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WoodSnap Prints
Mother's Day comes one day a year. Given everything they do for us, that doesn't seem like enough. Whether it's your own mom, your sister, your wife, or just a close friend, make this year's special with a print of one of their favorite photos from Woodsnap. This Irvine-based company prints your images on sustainably-sourced timber, using a proprietary technique that infuses the ink into the wood. Each Woodsnap print is heat and moisture resistant, 100% guaranteed, handcrafted in the U.S.A., and they even plant a tree for every print that is sold. The turnaround is quick, but don't wait until the last minute — as much as the ladies love photos, they hate late gifts even more.
Presented by Woodsnap.

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Real Life Adventures by Gary Wise and Lance Aldrich
- July 28, 2014
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If you are the Dad of a teenage girl, all you have to do is get a shot gun and let all the boys know it…
"If you are the Dad of a…"
With two daughters, I found out a 45 auto works quite well…
My second husband (God bless him) just showed potential dates for his daughters a machete and asked the guys if they had any questions.
Make sure they see you loading it.
"Drone Dad" sounds more trendy
And it will stay that way until we both are dead
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- Intel Celeron 847 (1.1 GHz)
- 2 GB Memory 320 GB HDD
- Intel HD Graphics
- 1366 x 768
- Windows 8 64-Bit
not linux friendly 05/17/2013
This review is from: ASUS Laptop 1015E-DS01 Intel Celeron 847 (1.1 GHz) 2 GB Memory 320 GB HDD Intel HD Graphics 10.1" Windows 8 64-Bit
It has a nice-looking screen compared to my old Atom netbook from 2010. It works.
It is not linux friendly. My plan was to install lubuntu, but this turned out to be impossible since lubuntu does not support the new UEFI alternative to BIOS. So instead I am forced to install some other distro. I chose xubuntu 64.
Or at least I TRIED to choose it. As the previous reviewer mentioned, the darned wifi drivers don't work correctly with the latest (13.04) version! Fortunately when I downgraded to 12.04.2 LTS the driver problem was resolved. (Note: do NOT attempt to use the proprietary/restricted drivers!) So to the above person, if you don't mind downgrading to xubuntu 12.04.2 LTS 64, that will solve your problem.
I don't like the touchpad either, as it is awkward to use and interferes with my typing.
Other Thoughts:
Overall I'm very disappointed. I wanted to go with an Atom netbook which would have MUCH better performance-per-watt, but I couldn't find anything with an Atom that looked good, so I chose this. I guess I should have looked harder, because from what I hear online, the Atom architecture is likely to be much more linux friendly.
Strictly speaking there is nothing "wrong" with the netbook. If you plan to just use Windows 8 (good luck with that by the way) then I'm sure it would be fine. But if you're like me and you need linux, then please be aware that this netbook comes bundled with a free subscription to headaches and hair pulling.
Manufacturer Response:
Dear Valued Customer,
I am sorry that you had issues installing Linux on your netbook. It seems like you had to go through quite a bit of hassle to get everything working the way you wanted. Of course, as you know, the netbook wasn't designed to run any other operating system other than Windows. With that said, it is good to know that everything is working for you now.
If you have any questions about your ASUS netbook or if you have any questions about ASUS products in general, please let me know. My email is email@example.com. Have a nice day!
ASUS Customer Loyalty
4 people found this review helpful. Did you? Yes / No Thanks for the valuable feedback you provided!


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Horry County Fire Rescue and Myrtle Beach Fire Department are on scene of a house fire on Lighthouse Way in Plantation Point.
Crews responded just after 12:30 Tuesday morning after receiving a call about an explosion.
The homeowner tried to get back into the house to save a dog, but the dog died, according to HCFR Battalion Chief Justin Gibbins.
The homeowner was taken to the hospital with injuries that are not life-threatening.
We're told the home is a total loss, and the fire remains under investigation.


text: This deal is expired! The deal below has expired, but no worries. You can still check out available coupons and "follow" the store to receive alerts for future offers. Kmart Coupons » NERF VORTEX PRAXIS Flag this deal What's the matter? Choose a reason Dead deal Duplicate Bad link Spam Inaccurate No value Alive again Edit deal boricua1 Mar 19, 2013 this is another toy that my two boys would love Reply Load More Comments


text:
50 Classical Chillout (By Classic FM)
Various Artists
Open iTunes to preview, buy and download music.
|50 Songs
Customer Reviews
Classic FM Chill Out 50
This collection has become a source of endless delight to me.
It has proved its anti-stress and soothing capacities on many different sorts of occasions (needs.)
I am in danger of wearing it out! Can you? An iPad?
Classic FM Classical Chillout
It does exactly what it says on the tin. £5.99 for 50 tracks, substantial pieces of music; many well over 10 minutes long. My only worry is running out of storage space on my iPhone. Fantastic 50 choices, perfect for relaxing, studying, reading or as accompaniment to however else you choose to unwind.
50 Classic Chill Album
Not a chill out at all, some of the tracks will not play at all, many have intermittent silent gaps and the navigation between tracks only works when it feels like it ! Altogether a very unsatisfactory download and a very frustrating experience. This will be my last download I'm afraid. C.I.T.
Listeners Also Bought
- 20 Greatest Cello Composers
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text:
Most Cited Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans Articles
The most cited articles published since 2011, extracted from Scopus.
On the modeling of the 2010 Gulf of Mexico Oil SpillA. J. Mariano | V. H. Kourafalou | A. Srinivasan | H. Kang | G. R. Halliwell | E. H. Ryan | M. Roffer
Volume 52, Issues 1-2, September 2011, Pages 322-340
Two oil particle trajectory forecasting systems were developed and applied to the 2010 Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico. Both systems use ocean current fields from high-resolution numerical ocean circulation model simulations, Lagrangian stochastic models to represent unresolved sub-grid scale variability to advect oil particles, and Monte Carlo-based schemes for representing uncertain biochemical and physical processes. The first system assumes two-dimensional particle motion at the ocean surface, the oil is in one state, and the particle removal is modeled as a Monte Carlo process parameterized by a one number removal rate. Oil particles are seeded using both initial conditions based on observations and particles released at the location of the Maconda well. The initial conditions (ICs) of oil particle location for the two-dimensional surface oil trajectory forecasts are based on a fusing of all available information including satellite-based analyses. The resulting oil map is digitized into a shape file within which a polygon filling software generates longitude and latitude with variable particle density depending on the amount of oil present in the observations for the IC. The more complex system assumes three (light, medium, heavy) states for the oil, each state has a different removal rate in the Monte Carlo process, three-dimensional particle motion, and a particle size-dependent oil mixing model.Simulations from the two-dimensional forecast system produced results that qualitatively agreed with the uncertain " truth" fields. These simulations validated the use of our Monte Carlo scheme for representing oil removal by evaporation and other weathering processes. Eulerian velocity fields for predicting particle motion from data-assimilative models produced better particle trajectory distributions than a free running model with no data assimilation. Monte Carlo simulations of the three-dimensional oil particle trajectory, whose ensembles were generated by perturbing the size of the oil particles and the fraction in a given size range that are released at depth, the two largest unknowns in this problem. 36 realizations of the model were run with only subsurface oil releases. An average of these results yields that after three months, about 25% of the oil remains in the water column and that most of the oil is below 800 m. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
The influence of an exceptional Po River flood on the physical and chemical oceanographic properties of the Adriatic SeaAlessandra Campanelli | Federica Grilli | Elio Paschini | Mauro Marini
Volume 52, Issues 1-2, September 2011, Pages 284-297
Physical and chemical characteristics of the Adriatic Sea during 2001 are analyzed to better understand the influence of an exceptional flooding of the Po River (the largest river flowing into the Adriatic Sea) occurred in October 2000. Spatial and temporal distributions of water temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and nutrients over the basin are presented. To better understand the impact of river flood during 2001, an analysis of a data-set along a transect during the years 1999-2002 is carried out. Results confirmed that the Po River outflows strongly affect the physical and chemical characteristics of the basin. In particular, during 2001, a sharp decrease in salinity and an increase in nutrient and fluorescence concentrations occurred in the northwestern Adriatic Sea after the 2000 flood event. The amount of nutrients transported during the river flood into the northwestern part of the basin is depleted by phytoplankton uptake until April 2001. All the nutrients were consumed before they could enrich the eastern coast, even though the freshwater input extends towards the Croatian coast. The Po River discharge flowing into the North Adriatic Sea during October-November 2000 (about 5000m3/s) is twice the mean discharge of the 2-month period (about 2000m3/s) and diluting the basin sufficiently to influence the North Adriatic Deep Water formation, almost absent in winter 2001. The flood event contributed to modifying the physical and chemical dynamics of the Adriatic Sea and its influence is clearly visible even 5-6 months later. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
Effects of interannual salinity variability and freshwater flux forcing on the development of the 2007/08 La Niña event diagnosed from Argo and satellite dataFei Zheng | Rong Hua Zhang
Volume 57, Issue , September 2012, Pages 45-57
Oceanic salinity and its related freshwater flux (FWF) forcing in the tropical Pacific have been of increased interest recently due to their roles in the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the global climate and water cycle. A comprehensive data analysis is performed to illustrate the significant effects of interannual salinity variability and FWF forcing during the 2007/08 La Niña event using three-dimensional temperature and salinity fields from Argo profiles, and some related fields derived from the Argo and satellite-based data, including the mixed layer depth (MLD), heat flux, freshwater flux, and buoyancy flux (Q B). It is demonstrated that during the developing phase of 2007/08 La Niña, a negative FWF anomaly and its associated positive sea surface salinity (SSS) anomaly in the western-central basin act to increase oceanic density and de-stabilize the upper ocean. At the same time, the negative FWF anomaly tends to reduce a positive Q B anomaly and deepen the mixed layer (ML). These related oceanic processes act to strengthen the vertical mixing and entrainment of subsurface water at the base of ML, which further enhance cold sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies associated with the La Niña event, a demonstration of a positive feedback induced by FWF forcing. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.
Global ocean re-analyses for climate applicationsSimona Masina | Pierluigi Di Pietro | Andrea Storto | Antonio Navarra
Volume 52, Issues 1-2, September 2011, Pages 341-366
One of the main objectives of the global ocean modelling activities at Centro Euro-Mediterraneo per i Cambiamenti Climatici (CMCC) is the production of global ocean re-analyses over multidecadal periods to reconstruct the state of the ocean and the large scale circulation over the recent past. The re-analyses are used for climate applications and for the assessment of the benefits of assimilating ocean observations on seasonal and longer predictions.Here we present the main characteristics of an optimal interpolation based assimilation system used to produce a set of global ocean re-analyses validated against a set of high quality in situ observations and independent data. Differences among the experiments of the set are analyzed in terms of improvements in the method used to assimilate the data and the quality of observations themselves. For example, the integrated ocean heat content, which can be taken as an indicator of climate changes, is examined to detect possible sources of uncertainty of its long-term changes. Global and basin scale upper ocean heat content exhibits warming trends over the last few decades that still depend in a significant way on the assimilated observations and the formulation of the background covariances. However, all the re-analyses show a global warming trend of the oceanic uppermost 700. m over the last five decades that falls within the range of the most recent observation-based estimates. The largest discrepancies between our estimates and observational based ones are confined in the upwelling regions of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Finally, the results show that the climatological heat and salt transports as a function of latitude also fall within the range of the estimates based on observations and atmospheric re-analyses. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
Wind mediated vorticity-generation and eddy-confinement, leeward of the Madeira Island: 2008 numerical case studyX. Couvelard | R. M A Caldeira | I. B. Araújo | R. Tomé
Volume 58, Issue , November 2012, Pages 128-149
This study assesses the influence of the atmospheric wind-wake of the Madeira Island on oceanic-eddy generation. Ocean surface wind fields derived from the QuikSCAT scatterometer were compared to the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) modeled winds at 6. km resolution. The main difference between the two wind products is found southwest of Madeira where QuikSCAT's spatial resolution [0.5°] does not resolve the near-field atmospheric wake dynamics. Nevertheless, high resolution wind extracted from ENVISAT Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) confirms that WRF is able to realistically reproduce the island-induced wind-wake. The Regional Oceanic Modeling System (ROMS) was used to simulate the oceanic effects of the wind-wake. A "no-wind-wake" case was simulated with ROMS using the QuikSCAT wind, whereas the WRF wind was used for an island-induced wind-wake simulation. Oceanic surface kinetic energy and vorticity are found to increase during the summer months concurrently with strong wind-wake episodes resolved by WRF. The downstream propagation of this oceanic vorticity, as a result of the shedding of the leeward eddies, was captured with an eddy tracking algorithm. In the initial stage, the oceanic leeward eddy corridor was delimited by the zonal wind-shear. This study suggests that the wind-wake is the main contributor to the generation and containment of the oceanic eddies in the lee of the Madeira Island. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.
A MITgcm/DART ensemble analysis and prediction system with application to the Gulf of MexicoIbrahim Hoteit | Tim Hoar | Ganesh Gopalakrishnan | Nancy Collins | Jeffrey Anderson | Bruce Cornuelle | Armin Köhl | Patrick Heimbach
Volume 63, Issue , September 2013, Pages 1-23
This paper describes the development of an advanced ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF)-based ocean data assimilation system for prediction of the evolution of the loop current in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM). The system integrates the Data Assimilation Research Testbed (DART) assimilation package with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ocean general circulation model (MITgcm). The MITgcm/DART system supports the assimilation of a wide range of ocean observations and uses an ensemble approach to solve the nonlinear assimilation problems. The GoM prediction system was implemented with an eddy-resolving 1/10th degree configuration of the MITgcm. Assimilation experiments were performed over a 6-month period between May and October during a strong loop current event in 1999. The model was sequentially constrained with weekly satellite sea surface temperature and altimetry data. Experiments results suggest that the ensemble-based assimilation system shows a high predictive skill in the GoM, with estimated ensemble spread mainly concentrated around the front of the loop current. Further analysis of the system estimates demonstrates that the ensemble assimilation accurately reproduces the observed features without imposing any negative impact on the dynamical balance of the system. Results from sensitivity experiments with respect to the ensemble filter parameters are also presented and discussed. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.
Impact of interactive westerly wind bursts on CCSM3Hosmay Lopez | Ben P. Kirtman | Eli Tziperman | Geoffrey Gebbie
Volume 59, Issue , January 2013, Pages 24-51
Westerly wind bursts or events (WWBs or WWEs) are commonly viewed as stochastic processes, independent of any oceanic forcing. Some recent work and observations have suggested that these events can be viewed as state-dependent noise in that they are modulated by the SST variability. This potentially affects the predictability of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). In this study, we examine the impact of parameterized WWBs on ENSO variability in the Community Climate System Model version 3.0 and 4.0 (CCSM3 and CCSM4). The WWBs parameterization is derived based on 50 years of atmospheric reanalysis data and observed estimates of tropical Pacific SST. To study the impact of WWBs three experiments are performed. In the first experiment, the model is integrated for several hundred years with no prescribed WWBs events (i.e. the control). In the second case, state-independent WWBs events are introduced. In other words, the occurrence, location, duration, and scale of the WWBs are determined (within bounds) randomly. These wind events are always positive (eastward) without a westward counterpart and are totally independent of the anomalies in the state variables, and can be thought of as additive noise. For the third case, the WWBs are introduced but as multiplicative noise or state-dependent forcing, modulated by SST anomalies.The statistical moments for the Niño 3.4 index shows that the state-dependent case produced larger El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events and the bias toward stronger cold events is reduced as compared to the control and the state-independent runs. There is very little difference between the control and the state-independent WWB simulations suggesting that the deterministic component of the burst is responsible for reshaping the ENSO events. Lag-lead correlation of ocean variables with Niño 3.4 index suggests larger temporal coherence of the ENSO events. This, along with SSTA composites, also suggest a shift toward a more self sustained mechanism as the experiments progress from the control to the state dependent WWBs. Overall, the parameterized WWBs have the capability to modify the ENSO regime in the CGCM, demonstrating the importance of sub-seasonal variability on interannual time scales. The fast varying (stochastic) component of WWB is of little importance, whereas the slow (SST dependent) component has a significant impact overall. The results are consistent between CCSM3 and CCSM4. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.
Oceanographic and atmospheric conditions on the continental shelf north of the Monterey Bay during August 2006Steven R. Ramp | Pierre F J Lermusiaux | Igor Shulman | Yi Chao | Rebecca E. Wolf | Frederick L. Bahr
Volume 52, Issues 1-2, January 2011, Pages 192-223
A comprehensive data set from the ocean and atmosphere was obtained just north of the Monterey Bay as part of the Monterey Bay 2006 (MB06) field experiment. The wind stress, heat fluxes, and sea surface temperature were sampled by the Naval Postgraduate School's TWIN OTTER research aircraft. In situ data were collected using ships, moorings, gliders and AUVs. Four data-assimilating numerical models were additionally run, including the Coupled Ocean/Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS®) model for the atmosphere and the Harvard Ocean Prediction System (HOPS), the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS), and the Navy Coastal Ocean Model (NCOM) for the ocean.The scientific focus of the Adaptive Sampling and Prediction Experiment (ASAP) was on the upwelling/relaxation cycle and the resulting three-dimensional coastal circulation near a coastal promontory, in this case Point Año Nuevo, CA. The emphasis of this study is on the circulation over the continental shelf as estimated from the wind forcing, two ADCP moorings, and model outputs. The wind stress during August 2006 consisted of 3-10 day upwelling favorable events separated by brief 1-3 day relaxations. During the first two weeks there was some correlation between local winds and currents and the three models' capability to reproduce the events. During the last two weeks, largely equatorward surface wind stress forced the sea surface and barotropic poleward flow occurred over the shelf, reducing model skill at predicting the circulation. The poleward flow was apparently remotely forced by mesoscale eddies and alongshore pressure gradients, which were not well simulated by the models. The small, high-resolution model domains were highly reliant on correct open boundary conditions to drive these larger-scale poleward flows. Multiply-nested models were no more effective than well-initialized local models in this respect. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
Isolating mesoscale coupled ocean-atmosphere interactions in the Kuroshio Extension regionDian A. Putrasahan | Arthur J. Miller | Hyodae Seo
Volume 63, Issue , September 2013, Pages 60-78
The Kuroshio Extension region is characterized by energetic oceanic mesoscale and frontal variability that alters the air-sea fluxes that can influence large-scale climate variability in the North Pacific. We investigate this mesoscale air-sea coupling using a regional eddy-resolving coupled ocean-atmosphere (OA) model that downscales the observed large-scale climate variability from 2001 to 2007. The model simulates many aspects of the observed seasonal cycle of OA coupling strength for both momentum and turbulent heat fluxes. We introduce a new modeling approach to study the scale-dependence of two well-known mechanisms for the surface wind response to mesoscale sea surface temperatures (SSTs), namely, the 'vertical mixing mechanism' (VMM) and the 'pressure adjustment mechanism' (PAM). We compare the fully coupled model to the same model with an online, 2-D spatial smoother applied to remove the mesoscale SST field felt by the atmosphere. Both VMM and PAM are found to be active during the strong wintertime peak seen in the coupling strength in both the model and observations. For VMM, large-scale SST gradients surprisingly generate coupling between downwind SST gradient and wind stress divergence that is often stronger than the coupling on the mesoscale, indicating their joint importance in OA interaction in this region. In contrast, VMM coupling between crosswind SST gradient and wind stress curl occurs only on the mesoscale, and not over large-scale SST gradients, indicating the essential role of the ocean mesocale. For PAM, the model results indicate that coupling between the Laplacian of sea level pressure and surface wind convergence occurs for both mesoscale and large-scale processes, but inclusion of the mesoscale roughly doubles the coupling strength. Coupling between latent heat flux and SST is found to be significant throughout the entire seasonal cycle in both fully coupled mode and large-scale coupled mode, with peak coupling during winter months. The atmospheric response to the oceanic mesoscale SST is also studied by comparing the fully coupled run to an uncoupled atmospheric model forced with smoothed SST prescribed from the coupled run. Precipitation anomalies are found to be forced by surface wind convergence patterns that are driven by mesoscale SST gradients, indicating the importance of the ocean forcing the atmosphere at this scale. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.
A diapycnal diffusivity model for stratified environmental flowsDamien Bouffard | Leon Boegman
Volume 61-62, Issue , June 2013, Pages 14-34
The vertical diffusivity of density, K Ρ , regulates ocean circulation, climate and coastal water quality. K Ρ is difficult to measure and model in these stratified turbulent flows, resulting in the need for the development of K Ρ parameterizations from more readily measurable flow quantities. Typically, K Ρ is parameterized from turbulent temperature fluctuations using the Osborn-Cox model or from the buoyancy frequency, N, kinematic viscosity, ν, and the rate of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy, e, using the Osborn model. More recently, Shih et al. (2005, J. Fluid Mech. 525: 193-214) proposed a laboratory scale parameterization for K Ρ, at Prandtl number (ratio of the viscosity over the molecular diffusivity) Pr=0.7, in terms of the turbulence intensity parameter, Reb=ε/(νN2), which is the ratio between the destabilizing effect of turbulence to the stabilizing effects of stratification and viscosity. In the present study, we extend the SKIF parameterization, against extensive sets of published data, over 0.7
On the interactions between planetary geostrophy and mesoscale eddiesIan Grooms | Keith Julien | Baylor Fox-Kemper
Volume 51, Issue 3, April 2011, Pages 109-136
Multiscale asymptotics are used to derive three systems of equations connecting the planetary geostrophic (PG) equations for gyre-scale flow to a quasigeostrophic (QG) equation set for mesoscale eddies. Pedlosky (1984), following similar analysis, found eddy buoyancy fluxes to have only a small effect on the large-scale flow; however, numerical simulations disagree. While the impact of eddies is relatively small in most regions, in keeping with Pedlosky's result, eddies have a significant effect on the mean flow in the vicinity of strong, narrow currents.First, the multiple-scales analysis of Pedlosky is reviewed and amplified. Novel results of this analysis include new multiple-scales models connecting large-scale PG equations to sets of QG eddy equations. However, only introducing anisotropic scaling of the large-scale coordinates allows us to derive a model with strong two-way coupling between the QG eddies and the PG mean flow. This finding reconciles the analysis with simulations, viz. that strong two-way coupling is observed in the vicinity of anisotropic features of the mean flow like boundary currents and jets. The relevant coupling terms are shown to be eddy buoyancy fluxes. Using the Gent-McWilliams parameterization to approximate these fluxes allows solution of the PG equations with closed tracer fluxes in a closed domain, which is not possible without mesoscale eddy (or other small-scale) effects. The boundary layer width is comparable to an eddy mixing length when the typical eddy velocity is taken to be the long Rossby wave phase speed, which is the same result found by Fox-Kemper and Ferrari (2009) in a reduced gravity layer. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
Dynamics of the Leeuwin Current: Part 1. Coastal flows in an inviscid, variable-density, layer modelRyo Furue | Julian P. McCreary | Jessica Benthuysen | Helen E. Phillips | Nathaniel L. Bindoff
Volume 63, Issue , September 2013, Pages 24-59
In this paper, we investigate basic dynamics of the Leeuwin Current (LC) using a dynamically "minimal" model, one that lies at the bottom of a planned hierarchy of LC models. The model is a steady-state, inviscid, 2-layer system, in which the upper-layer density is fixed to ρ1(y), all mixing and advection are ignored, and β≠0. As a result, solutions can be obtained analytically. Our model both simplifies and extends prior models of this sort, which include bottom drag in a fundamental way and adopt the f-plane.Solutions are obtained in a semi-infinite domain, x≤xe, y≤yn, in the southern hemisphere (yn<0), and there is a continental slope along the eastern boundary with the depth profile D(x). Generally, the interface beneath layer 1 intersects the continental slope along a "grounding" line, x=xg(y)≤xe, in which case the basin is divided into offshore and coastal regimes, and the model reduces to a 1-layer system in the latter. Solutions are forced by the density gradient ∂ρ1/∂y, by alongshore winds τy, and by the thermocline depth along the northern boundary H1, where H1 simulates the impact of the Indonesian Throughflow on the density structure in the northeastern basin. The flow field can be divided into depth-integrated and shear (thermal-wind) parts, and, because density advection is neglected, the former is independent of the latter. The depth-integrated equations are hyperbolic, their solution determined by the offshore propagation of boundary values along Rossby-wave characteristics.Even though there is no Rossby-wave damping, a coastal jet is trapped over the slope. Both the coastal jet and the offshore flow field are completely determined by the offshore propagation of signals from the coast; moreover, the offshore circulation depends only on the depth of the continental shelf at the coast, D(xe), and is independent of the slope profile farther offshore. For density-driven solutions, the grounding line shifts offshore and hence the LC deepens poleward; there is downwelling over the shelf, as well as westward flow at the bottom of the upper layer, both associated with the thermal-wind circulation and existing only when β≠0; the speed of the coastal jet is proportional to ∂D/∂x; and its transport is proportional to H12, so that it is strongest farther offshore and is very sensitive to the specified thermocline thickness in the northern basin. When equatorward wind stress is included, an equatorward jet can develop very nearshore provided that the wind stress is strong enough to overcome the density forcing. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.
Mechanisms controlling seasonal mixed layer temperature and salinity in the Southwestern Tropical Indian OceanDaria Halkides | Tong Lee
Volume 51, Issue 3, April 2011, Pages 77-93
We use a heat- and salt-conserving ocean state estimation product to study the seasonal cycles of the mixed layer (ML) temperature (MLT) and salinity (MLS) balances over the southwestern tropical Indian Ocean (SWTIO) thermocline ridge (STR; 50°-75°E, 12°-5°S). For seasonal MLT, surface heat flux and ocean processes are both important. They tend to re-enforce each other during peak cooling (May-June) and warming (November) periods, but not during transition periods. The dominant ocean process is wind-driven vertical mixing. It is modulated by the variable strength of the monsoon winds (which affect the vertical diffusivity), and to a lesser extent by variability of thermocline depth (which influences the vertical stratification across the ML base). For example, thermocline shoaling in April-July alters the vertical stratification near the ML base; thus, when the monsoon winds heighten (June-September) and the vertical diffusivity increases (deepening the ML base), relatively cool subsurface water is near the ML base and easily incorporated into the ML by vertical mixing. However, vertical advection as a direct response to thermocline shoaling has little affect on MLT. This explains why MLT and thermocline depth are not positively correlated here on the seasonal timescale (as they are on the interannual timescale). Meridional advection associated with Ekman transport driven by the monsoon winds plays a secondary role. Seasonal MLS, however, is dominated by meridional advection. Vertical process effects on MLS are small, due to a weak salinity gradient near the ML base throughout the year. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
Impact of barrier layer on typhoon-induced sea surface coolingXiDong Wang | GuiJun Han | YiQuan Qi | Wei Li
Volume 52, Issue 3, December 2011, Pages 367-385
Both Argo measurements and satellite sea surface temperature (SST) data revealed that there was less-than-usual surface cooling during the passage of typhoons Kaemi and Cimaron in the tropical Northwest Pacific. In the present study, it is found that SST cooling induced by typhoon can be greatly suppressed by a barrier layer with a thickness of 5-15. m. Such a barrier layer could reduce the entrainment cooling by 0.4-0.8. °C/d during typhoon passage, according to a diagnostic mixed layer model. The pre-existing barrier layer leads to a reduction in typhoon-induced surface cooling, and favors typhoon development. The average SST anomaly under barrier layer condition is 0.4-0.8. °C less than that under no-barrier-layer condition. Due to the reduced cooling, the available maximum potential intensity (MPI) under barrier layer condition are higher 6 and 9.34. m/s than those under no-barrier-layer condition according to SST-dependent MPI formulation for Kaemi and Cimaron. In addition, the results from Price-Weller-Pinkel (PWP) model indicate that stratification due to salinity may significantly influence both entrainment and the upper ocean heat content during typhoon passage in the tropical Northwest Pacific. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
Seasonal thermal structure and exchange in Baker Channel, ChileChristopher M. Aiken
Volume 58, Issue , November 2012, Pages 1-19
A series of four field campaigns undertaken between November 2007 and August 2008 in the Baker Channel fjord complex in southern Chile provide a unique record of the seasonal evolution of its vertical and axial structure. The observations document the warming of subsurface waters during the summer and autumn of 2008 creating a subsurface temperature maximum that persists at the channel head until the following spring. An analysis of the observed horizontal and vertical structure is used to infer that the subsurface heating owes to the seasonal intrusion of relatively warm water from Penas Gulf. A series of numerical simulations provide support for the hypothesis that seasonal density fluctuations in the Penas Gulf are responsible for modulating the exchange of intermediary waters and maintaining anomalously warm water at the channel head from autumn until the following spring. The exchange mechanism involves adjustment of the Baker Channel density field to the summer buoyancy increase in the Penas Gulf, which creates an inflow of relatively warm water that fills the channel below the level of the brackish seaward flowing surface layer. The predominantly seasonal renewal of intermediary waters in Baker Channel contrasts with the more usually synoptic nature of above sill exchange in fjords. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.
Changes in upwelling and its water sources in the California Current System driven by different wind forcingHajoon Song | Arthur J. Miller | Bruce D. Cornuelle | Emanuele Di Lorenzo
Volume 52, Issues 1-2, September 2011, Pages 170-191
In the California Current System (CCS), upwelling is one of the most important features that enrich the coastal ecosystem. It is highly dependent on both wind stress and wind stress curl, because they contribute to the upwelling system through Ekman transport away from the coast and Ekman pumping as a result of the surface divergence, respectively. Various wind stress products are known to contain sharply different patterns of wind stress, and well-resolved wind forcing products have been shown to drive stronger upwelling due to their better-resolved wind stress curl in previous studies. However, sensitivities of upwelling to changes in wind stress patterns, and each of their control to the source waters and paths of the upwelling cells, are not yet well known for the CCS. Here we study these effects using the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) and its adjoint model under idealized wind stress forcing patterns representing three widely-used products in addition to a constant wind stress field (no curl): the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis, the QuikSCAT satellite observations, and the Regional Spectral Model (RSM) downscaling.Changes in currents and isopycnal patterns during the upwelling season are first studied in ROMS under the four different wind stress fields. The model simulations show that the locations of the core of the equatorward flow and the gradient of the cross-shore isopycnals are controlled by the wind stress curl field. The core of the equatorward flow is found under negative wind stress curl, and a deeper upwelling cell is found as the gradient from positive and negative wind stress curl increases. Source waters for the upwelling in each of the four wind stress patterns are investigated using the ROMS adjoint model. The simulations follow a passive tracer backward in time and track the source waters for upwelling in two key areas of interest: inshore and offshore of the Point Sur region of California. The upwelling source waters depend strongly on the depth of the upwelling cell and the alongshore current location. We further relate these results to recent studies of the observed trends in upwelling favorable winds and consequent wind stress curl changes in the CCS. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
On the predictability of Indian summer monsoon rainfall in general circulation model at different lead timeAnkita Singh | Nachiketa Acharya | U. C. Mohanty | Andrew W. Robertson | G. Mishra
Volume 58, Issue , November 2012, Pages 108-127
The objective of this present study is to analyze the predictability of all India summer monsoon rainfall (AISMR) and its dependence on lead time using general circulation model (GCM) output. For the purpose, six GCMs for the hindcast run from 1982 to 2008 are used at three different initializations viz. April (lead 2), May (lead 1), and June (lead 0) for seasonal mean rainfall of June-July-August-September (JJAS). Among these models, four of them are the coupled ocean-atmosphere GCMs (CGCMs) and the remaining two are the atmospheric GCMs (AGCMs). The analysis is made on the basis of statistical measures of predictability including climatology, interannual variability, root mean square error, correlation, signal to noise ratio, potential model predictability and index of agreement. On the basis of these measures it is found that all the GCM having the minimum prediction skill is at lead 2 compare to lead 1 and lead 0. It is also noticed that higher predictability in the lead-1 forecasts is found in coupled models whereas, the predictability of atmospheric models exhibit high in lead 0. Rather than rainfall, teleconnection of rainfall with large scale features (such as sea surface temperature, zonal wind at 850. hPa) and monsoon dynamic index (Indian monsoon index (IMI)) are also examined in GCMs. The results depicted that there is not much variation in the teleconnection pattern in two leads (lead 0 and lead 1) whereas; the dynamic index being predicted closer to the observed value at lead 1 in the CGCMs. The GCMs are also examined during four typical monsoon (excess/deficit) years, among which 1983 and 1988 are excess and 1987 and 2002 are deficit. Results indicate that the coupled (atmospheric) models capture the extreme rainfall signal in lead 1 (lead 0). The probabilistic prediction skill of GCM predicted rainfall is also evaluated which supports our initial analysis and results. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.
Study of the hydrodynamical processes in the Boka Kotorska Bay with a finite element modelDebora Bellafiore | Antonio Guarnieri | Federica Grilli | Pierluigi Penna | Giovanni Bortoluzzi | Federico Giglio | Nadia Pinardi
Volume 52, Issues 1-2, September 2011, Pages 298-321
Boka Kotorska Bay, located in the southeastern Adriatic Sea along the Montenegro coastline, is a complex morphological structure, consisting of three embayments. They are connected and interact with the sea through narrow straits and the bay can be considered one of the main freshwater inputs into the southern Adriatic Sea. In the framework of the ADRICOSM-STAR project, a hydrodynamical model of this region provided results that are compared with CTD data and hydrodynamic scenarios are discussed for the bay. A finite element coastal model nested in a finite difference model that runs on the Adriatic Sea has been used to reproduce the complex morphology of the bay. Hydrodynamic modeling allows studying the main characteristics of this bay, identifying it as a Region of Freshwater Influence (ROFI). The freshwater input coming from the numerous sources present in the bays can strongly modify temperature, salinity and current patterns. The computation of the buoyancy ratio of the thermal and haline buoyancy flux showed that the Kotor and Morinj Bays experience a major effect of surface heating in summer, while the rest of the bay seems to be mostly affected by freshwater influence from precipitation and river discharge. An average estuarine situation is seen, presenting a surface outflow and a bottom inflow of water. Specific hydrodynamic processes can be detected in the channels that connect the different sub-basins of the Boka Kotorska Bay. Moreover, the computation of the Kelvin number in correspondence of the internal straits suggests classifying the Kotor and Morinj Bays differently from the outermost areas. The innermost Kotor and Morinj Bays, generally exchange little water with the sea and they have high values of residence times. However, their fresh water springs and rivers have the highest discharges that can change abruptly the picture with increase of the total water exchange between the bay and the sea. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
A data assimilative, coupled physical-biological model for the Coastal Gulf of AlaskaJerome Fiechter | Gregoire Broquet | Andrew M. Moore | Hernan G. Arango
Volume 52, Issues 1-2, September 2011, Pages 95-118
A data assimilative, coupled physical-biological model for the Coastal Gulf of Alaska (CGOA) is used to investigate the extent to which improvements to oceanic circulation yield improvements to lower trophic level ecosystem predictions, especially in relation to mesoscale variability at the shelfbreak. The ocean circulation component is an implementation of the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS), the lower trophic level ecosystem component is a six-compartment Nutrient-Phytoplankton-Zooplankton-Detritus (NPZD) model with iron limitation, and the data assimilation component is the adjoint-based, four-dimensional variational (4D-Var) system available in ROMS. Assimilated observations consist of weekly satellite sea surface height and temperature, as well as bimonthly in situ temperature and salinity measurements. Simulation results for 1998-2002 indicate that assimilation of physical observations significantly improves the accuracy with which the model reproduces the frequency, duration, and intensity of eddy events along the CGOA shelfbreak. Improvements to oceanic mesoscale processes lead to substantial improvements to the biological response predicted by the NPZD model. Observed and simulated correlations between eddy kinetic energy and surface chlorophyll concentrations suggest that ecosystem dynamics at the shelfbreak is tied to eddy activity in the northern CGOA (i.e., off the Kenai Peninsula and Kodiak Island). In the southern CGOA (i.e., off the Shumagin Islands), mesoscale processes and ecosystem response at the shelfbreak are uncorrelated, as eddies tend to occur during winter when phytoplankton growth is severely light-limited. Based on observation and control vector impact calculations for physical (eddy kinetic energy) and biological (surface chlorophyll concentrations) processes, improvements to oceanic circulation and ecosystem dynamics are primarily associated with the assimilation of satellite sea surface height observations, and occur mainly through adjustments of the model initial conditions. These similarities in the observation and control vector impacts lend further evidence to the linkages between mesoscale activity and primary production along the CGOA shelfbreak. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
The seasonal variation of the upper layers of the South China Sea (SCS) circulation and the Indonesian through flow (ITF): An ocean model studyDanya Xu | Paola Malanotte-Rizzoli
Volume 63, Issue , September 2013, Pages 103-130
The upper layer, wind-driven circulation of the South China Sea (SCS), its through-flow (SCSTF) and the Indonesian through flow (ITF) are simulated using a high resolution model, FVCOM (finite volume coastal ocean model) in a regional domain comprising the Maritime Continent. The regional model is embedded in the MIT global ocean general circulation model (ogcm) which provides surface forcing and boundary conditions of all the oceanographic variables at the lateral open boundaries in the Pacific and Indian oceans. A five decade long simulation is available from the MITgcm and we choose to investigate and compare the climatologies of two decades, 1960-1969 and 1990-1999.The seasonal variability of the wind-driven circulation produced by the monsoon system is realistically simulated. In the SCS the dominant driving force is the monsoon wind and the surface circulation reverses accordingly, with a net cyclonic tendency in winter and anticyclonic in summer. The SCS circulation in the 90s is weaker than in the 60s because of the weaker monsoon system in the 90s. In the upper 50. m the interaction between the SCSTF and ITF is very important. The southward ITF can be blocked by the SCSTF at the Makassar Strait during winter. In summer, part of the ITF feeds the SCSTF flowing into the SCS through the Karimata Strait. Differently from the SCS, the ITF is primarily controlled by the sea level difference between the western Pacific and eastern Indian Ocean. The ITF flow, consistently southwestward below the surface layer, is stronger in the 90s.The volume transports for winter, summer and yearly are estimated from the simulation through all the interocean straits. On the annual average, there is a ~5.6. Sv of western Pacific water entering the SCS through the Luzon Strait and ~1.4. Sv exiting through the Karimata Strait into the Java Sea. Also, ~2. Sv of SCS water enters the Sulu Sea through the Mindoro Strait, while ~2.9. Sv flow southwards through the Sibutu Strait merging into the ITF. The ITF inflow occurs through the Makassar Strait (up to ~62%) and the Lifamatola Strait (~38%). The annual average volume transport of the ITF inflow from the simulation is ~15. Sv in the 60s and ~16.6. Sv in the 90s, very close to the long term observations. The ITF outflow through the Lombok, Ombai and Timor straits is ~16.8. Sv in the 60s and 18.9. Sv in the 90s, with the outflow greater by 1.7. Sv and 2.3. Sv respectively. The transport estimates of the simulation at all the straits are in rather good agreement with the observational estimates.We analyze the thermal structure of the domain in the 60s and 90s and assess the simulated temperature patterns against the SODA reanalysis product, with special focus on the shallow region of the SCS. The SODA dataset clearly shows that the yearly averaged temperatures of the 90s are overall warmer than those of the 60s in the surface, intermediate and some of the deep layers and the decadal differences (90s. -. 60s) indicate that the overall warming of the SCS interior is a local effect. In the simulation the warm trend from the 60s to the 90s in well reproduced in the surface layer. In particular, the simulated temperature profiles at two shallow sites at midway in the SCSTF agree rather well with the SODA profiles. However, the warming trend in the intermediate (deep) layers is not reproduced in the simulation. We find that this deficiency is mostly due to a deficiency in the initial temperature fields provide by the MITgcm. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.
Single SCA-plume dynamicsJ. I. Yano | Hichem Baizig
Volume 58, Issue , November 2012, Pages 62-94
A fully prognostic prototype of bulk mass-flux convection parameterization is presented. The bulk mass-flux parameterization is formulated by assuming a subgrid-scale system consisting only of a convective plume and environment. Both subcomponents (segments) are assumed to be homogeneous horizontally. This assumption is called the segmentally constant approximation (SCA). The present study introduces this purely geometrical constraint (SCA) into the full nonhydrostatic anelastic system. A continuous-space description of the full system is, thus, replaced by a discretization consisting only of two segments (plume and environment) in the horizontal direction. The resulting discretized system is mathematically equivalent to a 0th order finite volume formulation with the only two finite volumes. The model is presented under a two-dimensional configuration. Interfaces between the plume and the environment segments may either be fixed in time or Lagrangianly advected as two limiting cases. Under this framework, the single-plume dynamics is systematically investigated in a wide phase space of Richardson number, the aspect ratio, and a displacement rate of the plume interfaces relative to the Lagrangian displacement. Advantage of the present model is in evaluating the lateral mixing processes of the plume without invoking an entrainment-detrainment hypothesis. The fractional entrainment-detrainment rate diagnosed from the present model simulations highly varies both over space and time, suggesting a limitation of applying an entrainment-detrainment hypothesis to unsteady plumes, as in the present case, in which circulations of the plume scale dominates over the turbulent mixing process. Furthermore, when the entrainment-plume hypothesis of Morton et al. is adopted for defining the plume-interface displacement rate, the plume continuously expands with time without reaching equilibrium. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.
Impact of eddy-wind interaction on eddy demographics and phytoplankton community structure in a model of the North Atlantic OceanLaurence A. Anderson | Dennis J. McGillicuddy | Mathew E. Maltrud | Ivan D. Lima | Scott C. Doney
Volume 52, Issues 1-2, September 2011, Pages 80-94
Two eddy-resolving (0.1°) physical-biological simulations of the North Atlantic Ocean are compared, one with the surface momentum flux computed only from wind velocities and the other using the difference between air and ocean velocity vectors. This difference in forcing has a significant impact on the intensities and relative number of different types of mesoscale eddies in the Sargasso Sea. Eddy/wind interaction significantly reduces eddy intensities and increases the number of mode-water eddies and " thinnies" relative to regular cyclones and anticyclones; it also modifies upward isopycnal displacements at the base of the euphotic zone, increasing them in the centers of mode water eddies and at the edges of cyclones, and decreasing them in the centers of cyclones. These physical changes increase phytoplankton growth rates and biomass in mode-water eddies, bringing the biological simulation into better agreement with field data. These results indicate the importance of including the eddy/wind interaction in simulations of the physics and biology of eddies in the subtropical North Atlantic. However, eddy intensities in the simulation with eddy/wind interaction are lower than observed, which suggests a decrease in horizontal viscosity or an increase in horizontal grid resolution will be necessary to regain the observed level of eddy activity. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.
Sensitivity of advective transfer times across the North Atlantic Ocean to the temporal and spatial resolution of model velocity data: Implication for European eel larval transportBruno Blanke | Sylvain Bonhommeau | Nicolas Grima | Yann Drillet
Volume 55-56, Issue , May 2012, Pages 22-44
European eel (Anguilla anguilla) larvae achieve one of the longest larval migrations of the marine realm, i.e., more than 6000. km from their spawning grounds in the Sargasso Sea to European continental shelves. The duration of this migration remains debated, between 7 months and 3 years. This information is, however, crucial since it determines the period over which larvae are affected by environmental conditions and hence the subsequent recruitment success.We investigate the pathways and duration of trans-Atlantic connections using 3 years of high-resolution (daily, 1/12°) velocity fields available from a Mercator-Océan model configuration without data assimilation. We study specifically the effect of spatial and temporal resolutions on our estimates by applying various filters in time (from daily to 12-day averages) and space (from 1/12° to 1° gridcell aggregation) to the nominal model outputs. Numerical particles are released in the presumed European eel spawning area and considered as passive tracers at three specific depths (around 0, 50, and 200. m).We diagnose particularly the intensity of the water transfer between suitable control sections that encompass the eel larva distribution. Transit ages are also investigated, with a particular focus on the pathways that minimize the connection times between the western and eastern North Atlantic. We show that small-scale structures (eddies and filaments) contribute to faster connections though they also correspond to additional complexity in trajectories. The shortest pathways mostly follow the Gulf Stream and the North Atlantic Drift, whereas interior connections require longer transfers that prove less compatible with biological observations. © 2012 Elsevier B.V..
Variability of tropical cyclone occurrence date in the South China Sea and its relationship with SST warmingYoufang Yan | Yiquan Qi | Wen Zhou
Volume 55-56, Issue , May 2012, Pages 45-59
Analyses of tropical cyclone (TC) occurrence dates in the South China Sea (SCS) for the past 60 yrs indicate a trend toward an earlier occurrence of the first annual TC in the SCS. On the other hand, a significant increasing trend in sea surface temperature (SST) in early summer (May-June) has been observed in the SCS. The negative correlation between the first annual TC occurrence date and SST in early summer during the period 1945-2009 suggests that the earlier occurrence of the first annual TC is related not only to the increasing of SST in the SCS, but also to the variability of SST in the Niño3.4 region. Quantitative analysis of the SCS TC occurrence date and SST by quantile regression also reveals such a relationship and confirms that the SCS early-season TCs tend to occur earlier when SSTs in the SCS and Niño3.4 region are increasing. Since the SCS SST anomalies are influenced by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the relationship between the first annual TC occurrence date and ENSO-related large-scale atmospheric circulation including 850-hPa relative vorticity (RV), vertical wind shear (VWS), and moist static energy (MSE) in early summer are also investigated. It is found that variations of VWS and MSE have influences on first annual SCS TC occurrence dates, although there is not a statistically significant relationship between 850-hPa RV and first annual SCS TC occurrence date. These results suggest that the earlier occurrence of the first annual TC in the SCS is influenced not only by local SST, but also by ENSO through the alternation of early summer VWS and MSE in the SCS. © 2012 Elsevier B.V..
The California Current System: A multiscale overview and the development of a feature-oriented regional modeling system (FORMS)Avijit Gangopadhyay | Pierre F J Lermusiaux | Leslie Rosenfeld | Allan R. Robinson | Leandro Calado | Hyun Sook Kim | Wayne G. Leslie | Patrick J. Haley
Volume 52, Issues 1-2, September 2011, Pages 131-169
Over the past decade, the feature-oriented regional modeling methodology has been developed and applied in several ocean domains, including the western North Atlantic and tropical North Atlantic. This methodology is model-independent and can be utilized with or without satellite and/or in situ observations. Here we develop new feature-oriented models for the eastern North Pacific from 36° to 48°N - essentially, most of the regional eastern boundary current. This is the first time feature-modeling has been applied to a complex eastern boundary current system. As a prerequisite to feature modeling, prevalent features that comprise the multiscale and complex circulation in the California Current system (CCS) are first overviewed. This description is based on contemporary understanding of the features and their dominant space and time scales of variability. A synergistic configuration of circulation features interacting with one another on multiple and sometimes overlapping space and time scales as a meander-eddy-upwelling system is presented. The second step is to define the feature-oriented regional modeling system (FORMS). The major multiscale circulation features include the mean flow and southeastward meandering jet(s) of the California Current (CC), the poleward flowing California Undercurrent (CUC), and six upwelling regions along the coastline. Next, the typical synoptic width, location, vertical extent, and core characteristics of these features and their dominant scales of variability are identified from past observational, theoretical and modeling studies. The parameterized features are then melded with the climatology, in situ and remotely sensed data, as available.The methodology is exemplified here for initialization of primitive-equation models. Dynamical simulations are run as nowcasts and short-term (4-6 weeks) forecasts using these feature models (FM) as initial fields and the Princeton Ocean Model (POM) for dynamics. The set of simulations over a 40-day period illustrate the applicability of FORMS to a transient eastern boundary current region such as the CCS. Comparisons are made with simulations initialized from climatology only. The FORMS approach increases skill in several factors, including the: (i) maintenance of the low-salinity pool in the core of the CC; (ii) representation of eddy activity inshore of the coastal transition zone; (iii) realistic eddy kinetic energy evolution; (iv) subsurface (intermediate depth) mesoscale feature evolution; and (v) deep poleward flow evolution. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.


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