text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Dec 16, 2008
|Filing date
|Mar 15, 2005
|Priority date
|Mar 19, 2004
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|John Iannelli
|Original Assignee
|Emcore Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (46), Non-Patent Citations (15), Referenced by (51), Classifications (19), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/946,056 filed Sep. 21, 2004, and assigned to the common assignee.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/554,523 filed Mar. 19, 2004.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to an optical transmission system for analog signals, and in particular to a directly modulated solid-state laser. More particularly, the invention relates to the use of an electronic circuit for providing a linear output from an amplitude modulated transmission device such as a semiconductor laser which has an output distorted from its input due to inherent nonlinearity. The distortion of the nonlinear device is compensated by applying a predistorted signal to the input of the nonlinear device. The predistortion is chosen such that the distortion of the nonlinear device restores the undistorted signal, enabling transmission over long lengths of dispersive fiber optic media at 1550 nm.
2. Description of the Related Art
Directly modulating the analog intensity of a light-emitting diode (LED) or semiconductor laser with an electrical signal is considered among the simplest methods known in the art for transmitting analog signals, such as voice and video signals, on optical fibers. Although such analog transmission techniques have the advantage of substantially smaller bandwidth requirements than digital transmission, such as digital pulse code modulation, or analog or pulse frequency modulation, the use of amplitude modulation may suffer from noise and nonlinearity of the optical source.
For that reason, direct modulation techniques have been used in connection with 1310 nm lasers where the application is to short transmission links that employ fiber optic links with zero dispersion. For applications in metro and long haul fiber transmission links, the low loss of the link requires that externally modulated 1550 nm lasers be used, but such external modulation techniques are complex and expensive. The present invention is therefore addressed to the problem of providing a simple and low cost system for direct modulation of a laser at 1550 nm so that the analog optical output can be used in metro and long haul optical networks using analog transmission.
Direct modulation of lasers at 1550 nm is known for use in digital optical transmission systems such as dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) systems. See, for example, Kartalopoulos, DWDM Networks, Devices, and Technology (IEEE Press, 2002).
One of the difficulties in designing an analog system at 1550 nm is that suitable low chirp lasers for use at 1550 nm are not known in the prior art. One type of low chirp laser is the external cavity laser, which is used in digital optical transmission systems, and is a commercially available product.
In addition to the low chirp characteristics required for an analog optical transmission system at 1550 nm, the system must be highly linear. Distortion inherent in certain analog transmitters prevents a linear electrical modulation signal from being converted linearly to an optical signal, and instead causes the signal to become distorted. These effects are particularly detrimental to multi-channel video transmission, which requires excellent linearity to prevent channels from interfering with each other. A highly linearized analog optical system has wide application in commercial analog systems, such as broadcast TV transmission, CATV, interactive TV, and video telephone transmission.
Linearization of optical and other nonlinear transmitters has been studied for some time, but proposed solutions suffer from practical disadvantages. Most applications discussed above have bandwidths, which are too large for many practical implementations. Feedforward techniques require complex system components such as optical power combiners and multiple optical sources. Quasi-optical feedforward techniques suffer from similar complexity problems and further require extremely well matched parts.
One method employed in the past to reduce distortion inherent in lasers or other nonlinear devices has been the use of predistortion circuits. In this technique, a modulation signal is combined with a signal equal in magnitude to the distortion inherent in the nonlinear device but opposite in sign. When the nonlinear device modulates the combined signal, the device's inherent distortion is canceled by the combined signal's predistortion and only the linear part of the source signal is transmitted. This predistortion signal is usually in the form of additive and subtractive combinations of the input fundamental frequencies, as these intermodulation products constitute the most fertile source of distortion in analog signal transmission. In the distribution of AM signals for cable television, for example, there are often as many as 100+ frequencies on a particular band and numerous opportunities for second order and third order intermodulation products of those frequencies.
These predistortion techniques have been used in current 1310 nm optical transmitters and are exemplified by U.S. Pat. No. 6,288,814, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
Some of the early predistortion techniques generally divide an input signal into two or more electrical paths and generate predistortion on one or more of the paths resembling the distortion inherent in the nonlinear transmitting device. The generated predistortion is the inverse of the nonlinear device's inherent distortion and serves to cancel the effect of the device's inherent distortion when recombined with the input signal.
Attenuation can be used to match the magnitude of the predistortion to the magnitude of the device's inherent distortion characteristics before the signals are recombined and sent to the nonlinear device for modulation. However, the method suffers from crudeness because nonlinear devices frequently have amplitude and phase distortion characteristics dependent on the frequency of the modulating signal. More recent techniques provide means for compensating for these frequency-dependent nonlinearities.
Neglecting to correct for the frequency dependence of the distortion leads to a result that may be quite tolerable for many systems and for signals with relatively narrow bandwidth. However, they become particularly troublesome when converting an electrical TV signal to an optical signal for cable transmission. Such signals for cable TV may have forty or more input frequencies, all of which need to have high quality amplitude modulated signals. The transmission devices for such signal must have an exceptionally high degree of linearity.
Advanced multi-path predistortion circuits are flexible and highly effective for linearizing output of a wide range of nonlinear devices. One such multi-path predistortion circuit is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,992,754, issued to Blauvelt et al. The circuit is capable of generating frequency specific distortion products for compensating frequency-dependent nonlinearities, and is useful for applications requiring an exceptionally high degree of linearity, such as, for example, CATV applications.
Although multi-path predistortion circuits can be used in a broad variety of applications, the design of these circuits is relatively complex. This complexity manifests itself in circuits that are often too expensive for applications needing only a modest degree of linearization. One skilled in the art would appreciate a low-cost circuit of relatively simple design for limited application, particularly if such a circuit were fabricated from existing low-cost components commonly used in signal transmission applications.
Circuits as described here could produce frequency dependent third-order distortion. Simple third-order distortion, such as that produced by an ideal diode, has the property that the distortion is real and independent of frequency. Many non-linear transmitters or amplifiers, however, contain reactive elements such as inductances, capacitances or delays, which cause the device to produce distortion depending on the input and output frequencies and the distortion frequencies. Nazarathy, U.S. Pat. No. 5,161,044, discloses a circuit in FIG. 15 of that patent which produces essentially real, frequency-independent predistortion. The capacitors and inductors in Nazarathy are added for biasing purposes and to block the DC and AC currents. However, the circuit disclosed by Nazarathy may not have the right phase or frequency dependence for each set of input frequencies, to be substantially the same in magnitude and opposite in sign to the distortion produced by the non-linear device.
The present invention accordingly is addressed to overcoming these and other difficulties found in designing and operating 1550 nm laser analog optical transmission systems.
1. Objects of the Invention
It is an object of the present to provide an improved optical transmission system using a directly modulated laser.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a low chirp laser for use in a 1550 nm analog optical transmission system.
It is also another object of the present invention to provide a predistortion circuit for use in a 1550 nm analog optical transmission system.
It is still another object of the present invention to provide a low chirp, highly linear analog optical transmission system suitable for long haul dispersive optical fiber media.
It is still another object of the present invention to provide a feedback circuit for controlling a low chirp laser in an analog optical transmission system suitable for long haul dispersive optical fiber media.
It is also an object of the present invention to provide a direct modulation and distortion compensation process in a broadband analog optical transmission system.
2. Features of the Invention
Briefly, and in general terms, the present invention provides an optical transmitter for generating a modulated optical signal for transmission over a dispersive fiber optic link to a remote receiver having an input for receiving a broadband analog radio frequency signal input; a semiconductor laser for producing an optical signal; and a modulation circuit for directly modulating the laser with the analog signal, including a predistortion circuit for reducing the distortion in the signal present at the receiver end of the fiber optic link.
In another aspect, the present invention provides an optical transmission system for use over dispersive fiber optic links including an optical transmitter with analog signal input; a low chirp laser; a modulation circuit for directly modulating the laser, and a predistortion circuit for reducing the frequency independent component of the distortion of the semiconductor laser.
In another aspect, the present invention further provides a low-cost direct modulation technique, preferably including a predistortion circuit for reducing second and higher order distortion products produced by a nonlinear device such as a laser.
In another aspect of the invention, the present invention provides a low chirp laser as an external cavity laser operating in the 1530 nm to 1570 nm range in the "C band".
In another aspect of the invention, there is provided a predistortion circuit for reducing distortion in the transmission of analog signals that splits an input modulation signal into two electrical paths, one primary and one secondary. A predistortion amplifier on the secondary path generates second order or higher order intermodulation distortion products of the input signal. The distortion so generated, or predistortion, is adjusted to be substantially equal in magnitude and opposite in sign to the distortion inherent in a nonlinear modulation device to which the signal is applied. The predistortion signal is adjusted in amplitude and phase to match the frequency dependence of the distortion by the nonlinear device. The phase of the signals are synchronized by a delay or phase adjustment element in one of the electrical paths. The primary and secondary signals are then recombined to produce a single modulation signal including intermodulation product distortion. Thus, the predistortion circuit largely linearizes the transmission of modulating signals by canceling distortion inherent in nonlinear transmitting devices, making the analog signals suitable for transmission over dispersive fiber optic links.
Additional objects, advantages and novel features of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this disclosure, including the following detail description as well as by practice of the invention. While the invention is described below with reference to preferred embodiments, it should be understood that the invention is not limited thereto. Those of ordinary skill in the art having access to the teachings herein will recognize additional applications, modifications and embodiments in other fields, which are within the scope of the invention as disclosed and claimed herein and with respect to which the invention could be of significant utility.
These and other features and advantages of this invention will be better understood and more fully appreciated by reference to the following detailed description when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
The novel features and characteristics of the invention are set forth in the appended claims. The invention itself, however, as well as other features and advantages thereof, will be best understood by reference to a detailed description of a specific embodiment, when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
Details of the present invention will now be described, including exemplary aspects and embodiments thereof. Referring to the drawings and the following description, like reference numbers are used to identify like or functionally similar elements, and are intended to illustrate major features of exemplary embodiments in a highly simplified diagrammatic manner. Moreover, the drawings are not intended to depict every feature of actual embodiments nor the relative dimensions of the depicted elements, and are not drawn to scale.
In a preferred embodiment, the laser is an external cavity laser within the wavelength of the light output of the laser in the 1530 to 1570 nm range. Moreover, the broadband analog signal input has a bandwidth greater than one octave and includes a plurality of distinct information carrying channels.
The predistortion circuit of the present invention compensates for the nonlinear response of the laser, and/or for the distortion produced by the transmission of a frequency modulated optical signal through a dispersive fiber optic link as determined at the receiver end. The predistortion circuit may be selectively adjustable to compensate for the distortion produced by the dispersive fiber optic link depending upon the length of the link, or may be factory set to a predetermined value to compensate for the distortion produced by the dispersive fiber optic link depending upon the length of the link.
The modulation circuit may further include a low frequency signal modulator which applies a low frequency signal to the input of the laser to increase the stimulated Brillouin scattering threshold of the dispersive fiber optic link.
In another aspect of the invention, the predistortion circuit may include a plurality of in-line distortion producing circuit elements placed in sequence along the analog signal path such that by additively combining the distortion contributions from the combination of in-line distortion producing circuit elements an appropriate real and imaginary distortion is synthesized in the circuit to an extent sufficient to substantially cancel or reduce the distortion from the nonlinearity of the laser, and wherein no separation of the analog signal into a fundamental signal path and a separate and distinct distortion producing path occurs within the in-line distortion producing circuit elements.
The modulation circuit of the invention may also be an AM-VSB modulator, or a quadrature amplitude modulator.
There is a output "spectral shaping" device connected to the output of the semiconductor laser for adjusting the optical spectrum so that the power is below that of the stimulated Brillouin scattering threshold of the dispersive fiber optic link, such as a phase modulator, a lithium niobate phase modulator, or a piezoelectric phase modulator.
An exemplary transmission device may be a semiconductor laser or LED modulated by the output signal.
Many variations and modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, although described and illustrated in the context of a TV signal modulating a laser or light emitting diode, other nonlinear devices such as amplifiers may have inherent distortion largely cancelled by this technique. The fine adjustment of the relative phase of the signals in the primary and secondary paths is in the secondary path in the illustrated embodiment, but this could also be in the primary path with the coarse adjustment. The secondary path is preferred since such a delay in the primary path may have an inappropriate impedance for this path.
The figure assumes the use of a temperature controller in proximity to the laser for controlling the temperature of the laser to minimize the distortion present at the receiver end of the fiber optic link. The temperature controller is typically a Peltier thermoelectric cooler as is known in the art. There are a number of physical parameters associated with a laser that vary with temperature. In applications where these variables are critical, it is important to be able to control the actual temperature of the laser regardless of the external environment temperature. The present invention monitors the output of the laser with a photodiode, converts the signal in a control signal, which is coupled to a laser output monitor control circuit, including a negative feedback control circuit coupled to the temperature controller for adjusting the temperature of the laser in response to the output of the laser.
Various aspects of the techniques and apparatus of the present invention may be implemented in digital circuitry, or in computer hardware, firmware, software, or in combinations of them. Circuits of the invention may be implemented in computer products tangibly embodied in a machine-readable storage device for execution by a programmable processor, or on software located at a network node or web site which may be downloaded to the computer product automatically or on demand. The foregoing techniques may be performed by, for example, a single central processor, a multiprocessor, one or more digital signal processors, gate arrays of logic gates, or hardwired logic circuits for executing a sequence of signals or program of instructions to perform functions of the invention by operating on input data and generating output. The methods may advantageously be implemented in one or more computer programs that are executable on a programmable system including at least one programmable processor coupled to receive data and instructions from, and to transmit data and instructions to, a data storage system, at least one in/out device, and at least one output device. Each computer program may be implemented in a high-level procedural or object-oriented programming language, or in assembly or machine language if desired; and in any case, the language may be compiled or interpreted language. Suitable processors include, by way of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors. Generally, a processor will receive instructions and data from read-only memory and/or random access memory. Storage devices suitable for tangibly embodying computer program instructions and data include all forms of non-volatile memory, including by way of example, semiconductor devices, such as EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices; magnetic disks such as internal hard disks and removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM disks. Any of the foregoing may be supplemented by or incorporated in, specially designed application-specific integrated circuits (ASICS).
It will be understood that each of the elements described above, or two or more together, also may find a useful application in other types of constructions differing from the types described above.
While the invention has been illustrated and described as embodied in an optical transmission system, it is not intended to be limited to the details shown, since various modifications and structural changes may be made without departing in any way from the spirit of the present invention.
Without further analysis, the foregoing will so fully reveal the gist of the present invention that others can, by applying current knowledge, readily adapt it for various applications without omitting features that, from the standpoint of prior art, fairly constitute essential characteristics of the generic or specific aspects of this invention and, therefore, such adaptations should and are intended to be comprehended within the meaning and range of equivalence of the following claims.
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|Providing digital data services as electrical signals and radio-frequency (RF) communications over optical fiber in distributed communications systems, and related components and methods
|May 30, 2014
|May 31, 2016
|Corning Optical Communications Wireless Ltd
|Systems and methods for simultaneous sampling of serial digital data streams from multiple analog-to-digital converters (ADCS), including in distributed antenna systems
|Nov 9, 2015
|Jun 14, 2016
|Corning Optical Communications LLC
|Determining propagation delay of communications in distributed antenna systems, and related components, systems, and methods
|Sep 23, 2014
|Jul 5, 2016
|Corning Optical Communications Wireless Ltd
|Connection mapping in distributed communication systems
|Sep 25, 2014
|Aug 16, 2016
|Corning Optical Communications Wireless Ltd
|System-wide uplink band gain control in a distributed antenna system (DAS), based on per band gain control of remote uplink paths in remote units
|Oct 25, 2013
|Sep 27, 2016
|Corning Optical Communications Wireless Ltd
|Deployable wireless infrastructures and methods of deploying wireless infrastructures
|Jun 19, 2007
|Dec 25, 2008
|Villarruel Fernando X
|Amplified Wavelength Broadband Video Distribution Architectures
|Jun 19, 2007
|Dec 25, 2008
|Villarruel Fernando X
|Amplified Wavelength Broadband Video Distribution Architectures Using An External Waveguide
|Aug 7, 2007
|Feb 12, 2009
|Applied Optoelectronics, Inc.
|Predistortion circuit including distortion generator diodes with adjustable diode bias
|Feb 5, 2008
|Aug 6, 2009
|Applied Optoelectronics, Inc.
|Distortion compensation circuit and method based on orders of time dependent series of distortion signal
|Feb 5, 2008
|Aug 6, 2009
|Applied Optoelectronics, Inc.
|Distortion Compensation Circuit Including One or More Phase Invertible Distortion Paths
|May 28, 2009
|Sep 17, 2009
|Fernando X Villarruel
|Transamplifier, system and method for amplification of optical signals at plural wavelengths
|Jun 13, 2006
|Dec 3, 2009
|Broadband Royalty Corporation
|Four quadrant linearizer
|Sep 29, 2009
|Mar 31, 2011
|Raytheon Company
|Anamorphic focal array
|U.S. Classification
|398/182, 398/188, 398/183
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Mar 15, 2005
Owner name: EMCORE CORPORATION, NEW JERSEY
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Free format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNORS:EMCORE CORPORATION;EMCORE SOLAR POWER, INC.;REEL/FRAME:026304/0142
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realmagick.com The shrine of knowledge.
Halleys Fifth Concerto
A selection of articles related to halleys fifth concerto.
Original articles from our library related to the Halleys Fifth Concerto. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Halleys Fifth Concerto.
- Who Were the Celts?
- The Celts were a group of people that occupied lands stretching from the British Isles to Galatia. The Celts had many dealings with other cultures that bordered the lands occupied by these people, and even though there is no written record of the Celts...
History & Anthropology >> Celtic & Irish
- King James Bible: Leviticus, Chapter 27
- Chapter 27 27:1 And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, 27:2 Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, When a man shall make a singular vow, the persons shall be for the LORD by thy estimation. 27:3 And thy estimation shall be of the male from...
Old Testament >> Leviticus
- Malkuth
- The practical applications of the Tree must start at Malkuth, because Malkuth is all that is manifested on Earth. We know Malkuth better than any other Sephiroth just because we are the embodiment of Malkuth. We know the physical world by living it. Malkuth...
Magick >> Qabalah
- King James Bible: Genesis, Chapter 47
- Chapter 47 47:1 Then Joseph came and told Pharaoh, and said, My father and my brethren, and their flocks, and their herds, and all that they have, are come out of the land of Canaan; and, behold, they are in the land of Goshen. 47:2 And he took some of his...
Old Testament >> Genesis
- What day are you born on?
- The day of the month on which the you were born - regardless of which month or year it is - is a key numerological indicator, providing an excellent "thumbnail sketch" of standout traits. It strongly influences your Life Path and is helpful in...
Symbology >> Numerology
- The Perpetual Raising: Part 5
- (Part 5 of 5) The description of the seven specialists for group mind formation continues… 3) THE MOTIVATOR; The psychic specialist known as the Motivator, represents and embodies the will to evolve. Their contribution to group mind effort is a...
Mind >> World Mind
- King James Bible: Numbers, Chapter 7
- Chapter 7 7:1 And it came to pass on the day that Moses had fully set up the tabernacle, and had anointed it, and sanctified it, and all the instruments thereof, both the altar and all the vessels thereof, and had anointed them, and sanctified them; 7:2 That...
Old Testament >> Numbers
Halleys Fifth Concerto is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Halleys Fifth Concerto books and related discussion.
Suggested News Resources
- A Week's Vigil, Then Easter Hallelujahs
- Church of the Ascension (Episcopal) Fifth Avenue at 10th Street, Greenwich Village. Duruflé's "Ubi Caritas" and "Tantum ..... Madison Avenue, at 73rd Street.
- O Tidings of Comfort and Joy, Comfort and Joy
- Britten's "Ceremony of Carols," McDowall's "Christus Natus Est," Lauridsen's "O Magnum Mysterium," Halley's "Huron Carol" and other works and carols; with instrumentalists; Kent Tritle, director. ...
- Sacred Music for the Holy Season
- Duruflé's "Ubi Caritas"; Halley's "Jesu, the very thought of thee"; Richard Shephard's "A new commandment"; and Tallis's "O Sacrum Convivium"; Raymond Nagem, assistant organist; Kent Tritle, director. 7 p.m.
Great care has been taken to prepare the information on this page. Elements of the content come from factual and lexical knowledge databases, realmagick.com library and third-party sources. We appreciate your suggestions and comments on further improvements of the site.
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Confidence knocked by renewed euro-zone fears
A reassessment of the likelihood of a default by a peripheral euro-zone sovereign, as well as some less encouraging news on the pace of the global economic recovery, has hit UK equities and prompted investors to revise back down their expectations for UK official interest rates. In the past, similar developments have also helped to squeeze the spread of gilt yields over risk-free interest rates. However, over the last month, this spread has widened, perhaps suggesting that investors think that the chance that the Monetary Policy Committee votes to do more quantitative easing at May's meeting has fallen. Our view remains, though, that further extensions to QE are still likely, if not in May then later this year....
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Jonathan Loynes
Chief European Economist
John Higgins
Chief Markets Economist
Scott Bowman
UK Economist
Paul Hollingsworth
UK Economist
Ruth Gregory
UK Economist


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The top reserve reps, meanwhile, have been split up during the Badgers' fall camp between redshirt freshman Sean Lewis, a converted quarterback, and fifth-year senior walk-on Joel Nellis.
"Sean is learning the position," UW head coach Barry Alvarez said. "He's worked hard to get stronger. He's put on some weight. I think someday he'll be a good tight end… and he will get bigger. He can run. He makes some plays.
Lewis is listed at 6-foot-7, 235 pounds, while Nellis is 6-4, 240.
"Joel Nellis is… a program guy," Alvarez said. "He's a guy that (is) very intelligent, loves to play, is one of our typical walk-ons who has just stuck to the program and followed everything we've done. He re-defined his body and I have no reservations putting Joel on the field. He'll help us in special teams."
Daniels a capable blocker
Daniels has always been a willing blocker. But last season he did not do a good enough job blocking to keep opponents from expecting to see a pass play when he entered the game. So this offseason, Daniels focused on improving his blocking. Daniels still is not as good of a blocker as Pociask, but he has done a respectable to good job in this regard as camp has progressed.
"We've emphasized that," Alvarez said. "I have no reservations with him at point of attack. Last year we did it occasionally just to keep people honest. But he's 250-plus pounds right now. He can block. If they overplay him not as a blocker, then that's good. I think he's greatly improved and he knew that was something he had to work on."
Red zone rehearsal
Another point of concern in the offseason was UW's struggles in the red zone last season. During their practice Wednesday morning at Camp Randall, however, the Badgers' offense scored seven touchdowns on seven consecutive possessions during a red zone drill.
"You'd like for your offense to score when you get in the red zone," Alvarez said. "Probably for the first time in a long time we weren't good in short yardage or red zone (last season)… So that's a point of emphasis.
"We experiment. That's the thing you have to understand sitting up in the stands. You don't really know what we're trying to do. We're giving different looks, we're trying to put the toughest situation for the offense. Give them a hard situation to handle and we want to experiment. So it's not always… you got five out of six or four out of five. It's how did we execute those things? And was this something we want to continue looking at, whether our guys can handle it? That's part of practice, that's why you have these things. It's just putting them in that situation. Both sides of the ball it's very important, it's something that we have to improve on and that's why we gave it extra work."
White showing improvement
One player who has stood out this camp is strong safety Johnny White.
"Johnny, before anytime you flash faked the fullback, Johnny's two yards in the backfield. Unfortunately, he's responsible for the tight end a lot of times," Alvarez said with a grin. "But I think he's been disciplined in this camp. I think he's grown up. I think he's learned to be patient. Yet, he's a guy that will fill the run pretty quick now. He'll blow you up. I've been pleased with Johnny."
Kicking confidence, part two
Alvarez again expressed renewed confidence in the kicking game, particularly sophomore place kicker Taylor Mehlhaff, who has command of the Badgers' field goal kicking job.
"I think Taylor's missed one kick the entire camp," Alvarez said. "It was a little windy the other day and he didn't play the wind. I couldn't be more pleased with him. And our punters have been outstanding and our long snapper. Those guys worked hard all summer and it's paid off in camp. I feel 100 percent better right now than I did going into camp."


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Don't delay, register today!
You can support this worthy cause.
Tim Bradbury with his effusive praise for US Soccer's new initiative on player development
She played as a girl in the Valley Stream Soccer Club, still lives there and now volunteers for the club
The Long Island Junior Soccer League's TOPSoccer Program encompasses 26 clubs
Congratulations to the Town of Poughkeepsie Soccer Club coach!
Congratulations to the coach from Valley Stream!
The Lynbrook/East Rockaway coach has done a great deal for breast cancer awareness
Congratulations to the longtime Red Hook coach!
Congratulations to the longtime East Hudson Youth Soccer League coach.
Congratulations to the longtime Staten Island Youth Soccer League volunteer
Congratulations to the longtime Metrokids administrator.
We look forward to Enrico volunteering for all the players of Eastern New York
Important words from ENYYSA Director of Coaching Instruction Tim Bradbury regarding practice.
Welcome to the Training Advisor from US Youth Soccer and our official training partner SKLZ. The Advisor is designed to offer coaches and players with some great activities to improve performance.
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JUST MARRIED! First Pics Of Halle Berry & Olivier Martinez's WEDDING At Luxe French Chateau! (A Sneak Peek At Her Dress!)
So much for Halle Berry saying she would never marry again. Because the 46-year-old several months pregnant actress indeed is a married woman for the third time.
The first pics of Mrs. Berry-Martinez on her wedding day in France inside...
After a couple of slightly disastrous marriages with David Justice & Eric Benet, The Call actress Halle Berry seems to have found the one!
She wed her fiancee of one year (together since 2010) and former co-star in their movie Dark Tide, Olivier Martinez, at the absolutley stunning Chateau des Conde in Vallery, the Burgundy region of France.
Reports surfaced several days ago that the two would indeed wed this weekend, and security was prepared in guarding the bride as she entered & exited the Chateau.
Pics surfaced today of Halle in a white station wagon-style car in her white sleeveless wedding dress with crystals on the shoulders. We're sure her daughter Nahla wasn't far either.
Gorgeous setting for what we're sure was a gorgeous wedding. Stay tuned for more details!
Photos: WENN
~wowo~Unbelievab~lMy friend
3:20 pm - Jul 15, '13
She better have a prenup coz
4:29 am - Jul 15, '13
This child has a poor track
7:32 pm - Jul 13, '13
How long before ANOTHER dude
6:56 pm - Jul 13, '13
Congrats Halle! Now Mrs
6:45 pm - Jul 13, '13
Congrats to Halle and
6:39 pm - Jul 13, '13
That car looks a bit
6:24 pm - Jul 13, '13
On snap! He does look like
10:06 am - Jul 14, '13
...He sure does and Po' Halle
10:12 pm - Jul 13, '13
Gorgeous venue. Congrats Ms.
6:23 pm - Jul 13, '13


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Between rehearsals and preparations for the 40th Annual American Music Awards on Sunday November 24th, many stars stopped by the Sauza Tequila Gifting Suite at the Nokia Theater. See what celebs were spotted sipping in the suite!
Stars Sip at the Sauza Tequila Gifting Suite at the AMA's
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The Medina Chorus will present its 2012 Winter Concert at 3 p.m. Dec. 2 at the Medina Presbyterian Church, 5020 Burgundy Bay Blvd., Medina.
The program consists of songs of the season, hymns, and inspirationalworks.
Tickets, available at the door, are $10 for adults and $7 for seniors and students. Seating may be limited. Reduced pre-sale tickets are available at all three Buehlers stores about two weeks before the performance.
Visit medinachorus.com.


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Have a Car Question? Ask a Mechanic Online.
I have replaced those sesnors for the same reason, the sesnor is in a bad spot next to the crank shaft sprocket this is a big job when you do this I would recommend replacing the timing belt since your there and save your self lots of money. see below


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Construction and Project Management
Staff in the Department of Construction and Project Management have an extensive range of professional experiences such as project management, quantity surveying, construction management, building surveying, contract administrators and facilities management. Over the past twenty years there has been a strong and continuous demand for project managers in all organisations, which has created a job opportunities for people with a project management qualification.
Our postgraduate courses in project management are suitable for anyone involved in project work and the skills can be applied to almost any industry, including: construction, property, events, engineering, health, education, business, information technology, and product development.
Our courses are delivered by people who bring practical and professional experience into the learning process.


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Limerick Famous Limerick People
A selection of articles related to limerick famous limerick people.
Original articles from our library related to the Limerick Famous Limerick People. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Limerick Famous Limerick People.
- Description of the Bach Remedies
- Bach Flower Remedies 1. AGRIMONY (Agrimonia eupatoria) - problems hidden behind light-heartedness - This is the "Keep-smiling!" - remedy: it is for people who hide their fears, grief and worries under a mask of cheerfulness, friendliness and humor....
Homeopathy >> Bach Flower Remedies
- Our Pagan Village: The Importance and Persuit of Honor
- Candlelight flickers over the Beltaine revels. Food is laid out in the circle for the feast. Only one rule – no one can feed themselves. Each is dependent on friends and loved ones for sustenance, joy and delight. After an hour of laughter and revels and way...
Paganism & Wicca >> Daily Life
- Survivalists' Guide for the New Millennium: Chapter 6
- AS THE WORM TURNS Health and well being are part of the natural birthright of the human being. With all of its organs intact, the right diet, exercise and mental focus, a human body can overcome any disease. Even so, the effects of living in this...
Philosophy >> Survivalists Guide for the New Millennium
- The Religious Experience: A Wiccan Viewpoint
- What is religion? Religion is a set of beliefs which allow us to understand and categorize our world and our place in it. A set of beliefs which define our culture, our expectations, our views of people and behaviors we expect. I have found several different...
Religion & Philosophy >> Religions
- Resurrection of the Higher Self
- In July of 1989, a controversial article crossed the managing editor's desk of an equally controversial magazine. This article was never actually published in the quarterly publication, then known as The Magical Blend , even though it was well documented by...
Body Mysteries >> Psychoactive Substances
- King James Bible: Numbers, Chapter 11
- Chapter 11 11:1 And when the people complained, it displeased the LORD: and the LORD heard it; and his anger was kindled; and the fire of the LORD burnt among them, and consumed them that were in the uttermost parts of the camp. 11:2 And the people cried unto...
Old Testament >> Numbers
Limerick Famous Limerick People is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Limerick Famous Limerick People books and related discussion.
Suggested News Resources
- Ancestry.com indexes millions of Irish records
- Just in time for St. Patrick's Day, genealogical research website Ancestry.com is making 10 million Catholic parish records from Ireland — some dating to 1655 — available online for free to help people trace their Irish heritage.
- The ironing can wait - don't lose sight of your goal
- A "superfruit" famed for its health giving properties may protect ageing brains and help prevent Alzheimer's, new research suggests. Dame Joan Bakewell ... The walk of life - 'people should have the choice whether to live or die' says...
- Model with Down Syndrome challenges society's perceptions by starring in
- Go to Madelines website and see what she is trying to achieve in relation to people like yourself.This just may start you on the road of enlightenment and nuanced thought nstead of your ignorant and prejudiced viewpoint.
- Brendan O'Connor: Am I an introvert or just highly sensitive?
- A war between introverts and HSPs would involve the introverts sitting around thinking of all the clever put-downs they should have used on the Highly Sensitive People except they only thought of them afterwards, while the Highly Sensitive People ...
- Modern class - many swimwears are already sold out
- Easter break is fast approaching, and holidays in the sun are zooming into our consciousness. I met with Brown Thomas's Swimwear, Lingerie and Hosiery Buyer, Roslyn Ellis, who told me that, already, many swimwear ranges have sold out completely.
Great care has been taken to prepare the information on this page. Elements of the content come from factual and lexical knowledge databases, realmagick.com library and third-party sources. We appreciate your suggestions and comments on further improvements of the site.
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Pulmonary Disease Physicians in Williamsport, PA
Dr. Kevin Kist Jr specializes in pulmonary disease, critical care (intensivists) in Williamsport, Pennsylvania.
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text: Law Stories about law and politics in the Pacific Northwest, with many from KPLU's Law and Justice reporter, Paula Wissel. Man Charged With SPU Shooting: 'I Want To Feel The Hate' By Paula Wissel • Jun 10, 2014 Elaine Thompson / AP Photo The gunman who allegedly killed a student on the campus of Seattle Pacific University last week told police he had stopped taking his anti-depressant medicine because he wanted to "feel the hate." That was among the revelations released in charging documents filed against Aaron Rey Ybarra in King County Superior Court on Tuesday. Obesity Disqualifies More Navy Recruits Than Drug Use By Paula Wissel • Jun 9, 2014 Paula Wissel Navy recruiters have noticed a disturbing trend among young people looking to join up: too many of them are obese. Rear Admiral Annie Andrews, who is in charge of recruiting for the U.S. Navy, says obesity "has actually surpassed even those with drug use" as a reason for disqualification. In addition to the high rate of obesity, she says, some potential recruits are just plain out of shape. Wash. AG Puts Health Plans On Notice To Cover Same-Sex Spouses By Austin Jenkins • Jun 5, 2014 Elaine Thompson / AP Photo Washington's Attorney General is reminding employers they may not discriminate against same-sex spouses when it comes to health coverage. Thursday's warning follows a discrimination complaint earlier this year against O'Reilly Auto Parts. U.S. Supreme Court Won't Block Oregon Same-Sex Marriage By Chris Lehman • Jun 4, 2014 Steve Dykes / AP Photo The U.S. Supreme Court won't block same-sex marriages in Oregon. The high court on Wednesday turned down a request to halt gay marriages in the state. Seattle Police Chief Nominee Endorses Hiring Outside Assistants By Paula Wissel • Jun 4, 2014 Ted S. Warren / AP Photo Confirmation hearings begin today for Kathleen O'Toole, the woman nominated to be the new Seattle police chief. Kathleen O'Toole will appear before the Seattle City Council Public Safety Committee. One issue stirring controversy among the top brass in the Seattle Police Department is O'Toole's plan to hire assistants from outside the department. Seattle Police Officers File Civil Rights Complaint Over Use Of Force Policies By Paula Wissel • May 28, 2014 More than 100 Seattle police officers have filed a federal civil rights complaint against city and federal authorities. They allege the agreement between the U.S. Department of Justice and the city of Seattle restricting police use of force has put both police and the public in danger. Gatorade Helps Nab Copper Wire Thieves By Paula Wissel • May 27, 2014 Paula Wissel / KNKX A jury has found two men guilty of stealing 4.3 miles of copper wiring from Sound Transit's Light Rail System in Seattle. It's believed to be the largest theft of metal in Washington State. Apparently, the thieves undoing was a popular energy drink. This Man May Be Deported To Cambodia Before He Can Give His Brother A Kidney By Paula Wissel • May 27, 2014 Courtesy of the Hak family. Listen Listening... / 3:56 A man being held in the Northwest Detention Center in Tacoma could help save his brother's life by giving him a kidney. But that won't happen if the U.S. goes forward with plans to deport the man to Cambodia, a country he left as a baby. The case shines a light on what some consider the U.S.'s overly harsh deportation policies. Wash. High Court: Sea-Tac Airport Workers Unknowingly Fed Pork Can Sue Over Lunch By Austin Jenkins & The Associated Press • May 22, 2014 Cacophony / Wikimedia Commons Washington employers must "reasonably" accommodate the religious practices of their employees, according to a ruling issued by the Washington Supreme Court Thursday. The case involves four men employed by a company that makes meals for airline passengers at Sea-Tac Airport. Idaho City Narrowly Upholds Gay Rights Law In Closely Watched Vote By Jessica Robinson • May 21, 2014 An effort to overturn one Idaho city's gay rights ordinance appears to have failed by a slim margin. The anti-discrimination law in Pocatello was upheld Tuesday night by a projected margin of 90 votes. City councils in seven Idaho cities have barred employers, landlords and most businesses from discriminating on basis of sexual orientation and gender identity. But Pocatello's ordinance was the first in the state to be put to a popular vote. Without A Marijuana Breathalyzer, How To Curb Stoned Driving? By Ben Markus • May 21, 2014 Like many medical marijuana patients, Greg Duran says he drives in fear, knowing he could be busted at any moment for driving under the influence. As he merges onto Interstate 70 north of Denver, Duran explains that he's probably over the state's new marijuana limit: 5 nanograms per milliliter of blood of THC, the psychoactive chemical in pot. "It would be devastating if I lost my car. It would change everything," Duran says. Pot Growers Can't Use Federal Irrigation Water By The Associated Press • May 20, 2014 AP Photo Marijuana growers in Washington and Colorado and other states cannot use irrigation water from the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation to grow their crops. The agency on Tuesday said that marijuana growing remains illegal under federal law, so irrigation water from its dams cannot be used to grow pot even in states that have legalized recreational or medical use of the drug. Weddings Begin As Oregon Judge Overturns Gay Marriage Ban By Chris Lehman • May 20, 2014 Steve Dykes / AP Photo Same-sex couples are getting married in Oregon now that a federal judge has overturned the state's ban on gay marriage. Shortly after noon on Monday, the news broke to crowds gathered in Portland that U.S. District Judge Michael McShane ruled the law violated the federal constitutional rights of gays and lesbians. Pocatello Vote Seen As Test Of Gay-Rights Measures In Idaho By Jessica Robinson • May 20, 2014 Jessica Robinson Voters in Pocatello, Idaho will decide the fate of the city's non-discrimination ordinance Tuesday. Pocatello is one of seven cities in Idaho that have passed laws aimed at protecting gay, lesbian, bisexual and transsexual people, but this is the first time one of these measures has been put to a popular vote. Judge's Ruling Clears Way For Same-Sex Weddings In Oregon By Chris Lehman • May 19, 2014 Chris Lehman Same-sex couples can now marry legally in Oregon after a federal judge Monday overturned the state's ban on gay marriage. Weddings began almost immediately. County clerks started issuing marriage licenses minutes after U.S. District Judge Michael McShane issued his opinion. Same-sex couples lined up outside marriage license offices in Portland and Eugene in anticipation of a ruling in their favor. Ilwaco Retiree Could Be First Charged Under New Law Banning Feeding Of Bears By Tom Banse • May 16, 2014 Dam421 / Wikimedia Commons Washington Fish and Wildlife officials are recommending that an Ilwaco woman face charges for allegedly feeding wild bears. Wildlife agents have removed seven problematic black bears from the woman's neighborhood and had to euthanize five of them since last fall. The 70-year-old retiree could be the first person charged under a new law that bans the feeding of large wild carnivores. The Washington Legislature made that a misdemeanor in 2012. Wash. Supreme Court To Hear Lakewood Police Killings Challenge By Austin Jenkins • May 14, 2014 Ted S. Warren / AP Photo Nearly five years have passed since Maurice Clemmons gunned down four Lakewood police officers in a coffee shop. Clemmons' aunt and cousin were convicted of helping him after the murders. Now, their case is before the Washington Supreme Court on appeal. Oral arguments are scheduled for Thursday. Oregon Judge Denies Motion To Intervene In Gay Marriage Case By Chris Lehman • May 14, 2014 Chris Lehman A federal judge in Eugene, Oregon has denied a national group's attempt to defend Oregon's ban on same-sex marriage. U.S. District Judge Michael McShane said the National Organization of Marriage failed to prove why it should be allowed to intervene in the case. Wash. Pot Grower Says Black Market Can Survive Legalization By Austin Jenkins • May 14, 2014 Austin Jenkins Scott Johnson is one of those natural-born salesmen. He used to own a restaurant on the 15th floor of the Bellingham Towers, the tallest building in Bellingham. "At first it was called 'Top of the Towers, and then after about five years, I changed it to 'City View Grill,'" he said. Now Johnson comes to Bellingham Towers to see his lawyer, whose office is also here. Johnson has been sentenced to five years behind bars for his role in a long-running marijuana production and distribution ring. Hearing Could Provide Answers In Oregon Gay Marriage Debate By Chris Lehman • May 13, 2014 Wednesday could be a big day in the fight to legalize same-sex marriage in Oregon. A federal judge in Eugene will hear arguments from a group that wants to defend a voter-approved ban on gay marriage. Four same-sex couples sued the state to overturn the 2004 ballot measure that defined marriage as only between one man and one woman. Oregon Attorney General Ellen Rosenblum declined to defend the law. As a result, a national group filed a last-minute motion to be allowed to defend the measure on the state's behalf. Wash. State Seeks Money For Consumers Who Paid Inflated Prices For TVs, Laptops By Paula Wissel • May 12, 2014 You could eventually be getting money back for that flat screen TV you paid too much for a decade ago. That's the goal of a long-running pric- fixing suit against the manufacturers who make LCD display screens for everything, from televisions to laptops. May Day Grand Jury Resister 'Still Has Nightmares' About Solitary Confinement By Paula Wissel • Apr 30, 2014 Paula Wissel / KPLU The May Day violence that happened in downtown Seattle two years ago is still affecting how one Olympia man is living his life. Matthew Duran, a political activist, wasn't even in Seattle when windows were smashed in the Nakamura Federal Courthouse in 2012. But he paid dearly for his refusal to talk about who might have been involved. Even University Mathematicians Have Role In Marijuana Legalization By Austin Jenkins • Apr 25, 2014 AP Photo The path to marijuana legalization in Washington state is keeping even university math professors busy. They played a key role in developing the lottery now under way to determine who gets a license to open a pot store. National Group Attempts 11th-Hour Intervention In Oregon Gay Marriage Case By Chris Lehman • Apr 22, 2014 Chantal Andrea A national group that opposes same-sex marriage is trying to intervene in a case scheduled to go before a federal judge in Oregon this week. Oregon voters approved a ban on same-sex marriage a decade ago and on Wednesday in Eugene, U.S. District Judge Michael McShane is set to hear oral arguments to overturn the law. Youth Access To Marijuana Remains A Concern Under Legalization By Austin Jenkins • Apr 22, 2014 AP Photo The lottery to determine who will get a license to open a marijuana retail store in Washington gets under way this week. But the results probably won't be known until early next month. Meanwhile, as Washington and Colorado go where no state or nation has gone before, concerns remain about kids getting their hands on pot. Stores With High Shoplifting Rate Could Lose Liquor License Under New State Law By Paula Wissel • Apr 21, 2014 Steve Helber / AP Photo Listen Listening... / 2:00 Grocery store owners who are losing liquor to shoplifters could pay a hefty price. Under a new law that takes effect June 13, the state can take away the store's license to sell liquor. The crack down is aimed at keeping liquor out of the hands of underage drinkers. Does Legalized Marijuana Put Washington Drivers At Risk Out Of State? By Chris Lehman • Apr 14, 2014 AP Photo Some drivers from Washington and Colorado say they're being targeted by police when they cross into Idaho. They claim it's because their license plate shows they live two states that have legal marijuana, but that's a hard thing to prove. At least two Washington drivers say they were pulled over in Idaho on suspicion of using marijuana. In both cases, pot was not found and they were let go. Wash. State Pot Store Lottery Announced; Grow Licenses Lagging By Austin Jenkins • Apr 2, 2014 Brennan Linsley / AP Photo The timeline for when Washington's first marijuana retail stores will open has slipped from June to early July, the state Liquor Control Board announced Wednesday. The next step in the process is a lottery to see who wins a license to open a pot store. The results of that lottery should be known by early May. Washington To Seal Juvenile Court Records By Paula Wissel • Apr 2, 2014 .v1ctor Casale / Flickr If you were charged with shoplifting or another minor criminal offense as a teenager, you shouldn't have to pay for it for the rest of your life. That's the reasoning behind a bill being signed into law by Gov. Jay Inslee. The law will seal the court records for most juvenile offenders. On Anniversary Of DUI Crash In Seattle, Memorial Walk Held To Honor Victims By Paula Wissel • Mar 25, 2014 Schulte Family It was one year ago that repeat drunk driver Mark Mullan crashed into a family crossing a street in north Seattle, killing Judy and Dennis Schulte and critically injuring their daughter-in-law, Karina, and newborn grandson, Elias. The tragedy prompted the Washington Legislature to pass tougher drunk driving laws. On the anniversary of the crash on Wednesday, a crowd gathered for a walk and rally in memory of Judy and Dennis Schulte. Pages« first ‹ previous … 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 … next › last »


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