff; 'Musk of the Woods' (french), Ladies-in-the-Hay (English), Sweet Grass (English), Waldmeister (German - meaning 'Master of the Wood') Description: Smooth; erect...
Herbalism >> Herbs dictionary S
- Survivalists' Guide for the New Millennium: Chapter 6
- AS THE WORM TURNS Health and well being are part of the natural birthright of the human being. With all of its organs intact, the right diet, exercise and mental focus, a human body can overcome any disease. Even so, the effects of living in this...
Philosophy >> Survivalists Guide for the New Millennium
- How to Use Bach Flower Remedies
- Selecting the remedies Select the remedies through the classical interview technique. Find out in a clear and honest conversation: what type the person is (for instance: easily frightened, or servile, or intolerant) what his/her emotions and concerns are at...
Homeopathy >> Bach Flower Remedies
- Peppermint: Correspondences
- Mentha piperita Folk Names: Brandy Mint, Lammint Gender: Masculine Planet: Mercury Element: Fire Deity: Pluto Power: Purification, Sleep, Love, Healing, Psychic Powers...
Herbalism >> Herbs dictionary P
- Journey to the Four Directions
- East, West, South, North In sacred space I ask you forth Bring your power and your grace Live within this sacred space -author unknown To the East, where the Sun rises, where inspiration and originality are born, please join us so that we may get to know and...
Mystic Sciences >> Magick
- Herbs of Folklore and Modern Medicine: White Willow, Aloe Vera, and Garlic
- Many of the medicinal herbs we use today have been studied by modern science for application in today's medical field. These studies have shown that our ancestral folk uses of these herbs were very much correct in their applications. Here we will explore...
Earth Mysteries >> Herbalism
- Apple Divination
- We have all heard and used the expression "An apple a day keeps the doctor away." This expression is based on a very old superstition and is one of many associated with apples. I am quite sure that you have all held an apple in one hand and twisted...
Psychic Abilities >> Divination
Brandy Aging is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Brandy Aging books and related discussion.
Suggested News Resources
- It's Your Business
- Items for It's Your Business can be submitted online at http://cjonline.com/business, by email to firstname.lastname@example.com or by mail to The Topeka Capital-Journal, 616 S.
- Shrub 101: The Historic Cocktail Mixer Is Reborn
- Easily produced and often on hand, they quickly found their way into punches, or were mixed with rum or brandy. With the advent ... BL: From my experience, shrubs are most known to be used in darks liquors and liquor that has been exposed to barrel aging.
- Epic and Ska Brewing team up on a barrel-aged peach IPA
- Colorado breweries Epic Brewing and Ska Brewing will debut a new collaboration beer on March 19th – Skeptic Barrel-Aged Peach IPA. The new beer encompasses each of the brewery's individual strong points. In the case of Epic – barrel-aging and the fruit ...
- The A-to-Z Guide to Cheese—Plus Pungent Pairings
- Thanks to an increase in artisan production and major advances in aging and marketing, the options at your local cheese counter are better, broader and bolder than ever before. Here's what you should be noshing on now.
- CARVER BRIEFLY: March 11-17
- Food donations are accepted at every performance for the Middleborough Council on Aging senior food pantry. General admission is $20 and $18 ..... This year's live entertainment is courtesy of Brandy, a Boston-area band.
Great care has been taken to prepare the information on this page. Elements of the content come from factual and lexical knowledge databases, realmagick.com library and third-party sources. We appreciate your suggestions and comments on further improvements of the site.
Brandy Aging Topics
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