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Dallas Walgreens Help Launch Electric Vehicle Charging Station Network
April 14, 2011
Walgreens is helping launch the nation's first privately funded and comprehensive electric vehicle charging network with an initial station at store in Dallas.
Working with NRG Energy, the Deerfield, Ill.-based drug chain plans to install high-powered rapid charging eVgo Freedom Stations at 18 locations in the Dallas/Fort Worth area.
In addition, NRG plans to install at least 30 charging stations at public parking facilities, other retailers and workplaces throughout the area by Labor Day. Walgreens is the largest retailer participating in this program. The charging stations will be conveniently located along major freeways, near retail districts and in multi-family communities.
"Every day, we serve our customers' health and daily living needs and now, we are expanding those services to help customers who embrace environmental sustainability and electric vehicle use," said Menno Enters, Walgreens' director of energy and sustainability. "This is another way Walgreens is showing its commitment to helping the planet through innovation, design and efficiency."
The charging stations will feature a high-speed direct current charger that can add 30 miles of range in as little as 10 minutes of charging time, along with a Level 2 charger that can add up to 25 miles of range per hour of charge.
By the end of 2012, NRG plans to install a total of 70 charging stations in the Dallas area and another 50 in the Houston area. Additionally, NRG plans will help electrify the Interstate 45 corridor that connects the two cities by the end of next year.
Last November, Walgreens announced plans to host eVgo charging stations at 18 initial sites in Houston; construction began recently at two locations, according to Walgreens.
NRG eVgo fueling packages are initially priced from $49 to $89 per month, providing price security for three years.
Read These Related Articles:
- Kohl's Expands Electric Vehicle Charging Stations
- Kroger Expands EV Charging Station Network
- Retailers and Suppliers Commit to Support Electric Vehicle Deployment
- Walgreens Reaffirms Commitment to Sustainability
- Giant Eagle Installs EV Charging Stations at Three Supermarkets
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Alabama YMCA Youth In Government
"Democracy must be learned by each generation."
YMCA Youth in Government gives youth the opportunity to learn firsthand about government and civic issues by taking an active role in the democratic process, boosting youth development and contributing to a stronger community.
Alabama YIG programs include: Youth Judicial, Youth Legislature, Collegiate Youth Legislature, Youth Conference on National Affairs, Youth in City, and numerous leadership retreats and trainings throughout the year.
Club Registration – Advisors, fill out a quick Online Form to update your info.
Fall Planning – September 17-18, 2016 REGISTER NOW!
Youth Judicial – November 5-7, 2016 [Pre-Registration opens August 22]
Youth Legislature – February 24-26, 2017
Jr. Youth Legislature – January 27, 2017
Collegiate Legislature – March 2-4, 2017

subset: commoncrawl


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Each of these BAs has a dorsal and ventral stream by which it viagra cialis kup relays to the dorsal aspect of the head of the caudate. Projections then innervate areas of the globus pallidus and substantia nigra. Selemon & Goldman-Rakic, 1985). FIGURE 3.4 viagra cialis kup. This FSC continues to the ventroanterior and dorsomedial nuclei of the thalamus and closes with projections back to cortex.
Brodmann's areas 5 and 16 from DLPFC serve as the origins. Dorsolateral prefrontal–subcortical circuit.
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Nephrotoxic. Symptoms of adverse reaction include headache, vomiting, vexation and agitation, sweating, stiffness of the neck, oral thirst, a rapid pulse, increased body temperature and blood pressure, slightly dilated pupils, a red flushed face, twitching muscles, generalized tension which may become convulsions, clenched teeth, arched-back rigidity, unclear thinking, cramping of the four limbs, dimming of consciousness, urinary block, and, eventually, death due to respiratory paralysis.
A 6–11 viagra cialis kup year second follow-up. Current Psychiatry Reports, 4, 399– 373. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 37, 310–348.
V. (1981). Late outcome of very severe blunt head trauma.
What is currently known?. Thomsen, I.
— Metabolic idiosyncrasy viagra cialis kup Metabolic idiosyncrasy Hypersensitivity Metabolic idiosyncrasy?. , Reye's syndrome H-cell (minor) Cholestatic, mixed Zone 2 necrosis H-cell (minor) Metabolic idiosyncrasy Metabolic idiosyncrasy?. Intrinsic a Clincopathological Features of Hepatotoxicity due to NSAIDs Proposed mechanism Susceptibility factors JRA, SLE, RF Class agent Acute H-cell, CAH?.
Metabolic idiosyncrasy?. Hypersensitivity Salicylates Aspirin Sodium, choline salicylates Diflunisal Benorilate Salsalate Acetic acid derivatives Diclofenac Elderly females with OA, crosssensitivity with ibuprofen?. Etodolac (Lodine) Ketorolac (Toradol) Bromfenac (Duract) Indomethacin (Indocin) Prolonged use Children JRA, SLE Sulindac (Clinoril) Tolmetin (Tolectin) Nabumetone (Relafen) Clometacin Acute H-cell necrosis, autoimmune CAH-like H-cell necrosis Not reported Massive necrosis H-cell necrosis, microvesicular steatosis, cholestasis (less often) Cholestasis or mixed, H-cell in 23% Jaundice, steatosis Cholestatic Jaundice Autoimmune CAH, granulomas, cholestasis Lewis Elderly females Cross-sensitivity with diclofenac Cross-sensitivity with naproxen H-cell or mixed (rare), steatosis H-cell jaundice, cholestasis Cholestatic jaundice (rare) H-cell jaundice (rare) H-cell H-cell jaundice (rare) Cholestatic jaundice Elderly females Elderly H-cell necrosis, cholestasis Cholestasis H-cell necrosis, steatosis or cholestasis, granulomas H-cell necrosis, granulomas a a Hepatotoxicity of NSAIDs Hypersensitivity?.
1993, grafman viagra cialis kup et al.. 1988), wallesch et al.. 1990, pascual-Leone viagra cialis kup et al.. 1987, morris et al.. Patients with lesions outside the area of the frontal lobe–basal ganglia–cerebellum axis may fail on planning tasks, not because of an essential deficit to plan-level processes but because of, for example, cognitive deficits in spatial perception or language comprehension.


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The Style Gallery is a great new way for you to view, love, and share outfit photos. It's meant to showcase
all the expressive, creative, and inspirational personalities of our community!
Love you too!
Your email has been sent!
Get out of the cold and into the bold with this deco-inspired pendant necklace! From a long gold chain, this gem-embedded, tasseled pendant draws your own appreciative stares over your peacock-blue sheath and metallic wedges. A night along the shore in the deco capital calls for a noticeable style nod, and this textured necklace has you right at home among the palms and pastels!
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John Carmack responds to Facebook's acquisition of Oculus VR
Oculus CTO, John Carmack has been giving his opinions of the surprise acquisition of Oculus VR by social giant Facebook.
Carmack expressed some surprise at how soon one of the companies her refers to as "the Titans" invested in Oculus and he was even surprised that it was Facebook although he conceded that it was inevitable.
He responded via a comment on a blog post on the acquisition on the blog of chiptune musician Peter Berkman. He wrote, "The fairly rapid involvement of the Titans is inevitable, and the real question is how deeply to partner with, and who. Honestly, I wasn't expecting Facebook (or this soon)."
"I wasn't personally involved in any of the negotiations," he went on. "I spent an afternoon talking technology with [Facebook CEO] Mark Zuckerberg, and the next week I find out that he bought Oculus."
On the concerns raise by Oculus's crowdfunding backers on Facebook's involvement Carmack stated, "There is a case to be made for being like Valve, and trying to build a new VR ecosystem from the ground up. This is probably what most of the passionate fans wanted to see. The difference is that, for years, the industry thought Valve was nuts, and they had the field to themselves. Valve deserves all their success for having the vision and perseverance to see it through to the current state."
"VR won't be like that. The experience is too obviously powerful, and it makes converts on contacts," he went on. "I do have reason to believe they [Facebook] get the Big Picture as I see it, and will be a powerful force towards making it happen. You don't make a commitment like they just did on a whim."
Thanks Polygon.
Latest News
- Call of Duty: Black Ops III is coming to the PS3 and Xbox 360 after all
- Tomonobu Itagaki's Devil's Third gets a release date
- Adr1ft is coming to PC and consoles at the end of the summer
- EA gives the new Mirror's Edge a name – Mirror's Edge Catalyst
- ZombiU PS4 and Xbox One port reportedly in the works
- Mike Bithell's Volume to be released this August
- Gearbox's new shooter Battleborn gets a pre-E3 trailer
- Steam Controller launches in October, Steam Machines arrive in November
- Gears Of War devs Black Tusk change their name to The Coalition ahead of E3


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St. J fire victim hopes to rebuildJanuary 06,2013St. J fire victim
hopes to rebuild
ST. JOHNSBURY The owner of a historic St. Johnsbury building severely damaged by fire last month wants to rebuild.
Owner Bruno Ravel is still too upset about the fire to talk to reporters. But he has been talking with historic preservationists, real estate developers and the local Chamber of Commerce about how to rebuild despite having no insurance, Vermont Public Radio reports.
Scott Beck, the chambers executive director, owns a bookstore in a neighboring building that was rebuilt after a fire in 2000. He knows how much work it will take just to stabilize the building.
The third floor is mostly gone, part of the roof is gone and part of the façade, he said of the fire on Railroad Street. So theyve got their work ahead of them, for sure.
One preservationist estimates the building will cost $1 million to rebuild.
Fires have burned parts of downtown St. Johnsbury in 2000, 2003 and in 2008.
The Dec. 23 fire was accidental, caused by electrical problems, fire officials said.MORE IN Vermont NewsCOLCHESTER Vermonts two major party candidates for governor faced off in a debate Sunday,... Full StoryEven to skeptics, the presidential campaign of Sen. Full StoryALBURGH An hour before sunset, Miguel Ramos waited in his gray minivan for three Guatemalans to... Full Story
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2 Lessons learned in getting an open crumb
In my never ending crusade to figure out how to open up my crumb, I have tinkered with every formula, mixing, folding, and shaping variable, with some moderate success, but never consistent. Yesterday I tried something new: I put my stone on the bottom of the oven, above the flame, where I normally put it for pizza, at 490 degrees, and voilá!
So, Lesson #1: Pre heat your oven well, especially your stone. I should have figured as much from Hammelman's centerfold pictures of 4 different baguettes baked w/ an w/o stone and steam. The stone is what opens up the crumb!
Lesson #2: Don't overheat your stone (or don't leave it on the bottom deck after it's at temperature):
Totally charred the bottom of my baguettes. This picture doesn't quite do the damage justice, but it will suffice.
Next time I"ll heat the stone up to 475 on the bottom of the oven, and then move it to the center of the oven just before loading the bread. Hopefully the effect will be the same!
This formula was basically the BBGA's recipe of 40% poolish, but I boosted the hydration to 69%. The dough was too weak, though, and my shaping was too light to get a good ear. I'm going to see if I can get a similar effect with a hydration closer to 66% or 67%. Boy do I hope that this is finally the answer I've been looking for!


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This deal has ended.
BH Photo has this Sony Blu-ray Disc Player for $99 with free shipping. This is the lowest price we could find by $38. This blu-ray player is web-enabled, so you can not only enjoy blu-rays on your TV but you can also stream internet video (like Netflix). Sales tax is only charged in NY and NJ.No longer available


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realmagick.com The shrine of knowledge.
Human Ego
A selection of articles related to human ego.
Original articles from our library related to the Human Ego. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Human Ego.
- Should we drop the ego?
- One of the most confusing subjects within many spiritual teachings is that of the ego, what is it and how should we deal with it. Within these teachings the ego is often regarded as a separate and negative entity, being the cause of all our suffering and...
Mystic Sciences >> Mind
- Software of the Mind #2: Adopting Natural Software
- Connection with Nature faded away as humanity removed itself physically and mentally from natural living. Thought replaced direct knowledge, (intuition) and ego replaced the mode of the natural mind. This is becoming increasingly the case not only at the...
Mystic Sciences >> Mind
- Survivalists' Guide for the New Millennium: Chapter 7
- MAKING FRIENDS WITH NATURE AND NATURAL LAW The fall of human society has not occurred overnight. It has taken many centuries, many millennia in fact, for the Divine potentials and inherent genius of the human being to degrade into the modern...
Philosophy >> Survivalists Guide for the New Millennium
- Software of the Mind #1: In The Beginning There Was Thought
- In the twilight before the dawn of civilization, the connection between humanity and Nature was still strong. Hunter-gatherers seeking food and self protection in the wilds, lived the wisdom of Nature because they never left its influence. Mind and body...
Mystic Sciences >> Mind
- The Earthmind Material
- Part 1 | Part 2 Author's Note All references made in the first person(s) herein, are grammatical conveniences created for the sake of the reader. Such words as "I", "OUR", and "I/WE" are therefore not meant to be taken as literal...
Mind >> World Mind
- Transforming World Mind Inertia (GM7)
- Our entire world society is ultimately governed by the components of consciousness, not governments, corporations or institutions. Regardless of the apparent creativity of the architectural sciences, engineering or the ideologies we create, the true...
Mind >> World Mind
- The Perpetual Raising: Part 3
- (Part 3 of 5) The body is an instrument through which we interact with the physical plane, as souls or conscious beings. As we refine this instrument through meditation, and ideally with pure foods and sufficient exercise, the body becomes, "a spiritual...
Mind >> World Mind
Human Ego is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Human Ego books and related discussion.
Suggested News Resources
- Elijah's Realistic Gay Sex Scene On HBO's 'Girls' Was A Really Progressive
- Watching Elijah's relationship with Dill Harcourt on Girls gives me some hope that the characters of the HBO show can become functional human beings at some point. And, in "Old Loves," Andrew Rannells was given the chance to show Elijah's ego, ...
- How to Taste: Coffee
- Though taste is subjective, most people don't know what they are tasting when food or drink hits their tongue.
- Floating Island
- This knowing fellow seems to be an alter ego of Mischa Berlinski: he has followed his wife to Haiti, where she is working as a "civilian employee of the United Nations." He tells us that he is writing a novel; "Peacekeeping" ...
- Lois Lane's Feminist Revolution
- As a normal human woman in a world of superheroes written and drawn primarily by men, she's been subject to unrelenting gender stereotypes that often undermined her image as a fearless reporter.
Great care has been taken to prepare the information on this page. Elements of the content come from factual and lexical knowledge databases, realmagick.com library and third-party sources. We appreciate your suggestions and comments on further improvements of the site.
Human Ego Topics
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Poll Results
Question: Google+ Do you use it?
Yes, I use it regularly.
Yes, I check it occasionally.
No, I have it, but I rarely check it.
I don't have an account/Never heard of it.
Total Votes: 14
Question: Google+ Do you use it?
Total Votes: 14
Does anyone even use this anymore?
I was doing a search this morning looking for new iPhone apps to try and on a list published just 3 days ago, a guy named the Google+ app as one of his favorite apps. I thought, "Really? Does anyone really use Google+ anymore?" I signed up for Google+ like the day it came out, super excited to try a new social media, and even got many of my friends to sign up too. I didn't think anything really became of it. So I Googled (no pun intended), "Does anyone use Google+ anymore?"
I was shocked at the mixed reviews. Some people said that they tried to be very active, others said (like me) it had fallen to the wayside in favor of FB and Twitter.
What about you? Did you ever try Google+? Do you still use it?
Google+ makes me understand why old people hate email. I don't understand how to use it at all.
I used it early on to do group video chats with my mama friends, but that's about it. I haven't even looked at it for months.
I tried to get into it when it first started, but I just checked it today and it is SO confusing now!
Quoting Kodysmommy928:
Google+ makes me understand why old people hate email. I don't understand how to use it at all.
Ditto. So I wonder why people are still using it??
Quoting Marz31:
I used it early on to do group video chats with my mama friends, but that's about it. I haven't even looked at it for months.
I have never had an account. I have gmail addresses, but I have never tried Google +.
I'm on and would use it more since I don't like everything that facebook is doing but not a lot of my friends are. Feel free to look me up :-)
I don't think I ever checked it after the day I opened it...
I was part of the group beta testing and even then a lot of people signed up and just stopped using it. Fb is just so much more user friendly. I check it once every few months but it's just not something I like to use.
Have it, but rarely use it. I was already established on Facebook, was really not interested in starting somewhere new.


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perengo inc. (www.perengo.com)
Computers/Information Technology
Full Time Employee
Saint Louis
United States
Hi, RADGOV requests you to review the following contract opportunity. If you are willing to consider this opportunity, please submit your resume by Replying back with an updated resume rate expectation. Feel free to contact us for any additional information. RADGOV is a professional service organization helping customers create synergies of information through the use of leading edge software applications. To know more about RADGOV please visit us at Organization Effectiveness Coordinator - Level 2 6+ Months Contract St. Louis, Missouri 63102 Description: Selected candidate will be required to work with Learning & Development by providing coordination and implementation of Leadership Development activities. These activities will include: Organization/Coordination of Leadership development programs, including course facilitation and other development activities, develops as is picture of leadership and professional development curriculum, needs (of development programs, etc) and facilitator certifications, conduct needs analysis and development content for critical leadership efforts, researches solution sets that meet desired criteria, reviews and maintains leadership curriculum. Selected candidate will be required to successfully complete assignments in a timely manner with an emphasis on effective coordination of all stakeholders. The Energy Efficiency Program Implementation Specialist position is a Level 1 position that supports the Operations Team, which processes and manages energy efficiency project applications. Range of responsibilities: Work with program staff to actively manage projects through the entire project cycle Review incoming paperwork with assigned workgroup on a regular basis to determine program eligibility, appropriate track and additional customer requirements. Must also be able to independently determine appropriate action for follow-up and be able to convey the appropriate action to others. Daily utilization of a customized incentive tracking system. Uses the web and other resources to search and retrieve information needed to address specific inquiries and data requirements. Utilize incentive tracking system to maintain and report on incentive status in an accurate and efficient manner. Interact with management and subject matter experts on a daily basis. Takes direction within a team setting and completes team-related work promptly. The ability to switch priorities and reprioritize workload throughout the day. Communication to Commercial electricity users, customers, field engineers, and LM Staff. Support customers in understanding, completing and submitting required project paperwork and including relevant supporting documentation. Provide general program information to inquiries received via all incoming channels. Work with Engineering staff to evaluate individual projects for eligibility and cost- effectiveness. Special projects as assigned. Mandatory Skills: Bachelor s degree from an accredited college or university and demonstrate ability to perform assigned tasks. Familiarity with databases Analytical skills Strong attention to detail Strong multi-tasking ability Customer Service orientation Ability to communicate effectively and professionally Ability to plan, organize and prioritize work with minimal direction
Related Job Experiences: Software Development Engineer | Computer Engineer | Server Engineer | Infrastructure Engineer | Software Engineer |
Applicable Commuter Area of Saint Louis
To apply for this job, contact:
Mike Kofi Okyere


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We were in the downpour that led to the flash floods that took eighteen (or more) lives on Monday. Fortunately, we were in the parking lost at In 'n Out Burger, and not out in a canyon somewhere.
I have to say, where we were, the rain was merely bad. They are now calling it the worst weather disaster in Utah history.
FWIW: I have had some emails from friends around the world: yes, most of the people you see in those news videos are polygamists.


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I don't know whether Sean Payton will coach the Dallas Cowboys in 2013. But I do know enough to think it's a very real possibility. And that should be plenty to send shivers up the spine of everyone in New Orleans, who have already endured a horror movie of a calendar year.
Sean Payton Joining the Dallas Cowboys Is a Very Real Possibility
From NFL.com
Use your ← → (arrow) keys to browse more stories
Streeter Lecka/Getty Images


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Zach Gaines, the Calera punter/kicker whose highlight video went viral in 2015, will sign next week with West Alabama, his mother told AL.com.
His decision ends a two-year journey from YouTube special teams sensation to sidelined senior – playing defense last fall, he broke his leg during Calera's season opener.
In 2014, he averaged 47.3 yards a punt, earning All-State honors.
Auburn had offered Gaines a spot as a preferred walk-on; after the injury, the Tigers backed out, leaving Gaines in need of a college football home.
And he found it at West Alabama, where he will become the third generation of men in his family to play football at the Division II school. He also earn an offer from Lindsey Wilson (football and track), as well as an invitation from Huntingdon, a Division III program.
A moment of pain is worth a lifetime of glory.— Zach Gaines (@zach_tucker_) January 23, 2016
The first of his two highlight videos, which can be viewed by clicking this link, earned him national recognition. Gaines booted a 73-yard effort, while another punt left to a 4.8 second hang time.
When he recovered from the August 2015 injury, Gaines created a second video. Check it out above this story.


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You'll need quick thinking and quicker reflexes to finish the circuit, with a chance to win a trip to watch the 2013 Formula 1 United States Grand Prix. Users must register and agree to terms of the website, and complete at least 1 of 7 races to stand a chance to win.The quiz will be in sync with relevant Grand Prix races held in the past from June to October.
The participant with the highest points at the end of the 7 races wins. Participants get 5 tries in 24 hours for each race and top 3 winners of each race win prizes. Most are multple choice questions, and a correct answer lets you move to the next question. Using hints will add a penalty of 10 seconds and 3 hints per race can be used.
Participants can follow the leaderboard to know where they stand as top 10 scores are reflected. Last year, saw participants follow in the footsteps of 2008 Formula 1™ World Champion Lewis Hamilton and three-time NASCAR® champion, Tony Stewart.


text:
Add this chart to your site:
Copy and paste this HTML:
High school principals are responsible for all aspects of the administration of a high school. They provide leadership and are the final authority within their institution. They provide educational planning by assessing and updating the curriculum, as well as supervise teachers and give feedback regarding performance. High school principals make priority decisions regarding various departments and funding options, in line with budgetary constraints. At all times, they must seek to improve educational efficiency and quality. High school principals oversee the student body and provide dispute resolution and ultimate disciplinary decisions once issues have surpassed the teacher and counselor level. Additionally, principals are responsible for ensuring their school meets all necessary academic and safety regulations and guidelines. High school principals make hiring and firing decisions regarding teaching and support staff. In the case of private schools, principals also help set admission standards and make admissions decisions as needed.Read More...
High school principals work full time in an educational environment, although overtime may be required to attend school events and administrative and district meetings. They work closely with students, parents, and teaching staff, receiving and providing feedback to ensure educational quality and conduct standards are met.
High school principals must hold at least a bachelor's degree; in many cases, a master's degree in education or a related field is required. They must be a certified administrator in their state. They are usually required to have several years' teaching experience, as well as some school administration experience. In the case of private religious schools, a demonstrated commitment to the corresponding faith is typically required.
High School Principals seem to require a number of specific skills. Fortunate workers who know Organizational Development command much higher paychecks, scoring salaries 21 percent above average. Administration, on the other hand, is typically associated with much lower pay. Most people who know Leadership also know Curriculum Planning.
Median of all compensation (including tips, bonus, and overtime) by years of experience.
Experience does not seem to be a strong driver of pay increase in this role. Those who have worked for fewer than five years take home a median salary of $76K, and workers with five to 10 years of experience earn a higher $82K on average. High School Principals bring in $89K after working for 10 to 20 years. High School Principals with more than 20 years of experience report incomes that are only modestly higher; the median for these old hands hovers around $95K.
|Extremely satisfied
Rated 5 out of 5
based on 84 votes.
33 %
67 %


text:
Possible Answer
Manufacturing the world's finest base-metal restorative alloys and supplies for dental laboratory professionals and restorative dental lab suppliers. - read more
Albadent. Home; Rreth Albadent. Historiku i Kompanis ... - read more
Please vote if the answer you were given helped you or not, thats the best way to improve our algorithm. You can also submit an answer or search documents about what is albadent dental.


text:
iSonic 133 vs iSonic 125
View Single Post
15th May 2008, 08:20 PM
Join Date: Sep 2006
Posts: 34
iSonic 133 vs iSonic 125
I'm thinking about switching from my iSonic 125 to a 133 to improve light wind sailing. I'm 92 kg.
Will the iSonic 133 be a lot better with low wind compared to the iSonic 125 (both with a 9.0 Code Red)? Or do you need a bigger sail to really improve the planning capabilities?
My smaller board is an iSonic 94, would the gap from 133 to 94 be too big?
At what weight is the iSonic 144 the better choice?
My sails are Code Red 9.0 7.7 and 6.7 plus a Simmer SC Racing 5.7. I sail the 125 with 9.0 and 7.7 and the 94 with 7.7-5.7.
View Public Profile
Find More Posts by Hookipa18


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Nyman qualifies for Triathlon championships
May 21, 2010
Lara Nyman, 18, has qualified for the World Triathlon Championships after coming through some tough competition at the trials in Northampton.
Nyman claimed her spot on the GB age group team after emerging as the fastest woman in the 750m swim, 20km bike and 5km run from a field of 700.
Her next race is the Blenheim sprint which is part of the televised British Triathlon Super Series, where Nyman will be competing against top senior GB triathletes.
Last updated: 12:45pm, May 21 2010


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Is Khanti Cable Industries incorrect or missing key business information? Update your Hotfrog listing today.
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4-7-1076 To 1094, Victory Play Ground Chaderghat Bridge Hyderabad Uttar Pradesh 500024
4-1- 523 / 1 Mirla Centre Troop Bazar, Abids Hyderabad Uttar Pradesh 500001
Mehdipatnam Road Hyderabad Uttar Pradesh 500028
1-1/4, Jaya Chandra Complex, Uppal Ring Road, Saraswathi Nagar, Uppal Hyderabad Uttar Pradesh 500039
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 1, 2005
|Filing date
|Mar 5, 2003
|Priority date
|Jul 25, 2000
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Syed F. A. Hossainy, Jeffrey Steward
|Original Assignee
|Advanced Cardiovascular Systems, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (30), Referenced by (82), Classifications (12), Legal Events (2)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a divisional application of U.S. Ser. No. 09/625,070, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,555,157, which was filed on Jul. 25, 2000.
The present invention relates to the coating of an implantable device. More specifically, this invention relates to a centrifuge system and method for coating of an intraluminal implantable device, such as a stent.
Occlusion of blood vessels reduces or blocks blood flow. During the course of atherosclerosis, for example, growths called plaques develop on the inner walls of the arteries and narrow the bore of the vessels. An emboli, or a moving clot, is more likely to become trapped in a vessel that has been narrowed by plaques. Further, plaques are common sites of thrombus formation. Together, these events increase the risk of heart attacks and strokes.
Traditionally, critically stenosed atherosclerotic vessels have been treated with bypass surgery in which veins removed from the legs, or small arteries removed from the thoracic cavity, are implanted in the affected area to provide alternate routes of blood circulation. More recently, implantable devices, such as synthetic vascular grafts and stents, have been used to treat diseased blood vessels.
Synthetic vascular grafts are macro-porous vessel-like configurations typically made of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyurethane (PU), or an absorbable polymer. Grafts made of ePTFE or PET are very non-wetting materials when introduced into an aqueous environment, causing difficulty in impregnating the materials. In addition, grafts made of ePTFE or PET typically are permanently implanted in the body, while grafts made of an absorbable polymer bioabsorb over time. A graft may be positioned into the host blood vessel as a replacement for a diseased or occluded segment that has been removed. Alternatively, a graft may be sutured to the host vessel at each end so as to form a bypass conduit around a diseased or occluded segment of the host vessel.
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) is a procedure for treating heart disease in which a catheter assembly having a balloon portion is introduced percutaneously into the cardiovascular system of a patient via the brachial or femoral artery. The catheter assembly is advanced through the coronary vasculature until the balloon portion is positioned across the occlusive lesion. Once in position across the lesion, the balloon is inflated to a predetermined size to radially compress the atherosclerotic plaque of the lesion against the inner wall of the artery to dilate the lumen. The balloon is then deflated to a smaller profile to allow the catheter to be withdrawn from the patient's vasculature.
Restenosis of the artery commonly develops over several months after the procedure, which may require another angioplasty procedure or a surgical by-pass operation. Restenosis is thought to involve the body's natural healing process. Angioplasty or other vascular procedures injure the vessel walls, removing the vascular endothelium, disturbing the tunica intima, and causing the death of medial smooth muscle cells. Excessive neoinitimal tissue formation, characterized by smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation to the intima, follows the injury. Proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells (SMC) from the media layer to the intima cause an excessive production of extra cellular matrices (ECM), which is believed to be one of the leading contributors to the development of restenosis. The extensive thickening of the tissues narrows the lumen of the blood vessel, constricting or blocking blood flow through the vessel.
Intravascular stents are sometimes implanted within vessels in an effort to maintain the patency thereof by preventing collapse and/or by impeding restenosis. Implantation of a stent is typically accomplished by mounting the stent on the expandable portion of a balloon catheter, maneuvering the catheter through the vasculature so as to position the stent at the desired location within the body lumen, and inflating the balloon to expand the stent so as to engage the lumen wall. The stent automatically locks into its expanded configuration, allowing the balloon to be deflated and the catheter removed to complete the implantation procedure. A covered stent, in which a graft-like covering is slip-fit onto the stent, may be employed to isolate the brittle plaque from direct contact with the stent, which is rigid.
To reduce the chance of the development of restenosis, therapeutic substances may be administered to the treatment site. For example, anticoagulant and antiplatelet agents are commonly used to inhibit the development of restenosis. In order to provide an efficacious concentration to the target site, systemic administration of such medication may be used, which often produces adverse or toxic side effects for the patient. Local delivery is a desirable method of treatment, in that smaller total levels of medication are administered in comparison to systemic dosages, but are concentrated at a specific site. Therefore, local delivery may produce fewer side effects and achieve more effective results.
One commonly applied technique for the local delivery of a therapeutic substance is through the use of a medicated implantable device, such as a stent or graft. Because of the mechanical strength needed to properly support vessel walls, stents are typically constructed of metallic materials. The metallic stent may be coated with a polymeric carrier, which is impregnated with a therapeutic agent. The polymeric carrier allows for a sustained delivery of the therapeutic agent.
Various approaches have previously been used to join polymers to metallic stents, including dipping and spraying processes. In one technique, the stent is first formed in a flat sheet, placed in a solution of polyurethane, and heated for a short period of time. Additional polyurethane solution is applied on top of the flat sheet, and the stent is again heated. This process produces a polyurethane film over the surface of the stent, and excess film is manually trimmed away. In one variation of this technique, microcapsules containing therapeutic agents are incorporated into the polyurethane film by adding the microcapsules to the polyurethane solution before heating.
In another technique, a solution is prepared that includes a solvent, a polymer dissolved in the solvent, and a therapeutic agent dispersed in the solvent. The solution is applied to the stent by spraying the solution onto the stent using an airbrush. After each layer is applied, the solvent is allowed to evaporate, thereby leaving on the stent surface a coating of the polymer and the therapeutic substance. Use of this spraying technique to apply a thick coating may result in coating uniformity problems, so multiple application steps are sometimes used in an attempt to provide better coating uniformity.
In yet another coating technique, a solution of dexamethasone in acetone is prepared, and an airbrush is used to spray short bursts of the solution onto a rotating wire stent. The acetone quickly evaporates, leaving a coating of dexamethasone on the surface of the stent.
The above-described methods often fail to provide an economically viable method of applying an even coating on the stent surfaces. One common result when using these spraying or immersion processes is that the aqueous coating tends to collect in crevices, apertures, or cavities in the framework of the stent, resulting in an uneven coating having an uncontrollably variable coating thickness. In particular, an excess amount of coating is often entrained in the angle between two intersecting struts of a stent, which is sometimes called "webbing" or "pooling." The deposition of excessive amounts of therapeutic agents results in a poor surface area to volume ratio relative to conformal coatings. When such a coating experiences uncontrolled drying, drying artifacts may result in drug crystal formation.
The use of multiple applications of a fine, diffuse spray may produce a more controllable, even coating than immersion techniques. However, the diffuse application results in much of the coating substance not coating the stent and instead being released into the air. This inefficient use of the coating substance wastes the coating substance, which may be quite expensive, and increases the exposure of the air brush operator to the coating substance.
Accordingly, there is a need for an improved method for coating medical devices which produces superior coating uniformity without an excessive loss of materials.
In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, a method for coating a implantable device includes applying a coating substance on a surface of said implantable device, and rotating said implantable device about an axis of rotation. A centrifuge system may be used to rotate the prosthesis. The implantable device may be a stent, graft, or stent covering. The coating substance may be applied using a variety of techniques, including immersion or spraying, among other possibilities. The method may further include collecting runoff coating substance in a runoff reservoir of the centrifuge system while rotating the implantable device. This collected runoff coating substance may then be recycled and used to coat a second implantable device, thus avoiding waste of the coating substance.
Another embodiment of the present invention includes a centrifuge system for coating an implantable device. The centrifuge system includes a rotor having an axis of rotation, said rotor including a plurality of chambers. A motor is operably connected to said rotor for rotating said rotor. A plurality of centrifuge containers are each received in one of said plurality of chambers in said rotor. A plurality of mandrels are each mounted in one of said plurality of centrifuge containers and adapted to receive an implantable device.
Embodiments of the present invention can be used to coat a variety of implantable devices with aqueous or solvent-based coating substances. In particular, certain embodiments can be used to coat stents with therapeutic or bioactive substances, such as compositions of a polymer, solvent, and therapeutic substance.
The present invention may be better understood, and its numerous objects, features, and advantages made apparent to those skilled in the art, by referencing the accompanying drawings.
The use of the same reference symbols in different drawings indicates similar or identical items.
The following description is meant to be illustrative only and not limiting. Other embodiments of this invention will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in view of this description.
The figures generally illustrate the techniques used to apply coatings to a stent in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Although the illustrated and described embodiments may relate to wire-based stents, any of a variety of implantable devices may be subjected to the coating process described herein, including, but not limited to, wire-based stents, tubular stents, rolled-sheet type stents, stent coverings, vascular grafts, or any implantable device having a complicated architecture which is not amenable to standard coating.
The materials from which such stents are formed may include metals such as, but not limited to, stainless steel, "MP35N," "MP20N," elastinite (Nitinol), tantalum, nickel-titanium alloy, platinum-iridium alloy, gold, magnesium, or combinations thereof. "MP35N" and "MP20N" are trade names for alloys of cobalt, nickel, chromium and molybdenum available from standard Press Steel Co., Jenkintown, Pa. "MP35N" consists of 35% cobalt, 35% nickel, 20% chromium, and 10% molybdenum. "MP20N" consists of 50% cobalt, 20% nickel, 20% chromium, and 10% molybdenum. The stent also may be made from virtually any bio-compatible material, such as bioabsorbable or biostable polymers.
Vascular grafts may be used to replace, bypass, or reinforce diseased or damaged sections of a vein or artery. These grafts can be made from any suitable material including, but not limited to, highly open-pored materials such as polymers of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET), or less porous materials such as polyurethanes, absorbable polymers, and combinations or variations thereof. Grafts may be formed using a lyophilization process. Polyurethanes from which the graft may be made include, but are not limited to, Biomer, Biospan, and Elastion. Absorbable polymers from which the graft may be made include, but are not limited to, polycaprolactone (PCL), poly(lactic acid) (PLA), poly(glycolic acid) (PGA), polyanhydrides, polyorthoesters, polyphosphazenes, and components of extracellular matrix (ECM). In such an embodiment, additional interstices can be formed in the graft by any conventional methods known to one of ordinary skill in the art, including exposure of the graft to a laser discharge to form a pattern of pores.
In other embodiments, the implantable device to be coated is a covering for a self-expandable or balloon-expandable stent. This covering can be formed of materials similar to those from which the above-described graft may be formed.
Various types of coating substances may be applied to an implantable device in accordance with the present invention. In one embodiment, the coating substance includes a polymer loaded with a therapeutic substance. The terms "polymer," "poly," and "polymeric" as used herein mean the product of a polymerization reaction and are inclusive of homopolymers, copolymers, terpolymers, etc., whether natural or synthetic, including random, alternating, block, graft, crosslinked, blends, compositions of blends and variations thereof. The term "pre-polymer" refers to a reactive polymer that has not yet been crosslinked.
The polymer or combination of polymers can be applied to a stent based on the polymer's or polymers' ability to carry and release, at a controlled rate, various therapeutic agents such as antithrombogenic or anti-proliferative drugs. The polymeric material is most suitably bio-compatible, including polymers that are non-toxic, non-inflammatory, chemically inert, and substantially non-immunogenic in the applied amounts. The polymer is typically either bioabsorbable or biostable. A bioabsorbable polymer breaks down in the body and is not present sufficiently long after implantation to cause an adverse local response. Bioabsorbable polymers are gradually absorbed or eliminated by the body by hydrolysis, metabolic process, or bulk or surface erosion. Examples of bioabsorbable materials include but are not limited to polycaprolactone (PCL), poly-D, L-lactic acid (DL-PLA), poly-L-lactic acid (L-PLA), poly(lactide-co glycolide), poly(hydroxybutyrate), poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate), polydioxanone, polyorthoester, polyanhydride, poly(glycolic acid), poly(glycolic acid-cotrimethylene carbonate), polyphosphoester, polyphosphoester urethane, poly (amino acids), cyanoacrylates, poly(trimethylene carbonate), poly(iminocarbonate), copoly(ether-esters), polyalkylene oxalates, polyphosphazenes, polyiminocarbonates, and aliphatic polycarbonates. Biomolecules such as heparin, fibrin, fibrinogen, cellulose, starch, and collagen are typically also suitable. Examples of biostable polymers include Parylene� and Parylast� (available from Advanced Surface Technology of Billerica, Mass.), polyurethane, such as a segmented polyurethane solution containing a dimethylacetamide (DMAc) solvent developed by the Polymer Technology Group, Inc. of Berkeley, Calif., and known by the trade name BioSpan�, polyethylene, polyethlyene teraphthalate, ethylene vinyl acetate, silicone and polyethylene oxide (PEO).
The expression "therapeutic agent" as used herein broadly refers to an agent or substance that possesses desirable therapeutic characteristics. The therapeutic agent may be, for example, antineoplastic, antimitotic, antiinflammatory, antiplatelet, anticoagulant, antifibrin, antithrombin, antiproliferative, antibiotic, antioxidant, and antiallergic substances, as well as combinations thereof. Examples of such antineoplastics and/or antimitotics include paclitaxel (e.g., TAXOL� by Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Stamford, Conn.), docetaxel (e.g., Taxotere� from Aventis S.A., Frankfurt, Germany), methotrexate, azathioprine, vincristine, vinblastine, fluorouracil, doxorubicin hydrochloride (e.g., Adriamycin� from Pharmacia & Upjohn, Peapack, N.J.), and mitomycin (e.g., Mutamycin� from Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Stamford, Conn.). Examples of such antiplatelets, anticoagulants, antifibrins, and antithrombins include sodium heparin, low molecular weight heparins, heparinoids, hirudin, argatroban, forskolin, vapiprost, prostacyclin and prostacyclin analogues, dextran, D-phe-pro-arg-chloromethylketone (synthetic antithrombin), dipyridamole, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa platelet membrane receptor antagonist antibody, recombinant hirudin, and thrombin inhibitors such as Angiomax™ (Biogen, Inc., Cambridge, Mass.). Examples of such cytostatic or antiproliferative agents include angiopeptin, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors such as captopril (e.g., Capoten� and Capozide� from Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Stamford, Conn.), cilazapril or lisinopril (e.g., Prinivil� and Prinzide� from Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, N.J.); calcium channel blockers (such as nifedipine), colchicine, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) antagonists, fish oil (omega 3-fatty acid), histamine antagonists, lovastatin (an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, a cholesterol lowering drug, brand name Mevacor� from Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, N.J.), monoclonal antibodies (such as those specific for Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF) receptors), nitroprusside, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, prostaglandin inhibitors, suramin, serotonin blockers, steroids, thioprotease inhibitors, triazolopyrimidine (a PDGF antagonist), and nitric oxide. An example of an antiallergic agent is permirolast potassium. Other therapeutic substances or agents that may be used include alpha-interferon, genetically engineered epithelial cells, and dexamethasone.
While the preventative and treatment properties of the foregoing therapeutic substances or agents are well-known to those of ordinary skill in the art, the substances or agents are provided by way of example and are not meant to be limiting. Other therapeutic substances are equally applicable for use with the disclosed embodiments. For example, while many of the herein-described therapeutic agents have been used to prevent or treat restenosis, they are provided by way of example and are not meant to be limiting, since other drugs or coatings may be developed which are equally applicable for use with embodiment of the present invention.
In other embodiments, the coating is an aqueous solution of a therapeutic substance that does not contain a polymer matrix, such as, for example, an aqueous solution of heparin. This aqueous solution can be applied to the stent in accordance with the present invention and allowed to dry, thereby forming a heparin coating on the stent.
In addition to a polymer and a therapeutic agent, the coating substance may also include a solvent. The solvent can be virtually any solvent that is compatible with the implantable device to be coated. Examples of suitable solvents include but are not limited to dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl formamide, tetrahydroforan, dimethyl acetamide, trichloroethane, acetone, ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, and ethyl acetate.
As can be seen in the embodiment shown in
In act 301, a first coating is applied to stent 206. The coating may be applied by spraying or immersing stent 206 with an aqueous coating substance using techniques similar to those described in the background section above. The term "aqueous" as used herein refers to substances having sufficient fluidity such that the substance can flow over the surface of stent 206 when processed through the further acts described below. "Aqueous" is not intended to limit the coating substance to water-based substances or to low viscosity materials. Even highly viscous substances such as a hyaluronic acid solution (e.g., 1% hyaluronic acid), high molecular weight polyethylene glycol solution, gelatin solution, or poly (lactic) acid in 1, 1, 2 trichloroethane (e.g., 10% poly (lactic) acid) are included within the term.
As with conventional coating techniques, the spraying or immersion of stent 206 in the coating substance typically results in a non-uniform coating, with webbing being observable between struts on stent 206. In act 302, the still-wet stent 206 is inserted onto mandrel 204 in centrifuge container 112 such that mandrel 204 extends through the hollow interior of stent 206. Centrifuge container 112 is then inserted into chamber 110 of centrifuge system 100 (FIG. 1), and centrifuge system 100 is used to rotate stent 206 about axis 106 at high speeds. Centrifuge system 100 includes a plurality of rotatable chambers 110, such that multiple coated stents 206 can be centrifuged simultaneously, thereby increasing processing throughput.
The rotation of chambers 110 at high speeds creates a centrifugal force upon the coating substance that previously was applied to the surface of stent 206. This centrifugal force causes excess accumulations of coating substance, particularly the portions entrained between the struts of stent 206, to be more evenly redistributed over stent 206. This redistribution of the coating substance over the surface of stent 206 provides a more uniform coating free of webbing.
The centrifugation of stent 206 may result in some excess coating substance being removed from the surface of stent 206. Drainage openings 210 are provided in support 202 so that the runoff coating substance can flow from the upper portion of centrifuge container 112 into runoff reservoir 208. The channeling of runoff coating substance into runoff reservoir 208 prevents the coating substance from accumulating at the bottom end 212 of stent 206, which could lead to a non-uniform coating. This runoff coating substance can be recovered from runoff reservoir 208 and reused to coat additional stents 206. The recycling of the coating substance can produce significant cost savings when an expensive therapeutic agent is being used.
In alternative embodiments, different structures are provided to effectuate the flow of runoff coating substance into runoff reservoir 208. In one embodiment, support 202 is square-shaped, such that when support 202 is fitted into a centrifuge container 112 which is cylindrical in shape, runoff coating substance can flow around the openings formed between the edges of square support 202 and the circular interior of centrifuge container 112. In another embodiment, support 202 comprises a mesh platform, such that fluid can freely flow through support 202 to pass into reservoir 208. Numerous other variations are possible.
In act 303, coated, centrifuged stent 206 is immediately placed into a convention oven for heating. This heating evaporates solvents that might be present in the coating substance, thereby forming a solid coating on the surface of stent 206. Heating act 303 can improve the adhesion of the coating substance to the metal forming metallic stents 206, and can also provide a better equilibrium for the solid phase drug distribution in the matrix of the coating substance. Heating act 303 might be used, for example, when coating stent 206 with a composition of ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer with dimethyl sulfoxide, as will be described in greater detail in the example below. In alternative embodiments, no heating act is used, and stent 206 may be implanted immediately after centrifugation act 302. The use of a heating step, and the parameters of such a step will vary with the application.
In act 304, it is determined whether one or more additional layers of coating substance is to be applied to stent 206. If so, the process returns to act 301, and another layer of coating substance is applied. Multiple layers of coating substance may be applied in order to produce a more uniform coating with fewer defects. Each layer can be formed very thin and uniform, and subsequent layers can be added to increase the overall loading onto stent 206. Moreover, the use of multiple layers can provide enhanced control over the release rate of the coating. Finally, when the desired number of layers have been applied, the process is completed at act 305, and stent 206 may be packaged for delivery or immediately implanted into a patient's body using techniques well-known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
Grafts and stent coverings may include a large number of interstices, which cause these devices to have a generally permeable characteristic. In accordance with various embodiments of the present invention, permeable grafts and stent coverings can be coated with a coating substance, such as those described above, and then placed into a centrifuge for centrifugation. The centrifugation process provides can provide improved perfusion of the coating substance through the interstices of the graft or stent covering, particularly when the devices are formed of a highly hydrophobic material.
In another embodiment, a process for applying a hydrogel coating to a graft or stent covering is provided. When applying a hydrogel coating, a coating substance containing at least one crosslinkable pre-polymer and a first fluid in which the pre-polymer is soluble is prepared. The pre-polymer should be in true solution, saturated, or super-saturated with the first fluid. Exemplary crosslinkable pre-polymers include, but are not limited to, polyethylene glycol (PEG) diacrylate, hyaluronic, and pluronic. The concentration of pre-polymer in the composition should be selected such that it is high enough to ensure effective crosslinking of the pre-polymer since a solution too dilute may not form a crosslinked hydrogel. An implantable device may then be dipped into this pre-polymer coating substance. Alternatively, prior to application of the pre-polymer, the implantable device may be perfused with a low surface energy solvent such as, for example, acetone or ethanol, which effectuates improved perfusion of the pre-polymer solution through the interstices of the implantable device.
After the implantable device is dipped into the pre-polymer solution, the implantable device is placed in a centrifuge container and loaded into a centrifuge system, similar to the centrifuge container 112 and centrifuge system 100 described above. Centrifuging the coated implantable device spreads the viscous pre-polymer solution evenly across the surface of the implantable device and into the interstices or crevices therein.
Finally, the pre-polymer is cured to form a hydrogel coating on the implantable device. Curing may be accomplished photochemically using ultraviolet or visible irradiation and a photoinitiator, thermally, or by moisture curing at room temperature. The practice of these and other suitable curing procedures is well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
In yet another embodiment, the coating method of the present invention can be used to provide a physician with greater flexibility in selecting a desired coating substance for use with a particular patient. Conventionally, stents are coated by either the stent manufacturer or a third party prior to delivering the stent to a physician for implantation into a patient. In accordance with the present invention, a physician can apply a coating on a bare stent, centrifuge the stent using a small, portable centrifuge device, and implant the freshly-prepared stent in a patient's body. This enables the physician to precisely select the composition of the coating substance applied to the stent. In addition, because the stent can be locally coated and then immediately implanted by the physician after coating, perishable or environmentally-sensitive materials may be used to coat the stent.
In one example, fifteen 13 mm ACS Multi-Link Duet� stainless steel stents, produced by the Guidant Corp. of Indianapolis, Ind., are immersed (e.g., for a few seconds or up 20 seconds or more) in a coating substance including ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (commonly known by the generic name EVOH or by the trade name EVAL) and dimethyl sulfoxide ("DMSO") solvent, in a 1:4 ratio. Tetrahydrofuran (THF) may be included in the DMSO. The THF lowers the viscosity of the coating substance and increases wetting on the surface of stent 206. Each of the fifteen stents is then immediately mounted into a centrifuge container 112, as described above with respect to
The stents are then removed from centrifuge containers 112, placed on mandrels, and loaded into a Blue M model vacuum convection oven from the Blue M Electric company of Watertown, Wis., for 24 hours at a temperature of 65� C. The heating causes the DMSO in the coating substance to fully evaporate, leaving a thin coating of EVOH on the stents. Alternative forms of heating may also be used, such as the use of a "hot plate" heating surface.
Next, the immersion, centrifugation, and heating acts can be replaced (e.g., up to four times or more), depending on the thickness of coating desired. For theses subsequent processes, the stents are immersed in the 1:4 solution of EVOH and DMSO.
The above-described process results in a white, frosty coating on the test stents. After two coating cycles, the weight of the coating deposited on the stents ranged from approximately 0.066-0.080 mg and the thickness ranged from approximately 0.5 to 1.5 μm.
The rotational speed during centrifugation can be varied. Higher RPM values may provide improved uniformity and a reduction in defects. However, lower RPM values may improve solid uptake, i.e., the total loading of the coating substance onto stent 206. The solid uptake is calculated by measuring the initial weight of stent 206, and then measuring the weight after the loading and centrifugation acts. Increasing the total centrifugation time may also improve the uniformity and reduce defects in the coating. Accordingly, practitioners should tailor the process to the particular application.
Embodiments of the present invention enable highly viscous materials to be coated onto implantable devices. Viscous materials are not usually amenable to conventional coating methods such as dipping or spraying, because of the viscous material's propensity to accumulate in an uneven layer. However, the addition of a centrifugation step after dipping the implantable device in the viscous coating material can transform the uneven masses into a smooth, even coating.
Embodiments of the present invention also enable uniform coatings to be applied to implantable devices with improved repeatability, thereby improving coating uniformity between batches of implantable devices. With conventional manually-applied spray-coating techniques, operator error or inconsistency may result in different coating thicknesses between batches of stents. The centrifugation processes can reduce unwanted gross deposition of coating substances and enable high reproducibility of the coating quality.
Embodiments of the present invention also enable multiple stents to be processed simultaneously. Unlike manually-applied airbrush coating methods, in which stents are coated individually or in small groups, large batches of stents can be simultaneously immersed in the coating solution, simultaneously rotated in the centrifuge device, and simultaneously heated in an oven, thereby increasing throughput.
Embodiments of the present invention also may improve operator safety when coating implantable devices with hazardous materials. It is generally not desirable to spray coat an implantable device with toxic or radioactive coating substances, because of the increased exposure of the operator to the airborne hazardous coating substance. Dipping and centrifuging the implantable device as described above can decrease the amount of handling required for the coating process, resulting in less environmental contamination.
Embodiments of the present invention may also reduce defects due to handling of the implantable device. In conventional spray processes, the implantable device is held aloft using one or two clamps or fixtures while the coating substance is sprayed onto the device. The point where these clamps contact the device may result in defects in the coating. In contrast, the centrifuge container 112 results in minimal contact with the implantable device during the centrifuge process.
The above embodiments only illustrate the principles of this invention and are not intended to limit the invention to the particular embodiments described. For example, the heating acts used to evaporate the solvent material may be omitted, and other embodiments utilizing centrifugation coating methods can be used in combination with other acts in different processes which do not require active heating. These and various other adaptations and combinations of features of the embodiments disclosed are within the scope of the invention, as defined by the following claims.
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|Rotatable support elements for stents
|Jan 30, 2007
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|Nanoshells on polymers
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|Nanobead releasing medical devices
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|Progenitor endothelial cell capturing with a drug eluting implantable medical device
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|Drug delivery medical devices
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|Method for selectively coating surfaces of a stent
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|Stent fabrication via tubular casting processes
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|Medical device coating process
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|Nanoshells on polymers
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|Method of delivering an implantable medical device with a bioabsorbable coating
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|Method and apparatus for loading a beneficial agent into an expandable medical device
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|Sep 20, 2007
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|Anderson Jonathan D
|Coating apparatus for flimsy members with alignment means
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|Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc.
|Partially coated workpieces and method and system for making the same
|Jan 30, 2007
|Apr 24, 2008
|Conor Medsystems, Inc.
|Systems and Methods for Producing a Medical Device
|Jan 30, 2007
|Apr 24, 2008
|Conor Medsystems, Inc.
|Systems and Methods for Producing a Medical Device
|Jan 30, 2007
|Apr 24, 2008
|Conor Medsystems, Inc.
|Systems and Methods for Producing a Medical Device
|May 25, 2007
|Apr 24, 2008
|Nanyang Technological University
|Implantable article, method of forming same and method for reducing thrombogenicity
|Oct 23, 2007
|Jul 24, 2008
|Jichao Sun
|Medical Device Coating Process
|Sep 9, 2008
|Jan 8, 2009
|Pacetti Stephen D
|Biobeneficial polyamide/polyethylene glycol polymers for use with drug eluting stents
|Sep 9, 2008
|Jan 8, 2009
|Pacetti Stephen D
|Biobeneficial polyamide/polyethylene glycol polymers for use with drug eluting stents
|Sep 9, 2008
|Jan 8, 2009
|Pacetti Stephen D
|Biobeneficial polyamide/polyethylene glycol polymers for use with drug eluting stents
|Dec 24, 2009
|Amaranth Medical Pte.
|Stent fabrication via tubular casting processes
|Jun 19, 2009
|Jan 7, 2010
|Amaranth Medical Pte.
|Stent fabrication via tubular casting processes
|Feb 25, 2010
|Med Institute, Inc.
|Implantable medical device coatings with biodegradable elastomer and releasable taxane agent
|Mar 3, 2011
|Innovational Holdings, Llc.
|Method and apparatus for loading a beneficial agent into an expandable medical device
|Nov 8, 2012
|Cook Medical Technologies Llc
|Medical device coating process
|Aug 11, 2010
|Jul 11, 2012
|System and method for coating stents
|Aug 11, 2010
|Jun 10, 2015
|System and method for coating stents
|U.S. Classification
|118/319, 118/320, 118/612, 118/501, 118/52
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Aug 19, 2008
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Aug 28, 2012
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8


text:
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Profits and poverty: Certification's troubled link for Nicaragua's organic and fairtrade coffee producers
Governments, donors and NGOs have promoted environmental and social certification schemes for coffee producers as certified market channels are assumed to offer higher prices and better incomes. Additionally, it is presumed that these certifications contribute to poverty reduction of smallholders. Yet, gross margins, profits and poverty levels of certified smallholder coffee producers have not yet been quantitatively analyzed applying random sampling techniques. Our quantitative household survey of 327 randomly selected members of conventional, organic and organic-fairtrade certified cooperatives in Nicaragua is complemented by over a hundred qualitative in-depth interviews. The results show that although farm-gate prices of certified coffees are higher than of conventional coffees, the profitability of certified coffee production and its subsequent effect on poverty levels is not clear-cut. Per capita net coffee incomes are insufficient to cover basic needs of all coffee producing households. Certified producers are more often found below the absolute poverty line than conventional producers. Over a period of ten years, our analysis shows that organic and organic-fairtrade farmers have become poorer relative to conventional producers. We conclude that coffee yield levels, profitability and efficiency need to be increased, because prices for certified coffee cannot compensate for low productivity, land or labor constraints.
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Volume (Year): 70 (2011)
Issue (Month): 7 (May)
Pages: 1316-1324
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realmagick.com The shrine of knowledge.
Greek Goddess
A selection of articles related to greek goddess.
Original articles from our library related to the Greek Goddess. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Greek Goddess.
- Brigid - The Goddess of Imbolc and Celtic Europe
- Celtic Myth | Ireland | Britain | Christianity | A Myth The Pagan goddess Brigid is perhaps one of the oldest goddesses of Celtic Europe still recognized and worshipped. In fact, until the mid-twentieth century in Scotland, she was still welcomed in at Imbolc...
Deities & Heros >> Celtic, Welsh, Irish & Brittish
- An Overview of Greek Gods and Goddesses
- The Twelve Olympians were the main gods and goddesses in Greek mythology. They resided in Mount Olympus and actually totals to fourteen Olympians but never more than twelve in a time.
Religion & Philosophy >> Deities & Heros
- The Celtic Vedic Connection, Part I
- Of all the great ancient cultures perhaps no two share more parallels than those of the Celtic and Vedic peoples. A deep rooted affinity runs between them, what is present in one is mirrored in the other. Myths, Gods, Goddesses, even fairy tales bear a...
Religions >> Druidism
- The Goddess
- Although often depicted as a woman, she is none, and she is all of them. "I am every woman!" And every woman is the Goddess. She is the mystery of the life-giving and life-taking rhythm of nature, the great void and well of endless possibilities....
Religions >> Paganism & Wicca
- Aphrodite: Goddess of Love and Beauty
- The goddess of beauty and love was formed out of the foam that was created when Uranus's castrated genitals were thrown out of the sea of Paphos near Cyprus by the Titan Cronus.
Deities & Heros >> Greek
Greek Goddess is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Greek Goddess books and related discussion.
Suggested News Resources
- From the archive: Trinity High's Ania was crowned a Greek goddess
- She won first place in the senior Latin verse section, took the Latin prose prize and came second in senior Greek.
- How YHWH Became God
- Yahweh initially had a consort, the goddess Asherah, who was also known as "the Queen of Heaven." For biblical editors and modern scholars alike, the idea that a god who reigned supreme had a consort was deeply disconcerting, and yet Asherah ...
- Montini: Swap goddess for church cross on Capitol dome
- So, let's review. A self-describe Christian is angry with a self-described atheist in a building adorned with a Greek goddess.
- Exhibit of the Week: Greek myth a favourite subject for many artists
- The Greek myth has been a favourite of artists for centuries – there are portrayals of the story by Rubens painted in the 1630s, and by Renoir from the early 20th century.
Great care has been taken to prepare the information on this page. Elements of the content come from factual and lexical knowledge databases, realmagick.com library and third-party sources. We appreciate your suggestions and comments on further improvements of the site.
Greek Goddess Topics
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Philosophy deals with the deepest and most important questions in human life and experience: what is real, what is valuable, what is a person, what is thought, what is truth, how should one live. These are difficult questions that have been written about by some of the greatest thinkers in human history. Philosophy is the discipline that directly addresses these questions. So the serious study of philosophy is difficult but very worthwhile, both for itself and because it leaves students much better able to think and reason about any topics, not just philosophical ones.
Students who want to understand the philosophical foundations of, e.g., politics, literature, art, science, religion and in fact any serious intellectual endeavor will benefit from studying philosophy. And the pursuit of any career that demands clear reasoning and critical thought will be enhanced by the study of philosophy. Some philosophy students go on to graduate study in philosophy, of course, but careers in law, journalism, teaching and the like are also possible. (Even comedy. Steve Martin was a philosophy major.)
The Philosophy Department has fourteen faculty members, participates in the Delaware Interdisciplinary Ethics Program and in the Science, Ethics and Public Policy Program, and sponsors numerous lectures and conferences. There is also a student-run philosophy club.
For further information, contact the Department office at 24 Kent Way, call (302) 831-2359, or see our web site: www.udel.edu/Philosophy/
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Google is almost everyone's favorite search engine, despite misgivings about data-collection and advertising practices that are widely seen as intrusive.A survey released Friday by the Pew Internet & American Life Project found 83 percent of the respondents rated Google as their preferred search engine. That was up from 47 percent in 2004, the last time that Pew gauged people's attitudes about Internet search engines.Yahoo's search engine ranked a distant second at 6 percent, according to the latest numbers, down from 26 percent in 2004.Google Inc. has turned its dominant position in Internet search into a gold mine. The company's Internet search engine is the hub of an advertising system that generated $36.5 billion in revenue last year - up from $3 billion in 2004.But the Pew findings also indicate Google may be risking its popularity by trying to learn more about users in a quest to sell more advertising.Nearly three-fourths of the survey participants said they don't want search engines to sift through their personal information to deliver results tailored to their individual interests. Google has been doing this more frequently since January when its search engine began to include personal information pulled from Google's social networking service, Plus.More than two-thirds of those polled said they don't want to be targeted by customized ads because they don't want their Web surfing activities to be tracked and analyzed.Google might be vulnerable to a backlash if its major rivals, including Yahoo Inc., Microsoft Corp. and Facebook Inc., didn't also collect personal information to help them aim their ads at the right audiences.Like its rivals, Google believes a well-placed ad is appreciated by most Web surfers. To gain a better grasp on people's preferences, Google this month overhauled its privacy policy to enable the company to compile individual dossiers on its logged-in users' activities on more than 60 different services, including Internet search.Pew took its survey of 2,253 adults before the March 1 revision to Google's privacy policy, but mostly after the company had announced its changes. The poll spanned Jan. 20 through Feb. 19. The changes were announced Jan. 24.Google and its rivals say they offer a variety of tools to protect their privacy, including ways to erase their search histories. But only 38 percent of people are aware of these privacy-protection options, Pew found.Whatever privacy fears might be nagging them, most people remain comfortable using search engines. Pew found 59 percent of Web surfers use a search engine at least once day, up from 29 percent in 2004.
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