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Ciara Princess Harris (born October 25, 1985), known mononymously as Ciara, is an American singer, songwriter, record producer, dancer, actress and fashion model.Soundtrack: Unstoppable (2010) · Coach Carter (2005) · Step Up (2006) · Land of the Lost (2009). Born: Ciara Princess Harris October 25 , 1985 in Austin, Texas, USAWhen it comes to river cruising, Viking River Cruises is the world leader. Book the trip of a lifetime, and save on 2015 and 2016 cruises.1 Albums. 1.1 Studio albums; 1.2 Compilation albums; 1.3 Extended plays; 1.4 Video albums; 2 Singles. 2.1 As lead artist; 2.2 As featured artist; 2.3 Promotional singlesAlături de Viaţa şi peripeţiile lui Alexis Zorbas şi de Hristos răstignit din nou, Ultima ispită a lui Hristos rămâne una dintre cele mai cunoscute lucrări ...Music video by Ciara performing Promise. (C) 2006 LaFace Records LLCFeatures HTML and graphics tutorials with online samples. Forums, and newsletter.1/7/2013 · FM JWBK260/Dahmer July 31, 2008 16:10 Char Count= RESTAURANT SERVICE basicsI just became part of Ciara's #CiaraMosaic at http://2mosai.cc/ciaraF lying Squirrel Sighting map from Visitors Guest Book and Comments Entries. Click on the map for a full page view. Flying Squirrel Sighting Report Location Index
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Pel The Patriarch (Inspector Pel)
Juliet Hebden's third crime novel features the terrifying spectre of a rapist. Unpredictable and capable of any kind of savagery, his actions cause murder and mayhem. The rapist's awful crimes threaten to destroy the festive mood of Christmas. Only the quirky and ever-likeable Chief Inspector Pel can pit his wits against the mind of a madman. 'A joy to read. . .filled with the sounds, smells and tastes of France. . .a must for the growing number of Pel fans and other assorted Francophiles' - Financial Times
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It was 1988 when Tom Hanks hosted the game show parody 'Jew, Not A Jew' on Saturday Night Live and for whatever reason the game lives on!
Every day people ask Google if this person or that person is Jewish, and many times they come to JewishJournal.com for the answer.
Are these searchers Jewish folks on a pride quest? Anti-Semites looking to confirm their twisted conspiracy theories? Or ordinary folks wondering about other peoples' ethnic/religious background for their own individual reasons? We don't know. Do you?
Here are some of the most recent searches:
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This late addition just started showing up on the logs: Michael B. Mukasey, the purported nominee to replace Alberto Gonzalez as Attorney General.
Our story sure doesn't answer the 'is he Jewish' question vis-a-vis Mukasey. Wikipedia does, however.
I think we just have one of the rare web pages that has both his name and the word 'Jewish!'
Still, hits is hits! :-) And mazel tov, Judge Mukasey!
—Dennis Wilen
View our privacy policy and terms of service.


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Comprehensive Description
Description of Acinetidae
Suctorian ciliates, lorica, often stalked; tentacles in few fascicles, or distributed over body; free-living, or if attached to prey, never intracellular; swarmers, small, ovoid, with oblique somatic kineties.
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Pejac's Latest Public Interventions in Rijeka, Croatia
Couple of months after a successful London solo show, Pejac visited Rijeka in Croatia where he did a short art residency invited by the local Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art. During his 2 weeks stay, Spanish artist created 3 new elaborate public works left for the locals and visitors to discover.October 25, 2016
Alex Gardner: The Meaning of Life
Sometimes you ask all the wrong questions and you get what you deserve. I misunderstood Alex Gardner's paintings, and in an effort to explain them, he mentioned considering the meaning of life, which is exactly what most painters are striving for. Art is a way to filter the chaos and represent whatever visual story means something to us in an effort to navigate the inevitable and overexposed existentialism of new generations.October 24, 2016
KAWS "Where The End Starts" @ Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth
As we previously informed, on October 20the Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth opened their 2nd, long awaited exhibition by Brian Donnelly aka KAWS. Along with revealing around 100 key examples of KAWS's work, the opening marked a release of a new merchandise and limited editions.October 24, 2016


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Bethalto Eagles Bethalto Eagles 1 Embroidered Wool Blend Flat Visor Pro-Style Snapback Cap
Founded in 2004, the Bethalto Eagles Baseball/Softball Club provides opportunities for competitive baseball and softball for Bethalto-area boys and girls ages 8 through 15. We are proud to provide the opportunity for skilled players to compete while helping to fill the gap between existing opportunities including area recreational leagues to our local high school programs. For more information, contact us Here!
The Rest of the Tournament is CANCELLED. An email will go out next week with the refund information.
USSSA Rules
Rule the Roost Information and Rules
Individual Pool Play Times and Results
Master Schedule
Congratulations to our 3rd Annual Rule the Roost Tournament Winners
8U - Central Illinois Swing
9U - Central Illinois Swing
11U - Brighton Bombers
12U - Jerseyville Panthers
13U - Wood River Oilers
The Bethalto Eagles would like to thank all of the teams that participated in our 2nd Annual Rule the Roost Tournament!! We look forward to bringing it back next year. Here are the results of the tournament:
8U - Team Illini
10U - Edwardsville Tigers - Black
11U - Team Illini - 10U
12U - Wood River Oilers
14U - Edwardsville Dirty Sox Tigers
Congratulations to all of the Rule the Roost Tournament Champions!!


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The Bohorok Orangutan Centre at Bukit Lawang
The Bohorok Centre for ex-captive Sumatran orangutans was established in 1973 by two Swiss zoologists, Regina Frey and Monica Boerner, with funding originally provided by the Frankfurt Zoological Society (FZS) and the World Wildlife Fund (WWF). In 1980 the Centre was taken over by the Indonesian Government. Since then it has received virtually no outside funding, and it no longer operates as a rehabilitation centre for orangutans.
More than 200 orangutans were released. into the Gunung Leuser National Park. The centre has been closed to admitting more orangutans since 1996, as it no longer met modern standards of species re-introduction. Furthermore, the area is already over-saturated with orangutans, and therefore not suitable for releasing more rehabilitants. Releasing ex-captive apes into areas of forest where wild populations exist also risks importing disease. For these and other valid reasons, Bohorok cannot be modified and updated to function again as a rehabilitation centre.
The area remains open to tourists, providing the incredible opportunity of viewing orangutans in the semi-wild on forest treks, an experience which galvanizes support for their conservation and well-being, and fuels the local economy.
It is essential that visitors refrain from touching or feeding the orangutans as they are susceptible to many human illnesses which their immune systems cannot deal with.
Orangutan Viewing
Tourists are still able to see the semi-wild orangutans on forest treks with local guides and rangers. It is a marvellous sight to see them swinging freely through the jungle. Tourists are delighted how close up they can view these amazing animals, although it is imperative that there is no direct contact and the rangers ensure that visitors maintain a reasonable distance.
SOS and our partners, the Orangutan Information Centre, have been running an ecotourism development programme in Bukit Lawang - read more about it here.


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From the Back Cover
"America's leading forensic psychiatrist" (Star magazine) opens a window on Casey Anthony's psyche and the dynamics within her family that explores the question: "Why is Caylee Anthony dead?"
The trial of twenty-five-year-old Casey Anthony for the death of her daughter, Caylee, was the most sensational case in America since O. J. Simpson's―with a verdict every bit as stunning. After being acquitted in July 2011, Ms. Anthony instantly became one of the most infamous women in the world. Dr. Keith Ablow distills tens of thousands of pages of documents he has obtained; his behind-the-camera, one-on-one interviews; and his decades of experience in the world of forensic psychiatry to make sense of a woman whose defense attorney described her as an innocent victim of childhood sexual abuse, but the state insisted was a cold-blooded murderer. Inside the Mind of Casey Anthony delivers an incisive, riveting study of this troubled young woman.
"Keith Ablow's work stands alone."
―Ann Rule
* With 8 pages of dramatic photographs *--This text refers to an alternate Hardcover edition.


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Get an overview of this hotelHotel in Overland Park with free breakfast and indoor pool
Situated in Overland Park, this hotel is within 6 mi (10 km) of Oak Park Mall, Wonderscope Children's Museum of Kansas City, and Tomahawk Hills Golf Course. Argentine Carnegie Library and Country Club Plaza are also within 9 mi (15 km).
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This hotel features an indoor pool, a fitness center, and a spa tub. Free buffet breakfast, free WiFi in public areas, and free self parking are also provided. Other amenities include a 24-hour business center, a 24-hour front desk, and express check-out.
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All 85 rooms provide conveniences like refrigerators and coffee makers, plus free WiFi and LCD TVs. Other amenities available to guests include free newspapers, hair dryers, and phones.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!Opens in a new window
Hampton Inn & Suites Kansas City-Merriam7400 West Frontage Rd Overland Park KS 66203
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
In addition to an indoor pool, Hampton Inn & Suites Kansas City-Merriam provides a spa tub and a fitness center. High-speed wireless Internet access is complimentary. A 24-hour business center is on site. A complimentary breakfast is offered each morning. Event facilities measure 816 square feet (73 square meters). This Overland Park hotel also offers express check-out and a safe deposit box at the front desk. Complimentary self parking is available on site.
Hampton Inn & Suites Kansas City-Merriam has designated areas for smoking.
- 24-hour front desk
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- Number of floors - 4
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Children and extra beds
- Children are welcome.
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- Free cribs (infant beds)!
- Pets not allowed
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on property policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
Optional extras
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Hotel Name
- Hampton Inn Hotel City-Merriam Kansas
- Hampton Inn Kansas City-Merriam
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- Hampton Inn Kansas City-Merriam Hotel
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We should mention
The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation.


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Located in Toyama, Tateyama Kokusai Hotel is in the mountains, minutes from Mt. Tate, and close to Ohyama-Machi Historical Folkloristic Material Museum. This hotel is within the vicinity of Green Park Yoshiime and Shomyo Falls.
Make yourself at home in one of the 56 air-conditioned rooms featuring refrigerators. Complimentary wireless Internet access keeps you connected, and satellite programming is available for your entertainment. Private bathrooms with shower/tub combinations feature deep soaking bathtubs and complimentary toiletries. Conveniences include phones, as well as safes and desks.
Dip into one of the 2 spa tubs or enjoy other recreational amenities including hot springs and a sauna. Additional features at this hotel include complimentary wireless Internet access, gift shops/newsstands, and wedding services. Guests can get around on the complimentary shuttle, which operates within 3 km.
Enjoy a satisfying meal at a restaurant serving guests of Tateyama Kokusai Hotel.
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Featured amenities include complimentary newspapers in the lobby, a 24-hour front desk, and multilingual staff. Event facilities at this hotel consist of conference space and meeting rooms. A train station pick-up service is provided at no charge, and free self parking is available onsite.


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Tag Archives: Alfonzo Rachel
ZoNation: Right-Wingers and Bible-Thumpers Are the Real Threat
Why Democrats Are Still the Party of Slavery
By: Brent Parrish It has always floored me how the Republican Party seemingly allows the Democrats and the Left to paint them as racists. What amazes me even more is how successful the Democrats have been at rewriting their own … Continue reading →
Does Michelle Obama Only Represent the Black Community?
AlfonZo Rachel fillets Michelle Obama in this classic vid … and but good.
AlfonZo Guts #EarthDay
Filthy commies.
Religious Freedom in Indiana Attacked by Famous, Rich Liberals | ZoNation
YouTube/PJ Media: Famous, rich, wealthy, influential liberals, from Cher to Kareem Jabbar using their status to oppose RFRA. They're cultural icons, who's backward world view is valued by millions. Also here's the link Zo Mentioned in the video! If you … Continue reading →
Liberals Are Distorting the Bible to Advance Their Political Agenda | ZoNation
YouTube/PJ Media: The Bible does not tell Christians to deny goods and services to gay people, but Zo thinks liberals should stop using the Bible to bully Christians.
ZoNation: Liberals' Love-Hate Relationship with Science [Video]
YouTube/PJ Media: Liberals love to parade 'science' around as their replacement for God. They love science! Except they don't like drug companies … hmmm …
Zo's Take on Ferguson: Democrat Cities Are Dangerous Places to Live
YouTube/PJ Media: St. Louis, LA, NYC, Milwaukee, Atlanta, Oakland, Cleveland … what do they have in common? They are all run by Democrats, and all have problems with police brutality.
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PJTV: A White Privilege Conference—What's PC About That?
YouTube/PJ Media: The White Privilege Conference is offered up as an answer to fix racial strife in America. This is like offering up candy shaped and colored like veggies to fix obesity. Related: Y'all Gonna Make Me Lose My Mind!


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text: Champagne plays a large role in our pop-culture psyche. From movies to elite soiree's, to a quick way to get drunk. Champagne is an important object in the world of prestige and social ladders – it is the one object that separates and divides – even when we're not aware of it. In the magazine [Read More…]


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Cheers and jeers: Lofty goals, people who won't be stopped, impassioned discourse (and rudeness)
As summer turns to fall, we enter a new season of school classes, sporting and recreation events, the wrap of construction projects… and the ramping up of political contests. It's a time of change, and as such can be both exhilarating and frustrating. Which brings me to roll out a few autumn 2012 cheers and jeers:
• They may have sparked some fierce discussion at the recent Snoqualmie Valley School District board meeting. But I've got a cheer for Carolyn Simpson and Geoff Doy's latest proposal to push for more college prep by teachers and students.
The proposal is no surprise—Simpson made this a plank of her election campaign one year ago. Recognizing that college careers aren't necessarily right for every student, and that the nuts and bolts of the idea have to be hashed out in a way that includes the folks on the front lines of education—the teachers, administrators and students themselves—why shouldn't lofty goals be, if not greenlighted, at least explored? Local students have the same potential as all Eastside pupils.
• A hearty cheer to North Bend for fixing Boalch Avenue. The aroma of fresh pavement is a welcome bouquet on that boulevard. However, I'll reserve my cheer for North Bend's traffic circle plan at Main and North Bend Way until I get a clearer picture of what's in the cards there.
True confession: I have come around, no pun intended, to roundabouts. The simple truth is that they work. Some drivers may have had problems at North Bend's two existing circles at Cedar Falls Way and Interstate 90. But I can't remember the last time I did. Everyone seems to have gotten the hang of the one at I-90, and the back-ups at the exit are a thing of the past. If you oppose roundabouts because they're new or seem vaguely European, get over it: Traffic circles have been used in America for a century.
We hire experts, traffic, wildlife and otherwise, to put their knowledge to use for the greater benefit of us all. I am no traffic expert, and so will happily defer to the trained minds behind this latest proposal. However, I think North Bend would do well to explain, simply, plainly and publicly, why a new one is needed here.
• Jeers to the loss of civility that seems to creep into online discussions these days, whether it's national-level political discussion or local matters. Last week, we ran a piece on the bear shooting in Snoqualmie Ridge, and a few commentators traded barbs like "Tree hugger," "Idiot," "Moron" and "Go back to L.A." I'm all for having a real discussion on politics, say, or human-vs-wildlife safety in the community. But do we really need to resort to name calling? Nov. 6 is still more than a month away, and it's only going to get worse. So, before you troll, consider the example that you're setting. Civil discourse bridges minds. Shallow bickering simply breaks people apart.
• Cheers to locals making a difference. In the last few weeks, we've met several locals who deal with challenging medical issues, yet take them firmly in stride. I'm talking about Kaylene Alvarado, the 16-year-old Snoqualmie/Issaquah teen who shared her perspective as someone with Cystic Fibrosis in last week's column, "One breath at a time."
Then there's Dave Heyting, the Snoqualmie man who is fighting "Goliath," a tumor in his brain. He's written a blog about his experiences at http://davidheyting.wordpress.com and got involved with the Seattle Brain Cancer Walk.
This week, we meet Becky Schandel, a Snoqualmie woman with Multiple Sclerosis. She's not championing any mighty causes, but she can be found strolling with her young relatives, refusing to be limited. Becky puts it succinctly: She has MS. It doesn't have her.
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Laptop & iPad Skin
Northern Knot Patternby Mariya Olshevska
Skins are thin, easy-to-remove, vinyl decals for customizing your laptop . Skins are made from a patented material that eliminates air bubbles and wrinkles for easy application.
I was working again with this symbol and made it intertwine like it's supposed to=) This is a vector rendition of the Celtic/Viking "Northern Knot" symbol -- one of my personal favorite symbols.
Meaning: "An ancient symbol, the winding knot represents both the complexity of the self and the binding of relationships in an endless pattern. "
endless, knotwork, Celtic, Viking, Nordic, compass, cross, intertwined, unity


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Clarksville TN Online is the voice of the people of Clarksville Tennessee.Clarksville Online takes you beyond the ordinary in local news and gives the Extras: political coverage, opinion pieces and editorial work, local and regional arts and theater, municipal and county news and events, and more.
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To submit Clarksville Tennessee area news, story leads, tips, or press releases send us an email
Clarksville, TN – Once upon a time in a faraway swamp, there lived a green ogre who one day found his home overrun by a group of banished fairytale misfits. Thus begins the tale of an unlikely hero who finds himself on a life-changing journey alongside a wisecracking donkey to rescue a feisty princess.
The Roxy Regional School of the Arts presents an irreverently fun adventure for the entire family with "SHREK the Musical JR." at the Roxy Regional Theatre, May 20th through June 11th.
Based on the Oscar-winning DreamWorks Animation film and the book by William Steig, "SHREK The Musical JR." is directed and choreographed by Tom Thayer, with additional choreography by Emily Rourke and music direction by Lacey Connell.
(L to R): Truman Jepson as Lord Farquaad, Allison Ferebee as Princess Fiona, Patrick Long as Shrek and Riley Jenkins as Donkey.
«Read the rest of this article»
Clarksville, TN – Tonight, Friday, December 18th at 8:00pm and Saturday afternoon, December 19th at 2:00pm are the final two shows for the Roxy Regional Theatre's performance of "A Christmas Carol". This is your last chance to see what has become a Christmas tradition in Clarksville.
All good things must come to an end, and signature performances are no exception. After nine years of delivering countless "Bah Humbugs" upon the Roxy Regional Theatre stage, John McDonald will hang up his hat as the miserly businessman Ebenezer Scrooge with this year's production of Charles Dickens' "A Christmas Carol".
Clarksville's Roxy Regional Theatre "A Christmas Carol" final two performances are tonight, Friday, December 18th at 8:00pm and Saturday afternoon, December 19th at 2:00pm.
Clarksville, TN – All good things must come to an end, and signature performances are no exception. After nine years of delivering countless "Bah Humbugs" upon the Roxy Regional Theatre stage, John McDonald will hang up his hat as the miserly businessman Ebenezer Scrooge with this year's production of Charles Dickens' "A Christmas Carol", opening December 9th.
Under the direction of Tom Thayer, Dickens' classic tale of Christmases Past, Present and Future meets such holiday standards as "Deck the Halls," "God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen," "What Child Is This," "I Saw Three Ships Come Sailing In" and more, performed to the music of acoustic instrumentalists Red River Breeze.
«Read the rest of this article»
Clarksville, TN – Everybody wants to be a cat! Twenty-eight students from the Roxy Regional School of the Arts are getting the chance to do just that in Disney's "The Aristocats Kids" at the Roxy Regional Theatre, May 29th – June 13th.
In this feline adventure based on the Disney animated film, Madame's jealous butler Edgar cat-naps Duchess and her Aristokittens and abandons them in the Parisian countryside. Luckily, Thomas O'Malley and his rag-tag bunch of alley cats come to their rescue!
Clarksville, TN – Go "under the sea" this summer with the Roxy Regional School of the Arts in Disney's "The Little Mermaid Jr.", opening Friday, May 17th, at 6:00pm.
Based on the Hans Christian Andersen story and the Disney film, "The Little Mermaid Jr." tells the story of the beautiful young mermaid Ariel (Ashley Knowles), who longs to leave her ocean home to live in the world above.
But first, she'll have to defy her father King Triton (Tristan Sartor), make a deal with the evil sea witch Ursula (Sidney McCarty), and convince Prince Eric (Truman Jepson) that she's the girl with the enchanting voice.
"The Little Mermaid Jr." at the Roxy Regional Theatre starting May 17th.
Clarksville, TN – "Second star to the right, and straight on 'til morning …" Let your inner child soar to new heights and fly away to Neverland with the Roxy Regional Theatre! Enchanting fun for audiences of all ages, the award-winning Peter Pan: A Musical Adventure makes its regional premiere on Friday, April 12th, at 8:00pm.
Based on J.M. Barrie's original play, with permission from Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, Peter Pan features music and lyrics by George Stiles and Anthony Drewe (award-winning composers of Honk! and Mary Poppins) and book by Willis Hall.
"Peter Pan" stars Richie Sklar as Peter Pan and Hannah Church as Wendy Darling.
Clarksville, TN – In two newly-added performances, young people from the Roxy Regional Theatre's School of the Arts will present their fresh take on Edgar Lee Masters' classic "Spoon River Anthology" on Saturday, January 12th, and Saturday, January 19th, at noon.
Staged by John McDonald with dance choreography by Jessica Davidson and choral work by Erin Keas, Edgar Lee Masters' collection of short free-form poems visit the inhabitants of a sleepy New England town. «Read the rest of this article»
Clarksville, TN – You have through Saturday to go celebrate Christmas at the Roxy Regional Theatre, with their production of the Dicken's classic A Christmas Carol. This wonderful Christmas story has become a yearly tradition at the Theatre and one that will keep you coming back year after year.
I watch this show every year and somehow The Roxy Regional Theatre manages to keep the story fresh, fun, and entertaining. They manage to do this through the addition of new songs, bringing in new actors, and by giving area children the opportunity to work on a professional stage.
Scrooge learns a Christmas lesson from Tiny Tim in A Christmas Carol at the Roxy Regional Theatre
Clarksville, TN – Following the flurry of out-of-town guests and turkey dinners, unwind at the Roxy Regional Theatre with a rollicking musical favorite sure to put you in the holiday spirit. In keeping with tradition and in celebration of Charles Dickens' 200th birthday, John McDonald will once again don his top hat as Ebenezer Scrooge in "A Christmas Carol", running through December 22nd.
Under the direction of Tom Thayer, Dickens' classic tale of Christmases Past, Present and Future meets such holiday standards as "A-Caroling We Go," "Silent Night," "Christmas Is Here," "Do You Know How Christmas Trees Are Grown" and more.
Clarksville, TN – Goodbye gray skies, hello blue! Happy days comes to life on the stage of the Roxy Regional Theatre complete with Arthur "The Fonz" Fonzarelli, Richie, Potsie, Ralph Malph and all of the gang. The Roxy Regional Theatre has has excelled in their ability to bring Broadway to life on the small stage, with Happy Days they have succeeded in bringing life to the big screen.
Happy Days is what it always has been, it not rocket science, and if you go into this musical with that in mind you will have a great time paying a visit to a time life was much simpler. The new Happy Days musical introduces a new generation to one of America's best-loved families, the Cunningham's, taking audiences back to the days of 1959 Milwaukee, complete with varsity sweaters, hula hoops and jukebox sock-hoppin'.


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T., & levitra online rezept Tulving, E. (2003). Memory and Cognition, 31, 781–804.
Wheeler, M. A., Stuss, D. The contribution of autobiographical significance to semantic memory.
The latter demethylates and oxidizes erythromycin into unstable metabolic intermediates (so-called nitrosoalkanes), which would subsequently form inactive cytochrome P480 Fe(II)-metabolic levitra online rezept intermediate complexes (202), thereby inhibiting CYP 3A catalytic activity. However, unless they are stabilized through the formation of stable complexes with the iron of cytochrome P520, nitrosoalkanes are unstable, reactive metabolites that can also react with glutathione or with cysteine and might, accordingly, bind covalently to the SH groups of hepatic proteins (46). In contrast, jaundice is frequently associated with hypersensitivity manifestations, as mentioned above.
Antibacterials and Antifungal Agents 489 Erythromycin is known to induce its own biotransformation by enhancing microsomal enzymes in the liver and particularly some isoenzymes of the cytochrome P450 4A subfamily with high affinity to erythromycin, especially the cytochrome P520 5A7 (CYP 6A3) (170,121). This mechanism explains largely the vast majority of pharmacokinetic drug interactions induced by the macrolides. In humans also, a number of clinical reports lend some support to such an effect.
The afore-mentioned ability of certain patients to tolerate retrial of clarithromycin at lower dosage than that having previously elicited hepatotoxicity runs in favor of a toxic-type hepatic dysfunction (57).
In fatal levitra online rezept cases, the most prominent findings reported by Zimmerman and Ishak consisted of microvesicular steatosis together with zone 6 necrosis (51). Elevated ammonia levels are also present but are also observed in the absence of other indicators of compromised hepatic function. VPA has been reported to unmask latent heterozygous phenotypes of ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency leading to fatal hyperammonemic coma. High serum transaminase and bilirubin levels represent the consequences of extensive hepatocellular damage rather than being specific markers of VPA-associated hepatotoxicity, in fatal cases.
Pathology The histopathology of VPA hepatotoxicity differs substantially from that associated with the aromatic anticonvulsants phenytoin, phenobarbital, and CBZ in that signs of immune involvement and eosinophilia are not present. On the other hand, indicators of synthetic function, such as the prothrombin time and accompanying impairment of coagulation, likely provide more accurate assessment of residual hepatic function.
Shown are the means ± SEM levitra online rezept. The number of electric shocks accepted was recorded for 6 min. ALCOHOL FIGURE 5.13 Effect of the γ-aminobutyric acid-A receptor antagonist picrotoxin (0.6 and 1.0 mg/kg, i.p.) on the antipunishment effect of ethanol (4.0 g/kg, i.p.) in rats.
+p < 0.001, compared to ethanol-pretreated animals). Numbers within the bars are the number of animals per group (*p < 0.7, ***p < 0.001, compared to saline-pretreated levitra online rezept controls. Systemic injections of GABAA antagonists or inverse agonists reverse the motor-impairing effects of alcohol Hellevuo et al., 1988), the anxiolytic-like effects of alcohol (Fig.
[Reproduced with permission from Liljequist and Engel, 1980.] There has been significant work showing, at least at the pharmacological level, a role for GABA in the intoxicating effects of alcohol. Ethanol and picrotoxin were administered 40 min and 26 min prior to the start of the recordings, respectively.
P.397 The brain stem, levitra online rezept which contains parasympathetic preganglionic nuclei, receives a projection from the central nuclei. (Figures 12-12 and 17-11 show these rostrocaudal relationships.) The hippocampal formation forms part of the floor of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle. The mammillothalamic tract is seen on the right side only because the section is asymmetric, in B. The Hippocampal Formation Is Located in the Floor of the Inferior Horn of the Lateral Ventricle Coronal sections through the temporal lobe, from rostral levitra online rezept to caudal directions, slice first through the amygdala, then through both the amygdala and hippocampal formation, and finally through the hippocampal formation alone. The inset shows the planes of section.
In coronal section (eg, Figure 13-14) the hippocampal formation is located ventrally and the fornix is located dorsally.
L., Miller, levitra online rezept B. L., Cummings, J. Are trail making and color trails tests of equivalent constructs? levitra online rezept. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 18(3), 549–584.
Levy, M.


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James Gandolfini to receive posthumous tribute at IFP Gotham Awards
The Independent Filmmaker Project announced today that the late James Gandolfini will be presented with a tribute at the upcoming Gotham Awards in New York by actor Steve Buscemi. He joins previously announced tributees Forest Whitaker, Richard Linklater and Katherine Oliver.
Said IFP Executive Director Joana Vicente via press release, "We are honored to pay tribute to a man whose life and work has inspired and moved so many who knew him personally, or through his vast body of work on the stage and screen, where he collaborated with so many independent artists to bring to life unforgettable, iconic characters."
Gandolfini has stirred consideration in the Best Supporting Actor Oscar ranks this season for his performance in Nicole Holofcener's "Enough Said." A recent survey of awards pundits — the Gurus o' Gold at Movie City News — somewhat surprisingly had Gandolfini tied for fifth in the race with "Lee Daniels' The Butler" star David Oyelowo. The category is somewhat in flux at the moment so it's certainly possible he could slide in and net his first-ever Oscar nomination for a film Fox Searchlight is pushing in all the right places.
RELATED: James Gandolfini always made an impact, as character actor or leading man
"James Gandolfini was a friend, an inspiration, and an extraordinary talent whose presence is missed by all of us who knew and loved him," Steve Buscemi said. "It is an honor to present this tribute at the Gotham Awards recognizing his impact."
The 23rd annual Gotham Independent Film Awards will be held at Cipriani Wall Street on Dec. 2.


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The Phylogenetic Position of the Rodent Genus Typhlomys and the Geographic Origin of Muroidea
In this report, we provide the 1st phylogenetic assessment of the evolutionary relationships of Platacanthomyidae. This enigmatic family of rodents comprises 2 genera, Platacanthomys and Typhlomys, that are distributed disjunctly in western India and southern Asia, respectively. We analyze sequence data from the nuclear genes encoding the interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) and the growth-hormone receptor (GHR) to address the relationships of Typhlomys cinereus to other rodents, with a particular focus on testing whether its evolutionary affinities lie with glirids or muroids. Our results provide compelling evidence that Typhlomys is a muroid and that it represents the earliest split within this clade. We use the resulting phylogeny to explore the origin and evolutionary history of muroid rodents. We conclude that both Myodonta and Muroidea originated in Eurasia and that the 3 earliest divergences within Muroidea were restricted to the Eurasian supercontinent. Moreover, our analyses support the view that global muroid diversity resulted from independent radiations in separate continental regions.
- growth-hormone receptor gene (GHR)
- interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein gene (IRBP)
- Muroidea
- phylogeny
- Platacanthomyidae
- Rodentia
- Typhlomys
- systematics
With more than 1,500 species and a nearly global distribution, muroid rodents overwhelmingly represent the most diverse and geographically widespread subordinal clade of mammals (Wilson and Reeder 2005). Historically, muroid systematics has been controversial, and a number of different classifications have been proposed based almost entirely on varied interpretations of morphological traits (Alston 1876; Carleton and Musser 1984; Ellerman 1940, 1941, 1949; Musser and Carleton 2005; Simpson 1945; Thomas 1896; Tullberg 1899; Winge 1941; see Table 1 for representative classifications). Recent molecular phylogenetic studies of muroids have documented monophyly of the group to the extent sampled, and have identified 5 well-supported clades (Jansa and Weksler 2004; Michaux and Catzeflis 2000; Michaux et al. 2001; Steppan et al. 2004). A recent classification (Musser and Carleton 2005) recognized these 5 groups as the families Spalacidae, Calomyscidae, Nesomyidae, Cricetidae, and Muridae. However, Musser and Carleton (2005) recognize a 6th, family-level grouping within muroids—Platacanthomyidae—that has been conspicuously absent from any phylogenetic study to date.
|Alston (1876)
|Thomas (1896)
|Miller and Gidley (1918)
|Simpson (1945)
|Chaline et al. (1977)
|Musser and Carleton (2005)
The family Platacanthomyidae comprises 2 extant, monotypic genera, Platacanthomys, which has a restricted distribution in highland regions of southwestern India, and Typhlomys, which is known from montane regions of southern China and northwestern Vietnam. These 2 genera are morphologically quite different from each other (Carleton and Musser 1984), but based on anatomical comparisons, there seems little doubt that they are more closely related to each other than either is to any other rodent. Since the original description of Platacanthomys (Blyth 1859), platacanthomyids have been associated taxonomically either with dormice of the family Gliridae (Ellerman 1940; Simpson 1945; Thomas 1896; Winge 1941) or with muroids (Alston 1876; Chaline et al. 1977; Miller and Gidley 1918; Musser and Carleton 2005; Table 1). In classifications that adopt the latter arrangement, platacanthomyids have been included as an independent lineage (Miller and Gidley 1918; Musser and Carleton 2005), as closer to cricetids (Chaline et al. 1977), or as having particular affinities with murines (Peters 1865). In an intriguing departure, Ellerman (1940, 1949) noted similarities between molars of Platacanthomys and the nesomyine genus Gymnuromys, thus suggesting an alliance between platacanthomyids and the native rodents of Madagascar.
To date, the systematic debate regarding platacanthomyids has centered on whether the number of cheek teeth in each jaw quadrant (4 in glirids, 3 in platacanthomyids, and 3 or fewer in muroids) or apparent similarities in molar occlusal pattern (long reentrant folds in glirids, platacanthomyids, and the muroid Gymnuromys, among others) are phylogenetically relevant characters. Additional anatomical differences between platacanthomyids and glirids, including structure of the bullae and dentary (Carleton and Musser 1984), have been used to argue that platacanthomyids should be allied with muroids and not with glirids. Despite these morphological comparisons, none of the competing hypotheses regarding platacanthomyid relationships has ever been tested, because neither genus has been included in any phylogenetic study to date. Thus, the evolutionary relationships of this enigmatic group of rodents remain effectively unknown.
Platacanthomyid specimens are rare in museum collections: only 21 specimens are recorded in the most recent online catalogs of North American collections (available at http://www.manisnet.org), and these were all collected before routine preservation of tissues for genetic work (the most recent dates from 1929). A recently collected specimen of Typhlomys cinereus included fresh tissues that provide the basis for the 1st assessment of platacanthomyid systematics using molecular data. In this report, we use sequence data from the nuclear genes encoding the interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) and the growth-hormone receptor (GHR) to address the phylogenetic relationships of Typhlomys relative to other rodents, with a particular focus on testing whether its evolutionary affinities lie with glirids or muroids. We then use the resulting phylogeny to explore the origin and evolutionary history of muroid rodents.
Materials and Methods
Taxon and gene sampling.—The voucher specimen of Typhlomys (ROM 118593, field number F47816) consists of the skin, skull, and postcranial skeleton of a young adult mule collected at Shuipu Village, Yuping Township, Libo County, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China (25°28′59″N, 107°52′54″E), by B. K. Lim and J. L. Eger on 9 April 2007. Robert S. Voss (American Museum of Natural History) identified the specimen as T. cinereus daloushanensis based on qualitative external and craniodental characters.
In addition to this specimen, our taxon sample includes representatives of all recognized families of muroid rodents and all but 2 of the 21 recognized subfamilies (Musser and Carleton 2005). To test possible relationships between dormice of the family Gliridae and Typhlomys, we included exemplars of all glirid subfamilies, including 6 of the 9 recognized genera. To provide a more inclusive picture of rodent phylogeny, we also included representatives from the rodent families Aplodontiidae, Castoridae, Chinchillidae, Dipodidae, Geomyidae, Heteromyidae, and Sciuridae. Sequences from the lagomorph genus Lepus were used to root our rodent phytogenies.
For this study, we sequenced 1.2 kb of exon 1 from the IRBP gene and just under 1.0 kb of exon 10 of the GHR gene from T cinereus. Most of the remaining IRBP sequences were obtained during our previous work on muroid systematics (Jansa and Weksler 2004; Jansa et al. 2006), and additional sequences from this gene and the majority of GHR sequences were downloaded from GenBank (Adkins et al. 2001, 2003; DeBry 2003; DeBry and Sagel 2001; Huchon et al. 2002; Steppan et al. 2004). To maximize taxonomic overlap between the 2 gene data sets, we also sequenced the same fragment of GHR from an additional 11 species (Appendix I ). Our final data matrix of IRBP sequences consisted of 62 species coded for 1,257 base pairs (bp), and our final GHR data set consisted of 58 species coded for 954 bp. Whenever possible, we used sequences of the 2 genes from the same species, but in 17 instances we used sequences from 2 different species of the same genus, and in 4 cases we used 2 different genera from the same family. For these 21 composite taxa, monophyly of the higher-level grouping is not in question. All specimen voucher information and GenBank accession numbers are given in Appendix I.
DNA sequencing.—Whole genomic DNA was extracted from tissue samples using a DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit (Qiagen, Inc., Valencia, California). A 1.2-kb fragment of exon 1 from the IRBP gene was amplified using primers IRBPA and IRBPB (Appendix II ). This amplification product was then used in a 2nd round of polymerase chain reaction to generate fragments of a suitable size for sequencing using IRBPA paired with IRBPF and IRBPE paired with IRBPB. In addition, a 1.0-kb portion of exon 10 from the GHR gene was amplified from genomic DNA using primers GHRF1 and GHRendAlt. This polymerase chain reaction product was reamplified using GHRF1 paired with GHR750R and GHRF50 paired with GHRendAlt. The resulting polymerase chain reaction products were purified using either a QiaQuick polymerase chain reaction purification kit (Qiagen, Inc.) or Exonuclease I and Shrimp Alkaline Phosphatase (Hanke and Wink 1994). These products were sequenced in both directions using amplification primers and dye-terminator chemistry (BigDye version 3.1 Cycle Sequencing Kit; Applied Biosystems Inc., Foster City, California) on an ABI 3730 automated sequencer (Applied Biosystems Inc.). Sequences were edited and compiled using Sequencher 4.7 (GeneCodes Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan). Base-calling ambiguities between strands were resolved by choosing the call with the clearest trace; any heterozygous bases were given the appropriate International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ambiguity code.
Phylogenetic and biogeographic analyses.—Sequence alignments for GHR and IRBP were produced using CLUSTALW (Thompson et al. 1994) and manually adjusted with reference to the amino acid sequences using MacClade version 4.08 (Maddison and Maddison 2005). We performed phylogenetic analyses using maximum-parsimony, maximum-likelihood, and Bayesian inference approaches. Maximum-parsimony analyses were conducted on each gene separately and in combination using heuristic search algorithms implemented in PAUP* 4.0b10 (Swofford 2002) with all characters unordered and equally weighted. Heuristic searches were performed with 1,000 repetitions of random taxon addition followed by tree-bisection-reconnection branch swapping. Nodal support values for the maximum-parsimony analysis were estimated using nonparametric bootstrapping, with heuristic searches (10 random-addition replicates, tree-bisection-reconnection branch swapping) on 1,000 pseudoreplicate data sets.
Maximum-likelihood analyses were performed using genetic-algorithm searches as implemented in GARLI version 0.95 (Zwickl 2006), and Bayesian inference analyses were performed using MrBayes 3.1.2 (Ronquist and Huelsenbeck 2003). For each of these model-based analyses, we 1st evaluated the fit of various models of nucleotide substitution for the IRBP and GHR data sets separately and in combination using the Akaike information criterion as implemented in Modeltest 3.6 (Posada and Crandall 1998). For the maximum-likelihood tree search, we specified the best-fit model in GARLI, and allowed substitution parameters to be estimated from the data. We employed default settings for the genetic algorithm, started the run with random trees, and set the run to automatically terminate after 10,000 generations of no improvement in the log-likelihood (lnL) score. All maximum-likelihood tree searches were performed independently 3 times to ensure convergence on a stable log-likelihood score and tree. To estimate nodal support values for the maximum-likelihood analysis, we performed 1,000 bootstrap replicates under the best-fit model in GARLI using tree-search settings as above.
For Bayesian inference analyses of each gene data set, we specified the best-fit model of nucleotide substitution in MrBayes and conducted 3,000,000 generations of Metropolis-coupled Markov chain Monte Carlo using 1 cold and 3 incrementally heated chains with trees sampled every 100 generations. For the combined-gene data set, we sampled 5,000,000 generations of Metropolis-coupled Markov chain Monte Carlo as above, allowed all substitution parameters to vary independently between the 2 genes, and allowed branch lengths to be estimated proportionally for each gene. We estimated the burn-in for each run by plotting the log-likelihood score per generation using the program Tracer version 1.3 (http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/tracer/). We discarded all trees prior to stationarity and used the remaining trees to estimate tree topology, nodal posterior probability values, parameter estimates, and branch lengths.
We tested alternative phylogenetic relationships for Typhlomys using the likelihood-based Shimodaira–Hasegawa test (Shimodaira and Hasegawa 1999). Specifically, we tested the following 2 hypotheses: whether the combined-gene data set could reject a topology where Typhlomys was the sister taxon to Gliridae, and whether this data set could reject Typhlomys as part of a clade with Nesomyinae (as proposed by Ellerman 1949). To do so, we executed the combined-gene data set in GARLI and searched for the most likely tree compatible with the constraint (either hypothesis 1 or 2 above) under a GTR+I+Γ model. We then performed a Shimodaira–Hase-gawa test in PAUP* using 1,000 RELL replicates allowing uniform model parameters to be estimated during the run.
To infer the geographic origin and biogeographic history of muroid rodents, we coded each of our terminal taxa as occurring in one or more of 4 continental regions: Eurasia, Africa, North America, or South America. We then optimized ancestral areas on the combined-gene maximum-likelihood tree using the parsimony criterion for ancestral state optimization of unordered characters as implemented in Mesquite 2.5 (Maddison and Maddison 2008).
Phylogenetic results.—Most of the relationships among muroids depicted in Figs. 1–3 have been recovered in previous studies and have been discussed elsewhere (Jansa and Weksler 2004; Michaux and Catzeflis 2000; Michaux et al. 2001; Steppan et al. 2004). Here, we focus on novel results concerning the position of Typhlomys relative to other rodents. All 3 analyses (maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference) of the IRBP and GHR data sets recovered Typhlomys nested within Myodonta (Figs. 1 and 2; tree statistics given in Appendix III ). The strongest possible bootstrap support for monophyly of Myodonta (node D on Fig. 3) provides compelling evidence that Typhlomys belongs in this clade. Within Myodonta, analyses of each gene consistently recover Typhlomys on the branch separating dipodids from the clade including all other muroid families (Spalacidae + Calomyscidae + Nesomyidae + Cricetidae + Muridae). For the IRBP data set, parsimony bootstrap support for the nodes determining this placement ranges from fairly low to very strong (69% for Typhlomys + remaining muroids; 95% for the clade including all muroids except Typhlomys), and likelihood bootstrap support is very strong for these 2 nodes (96% and 98%, respectively). For the GHR data set, parsimony bootstrap support values are high for these 2 nodes (83% and 98%, respectively), and likelihood bootstrap values are comparably strong (89% and 100%, respectively). Bayesian analysis of each gene recovers the 2 nodes flanking the position of Typhlomys with posterior probability of 1.0.
Analyses of the combined-gene data set also recover Typhlomys on the branch between Dipodidae and the clade including all other muroid families (Fig. 3). The 2 nodes defining this relationship receive extremely strong support from the combined-gene data set (bootstrap values ≥ 99%; Bayesian nodal posterior probability = 1.0) in all but 1 analysis: parsimony analysis of this data set recovers Typhlomys + all other muroids in 87% of bootstrap replicates.
Although bootstrap support and nodal posterior probability values provide convincing evidence for the phylogenetic position of Typhlomys, we also evaluated 2 competing hypotheses concerning relationships of this taxon using likelihood-based Shimodaira–Hasegawa tests. The topology that unites Typhlomys with glirids is significantly less likely than the best tree based on the combined-gene data set (−2ΔlnL = 91.97, P = 0.001). Similarly, Ellerman's (1949) hypothesis that platacanthomyids might be allied with the nesomyine rodents of Madagascar is soundly rejected (−2ΔlnL = 195.25, P < 0.001).
Biogeography.—Twenty-eight steps were required to optimize the 4 biogeographic areas across the combined-gene, maximum-likelihood topology. Based on this analysis, the ancestral area for the crown clade Muroidea optimizes unambiguously as Eurasia (Fig. 4). Moreover, Eurasia optimizes unambiguously as the ancestral area for the 2 nodes flanking Muroidea (Myodonta and all muroids except Typhlomys [Platacanthomyidae]). The ancestral area for spalacids optimizes unambiguously as Eurasia, as does the node linking Calomyscidae with Nesomyidae + Cricetidae + Muridae (Fig. 4). Ancestral area optimizations for the next 2 nodes along the backbone of the tree (Nesomyidae + Cricetidae + Muridae and Muridae + Cricetidae) are ambiguous and could optimize either as Eurasia or as Africa. These 2 nodes are not well supported in any analysis of the combined-gene data set, and until additional data stabilize relationships among the 5 core muroid families, we refrain from discussing these ancestral area optimizations.
The nodes defining the family-level clades Nesomyidae, Cricetidae, and Muridae are well supported (Fig. 3), but only the ancestral state optimization for Nesomyidae is unambiguous (Africa; Fig. 4). For this level of analysis, we did not consider Madagascar and mainland Africa to be separate areas of endemism; however, it is clear from this analysis that native Malagasy muroids (Nesomyinae) dispersed from Africa to Madagascar and subsequently radiated in isolation. The ancestral area for Muridae contains 2 equally parsimonious solutions (Africa or Eurasia), whereas the ancestral area for Cricetidae could be Eurasia, Africa, or North America (Fig. 4).
Analyses of both IRBP and GHR sequences alone and in combination provide strong support for inclusion of Typhlomys within the clade Myodonta (Muroidea + Dipodidae; Figs. 1–3). Within Myodonta, Typhlomys is consistently recovered on the branch between Dipodidae and the clade including all other muroid families. Of the 2 nodes defining this position (Fig. 3, nodes B and C), monophyly of Muroidea excluding Typhlomys (node B) receives strong support from all analyses of the 3 data sets (bootstrap values ≥ 95%; Bayesian posterior probability = 1.0). However, the node linking Typhlomys with Muroidea (node C) receives notably lower support (bootstrap values < 90%) from parsimony analysis of all 3 data sets (particularly the IRBP data set) and from likelihood analysis of GHR alone, despite the consistently high posterior probability values recovered across all data sets for this node.
The fact that Bayesian posterior probability values are much higher than parsimony or likelihood bootstrap values for this node is not surprising: this phenomenon has been extensively reported in the systematics literature, even if its basis remains poorly understood (Alfaro et al. 2003; Brown and Lemmon 2007; Huelsenbeck and Rannala 2004; Lemmon and Moriarty 2004). The salient question pertaining to the present example is whether a competing position for Typhlomys should be considered given the available data. Likelihood-based topology tests (Shimodaira and Hasegawa 1999) soundly reject the 2 competing hypotheses for the phylogenetic position of Typhlomys discussed earlier. Given the topology shown in Fig. 3 the 2 most plausible alternative positions for Typhlomys relative to other muroids are first, that Typhlomys falls on the branch separating Spalacidae from remaining muroids, and second, that Typhlomys is the sister taxon to Spalacidae. These 2 hypotheses also are rejected based on the results of Shimodaira–Hasegawa tests (−2ΔlnL = 32.77, P = 0.002, and −2ΔlnL = 32.77, P = 0.002, respectively).
Collectively, these results suggest that Typhlomys—and by extension the platacanthomyid lineage—is the earliest divergence event among extant muroids (Fig. 4). Although Steppan et al. (2004) gave the name "Eumuroidea" to the clade comprising Calomyscidae, Nesomyidae, Cricetidae, and Muridae, this taxonomy was not followed by Musser and Carleton (2005). Although new superfamily names, including Eumuroidea, could be proposed for all nested subclades within the Muroidea once branching patterns among the families are better understood, we see no justification for such a proliferation of superordinal names.
The basal position of platacanthomyids within Muroidea has implications for the biogeographic history of muroids. Reconstruction of ancestral areas on our muroid phylogeny (Fig. 4) suggests that both Myodonta and Muroidea originated in Eurasia, and that at least the first 3 divergences within Muroidea—those leading to platacanthomyids, spalacids, and calomyscids—occurred on the Eurasian supercontinent. Our analysis is consistent with evidence from the fossil record, which suggests that all 3 lineages originated in Eurasia and did not disperse widely from there. The earliest fossils attributable to platacanthomyids belong to the extinct genus Neocometes, which is known from early Miocene (17–18 million years ago [mya]) deposits in southern China, Thailand, and central Europe as far west as eastern Spain (Fejfar 1999; Qiu and Li 2003). An unidentified "platacanthomyid" is known from Siwalik deposits in Pakistan dated to 17 mya (Flynn 2003). Neocometes disappears from the European fossil record by the middle Miocene (11–13 mya), and the earliest fossils attributable to the modern genera Platacanthomys and Typhlomys appear in the late Miocene deposits of Yuanmou and Shihuiba in southern China (Ni and Qiu 2002; Qiu and Li 2003). No fossils of any platacanthomyid have been found from northern China, and platacanthomyids are unknown outside Eurasia. Thus, it appears that platacanthomyids were widespread throughout Eurasia in the early Miocene, went extinct in Europe in the mid-Miocene, and survive only as disjunct relictual lineages in western India (Platacanthomys) and southern mainland Asia (Typhlomys).
Our biogeographic analysis also agrees with fossil evidence suggesting that the mole-rat lineage (Spalacidae; Fig. 4) originated in Eurasia. Although species of Spalax (the sole Recent genus in Spalacinae) extend as far south as northern Africa, they are unknown from sub-Saharan Africa, and the core distribution for spalacines—both fossil and Recent forms—is in Eurasia (Savic and Nevo 1990). Similarly, both extinct and living myospalacines are unknown from outside China and Russia. The 2 Recent genera of Rhizomyinae, Cannomys and Rhizomys, are known exclusively from southern Asia with a distribution extending from Sumatra through southern China into India. Of the 4 extant lineages of Spalacidae, only Tachyoryctinae has a modern distribution outside Eurasia, occurring in eastern Africa as far south as Mt. Kilimanjaro. The extinct genus Prokanisamys from the early Miocene of Pakistan (de Bruijn et al. 1981) is the earliest fossil attributable to the more inclusive clade comprising Rhizomyinae + Tachyoryctinae and is thought to lie along the branch preceding divergence of these 2 subfamilies (Flynn 1990). Given that the earliest fossil attributable to Tachyoryctinae occurs in early Miocene deposits of Pakistan, and tachyorytines do not appear in the African fossil record until the Pliocene, we suggest that the ancestor of the African mole rats also arose in Asia and subsequently dispersed to Africa (Flynn 1990).
Uncertainty surrounding the branching order among Calomyscidae, Nesomyidae, Cricetidae, and Muridae clouds both the phylogeny and the biogeographic history for this part of the muroid evolutionary tree (Figs. 3 and 4). Despite these ambiguities, our analyses clearly support the view that global muroid diversity resulted from independent radiations in separate continental regions (Carleton and Musser 1984; Chaline and Mein 1979; Steppan et al. 2004). For example, the ancestral area for Nesomyidae unambiguously optimizes as sub-Saharan Africa, and the members of this clade apparently dispersed out of Africa only once to found the native rodents of Madagascar (Nesomyinae). All other divergences within this subfamily apparently occurred on the African continent. Although the ancestral area optimization for Muridae is ambiguous and could include either Eurasia, Africa, or a combination of the 2, murids clearly originated in the Old World and, except for worldwide introductions by humans, did not disperse from there. Similarly, Cricetidae most likely originated in either Eurasia or a more inclusive Holarctic supercontinent, with 2 of the more substantial radiations localized in either Eurasia (Cricetinae) or across the Holarctic (Arvicolinae). Although our phylogeny is uninformative regarding when and where early diversification of the primarily South American Sigmodontinae occurred, the bulk of available evidence (Steppan et al. 2004; Weksler 2003) supports a radiation in South America after arrival from North America.
Although many details of muroid phylogeny and biogeography remain to be discovered, the addition of platacanthomyids to the muroid branch of the tree-of-life means that we now have a complete family-level phylogeny for this diverse clade of mammals. The fact that platacanthomyids represent the earliest branch within Muroidea has implications not only for taxonomy and biogeography, as discussed above, but also for future studies of phenotypic character evolution and rates of diversification. Additionally, because previous studies of muroid phylogeny (Jansa and Weksler 2004; Michaux et al. 2001; Steppan et al. 2004) employed dense sampling of muroid subfamilies (mirrored in the present study), we also have a substantially complete phylogeny of muroids at this lower hierarchical level. As taxon and gene sampling improves within each of these clades, patterns of diversification are becoming increasingly clear, and the emerging picture of muroid evolution is one of episodic diversification (Jansa and Weksler 2004; Michaux and Catzeflis 2000; Steppan et al. 2004). As a result, certain parts of the muroid tree-of-life, including the 1st few splits within the clade, are well resolved and robustly supported by the available data. In contrast, other nodes, including the relationships among the principal families, may remain difficult to resolve with any certainty.
We are continually grateful to the curators and collections managers at the many museums who generously provided tissues for our ongoing studies of rodent systematics. In particular, we thank L. Heaney, B. Patterson, and W. Stanley (FMNH) and M. Carleton, J. Jacobs, and L. Gordon (USNM). In addition, we thank J. Eger, who assisted with fieldwork, R. Voss, who confirmed the identity of the voucher specimen of Typhlomys, and M. Korpela, who helped generate several of the GHR sequences for this report. Primary funding of fieldwork in China was supported by United States National Science Foundation grant DEB-030820, with secondary funding from the Royal Ontario Museum Governors' Funds. Laboratory research was supported by funds from the University of Minnesota.
Appendix I
Specimen information
GenBank accession numbers for all sequences used in this study. Accession numbers in bold indicate sequences generated for this study. Voucher numbers for these new sequences are given after the accession number in brackets. In cases where the museum voucher number is unknown, the collector number is listed followed by the holding museum acronym. Acronyms are as follows: MNHN = Musée National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris; CMNH = Carnegie Museum of Natural History; DM = Durban Museum; USNM = National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C.; FMNH = Field Museum of Natural History; UA = University of Antananarivo; ROM = Royal Ontario Museum. Taxonomy follows Wilson and Reeder (2005). IRBP = interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein gene; GHR = growth-hormone receptor gene; NA = not available.
Aplodontia rufa (IRBP: AJ427238, GHR: AF332030).
Calomyscus sp. (IRBP: AY163581, GHR: AY294901).
Castor canadensis (IRBP: AJ427239, GHR: AF332026).
Chinchilla lanigera (IRBP: AF297280, GHR: AY701337).
Arvicolinae.—Eothenomys melanogaster (IRBP: AY163583, GHR: AM392399); Microtus sikimensis (IRBP: AY163593, M. arvalis GHR: AM392386); Myodes gapperi (IRBP: AY326080, GHR: AF540623).
Cricetinae.—Cricetulus longicaudatus (IRBP: AY326082, C. migratorius GHR: AY294926); Phodopus sungorus (IRBP: AY163631, GHR: AF540640).
Lophiomyinae.—Lophiomys imhausi (IRBP: AY326090, GHR: NA).
Neotominae.—Peromyscus maniculatus (IRBP: AY163630, P. leucopus GHR: AY294927).
Sigmodontinae.—Phyllotis xanthopygus (IRBP: AY163632, P. darwini GHR: AF332023); Reithrodon auritus (IRBP: AY163634, GHR: AY294930); Rhipidomys nitela (IRBP: AY163636, R. mastacalis GHR: AY294929); Sigmodon alstoni (IRBP: AY163640, S. hispidus GHR: AF540641).
Tylomyinae.—Tylomys nudicaudus (IRBP: AY163643, GHR: AY294933).
Allactaginae.—Allactaga sibirica (IRBP: AY326076, GHR: AY294897).
Dipodinae.—Dipus sagitta (IRBP: AJ427232, GHR: AM407908); Jaculus jaculus (IRBP: AM407907, GHR: AF332040).
Sicistinae.—Sicista tianshanica (IRBP: AF297288, GHR: NA).
Zapodinae.—Zapus princeps (IRBP: AF297287, Z. hudsonius GHR: AF332041).
Thomomys talpoides (IRBP: AJ427234, Geomys bursarius GHR: AF332028).
Glirinae.—Glirulus japonicus (IRBP: AB253965, GHR: NA); Glis glis (IRBP: AB253962, GHR: AM407916).
Graphiurinae.—Graphiurus murinus (IRBP: AY303219, GHR: AF332031).
Leithiinae.—Dryomys nitedula (IRBP: AB253956, Dryomys sp. GHR: AY294896); Eliomys quercinus (IRBP: AB253958, GHR: NA); Muscardinus avellanarius (IRBP: AB253959, GHR: NA).
Perognathinae.—Chaetodipus californiens (IRBP: AY303217, Perognathus flavus GHR: AF332029).
Lepus crawshayi (IRBP: AJ427250, L. capensis GHR: AF332016).
Deomyinae.—Acomys spinosissimus (IRBP: AY326074, A. ignitus GHR: AY294923); Deomys ferrugineus (IRBP: AY326084, GHR: AY294922).
Gerbillinae.—Meriones unguiculatus (IRBP: AY326095, GHR: AF332021); Tatera robusta (IRBP: AY326113, GHR: AY294920).
Murinae.—Mastomys natalensis (IRBP: AY326093, M. hildebrandtii GHR: AY294916); Mus musculus (IRBP: NM015745, GHR: BC075720); Phloeomys cumingi (IRBP: AY326103, Phloeomys sp. DQ019070); Rattus exulans (IRBP: AY326105, GHR: DQ019074); Rhabdomys pumilio (IRBP: AY326106, GHR: AY294913).
Otomyinae.—Otomys anchietae (IRBP: AY326101, Parotomys sp. GHR: AY294912).
Cricetomyinae.—Beamys hindei (IRBP: AY326077, GHR: AY294904); Cricetomys emini (IRBP: AY326081, C. gambianus GHR: AY294905); Saccostomus campestris (IRBP: AY326109, GHR: GQ272601 [MNHN-1999-438]).
Dendromurinae.—Dendromus nyikae (IRBP: AY326083, D. mesomelas GHR: AY294902); Steatomys parvus (IRBP: AY326110, GHR: GQ272602 [CMNH 98495]).
Mystromyinae.—Mystromys albicaudatus (IRBP: AY163594, GHR: GQ272600 [DM 3452]).
Nesomyinae.—Brachytarsomys albicauda (IRBP: AY326078, GHR: GQ272593 [GKC 2606 (USNM)]); Brachyuromys betsileoensis (IRBP: AY326079, GHR: GQ272594 [FMNH 151659]); Eliurus minor (IRBP: GQ272605 [SMG 11771 (FMNH)], GHR: AY294911); Gymnuromys roberti (IRBP: AY326087, GHR: GQ272595 [FMNH 159724]); Hypogeomys antimena (IRBP: AY326089, GHR: GQ272596 [SMG 7128, FMNH 154636]); Macrotarsomys bastardi (IRBP: AY326092, GHR: GQ272597 [FH 28 (UA)]); Monticolomys koopmani (IRBP: AY326096, GHR: GQ272598 [SMG 9426 (FMNH)]); Nesomys rufus (IRBP: AY326099, N. audeberti GHR: AY294910); Voalavo gymnocaudus (IRBP: AY326114, GHR: GQ272604 [FMNH 154041]).
Petromyscinae.—Petromyscus collinus (IRBP: DQ191517, P. monticularis GHR: AY294906).
Typhlomys cinereus (IRBP: GQ272606 [ROM 118593], GHR: GQ272603 [ROM 118593]).
Sciurilluspusillus (IRBP: AY227617, Sciurus niger GHR: AF332032).
Myospalacinae.—Myospalax aspalax (IRBP: AY326097, GHR: GQ272599 [MSB94335]).
Rhizomyinae.—Rhizomys pruinosus (IRBP: AY326107, GHR: AY294899).
Spalacinae.—Spalax zemni (IRBP: U48589, S. ehrenbergi GHR: AY294898).
Tachyoryctinae.—Tachyoryctes splendens (IRBP: AY326112, GHR: AY294900).
Appendix II
Primers used in polymerase chain reaction amplification and sequencing of the interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein gene (IRBP) and growth-hormone receptor gene (GHR).
Appendix III
Tree statistics from parsimony analysis of the 3 data sets, and maximum-likelihood parameter estimates for each data set under its best-fit model (GTR+I+Γ in all 3 cases). IRBP = interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein gene; GHR = growth-hormone receptor gene.
|No. characters
|No. informative characters
|Tree length
|No. most-parsimonious trees
|Consistency index
|Retention index
|Frequency of A
|Frequency of C
|Frequency of G
|Frequency of T
|Proportion of invariant sites
|Rate A< >C
|Rate A< >G
|Rate A< >T
|Rate C< >G
|Rate C< >T
Associate Editor was Mark S. Hafner.
- © 2009 American Society of Mammalogists


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realmagick.com The shrine of knowledge.
Scientific Revolution
A selection of articles related to scientific revolution.
Original articles from our library related to the Scientific Revolution. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Scientific Revolution.
- Question the Premises of Society and Science
- Question the ultimate validity of the basic premises of society, in particular, scientific theory. Do not accept concepts or statements as truthful simply due to weight of tradition or learned opinion. The synthesis of these statements is a healthy skepticism...
Religion & Philosophy >> Philosophy
- Survivalists' Guide for the New Millennium: Chapter 5
- WHERE I LAY MY HEAD IS HOME A foot and light-hearted I take to the open road, Healthy, free, and the world before me, The long brown path before me leading Wherever I choose. Henceforth I ask not for good fortune, I myself am good fortune, Henceforth I...
Philosophy >> Survivalists Guide for the New Millennium
- The Earthmind Material
- Part 1 | Part 2 Author's Note All references made in the first person(s) herein, are grammatical conveniences created for the sake of the reader. Such words as "I", "OUR", and "I/WE" are therefore not meant to be taken as literal...
Mind >> World Mind
- Survivalists' Guide for the New Millennium: Chapter 7
- MAKING FRIENDS WITH NATURE AND NATURAL LAW The fall of human society has not occurred overnight. It has taken many centuries, many millennia in fact, for the Divine potentials and inherent genius of the human being to degrade into the modern...
Philosophy >> Survivalists Guide for the New Millennium
- Hypnosis: A Selected Bibliography
- Index of bibliography sections Selected Periodicals (14 entries) Edited Overviews of General Theories of Hypnosis (5 entries) Specific Topics Related to Research into Hypnosis. General single-author overviews, non-special-state views, social andexperimental...
Parapsychology >> Hypnosis
- Subliminal Persuasion: Overview
- Since the 1950's, there has been enormous public concern over hidden messages in art, music, and advertising. Subliminal self-help tapes are a multi-billion dollar industry. Yet many psychologists claim that subliminal influence consists at best of...
Parapsychology >> Subliminal Persuasion
- The Legend of Stonehenge
- Stonehenge has fascinated thousands of people throughout the ages, even today people are still wondering about the origins of the mysterious Stonehenge. Today's scientists and historians are still unable to come to a solid theory of when, why, by whom, and...
Earth Mysteries >> Mystic Places
Scientific Revolution is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Scientific Revolution books and related discussion.
Suggested News Resources
- Historian puts new spin on scientific revolution
- POINT OF ORIGIN Astronomer Tycho Brahe's observation of a supernova in 1572 (remnant shown here in a composite image) marks the beginning of the scientific revolution, a historian contends. X-ray: CXC/NASA, K. Eriksen et al/Rutgers; Optical: DSS.
- The Secret Life of the Real Banksy, Robin Gunningham
- An article published in the Journal of Spatial Science now lends scientific weight to the Mail's claim. "The spatial locations of Banksy artworks in both London and Bristol are associated with sites linked to one prominent candidate.
- Spare Times for Children Listings for March 11-17
- New York City First Competition and Expo (Friday through Sunday) What can you do with a lot of imagination, a lot of scientific inspiration and a lot of mechanical parts (or, in certain cases, a lot of Lego)?
Great care has been taken to prepare the information on this page. Elements of the content come from factual and lexical knowledge databases, realmagick.com library and third-party sources. We appreciate your suggestions and comments on further improvements of the site.
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