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Most Cited Behaviour Research and Therapy Articles
The most cited articles published since 2011, extracted from Scopus.
Risk factors for onset of eating disorders: Evidence of multiple risk pathways from an 8-year prospective studyEric Stice | C. Nathan Marti | Shelley Durant
Volume 49, Issue 10, October 2011, Pages 622-627
Objective: Use classification tree analysis with lagged predictors to determine empirically derived cut-points for identifying adolescent girls at risk for future onset of threshold, subthreshold, and partial eating disorders and test for interactions between risk factors that may implicate qualitatively distinct risk pathways. Method: Data were drawn from a prospective study of 496 adolescent girls who completed diagnostic interviews and surveys annually for 8 years. Results: Body dissatisfaction emerged as the most potent predictor; adolescent girls in the upper 24% of body dissatisfaction showed a 4.0-fold increased incidence of eating disorder onset (24% vs. 6%). Among participants in the high body dissatisfaction branch, those in the upper 32% of depressive symptoms showed a 2.9-fold increased incidence of onset (43% vs. 15%). Among participants in the low body dissatisfaction branch, those in the upper 12% of dieting showed a 3.6-fold increased incidence onset (18% vs. 5%). Conclusion: This three-way interaction suggests a body dissatisfaction pathway to eating disorder onset that is amplified by depressive symptoms, as well as a pathway characterized by self-reported dieting among young women who are more satisfied with their bodies. It may be possible to increase the effectiveness of prevention programs by targeting each of these qualitatively distinct risk groups, rather than only individuals with a single risk factor. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Rumination as a transdiagnostic factor in depression and anxietyKatie A. McLaughlin | Susan Nolen-Hoeksema
Volume 49, Issue 3, March 2011, Pages 186-193
The high rate of comorbidity among mental disorders has driven a search for factors associated with the development of multiple types of psychopathology, referred to as transdiagnostic factors. Rumination is involved in the etiology and maintenance of major depression, and recent evidence implicates rumination in the development of anxiety. The extent to which rumination is a transdiagnostic factor that accounts for the co-occurrence of symptoms of depression and anxiety, however, has not previously been examined. We investigated whether rumination explained the concurrent and prospective associations between symptoms of depression and anxiety in two longitudinal studies: one of adolescents (N = 1065) and one of adults (N = 1317). Rumination was a full mediator of the concurrent association between symptoms of depression and anxiety in adolescents (z = 6.7, p <.001) and was a partial mediator of this association in adults (z = 5.6, p <.001). In prospective analyses in the adolescent sample, baseline depressive symptoms predicted increases in anxiety, and rumination fully mediated this association (z = 5.26, p <.001). In adults, baseline depression predicted increases in anxiety and baseline anxiety predicted increases in depression; rumination fully mediated both of these associations (z = 2.35, p =.019 and z = 5.10, p <.001, respectively). These findings highlight the importance of targeting rumination in transdiagnostic treatment approaches for emotional disorders. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
Maximizing exposure therapy: An inhibitory learning approachMichelle G. Craske | Michael Treanor | Christopher C. Conway | Tomislav Zbozinek | Bram Vervliet
Volume 58, Issue , January 2014, Pages 10-23
Exposure therapy is an effective approach for treating anxiety disorders, although a substantial number of individuals fail to benefit or experience a return of fear after treatment. Research suggests that anxious individuals show deficits in the mechanisms believed to underlie exposure therapy, such as inhibitory learning. Targeting these processes may help improve the efficacy of exposure-based procedures. Although evidence supports an inhibitory learning model of extinction, there has been little discussion of how to implement this model in clinical practice. The primary aim of this paper is to provide examples to clinicians for how to apply this model to optimize exposure therapy with anxious clients, in ways that distinguish it from a 'fear habituation' approach and 'belief disconfirmation' approach within standard cognitive-behavior therapy. Exposure optimization strategies include 1) expectancy violation, 2) deepened extinction, 3) occasional reinforced extinction, 4) removal of safety signals, 5) variability, 6) retrieval cues, 7) multiple contexts, and 8) affect labeling. Case studies illustrate methods of applying these techniques with a variety of anxiety disorders, including obsessive-compulsive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, social phobia, specific phobia, and panic disorder. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.
Transdiagnostic internet treatment for anxiety and depression: A randomised controlled trialNickolai Titov | Blake F. Dear | Genevieve Schwencke | Gavin Andrews | Luke Johnston | Michelle G. Craske | Peter McEvoy
Volume 49, Issue 8, August 2011, Pages 441-452
Disorder-specific cognitive behavioural therapy programs delivered over the internet (iCBT) with clinician guidance are effective at treating specific anxiety disorders and depression. The present study examined the efficacy of a transdiagnostic iCBT protocol to treat three anxiety disorders and/or depression within the same program (the Wellbeing Program). Seventy-seven individuals with a principal diagnosis of major depression, generalised anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and/or social phobia were randomly assigned to a Treatment or Waitlist Control group. Treatment consisted of CBT-based online educational lessons and homework assignments, weekly email or telephone contact from a clinical psychologist, access to a moderated online discussion forum, and automated emails. Eighty one percent of Treatment group participants completed all 8 lessons within the 10 week program. Post-treatment data were collected from 34/37 Treatment group and 35/37 Control group participants, and 3-month follow-up data were collected from 32/37 Treatment group participants. Relative to Controls, Treatment group participants reported significantly reduced symptoms of anxiety and depression as measured by the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales-21 item, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 item, and Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7 item scales, with corresponding between-groups effect sizes (Cohen's d) at post treatment of.56,.58, and.52, respectively. The clinician spent a mean time of 84.76. min (SD = 50.37) per person over the program. Participants rated the procedure as highly acceptable, and gains were sustained at follow-up. These results provide preliminary support for the efficacy of transdiagnostic iCBT in the treatment of anxiety and depressive disorders. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Mindfulness-based stress reduction for patients with anxiety disorders: Evaluation in a randomized controlled trialJon Vøllestad | Børge Sivertsen | Geir Høstmark Nielsen
Volume 49, Issue 4, April 2011, Pages 281-288
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) for patients with heterogeneous anxiety disorders. Seventy-six self-referred patients were randomized to MBSR or a waiting-list control condition. Eight participants did not complete the eight-week MBSR intervention. Treatment completers improved significantly on all outcome measures compared to controls. The completer sample showed medium to large effect sizes on measures of anxiety (Cohen's d = 0.55-0.97), and a large effect size for symptoms of depression (Cohen's d = 0.97). Intention-to-treat analyses yielded effect sizes in the small to moderate range (Cohen's d = 0.32-0.76). Gains were maintained at six months follow-up. The percentage of participants reaching recovered status was highest for symptom measures of depression and anxiety, and lower for worry and trait anxiety. Mediation analyses indicated that mindfulness fully mediated changes in acute anxiety symptoms, and partially mediated changes in worry and trait anxiety. However, the present study did not find evidence of temporal precedence for the proposed mediator. In the absence of true mediation and an active control condition, it cannot be ruled out that results are due to non-specific aspects of treatment. Despite these and other limitations, we conclude that MBSR is an effective treatment for anxiety disorders and related symptomatology. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Attention training toward and away from threat in social phobia: Effects on subjective, behavioral, and physiological measures of anxietyAlexandre Heeren | Hannah E. Reese | Richard J. McNally | Pierre Philippot
Volume 50, Issue 1, January 2012, Pages 30-39
Social phobics exhibit an attentional bias for threat in probe detection and probe discrimination paradigms. Attention training programs, in which probes always replace nonthreatening cues, reduce attentional bias for threat and self-reported social anxiety. However, researchers have seldom included behavioral measures of anxiety reduction, and have never taken physiological measures of anxiety reduction. In the present study, we trained individuals with generalized social phobia (n = 57) to attend to threat cues (attend to threat), to attend to positive cues (attend to positive), or to alternately attend to both (control condition). We assessed not only self-reported social anxiety, but also behavioral and physiological measures of social anxiety. Participants trained to attend to nonthreatening cues demonstrated significantly greater reductions in self-reported, behavioral, and physiological measures of anxiety than did participants from the attend to threat and control conditions. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Emotion dysregulation and adolescent psychopathology: A prospective studyKatie A. McLaughlin | Mark L. Hatzenbuehler | Douglas S. Mennin | Susan Nolen-Hoeksema
Volume 49, Issue 9, September 2011, Pages 544-554
Background: Emotion regulation deficits have been consistently linked to psychopathology in cross-sectional studies. However, the direction of the relationship between emotion regulation and psychopathology is unclear. This study examined the longitudinal and reciprocal relationships between emotion regulation deficits and psychopathology in adolescents. Methods: Emotion dysregulation and symptomatology (depression, anxiety, aggressive behavior, and eating pathology) were assessed in a large, diverse sample of adolescents (N = 1065) at two time points separated by seven months. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the longitudinal and reciprocal relationships between emotion dysregulation and symptoms of psychopathology. Results: The three distinct emotion processes examined here (emotional understanding, dysregulated expression of sadness and anger, and ruminative responses to distress) formed a unitary latent emotion dysregulation factor. Emotion dysregulation predicted increases in anxiety symptoms, aggressive behavior, and eating pathology after controlling for baseline symptoms but did not predict depressive symptoms. In contrast, none of the four types of psychopathology predicted increases in emotion dysregulation after controlling for baseline emotion dysregulation. Conclusions: Emotion dysregulation appears to be an important transdiagnostic factor that increases risk for a wide range of psychopathology outcomes in adolescence. These results suggest targets for preventive interventions during this developmental period of risk. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Improving access to psychological treatments: Lessons from developing countriesVikram Patel | Neerja Chowdhary | Atif Rahman | Helen Verdeli
Volume 49, Issue 9, September 2011, Pages 523-528
Even though psychological treatments have been advocated as treatments for a range of mental disorders by the WHO for scaling up through primary care globally, the vast majority of potential beneficiaries are unable to access these treatments. Two major barriers impede the path between evidence based treatments and improved access: the lack of skilled human resources and the acceptability of treatments across cultures. This essay synthesizes the experiences of programs which developed and evaluated psychological treatments for depression in three resource poor developing countries. These programs addressed the human resource barrier by training lay or community health workers to deliver the treatments and addressed the acceptability barrier by systematically adapting the treatment to contextual factors. All programs demonstrated significant benefits in recovery rates when compared with usual care demonstrating the effectiveness of the approach. The implications for these experiences to improving access to psychological treatments in the global context are discussed. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Individually-tailored, Internet-based treatment for anxiety disorders: A randomized controlled trialPer Carlbring | Linda Maurin | Charlotta Törngren | Emma Linna | Thomas Eriksson | Elisabeth Sparthan | Marcus Strååt | Christian Marquez von Hage | Lise Bergman-Nordgren | Gerhard Andersson
Volume 49, Issue 1, January 2011, Pages 18-24
Previous studies on Internet-based treatment with minimal to moderate therapist guidance have shown promising results for a number of specific diagnoses. The aim of this study was to test a new approach to Internet treatment that involves tailoring the treatment according to the patient's unique characteristics and comorbidities.A total of 54 participants, regardless of specific anxiety diagnosis, were included after an in-person, semi-structured diagnostic interview and randomized to a 10 week treatment program or to a control group. Treatment consisted of a number of individually-prescribed modules in conjunction with online therapist guidance. Significant results were found for all dependent measures both immediately following treatment and at 1 and 2 year intervals. Mean between-group effect size including measures of anxiety, depression and quality of life was Cohen's d = 0.69 at post-treatment, while the mean within-group effect size was d = 1.15 at post-treatment and d = 1.13 and d = 1.04 at 1 and 2 year follow-up respectively.The tentative conclusion drawn from these results is that tailoring the Internet-based therapy can be a feasible approach in the treatment of anxiety in a homogeneous population. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
Internet-based treatment of social phobia: A randomized controlled trial comparing unguided with two types of guided self-helpThomas Berger | Franz Caspar | Robert Richardson | Bernhard Kneubühler | Daniel Sutter | Gerhard Andersson
Volume 49, Issue 3, March 2011, Pages 158-169
Internet-based self-help for social phobia with minimal therapist support via email have shown efficacy in several controlled trials by independent research teams. The role and necessity of therapist guidance is, however, still largely unclear. The present study compared the benefits of a 10-week web-based unguided self-help treatment for social phobia with the same intervention complemented with minimal, although weekly, therapist support via email. Further, a third treatment arm was included, in which the level of support was flexibly stepped up, from no support to email or telephone contact, on demand of the participants. Eighty-one individuals meeting diagnostic criteria for social phobia were randomly assigned to one of the three conditions. Primary outcome measures were self-report measures of symptoms of social phobia. Secondary outcome measures included symptoms of depression, interpersonal problems, and general symptomatology. Measures were taken at baseline, post-treatment, and at 6-month follow-up. Data from a telephone-administered diagnostic interview conducted at post-treatment were also included. Results showed significant symptom reductions in all three treatment groups with large effect sizes for primary social phobia measures (Cohen's d = 1.47) and for secondary outcome measures (d = 1.16). No substantial and significant between-groups effects were found on any of the measures (Cohen's d = 00-36). Moreover, no difference between the three conditions was found regarding diagnosis-free status, clinically significant change, dropout rates, or adherence measures such as lessons or exercises completed. These findings indicate that Internet-delivered treatment for social phobia is a promising treatment option, whether no support is provided or with two different types of therapist guidance. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
Processes of change in psychological flexibility in an interdisciplinary group-based treatment for chronic pain based on Acceptance and Commitment TherapyLance M. McCracken | Olga Gutiérrez-Martínez
Volume 49, Issue 4, April 2011, Pages 267-274
There are now numerous studies of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) for chronic pain. These studies provide growing support for the efficacy and effectiveness of ACT in this context as well as for the role of ACT-specific therapeutic processes, particularly those underlying psychological flexibility. The purpose of the present study was to continue to build on this work with a broader focus on these processes, including acceptance of pain, general psychological acceptance, mindfulness, and values-based action. Participants included 168 patients who completed an ACT-based treatment for chronic pain and a three-month follow-up. Following treatment and at follow-up, participants reported significantly reduced levels of depression, pain-related anxiety, physical and psychosocial disability, medical visits, and pain intensity in comparison to the start of treatment. They also showed significant increases in each of the processes of psychological flexibility. Most uncontrolled effect sizes were medium or large at the follow-up. In correlation analyses changes in the four processes measures generally were significantly related to changes in the measures of depression, anxiety, and disability. In regression analyses the combined processes were related to changes in outcomes above and beyond change in pain intensity. Although in some ways preliminary, these results specifically support the unique role of general psychological acceptance in relation to improvements achieved by treatment participants. The current study clarifies potential processes of change in treatment for chronic pain, particularly those aiming to enhance psychological flexibility. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
The validation of an active control intervention for Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR)Donal G. MacCoon | Zac E. Imel | Melissa A. Rosenkranz | Jenna G. Sheftel | Helen Y. Weng | Jude C. Sullivan | Katherine A. Bonus | Catherine M. Stoney | Tim V. Salomons | Richard J. Davidson | Antoine Lutz
Volume 50, Issue 1, January 2012, Pages 3-12
Most of the extant literature investigating the health effects of mindfulness interventions relies on wait-list control comparisons. The current article specifies and validates an active control condition, the Health Enhancement Program (HEP), thus providing the foundation necessary for rigorous investigations of the relative efficacy of Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) and for testing mindfulness as an active ingredient. 63 participants were randomized to either MBSR (n = 31) or HEP (n = 32). Compared to HEP, MBSR led to reductions in thermal pain ratings in the mindfulness- but not the HEP-related instruction condition (η 2 = .18). There were significant improvements over time for general distress (η 2 = .09), anxiety (η 2 = .08), hostility (η 2 = .07), and medical symptoms (η 2 = .14), but no effects of intervention. Practice was not related to change. HEP is an active control condition for MBSR while remaining inert to mindfulness. These claims are supported by results from a pain task. Participant-reported outcomes (PROs) replicate previous improvements to well-being in MBSR, but indicate that MBSR is no more effective than a rigorous active control in improving these indices. These results emphasize the importance of using an active control condition like HEP in studies evaluating the effectiveness of MBSR. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Further evidence for the efficacy of a metacognitive group training in schizophreniaS. Moritz | A. Kerstan | R. Veckenstedt | S. Randjbar | F. Vitzthum | C. Schmidt | M. Heise | T. S. Woodward
Volume 49, Issue 3, March 2011, Pages 151-157
Metacognitive training (MCT) for patients with schizophrenia is a novel psychological group treatment targeting cognitive biases putatively involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia (e.g. jumping to conclusions, overconfidence in errors). Its eight modules are available cost-free online in many languages. In the present study, 36 subacute or remitted patients were randomly allocated to either the MCT or a wait-list group who received treatment-as-usual (TAU). Baseline and post assessments were 8 weeks apart and were performed blind to group status. MCT showed significantly greater improvement on the following parameters relative to the TAU group: delusion distress (PSYRATS), memory and social quality of life. In the MCT group, the rate of jumping to conclusions bias was reduced after training. No differences occurred on the PANSS. The present study confirms prior reports that MCT exerts beneficial effects on some cognitive and symptomatic parameters. © 2010.
Enhanced cognitive behaviour therapy for adults with anorexia nervosa: A UK-Italy studyChristopher G. Fairburn | Zafra Cooper | Helen A. Doll | Marianne E. O'Connor | Robert L. Palmer | Riccardo Dalle Grave
Volume 51, Issue 1, January 2013, Page
Anorexia nervosa is difficult to treat and no treatment is supported by robust evidence. As it is uncommon, it has been recommended that new treatments should undergo extensive preliminary testing before being evaluated in randomized controlled trials. The aim of the present study was to establish the immediate and longer-term outcome following " enhanced" cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT-E). Ninety-nine adult patients with marked anorexia nervosa (body mass index ≤ 17.5) were recruited from consecutive referrals to clinics in the UK and Italy. Each was offered 40 sessions of CBT-E over 40 weeks with no concurrent treatment. Sixty-four percent of the patients were able to complete this outpatient treatment and in these patients there was a substantial increase in weight (7.47 kg, SD 4.93) and BMI (2.77, SD 1.81). Eating disorder features also improved markedly. Over the 60-week follow-up period there was little deterioration despite minimal additional treatment. These findings provide strong preliminary support for this use of CBT-E and justify its further evaluation in randomized controlled trials. As CBT-E has already been established as a treatment for bulimia nervosa and eating disorder not otherwise specified, the findings also confirm that CBT-E is transdiagnostic in its scope. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
The effectiveness of enhanced cognitive behavioural therapy for eating disorders: An open trialSusan M. Byrne | Anthea Fursland | Karina L. Allen | Hunna Watson
Volume 49, Issue 4, April 2011, Pages 219-226
The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of Enhanced Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT-E) for eating disorders in an open trial for adults with the full range of eating disorders found in the community. The only previously published trial of CBT-E for eating disorders was a randomised controlled trial (RCT) conducted in the U.K. for patients with a BMI≥17.5. The current study represents the first published trial of CBT-E to include patients with a BMI<17.5. The study involved 125 patients referred to a public outpatient clinic in Perth, Western Australia. Patients attended, on average, 20-40 individual sessions with a clinical psychologist. Of those who entered the trial, 53% completed treatment. Longer waiting time for treatment was significantly associated with drop out. By the end of treatment full remission (cessation of all key eating disorder behaviours, BMI≥18.5kg/m 2, not meeting DSM-IV criteria for an eating disorder) or partial remission (meeting at least 2 these criteria) was achieved by two thirds of the patients who completed treatment and 40% of the total sample. The results compared favourably to those reported in the previous RCT of CBT-E, with one exception being the higher drop-out rate in the current study. Overall, the findings indicated that CBT-E results in significant improvements, in both eating and more general psychopathology, in patients with all eating disorders attending an outpatient clinic. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
A cognitive-behavioral treatment for irritable bowel syndrome using interoceptive exposure to visceral sensationsMichelle G. Craske | Kate B. Wolitzky-Taylor | Jennifer Labus | Stephen Wu | Michael Frese | Emeran A. Mayer | Bruce D. Naliboff
Volume 49, Issues 6-7, June 2011, Pages 413-421
Background: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic and debilitating medical condition with few efficacious pharmacological or psychosocial treatment options available. Evidence suggests that visceral anxiety may be implicated in IBS onset and severity. Thus, cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) that targets visceral anxiety may alleviate IBS symptoms. Methods: The current study examined the efficacy of a CBT protocol for the treatment of IBS which directly targeted visceral sensations. Participants (N = 110) were randomized to receive 10 sessions of either: (a) CBT with interoceptive exposure (IE) to visceral sensations; (b) stress management (SM); or (c) an attention control (AC), and were assessed at baseline, mid-treatment, post-treatment, and follow-up sessions. Results: Consistent with hypotheses, the IE group outperformed AC on several indices of outcome, and outperformed SM in some domains. No differences were observed between SM and AC. The results suggest that IE may be a particularly efficacious treatment for IBS. Conclusions: Implications for research and clinical practice are discussed. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Moderators and mediators of remission in family-based treatment and adolescent focused therapy for anorexia nervosaDaniel Le Grange | James Lock | W. Stewart Agras | Ann Moye | Susan W. Bryson | Booil Jo | Helena C. Kraemer
Volume 50, Issue 2, February 2012, Pages 85-92
Few of the limited randomized controlled trails (RCTs) for adolescent anorexia nervosa (AN) have explored the effects of moderators and mediators on outcome. This study aimed to identify treatment moderators and mediators of remission at end of treatment (EOT) and 6- and 12-month follow-up (FU) for adolescents with AN (N=121) who participated in a multi-center RCT of family-based treatment (FBT) and individual adolescent focused therapy (AFT). Mixed effects modeling were utilized and included all available outcome data at all time points. Remission was defined as ≥95% IBW plus within 1SD of the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) norms. Eating related obsessionality (Yale-Brown-Cornell Eating Disorder Total Scale) and eating disorder specific psychopathology (EDE-Global) emerged as moderators at EOT. Subjects with higher baseline scores on these measures benefited more from FBT than AFT. AN type emerged as a moderator at FU with binge-eating/purging type responding less well than restricting type. No mediators of treatment outcome were identified. Prior hospitalization, older age and duration of illness were identified as non-specific predictors of outcome. Taken together, these results indicate that patients with more severe eating related psychopathology have better outcomes in a behaviorally targeted family treatment (FBT) than an individually focused approach (AFT). © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Treating PTSD in suicidal and self-injuring women with borderline personality disorder: Development and preliminary evaluation of a Dialectical Behavior Therapy Prolonged Exposure ProtocolMelanie S. Harned | Kathryn E. Korslund | Edna B. Foa | Marsha M. Linehan
Volume 50, Issue 6, June 2012, Pages 381-386
This study focused on the development and pilot testing of a protocol based on Prolonged Exposure (PE) that can be added to Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) to treat PTSD in suicidal and self-injuring individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD). Women with BPD, PTSD, and recent and/or imminent serious intentional self-injury (n = 13) received one year of DBT with the DBT PE Protocol, plus three months of follow-up assessment. The treatment was associated with significant reductions in PTSD, with the majority of patients no longer meeting criteria for PTSD at post-treatment (71.4% of DBT PE Protocol completers, 60.0% of the intent-to-treat sample). A minority of patients (27.3%) engaged in intentional self-injury during the study. Improvements were also found for suicidal ideation, dissociation, trauma-related guilt cognitions, shame, anxiety, depression, and social adjustment. There was no evidence that the DBT PE Protocol led to exacerbations of intentional self-injury urges or behaviors, PTSD, treatment dropout, or crisis service use. Overall, the results indicate that this integrated BPD and PTSD treatment is feasible to implement within one year of treatment, highly acceptable to patients and therapists, safe to administer, and shows promise as an effective intervention for PTSD in this complex and high-risk patient population. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
Randomized controlled trial on the effectiveness of metacognitive therapy and intolerance-of-uncertainty therapy for generalized anxiety disorderColin van der Heiden | Peter Muris | Henk T. van der Molen
Volume 50, Issue 2, February 2012, Pages 100-109
This randomized controlled trial compared the effectiveness of metacognitive therapy (MCT) and intolerance-of-uncertainty therapy (IUT) for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) in an outpatient context. Patients with GAD (N=126) consecutively referred to an outpatient treatment center for anxiety disorder were randomly allocated to MCT, IUT, or a delayed treatment (DT) condition. Patients were treated individually for up to 14 sessions. Assessments were conducted before treatment (pretreatment), after the last treatment session (posttreatment), and six months after treatment had ended (follow-up). At posttreatment and follow-up assessments, substantial improvements were observed in both treatment conditions across all outcome variables. Both MCT and IUT, but not DT, produced significant reductions in GAD-specific symptoms with large effect sizes (ranging between 0.94 and 2.39) and high proportions of clinically significant change (ranging between 77% and 95%) on various outcome measures, and the vast majority of the patients (i.e., 91% in the MCT group, and 80% in the IUT group) no longer fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for GAD. Results further indicate that MCT produced better results than IUT. This was evident on most outcome measures, and also reflected in effect sizes and degree of clinical response and recovery. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Cost-effectiveness of Internet-based cognitive behavior therapy vs. cognitive behavioral group therapy for social anxiety disorder: Results from a randomized controlled trialErik Hedman | Erik Andersson | Brjánn Ljótsson | Gerhard Andersson | Christian Rück | Nils Lindefors
Volume 49, Issue 11, November 2011, Pages 729-736
Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is highly prevalent and associated with a substantial societal economic burden, primarily due to high costs of productivity loss. Cognitive behavior group therapy (CBGT) is an effective treatment for SAD and the most established in clinical practice. Internet-based cognitive behavior therapy (ICBT) has demonstrated efficacy in several trials in recent years. No study has however investigated the cost-effectiveness of ICBT compared to CBGT from a societal perspective, i.e. an analysis where both direct and indirect costs are included. The aim of the present study was to investigate the cost-effectiveness of ICBT compared to CBGT from a societal perspective using a prospective design. We conducted a randomized controlled trial where participants with SAD were randomized to ICBT (n= 64) or CBGT (n= 62). Economic data were assessed at pre-treatment, immediately following treatment and six months after treatment. Results showed that the gross total costs were significantly reduced at six-month follow-up, compared to pre-treatment in both treatment conditions. As both treatments were equivalent in reducing social anxiety and gross total costs, ICBT was more cost-effective due to lower intervention costs. We conclude that ICBT can be more cost-effective than CBGT in the treatment of SAD and that both treatments reduce societal costs for SAD. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Therapist competence, therapy quality, and therapist trainingChristopher G. Fairburn | Zafra Cooper
Volume 49, Issues 6-7, June 2011, Pages 373-378
Large numbers of therapists worldwide wish to receive training in how to deliver psychological treatments. Current methods of training are poorly suited to this task as they are costly and require scarce expertise. New forms of training therefore need to be developed that are more cost-effective and scalable. Internet-based methods might fulfil these requirements whilst having the added advantage of being able to provide trainees with extensive exposure to the treatment as practised. New strategies and procedures for evaluating training outcome are also required. These need to be capable of assessing the therapist's knowledge of the treatment and its use, as well as the therapist's ability to apply this knowledge in clinical practice. Standardised role play-based techniques might be of value in this regard. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Efficacy of an early intervention based on acceptance and commitment therapy for adults with depressive symptomatology: Evaluation in a randomized controlled trialErnst T. Bohlmeijer | Martine Fledderus | T. A J J Rokx | Marcel E. Pieterse
Volume 49, Issue 1, January 2011, Pages 62-67
Objective: The current study examined the efficacy of an early intervention based on acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for depressive symptomatology. The ACT intervention is aimed at increasing the acceptance of negative thoughts and emotions and living a mindful and value-based life. Method: Adults with mild to moderate depressive symptomatology were randomly assigned to the ACT intervention (n= 49) or to a waiting list (n= 44). The mean age of the participants was 49 years. The majority of the participants was female and of Dutch origin. All the participants completed measures before and after the intervention, as well as three months later at follow-up to assess depression (CES-D), anxiety (HADS-A), fatigue (CIS), alcohol use and acceptance (AAQ-II). Results: The ACT intervention led to statistically significant reduction in depressive symptomatology (Cohen's d= .60). These reductions were maintained at the three-month follow-up. Also significant reductions in anxiety and fatigue were observed. Moreover, mediational analysis showed that the improvement of acceptance during the intervention mediated the effects of the intervention on depressive symptomatology at follow-up. Conclusion: These findings suggest that an early intervention based on ACT, aimed at increasing acceptance, is effective in reducing depressive symptomatology. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
Using stop signals to inhibit chronic dieters' responses toward palatable foodsHarm Veling | Henk Aarts | Esther K. Papies
Volume 49, Issue 11, November 2011, Pages 771-780
Palatable foods in the environment can unintentionally trigger reactions to obtain them, which may interfere with dieting attempts. We tested a strategy to facilitate dieting behavior that makes use of behavioral stop signals that should instantly inhibit chronic dieters' responses toward palatable foods. Participants performed a go/no-go task in which go cues and no-go cues (i.e., the behavioral stop signals) were presented with pictures of palatable foods and control objects. In Study 1, we tested the immediate behavioral effect of presenting stop signals near palatable foods in a reaction time paradigm. In Study 2 we assessed consumption of palatable food that had either consistently been associated with no-go cues, or not. Results show that no-go cues instantly inhibited responses toward palatable foods especially among chronic dieters. Moreover, across a one day period chronic dieters consumed less of a food that had consistently been associated with no-go cues. Stop signals thus appear a promising tool for chronic dieters to control behavior to palatable foods, and we discuss the merits and potential applications of this tool for facilitating dieting behavior. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Acceptance and values-based action in chronic pain: A three-year follow-up analysis of treatment effectiveness and processKevin E. Vowles | Lance M. McCracken | Jane Zhao O'Brien
Volume 49, Issue 11, November 2011, Pages 748-755
Recent developments in CBT emphasize the promotion of psychological flexibility to improve daily functioning for people with a wide range of health conditions. In particular, one of these approaches, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), has been studied for treatment of chronic pain. While trials have provided good support for treatment effectiveness through follow-ups of as long as seven months, the longer-term impact is not known. The present study of 108 participants with chronic pain examined outcomes three years after treatment completion and included analyses of two key treatment processes, acceptance of pain and values-based action. Overall, results indicated significant improvements in emotional and physical functioning relative to the start of treatment, as well as good maintenance of treatment gains relative to an earlier follow-up assessment. Effect size statistics were generally medium or large. At the three-year follow-up, 64.8% of patients had reliably improved in at least one key domain. Improvements in acceptance of pain and values-based action were associated with improvements in outcome measures. A "treatment responder" analysis, using variables collected at pre-treatment and shorter term follow-up, failed to identify any salient predictors of response. This study adds to the growing literature supporting the effectiveness of ACT for chronic pain and yields evidence for both statistical and clinical significance of improvements over a three-year period. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Guided internet-delivered acceptance and commitment therapy for chronic pain patients: A randomized controlled trialMonica Buhrman | Astrid Skoglund | Josefin Husell | Kristina Bergström | Torsten Gordh | Timo Hursti | Nina Bendelin | Tomas Furmark | Gerhard Andersson
Volume 51, Issue 6, June 2013, Pages 307-315
Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) interventions for persons with chronic pain have recently received empirical support. ACT focuses on reducing the disabling influences of pain through targeting ineffective control strategies and teaches people to stay in contact with unpleasant emotions, sensations, and thoughts. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of a guided internet-delivered ACT intervention for persons with chronic pain. A total of 76 patients with chronic pain were included in the study and randomized to either treatment for 7 weeks or to a control group that participated in a moderated online discussion forum. Intent-to-treat analyses showed significant increases regarding activity engagement and pain willingness. Measurements were provided with the primary outcome variable Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire which was in favour of the treatment group. Reductions were found on other measures of pain-related distress, anxiety and depressive symptoms. A six month follow-up showed maintenance of improvements. We conclude that an acceptance based internet-delivered treatment can be effective for persons with chronic pain. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.


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OpenGL News Archives
OpenGL 4.1 Support Now Enabled In Mesa Git For AMD RadeonSI
Jul 31, 2015 | Categories: Processors | Comments
The OpenGL 4.1 patches for RadeonSI have now landed in Mesa Git master! If you are running the fresh Mesa code, you will find OpenGL 4.1 exposed by default in the RadeonSI driver for AMD Radeon HD 7000 series GPUs and newer.
Khronos Group BOF Schedule and related events now online
Jul 24, 2015 | Categories: Developers | Comments
The Khronos Group SIGGRAPH schedule has been posted online. This year Khronos brings four BOFs to the BOF Blitz, a Chapter meetup and a course a party! Khronos is celebrating it's 15th Anniversary this year, and what a year it's turning out to be. BOFs include OpenVX & OpenCL, OpenCL, SYCL & SPIR-V, WebGL and glTF and Vulkan, OpenGL, OpenGL ES.
OpenGL Superbible: Comprehensive Tutorial and Reference (7th Edition) shipping soon!
Jul 24, 2015 | Categories: Developers | Comments
OpenGL Superbible 7th Edition will be shipping soon. Get your pre-order in now! The book source is now on Github.
Scenomics, LLC releases OpenGL 4.0 Shader Authoring Tools
Jul 23, 2015 | Categories: Applications | Comments
Scenomics, LLC announces the release of OpenGL 4.0 Shader authoring tools. The application supports all five shader stages (vertex, control, evaluation, geometry, and fragment). The application works with versions 400, 410, 420, 430, 440, and 450. Shader runs on GPUs that support OpenGL 4.0 and higher, and can compile GLSL version 400 and higher. Shader provides access to Scenome's collection of high-quality common services for user interface, 3D modeling, and rendering.
OpenGL Game-GUI - Simple skinnable Widgets for Games
Jul 20, 2015 | Categories: Developers | Applications | Comments
Game-GUI is easy to use and features TTF fonts, UTF8, skins, callbacks, alpha-blending, custom mouse pointers, multi-screen support and also includes a basic file-browser as well as a complete window manager. It is based on OpenGL/GLSL and includes samples for GLUT and QT5. Licensed under MIT
CPPlay c/c++11 interpreted environment version 1.2 released
Jul 14, 2015 | Categories: Applications | Comments
CPPlay features a c/c++11 interpreter with OpenGL integration, based on LLVM and the current version of OpenGL on Mac OSX. It is available on Apple Mac App Store. Due to being interpreted it is perfect for learning OpenGL quicker and for creating prototypes, demos, games, interactive applications and for creative coding.
AMD releases Catalyst 15.7 Linux driver with a fix for OpenGL on RHEL 7.1
Jul 09, 2015 | Categories: Developers | Processors | Comments
AMD has released the Catalyst 15.7 driver for Linux. Included in the change log AMD has listed Multi-Device support for OpenCL 2.0. Among the resolved issues is a fix for segmentation faults observed while launching some OpenGL games in RHEL7.1.
OpenGL GPU-accelerates Adobe Illustrator CC 2015
Jul 03, 2015 | Categories: Developers | Comments
GPU-acceleration is the major performance enhancement to Adobe Illustrator CC 2015. This SIGGRAPH paper Accelerating Vector Graphics Rendering using the Graphics Hardware Pipeline explains how OpenGL GPU-accelerates the PDF-based vector graphics rendering model used by Illustrator. Attend the paper presentation at SIGGRAPH 2015 in Los Angeles.
Remograph Releases OpenGL-based Remo 3D v2.5
Jun 29, 2015 | Categories: Applications | Comments
Remograph today announced the release of Remo 3D v2.5. This new version 2.5 of Remo 3D brings a new Modify UV tool, improvements to the script and macro support and other various fixes. The full list of new features and improvements can be found in the release notes on our website. Remo 3D was developed using OpenGL, OpenSceneGraph, FLTK and Lua.
AMD Radeon R9 Series Graphics Cards to support and Vulkan
Jun 25, 2015 | Categories: Developers | Processors | Comments
AMD's Radeon R9 Series Graphics Cards delivers more than 3x the bandwidth per watt over GDDR5 along with a 4096-bit memory interface for incredible new advances in power and efficiency. Optimized performance for next-gen APIs including Vulkan and is designed from the ground up to give you everything you need to enjoy the latest games. OpenGL 4.5 support is coming.
CryEngine 3 now fully supports Linux and OpenGL
Jun 24, 2015 | Categories: Applications | Comments
CryEngine, the game engine developed by Crytek that is used by a number of large games including Crysis, Homefront: The Revolution, Ryse, and Star Citizen, now officially supports Linux. As a rather pleasing side effect of Linux support, CryEngine now also has a full-featured OpenGL rendering implementation.
Mesa 3D Graphics Library 10.6.0 Adds Support for New OpenGL Extensions
Jun 16, 2015 | Categories: Developers | Comments
Mesa 10.6.0 adds support for several new OpenGL extensions to various video drivers. It's a lengthy list, so you'll need to check it out in the release notes. As well, it looks like OpenVG support has been removed.
OGLplus 0.62.0 released
Jun 12, 2015 | Categories: Developers | Comments
OGLplus is a collection of open-source, cross-platform libraries which implement an object facade over the OpenGL, OpenAL and EGL C-language APIs. It automates resource and object management, error handling and makes the use of these libraries in C++ safer and more convenient.
CPPlay 1.1 c/c++11 interpreter released
Jun 10, 2015 | Categories: Applications | Comments
CPPlay features a c/c++11 interpreter with OpenGL integration, based on LLVM and the current version of OpenGL on Mac OSX. It is available on Apple Mac App Store. Due to being interpreted it is perfect for learning OpenGL quicker and for creating prototypes, demos, games, interactive applications and for creative coding.
Khronos Boston Chapter Meetup Realtime Fluid Simulation using OpenGL
May 27, 2015 | Categories: General | Developers | Comments
Boston Khronos Chapter invites you to a presentation and demonstration of realtime fluid simulation using OpenGL compute shaders. Microsoft will be hosting our second event of the year at One Cambridge Center on Thu Jun 4, 6-9PM. The event will feature an in-depth talk on OpenGL and GLSL in simulation applications and will include a live demo. After the talk, there will be time for demos and networking.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
[edit] Background
For Kouhei Kagami life is just a dull colourless experience to get through. He attends classes, talks to people and tries to get on with his family even though they are not related by blood. His monotonous life is about to get a whole lot more vivid as three girls are about to enter his life, and things will never be the same again.
But which girl will have the most influence on his life? There is Aeka, the quiet transfer student who through misfortune finds herself the victim of bullying, but nobody else seems to consider it their business. Mizuki is the burdened president of the school council who leaves the work for others to do, but her irresponsible behaviour is hiding a self-destructive lifestyle of someone afraid of the future. Finally we have Nekoko, a girl who lives entirely in her own world, with claims of being a fairy and a seemingly never-ending search for the fairy homeworld. One of these girls will become the focus of Kouhei's life, and for better or worse is for him to decide.


text:
This two layer cake is surrounded by hand made white chocolate panels with hand painted gold edging. The cakes are covered in white chocolate ganache with roses inserted gently into the cake itself to give the feel of a box of roses.
CakeCentral.com is the world's largest cake community for cake decorating professionals and enthusiasts.
(if this is a private computer)
Yes please, register now!


text:
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Aplicativos de Celular Hostelworld
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text:
Here it is!
Eric Haubert and Andre Savage with the final Game Time of the 2011-2012 season.
This week Andre hands out the Savvy Awards and we get a possible glimpse into the futre...
Point #1
Coach of the Year.
Point #2
Player of the Year
Point #3
One Final Prediction


text:
An alternative use for GitHub
Alternative Use
With its easy-to-use web interface, GitHub can be put to totally different uses than archiving code. For example, Perlmeister Mike Schilli used GitHub to deploy a content management system for simple websites.
GitHub is the place the open source community frequents to work on its projects; the former startup from San Francisco has gained some fame in this way. In fact, GitHub is actually starting to earn money. The company is also regarded in the extended Silicon Valley area as a prime example of how to attract talented developers. Thus, it is not surprising that the repositories offered for free in the open basic version, the associated disk space, and reliable web hosting act as a safe haven for all sorts of data that somewhat stretches the definition of "open source."
Many readers will have been frustrated that new computers don't come pre-installed with their own configuration files that they have maintained over the years (e.g., .bashrc or .vimrc). Because these files rarely contain secrets, it has become commonplace to store them on GitHub in a repository by the name of dotfiles. Now, if you run aground in an unconfigured environment, you only need a browser to download the familiar files from a single, easy-to-find website.
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text:
Virginia Driving Record
Virginia driving records compile all relevant information about resident drivers, including the violations they may have committed, the accidents they may have been involved in and more. Find out all about these state driving history reports by looking over the information below.
How To Order Virginia Driving Records
1. Fast & Convenient Online Ordering:
To simplify the process of getting your driving record, DMV.com has partnered with 4 Safe Drivers. In just 3 easy steps, you are able to order your driving record online. Click here to get started. By easily ordering your driving record online, you will receive the most up-to-date information in a shorter time frame. Your driving record will include your driver's license status, violation convictions (including DUIs), endorsements, restrictions and administrative actions that are associated with your drivers license and reportable in your state according to their policies. Accidents and points will only show if applicable based on your state. Your driving record can only be ordered from a state where you have been issued a license.*
2. Via a DMV office:
You can also get your driving record from your local, official DMV office. This option tends to be the most cost-effective choice; however, it is important to note that not all DMV locations have the ability to process driving records. It is recommended to first check with your local DMV to verify if they can fulfill this service. Click here to find a DMV office near you. If your DMV office offers the option to make an appointment and make sure to have all your personal documents and pay the fees to order a driving record.
3. By mail:
If you are not in a rush to get your driving record, you can request it by mail through the DMV. First, find out if your local DMV processes driving records, if they do, make sure to gather all the required documentation and send it to their mailing address. To avoid delays double check that you have included all the correct information. Almost all DMV offices accept payment in the form of a money order but for alternative payment methods check with your local office.
What is on my Virginia driving record?
Depending on the type of driving record and where you purchase it, your Virginia driving record may provide either a partial or complete outline of your personal VA driving history. If you order your driving record directly from the Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles, it will contain:
- Details about your personal information, such as your name, address and license application date.
- Traffic accidents you have been involved in.
- Traffic violations you have been convicted of.
- Suspensions and revocations of your driver's license.
- Demerit points for traffic violations.
- Information about your current drivers license status.
- VA DUI records.
If you order your driving record through DMV.com, you will receive valuable information such as: violation convictions, accidents (if reported by the state), suspensions or limitations, special license classifications and DUI offenses on record. DMV.com recommends ordering a copy at least every three years. Find out what is on your driving history report by filling out the form above to order a copy of your records.
Did you know? our personal driving history is a public record. Potential employers, insurance providers, and courts of law can all request a copy of your driving history.
What Do Points On My Virginia Driving Record Mean?
Points on your Department of Motor Vehicles driving record represent traffic violations that you have committed during your time as a licensed Virginia driver. The number of points you receive for a single violation is based on the kind of offense that you are cited for:
- Reckless driving: 6 points
- Driving under the influence: 6 points
- Passing when it is unsafe: 4 points
- Not stopping and yielding the right-of-way: 4 points
- Impeding traffic: 3 points
- Improper turning: 3 points
If points are placed on your VA DMV driving record incorrectly, notify your local DMV office as soon as possible. However, if the points on your drivers record are accurate, you may improve your standing and prevent point-induced driver's license suspension by enrolling in a traffic school course.
Fill Out The Form To Order A Copy Of Your Driving Record
How do points against my Virginia license affect me?
Driving record points on your VA driving history report can result in higher insurance premiums, because points show auto insurance companies that you do not practice safe driving techniques and are thus, a liability. Driving record points can also affect you by limiting your job opportunities. If you are applying for any job that requires driving, from a delivery person to a commercial driver, you are less likely to be hired if you do not have a clean certified driving history that is free from points, accidents and violations. Additionally, demerit point accumulation can result in driver's license suspension. If you incur 18 or more points in 12 months, your driving privileges will be suspended for 90 days.
How do I remove drivers license points from my Virginia record?
By employing safe-driving practices for a full year (without any violations), you will receive one safe driving point on your personal driving history record. You will receive a maximum of one point each year that you accomplish this feat, and each safe driving point cancels out one demerit point.
Additionally, you may remove points from your personal VA driving record by enrolling in a driving improvement course. These courses can award you with up to five safe driving points for completion, and drivers are allowed to obtain a total of five points every 24 months.
To get started in traffic school today, locate the program center nearest you by clicking here.
Order Your Driving Record Today
How long do points stay on my Virginia driving record?
Violations and their resulting points can remain on your Department of Motor Vehicles driving record for different lengths of time, depending on how serious the traffic infraction was. DUI arrests, for instance, will stay on your record permanently. Apart from these charges, the maximum number of years a violation can remain on a drivers record is 11 years, and the minimum amount of years an infraction can stay on a Virginia driving record is three years.
Checking For Traffic Violations and Penalties in Virginia
Virginia DUI Records
All of the details of a DUI violation you may have committed will be featured in the DUI records section of your VA DMV driving record. Drivers may need to order driving records with these specific details to enroll in a driver improvement course or reinstate their driver's license. Check your driving record today if you need to complete either of the aforementioned actions.
How do I know if my Virginia Driving License is suspended?
By checking driving record documentation through DMV.com, you can find out whether or not your license has been suspended, and for how long. Drivers license status is one of the most prominent sections on Virginia drivers records.
Previous Traffic Violations in Virginia
By performing a driving record lookup, you gain access to all relevant information concerning the traffic violations that you have committed during your time as a driver in Virginia. Get a copy of your driving record today to verify the accuracy of each charge.
Why do I need a copy of my Virginia driving record?
Your DMV driving record informs you how clean your driving history in Virginia has been. A copy of this document, if free from points, violations and accidents, can help you receive lower rates on your auto insurance, and it can bolster your chances of employment.
Fill Out The Form To Order A Copy Of Your Driving Record
Check for Points in Virginia
To find out how many infractions you may have committed, as well as how many demerit points you have been cited for, you must obtain driving record documentation from the Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles.
By getting a copy of your personal Virginia driving history and seeing how many points you have accumulated, you can take corrective action to remove points and adjust your driving practices to avoid driver's license suspension.
Applying for a Commercial Driver Position in Virginia
Commercial employers only want the best drivers to operate their fleets of vehicles. If you have points on your Department of Motor Vehicles drivers record, as well as various noted accidents, these employers may look elsewhere when selecting an employee. To make sure that you are a successful applicant, you must clean up your certified driving record and remove any present demerit points before you apply.
Once your VA driving record and drivers license status are in good standing, submit your application with confidence. To see if any corrective action is required on your part, order a copy of your Virginia driving record today.
Lower Virginia Car Insurance Premiums
A clean personal driving history in Virginia (free from accidents and violations) will help you gain access to affordable car insurance rates. Responsible drivers are considered low-risk insurance clients in the eyes of auto insurers. On the other hand, if you have various points on your Virginia driving record, due to accidents or traffic violations, you will most likely have to pay higher premiums, or you may be turned away altogether.
To ensure that you do not have to pay a hefty sum for auto coverage, clean your driving record by taking a traffic school course before you apply for car insurance.
Take Virginia Traffic School to Prevent Points
Any driver who has points on his or her DMV drivers record should complete a driver improvement class to remove demerit points. Finishing a traffic school course can help you earn a maximum of five safe driving points, which offset an equal amount of demerit points. However, these safe driving points are only awarded one time every two years. If a court asks you to enroll in the driver improvement course, it will be up to the court to decide whether or not you get any safe driving points.
Additionally, drivers may gain safe driving points by driving safely (without any violations) for a full year. For each year you drive safely, you will receive a single safe driving point on your VA driving history.
Why do employers check your Virginia driving record?
Bosses in the state of Virginia check driving records of potential employees to limit their company's liability. Employers do not want to hire anyone who may cause lawsuits or significant expenses on the company's part, such as medical bills or property damages. Thus, they order VA driving records to rule out candidates that have been involved in accidents or charged with numerous violations, as these drivers are more likely to put the employers at risk.
If you are an employer looking to hire a new worker for a job that involves a significant amount of driving (such as a traveling salesperson, a delivery worker or a commercial driver), you may consider getting employee driving records to make an informed hiring decision. Otherwise, if you are a potential employee, get a copy of your driving record to verify its accuracy and remove any demerit points.
How Do I Get My Virginia Driving Record?
DMV.com recommends ordering driving records from a secure and reliable source. You have the option of ordering your driving record directly from a local government branch of the Virginia DMV. This is usually the most cost-effective way to obtain your driving record. However, as an alternative option DMV.com has partnered with 4SafeDrivers to deliver you the most up-to-date information quickly and conveniently. We partnered with 4SafeDrivers because their commitment to keeping your information confidential and safe is a top priority.
Order Your Driving Record Today
Different Types of Virginia Driving Records
The Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles offers a variety of driving history reports for residents. The motor vehicle record you choose will depend on your status as an employer or an employee, as well as the length of time you need to examine.
Driver/Personal Use 11-Year Driving Record
This DMV driving record features up to 11 years of details in your VA driving history and is only to be used for personal reasons.
Driver/Employment/School/Military 7-Year Driving Record
The 7 year driving record, issued by the Department of Motor Vehicles, features up to seven years of details in your personal driving history. It can be issued to potential employers, armed forces branches and schools, as long as they provide a written request and a signed authorization for the release of information for school, military or employment purposes.
Driver/Insurance 5-Year Driving Record
The 5 year driving record features up to five years of details in your Virginia driving history and is typically used by insurance companies to determine auto insurance premiums.
Driver/Habitual Offender Restoration 11-Year Driving Record
This Department of Motor Vehicles drivers record includes details from the last 11 years of your driving past and is typically used by drivers who intend to petition a court for driver's license restoration.
Vehicle/Personal Use Driving Record
This document, issued by the Virginia DMV, features resident vehicle information and can only be used for personal purposes.
How do I fix a mistake on a Virginia drivers history report?
If you obtain a copy of your driving records in Virginia and notice that an error has been made in your driving history, you must take action to correct this mistake immediately. The most effective way to correct an error is to contact your local Virginia DMV office. Once you are in contact with the VA Department of Motor Vehicles, you will be instructed on the exact way to fix errors on your personal Virginia driving record.
What is not included on my Virginia driving record report?
If you are applying for a job or for lower insurance rates, you may be called upon to provide more information than your personal Virginia driving history can provide. For these scenarios, DMV.com has created a list of resources that you can access for additional information:
- Background checks
- VIN checks
- DMV police reports
Virginia Vehicle Registration History
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50 million strong, diverse millennials have arrived
Meet the millennials, digitally connected, artfully tattooed and on the road to becoming the most educated generation in American history.
A report released Wednesday by the Pew Research Center profiles America's 18- to 29-year-olds, offering a provocative look at their goals, their lives and their political beliefs.
The millennials, also known as Generation Next, are nearly 50 million strong. Nearly four in 10 members of the generation are African-American, Latino or Asian, making it the most diverse in the country's history.
Politically, the generation leans left. By a 2-to-1 margin, millennials supported Barack Obama for president in 2008. But their enthusiasm for Obama has cooled, with only 57% of millennials approving of the way he has handled his job as president.
"This is an age group that went big for Obama and big for his message of change and has scaled back a bit," said Paul Taylor, executive vice president of the Washington-based Pew Research Center.
"Compared to their elders, this is a liberal generation, particularly on social issues," Taylor said. "They're very tolerant of newer social arrangements, gay marriage, receptive to immigrants. To the extent there are policy issues around them, they tend to be on the classic liberal side of things. They are less supportive of their elders on assertive national security policy."
Scott Keeter, Pew's director of survey research, said millennials have also backed off their once overwhelming support of Democrats. In 2008, 62% of millennials supported or leaned to the Democrats, compared with 30% who said they supported or leaned to the Republicans.
"That 32-point edge was cut by more than half over the course of 2009," he said. "We ended up with the gap being 54 to 40 (in favor of the Democrats)."
Still optimistic
The generation remains quite optimistic despite growing up in a time of war and economic recession. Nearly four out of 10 millennials are unemployed, a consequence of the poor economy as well as the large numbers of the generation staying in school.
Just 2% of the generation has military experience.
"What happens with all these young adults as the economy starts to recover?" Taylor said. "Does it generate jobs that they can find? Will they be behind the 8-ball for a long period of time?"
Nearly four in 10 millennials are in college, high school or trade school, and two-thirds of those not in school said they plan to return to class someday. About half of those in high school, college or graduate school said they want to earn a graduate or professional school degree.
Asked to list their priorities, half of them said one of the most important things in their lives was to be a good parent, while 30% said it was having a successful marriage.
Only six out of 10 millennials were raised by both parents. And just one out of five millennials is married.
Millennials are connected to technology. Eight out of 10 have placed their cell phone on or next to their bed while sleeping; three out of four created a profile on a social networking site; one out of five posted on the Internet a video that they were featured in.
Self-expression doesn't stop there. Nearly four in 10 have tattoos, and one in four have a piercing on a part of the body other than an earlobe.
Most of the report's findings came from a telephone survey of 2,020 adults, including 830 millennials, that was conducted in January.