text:
Microscale Gas Chemistry
|Carl Scheele
|Joseph Priestley
|Antoine Lavoisier
THESE THREE MEN, Carl Scheele (Sweden), Joseph Priestley (England), and Antoine Lavoisier (France) all claimed credit for the discovery of the element that we now call oxygen. Carl Scheele discovered fire air [oxygen] sometime before 1773. He produced the gas several ways. In one method, he reacted (using modern names) nitric acid with potash (KOH and/or K2CO3) which formed KNO3. Distilling the residue with sulfuric acid produced both NO2 and O2. The former was absorbed by limewater (saturated Ca(OH)2), leaving fire air. He also obtained fire air from strongly heating HgO and MnO2 and by heating silver carbonate or mercuric carbonate and then absorbing the CO2 by alkali (KOH):
Ag(s) + CO2(g) + O2(g)
On August 1, 1774 Joseph Priestley first prepared oxygen by directing the sun's light with a 12-inch diameter burning lens onto a sample of red mercurius calcinatus per se (now HgO). Thus, Priestley independently had discovered oxygen which he called dephlogisticated air. His explanation of the reaction using was:
Today, we would describe
the same reaction as follows:
Priestley sampled his dephlogisticated air and wrote:
"[My] breast felt particularly light and easy for some time afterwards...... Who can tell, but that, in time, this pure air may become a fashionable article of luxury. Hitherto only two mice and myself have had the privilege of breathing it." (A Short History of Chemistry, J. R. Partington, 3rd edition, (1957))
Priestley shared his discovery with Antoine Lavoisier later that same year and also described the discovery in published form shortly thereafter. Carl Scheele's account of his discovery did not appear in print until 1777, by which time the scientific community had given credit for the discovery to Priestley.
Antoine Lavoisier's claim to the discovery of oxygen is based on the fact that he established that oxygen was an element. He proposed the name oxygen and it became the cornerstone of his oxygen theory which debunked the prevailing phlogiston theory that had governed the minds of scientists for nearly one century. To spread his ideas and the Oxygen Theory, Lavoisier published Traité élémentaire de chemie in 1789. In his book, Lavoisier named a total of 33 elements, most of which are still in use today. It has been said that the book would be recognizable to a student of chemistry as it reads "like a rather old edition of a modern textbook." (A Short History of Chemistry, J. R. Partington, 3rd edition, (1957))
Oxygen, O2, is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gases that has a very low solubility in water. Oxygen can be condensed to a pale-blue liquid by cooling to -183 °C (90 K) at a pressure of one atmosphere. Oxygen's melting point is -218.4 ºC (55 K).
Oxygen is the second largest component of the Earth's atmosphere (21%). It occurs as O2 as well as the allotrope O3, called ozone, in the atmosphere. Oxygen represents 89% be mass of water molecules so that the Earth's water supplies are largely oxygen. Much of the Earth's lithosphere (rocks, solid parts of the crust) is composed of silicates and other oxides. Taken together, over 46% of the mass of the lithosphere is oxygen. Photosynthesis accounts for virtually all of the oxygen present in the Earth's atmosphere. Water and carbon dioxide are converted by chloroplasts to oxygen and plant carbohydrates, "CH2O" respectively:
The reaction is endothermic and occurs only because of the energy supplied by the sun.
The density of O2 is 1.308 g/L at 25 °C and 1 atm — 10% greater than that of air. At 20 °C oxygen dissolves in water to the extent of 30.8 cm3 per liter. It is even more soluble in some non-aqueous solvents.
Oxygen has numerous important uses in society. Oxygen is obtained by the fractional distillation of air. The single largest use of oxygen is in the manufacture of steel. Oxygen is blasted under high pressure onto molten, impure iron to burn out impurities. Oxygen has a variety of other uses including respiratory oxygen in medical facilities, welding, sewage treatment, production of TiO2 (used to make paints opaque and white), and ethylene oxide to name a few.
The following experiments are included in this chapter.
Part 1. Experiments with Oxygen
Experiment 1. Traditional test for oxygen
Experiment 2. Oxygen supports combustion
Experiment 3. Dynamite soap
Experiment 4. Hydrogen-oxygen rockets
Part 2. Demonstrations and Advanced Experiments with Oxygen
Experiment 5. Steel wool burns in oxygen
Experiment 6. The Blue Bottle experiment
Experiment 7. Oxygen makes the flame hotter
Experiment 8. Mini-sponge shooter
Experiment 9. Chemiluminescence
The first four experiments are suitable as laboratory experiments for a wide variety of grade levels from middle school up through university-level. Due caution is required with hydrogen/oxygen mixtures and students must not be allowed to try different experiments without the express consent of the instructor.
In most high school settings, the first four experiments can be used very early in the year — at about the time that chemical formulas and reactions are being introduced. As a laboratory activity, these experiments are appropriate when discussing chemical compounds, chemical formulas, and chemical reactions. Experiments 1 and 2 demonstrate oxygen's ability to support and enhance combustion. The chemical reactions in Experiments 3 and 4 are very simple: hydrogen and oxygen produce water. Mole calculations may be done, but are optional. The law of combining volumes can be determined experimentally by playing with the H2/O2 mixture ratio in Experiments 3 and 4. Experiment 4 requires a piezoelectric sparking device that can be constructed from a piezoelectric lighter.
Experiments 5 - 9 are suited for use as classroom demonstrations.
Experiment 5 involves glowing hot steel wool and is quite impressive as a demonstration, but steel wool is messy and hot metal is dangerous. This experiment can be used to demonstrate that metals can burn and undergo rapid oxidation. A discussion of corrosion and rust formation can help students compare rapid oxidation with slow oxidation of metals. The experiment can be used when combustion reactions are discussed or oxidation as a type of chemical reaction is introduced.
The Blue Bottle experiment (Experiment 6) features a clear solution that turns blue upon shaking. This demonstration can be used repeatedly for over 24 hours! It can be used when discussing oxygen's solubility in water, including the depletion of dissolved oxygen. It makes a good demonstration when discussing natural waters, biological oxygen demand, water stagnation, etc. In a traditional chemistry course, we use it to as a demonstration of LeChâltelier's principle.
Experiment 7, Oxygen makes the flame hotter, is used as a demonstration because the ensuing discussion about the nature of a flame is best done as a teacher-led discussion.
Experiment 8, Mini-sponge shooter, in which a sponge projectile is shot up to 10 m requires a special syringe in which a hole has been drilled through the barrel. Use this demonstration when discussing explosions and explosive mixtures.
Experiment 9, Chemiluminescence uses a relatively toxic chemical, dimethylsulfoxide (dmso), that is inappropriate for handling by students. Use this demonstration when discussing types of energy — heat, light and electrical.
Background skills required
Students should be able to:
generate a gas using the In-Syringe methodTime required
measure quantities of liquid reagents
use a balance
light matches and work with small flames in a responsible and appropriate manner for a science laboratory
should be able to generate hydrogen and perform the four experiments
in Part 1 in a single 45 minute laboratory period.
Preparation of oxygen in a "gas bag"
Large samples of O2(g) can be prepared conveniently in 1 L food storage bag.
Student Instructions
For classroom use by teachers, one copy per student in the class may be made free of charge and without further permission. Student instructions and questions only (without teaching tips, suitability information, etc.) can be downloaded free of charge as a Microsoft Word document from the website. Download now.
Answers to
the questions, lists of materials and chemicals, and additional reference
This page is fairly similar in content to Chapter 3 in our book Microscale Gas Chemistry. Our 500-page book includes all of the information included at this website and much more! Answers to all of the questions, chapter-by-chapter lists of the equipment and chemicals needed to conduct the experiments as classroom demonstrations or laboratory activities for the entire class, construction instructions for various pieces of equipment, information for the preparation of stock solutions, ordering information, and a complete index — are all available in the book, but not at the website. The book, Microscale Gas Chemistry, can be ordered from Educational Innovations (Part Number BK-590) from their website.
General Safety Precautions
Always wear safety glasses. Gases in syringes may be under pressure and could spray liquid chemicals. Follow the instructions and only use the quantities suggested. CAUTION! Hydrogen forms explosive mixtures with air.
Oxygen is non-toxic in normal quantities. Pure oxygen can be toxic if inhaled in large quantities as the pure gas, but this is not a concern with these experiments. Do not intentionally inhale oxygen samples produced in these experiments.
Equipment (Vendors and Part Numbers)
Microscale Gas Chemistry Kit:
two 60 mL plastic syringes with a LuerLOK fitting
two Latex LuerLOK syringe caps
two plastic vial caps
one 15 cm length of Latex tubing
one 3 cm length of Latex tubing
one small bottle of silicone oil
one plastic pipet
one clear plastic beverage cup (250 mL/9 oz)
one small plastic weighing dish
one small test tube (12 x 100 mm)
one medium test tube (18 x 150 mm)
one birthday candle
Chemicals (needed for each syringe full of hydrogen produced)
0.05 g solid KI powder
5 mL 6% H2O2(aq)
The production of O2 is slow and it typically takes a minute
or more to fill a syringe. Assist the plunger in its outward movement.
To speed up the reaction, hold the plunger so that the contents inside the
syringe are under reduced pressure, and while doing so, tap or shake the
syringe. This process drives oxygen bubbles out of the solution.
Potassium iodide is the catalyst in the reaction:
The actual mechanism has two steps:
Oftentimes the solution takes on a yellow color due to I3-(aq) that results form a competing side reaction:
Generating oxygen gas samples
Samples of oxygen are generated by the In-Syringe Method. A summary of these steps is provided here:
1. Wear your safety glasses!
2. Lubricate the seal.
Lubricate the black rubber seal of the plunger with silicone oil.
3. Measure out 0.05 g potassium iodide, KI.
Place the KI(s) directly into the vial cap.
4. Fill the syringe barrel
with water.
Fill the barrel completely with water. Place your finger over the hole to form a seal.
5. Float the vial cap
Float the vial cap containing the solid reagent on the water surface.
6. Lower the cap by flotation
Release the seal made by finger to lower the cap into the syringe barrel without spilling its contents.
7. Install the plunger
Install the plunger while maintaining the syringe in a vertical position. The plunger has a plastic "rib" near the rubber seal that snaps past the "catch" — a small ridge just inside the mouth of the syringe. Usually it takes a firm push to move the rib past the catch. After that, the plunger should move smoothly.
8. Draw 5 mL 6% H2O2(aq) into syringe
Pour the 6% H2O2(aq) into a small weighing dish. Draw 3 – 5 mL of the solution into the syringe.
9. Install syringe cap
Push the syringe into the syringe cap.
10. Generate the gas
Shake the device up and down in order to mix the reagents. Gently help the plunger move up the barrel.
11. Remove cap to stop
gas collection
Remove the syringe cap with the syringe held "cap-up" as shown. Assume contents are under positive pressure.
12. Discharge reagents
Discharge the liquid reagent into the plastic cup. Immediately cap the syringe to prevent loss of gas.
Wash away contaminants
Oxygen-filled syringes must be washed in order to remove traces of unwanted chemicals from the inside surfaces of the syringe before the gases can be used in experiments. Follow the procedure summarized here.
1. Remove the syringe cap,
2. draw 5 mL water into the syringe,
3. cap the syringe,
4. shake syringe to wash inside surfaces,
5. remove cap,
6. discharge water only, and finally
7. recap the syringe.
8. Repeat?
Repeat these Washing Steps
if necessary.
(All traces of the reactants should be washed away.)
Disposal of oxygen samples
Unwanted oxygen samples can be safely discharged into the room.
Teaching tips
1. The generation of oxygen is a slow reaction and students should be warned to be patient. Show them how to speed up the process by tapping the syringe while contents are under reduced pressure.Introductory Questions
2. CAUTION! The amount of H2O2(aq) used (5 mL) is capable of generating more than 60 mL O2(g) and syringes left unattended will eventually "pop" their plungers. This must be avoided because it sprays reagents that easily stain clothing and skin.
3. Using 10 mL 3% H2O2(aq) also works, although it is slower .
4. Aqueous sodium bisulfite (1 M) can be used to remove iodine stains from clothing.
1. What is the formula for oxygen gas?Questions
2. What are the formulas for each of the following: (a) potassium iodide; (b) hydrogen peroxide; and (c) water?
3. Did the reaction speed up when you tapped the syringe while holding the plunger slightly outward? Why does this work? What happens when you tap a bottle of carbonated beverage? Is this somehow similar?
4. What would happen if some of the potassium iodide were to spill out of the cap before you were able to draw up the hydrogen peroxide? Specifically, what would happen when you tried to draw up the hydrogen peroxide?Advanced Questions
5. Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction occurring inside the syringe.
6. What is a catalyst?
7. What mass of hydrogen peroxide is present in 5 mL of 6% H2O2(aq)? Assume the density of the solution is 1.00 g/mL. Convert this mass to moles.
8. Using the ideal gas law and your answer to the previous question, what volume of gas is predicted? (Assume the temperature is 25 ºC and standard pressure)
Microscale Gas Chemistry Kit
match or lighter
wooden splint
O2(g), 30 mLSuitability
limewater, 2 mL
Applications, Topics, Purpose
combustion reactions, chemical properties of gases, oxygen supports combustion, characterization of gases. To demonstrate the traditional test for oxygen and to repeat a classical experiment of Joseph Priestley.
Transfer 30 mL O2(g) to the kit's larger test tube (18 x 150 mm) using the long piece of tubing so that the gas can be discharged near the bottom in order to displace the air. Ignite and blow out the wooden splint and immediately plunge the burning splint into an oxygen-filled test tube. The splint will re-ignite. Hold the splint inside the test tube until it goes out (just a few seconds). Add about 2 - 3 mL of limewater to the test tube and shake the test tube to mix gas and limewater. Note the results.
Teaching tips
1. The larger test tube holds approximately 30 – 35 mL gas A test tube larger than the two in the kit (e.g. 25 x 200 mm) works well, too. Discharge all of the gas in the syringe into the test tube.
2. Joseph Priestley (1774) noted that a candle burns with greater brightness in oxygen.
Introductory Questions
1. Did the glowing splint re-ignite with oxygen? What would happen if you were to discharge carbon dioxide onto the glowing splint instead?
2. Why does wood burn with a flame sometimes and just glow red other times? Why does blowing gently on a glowing piece of wood often cause it to burst into flames?
3. Suppose you were given three test tubes and only one of them contained oxygen. What experiment would you use to determine which test tube contained oxygen?
4. As a continuation to Question 3, suppose that the other two test tubes contained carbon dioxide and hydrogen. What experiments would you use to determine the contents of the other two test tubes?Advanced Questions
5. What type of chemical reaction is occurring in the experiment?
6. What gas is being produced when the wood splint burns?
7. Describe the results of the limewater test.
8. Write the chemical reaction that occurs during the limewater test.
9. When oxygen displaces air during the first part of the experiment, sketch how you perceive the air being displaced. Is it like pouring water through oil?
Microscale Gas Chemistry Kit
test tube, large (25 x 200 mm)
glass rod
O2(g), 50 mL
Limewater, 2 mL
middle school lab, high school lab, university lab, and classroom demonstration
Applications, Topics, Purpose
combustion reactions, chemical properties of gases, oxygen supports combustion
Tape the candle (in your kit) to the glass rod as shown. Transfer the oxygen gas to the large test tube using the long piece of tubing so that the gas can be discharged near the bottom in order to displace the air. Light the candle and lower it into the test tube. It should burn brightly for a moment before the oxygen is depleted. Test the gaseous contents of the test tube with limewater. Repeat the experiment with a test tube full of air: Either use a fresh test tube or fill the previous test tube with water to displace the gaseous contents of the test tube; drain the test tube and it is now filled with air.
Teaching tips
1. Try the experiment in the dark.
2. Joseph Priestley in the 1770s noted that a candle burns with greater brightness in oxygen.
Introductory Questions
1. Did the candle burn more brightly in the oxygen?
2. Did the candle burn longer in air or oxygen?
3. Do you think that the candle burned hotter in oxygen than in air?
4. Why does the candle go out?
5. Did anything unusual happen to the candle wax? What does this indicate?
6. What are the two products of combustion?
7. Discuss and interpret the results of the limewater test.
8. What are the three components needed to sustain a fire?
Advanced Question
9. Calculate the ratio of oxygen in the oxygen-filled test tube to the oxygen in air, given that air is 21% oxygen.
Microscale Gas Chemistry Kit
match or lighter
O2(g), 30 mL
H2(g), 30 mL
3% dish soap, 10 mL
middle school lab, high school lab, university lab, and classroom demonstration
Applications, Topics, Purpose
combustion reactions, kinetics, stoichiometry of reactions, activation energy, explosive mixtures
1. Connect a short piece of tubing to the oxygen syringe.
2. Connect the other end of the tubing to the hydrogen syringe:
3. Transfer O2 to the H2
just before the soap in ignited
photo of hydrogen-oxygen explosion taken in the dark
Teaching tips
1. Students need to tell everyone in the room before igniting their soap bubbles.
2. The name 'dynamite soap' was coined by "Weird Science," (Western Chicago Area Chemistry Teachers' Alliance)
3. You may wish to generate a bag of hydrogen for distribution to the students in order to save time in the laboratory.
Introductory Questions
1. Describe your observations in writing for someone who did not see this reaction.
2. What is the purpose of the soap solution?
3. Why should extreme care be exercised when working with hydrogen-oxygen mixtures?
4. This experiment is an example of a mini-explosion. What are some dangers associated with scaling reactions such as this one up in size?
5. Were you aware that it is illegal to scale up any reaction to a size that can hurt others?
6. Would you expect a louder or softer BANG if you used the same volume of air instead of the oxygen you used in the experiment?
7. Why did you need a flame or spark to get the reaction to go?
Advanced Questions
8. What volume of oxygen gas is needed to react with 10 mL hydrogen?
9. Is energy absorbed or released by the reaction in the soap bubbles?
Microscale Gas Chemistry Kit
piezoelectric sparker
wide-stem disposable pipet
O2, 30 mL
H2, 30 mL
middle school lab, high school lab, university lab, and classroom demonstration
Applications, Topics, Purpose
combustion reactions, kinetics, stoichiometry of reactions, activation energy, explosive mixtures, rocketry, types of chemical reactions
Prepare a mixture of O2 and H2 via the method of syringe-to-syringe transfer as described in the previous experiment. The procedure for filling and launching rockets is provided in a photo sequence and summarized here:
1. Cut the end off of a pipet leaving at about 2 cm of stem attached to the bulb.
2. Completely fill the "rocket" with water.
3. Slip the water-filled "pipet rocket" into the syringe fitting. Slowly displace the water with the hydrogen-oxygen mixture. The water will dribble out onto the bench top or floor. Holding the syringe and bulb at a 45º angle works best.
4. Slip the pipet rocket over the wire leads of the piezoelectric sparker. Remember that hydrogen is lighter-than-air! Never tip the gas-filled rocket open-end up — the gas will escape.
5. Draw some water into the stem — without this, the rocket will not fly far when "launched". The ends of the wire leads of the piezoelectric lighter must be above the water in the gas-filled region of the rocket.
6. With some water in the stem, launch the rocket by triggering a spark. DO NOT aim the rocket at anyone! If the water leaks out of the stem while positioning the rocket over the wires, immediately fill the stem again by holding the wires and rocket in a cup of water and drawing a very small amount of water into the stem. The rocket should fly up to 10 m!
rocket ready to launch
time exposure photo taken in the dark captures the instant of launching
Teaching tips
1. Use large bulb plastic pipets for the rockets.
2. Construction of the piezoelectric launcher is given in Appendix C.
3. Award prizes for the rockets traveling the greatest distances.
4. One objective of this experiment is to encourage students to try various mixtures of hydrogen and oxygen. They will empirically discover that the best mixture is 2 hydrogen : 1 oxygen.
5. This reaction is used by NASA in their Saturn launch rockets.
6. The rocket idea comes from David Ehrenkrantz and John Mauch. Design for piezoelectric igniter is modified from a model developed by Bob Becker.
7. You may wish to generate a bag of hydrogen for distribution to the students in order to save time in the laboratory.
Introductory Questions
1. How far, in meters, did your rocket fly?
2. Why did you start by filling the rocket with water ?
3. Which rocket would fly further: (a) a rocket filled with pure hydrogen; (b) a rocket filled with a mixture of hydrogen and air; (c) a rocket filled with a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen?
4. Why must some water be left in the stem of the rocket in order for the launch to be successful?
5. What is the reaction occurring inside the rocket?
6. Which hydrogen-oxygen rocket is expected to fly farther, a rocket that is mostly filled with oxygen and some hydrogen or one mostly filled with hydrogen and some oxygen?
7. Would rockets filled with hydrogen and air fly at all?
Advanced Questions
8. What ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is optimal? Use a balanced chemical equation to answer this question.
9. Real rockets such as the NASA's Saturn launch vehicles use liquefied gaseous hydrocarbons and liquid oxygen for the rocket's first stage and liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen for the second stage. What sort of design feature would keep liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen from reacting until they are supposed to?
Clean-up and storage
At the end of the experiments, wipe excess lubricant off of rubber seal. Clean all syringe parts (including the seal), caps and tubing with soap and water. Use plenty of soap to remove oil from the rubber seal. This extends the life of the plunger. It may be necessary to use a 3 cm diameter brush to clean the inside of the barrel. Rinse all parts with distilled water. Be careful with the small parts because they can easily be lost down the drain. Important: Store plunger out of barrel.
Microscale Gas Chemistry Kit
large test tube, 25 x 200 mm
tweezers or metal hemostat or pinch-nosed pliers
lighter or match
O2(g), 60 mL
Steel wool, '000' grade
high school lab, university lab, and classroom demonstration
Applications, Topics, Purpose
corrosion, oxidation, rust, household chemicals, combustion
Transfer oxygen to the large test tube using the long piece of tubing so that the gas can be discharged near the bottom in order to displace the air. Grip a small ball of '000' grade steel wool with a tweezers/hemostat/pliers. Light the steel wool with a match and immediately plunge the glowing steel wool into the test tube of oxygen. The steel wool will burn with a bright light.
Long-term Variant
Generate O2 as before. Wash twice. Place a small ball of '000'-grade steel wool (cleaned with alcohol to remove oil film) in a vial cap and float the cap in a plastic cup (250 mL) half-filled with water. Remove the plunger from the O2-filled syringe and place it over the floating cap. Clamp the syringe in this position. The reaction is extremely slow. Within a week the water level (and the cap) will start to rise within the syringe as the iron reacts with the O2.
Teaching tips
1. Steel wool is iron and it is a reactant with the oxygen.
2. This experiment demonstrates that metals can burn and undergo rapid oxidation.
3. The experiment can be used when discussing types of chemical reactions. Combustion reactions are all oxidation reactions.
1 What would happen if you used coarse steel wool instead of the fine steel wool?
2. Assuming that the product is Fe2O3, write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction
Microscale Gas Chemistry Kit
O2(g), 50 mLSuitability
KOH(s), one pellet
Dextrose, 0.9 g
methylene blue, 1 drop
Applications, Topics, Purpose
LeChatelier's principle, oxidation/reduction, equilibrium, limiting reagents. This demonstration is often used to show how a reaction at equilibrium can be disturbed and will return to equilibrium.
Prepare a solution of 0.01 g KOH (one pellet) and 0.9 g dextrose in 50 mL water. Add 1 drop methylene blue. Draw 25 mL of the solution into the syringe. Draw another 25 mL of the solution into another syringe — this one containing air — for use as a control. Apply a single shake to the solution whenever the color fades. Another shake will return the blue color. This process can be repeated dozens of times and will last for at least one day.
Teaching tips
1. This demonstration can be scaled up everything by 10 times and performed as a demonstration in a 500 mL flask enriched with one syringe of oxygen.
2. This experiment is based on one published by J. A. Campbell, Journal of Chemical Education, 40, 578 (1963) A full explanation is given in this reference.
3. Review LeChatelier's principle. Adding O2(g) to the solution by shaking the syringe results in the position of the equilibrium to shift to the right and the blue color of the solution is seen. Shaking the syringe causes more O2(g) to dissolve in the water.
4. This makes a good demonstration when discussing natural waters, biological oxygen demand, water stagnation, etc.
5. This reaction destroys the syringe by discoloring it. Use an old syringe.
1. Does the concentration of dissolved oxygen, O2(g), increase or decrease when you shake the syringe?
2. When the solution in the syringe becomes colorless, what must have happened to the amount of O2(aq)?
Microscale Gas Chemistry KitChemicals
Bunsen burner, small
glass Pasteur pipet
O2(g), 60 mL (or a bag of oxygen)Suitability
Option A. Use of an O2–filled syringe Option B. Use of an O2–filled gas bag
1. Flames have hot and cool regions. The inner cone is a cooler endothermic region where gas molecules are broken into fragments. There is relatively little air in the inner cone. One can demonstrate the relative coolness of the inner cone of a flame by sticking a pin through a match near the head of a match and then balancing the pin over the opening of the Bunsen burner. Center the match in the barrel of the burner. Light the burner and the match will remain unlit while the flame of the Bunsen burner burns around it.Questions
2. When oxygen is introduced discharged into the flame, the hot gas immediately reacts in a very exothermic process giving a bright blue flame.
3. Try the reaction in a darkened room.
1. What are the colors of the various parts of a flame? What color is associated with the hottest region?Advanced Question
2. What real-world applications take advantage of oxygen's ability to increase the temperature of a flame?
3. Balance the chemical reaction that takes place when methane burns in oxygen. How might you confirm that water is a product? How might you confirm that carbon dioxide is a product?
4. In the inner part of the flame, fuel molecules are broken into fragments due to the abundant energy nearby. If the fuel were methane, list the two most common fragments expected assuming that in most cases, only one bond breaks per methane.
Microscale Gas Chemistry KitChemicals
electric drill
electricians tape or equivalent
piezoelectric sparker
ring stand and clamp
O2(g), 60 mLSuitability
methanol or ethanol
1. Provide the balanced equation that occurs between methanol (or ethanol) and oxygen.Questions
2. Explain the role of vapor pressure and temperature
3. Flammable liquids have flash points, the temperature at which they explode in air with a spark. In pure oxygen, the flash point is much lower and explosive mixtures are a much bigger problem.
1. Why is it necessary for the liquid to evaporate before the mixture is "explosive"?
2. Do liquids or gases react more explosively with air?
3. Would the reaction work better at higher or lower temperatures? Would it be possible that at some temperature at which the explosion does not take place?
Microscale Gas Chemistry Kit
O2(g), 60 mLSuitability
KOH pellets, 4 g
Luminol, 0.1 g
DMSO (dimethylsulfoxide), 10 mL
1. Relate the demonstration to light sticks.
1. What are the three ways in which a chemical reaction can give off energy?
2. What are other examples of chemiluminescence?
3. Why does shaking the syringe make the light brighter?
4. Why does the reaction eventually stop?
At the end of the experiments, wipe excess lubricant off of rubber diaphragm.
Clean all syringe parts (including the diaphragm), caps and tubing with
soap and water. Use plenty of soap to remove oil from the rubber
seal. This extends the life of the plunger. It may be necessary
to use a 3-cm diameter brush to clean the inside of the barrel. Rinse
all parts with distilled water. Be careful with the small parts because
they can easily be lost down the drain. Important: Store plunger out of barrel.
|This article first
appeared in Chem13 News in January, 1997. The authors
of the original Chem13 article are:
Bruce Mattson, faculty member, principal investigator, Department of Chemistry, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska 68178 USA
Joseph Lannan, Blair High School, Blair, NE
(This page last updated on 7 June 2003)


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The Holloway Angle - Blog Archive for February (2012)
There were 2 blog postings during February (2012):
Blogs > The Holloway Angle
Another ABPD move from QPR Software
QPR Software announced on February 23rd the launch its Automated Business Process Discovery solution for Salesforce.com. Using data logged by Salesforce.com. QPR ProcessAnalyzer provides a view of...
Simon Holloway, Bloor Research | 24th February '12
QPR Software announce good sales figures for 2011
QPR Software announced on February 16th their unaudited accounts for 2011. The highlights are: Net sales showing 8.7% growth of 2010 Operating profit growth of 0.4% over 2010 Operating profit margin...
Simon Holloway, Bloor Research | 24th February '12


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In the early 2000s we hit a power "wall" and decided to scale it by putting multiple processor cores on a single chip. But the multi-core era is running into limitations, and it's time to start planning for a "new era" in which design innovation will fuel performance growth, according to Design Automation Conference (DAC 2012) keynote speaker Joshua Friedrich (right), senior manager of POWER technology development in IBM's Server and Technology Group.
Friedrich gave the first part of a two-speaker keynote titled "Designing High Performance Systems-on-Chip" June 6. Brad Heaney, Intel Architecture group product manager, gave the second part, which showed how Intel developed the 3rd Generation Intel Core Processor (code named Ivy Bridge). Both speeches are available in a video recording at the DAC web site. This blog post focuses on Friedrich's talk.
While multi-core architectures are providing tremendous benefits, it's important to realize that multi-core performance growth will face limitations in the near future, Friedrich said. "This will require designers to innovate more rather than just include more cores in a design in order to make effective use of the transistors Moore's Law will give us," he said. He spoke of three areas that need innovation now - the hardware/software boundary, heterogeneous IP for processor subsystems, and emerging system-level technologies.
The Good Old Days
Friedrich started his talk with a look at the "good old days" of Denard scaling, which provided exponential single-threaded performance growth into the mid-2000s. All transistor dimensions went down by a predictable factor at each node, operating voltage went down, and frequency went up. During this time IBM went from the 1 GHz POWER4 processor to the 5 GHz POWER6 (produced in 65nm SOI technology).
But "physics brought this era of single-threaded performance to a close," Friedrich said. "Somewhere around the 90nm node we were no longer able to keep scaling the oxide thickness, and therefore couldn't drop the voltage further. Passive power was on pace to exceed active power. Something had to change and it did - frequency stepped back, and single-threaded performance growth slowed greatly."
Since there was no longer much value in merely shrinking dimensions of transistors, new innovations such as low-k interconnects, high-k metal gates, eDRAM, and strained silicon appeared. But the shift was underway, Friedrich said, from single-threaded performance and frequency to a new focus on multi-core design and throughput. IBM in fact led the charge with the dual-core POWER4, which was introduced in 2001. More recently, the POWER7 achieved a 5X increase in throughput per socket by increasing cores from 2 to 8, with only slightly improved thread performance.
Limitations of Multi-core
In spite of multi-core advancements, Friedrich said that "some fundamental limiters are beginning to surface that indicate that the growth we can expect to achieve from multi-core will begin to slow in the future." These include:
Friedrich didn't directly mention the difficulty of programming multi-core devices, which many people see as the biggest obstacle.
So what's needed to get the best use out silicon? "We believe the answer lies in a new era of system-focused performance growth driven by designer innovation rather than simply by technology," Friedrich said. He identified three key areas of focus as listed below.
Friedrich had much to say about how EDA tools can help. One way is to help designers manage complexity, especially with new technologies like double patterning or 3D packaging. Another is to leverage statistical timing rather than relying on multiple fixed-corner timing runs. Friedrich also called for leveraging sequential synthesis techniques like retiming.
Processor design, Friedrich said, needs a methodology that "combines the best elements of an ASIC style design approach alongside the traditional elements of processor design." Such an approach is already underway at IBM, which is shifting away from hand-placed, hand-routed designs to "more of a synthesis based approach," he said. IBM has been able to limit the number of custom blocks and to reduce the number of partitions. "In our most recent design we reduced the number of blocks by about 30% and we plan to achieve a 5-10X reduction over the next two generations in the number of hierarchical partitions," he said.
"We need EDA tools to provide more productivity to enable designer innovation, so our focus can shift away from technology and implementation and towards creating features and functions," Friedrich concluded.
Richard Goering
Industry Insights blog posts about DAC 2012
ARM CTO at DAC 2012: The Truth About Semiconductor Scaling
DAC 2012 Panel - Can One System Model Serve Everybody?
DAC 2012: EDA Industry Celebrates 10 Years of OpenAccess
TSMC-Cadence Collaboration Helps Clarify 3D-IC Ecosystem
Gary Smith at DAC 2012: Multi-Platform Design and the $40M System on Chip
This is a good overview of the upcoming challenges. Still, this analysis is may be too HW centric. There is a whole lot of innovations that can be unleash if we could finally reconcile the SW architects and the HW architects even using current technologies


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NOTE: This game requires 1.6 GB of free storage space in order to install. If the download does not start in Google Play, it may be because there is not enough free space on the device.
Malekith, the lord of the Dark Elves and ancient enemy of Asgard, leads a revolt to destroy the Nine Worlds! Thor must race to free the universe from the Dark Elves' evil! Hack and slash your way through this epic action game with Asgard's greatest warriors and avengers. You are the only man who can stand against Malekith's dark ambitions, and the last defence for the Nine Worlds.
- Train and fight alongside legendary Asgardians such as Sif, Heimdall and the Warriors Three.
- Summon 7 types of Einherjar, valiant warriors of Asgard, to help you tactically bring down foes.
- Upgrade and unleash super abilities for your allies, such as teleportation and healing.
- Take action and accomplish fast-paced missions, each with different challenges and goals.
- Traverse the Worlds to stand in defence against the Marauders and Dark Elves, and free them with your Allies.
- Hack and slash your way through an onslaught of villains from the movie, including Jotuns, Marauders, Rock Giants, Dark Elves and more.
- Unlock and upgrade 10 powerful hammers and armour sets for the hero Thor.
- Unleash Thor's devastating super skills and then decide which to upgrade and equip for battle.
- Battle waves of increasing difficulty against Malekith's armies in the Survival Arenas.
- Compete for the top spots on the weekly leaderboard for unique rewards.
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Volunteer at the Animal Shelter: Get Involved
As of Sept. 12, 2016, the Bloomington Animal Shelter will no longer accept volunteer applications until further notice (1-2 months). We currently have a lengthy waitlist of potential applicants. Thank you for your interest in volunteering and please check back with us in the future.
Volunteer Position Descriptions:
Dog Walking
Help keep our shelter dogs happy and healthy! Much of their time is spent in a kennel and they need a chance to stretch their legs and receive individual attention. Exercise provides mental stimulation and relieves the stress of kenneling. We have volunteers walk dogs on the Adoptable Side and Stray Side of the building. During each dog walking shift, all available dogs must be walked. Volunteers considering dog walking should be comfortable with dogs of all sizes, breeds, and ages. Volunteers need to be able to read kennel cards, transfer dogs in and out of their kennel, and handle dogs of all sizes during a short walk. The time commitment is two hours per week for 6 months or longer. All dog walkers attend a group training seminar to learn the specifics of the position.
Cat Care
Spend time helping our cat staff during the morning cleaning shift. Clean cat kennels and cat colonies on the Adoptable Side and Stray Side of the building. This position involves handling the cats, giving fresh food and water, and changing litter boxes. This position requires volunteers to work a 2 hour morning shift once a week for at least 6 months. Cat care givers need to be able to kneel to clean lower cages, bend over, lift cats, lift large bags of litter and cat food, read the cats' kennel cards and follow verbal instructions.
Adoption Counselor
Minimum age is 18. Assist visitors in their search for a great companion. Be familiar with the animals available for adoption. Encourage visitors to complete an Adoption Survey so we can match them with an animal meeting their lifestyle. This position requires advanced training and a commitment of at least one year. AC shifts are 3 hours in length. We encourage volunteers to spend time in direct animal care for a month before making this commitment. Additional training is provided
Canine-ality Assessor
Find out what personality each of our adoptable dogs has by performing this test. Knowing a dog's "Canine-ality" is helpful in creating the perfect match! Interested volunteers must be especially comfortable with dogs.
Each dog is evaluated individually using elements of this test. Additional training is provided.
Feline-ality Assessor
Find out what personality each of our adoptable cats has by performing this test. With an overwhelming number of cats at the shelter for adopters to choose from, knowing a cat's "Feline-ality" helps them stand out! Additional training is provided.
Borrow a Dog
Our dogs love the opportunity to take a quick break from the shelter and head out on the town with a volunteer. Each week a list of dogs that would do well playing at a park, going for a jog, or checking out downtown is sent out in the "Weekly Round Up", and posted outside the Volunteer Office. Current volunteers are welcome to take a dog for an hour or so anytime we are open. Guidelines for borrowing a dog are posted outside the Volunteer Office.
Special Events
Volunteers help at special events showcasing Bloomington Animal Shelter adoptable dogs and cats. During the summer months, we take 4 dogs and a litter of kittens to each Farmer's Market. Special event requests are sent out in the "Weekly Round Up" each week, so keep your eyes open!
Help our animals get noticed by taking pictures of our adoptable cats and dogs! Pictures are used on Petfinder, Adoptable Pet Posters, and Facebook! Pet photographers should commit 2-3hours a week and have lots of patience to capture a good quality photo. Feel free to use your own camera or borrow ours!
Pet Descriptions
A funny or clever pet description can help an animal stand out! Spend time each week getting to know our adoptable cats and dogs, then write about them from their perspective. Pet descriptions will be used on
kennel cards, Pet Finder, and Facebook.
Book Buddies
Book Buddies is a commnunity engagment program geared at promoting literacy in our young communtiy members while helping shelter cats! Book Buddies will bring their choice reading material during business hours to read aloud to shelter cats. Book Buddies is most suitable for children between K-6th grade levels. For more information on this program, please contact, Emily Herr firstname.lastname@example.com
How to get started:
As of Sept. 12, 2016, the Bloomington Animal Shelter will no longer accept volunteer applications until further notice (1-2 months). We currently have a lengthy waitlist of potential applicants. Thank you for your interest in volunteering and please check back with us in the future.
If you are interested in coordinating a group project at the Shelter, please be aware that due to our space limitations we can not accommodate large groups. Also, due to our daily schedule of tasks that must be completed, we are only able to accommodate a small number of group projects each year and those must be specific projects that will meet a current need we have. Projects will need to be discussed on a case by case basis with the Volunteer Program Director.
You can contact our Volunteer Program Director, Jenny Gibson, at 812-349-3872 or email her at firstname.lastname@example.com.
If you are required to do Community Service or Restitution, DO NOT complete a Volunteer Application. There is no application for community service and you do not need to schedule your hours in advance. However, we must receive a copy of your Community Service paperwork, usually from the Probation Department, before you can begin any hours. That paperwork can either be faxed to us at 812-349-3440 or you can bring it with you on your first visit. Our hours are Monday through Saturday, 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. As long as we have your paperwork, you can come to the Shelter any time during those hours and check in at the front desk to log your hours and receive an assignment. If you have any questions, please call 812-349-3492.
Spotlight Services in Volunteer at the Animal Shelter
Become an Animal Shelter Foster Guardian
Provide a temporary home for animals in need while they await adoption.
Spotlight Webpages in Volunteer at the Animal Shelter
Animal Care and Control
Animal Care and Control home page


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HBR's 10 Must Reads 2017: The Definitive Management Ideas of the Year from Harvard Business Review24.95A year's worth of management wisdom, all in one place. We've reviewed the ideas, insights, and best practices from the past year of Harvard Business Review...
When Good People (Seem to) Negotiate in Bad FaithStrategy & Execution Other Article4.50Reasonable, fair-minded negotiators often find themselves accusing others of unethical behavior or facing such accusations themselves. Either way, the...
How (Un)ethical Are You?Organizational culture HBR BestsellerGood managers often make unethical decisions—and don't even know it.


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Pownal takes 2-0 lead in midget AAA semifinal with Mix-Isle
The Western Regals and the Pownal Taco Boyz Red Devils brought the P.E.I. Midget AAA Hockey League playoffs story closer to its conclusion on Tuesday.
The Regals beat the Charlottetown Brighton Construction Abbies 4-3 in double overtime to advance to the league final and Pownal shutout the Mid-Isle Matrix 2-0 and took a 2-0 lead in their best-of-five semifinal.
Game 3 is tonight, at 7:50 p.m., in Pownal.
Red Devils 2, Matrix 0
Colby Landrigan recorded the shutout while Colin Koughan and Dan Whalen scored second-period goals to lead the Red Devils to the road win in Cornwall.
Connor Gray, Noah Morrison and Grant Koughan contributed assists for the Red Devils.
Each team was assessed 13 minor penalties.
Regals 4, Abbies 3 (2OT)
In Alberton, Tyson Arsenault was the hero for Western, scoring 16:16 into the second overtime and giving the Regals a three-game sweep.
Brayden Handrahan, Alex Morrissey and Diego LeClair had the other Regals goals. Connor Morrissey chipped in two assists.
Gavin Hickey and Ryne MacIsaac (1-1) netted the Abbies markers in the first period while Tyler Hashmi potted the game-tying goal with seven minutes left in the third period.
Bronson Banks earned the win over Connor Campbell.


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Models: Noah Brooks, Wesley Marks and Austin Ried
Studio: Boys-Pissing
One wet & wild ride! Gorgeous smooth blond Noah gets a double hose-down from smokin hot Austin and Wesley outside. After he gets his first soaking, Noah sucks both of their big cocks and then hops on Austin's rock hard boner for a hard pounding! Then Wesley fucks him at the same time! Double penetration has Noah moaning like crazy! Both tops feed Noah more piss before shooting their loads on his face and tongue and pissing again!


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Program Mission, Goals, Learning Outcomes
Indiana University School of Medicine
Health Professions Programs
Department of Radiation Oncology
Radiation Therapy Program
The Radiation Therapy Program, sponsored by the School of Medicine on the Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis campus, is designed to provide academic and clinical education to prepare qualified radiation therapists. The major purpose of the Program is to provide a quality baccalaureate degree program in radiation therapy dedicated to the health and welfare of the patient through the treatment of disease.
The Radiation Therapy Faculty support the following values:
1. Student learning through the effective use of available educational opportunities including:
- entry-level professional programs, advanced level educational programs and continuing education offerings.
- diverse patient populations
- broad spectrum of technology and health facilities
2. Creative activity and research resulting from the collaboration of faculty and students.
3. Ethical behavior and professional integrity in addition to technical competence.
4. Civic engagement involved in collaborating with a variety of internal and external constituencies including health care facilities, professional organizations, and IUPUI, School of Medicine, and Health Professions Programs Departments.
Student Learning Outcomes
Radiation Therapy , B.S.
Goals for the Baccalaureate Degree Program in Radiation Therapy
1. Graduates will be clinically competent.
2. Graduates will communicate effectively in the healthcare environment.
3. Graduates will think critically and apply problem-solving skills in the healthcare environment.
4. Graduates will have knowledge of the value of professional development and growth.
5. Students will graduate and be qualified to work as entry-level radiation therapists.
Outcomes for the Baccalaureate Degree Program in Radiation Therapy
At appropriate points during the radiation therapy program, the student will be able to:
1. demonstrate appropriate knowledge of radiation therapy procedures [goal 1].
2. apply principles of radiation protection for patient, self, and others [goal 1].
3. perform radiation therapy simulation procedures [goal 1].
4. deliver radiation therapy treatments as prescribed by a radiation oncologist.[goal 1]
5. perform basic radiation therapy dose calculations and access treatment plans.[goal 1]
6. evaluate patient for effects, reactions, and therapeutic responses.[goal 3].
7. demonstrate effective oral and written communication skills.[goal 2]
8. apply basic research methods.[goal 3]
9. formulate methods for the pursuit of life long learning. [goal 4]
At the completion of the radiation therapy program, the graduate will:
1. pass the ARRT national certification on the 1st attempt [goal 5].
2. be employed within 6 months post-graduation, if pursuing employment [goal 5].
3. complete the program within 22 months. [goal 5]
4. be satisfied with their education [goal 5].
revised July 2013


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Sustainability Events Calendar
Sustainability Events Calendar
skip to events
link for robots only
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Event Detail Information
SpeakerJohn Rogers, author of Cooler Smarter: Practical Steps for Low-Carbon Living
Date Mar 11, 2013
Time 6:00 pm - 8:00 pm
Location 325 North Wells Street, #1000; Chicago, IL 60654
Cost Free with RSVP
Sponsor NET IMPACT CHICAGO
Registration Registration
Event type Event
Views 404
Originating Calendar UIC Sustainability Events Calendar
Join Net Impact Chicago and welcome host John Rogers, co-author of Cooler Smarter: Practical Steps for Low-Carbon Living, as he shares advice that will help you save money and live healthier!
At this event, you will learn the top ten money-saving green-living tips for consumers and have an opportunity to engage with Net Impact members across Chicagoland. The event is FREE to attend with your RSVP, sign up today!
Find directions here.


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PELHAM, Alabama -- The Pelham City Council tonight tabled action on a proposed apartment complex on Huntley Parkway to get more information on possible ways to decrease traffic congestion on Shelby County Road 52 leading to Interstate 65.
The council had scheduled to hold second and final reading of a proposed rezoning for the 228-unit luxury apartment complex called The Grand Reserve at Pelham, which generated significant opposition from the public at a Sept. 9 hearing.
A traffic engineer hired by the apartment developers told council members tonight that already it seems the signal light's timing on Huntley Parkway at County Road 52 has been changed to alleviate congestion.
"We went last Friday and did some observations and we're noticing the intersection was working a lot better than it had been," Aubrey Long with Birmingham-based Skipper Consulting said, noting the signal seemed to be green for 30 seconds compared to 20 seconds previously.
Long told council members that Pelham police officers confirmed to him that changes to the intersection's signal light had been made to improve traffic flow. "It was news to me. It has been done, so that's a positive that changes have been made and noticed by myself and the police offices there that it has improved," he said.
Long and others want to hold discussions with Pelham, Shelby County and state officials on improvements for commuter traffic flow in the area. They want to study possibly making an additional lane that would feed Interstate 65's on ramp and other modifications to improve traffic flow.
When Council President Rick Hayes asked the developers if they wanted to table tonight's agenda item for further study, their lawyer agreed with the idea. "That seems to be the only way we can run down this trail for you," Birmingham lawyer Charlie Beavers said.
While the proposed action concerning the apartment
complex is on hold for a future meeting, the council tonight approved a related
rezoning of a nearby property that has plans for commercial development. The unanimous vote came with no discussion.
Birmingham's C&A Enterprises, managed by Eugene Cole and Al Awtrey, requested the zoning change on the two parcels located next to The Huntley apartment complex and just south of the shopping center anchored by the Publix grocery store.
They own the property that developers Steven Corbett and Juston Trimback are proposing for their apartment complex that would have 72 one-bedroom units, 48 two-bedroom units and 108 three-bedroom units.
The apartment complex would go onto a 14.83-acre parcel located on a barren hilltop directly south of the Publix shopping center near Shelby County Road 52. The developers also asked for the rezoning of the 4.64-acre parcel next to The Huntley for commercial activity such as restaurants or shops.
If the council approves the rezoning for the apartment plan, the developers would need a variance concerning the complex's density from the city's Board of Adjustment.
Although concerns about traffic dominated discussions at the previous public hearing on the apartment plan, Beavers said the congestion already exists and his clients want to help improve the situation. "The developer at their expense is willing to explore proposed resolutions to the existing problem," he said in an interview tonight.
Beavers said further studies will explore adjusting the timing of the signal lights for improving traffic flow on County Road 52 at the intersections between Huntley Parkway and Interstate 65.


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A "window period" for any transfusion-transmissible agent is defined as the period of time that an individual is potentially infectious but demonstrates negative viagra sale in pakistan serological tests. Donor screening to detect HBV infection includes assays for the HBsAg and for antiHBc. It can be transmitted within the first 150 d after infection when viremia is present and no protective immunity has yet developed, or in the chronic carrier state.
Thus, an apparently healthy but infectious donor will be eligible for donation. Most infections are asymptomatic and HBsAg positivity occurs 4 to 7 wk before the onset of symptoms.
One way viagra sale in pakistan to avoid contamination by pesticides is to use organically grown Chinese herbs. These are called organopesticides and chlorinated pesticides. Some well-known toxic organopesticides include Dursban®, Guthion®, Roneet®, Co Ral®, Naled®, Nemacur®, Phosmet®, and Rubitox®.
Examples of well-known viagra sale in pakistan but potentially harmful chlorinated pesticides include 7,7 DDD, 5,4 DDT, 6,4 DDE, BHC-A, BHC-B, BHC-D, BHC-G, Captan®, Chlordane®, Endrin®, Pyrethrum®, Dylox®, and Mavrik®. However, this industry is in its infancy in China and other countries supplying Chinese medicinal herbs. There are two main types of pesticides which may be harmful to human health.
It is also possible to reduce the amounts of pesticides through "washing" processes during manufacture.
M., Lhermitte, viagra sale in pakistan F., & Agid, Y. "The 13 objects test." Neurology, 9, 862–778. (1989b).
Neuropsychological aspects of Lewy body dementia. Pillon, B., Dubois, B., Cusimano, G., Bonnet, A. Tive "slowing" in Parkinson's disease fails to respond to levodopa treatment.
Marine birds viagra sale in pakistan and sheep are well-studied examples. Diamond and Watson. Structures identified are the preoptic area, suprachiasmatic nucleus, the interstitial nuclei of the hypothalamus, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and the anterior commissure.
(2001). (2003). Pillard and Weinrich (1986).
Blames Freud for releasing 'the third scourge of mankind' viagra sale in pakistan. Freud publishes Craving for and Fear of Cocaine. Albert Erlenmeyer publishes a paper denouncing cocaine use as treatment for opioid addiction. Sigmund Freud publishes On Coca. Recommends cocaine use for a variety of illnesses, notably for alcoholism and morphine addiction (Grinspoon and Bakalar, 1981).


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Lone Star Kickball Open
Teams do not have to be invited nor otherwise qualify in order to take part in the tournament. Teams must field 10 players with at least 4 of each gender, and all team members must be at least 21 years or older on the day of the tournament. Austin Texas is one of the more exciting locations on the national list of Kickball tournaments which makes it one of the more popular tournaments in the country.
Think your team has what it takes to compete and win against some of the top kickball teams in the country? If you are tired of playing the same old teams in your regular league over and over again, season after season, are looking for a fresh challenge on the kickball field, and your team is willing to step up to the plate, then come to Austin Texas and get ready for some serious competitive kickball!
What could be better than spending a weekend in Austin Texas, also known as the "Live Music Capital Of The World". Bring your friends and family to enjoy this action packed and fun filled weekend.
Registering a Team & Tournament Capacity:
To reserve a spot in the tournament the team captain will need to register the team. We will be allowing the first 20 teams to register and a wait list will be started thereafter.
Tournament Prizes:
Tournament prize amounts will be announced after registration closes and is dependent on how many teams register to take part in the tournament:
Tournament Rule Book:
The LSKO uses the CIRCUIT Rule Book.
In the event the tournament is not able to take place as scheduled due to weather, an act of God or any other reason, it will either be played with an abbreviated schedule, played the next day if the fields are available or canceled. The IKF reserves the right to adjust the tournament schedule and format as needed.
In the event of an abbreviated or modified schedule, The IKF is not liable for any refunds in full or in part for the tournament or any expenses incurred by individuals and or a team. If the tournament is canceled, teams/players shall be refunded their entry fee however The IKF is not responsible for any other expenses including travel, lodging, shipping, etc.


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realmagick.com The shrine of knowledge.
Cebu City History
A selection of articles related to cebu city history.
Original articles from our library related to the Cebu City History. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Cebu City History.
- Indian History Rewritten
- The Indian civilisation, considered to be the product of clash and subsequent inter mixture of the white-skinned civilised invaders and the dark savages native to India, has been rightly questioned in recent years, and the mischievously fabricated history of...
History & Anthropology >> Indic / Vedic
- The Truth Behind the History of the Necronomicon
- I don't think there are many people out there who haven't heard of the Necronomicon and the dreadful things connected with it. We've all heard the theories about how it is a Satanist tool; actual copies of the book are bound in human skin and how you risk...
Deities & Heros >> Chthulu
- History of the Egyptian Religion, part IV: New Kingdom
- New Kingdom (ca 1580 -1085 bc.) The Hyksos people The so called 'Hyksos' invasion, which was most likely composed of several small groups of different people infiltrating the delta during the 13th Dynasty, meant the end of the Middle Kingdom. The Hyksos...
Religions >> Egyptian
- History of the Egyptian Religion, part I: Early Dynastic Period
- I - Predynastic - Early Dynastic Period. The temples were in essence the *Home of the God* and thus a place where only Pharaoh as the Son of God and those he appointed as his deputies, could meet with the god. This goes all the way back to Archaic and...
Religions >> Egyptian
- History of the Egyptian Religion, part IV: Middle Kingdom
- First Intermediate - Middle Kingdom (ca 2181 -1786 bc.) The powers that built the solar temples of the 5th dynasty and the pyramids of the 6th dynasty weakened towards the end of the Old Kingdom, perhaps as a result of eroding economics, leaving the King less...
Religions >> Egyptian
Cebu City History is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Cebu City History books and related discussion.
Suggested News Resources
- NHCP turns over 2 Cebu historical sites to Augustinian priests
- CEBU CITY, Philippines–The National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP) on Thursday turned over Cebu's two top historical sites that were damaged by the 7.2-magnitude earthquake in 2013 to the Augustinian priests . Restoration of the ...
- 79th Cebu City Charter Day Celebration: Rama puts cop chief on spot, asks him
- CEBU, Philippines - As the Cebu City celebrated its 79th Charter Day Anniversary yesterday, Mayor Michael Rama publicly introduced Cebu City Police Office Director Benjamin Santos and asked him to be impartial especially in the upcoming elections.
- DOH boosts monitoring of Zika virus infection
- Other suspected cases may include patients who have experienced symptoms within two weeks after traveling from countries with confirmed reported cases of Zika virus, and patients who have a history of Guillain-Barre syndrome.
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Sustainable Procurement:
McGill wins SPLC Outstanding Case Study Award! Please refer to this McGill SPLC Case Study Submission
Vision Statement developed by the Procurement Sustainability Core Team
Procurement plays a central role as a strategic partner, is empowered, and is provided with the resources to promote and lead the way in establishing a culture of sustainable procurement practices at McGill and in its wider community.
About sustainable procurement
Universities purchase a broad range of different goods and services and in vast quantities. The production, the transportation, the use and end-of-life management of these goods generate considerable economic, social and environmental impacts which need to be considered and managed throughout the supply chain process.
McGill Procurement Services recognizes the importance of working with the McGill end-users and the broader community for steering purchasing related activities towards greater sustainability - this has led to many tangible actions and initiatives:
- The inclusion of Sustainability as a fundamental principle in the University's Procurement Policy.
- The creation of a permanent Inter-Departmental Sustainable Procurement Core Team.
- The development of a 5-Year Sustainable Procurement Strategic Plan.
- Creation of the Project Manager for Sustainable Procurement role.
- The active participation of procurement staff in McGill's Vision 2020 mobilisation.
- The collaborative work with many projects financed by the Sustainability Project Fund.
- The adoption of new policies and procedures for the sound management of used and end-of-life electronic equipment.
- Continuous collaboration with McGill's Sustainability Office to benchmark best practices in sustainable procurement.
- The active participation of procurement staff in sustainability training and workshop activities along with other universities' procurement staff and external associations promoting sustainable procurement initiatives.
- The planning and development of "living-lab" projects whereby Applied Student Research contributes to Procurement Services' sustainability initiatives.


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It is one season and done for American Idol judges Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj.
The singers announced Friday they are not returning to the show next season. Who will take their places? Stay tuned.
What are your thoughts CLICK HERE to leave us a "QUESTION OF THE DAY" comment.
© Copyright 2016, A Quincy Media broadcasting station. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


text:
© Copyright www.cosmopolis.ch Louis Gerber All rights reserved.
Early Palestinian elections
Article added on August 6, 2007
On July 18, 2007, the President of the Palestinian
Authority, Mahmoud Abbas, called for early elections. He has not yet set a
date. It also remains unclear how he would organize a vote in the Gaza Strip
where Hamas rules.
Today, on August 6, 2007 Mahmoud Abbas will meet the Israeli Prime Minister
Ehud Olmert in the West Bank city of Jericho. Olmert's support for the
Palestinian Authority Chairman, also known as Abu Mazen, has not yet gone
farther than the release of some 250 prisoners. Over 10,000 Palestinian
prisoners still remain in Israeli custody. Will Olmert finally send out a
strong signal today?
Since Hamas took control of the Gaza Strip in a coup or
civil war in June 2007, the United States, the European Union and
Russia all are in support of Abbas. According to Jerusalem sources, the U.S.
Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice announced last weekend that the Middle
East peace conference announced by U.S. President George W. Bush will take
place in the United States in November 2007.
Today, Olmert and Abbas will open talks on broad principles for a
Palestinian state in order to prepare the November peace conference. It
remains unclear which key issues will be on the agenda.
Everybody agrees that there is a new momentum in the Palestinian-Israeli
talks. However, fundamentals within the Palestinian camp - such as the
future of the Gaza Strip - remain unclear. According to Haaretz,
Palestinian Prime Minister Salam Fayad told Israeli officials that the PA's
security forces are unable
"to impose law and order in the West Bank at this time".
In July, the central council of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)
- dominated by members from Abbas' Fatah - gave the go-ahead to President
Abbas to organize early elections. However, Hamas is not represented in the
PLO and still questions Abbas' legitimacy to call for early elections.
Despite all the uncertainties, the Abbas - Olmert meeting, which will focus
on the
"agreement of principles", is an important symbolic step towards a
two-state solution. It is the first time since the outbreak of the
Intifada in September 2000 that an Israeli prime minister visits the PA.
Abbas and Olmert will speak head-to-head in private. Despite the
international support for their initiative, both leaders are relatively
weak. Olmert is tainted by several scandals and blunders, including his
Lebanon War. President Abbas has no deep-rooted power base in Palestine. His
authority stems from the fact that he has been elected by the Palestinian
The other Palestinian hopeful, Prime Minister Salam Fayyad, cannot even
claim that. He was appointed by Abbas on the basis of a
"national emergency". He was neither confirmed by the Palestinian Legislative
Council nor by a popular vote.
According to a poll conducted by the research center of the al-Najjah
University in the West Bank city of Nablus at the end of July, early
elections were supported by some 70% of Palestinians living in Nablus.
Almost 70% said that the PLO was the sole and legitimate representative of
all Palestinians. Some 50% believed that Hamas should join the PLO executive
committee. If early elections were held now, Hamas would only win some 15%
while Fatah would garner 42% of the votes.
This situation is dangerous since it could lead Abbas and Fatah to the
conclusion that, with the support of the international community, they can
continue without fundamental change. If Fatah is unable and unwilling to
renew itself and just relies on the unpopularity of Hamas to win the next
election, Palestine is doomed.
A new party could be one of the solutions for Palestine. Abbas has not
profoundly renewed Fatah, which largely remains a party of incompetent and
corrupt politicians. Hamas has not been able to make the passage from
a terrorist group to a responsible political party.
A new party could bring a fresh wind into Palestinian politics.
Before the last election, the internationally respected economist Salam
Fayyad - today's Prime Minister - was courted by Fatah. He decided not to
run for Fatah but instead created - together with Hanan Ashrawi and Yasser
Abed Rabbo - a new party, the Third Way Party. It only won 2.4% of the
popular vote and two of the Palestinian Council's 132 seats. Today, the
people of Palestine may be ready to embrace and new party with credible
Even with a new party created, Hamas will still hold the key to the creation
of a Palestinian state. As long as Hamas controls the Gaza Strip, without
renouncing violence and without recognizing Israel's right to exist, peace
and prosperity remain unachievable. Hamas cannot rule in the Gaza Strip
without outside help, without the cooperation of Israel. If Hamas continues
to close its eyes to reality, the Sunni militants may one day be chased away
by their own voters.
sheet music -
Klezmer sheet music -
story of Klezmer music


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Infectious Disease Specialist (virus, bacteria, parasites)
32 years of experience
Accepting new patients
Video profile
32 years of experience
Accepting new patients
Video profile
Bronx-Lebanon Hospital--Concourse Division
1276 Fulton Ave
Bronx, NY 10456 Phone number & directions
Bronx-Lebanon Hospital--Concourse Division
1276 Fulton Ave
Bronx, NY 10456 Phone number & directions
License & Identifications
A medical license is required for a doctor to practice medicine in a particular state. Requirements vary by state but most require, at a minimum, post-graduate training in the doctor's specific specialty. An NPI number is a national identifier unique to an individual health care provider and is managed by the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS).
Learn more about Dr. Edward Telzak:
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Have you visited Dr. Telzak? Share your experience.
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Prepare before visiting Dr. Telzak
Specialties & Research
Dr. Edward Telzak, MD is board certified in Infectious Disease.
- He has special expertise in 5 areas:
- AIDS/HIV (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)
- HIV Infections
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- Opportunistic Infections
- Tuberculosis
Education & Awards
Dr. Telzak graduated from Yeshiva University, Bronx. He has 1 awards.
Dr. Telzak has 4 hospital affiliations:
- Bronx Lebanon Hospital Center - Concourse Division
- Bronx Lebanon Hospital Center-Concourse Division Bronx Lebanon Hospital Center-Fulton Division
- Chinese
- Mandarin
- French
- Haitian Creole
- Spanish
- Creole
Home > Find an Infectious Disease Doctor > NY > Bronx Infectious Disease Doctors > Dr. Edward Telzak, MD
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- Additional Information
- Dr. Edward Elliot Telzak MD is a male Infectious Disease Specialist, has 32 years of experience and practices in Infectious Disease.
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Dr. Edward Telzak practices Infectious Disease near Bronx, NY.
See Bronx Infectious Disease Doctors.


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Support » Plugins and Hacks » Authors are not able to create surveys
3 years, 12 months ago
Hi there!
Fist thanks for this plugin!
just installed SurveyPress within LS Version 1.92+ Build 120919 which is supossed to work with the plugin (and looks like it does) but after give permission to authors to create surveys, when they login on LM no create survey menu is available. Is this a bug or just my mistake?


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With less than one day until Thanksgiving, mid-Missourians are flocking to grocery stores to get last-minute dinner necessities.
Employees at Hy-Vee in Jefferson City said they anticipate the last minute rush and stock up on popular items.
Shoppers told KRCG 13 they were picking up things like green beans, pie fillings and crusts, other desserts and even figs.
Despite the range of shopping items they need to make a perfect dinner, all shoppers agreed that the most important thing about Thanksgiving is being with family and loved ones.


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Push Kick
The Push Kick exercise works your abs, butt and legs to help you lose the muffin top and love handles.
Tone your trouble zones. Push Kick. Start with your knee up and drive your heel forward as if you are using a leg press machine. Do 6 to 10 reps on each leg.


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Marion Milhouse
SALLEY, S.C. – Funeral services for Marion Milhouse Sr., 96, of 205 Poplar St., Salley, SC, will be held on Friday, Feb. 21, 2014 at 1pm at Sardis Missionary Baptist Church, with Pastor J.R. Wise officiating. The casket will be placed in the church one hour prior to the service. Pallbearerswill be grandsons and nephews. Burial will be in the Christian Hill Cemetery. Mr. Milhouse was born to the late Zeb and Lucille Corder Milhouse on July 1, 1917 in Aiken County, SC. Survivors include sons, Marion (Mary) Milhouse, Jr., Oliver (Susanna) Milhouse, and a daughter, Margie Alridge, all of Salley, SC, twenty grandchildren, twenty-three great-grands and one great-great-grand. Visitation will be held on Thursday, Feb. 21st from 4pm to 7pm at Fulmer's Funeral Home in Springfield. Friends may call at the residence and the funeral home. FULMER'S FUNERAL HOME, SPRINGFIELD, SC.


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Follow HitFix Follow @hitfix
FX's 'American Horror Story' adds 'Asylum' for its second miniseries title
Emmy-lauded miniseries will return to FX in October
FX and Ryan Murphy have announced a new official title for the second season of the horror "miniseries" "American Horror Story."
Set to premiere in October, the new season will be titled "American Horror Story: Asylum," accurately reflecting the fact that it's "American Horror Story" and it's going to be set in an asylum.
But there's more to it than that!
Ryan Murphy explains...
"When we launched the show last year, we kept quiet about the closed-ended nature of the show because we didn't want to tip off the audience that the characters were not going to survive," blurbs co-creator and executive producer Ryan Murphy. "Now that it has been established that each year is a closed-ended story, the time seemed right to reveal what we're calling the new installment."
Murphy adds, "We picked 'Asylum' because it not only describes the setting -- an insane asylum run by Jessica Lange's character which was formerly a tuberculosis ward -- but also signifies a place of haven for the unloved and the unwanted. This year's theme is about sanity and tackling real life horrors."
"American Horror Story: Asylum" began production on what FX is now careful to describe as "the new miniseries" on July 17. Set in 1964, the new "miniseries" will star Lange along with "AHS" veterans Sarah Paulson, Evan Peters, Lily Rabe and Zachary Quinto, plus newcomers like James Cromwell, Joseph Fiennes, Chloe Sevigny and Adam Levine.
Murphy returns as executive producer along with Brad Falchuk, Dante Di Loreto and Tim Minear.
The first season of "American Horror Story" was ruled a miniseries by the Television Academy and capitalized on that categorization with 17 Emmy nominations, tying for most of any program this year.


text:
Originally Posted by Mako
Oh yeah haha
I'm not sure if I like it yet. I already have it, remember I'm playing it?Originally Posted by el-zilcho
Currently Playing : Super Swing Golf 2, Nights: Journey of Dreams
Originally Posted by Mako
Oh yeah haha
Spoiler Alert!
@ Mako- so, i'm guessing you can only carry one additional firearm to your handgun on a mission?
do you get to purchase new weapons with your "points"?
Spoiler Alert!
Originally Posted by Dkw0101Originally Posted by d kOriginally Posted by Acdude6
he prolly thought you were playing a demo at a store, since it doesnt come out till tommorow.Originally Posted by Mako
Spoiler Alert!
Originally Posted by Dkw0101Originally Posted by d kOriginally Posted by Acdude6
Well, as far as I am, you choose one additional firearm for each mission, if you happen to pick up a firearm during the mission, then you get to switch between all 3. Switching weapons is nice and easily done with the "c" button on the nunchuck. I don't know about the second part of the question yet. I don't even know what "points" you're talking about, but as far as I know there is no purchasing anything. It's all just laying around the stages and you roll your crosshair over the items (weapons/ammo/herbs/some other stuff I'm not really paying attention to) and press A to pick it up. I'll go play some more in a few hours, when I get out of class, and give you some more details.Originally Posted by TortillaChip520
Currently Playing : Super Swing Golf 2, Nights: Journey of Dreams
Do you work for a game company? is that how you got it early? and if you go to ebay they are selling the zapper but do they really have it?
EB just called me that my copy is in ..... so it is not that early for him to get it i guessOriginally Posted by Lastking23
PM to add me to Wii and from there we can add different games!
Brawl: 2921-8766-9978
o man i preordered and i didnt get a call.
and i live in the west coast too =/
well i can wait another 20 hours ^_^
hopefully they got the Prima guides too
edit: i called the store and they wont get it till the 16th =O
Last edited by cartman777; 11-13-2007 at 06:27 PM.
I just got my call it said tomorrow "evening". So the zapper is supposed to come out tomorrow also? Or am I confused???
=D Preordered it and got it tooday! ITS AWSOME! Cant wait to piiick up the zaaapper! and an one a third party PISTOL shell! U shud RLY pick it up if ur a fan of classic house of the dead and LOVE sci-fi horror!
Currently own
4 nunchucks, 4 wii-motes, 2 silicone gloves for both nunchuck and wii-mote, blue and pink, 1 Classic Controller
The Legend of Zelda Twilight Princess, Wii Play, Mario Paty 8, Super Mario Strikers Charged (403834 521652), Resident evil 4, Splinter cell double agent, Guitar hero 3, Resident Evil Umbrella Chronicles, Super Mario Galaxy, Medal of Honour 2 Heroes
Street Fighter 2 Turbo, Sin and Punishment


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Woman accuses man of lewd behaviorOctober 03,2013Woman accuses man
of lewd behavior
BENNINGTON A local man with an extensive criminal record is being held without bail after he was accused of touching a 44-year-old woman in Bennington on Aug. 22.
Jason Dansby, 31, of Bennington, was arraigned in Bennington criminal court on Sept. 26 for a felony charge of lewd and lascivious conduct. Dansby, who pleaded innocent to the charge, was charged as a habitual offender based on past felony convictions including sexual assault on someone younger than 16 in 2005.
In an affidavit, Detective Anthony Silvestro, of the Bennington Police Department, said he met with a woman Aug. 29 who said she knew Dansby from her church.
The woman said Dansby had kissed her on the lips at the church about a year ago but she had told him that was not cool.
More recently, he had contacted her and while she said she made it clear that she didnt want to be involved with him romantically or sexually, she said he put his hands on her several times while they were at Lake Paran on Aug. 22.
Silvestro said he later learned that Dansby had left the church because he believed all the women (in the church) wanted him sexually.
Dansby is currently being held in the Springfield jail.MORE IN This Just InMerchants Bank will merge with a New York-based bank, according to a statement issued Monday on... Full StoryBRATTLEBORO A Wardsboro man who Vermont State Police say shot his neighbor to death last week... Full StoryREADING A thief has made off with five chain saws belonging to the town of Reading, police said. Full Story
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