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Links from this article with broken #section links (check):
- 1 Asexual species are all haploid?
- 2 Protect This Article
- 3 Eukaryotes/Prokaryotes
- 4 Chiasma-Chromosome
- 5 The term "metaphasic"
- 6 Human Chromosomes
- 7 How do chromosome numbers change?
- 8 Chromosome Number 4 Inversion
- 9 Chromosomes in bacteria
- 10 Requests for enhancement
- 11 order
- 12 Types of chromosomes
- 13 Re Chiasma
- 14 Question
- 15 For Idiots
- 16 Just in case anyone wants it
- 17 Recent edits
- 18 Chromosome images
- 19 chromosomes
- 20 Chromosome table
- 21 I can't even find..
- 22 Full of mistakes
- 23 Chromosomes in eukaryotes: what about chloroplasts?
- 24 More Info on Structure
- 25 Uh.
- 26 Terminology for the Greater Structure
- 27 butterfly
- 28 RNA in telomeres!
- 29 Single molecule
- 30 Guinea pig chromosome number variable?
- 31 Naked DNA doth not a chromosome make
- 32 External links
- 33 Vandalism
- 34 chromosome territories
- 35 Can anyone clarify the structure of a chromatid?
- 36 Article needs SERIOUS Revamping
- 37 Person who named the chromosome
- 38 What's a Genophore?
- 39 Mention Chromatid(s)?
- 40 And also
- 41 History: add dates
- 42 Edwards Syndrome
- 43 Second paragraph
- 44 Can someone please clarify?
- 45 Lede as of April 2015
- 46 Graph-Chart
- 47 Graph-Chart column deletion
- 48 Nettie Stevens
Asexual species are all haploid?[edit]
The sentence, "Asexually reproducing species have one set of chromosomes, which is the same in all body cells," is simply incorrect. Asexually-reproducing species may be haploid (an example is Vittaria in the Appalachian Mountains), but more often they have diploid or higher ploidy levels (for instance, apomictic Boechera are almost all triploid). Paalexan (talk) 05:49, 13 October 2009 (UTC) Wikapedia Is Smart
- Yes, quite true. That probably wasn't what the sentence was meant to imply. I've tried to clarify this. Tim Vickers (talk) 16:15, 13 October 2009 (UTC
Protect This Article[edit]
This article should be semi-protected. Over 5% of the edits are vandalism, and a lot of vandalism has been occuring recently. Jerry Zhang 00:36, 4 December 2009 (UTC)
Isn't the following line wrong?
"In eukaryotes a small circular DNA molecule may be called either a plasmid or a small chromosome."
Shouldn't it be prokaryotes instead of eukaryotes?
18.104.22.168 14:07, 4 January 2007 (UTC)
- No, eukaryotes can also have small circular cytoplasmic chromosomes. This is rare in 'typical' organisms, but is seen in more unusual species, see trypanosoma brucei for an example. - Zephyris Talk 22:54, 4 January 2007 (UTC)
- Okey, but shouldn't the page note that both eukaryotes and prokaryotes have plasmids?184.108.40.206 13:18, 16 January 2007 (UTC)
The picture points out the centromere as the connection point between the sister chromatids, but this is contradicted by the Chiasma article. Who's right? 18 July 2005
The term "metaphasic"[edit]
Why not use the more conventional term "metaphase chromosome"? JWSchmidt 15:58, 31 Mar 2004 (UTC)
I work in cytogenetics and we would never use the term metaphasic. It would be understood, but very non-standard. 17:05, 31 May 2004 Rhyax
Human Chromosomes[edit]
Does anyone have an updated source for the human chromosome table with the number of genes for each chromosome, with the new data trimming the genes to 20,000? - Thanks - Jerryseinfeld 12:15, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)
- I did that just now. Openpaul 11 April 2016
Does anybody know the reason of the relative decrease of the number of genes and the bases they contain while shifting from the 1st to the 22nd chromosome? I suspect it has an explanation within the evolutionary process but a brief explanation by an experts or a link would be great. barfly 03:31, 24 May 2006 (UTC)
- Are you asking why the chromsomes are all different lengths? Or are you asking why the chromosome numbers are in the same order as their size? David D. (Talk) 03:58, 24 May 2006 (UTC)
What I tried to ask was according to this table the number of bases each chromosome contain decreases respectively.(or as you mentioned their lenght) The first chromosome contains 245,203,898 bases but the 22nd only contains 49,476,972 bases. And also the X chromosome contains approx. three times the number of bases Y chromosome contains. Does this have a biological or evolutionary explanation, or is it just a pattern? 220.127.116.11 02:05, 26 May 2006 (UTC)
- The numbers of the chromosomes were assigned in the order of their size, so by definition they should decrease in size. The X and Y size difference does have an evolutionary significance. There is good evidence that they were once the same chromosme but the Y is slowly getting deleted over time. See the following: Y_chromosome#Origins. David D. (Talk) 15:35, 26 May 2006 (UTC)
- Can chromosome aberrations lead to positive traits such as super athleticism, super intelligence instead of the syndromes and illnesses that are studied? 184.108.40.206 (talk) 02:20, 23 August 2013 (UTC)
- Hi 126.96.36.199! The talk page of articles is actually for discussing the article, not for asking questions. I recommend you ask your question at the Wikipedia:Reference desk/Science instead. I'm (almost) sure some people there will try to answer you. Lova Falk talk 08:06, 24 October 2013 (UTC)
The graphic showing the chromosome density is wrong and has to be redone: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Genes_and_base_pairs_on_chromosomes.svg Just look at the data and the plot for chromsome 19/20. Openpaul 11 April 2016
How do chromosome numbers change?[edit]
I'm currently in a debate about evolution on a forum. Somebody said that mutations are always negative, and I argued that they're not, and then this somebody brought up Down syndrome. I pointed out that Down syndrome is not the cause of a mutation, but trisomy -- having the wrong number of a chromosome. My interlocutor said, yes, that's true, but how do different creatures have different number of chromosomes then, when they all come from common ancestors? While I don't think trisomy is the answer, this does seem a bit tricky. Anybody know? - Furrykef 07:22, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)
- Down's Syndrome occurs when errors happen in MEIOSIS cell division for the egg. During meiosis, normally an egg will have 23 chromosomes each (in humans). But in some occations, 1 egg receives 22, the other 24. The egg with 22 becomes sterile. And if the egg with 24 becomes fertilised, the zygote will have 47 chromosomes (23 from sperm), the baby will be Down's Syndrome. jynx
- I also came here looking for an answer to a similar question. Is Downs a step in the process that produces a new species ? Is there any solid body of knowledge or research about this Question ? I know that normally chromosomes come in pairs and people with downs have a single extra chromosome. I assume they must produce 23 chromosome gamates and 24 chromosome gamates. Assuming two people with downs have children would there be a one in four chance that their ofspring would have 24 pairs of chromosomes and a one in four chance that their offspring had 22 chromosome ? Martin Spamer
- Ploidy occurs in this manner: A cell undergoing mitosis (or the first stage of meiosis, which is the same as mitosis) copies its chromosomes normally, but then it fails to fission to produce two cells (Cytokinesis). Thus, there is now one cell with double the number of chromosomes. If this was a germ cell undergoing meiosis, the offspring of that cell will have an extra chromosome too. Cytokinesis can be inhibited with certain chamicals.
- Needless to say, the fact that a detrimental mutation such as Down's exists, does not prove that mutations are harmful.126.96.36.199 17:34, 14 August 2007 (UTC)
- Down's syndrome isn't a mutation in the sense that mutations are DNA copying errors. Down's syndrome is a mechanical failure to segregate the chromosomes properly during meiosis. It is not a valid analogy to mutations that cause speciation, which will invariably cause changes to the structure of proteins produced by the transcription of genes and/or the contextual expression of genes. These can affect the development or functioning of organisms in ways which can certainly be beneficial depending on the context of the whole organism. Aneuploidy is vanishingly unlikely to be beneficial because it grossly affects a vast number of genetic systems which depend on there being a certain number of chromosomes present to ensure the right amount of gene transcription. It is a bad example of a "mutation" in an evolutionary context, however, and in a debate on evolution is thrown in at best in ignorance and as worse as an attempt at misdirection. --184.108.40.206 13:47, 3 November 2007 (UTC)
- Down's Syndrome and the like are irrelevant in chromosome number change. Changes in the number of chromosomes is caused not by the addition or loss of any genes, but simply rearranging the genes. Mostly through fusion of two chromosomes or through the splitting of a single chromosome. For example, chromosome 2 in humans can be seen to be nearly identical to chromosomes 2A and 2B in chimpanzees and the other great apes, but fused into a single entity. For more information on this, this page is a great explanation. Nik42 (talk) 05:04, 15 December 2008 (UTC)
Chromosome Number 4 Inversion[edit]
Could anyone advise on further info on this subject.
I have looked at Wolfs Syndrome, but this is a shorten of one of the arms.
My son has this and I'm looking for more answers.
Chromosomes in bacteria[edit]
The "Chromosomes in bacteria" section states
- Bacterial chromosomes initiate replication and one origin of replication.
This does not make sense for me. Is this by chance supposed to read "... initiate replication at one origin ..."? --Jochen 11:56, 18 Mar 2005 (UTC)
Requests for enhancement[edit]
Sorry if this isn't the right place, but I can't find a molecular biology or genetics wikiproject. As a layman, I've found a few things missing from our coverage of molecular biology (maybe they're there, I just can't find 'em):
- a lot of the genes listed in list of notable genes refer to the locus of the gene, but locus points to a disambig page. I think we should make an article called something like genetic locus or chromosomal locus (or whatever is appropriate) into which most of that disambig line goes, and which explains better the 11q23.1 type notation (ideally with one of the band diagrams, as in [1]).
- I've split it out into Locus (genetics) --Arcadian 17:09, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
- equally, if there is a separate addressing scheme for genes in mitochondria or on plasmids, we should have that in, or linked from, the genetic locus article too.
- and a note or two about how the addressing scheme holds, or changes, for non-human animals
- ideally an entry about those chromosomal bands, and a link from the disambig page band
- is it possible to construct a template like the various geographical-area ones (like Template:gbmapping or Template:Mapit-US-cityscale) which we could use to link to public genetic databases (like http://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?position=11q23&pix=840&Submit=Submit&db=hg17)
- in general, there doesn't seem to me much at wikipedia that would allow me to make much sense of the type(s) of diagrams used in bioinformatics (like the human genome one above). I realise that one would need a proper qualification to make real use of the diagram, but I think the wikipedia could reasonably contain an article about the diagram type and a dumbed-down explanation of what's on it, what it can and cannot show, and for what applications one would use it.
So we already have these somewhere, and if not, should we? -- John Fader (talk | contribs) 15:50, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)
Table 1: Examples of chromosome numbers (diploid).
- Are these in any order? chromosome number order would seem best to me. - Omegatron 14:12, May 29, 2005 (UTC)
Types of chromosomes[edit]
I feel this article needs to address the different types of chromosomes, i.e. metacentric, submetacentric and acrocentric. A search for 'acrocentric' yields no definition of this term, which is a pity, because it is important to know what an acrocentric chromosome is when talking about Robertsonian translocations.
Re Chiasma[edit]
As I understand the processes, sister chromatids are joined at the centromere in cells undergoing or about to undergo Mitosis and Meiosis. Chiasma is a crossing over of one part of one arm from one chromatid to another arm of a different (non-sister) chromatid thus producing a completely 'new' form of the two original (and different) chromosomes as well as a 'copy' of each of the original chromosomes in the resultant divided cells.
see http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookmeiosis.html under Prophase 1
Hope that helps
It´s written: "A chromosome is a singular piece of DNA". But, if DNA is just ONE molecule, how is it possible that a chromossome is a piece of it? If a molecule is broken into 2 parts, one gets TWO molecules, and not TWO PIECES of a molecule. Does the entire DNA molecule exist somewhere, so that one can say that a chromossome is just a piece of it? Or, if a cell has 22 chromossomes it means that it has 22 different molécules (DNA1, DNA2 etc)? --126.96.36.199 (talk) 12:29, 31 October 2008 (UTC)
- Each piece of DNA contains two strands (two molecules) in a double helix. A piece of DNA can therefore be pulled apart into two pieces. These two strands are copies of each other. Therefore if you have 22 chromosomes, you have 22 pieces of DNA but 2 copies of each - 44 molecules in total. See introduction to genetics for more. Tim Vickers (talk) 16:37, 31 October 2008 (UTC)
For Idiots[edit]
Can someone write a section on chromosomes for idiots? the above is too tricky to understand for someone who has no idea what is going on.
- It's amazing to the layman to read these scientific articles where it's all so obvious to the editors with their backgounds but totally mystifying to the rest. I come from a military background and the military folks do the same thing. SimonATL 19:58, 15 June 2006 (UTC)
- I'd say the introduction needs to be rewritten for everyone (including biologists) not just idiots. There is massive amounts of terminology and discussion in the introduction that does not even appear in the article! For example, histones, mitosis, p arm and q arm, kinetochore, tubulin are all in the introduction. Even the alpha and beta subunits of tubulin, with respect to the microtubules/kinetochore interaction, are mention but absolutely NOTHING in the article. It's supposed to be a summary of the article. The current introduction needs to be scraped (some of it could be incorporated in to the main text) and we should start from the ground up. David D. (Talk) 20:23, 15 June 2006 (UTC)
I agree. I am curious as to how DNA is translated into construction. It's been said in this article, and in very school, that DNA is the body's blueprint. But how does DNA actually get things built in the human body? That to me is very interesting. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 18.104.22.168 (talk) 10:44, 15 December 2007 (UTC)
Chromosome is unwound, sections of the DNA are 'transcribed' by RNA polymerase, the 'RNA' produced is then 'translated' by ribosomes into protein strands encoded by 3-base 'chunks' of RNA. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Apothecia (talk • contribs) 08:08, 8 April 2009 (UTC)
Just in case anyone wants it[edit]
The old chromosome image... - Zephyris Talk 21:47, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
Recent edits[edit]
The recent edits by unregistered users seem to have removed a lot of useful content from the page. I suggest a reversion to this version, which will put back all the information. I, for one, like the picture... -- Tuvok^Talk|Desk|Contribs 05:00, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
- Actually, I've just reverted to the old version. Let me know on my talk page if I shouldn't have done this. Since there was no discussion about taking this information out of the article on this page, and the edits were extensive by an unregistered editor, removing useful information, I feel no problem. Again, let me know if this is wrong. -- Tuvok^Talk|Desk|Contribs 05:06, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
VANDALISM. Please revert to older versions!!!!
Chromosome images[edit]
Dear all, I have recently refurbished the Chromosome article in the German Wikipedia. In the process, I have uploaded several images you might want to make use of also for the English article. All of them are on Commons, including an English legend. For an overview over these images, either have a look at the German aricle or at the gallery on my user site on commons here. If there are details you wish to discuss with me, please do it at my discussion site at the German Wikipedia which I check much more often than the one on commons or on the English site. edit is "Seite Bearbeiten", preview is "Vorschau" and save page is "Seite speichern" --Dietzel65 19:09, 20 December 2006 (UTC)
How many Chromosomes are there in each cell? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 184.108.40.206 (talk) 08:45, 20 January 2007 (UTC).
- That depends on the organism. Human has 46 chromosomes. However cat has 38, sheep has 54, dog has 78 etc. (Copsi 18:25, 25 April 2007 (UTC))
Chromosome table[edit]
As i was trying to cite a few things on the table showing the amount of chromosomes per species of animal, iaccidently screwed up the chartFatdelear 22:38, 6 February 2007 (UTC)
- I did the same thing when I added the ref for dog. You forgot to close the ref tags, that's all. Easy mistake. And FYI, you don't need to put brackets around the ref text. Hope this helps you avoid the same mistake next time! — Tuvok[T@lk/Improve me] 22:59, 6 February 2007 (UTC)
I can't even find..[edit]
I read over most of the page, and I can't seem to find the real function of chromosomes. It tells everything about them, but not what they do. It's like the wiki page for cars saying what kind of engine one might have, that it has 6 windows, that it seats 8, and not even mentioning it's a method of transportation. Let me know on My talk page if you can help me. Thanks, Ard0 (Talk - Contribs) 18:17, 23 February 2007 (UTC)
Full of mistakes[edit]
This article is full of mistakes,it has to be renewed also.Some of the pictures are old.But the biggest mistake is in the first lines saying: there is circular DNA in eukaryotic cells.It has to be removed immediatly, it will lead other people to confusion. Doctor
- The mitochondrial genome, as found in the vast majority of eukaryotic cells, is almost universally circular. - Zephyris Talk 01:54, 17 March 2007 (UTC)
Also, in the Historic section the term Genetic Load is being used in lieu of Genetic content or Genotype. If the term was originally used for meaning 'genotype' by Roux it should be cleared up, because of the modern meaning of Genetic Load.Bigfootpegrande (talk) 10:15, 27 September 2011 (UTC)bigfootpegrande
Chromosomes in eukaryotes: what about chloroplasts?[edit]
The wording suggests that that only chromosomes in eukaryotes are nuclear, mitochondrial and some (relatively ill-defined) cytoplasmic chromosomes. It doesn't actually say that these are the only chromosomes, but a reader might reasonably expect such a list to be complete! Shouldn't chloroplast chromosomes be included somewhere in this list as all(?) photosynthesising eukaryotes have them? SamTheCentipede 11:40, 22 June 2007 (UTC)
More Info on Structure[edit]
This article should have more information added on the structure of the chromosome. It now only bluntly exhibits two lines describing the structure in sequences, yet not the actual structure of the chromosome itself.--Yowizman 21:26, 18 June 2007 (UTC)
So, did anyone ever look at a random WP article and think to themselves, "I bet this is how Skynet started out"? Or is it just me? :P --Cuervo, not logged in @ 22.214.171.124 03:13, 2 July 2007 (UTC)
Terminology for the Greater Structure[edit]
Is there a term for the structure consisting of all the chromosomes together? For example, we say: "humans have 23 chromosomes." What is the structure comprising the 23 chromosomes called? e.g. "the human _______ consists of 23 chromosomes." Is "genome" the word I'm looking for?184.108.40.206 17:34, 14 August 2007 (UTC)
karyotype --Squidonius (talk) 12:04, 12 April 2008 (UTC)
The table gave the chromosome number for butterflies as 380, and someone had marked it with a fact template. Google searching seems to show many counterexamples, e.g., http://www.fmnh.helsinki.fi/english/zoology/entomology/research/ithomiinae/index.htm --18.104.22.168 04:32, 28 August 2007 (UTC)
RNA in telomeres![edit]
Check the Telomere talk page; I left a note there about fascinating new research that seems to show that telomeres contain RNA as well as DNA. Unfortunately I don't have time to check it out properly and include it in the article. --Slashme 08:13, 8 October 2007 (UTC)
Single molecule[edit]
A double helix of DNA contains two molecules of DNA associated through hydrogen bonds. I've therefore reworded the piece in the lead about chromosomes only containing a single molecule of DNA. Tim Vickers (talk) 22:57, 18 November 2007 (UTC)
It seems to be wrong again. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.8.131.52 (talk) 18:22, 15 February 2010 (UTC)
Guinea pig chromosome number variable?[edit]
I found the following ref which claims that the guinea pig has 62 ± 2 chromosomes. It was published in 1928, but looks like good work. Any comments?
Bessie Beakley League (1928). "The chromosomes of the guinea-pig". Journal of Morphology. 46 (1): 131–141. doi:10.1002/jmor.1050460105. --Slashme 06:53, 3 December 2007 (UTC)
- I think it was pretty common then to be unsure of the exact number, especially with such a high number of chromosomes. or are the specifically saying it varies in different animals? Consider the history for the recorded number of human chromosomes:
- In 1892, Hansemann and Bardeleben estimated in the order of 23-24.
- In 1912, Hans de Winiwarter, counted 47 chromosomes, 46 chromosomes and 49 chromosomes. He proposd the correct number of male chromosomes was 47
- In 1921, Theophilus Shickel Painter, correctly reported the chromosome number as 46, but in a follow up paper he changed that to 48.
- 48 human chromosomes was the accepted value until 1956 when Joe-Hin Tjio and Albert Levan reported the correct value as 46.
- As you can see there was a lot of uncertainty in these types of measures. David D. (Talk) 08:56, 3 December 2007 (UTC)
OK, that makes sense. --Slashme 13:12, 3 December 2007 (UTC)
Naked DNA doth not a chromosome make[edit]
The term chromosome includes the whole shbang, including histones, centromere, the works. That's the whole point of the term. If you use it merely as a synonym for DNA, you are definitely misusing the term, and also creating confusion amongst the readers. The evolution from prokaryotes to eukaryotes is probably the second greatest evolutionary advance; in addition to fusing two or more prokaryote forms, some structures are new to eukaryotes! Chromosomes are an excellent example of this. Macdonald-ross (talk) 19:31, 11 December 2007 (UTC)
External links[edit]
External links on Wikipedia are supposed to be "encyclopedic in nature" and useful to a worldwide audience. Please read the external links policy (and perhaps the specific rules for medicine-related articles) before adding more external links.
The following kinds of links are inappropriate:
- Online discussion groups or chat forums
- Personal webpages and blogs
- Multiple links to the same website
- Fundraising events or groups
- Websites that are recruiting for clinical trials
- Websites that are selling things (e.g., books or memberships)
I realize that some links are helpful to certain users, but they still do not comply with Wikipedia policy, and therefore must not be included in the article. WhatamIdoing (talk) 06:29, 17 January 2008 (UTC)
This article has been extraordinarily vulnerable to vandalism, and a thank-you for those protecting it is well merited. Macdonald-ross (talk) 19:14, 21 February 2008 (UTC)
Thanks!Apothecia (talk) 07:05, 8 April 2009 (UTC)
chromosome territories[edit]
I have uploaded this picture about chromosome territories to which there is no page, yet. (the image is messed up (fonts), but I have asked why does that happen and will get it fixed when I get a reply). --Squidonius (talk) 11:55, 12 April 2008 (UTC)
- As I understand it, it happens because Wikipedia doesn't have the font you used when you created the SVG. Let me know what solution someone recommends, I'd like to hear it, since I've had the same problem. Madeleine ✉ ✍ 13:27, 12 April 2008 (UTC)
- I used the "Bitstream Vera Serif" font following some advice I read that Wikipedia has that font. My one effort was commons:File:Hardy-Weinberg.svg (although I saved it from Inkscape as "plain SVG" due to my uncertainty about the best format). That font is freely available on several platforms. You can use any font, provided you convert "Object to path" (big problem: no one can edit the text, because it has been converted to a graphic). Johnuniq (talk) 07:51, 8 April 2009 (UTC)
Can anyone clarify the structure of a chromatid?[edit]
I've never been able to figure out whether the long and short arms of one chromatid lay diagonally across the centromere or whether each were on one side of it... 126.96.36.199 (talk) 19:46, 31 May 2009 (UTC)
Article needs SERIOUS Revamping[edit]
A cursory look over this Wikipedia article shows a number of glaring omissions, as well as very poor organization. The introduction is far too long and much too specific; there is no need to discuss mitosis and meiosis in the introduction to what a chromosome is; that type of information should be found in a more specific subsection. The entire last paragraph reads like it was written by someone who wants to put forward an idea into the debate on what a chromosome is defined as, and should be removed.
As for the subsections, the history section is written in a very "emotional" prose, for a lack of a better word. A more academic recounting of the history of the chromosomal theory of inheritance would be nice. For the part with "Morgan's Lab", perhaps it would be prudent to mention that what they did was map the white-eye gene to the X-chromosome using both genetics and microscopy.
The entire structure of the article is not well designed. As there are more differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic chromosomes than they tend to have in common, it would be better to split up sections into descriptions, such as structure, behaviour in mitosis, and then subdivide those sections into the difference between euks and prots. Right now, it is very hard to ascertain from the article what are the key differences between eukaryotic chromosomes and prokaryotic ones. Hell, the world "telomere" isn't even in the article! Also, the DNA packaging image is in the wrong section! That shows eukaryotic packaging, and should mention that the actual structures have not been solved for 30 nm fiber or greater.
There is no section about different forms of sex determination using sex chromosomes, at best a simple part about XX/XY in humans.
There should be a section briefly addressing the concept of a genome and genome sequencing, and redirecting to articles concerned with it.
Terminology needs to be addressed. Be very careful using the word "piece" of DNA (what the hell is a "piece" of DNA) or strand (need to be sure no ambiguity between single and double stranded DNA).
I would be making these edits myself, but I know without some sort of consensus or approval, they will be removed.
188.8.131.52 (talk) 09:08, 25 January 2010 (UTC)
- I agree, the organization is pretty much a grab bag, and there is a lot of superfluous stuff, as well as important material that's missing. Why don't you suggest an outline for a new version here? Then we can take it from there. Agathman (talk) 15:22, 25 January 2010 (UTC)
- I would suggest making the following sections -
- History (discuss origin of term, and key experiments to determine that chromosomes were responsible for heredity, and how genes, the functional units of genetics, were ultimately ::found to be on chromosomes (i.e. tracking of white-eyed mutation on the fruit fly X-chromosome by combining genetics and microscopy).
- Structure (divide into prok and euk here. Discuss centromeres, telomeres, and chromatin packaging, distinguish between light compaction i.e. euchromatin, and heavy compaction i.e. heterochromatin and mention role of histones. Put that nice image of the different levels of compaction here. Good place to touch on chromosome territories. Briefly relate compaction to gene expression. Also, good place to touch on evidence for endosymbiosis theory of mitochondria and chloroplasts, unless a chromosome evolution section is wanted)
- Cell Division (Need to subdivide this into Chromosome replication in S-phase, then chromosome behavior in mitosis versus meiosis. No need to go into too much detail here, as one can link to the full length articles concerning these subjects)
- Sex chromosomes (distinguish between autosomal chromosomes and sex chromosomes, and show the different systems i.e. XX/XY in mammals, ZZ/ZW in reptiles and birds, XX/X0 in worms).
- Genomes (discuss variation of number of chromosomes between different species. Mention gene number versus DNA size i.e. C-number paradox.
- Human genetics (put stuff here specific to human genome, such as human karyotype, gene density versus chromosome length, and diseases related to aneuploidy, such as Down's syndrome or the relationship to cancer)
- Summary of key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic chromosomes (self-explanatory, but I think this is useful for anyone who wants to quickly learn what the differences are)
- I would suggest making the following sections -
- That's off the top of my head. If others have good suggestions for other sections, I'm all for it. However, as this is wikipedia, I feel that a general biological concept such as a chromosome should not get too specific and rather refer the reader to articles that are more specific (i.e. chromatin compaction, DNA replication, gory details of mitosis, etc). I read a lot of the complaints on the discussion is that the article is too difficult to understand if one lacks a solid biology background. 22.214.171.124 (talk) 19:56, 26 January 2010 (UTC)
- Sounds good. I've made a sandbox for it as a subpage from my user page, and I recommend we try to build the page there and then get consensus to substitute it for the current one when it's ready. See sandbox at User:Agathman/Chromosome
Person who named the chromosome[edit]
Shouldn't the article mention Heinrich_Wilhelm_Gottfried_von_Waldeyer-Hartz, the person who coined the term "chromosome"? aibyou_chan (talk) 01:45, 10 February 2010 (UTC)
What's a Genophore?[edit]
Is there a reference for the origin of this term? I'm in expert in bacterial genetics and have never seen this term before. Lol. Nor does there seem to be any need for it. The WikiDefinition of "Chromosome" is "an organized building of DNA and protein that is found in cells". This definition is appropriately applicable to the DNA complexes in all cells: bacteria, archaea, and eukarya alike. Jragon (talk) 00:19, 27 September 2010 (UTC)
Mention Chromatid(s)?[edit]
I was doing some homework for biology, and it occurred to me in the process of researching that it might be nice to include a brief mention of what a chromatid is in the overview section, linked to the respective article. In fact, as the chromatid article is very short (no more than half a dozen paragraphs) it might even be plausible to merge it into this article and create a redirect. I'm going to refrain from making any changes myself because I'm no expert on why things are where and don't want to make an idiot of myself screwing around with the status quo. I just thought it would be nice for people to have a really brief definition of the term, as vocabulary (while taken for granted) is often one of the most difficult things to learn for any amateur. Bronsonboy (talk) 01:22, 8 February 2011 (UTC)
And also[edit]
Would someone clarify the distincution between "chromatid" and "chromasome" as here: Second sentence "It [the chromosome] is a single piece of coiled DNA containing many genes," Surely the chromosome (as in the diagram) is a pair of chromatids and is therefore two pieces of coiled DNA! Drmikec (talk) 16:01, 6 April 2011 (UTC)
History: add dates[edit]
Please add years or dates to the events described in the History section. -Pgan002 (talk) 02:39, 23 February 2011 (UTC)
Edwards Syndrome[edit]
The article states that those who survive their first year can live healthy afterwards. There is no source for that, and information in the Edwards Syndrome's wiki article does not back it up, actually quite the contrary. Frohfroh (talk) 18:41, 27 April 2012 (UTC)
Second paragraph[edit]
Anyone know what its trying to say? I know it needs work and would be glad to do it, but am not a domain expert and it is not obvious what it was trying to say (bold are where I have some trouble, italic where I have a question):
- Chromosomes vary widely between three and two types of organisms, from mammals to reptiles. The DNA molecule is circular and linear at the same time, and can be composed of 123,235 to 13,234,3454,246 refPaux E, Sourdille P, Salse J; et al. (2008). "A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B". Science. 322 (5898): 101–104. doi:10.1126/science.1161847. PMID 18832645. /ref nucleotides in a long chain. Typically, eukaryotic cells (cells with nuclei) have linear chromosomes (I thought they were linear and circular at the same time - john) and prokaryotic cells (cells without defined nuclei) have circular chromosomes. Also, cells may contain more than one type of chromosome; for example, mitochondria in most eukaryotes and chloroplasts in plants have their own chromosomes.
Can someone please clarify?[edit]
They way I understand it, a chromosome is not composed of two sister chromatids.
The two sister chromatids are more like two identical chromosomes formed after replication of one chromosome.
Could someone please confirm this?
If true then the following only confuses the reader into believing that a chromosome is composed of two sister chromatids.
"Diagram of a replicated and condensed metaphase eukaryotic chromosome. (1) Chromatid – one of the two identical parts of the chromosome after S phase. (2) Centromere – the point where the two chromatids touch, and where the microtubules attach. (3) Short arm. (4) Long arm." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.108.40.206 (talk) 15:41, 5 January 2014 (UTC)
- You're right, it is confusing and at moments contradictory within the text. To clarify, a chromatin is the uncondensed unorganized DNA that exists during interphase. A chromosome is a super condensed highly organized DNA that exists throughout mitosis and cytokinesis. A chromatid is one half of a mitotic chromosome. Now, a chromosome can contain ONE or TWO chromatids depending on the stage of mitosis. During prophase and metaphase the chromatids are bound together forming an "X"-like chromosome. During anaphase and after, the chromatids are separated and they equate a chromosomal unit with a "<" or ">"-like form. Therefore you have 92 chromosomes during the brief final periods of mitosis. --Spmoura (talk) 05:12, 24 January 2014 (UTC)
I completely concur, I think it is the single most confusing aspect of the term "chromosome" (and I suspect that many biology teachers are not aware of this, or perhaps confuse things themselves). I strongly suggest to replace Figure 1 with a figure containing just one of the homologous chr 1's shown in Figure 3. Any mention of chromatids could be moved to replication or mitosis. Plijnzaad (talk) 16:35, 12 November 2015 (UTC)
Lede as of April 2015[edit]
The lede is pretty lousy. Prime example:"In the case of archaea by homologs to eukaryotic histones, in the case of bacteria by histone-like proteins." Here is a hint: Capitalizing the first word of a phrase and ending the phrase with a period (full stop) does NOT magically create a (correct English) sentence. The above example also lamely says something about homologs (noun) in the prepositionary phrase "by homologs", I'd guess that these "homologs" actually have a name, and that anyone coming to this article needing information at this level (introductory) will NOT KNOW WTF a "eukaryotic histone" is. I also question the claim that histone homologs or histone-like proteins "pack" the chromosome. (The link to "histone-like proteins" should be removed until that stub contains useful information, as of now it does not).) The same blunder/confusion occurs in the lede of the Histone article. In order for a histone to "pack" or "package" DNA, it should be an (active) agent. Acting as a substrate on which the DNA arranges itself in a compact form is not "packing" it. (Many protein assemblies actively assist in various metabolic and reproductive functions, whereas the histone is simply a 'cradle' which provides the place for the DNA coil to compactly set.) Other examples of why I think this is poorly written and not very useful are:
1."A chromosome is a packaged and organized structure containing most of the DNA of a living organism." WRONG. The SET of chromosomes in a living organism contain "most of the DNA". (Except, is this right?)My point here is that one chromosome may or may not be "most of" a cell's DNA, and that many cells have a dozen or more chromosomes, and therefore there is no one which is "most of" the DNA).)
2."It is not usually found on its own..." Really?? Who wrote this?! You mean not found without surrounding molecules (such as water)?? What a useless thing to say. ANYTHING IN A CELL IS NOT "found on its own", by definition. Wow. I suppose the author meant "exists independently in solution". The sentence goes on, turning into a ramble about histones and transcription factors which are "usually" found with the chromosome except when they are not. More babble. I'm no microbiologist, but it might be useful to point out that in a metabolically active cell, a chromosome is (almost always?) being accessed for transcription at some locations and packed onto some histones at (most?) other locations. An analogy might be useful here (to say Amazon's web pages or to a restaurant's chairs (at any one time only some are being used, many are "packed" in close to the tables).
3. The rubbish about whether its visible or not should be removed from the lede and repositioned somewhere else; visibility is hardly important enough to merit the kind of treatment its given in the lede.(Might be useful to point out why most microphotographs show a chromosome in the classic figure-8 state).
4. The lede should answer the following: What?, why?, where?, and who and when?. Perhaps "how?" should be explained later in the article. What it is: it is the main way a cell's DNA is structured. Why: because this structure allows it to function as needed in the cell, including reproduction and transcription, while minimizing its 'footprint'. Where: depending on domain (eukaryote or not) its found in the nucleus (eukaryotes) or floating in the cytoplasm (Archaea and Bacteria). Who and when: although known as cell components by the mid-1800's, their function was first understood in the early 1900's by Boveri and Sutton (see Boveri-Sutton Theory).188.8.131.52 (talk) 13:36, 9 April 2015 (UTC)
Lede as of 2015-11-01: "A chromosome (chromo- + -some) is a packaged and organized structure containing most of the DNA of a living organism." This is an unfortunate way to begin the article. As is, it states that one chromosome contains most of the DNA in living organisms. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 126.96.36.199 (talk) 17:14, 1 November 2015 (UTC)
The chart with the 23 Chromosomes listed has a category on the far right side titled "cumulative" . This designation in relation to the numbers makes no sense, as in the "X (sex chromosome) 800 154,913,754 151,058,754 99.1%" gets a value of 99.1 percent. I am deleting the word in the graph chart.--Mark v1.0 (talk) 18:46, 29 December 2015 (UTC)
- The first thing I noticed was the Y chromosome was listed at 100% , then another 100% below it.--Mark v1.0 (talk) 18:50, 29 December 2015 (UTC)
- I don't know why you think "cumulative %" doesn't make sense, or why you think changing it to simply "%" is better. Changing the heading for the column doesn't change the contents of the column, and the entries in the column are the cumulative percentage of sequenced base pairs as one proceeds down the table. Naturally, the percentage reaches 100% with the last entry since all base pairs have then been included in the cumulative amount. I'll restore the heading since it accurately describes the contents of the column. --R. S. Shaw (talk) 04:35, 2 January 2016 (UTC)
Graph-Chart column deletion[edit]
I propose to delete the cumulative column located on the far right. All it serves is the first (arbitrary) chromosome on the list. The rest of the numbers in the column have no merit to that particular chromosome.--Mark v1.0 (talk) 12:50, 10 January 2016 (UTC)
- Before seeing this, I went ahead and deleted the cumulative column and added a simple % columm (using nucleotide counts). I did this in part because of the discussion here and on my talk page. --R. S. Shaw (talk) 20:24, 11 January 2016 (UTC)
Nettie Stevens[edit]
How come Nettie Stevens isn't listed in this article? Would it be appropriate for us to work together to properly credit her? She could at least be mentioned in the list of contributors in the history section before a more significant accounting of her contributions is incorporated. 126.96.36.199 (talk) 15:05, 7 July 2016 (UTC)


text:
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Pascal Bizindavyi,
Country Director
Emery Emerimana
Communication and Public Relations
Since its inception by Marguerite Barankitse in 1993, Maison Shalom (House of Peace) has done all in its power to restore dignity to war or AIDS orphans, street children, young children and babies in prison (infants with their mothers), and the children of poverty-stricken parents. Since first taking charge of 25 war orphans in 1993, Maison Shalom has come to the aid of more than 20,000 orphans and other needy children.
As peace returns to Burundi, Maison Shalom has gradually changed its approach. We no longer wait for children in need to come to us: we go to them.
Our almost 19 years of experience working with vulnerable children have taught us that the best way to help them efficiently and sustainably is to develop the community in which they live. In addition to children, other categories of people – mothers with nursing difficulties caused by malnutrition and poor sick people – turn to Maison Shalom for assistance.
The root of the problem is obviously the extreme poverty of the families. We have therefore adopted a community approach. We go to the families and help them develop to the point of self-sufficiency.
We have moved on, leaving the emergency phase behind us and turning completely towards sustainable human development while never, of course, overlooking those in urgent need of aid.
Maison Shalom is unique because of the holistic approach of all its activities. It monitors the children it helps even after their reintegration into the community, to ensure that everything's going well. Its activities include all areas of integrated and sustainable development : health, education, culture, justice and income-generation. The focus is on agricultural and pastoral activities, the livelihood of over 90% of the population.
Maison Shalom works in all Burundi's provinces and in its neighbouring countries (Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo). In addition to our day-to-day work, it is our duty to call on all those involved in socio-economic, political and religious life to make an effort to restore dignity to our brothers and sisters in Burundi and to put a smile back on their faces: we want to set a living example of integrated development.
With our unshakeable belief in the success of our mission, our determination and the friendship of our partners and friends who hold us dear and support us, we are convinced that our dream to see every Burundian lead a decent life will come true.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
One Warren High prospect made a verbal commitment following the Lumberjacks' Class 3A state title game victory on Saturday, but don't expect wide receiver Bret Smith to follow suit.
Will Fellows Decision Influence Bret Smith
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|15 Reviews
|Separate WC's
|Property type
|Minimum Stay
|3 nights
Your booking will be backed by our Book with Confidence Guarantee when you complete your reservation online and finalise payment on HomeAway.Learn more
Ideal for families and friends who wish to spend time together in gracious, comfortable, relaxing surroundings, Visit England four-star Barnfield House is a light-filled, warm and well equipped family home on the edge of Hawkhurst village, with stunning countryside views from most rooms, and plenty of space for up to ten guests. Our stylish home has hosted multi-generation family gatherings, family-of-the-bride/groom groups, guests celebrating significant birthdays and friends' reunions. The youngest guest was a few months old, our oldest close to 90!
Accommodation is spread over three floors, with the ground floor devoted to generous living areas, five bedrooms and three bathrooms on the 1st floor, and a fourth bathroom and landing library on the 2nd floor. The living areas – large drawing room, sitting/TV room, study, and dining hall – are full of Asian antiques and artefacts, handsome furniture and comfy sofas. The kitchen is equipped for people who love to cook, and has an eight-seater farmhouse table for family meals overlooking the apple orchard. From the dining hall, bi-fold doors open onto a large deck with wisteria-covered pergola and 10-seater teak table. The views from here are magnificent, with lawns sloping towards farmland beyond the boundary, and a large unfenced pond. By the kitchen is another patio for BBQs and alfresco dining.
Not for nothing is Hawkhurst called the 'crossroads for the Weald'; It's the perfect base for exploring the many attractions of Kent and Sussex that keep families of all ages well entertained. Countryside drives reveal picturesque villages and pubs, including the Oak & Ivy Inn, famous gathering place for the infamous 18th century Hawkhurst smugglers. In addition to the famous National Trust and English Heritage historic castles, houses and gardens that attract many visitors to the area (Sissinghurst Gardens and the gardens of Great Dixter shouldn't be missed), there are many other experiences to consider, such as the Observatory Science Centre at Herstmonceux, Smugglers Adventure at Hastings, Hever Castle (home to Henry VIII's Ann Boleyn), and myriad museums covering everything from musical instruments to vintage cars, 1066 battlefields to 18th century smugglers. After all this activity, guests love returning to the comfort of Barnfield House. This 1938 home – made of Canadian cedar from its floorboards to roof shingles – has its own history: the large pond in the garden is thought to be the remains of an iron ore site from the middle ages.
Lovely, warm and comfortable space for all. We had a thoroughly enjoyable week. The kitchen and dining table has been a delight with the delightful round table a joy for evening games. Perfect for families.
The setting and size of the property allows for a very relaxed and tranquil get together. There is plenty of elbow room and the picturesque views over the Kent countryside at the end of the day really is beautiful. It's in a great location for the areas of interest around Kent.
The house was fantastic, lovely kitchen, breakfast dining and utility area with a fully equipped kitchen which made life so much easier for us on arrival. The main dining area had a fantastic view of the deck and the lovely grounds, as the weather was good we ate breakfast outside several times during our stay and the children loved the games and TV rooms which were very well stocked to keep everyone from 0 - 99 occupied including a great range of DVDs and music. The main lounge was wonderfully comfortable, as were all the bedrooms and the second floor area was a real find for the children in our party who used it as a den and private retreat for reading. We really couldn't have asked for more from the house and Flo the housekeeper and her husband were lovely when our food order arrived early, taking it in on our behalf before we arrived.
There was so much to do in the surrounding area, many NT and English Heritage places to visit, in addition to other historic homes and towns such as Hever Castle, Rye and Tonbridge Wells. With plenty of places to eat or get a takeaway we would have no hesitation in recommending the house to any and everyone, it was one of the loveliest places we've stayed in during our 18 years of holidaying in UK holiday homes/cottages. Thanks to Jenny and Philip for allowing us to use their beautiful home.
Living in the tropics, my holiday in Barnfield House was a wonderful experience of English spring in the country. The house was built in the 1930s and is a delightful, sprawling home loaded with character, comfy furniture and with gorgeous antiques in every corner. Every day we shopped in the village and cooked wonderful meals in the well equipped kitchen, which provided every gadget imaginable. We often ate outside on the big wooden deck under the wisteria vine. The garden views were vast and it was very quiet... Such a gift when coming from a busy town. The house was clean and well looked after, and is very well located for sight seeing, being within an easy drive of heritage sites, bluebell woods, famous gardens and historic towns. I had the best holiday for many years and plan to return next year with friends.
To call this a 4 star property is frankly dishonest. 1 star would be more the mark. The house was very shabby and frankly worn out. Peeling paint abounds everywhere, the owners gave up on maintenance a long, long time ago, carpets are old, frayed and in the drawing room stained. The quality of cleaning was very poor; one would hardly dare eat in the kitchen. Far from the kitchen being a chef's paradise, like the rest of the house it is old, dilapidated and past its prime by 20 years. The cooker was old, not clean and so warn out that the markings around the controls have disappeared, it is thus useless.
The crockery and cutlery was a mishmash of old mismatched, stained and chipped items and clutter everywhere throughout the house. The house had a aroma of old cigars and much worse, old dogs. We tried to spend as much time outside the house as possible. The photos which are published appear to have been taken many, many years ago.
The house appears to have been furnished via a container of very inexpensive from the far-east, the soft furnishings are cheap and uncomfortable.
The owners help themselves to your rent and then dump their two old bangers on the driveway which you are paying rent for, making turning difficult.
Every expense has been spared by these owners – don't book it !!!
We had a lovely time at Barnfield House over the New Year period. The kitchen was really well equipped and there was lots of space for a gathering of 9. The garden and views were fantastic and the kids loved the space.
Ten of us across 3 generations stayed at Barnfiekd House over the bank holiday weekend. We had a wonderful time. The house is beautiful, filled with lovely things (art, Knicks knacks, curios etc like a proper home) and practical things (everything you might need in a kitchen, loads of books across a wide range of topics, board games and outdoor activities to keep children entertained). The grounds are lovely, ideal for lazing with a good book. I must mention that the house was very clean and all linen and towels were pristine.
The village is also pretty. Camber sands (17miles) is a lovely beach. We also had fun fishing at the farm nearby - although 10 of us had to settle for a solitary tiny fish as catch of the day.
Worth mentioning - there is a very useful folder with helpful info about everything : location of tesco, taxi number, restaurants, operating instructions for all appliances etc.
Will definitely visit again AND recommend to friends.
Thank you jenny and philip for your prompt responses to all my queries
Located on the edge of Hawkhurst village on the Kent/Sussex border, our five-bedroom family home offers the perfect setting for exploring the Weald of Kent and southeast England. This is an area of outstanding natural beauty, as the far-reaching views from the house indicate, with public footpaths through farms, orchards and woodland. There's a wealth of attractions in the area for wonderful family outings, including National Trust and English Heritage properties, historic houses, heritage castles, and gardens – e.g. Bodiam Castle, Scotney Castle, Leeds Castle, Sissinghurst Gardens, Pashley Manor, Great Dixter, Batemans, Smallhythe Place. The historic towns of Cranbrook, Battle and Tunbridge Wells are a short drive away, as are the coastal towns of Rye and Hastings and the beach at Camber Sands. Outdoor activities including sailing and windsurfing at Bewl Reservoir, wakeboarding and kite surfing at Camber Sands, mountain biking and horseriding in Bedgebury, and golf (there's a golf course five minutes' walk from the house). You also have the pick of some wonderful local pubs and eateries, including Michelin-starred restaurants, and several award-winning vinyards.
|Rental Period
|Minimum Price
|Additional Nights
|Weekend Night
|Event Price
Autumn break
14 Oct 2016 - 31 Oct 2016
3 night minimum stay
for 3 nights
Winter 2015
1 Nov 2016 - 16 Dec 2016
3 night minimum stay
for 3 nights
|No additional mandatory fees
|Refundable Damage Deposit
3 night weekends ( FSS) or 4 night weekdays (MTWT) are available (shown as weekends in the rates above), at 75% of the full rate.
We require a 50% deposit to secure the booking, with the balance to be paid 60 days prior to arrival together with a returnable security deposit of £250 to cover damages or any extra cleaning required. If you choose to pay via HomeAway (instead of by direct bank transfer), we will deduct their payment handling fees (approx 3%) from the security deposit to ensure the full rental is paid.
Arrival time is from 4pm and departure is by 10am


text:
Anthony Wayne - Delayed 2 hours Archbold - Delayed 2 hours Arlington Local - Opening Late 2 hours Ayersville - Opening Late 2 hours Blissfield - Delayed 2 hours Bowling Green - Delayed 2 hours B.G. Christian - Delayed 2 hours Britton
Students in the figure drawing class taught by Professor Charlie Kanwischer, center, study the 'Face It' exhibit.
Dan Thompson is an excellent teacher who relates well to all students. He is caring, yet demanding. He makes math fun…not an easy thing to many students. Mr. Thompson has created several courses that reach students who are reluctant math
The students at Mason Senior High School were asked to vote for the teacher they felt deserved to be recognized at Teacher of the Month. Mr. Steve Bowers won, hands down. A teacher for 13 years, Steve also serves as the assistant varsity football
Southview High School.
FAVORITES: School Subject: Any science, but chemistry and anatomy in particular Extracurricular Activity: Varsity volleyball, Student Council Hobbies: Volleyball, volunteering, attending sporting events Car: Honda Civic Accura or Nissan Altima
FAVORITES: School Subject: Math Extracurricular Activity: Varsity soccer Hobbies: Fishing, snowboarding Car: Ferrari Store: PacSun Musical Artist: Jon Bellion Movie: Jason Bourne TV Show: Walking Dead FAST FACTS: Cafeteria food
FAVORITES: School Subject: Anatomy and Physiology Extracurricular Activity: Softball Hobbies: Sports, reading, Netflix Car: Unsure Store: Nike outlet Musical Artist: I can't choose! Movie: All Star Wars movies TV Show: Grey's
FAVORITES: School Subject: Chemistry Extracurricular Activity: Golf Hobbies: Listening to music, going to sporting events Car: Hummer Store: Zumez Musical Artist: Watsky Movie: Harry Potter TV Show: American Horror Story FAST FACTS:
Angela Young has been committed to Cardinal Stritch Catholic High School for over 30 years. She is known for preparing our students for the rigors of college through her English classes and leading the yearbook staff. She is


text:
Here Is the Most Expensive Purse in the World
Just in case you weren't feeling poor today.
The Guinness Book of World Records has deemed this $3.8 million heart-shaped clutch the most expensive bag in the world. Called the 1001 Nights Diamond Purse, it was designed by the House of Mouawad and encrusted with more than 4,517 diamonds (totaling 381.92 carats). [MSNBC]


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Skip to comments.Teesside man dies after downing pint of vodka [in four seconds]
Posted on 09/29/2010 9:57:19 PM PDT by Huntress
A man died after downing a pint of vodka in four seconds, an inquest heard.
Richard Davies, 29, from Thornaby, near Stockton, had been drinking with friends before the alcohol knocked him unconscious in January.
Mr Davies was found not breathing in a pool of his own blood, and died hours later.
Recording a verdict of misadventure, Teesside coroner Tony Eastwood said the alcohol in his system had killed him.
The hearing on Tuesday at Teesside Coroner's Court was told how the electrician's mate was five-and-a-half times the legal drink-drive limit and his body contained traces of the then-legal high mephedrone, which has since been banned.
However, Mr Eastwood said the alcohol in his system had killed him and that the mephedrone was not a contributing factor.
(Excerpt) Read more at bbc.co.uk ...
He should have listened to Dean Warmer. Chugging vodka in a few seconds is no way to go through life. I guess he will not need to worry about going through life in that condition.
Reminds me of the Irish tune, "Johnny Tar":
"The doctor looked him over, said 'ye better call the hearse,
But it's not what yer thinkin', it wasn' the drinkin'
this man died o' thirst!'"
To quote John Hiatt:
And the tag on his toe read 'Death by Misadventure'
Ain't that some way to go? Death by Misadventure
16 oz of booze in 4 seconds, over a half fifth....yah, I can see how that would do you in even starting from scratch.
most likely a pint chugged down by a sober person wouldn't result in Alcohol poisoning, but if a guy was already loaded it certainly would. I knew a guy in the army that almost died from alcohol poisoning doing something very like that.
I would think if most people tried that the alcohol would come right back up before hitting bottom.
Well, actually, stupidity killed him. The alcohol embalmed him.
Most people yes, but not long time heavy drinkers. When I was drinking I could have done it and kept it down easy.
It is sort of a two step fall down a steep mountainside.
You have probably had a brainfreeze from a malt or slushy or smoothie type of drink. Step 1 is sort of like the brain freeze, except the sensation is not of cold but of an escalating pressure, like a vice grip on the skull, especially at the temples and between the eyes, and at the back of the skull.
Step 2 is a shift in sensations. Just as the vice grip pressure seems to reach an unbearable point and one wishes the skull would just go ahead and collapse just to end it all, one suddenly slides down into a profound descending stupor. Remember the witch after Dorothy throws water on her? One's cognitive abilities begin to deliquesce and dissolve just like the witch. The clamping pressure on the skull is still there, but caring about it kind of slides off, and it becomes distant and dull. Awareness draws off a great distance, and can even disappear for a while.
Much later, one rouses in a very weak and sickened condition, with a renewed sense of wonder, remorse and nausea.
So I have . . . been told.
Yes. Like lifting weights, except bad.
It depends on the person, what they might have in their stomach, how much they've already consumed, etc.
Saw a guy go into a coma in college from drinking 27 shots of cheap nasty vodka in quick succession (within 30 minutes or so) one night on an empty stomach. Upperclassmen who had a little more experience with booze were counseling him to not do this, but he would not be dissuaded. I'd guess his weight at about 150, and he was an experienced drinker of hard liquor. He'd been getting progressively deeper into the bottle from the second day of his first semester, and this was week 12 out of 16. He had gotten to a point where he was sneaking liquor into classrooms and drinking most all of his waking moments, and with all of that, he still had alcohol poisoning.
We never saw him again. Never got a straight story on whether or not he died. His room mate came back from the library, found him passed out and barely breathing and called the EMT's. The EMT's came, took him away and that was the last we saw or heard of him. No one in a position to know would answer any of our questions. That, we found really odd.
Another guy decided to drink a 12oz cup of Everclear in two big slugs at a dorm party. About two minutes after he finished, he fell to his knees, wobbled a bit, fell over backwards. It was as if he fainted in slow-mo. This time, we had a guy in the crowd who was a volunteer EMT in his hometown - and he stuck his finger down the guy's throat, got him to puke up at least some of the booze and (again) we called the EMT's. This guy pulled out of it that night, probably in large part to the quick thinking of the EMT classmate.
Last case was a girl from South Dakota who came east, who had been raised in a very strict household - no booze, no boys, etc. Well, she's in her fourth week as a freshman and already going more than a little wild. She downs a fifth of schnapps while in an outdoors class that is out in the Adirondaks on a camping trip. This was after she ate dinner, such as it was on a camping trip. I think she took about 10 minutes to down the whole bottle, and she proceeds to start hitting on any guy with a pulse in the group, and then passed out in 10 minutes, quickly going hypothermic.
She was OK the next morning, but had us really worried there for about three hours.
Some people can handle booze. Some can't. Regardless, it isn't an especially well-advised move to chug liquor.
I had a similar experience once at my brother's house. Only it involved a rocking chair followed by a quick trip down the hall where I discovered projectile vomiting at a pressure riviling Bellagio fountains. His walls were a mess.
We never saw him again. Never got a straight story on whether or not he died. His room mate came back from the library, found him passed out and barely breathing and called the EMTs. The EMTs came, took him away and that was the last we saw or heard of him. No one in a position to know would answer any of our questions. That, we found really odd.
If he had died, there would have been a police investigation. Most likely parents or other family came and got him, and the school hushed the incident.
I saw this at a trade school with a student who gradually went insane. It so happened that I saw his parents bundling him into their car during classes. The physical resemblances were such that these were clearly his parents. That evening, the dorm resident adviser packed out his stuff in cartons and drove off with them, the next day his workbench was cleared and that was that.
Ah. Good stuff. Still not as strong as what used to be available in Spain in the late sixties, only went by the name of "Puro". Max alchohol content, except for the 4% lost through exposure to air.
I can see death by alchohol, but what's this about a "pool of his own blood"?
In my younger years I was challenged at a party to drink a large quantity of vodka in a short amoutn of time. I chugged until my lips started to go numb, then paused to rub my mouth, then proceeded to finish. It was in a tupperware container so I can't say for sure how much actual volume it was, but I made it outside to get some fresh air and immediately barfed in the rose bushes next to the driveway. It was only in my system for a very short while but I was terribly hung over the next day and I hadn't been doing much drinking beforehand that evening.
Would never do that again, that's for sure.
God called in today.
L.A. in the summer of '69
I went downtown and bought me some wine
Oh, I drank it down under the table
I said: "Watch me now, I'm gonna eat the label!"
Well I'm a wino man
Don't you know I am?
36, 24, hips about 30
I seen a fine lady and I started talkin' dirty
Boy, she looked over at me and she raised the thumb
She said: "Jam down the road, you fun-ba-bum-bum"
I'm a wino man
Don't you know I am?
I went to the country
And while I was gone
I lost control of my body functions
On a roller-headed lady's front lawn
I'm so ashamed, but I'm a wino man
I can't help myself
I've been drinkin' all night till my eyes got red
Stumbled on the gutter and busted my head
Bugs in my zoot suit, been scratchin' like a dog
I can't stand no water, and I stink like a hog
Give me a five dollar bill
And an overcoat too
Give me a five dollar bill
And an overcoat too
A five dollar bill and an overcoat too
A five dollar bill and a Florsheim shoe
I reluctantly confess to my own misjudgement in this matter.
I had a lifelong desire to compete musically at a national competition and in order to compete nationally, one's group must have won the right to advance to the national competition by placing first or second in their own state competition.
The group I was in had just returned to competing after a break of about five years. This was their first competition since I joined them.
We had just won the state title and were having a customary after victory celebration later in the evening. I partook of a few drinks but before I say how many I had, I must also say that I usually don't drink amy alcohol at all.
I decided on Long Island Iced teas because I had heard that they were very mild going down. I lost count after 7 of them and after the celebration was over, and I was walking back to our motel room, I had to pause because the motel wall was in danger of falling down. I blame it on faulty construction.
My son was following me back to the room and he burst out laughing at the situation. e didn't think it was the wall that was so unsteady.
Anyway, I wound up spending the night sleeping in the shower and not feeling very good the following morning. In fact, I was feeling so bad my son wound up driving us home.
Basically, the bottom line is that what went down so smoothly and without any discomfort or problem didn't stay dowm and came up with a lot of discomfort and left aftereffects which lasted about 24 hours.
From experience, I can asy that we can't go on feelings or sensations alone because they may not be present early on even though they may strongly manifest themselves later on.
Anyway, after a night of particularly hard drinking on base, his stash ran out and the PX was closed. So he decided he was going to steal a jeep from the motor pool and drive it into town to get some more.
Well there was a barbed wire fence surrounding it and in climbing that fence, he slipped at the top and (at least in the biological sense) he was a man no more. He ripped his testicles and penis clean off. Now maybe there was some urban myth there but suffice to say, after his medical treatment, whatever actually happened to him, he was quickly discharged out of the Marines.
Back when I was 20, I downed a fifth of peppermint schnapps in 15 minutes. Passed out 15 minutes after that and left vomit trails around the apartment.
Still cannot stand the smell of peppermint to this day. Needless to say, I don't eat any. After another misadventure a few months later, I quit drinking.
It will mess you up real bad, at least most normal people.
Didn't know it was poison, did we?
I think you are right. I recently tried a shot of Cognac at a friend's house and let's just say it wasn't pretty. What goes down sometimes comes right back up. I'm sticking to iced tea and diet soda from now on.
Ewwww! Absolutely disgusting LOL
"I discovered projectile vomiting at a pressure rivaling Bellagio fountains. His walls were a mess."
"Death by Misadventure" - you don't see that much on death certificates anymore. It is the title of a very cool Ted Nugent tune though.
A buddy of mine in the navy did that in port. He had to be carried to the ship's medical on a stretcher. He'd been in trouble with alcohol before and so this was the last straw. The navy kicked him out. Shame too. He was a good guy, just drank too much and the navy isn't tolerating this stuff anymore like they used to.
I remember lying on the floor to watch TV when the ceiling started to spin like a propeller. I ran upstairs and flung open the door to the bathroom, only to find about nine other kids puking their guts out. I muscled my way in at the bathtub and proceeded to endure about two hours of the dry heaves, all the time begging God to help me. I'm surprised that my girlfriend got that odor out of the bathroom before her Parents came back on Monday. The smell would have gagged a maggot.
That was the last time I ever did anything that stupid.
The Imperial pint is bigger than the US pint. More than half a liter.
Yeah, they kicked my buddy out of the army also, and this was back in the 1960s(early 1961). Damaging government property, they also brought two guys up on charges for getting sun burned so badly they couldn't report for duty. Your body belongs to the government when you are in the service!
Yep I can not stand to drink orange juice to this day. Horrible.
I have 1/2 vodka martini and I'm a zombie for 2 days....
They get drunk, slide into a coma and die. Similar incidents have occurred many times. I remember one where a guy drank 17 martinis (gin or vodka plus a little vermouth) in an hour and died.
Alcohol is a poison if not taken in moderation. A blood alcohol level of .4% is like driving 180 mph. No way it can be called "moderate".
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.


text:
realmagick.com The shrine of knowledge.
A selection of articles related to nemon.
Original articles from our library related to the Nemon. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Nemon.
- Morrighan (the), Morrigan, Morrigu
- ("Great Queen", "Specter Queen", "Supreme War Goddess" or "Queen of Phantoms or Demons") Irish/Celtic. The Dark aspect of the Celtic Triple Goddess. Crone aspect of the Goddess. Great Mother. Moon Goddess. Great White...
Deities & Heros >> Celtic, Welsh, Irish & Brittish
Nemon is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Nemon books and related discussion.
Suggested News Resources
- Pablo Serrano-Vitorino caught: Suspect in 5 killings deported 12 years ago
- Nemon News on March 9 reports a citizen in the area where Serrano-Vitorino was captured called police to say he was just approached by a man with a gun. The caller was able to get away then he called to report the incident.
- Fitzhughs to celebrate 50th anniversary
- Mrs. Fitzhugh is the daughter of the late Thenious and Chester Maxwell of Wooster, Ark. Mr.
- Barbara Stark-Nemon
- Barbara Stark-Nemon (www.barbarastarknemon.com) grew up in Michigan, listening to her family's stories of their former lives in Germany, which became the basis and inspiration for Even in Darkness, her first novel.
- Plagiatsaffäre: Hochschule erkennt von der Leyen den Doktortitel nicht ab
- von Claire Nemon. Frau Dr. med.
- Freud's Forgotten Sculptor
- None of Nemon's subsequent representations of Freud — nor any full-sized statues of Freud, period — can be found in the city where he lived and worked for most of his life.
Great care has been taken to prepare the information on this page. Elements of the content come from factual and lexical knowledge databases, realmagick.com library and third-party sources. We appreciate your suggestions and comments on further improvements of the site.
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text:
Skip to comments.Jackson's Dad Says He Whipped Michael [shrug]
Posted on 11/15/2003 12:35:16 PM PST by mhking
LONDON Michael Jackson's father says he never beat his son but admits in a TV interview to be broadcast Sunday that he whipped him.
Joe Jackson told the British Broadcasting Corp. that he whipped Michael with a switch and a belt but says he never dealt out a beating.
"You beat someone with a stick," the BBC quoted him as saying in a story on its Web site Friday.
The pop singer has consistently accused his father of beating him as a child.
The interview was conducted by Louis Theroux in a hotel room in an unspecified location in the United States and overseen by a man, Majestik Magnificent, who described himself as Michael Jackson's personal magician.
Magnificent is frequently heard interrupting the interview, at one point threatening to call it off when Jackson is asked several questions about his son's alleged facial plastic surgery.
Jackson says Michael can do what he likes with his nose, which is alleged to have been repeatedly rebuilt through plastic surgery, claims which the pop singer has consistently denied.
When asked about Michael's comments that he was so nervous seeing his father that he regurgitates, Joe Jackson's comment is, "He regurgitates all the way to the bank."
The television program follows unsuccessful attempts by Theroux, who is known in Britain for his often tongue-in-cheek interviews with celebrities, to gain an interview with the 45-year-old pop superstar himself.
Just damn.
If you want on the new list, FReepmail me. This IS a high-volume PING list...
Wouldn't you?
For the man, well, person, who has everything.
At least Jackson Sr. let him see his mother without an appointment weeks in advance.
That's actually very funny and very true. Wasn't Michael the richest man in the world or very close to it at one time? Since he obtained his stardom as a child, he can thank his dad for it all --- and I haven't seen him trying to give any of it up.
I was just going to say... I couldn't imagine being MJ's parents and having to see him like that.
But I guess the money he made for them is real enough.
No kidding, this man sounds sick. "he regurgitates all the way to the bank.." that's a sick response, and it sounds like an envious one as well.
This man looks satanic.
And good thing he didn't mess up the rest of the kids.... ;)
Good choice.
Of all the dogs that I have ever owned the dobermans were the most sensitive. I have owned three and I never found it necessary to do more then clap my hands and say "No!" in a firm voice to control them.
The dog will have it's revenge some day. And then we will hear the whining of people who want to ban dobermans.
I still can't believe someone told me he beat his dog in an attempt to impress me.
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.


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Unfortunately, cleansing your face isn't enough to make acne flee. To battle pimples, you'll need ammunition in the form of over-the-counter or prescription treatments. Benzoyl peroxide kills the bacteria that causes acne, so it's highly effective as a preventative measure. Likewise, salicylic acid can keep pores from clogging.
When that's not enough, a dermatologist can offer help. Oral and topical antibiotics, topical retinoid creams, and chemical peels can all make a difference.


text:
An 86-year-old Bryant woman is dancing circles around those half her age in this week's Full of Life story.People who know Lillie Bacus know she has a love for life and for those around her, and she wouldn't have it any other way.
Bacus may use a cane to get around in her everyday activities but she'll drop it in a minute to get on the dance floor.
Every Wednesday Ms. Bacus heats up the dance floor at the Bryant Senior Center.
Originally from Jackson County, Miss., Bacus raised five children of her own and today has so many grandchildren and great-grandchildren they're hard to count.
She said it's her love of family that keeps her going strong.
"I'm just happy I've come this far," Bacus said. "I've got a great family and I'm really proud of myself and proud of my family."
Even with all the family, Bacus still enjoys meeting new people.
She was a greeter at the local Wal-mart for over 18 years and was honored many times for the great attitude she brought to her job.
"She's just a loving, wonderful, caring person. She makes the most of each day and doesn't waste a minute," Bacus' daughter Maude Caudle said. "She has an attitude, a philosophy of 'Wherever I'm planted, I'm gonna bloom.' And she's really bloomed."


text:
Youth DevelopmentWe believe the values and skills learned early on are vital building blocks for life. Because of the Y, more young people in neighborhoods around the nation are taking a greater interest in learning and making smarter life choices. At the Y, children and teens learn values and positive behaviors, and can explore their unique talents and interests, helping them realize their potential. That makes for confident kids today and contributing and engaged adults tomorrow.
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Model: GF058
This item is on CLOSEOUT. When we are sold out, we will not be reordering so take advantage of this great sale price!
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FORT WORTH - Texas Christian hired Jim Christian away from Kent State, hoping his penchant for 20-win men's basketball seasons with the Golden Flashes translates to the Horned Frogs.
Christian was introduced during a news conference Saturday afternoon.
Christian was 138-58 in six years at Kent State, winning at least 20 games each season. The Golden Flashes were 28-7 this year, losing in the first round of the NCAA tournament to Nevada-Las Vegas.
Neil Dougherty was fired by TCU on March 16, three days after a 14-16 season ended. He had a year left on his contract. Dougherty was 75-108 in his six seasons.
- The Associated Press
© 2016. All Rights Reserved. | Contact Us


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Cleveland prospect has affinity for Buckeyes
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So where do you guys always go to get your trumpet books? Do you go to Amazon, or the local music store? I just want to see what you do to convince me to go one way or the other. Happy Playing!
So where do you guys always go to get your trumpet books? Do you go to Amazon, or the local music store? I just want to see what you do to convince me to go one way or the other. Happy Playing!
It depends on where you live. Large cities tend to have well-stocked music stores. I live in NYC, I rarely buy music online.
Be sure Brain is engaged before putting Mouthpiece in gear.
S.Suark 1951
Since we know you are in Ohio you shoudn't have any problem finding a full service music store. If that doesn't work try Sheet music of Portland. It is a very good store in Portland, Oregon. They are always at trumpet guild with a truck load of music and books. I have been to their store in Portland and they are a reputable store. Try your home town first. Help keep your local music store in business.
"I was performing professionally at age 17 and have never had a real job." Allen Vizzutti
Well I live in the middle of nowhere up in the northeast corner. The closest city is Mentor then Cleveland. To mentor would take 45 minutes at least and Cleveland takes 1 hr ast least. My parents aren't big drivers unless they are looking for something, plus I don't know many music stores in those areas. Pennsylvania is the other possibility but I don't want to drive forever looking for a store which we don't even know what they have to offer. Since I am my rural area, I will most likely shop on Amazon. That is just my best way of getting what I need, unless you know a place nearby that has good books (such as Arbans and Irons). Thanks for the input though.
Go with the internet. Living in a big city can spoil you. Shop around for the best deals on the web.
Good hunting,
Be sure Brain is engaged before putting Mouthpiece in gear.
S.Suark 1951
I agree with Mr Wise. I've been lucky with Ebay. As long as the books aren't marked up too bad, you might get something a little cheaper this way.
Sheet Music Plus is pretty good. Robert King is a great place to get stuff...but the website is a little frustrating.
I just got a couple of books from Amazon, alot cheaper than stores, plus free shipping!
You can get "The Total Embouchure" on line thru e-bay for very cheap ($5.99) as an e-book download. Read the comments about it from people who have bought it....apparently its pretty good!
Stanton Music in Columbus or Volkwein Music in Pittsburgh.
Maybe too far on both accounts.
Bach player
Mike Lockman
[email protected]
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text: health insurance exchange Health Insurance Rates Set To Rise In Kansas, Missouri By Dave Ranney • Jun 2, 2015 Bigstock Two of the three companies that sell individual-market policies for Kansans on the federally administered health insurance marketplace are proposing significant premium increases for 2016. Rate increases proposed by Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Kansas, the state's largest insurer, range from 35 percent to 39 percent. Aetna and Coventry Health Company, which merged in 2013, requested rate increases of 20 percent to 35 percent. Navigators Share Strategies For Obamacare Enrollment By Mike Sherry • Oct 10, 2014 Mike Sherry / Hale Center for Journalism at KCPT Meridith Berry and her team learned a valuable lesson at an event where they were encouraging Hispanics to purchase coverage through the health insurance marketplace established by the Affordable Care Act: don't use green card stock. Survey: Most Buying On Insurance Exchanges Weren't Previously Covered By Julie Appleby • Jun 19, 2014 Kaiser Health News Nearly six in 10 Americans who bought insurance for this year through the health law's online marketplaces were previously uninsured—most for at least two years, according to a new survey that looks at the experiences of those most affected by the law. Obamacare Enrollees In Missouri And Kansas Pay Less Than $100 A Month With Tax Credits By Dan Margolies • Jun 18, 2014 A new report analyzing health plan enrollment through the federal Health Insurance Marketplace shows that most people who signed up — about 70 percent — are paying less than $100 a month for coverage after their advance tax credits are accounted for and nearly half those who enrolled are paying less than $50 per month. Health Enrollments Through Federal Exchange Double In Missouri And Kansas By Dan Margolies & Alex Smith • May 1, 2014 Federal health exchange enrollments more than doubled in Missouri and nearly doubled in Kansas in the weeks leading up to the enrollment deadline, according to figures released by the government Thursday. In Missouri, enrollment through the federal marketplace shot up to 152,335 - a 105 percent increase over the number who selected a health plan by the end of February. In Kansas, enrollment increased to 57,013 - a 95 percent jump over February. Report Finds 525,000 Missourians Will Be Eligible For Insurance Subsidies By Marshall Griffin • Apr 8, 2013 More than 525,000 Missourians will be eligible to receive government subsidies to purchase private health insurance, according to a report released Thursday by the advocacy group Families USA. Missouri's Health Exchange: A Story Of Unrequited Love By Elana Gordon • Feb 14, 2013 bigstock.com For more than a year, Secretary Kathleen Sebelius and others at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services have been courting states to take part in setting up and running a health insurance exchange. But Missouri, home of an enthusiastic governor and opposing legislature, keeps sending mixed messages. Now, with Friday's deadline looming for states to commit to joining the feds in setting up an exchange, it appears as though HHS will be flying solo in the Show-Me state. Feds To Set Up Insurance Exchanges In Kansas And Missouri By Elana Gordon • Nov 8, 2012 bigstock.com Neither Kansas nor Missouri will be involved in setting up a health exchange, according to announcements by both governors Thursday. Coming To A Missouri Ballot This Fall: Another Health Care Referendum By Elana Gordon • Jun 8, 2012 KCUR This fall, voters in Missouri will face a number of decisions: picking state and congressional representatives, the President. But also on the ballot will be a measure that like two years ago, has to do with the federal health law. Top Of The Morning News: Thursday, January 26, 2012 By Maria Carter • Jan 26, 2012 A daily digest of headlines from KCUR. Missouri Lawmakers Look To Streamline School District Takeover Health Insurance Exchange On Hold In Missouri Council Committee Approves Tax Credits For West Edge NBAF Could Create 600 Permanent Jobs Kids Push To Make Jumping Jacks Missouri's Official State Exercise Local Company Launches Health Exchange (Sort Of) By Elana Gordon • Jan 24, 2012 Elana Gordon / KCUR Driving on I-35 and around downtown, you may have noticed several billboards popping up, advertising a "KC Exchange." It's a reference to the health exchanges outlined in the Affordable Care Act, aimed at helping individuals and small businesses comparison shop for health plans.


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