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Portable conveyor speeds paint production
Unit ensures a consistent flow of soft acrylic powder without lumps or sticking, improving the production of thermoplastic paint.10/30/2007
Control valve diagnostics
Health monitoring leaves fewer reasons to live with stiction, wrong-sizing and excessive wear.10/19/2007
Improve control loop performance
Specification of control valves doesnt adequately emphasize the very basic requirement that valve position respond in a timely manner or even at all leading to process variability.10/18/2007
Signet 8900 multi-parameter controller measures flow, pH, ORP, conductivity, pressure, level and temperature
The Signet 8900 multi-parameter controller takes the concept of modularity to the extreme. Each 8900 is field commissioned with the users specified combination of inputs, outputs, and relays using simple-to-install modular boards into the base unit.10/16/2007
Signet 2537 flowmeter offers low power, high resolution options
The Signet 2537 flow sensor is the next generation in fluid measurement technology from the inventor of the original paddlewheel flowmeter.10/16/2007
Signet 8900 multi-parameter controller features modular design
The Signet 8900 Multi-Parameter Controller takes the concept of modularity to the extreme. Each 8900 is field commissioned with the users specified combination of inputs, outputs, and relays using simple-to-install modular boards into the base unit.10/16/2007
Monthly Preview: December 2007
Here's a look at what will soon be featured on ChemicalProcessing.com. Be sure to check back for the latest articles, news and columns before you see it in print.10/02/2007
Level Measurement: The Very Last Resort
How do you make the measurement that cant be made?08/28/2007
Distillation, Part 5: Multiple Products
In Part 5 of this series on distillation control and optimization, we find that adding a side-stream component to your process gives an additional degree of freedom, but makes it even more essential to not mismatch the variables.08/28/2007
Equipment & Services: August
Chemical Processing's Equipment & Services feature provides a variety of production equipment, supplier services and parts.08/22/2007
Equipment & Services: July
Chemical Processing's Equipment & Services feature provides a variety of production equipment, supplier services and parts.07/24/2007
Properly protect centrifugal pumps
Consider various factors when selecting how to guard against low flow, Andrew Sloley says in this month's Plant Insites column.07/11/2007
Two bulk conveyors prove better than one
Engineers at EaglePicher Corp. in Quapak, Okla., faced some unique problems in manufacturing high-purity isotopic chemicals and wound up addressing them via a unique solution.07/11/2007
Squeeze More from Your Motors
By integrating smart motor control centers that will monitor energy consumption a plant can remove wasteful energy expenditure, prevent unplanned downtime, and improve overall operational efficiency. Recent tax code amendments make these improvements inviting.06/07/2007
Checklist for implementing a Smart MCC
This six-step checklist provides the essential steps to implementing a "smart" MCC.06/07/2007
What is taking so long?
Despite its 30-plus-year history, advanced process control (APC) applications remain few and far between, but it doesnt need to be that way. Dave Harrold, cofounder of the AFAB Group, reports.06/01/2007
Control valves for slurry service
In this installment of Ask The Experts, noted process control authority and CONTROL Columnist Béla Lipták and his cadre of automation experts answer a readers question regarding control valves for slurry services.05/01/2007
Optimize pump life cycle
Understanding an operating system reduces costs and improves reliability. Getting the most out of your pump demands a well-thought-out, holistic strategy.04/30/2007
May Process Puzzler: Quick fix needed!
Readers recommend solutions for a pump control problem in this month's Chemical Processing Process Puzzler.04/24/2007
Defeat barriers to energy cost control
Use communications and incentives to overcome The Competitor Within", advises Christopher Russell in this month's Energy Saver column.04/24/2007


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Are there any airlines that are considering ending International First Class ?
In the US NW, Co and Delta have done so, in Europe SAS and KLM deleted First Class.
Many Asian carriers are reshuffling three class aircraft into 2 class cabins.
Those carriers seem to be the more succesfull ones ..
Does it have to do with pride and influencial politicians / CEO's protecting "their" seats ??
Who is next ?

subset: commoncrawl


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Senior Advantage
SeniorAdvantage is Davis Hospital's program to promote healthy living in adults age 50 and over. With a wide variety of activities to choose from, free and discounted services to enhance your health, a VIP program when you are hospitalized and an opportunity to meet new friends, members get the real advantage and enjoy these great benefits:
Health Screenings and Services
From blood pressure checks to prostate cancer screenings to massages, Davis Hospital periodically provides free and discounted health services for SeniorAdvantage members.
Educational Seminars
Each month, SeniorAdvantage members are invited to at least one seminar covering a wide variety of healthy aging and healthy living topics.
Support Groups
Support groups are currently forming. If you are interested in a specific topic, please let us know by calling Elaine Williams at 801-807-7081 with your ideas!
Social Gatherings and Trips
Members enjoy spending time together at parties, gatherings, day excursions and overnight trips. With the assistance of our local partners and travel agency, SeniorAdvantage members can enjoy fun, affordable social events.
VIP (Very Important Patient Program)
When SeniorAdvantage members are hospitalized at Davis Hospital, they receive a visit from a SeniorAdvantage team representative, a small welcome gift, and a cafeteria coupon to pass along to a visiting friend or family member.
Cafeteria Discount
SeniorAdvantage members always enjoy 20% off in the Davis Hospital dining room.
Physician Directory
Our online physician directory helps members locate primary care physicians and specialists in virtually every area of healthcare.
Insurance Assistance
Davis Hospital financial counselors are available to answer member questions about hospital fees, Medicare and insurance filings.
More benefits are being added. Check back to see what's new!
The Advantage can be yours! Join SeniorAdvantage today!
Joining is easy and affordable. Individuals can join for two-years for the low membership fee of $15. Couples can join for $25.
For more information please call us at (801) 807-7081 or send an email to email@example.com.
Upcoming Senior Advantage Events
July Events
Burgers N Bingo
Friday, July 15, 11:30 PM, Classroom 1-3
Cost: $7.00
Senior Health Series
Thursday, July 21, 12:00 PM, Classroom 1, 2, 3
Fitness After 60: What to Do and How to Start, Pam Frinkman, PT, MS, DPT
Lunch provided, must RSVP 801-807-7081
Health Screenings & Foot Clinic
Wednesday, July 27 and August 24, 9 – 11:00 AM, Classroom 1
Cost:$15.00 (Foot clinic only)
Health Screenings are open to all Senior Advantage members. Appointments are needed in advance for the Foot Clinic. Please call Jean at 801-645-4111.
August Events
Alzheimer's Education, Legal and Financial Planning
Monday, August 8, 1:00 PM, Classroom 3
The Alzheimer's Association is providing a series of presentations to educate and help caregivers navigate how to best care for their loved one.
Thursday, August 11, 1:00 PM, Classroom 1
Cost: $5.00
Senior Day at the Fair
Thursday, August 18, Begins at 10:00 AM , Davis County Fairgrounds,
Health Screenings, Keeping your Mind Sharp as You Age presented by Dr. Ben Christiansen, Bingo & Ice-cream, and performance by SunShade 'N Rain
Cost: Free (Lunch Provided, contact Senior Advantage for required ticket)
Game Day
Tuesday, August 23, 11:30 AM
Don't miss out on a chance to socialize and play some of your favorite card or board games.
Cost: $3
Weekly, every Monday at 10:00 AM, Classroom 1
Focuses on improving flexibility, balance, core strength, lung capacity, posture and relaxation. Class is for beginners and up. This yoga practice can be done sitting in a chair.
Cost: $1.50 per class or $24.00 for a 16 punch card
Senior Fit (Aerobics)
Weekly, every Tuesday and Thursday at 9:00 or 10:00 AM, Classroom 1
Class addresses the special needs of adult exercisers including: balance, posture, strength, endurance, coordination & heart health.
Cost: $1.50 per class or $24.00 for a 16 punch card


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This is the second time we've heard rumours of Samsung's huge 18.4-inch tablet, and again we're left wondering if such a sizable slate is necessary.
The guys over at Sammobile have heard from industry sources that Samsung is indeed working on an 18.4-inch tablet. The enormous device, apparently codenamed 'Tahoe', is expected to land running Android 5.1 Lollipop, which suggests a launch isn't too far off as we'd expect a new 2016 device to run Google's upcoming Android 6.0 Marshmallow.
It's worth noting that Sammobile didn't namedrop the source, so don't take these specs as gospel, but nevertheless here's the purported spec-sheet:
An 18.4-inch LCD display with a 1,920 x 1,080 pixel screen resolution, 1.6GHz Exynos 7580 processor, 2GB RAM, 32GB built-in storage and a 5,700mAh battery. It also lists an 8-megapixel primary camera as well as a 2.1-megapixel selfie-snapper. While the weight wasn't mentioned, the Tahoe sounds very big with 451.8 x 275.8 x 11.9 mm (W x D x H) dimensions.
This is the second time we've heard about Samsung's hefty tablet, so we're inclined to think it's probably coming. Chances are though, it's aimed at businesses rather than the general public. Consumer tablet sales has declined in recent years, hence why Apple may have pulled the iPad Air 3, and may launch a 12.9-inch iPad Pro instead.
While it would be a radical move, Samsung has a tendency to dabble in the weird and wonderful. It debuted a dual-curved screen on its acclaimed Galaxy S6 Edge, filed a patent for a flexible handset last year and is also said to be working on a ludicrous 11K smartphone display.


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B&B studio 33 in city centre of Prague
숙박 가능인원2
침실 수1
면적25 m²
Floor No.3(with elevator)
- 인터넷
- 엘레베이터
- 수건
- 아침식사
- 방 잠금 장치
- 애완동물 허용
|Kamenicka, 17000 Praha, 체코
|Acceptance rate
|Response time
|A few hours
|Calendar updated
|5 days ago
and has a double bedroom
and a bathroom with shower and toilet.
The three-story building with elevator was completely reconstructed in 2009 and is located
Located in the immediate vicinity of the Prague city center, 1.5 km from the Old Town Square,
in the neighborhood of parkland and gardens Letenske the largest Prague park Stromovka, suitable for romantic walks, cycling, jogging and roller skates.
With a walk through Stromovka you land on a river bridge in Troy District,
where Troy Shloss, Botanical Gardens and ZOO Prague are.
Wenceslas Square, the main Prague boulevard with many shops and restaurants is a 20 minute public footpath through Letenske gardens with views of Prague Castle and Hradcany with the view of the river Vltava.
All important sights are within easy walking distance.
Another advantage is excellent transport links with public transport.
Tram stop Kamenicka is only 50 meters away.
Metro / Vltavska station is 500 meters away.
Rich breakfast buffet served in the ground floor of the building,
Bed linen, towels, toiletries, internet, utilities and cleaning are included in the price
|주간 금액
|138249 ₩
|1개월 금액
|368673 ₩
|Check-in before
|환불 규정
|매우 유연함
Great guest!
Great appartment! Friendly staff! :-) i would definitely recommend you to stay at jan's! Parking is for free from friday 6pm till Monday 8am! Just around the corner! Good place to stay in Prag! No critizism for that low Prize!
The host cancelled the booking, this review is automated.
We have choosen again Kamenicka Apartment for our weekend in Praha and again we have appreciate the kindness of all staff. We will come back again for sure very soon,
with great pleasure we have been again in kamenicka apartments, it is really like stay at home. great professional and helpful staff. just a remark and a suggestion, wifi this time didn t perform good. We for sure come back in next visit to Prague
This is second time we spend our days in Praha in Kamenicka apartment. We have already appreciated our staying in this location. This time we have been in one bigger room and our consideration for the quality of Kamenicka has increased. If we can give a suggestion to improve the offer, we suggest to fix the bed cause it is very easy it moves during the night.....we will come back for sure
We really appreciate our stay in Jan apartment "studio Kamenicka". Location is very nice, many restaurants and shops, very easy to get to centrum, it takes 5 minutes tram. Staff was really friendly and helpful. We have faced an issue on the departure date and they demonstrated professional efficiency in helping us. We will surely come back
The Apartment was Pretty Nice and clean. It was located Directly northetn of praha town Centre. All in all it was what i expected
Läget var utmärkt och området trevligt med närhet till spårvagnstrafiken som tog oss in till centrum av Prag. Vi gick till många av sevärdheterna.
Lägenheten var spartansk och lite sliten. Ingen värme på så vi frös riktigt mycke och det var Oerhört lyhört både från gatan, spårvagnarna och grannarna. Frukosten borde inte få kallas för frukost den var oerhört torftig.
Das Appartment hat viel Platz und eine Kochmöglichkeit, insgesamt nett. Allerdings ist die Straßenbahn vor der Tür relativ laut, also Oropax nicht vergessen. Ansonsten benötigt man zur City rund 20 Minuten.
Preislich günstig, um die Ecke sind Kneipen und Lebensmittelläden zum Einkaufen.
- 확인된 숙소의 품질
- 모든 호스트는 전화로 입증되었습니다.


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David Robichaud
New England native and Emmy Award-winning journalist David "Robi" Robichaud is WBZ-TV News' Morning Reporter for weekday morning newscasts at 4:30AM, 5AM, and 6AM as well as being a general assignment reporter across newscasts.
Robichaud has worked at New England's CBS Television stations, WBZ-TV and myTV38 (WSBK-TV), for nearly twenty years including working as the assignment desk editor prior to becoming a reporter. Before joining the WBZ-TV Morning News with Connolly and Wade, Robichaud was a feature reporter for "The Morning Show" on myTV38 in a highly acclaimed segment called "Robi on the Road," and before that he hosted "The Phantom Gourmet" on myTV38.
He has also co-hosted WBZ News Radio's "Kid's Company" which won a Peabody Award, "Sports Saturday" and "Sports Sunday" programs.
Before joining the station in 1984 Robichaud worked at WLVI-TV as the assignment editor and at WHDH-TV as the news planning editor.
Robichaud received a Columbia DuPont Award as part of WBZ-TV's team coverage of the Boston Marathon Bombings as well as a New England Emmy Award as part of WBZ-TV's team effort covering the terrorist attacks on New York City.
A four-time Emmy Award winner, he also received an Emmy nomination for his series "Living With War," which took an in depth look into the lives of the refugees from the war in Kosovo.
A native of Concord, Massachusetts, Robichaud attended Concord Carlisle High School. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in Speech Communication from Bridgewater State College, where he also minored in radio and television broadcasting. Robichaud also received a certificate from the Connecticut School of Broadcasting.
He presently resides in the Greater Boston area with his wife and two children.
Boston's WBZ-TV is owned and operated by CBS Television Stations, a division of CBS Corporation.
Holliston Boy Makes Candy 'Survival Kits' For Police Officers
You don't hear a lot of "sweet" stories about civilians and police interacting these days. Well here's one.
Officers Show 'Incredible Restraint' When Suspect Points Replica Gun
Mayor Walsh is praising two officers for an incident in Dorchester that could have turned into a deadly force situation after a man pulled a replica gun on officers.
Police Up Security For Bastille Day Celebration In Back Bay
Thousands of people are expected to attend a celebration in the Back Bay Friday evening to mark Bastille Day.
Mother Of 14 Killed By Paving Truck On Morning Walk
A mother of 14 was hit and killed by a paving truck in Worcester Thursday morning while out on a morning walk.
Methuen Police Say New Body Cameras 'About Being Transparent'
Just over a month ago, Methuen Police outfitted 47 officers with body cameras and have recorded over 7,000 incidents.
'Boston Piano Kid' Launches Campaign To Play With Billy Joel
Bradley Bartlett-Roche, a talented 13-year-old piano player, has launched a campaign to play with idol Billy Joel.
Crew Prepares Barge For Boston Pops Fireworks Spectacular
WBZ-TV took a boat ride on the Charles out to the barge where most of the fireworks will blast off.
Dry Weather Forces Towns To Increase Water Restrictions
More towns are increasing water restrictions due to the dry weather.
Proposed Bill Would Let Passersby Break Into Hot Cars To Rescue Pets
The bill also calls for penalties for anyone who leaves a dog in a motor vehicle in a manner that threatens the health of an animal.
Mass. Environment Group Warns: No Bees Means No Food
A group called Environment Massachusetts is trying to increase public awareness about the plight of the bee.


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Distances are calculated in a straight line and may not reflect actual travel distance.
It is important to note that this mortgage calculator is for guidance purposes only. Mortgage lenders have their own affordability criteria therefore it is important you speak to one of our Mortgage Advisers for further information and a more accurate indication of what products may be available to you and what your monthly mortgage payments are likely to be.
An attractive stone fronted two bedroom mid-terrace house together with private parking and good size gardens, situated in the heart of the historic medieval town of Ruthin. Available with no onward chain, the accommodation affords, lounge/dining room with beamed ceiling, modern fitted kitchen, landing, two double bedrooms and modern bathroom. An ideal first time buy or investor purchase, this property also benefits from having gas central heating via combi boiler, uPVC double glazing, enclosed large rear garden with patio area, and driveway parking to the rear. Viewing Highly Recommended.
Contact branch for relevant Energy Performance Certificate
On entrance via oak panelled and glazed door leading to lounge.
A spacious room with staircase rising off to first floor. Hardwood balustrade, beamed ceiling, uPVC double glazed window to the front elevation, TV point, wood grain effect laminate floor covering and two panelled radiators.
A well lit kitchen fitted with a range of wall and base units and stone effect working surfaces. Inset single drainer sink with mixer tap over, space for electric cooker with extractor hood and light over, void and plumbing for washing machine, space for fridge, wall mounted gas boiler, uPVC double glazed window, stable door to rear, and panelled radiator.
Well lit landing with loft access
uPVC double glazed window to front, and panelled radiator.
uPVC double glazed window to front elevation, and panelled radiator.
A modern white suite comprising panelled bath with electric shower over, pedestal washbasin, low level WC, airing cupboard housing the cylinder, ceramic tiled floor, uPVC double glazed window and a chromed towel radiator.
Vehicular access is enjoyed to the front of the property which leads to the garage and private parking area. To the rear of the property is the lawned garden area together with a wide flagged patio which extends beyond the garage.
Sectioned garage with corrugated roof, personal door to front elevation and power and light.
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text:
Odds & Ends: Michael Cerveris' Fun Home Outtake, Bryce Pinkham & Lesli Margherita Team Up & More
Here's a quick roundup of stories you may have missed today.
Michael Cerveris' Fun Home Outtake
Fun Home headliner Michael Cerveris and his band Loose Cattle have recorded a country version of "Pony Girl." Penned by Jeanine Tesori and Lisa Kron, Cerveris has created his own arrangement of the song, which was cut during early workshops of Fun Home. The single ...


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Identity crisis? No, I'm a primary school teacher!: No full stops? ... call the police!More
a6ba880425ee15f59df82ae29e494730.jpg 1,200×1,600 pixelsMore
Wrap numicon in foil. Chn write down guess, unwrap foil and write down actual numberMore
Teacher's Pet Displays » Potions for the Perfect Sentence Posters » FREE downloadable EYFS, KS1, KS2 classroom display and teaching aid resourcesMore
Teacher's Pet – Ideas & Inspiration for Early Years (EYFS), Key Stage 1 (KS1) and Key Stage 2 (KS2) | 'I Can Write a…'More
My team made a large Numicon board for outside. The children often match the large Numicon to this. Here they were adding large coins to the holes.More
Natasha Bartram
Lovely Writing Target display using Twinkl resources. Great idea for the new school year!More
awesome ceiling decorMore
Teacher's Pet - FREE Classroom Display Resources for Early Years (EYFS), Key Stage 1 (KS1) and Key Stage 2 (KS2)More
Spring Chick Play Dough Invitation for Easter, Spring, or Farm ThemeMore


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Knowledge Development Corporate Strategy
Sigmoid Knowledge Development Consultancy draws inspiration for all its services and human resources development programs from our Knowledge Development Corporate Strategy (KDCS).We associate our KDCS with the Sigmoid Curve concept, which creates a human development career path based on continuous learning and "maintaining momentum" by acquiring new skills. Charles Handy introduced this concept in 1995 in his book the 'Empty Raincoat' where he addressed the implications of this concept on the growth of organizations and impact on business.
Our KDCS mirrors the "Sigmoid Curve" concept and uses it to create a career development path in the client organization.This relationship allows us to work hand-in-hand with the organization, understand the client's knowledge development needs and suggest fit-for-purpose learning tools to gain knowledge and skills utilizing our services through KDCS four learning phases:
- Take charge of development: We work closely with our clients to identify key knowledge gaps and field challenges. This is accomplished through close interaction with our esteemed clients.This facilitates our ability to offer customized development solutions through our wide range of learning resources.


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Need proof that Ohio State is truly scouring the entire nation in its search for the best football prospects around? Look no further than Craig Roark.
Oklahoma OL Latest To Receive Buckeye Offer
Premium Content
Subscribe today to read the full article and get everything Rivals has to offer.
- Member-only message boards
- Exclusive highlights and recruiting interviews
- Exclusive coverage of Rivals Camp Series
- Breaking recruiting news


text:
Subscribe to our mailing list
Congratulations to the 2016 scholarship winners!
Kaitlyn Logan, Franklin – Robert E. Crain Musical Theatre Scholarship
Alexia Buckner, Bolton – Tully Daniel Acting Memorial Scholarship
Quincy Francis, Centennial – Mark Collins Tech Theatre / Theatre Management Scholarship
Meet the 2017 Executive Board!
Webb Bankemper – BGA
Charlie Cummings – Page
Stephanie Bennett – Arlington
Danielle Howard – Lausanne
Olivia Hendrix – Independence
Tomas Starr – Brentwood


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 14, 2008
|Filing date
|Dec 20, 2002
|Priority date
|Mar 8, 2002
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Marvin Bienn, Jayshree A. Bharatia, Amy Pendleton
|Original Assignee
|Nortel Networks Limited
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (18), Non-Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (2), Classifications (14), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application relates to U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/362,613, filed Mar. 8, 2002, and entitled "Call Clearing for LMSD," the contents of which are incorporated by reference.
The present invention relates to call clearing in a mobile network while interworking between a legacy circuit-switched domain and a packet-switched domain.
In circuit-switched (CS) mobile telecommunications systems, a mobile station (MS) sends a signal or message, which is picked up by a base transmitting station (BTS) and then routed by a base station controller (BSC). The signal or message is forwarded by the BSC to an associated mobile switching center (MSC), for routing to the appropriate destination, for example, a public switched telephone network, PSTN, or other telecommunications node or network.
To increase multimedia and Internet capabilities, and for other reasons, most mobile telecommunications systems are being migrated from use of a circuit-switched core network to use of a packet-switched (PS) protocol network. Systems using a PS network nevertheless typically needs support for handling calls routed through non-PS systems (for example, PSTN). Ideally, support for existing mobile stations (MS's), for example, call initiation, call termination, in a PS signaling network environment will operate in a manner transparent to the user. Furthermore, ideally, such support should also permit supporting new features and capabilities. However, end users are often stymied by a lack of standardization to enable such migration from circuit-switched networks to packet-switched mobile networks to continue.
Therefore, what is needed is a method for call clearing between a circuit switched network and a PS network for communicating with a mobile station.
A telecommunications system is provided having at least a first PS network, a second PS network, a third circuit-switched core network, and a system for terminating a legacy domain circuit-switched communication upon receipt of a trigger signal requesting termination of communication. The system for terminating a legacy domain circuit-switched communication comprises a first functional and a second functional entity in each of the first and second networks, the first functional entity and the second functional entity of the first network including means for communicating signals over an interface using a PS protocol. The first functional entity and the second functional entity of the second network include means for communicating signals over an interface using a PS protocol, the first functional entity of the first network having means for communicating packet data to and from the first functional entity of the second network, the second functional entity of the first network having means for communicating a PS protocol signal to the second entity of the second network. The second functional entity of the second network further includes means for communicating a circuit-switched protocol signal to and from the third circuit-switched protocol core network to terminate the circuit-switched communication.
For a more complete understanding of the present invention, and the advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
Turning now to
It is further noted that, unless indicated otherwise, all functions described herein are performed by a processor such as a computer or electronic data processor in accordance with code such as computer program code, software, and/or integrated circuits that are coded to perform such functions.
The division of functions into separate functional entities separated by a PS protocol interface facilitates the use of open standards for managing traffic and signals in a PS environment, such as Megaco, SIP, IOS, and circuit-switched signal protocols such as SS7. The present invention facilitates specific functionality within the MSCe, between the MSCe and the MGW and among other MSCe's on other networks. In
The MGW 7 has an interface between the packet environment of the PS network 1 and the circuit switched environment of the PSTN 44 for bearer traffic, when equipped with circuit capabilities. The MGW 7 can provide vocoding and/or transcoding functions to the bearer traffic. The MGW 7 can also provide modem functions to convert digital byte streams to and from audio modem tones placed on circuits, and can provide the capability to terminate Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) connections. It also provides policy enforcement relative to its activities and resources.
The MGW 7 supports the bearer aspects and bearer switching fabric, tone, announcement and bridging capabilities. In addition, the MGW 7 supports the PS bearer for actual call delivery to other LMSDS's across reference point/interface yy and provides bearer support for connectivity to the PSTN 44. The MGW 7 can use PS protocol signaling from the MSCe 17 for tones and announcements control, for bearer establishment and bridging control functions. In
The MGW 7 also can have the following capabilities: It terminates bearer channels from the PSTN 44 on interface 34, bearer channels from the radio network on interfaces 27 and media streams from a packet network on interface yy; it supports voice and circuit data media streams on these network terminations; it provides switching of the bearer channels by connecting media streams from one set of network terminations to another set of network terminations; and it converts media in one type of network termination to the format required in another type of network termination.
The MGW 7 has the ability to connect to the PS protocol environment of another PS network, for example, network 2, as well as the circuit-based environment of the PSTN 44. Therefore, the resources provided by the MGW 7, including transcoding resources, can be used to support bearer channels that are contained entirely within the PS environment.
The MGW 7 supports conversion of a non-PS traffic bearer to a PS traffic bearer and transports the PS traffic bearer to the final destination and vice versa. In other words, the MGW 7 performs the actual encapsulation between circuit-switched data to packet-switched data, and the MSCe 15 performs the mapping of the routing information between circuit-switched data and packet-switched data. To perform its functions, the MSCe 17 can be capable of communicating with the PSTN network using circuit-switched communications protocols and with an MGW 7 and MGW 47 (for example, through employment of a device control protocol, such as the Megaco protocol), and with Home Location Registers/Visiting Location Registers (for example, using TIA/EIA-41 protocols).
The LMSDS 11 includes network entities HLRe 15, which functions as a home location register emulator, and MSCe 17, which functions as a mobile switching control emulator. Network 1, with its included network entities, and their associated reference points, comprises a wireless PS network. Network 2, with its included network entities, and their associated reference points, also comprises a wireless PS network. The entities HLRe's 15, 41, MSCe's 17, 45 and MGW's 7, 47, and reference points/interfaces 38,39, yy, and zz can employ communication protocols based on existing open-standards.
The MSCe 17 and MSCe 45 further have an interworking function or interworking engine. Generally, the interworking engine is employable as a command center mapping of routing information within the MSCe when transmitting data from a circuit-switched network to a packet-switched network. For the purposes of mapping, there can be an interworking engine in the MSCe's of both network 1 and network 2.
The network architecture model depicted in
As used herein, a reference point is a conceptual point that divides two groups of functions. It is not necessarily a physical interface. A reference point can become a physical interface when the network entities on either side of it are contained in different physical devices. A reference point or interface could be standardized, but not necessarily. A reference point exists when two network entities are interconnected through one signaling or bearer stream point. Reference points identify that a logical relationship exists between two network entities. An interface is generally defined across a specific reference point by defining the protocol and data exchanged between the entities. One or more interfaces can be defined for each reference point in the LMSDS system. The points/interfaces 38, 39, yy, zz can employ communications protocols based on existing open-standards.
The LMSDS system 11 comprises a collection of the network entities, the HLRe 15 and the MSCe 17. The LMSDS system 11 can support interfaces using open-standards signal communications protocols at the indicated reference points. These can be the ANSI-41 network signaling, PSTN signaling, media gateway signaling, radio access network signaling, and LMSDS system signaling.
The LMSDS system 11 has the capability of processing mobility management and call control messages from the ANSI-41 network and mobile stations for mobile originated and mobile terminated calls. It controls the establishment of voice bearers between access network 42 and MGW 7, and between access network 43 and MGW 47. The LMSDS 11 and LMSDS 12 also are responsible for establishment of voice bearers between MGW 7 and PSTN 44 and emulate the functionality of the HLRe's 15 and 41, respectively. If requested, the LMSDS 11 performs authentication of mobile stations, and performs call delivery to another LMSDS 12 of network 2 across reference point zz, using an open-standards PS protocol, such as SIP.
The LMSDS system 11 and 12 perform the call control, mobility management and service management functions to provide support for non-PS (that is, legacy) mobile station networks. The LMSDS systems 11 and 12 are responsible for the control of call origination and call termination of both the circuit and packet switched networks. The LMSDS 11 and 12 terminate the user-network signaling and convert it into the appropriate network-network signaling. The LMSDS 11 and 12 also control the connections for bearer channels in MGW 7 and connections to a base station controller (BSC) (not shown) in the access network 42.
The MSCe 17 is responsible for one or more call control functions. The MSCe 17 uses PS signaling to control the MGW 7 across reference point 39 and to allow the MGW 7 to communicate with MGW 47 of network 2 across reference point/interface yy. The MSCe 17 translates a received E. 164 number into an IP address when IP bearer is to be used.
The HLRe 15 is a network entity that supports non-PS Terminals (legacy MS's) in a PS network. The HLRe 15 can have a PS signaling interface. The HLRe 15 supports roaming to the other PS networks. The HLRe 15 also manages the subscriber profile for both voice services (for example, Call Forwarding, Three Way Calling, Message Waiting Notification) and data services (for example, Priority). Subscriber profile information can be accessed from the HLRe 15 or can be downloaded to a serving system as needed.
The HLRe 15 manages subscriber location and/or accessibility information. This includes updating the dynamic subscriber information database with current domain information (for example, MSCe address) and with MS status information (for example, SMS pending flag). The HLRe 15 also interacts with the location database to update or retrieve current location information.
The LMSDS 11 supports the following interfaces or reference points. The MGW to radio access network circuit data bearer (27) is supported. The MGW to PSTN bearer (34), MSCe 17 to MGW 7 signaling (38) and media gateway to media gateway PS bearer (yy) interface or reference points are also supported.
The MGW 7 is employable to provide one or more packet signal switching capabilities. In
Open-standards signal communications protocols can be used across its reference points/interfaces. These include, for example, the media gateway control protocol (Megaco) and SIP, a packet-switched data control protocol. Using these standardized reference point/interfaces allow the interworking function to communicate with the PSTN and the MGW of the first mobile network with the entities of the second mobile network in a standardized manner using packet switched protocol.
Media gateway control protocol, also known as H.248 or Megaco, is an open-standards protocol for handling the signaling and session management needed during a multimedia conference. Megaco can be used to communicate signals between the MSCe and the MGW.
Session initiation protocol (SIP) is a request-response PS protocol that establishes call parameters at either end of the communication, and handles call transfer and termination. SIP can be employed when communicating between the MSCe 17 and the MSCe 45; that is, from the first mobile network to the second mobile network, along interface zz. SIP is an open-standards PS protocol and participants are identified by SIP URLs. Requests can be sent through any transport protocol, such as UDP, SCTP or TCP. SIP determines the end system to be used for the session, the communication media and media parameters, and the called party's desire to engage in the communication. Once these are assured, SIP establishes call parameters at either end of the communication, and handles call transfer and termination. SIP is also used for initiating an interactive user session that involves multimedia elements such as video, voice, chat, gaming, and virtual reality.
Like HTTP or SMTP, SIP works in the Application layer of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) communications model. The Application layer is the level responsible for ensuring that communication is possible. SIP can establish multimedia sessions or Internet telephony calls, and modify or terminate them. The protocol can also invite participants to unicast or multicast sessions that do not necessarily involve the initiator. Because the SIP supports name mapping and redirection services, it makes it possible for users to initiate and receive communications and services from any location, and for networks to identify the users wherever they are.
Interface yy is a PS bearer interface between MGWs operating using IP. Interface 38 is used for the MGW 7 to communicate to the MSCe 17. Interface 38 provides PS signaling, control bearer resource assignment and bridging from the MSCe 17 to the MGW 7.
Turning now to
With reference now to
In step 301, the BS sends a Clear Request message per a PS protocol, can be a per a standard protocol, such as 3GPP2, to a serving MSCe. This message acts as a trigger to initiate a sequence of steps to clear the call transaction. It is assumed that, prior to this step, an MS (not shown) was in communication with the BS 49. The MS may also have transmitted a signal to the BS 49 to request that it initiate the call clearing sequence (such as by pushing "end"). The BS 49 may also initiate a Clear Request on its own (if a signal is lost, and so on.) or for other reasons. However, the reason the BS sends the Clear Request message is not material to the present invention.
In step 302, a Serving MSCe 45 sends a PS protocol message, which in this example is a Clear Command message per 3GPP2, to the BS to instruct the BS to release the associated dedicated resource, such as, the communication channel between the BS and the MS or other device.
As shown in step 303, the receipt of a Clear Request message by the Serving MSCe 45 from the BS 49 also triggers the serving MSCe 45 to send the serving MGW 47 (of the same network) message to clear the network communication channel using a PS protocol message. In this example, the PS protocol message is a Megaco device control format message consisting of two SUBTRACT commands per IETF-8. The first SUBTRACT command removes a termination to the BS communication channel (for example, DS0 on T1 or E1 line). The second SUBTRACT removes a termination for a bearer channel of the serving network to the originating using RTP.
In step 304, the Serving MGW 47 replies to the Megaco or other PS protocol message with a Reply acknowledging that the bearer channel has been terminated. In this example, this message is a Reply per IETF-8.
In step 305, the Serving MSCe 45 sends a message to the Originating MSCe 17 using a PS protocol, which is a BYE per IETF-2 message, including an REL per SS7 encapsulated within it.
In step 306, upon receiving a BYE message, an Originating MSCe 17 sends a message using a CS protocol to the PSTN 44 (or other CS network), which is a REL message per SS7.
In step 307, upon receiving the BYE message, the Originating MSCe 17 also sends the originating MGW 7 of its network a PS protocol device control format message, which is which in this example, is a Megaco message consisting of two SUBTRACT commands per IETF-8. The first SUBTRACT command removes a termination to a PSTN communication channel (for example, DS0 on T1 or E1 line). The second SUBTRACT removes a termination for a bearer channel using RTP.
In step 308, the originating MGW 7 replies to the PS protocol message (that is, the Megaco SUBTRACT commands, with a PS protocol Reply, which can be a Megaco Reply message.
In step 309, the CS network, in this case the PSTN 44, sends a CS protocol message, which is a RLC per SS7, to the Originating MSCe 17. Note this message can be received by an Originating MSCe 17 anytime after a REL message is sent (see Step 306). It is not necessary to wait for steps 307 and 308 to be performed.
In step 310, the BS 49 of the Serving Network 2 returns a PS protocol message, which is a Clear Complete message per 3GPP2-3, to the Serving MSCe 45. In response, the Serving MSCe 45 releases the underlying transport connection. Note this message can be received by a Serving MSCe 45 anytime after Step 302. It is not necessary to wait for steps 303 to 309 to be performed.
In step 311, upon receiving the PS protocol message, that is, the Reply message from the originating MGW 7 and upon receiving the RLC message from a PSTN 44, the originating MSCe 17 sends a 200 OK message per IETF-2 to Serving MSCe 45. This message acknowledges the BYE message (see Step 305).
With reference now to
In step 401, a CS protocol message is sent to the originating MSCe 17, which is a REL message per SS7. This initiates or triggers the process of clearing the call.
In step 402, the originating MSCe 17 sends a PS protocol message, which is a SIP BYE message per IETF-2, to a Serving MSCe 45. This PS protocol message also includes a CS protocol message, which is a REL message per SS7 encapsulated within it. That is, the SS7 signal message is mapped to the PS protocol signal message by a mapper. Accordingly, by being able to handle both CS protocol and PS protocol messages, the MSCe's 17 and 45 perform interworking functions between the two types of core network, that is each acts as an interworking engine.
In step 403, upon receiving the BYE message, the serving MSCe 45 sends a PS protocol message, which is a Service Release message per 3GPP2-3, to the BS 49 to instruct a BS 49 to release the call control transaction associated with a service.
In step 404, the BS 49 releases a service option connection identifier, a terrestrial circuit, if allocated for the associated service, and send a PS protocol message, which is a Service Release Complete message per 3GPP2-3, to the serving MSCe 45.
In step 405, upon receiving the BYE message, the serving MSCe 45 sends the serving MGW 47 a PS protocol device control format message to remove terminations. This PS protocol message is a Megaco message consisting of two SUBTRACT commands per IETF-8. The first SUBTRACT command removes a termination to a BS communication channel (for example, DS0 on T1 or E1 line). The second SUBTRACT removes a termination for a bearer channel using RTP.
In step 406, the serving MGW 47 replies to the Megaco message with a PS protocol device control format message, which is a Reply message per IETF-8.
In step 407, upon receiving the Service Release Complete message (see Step 404) and upon receiving a Reply message (see Step 406) the Serving MSCe 45 sends a 200 OK message to the originating MSCe 17. This message acknowledges the BYE message (see Step 402).
In step 408, after sending the BYE message, the originating MSCe 17 sends the Originating MGW 7 a PS protocol message in device control format, which is a Megaco message consisting of two SUBTRACT commands per IETF-8. The first SUBTRACT command removes a termination to a PSTN communication channel (for example, DS0 on T1 or E1 line). The second SUBTRACT removes a termination for a bearer channel using RTP.
In step 409, the originating MGW 7 replies to a Megaco message with a PS protocol, in device control format, which is a Megaco Reply message.
In step 410, the originating MSCe 17 sends a CS protocol message, which is an RLC message per SS7, to the CS network, in this case, the PSTN 44, to cause the PSTN 44 to clear the call. This completes the call clearing process.
Of course, the present invention is not limited to any particular communication technology for the PS network or RAN. For example, the present invention is applicable to CDMA, GSM, TDMA, UMTS communication technology and wired systems as well.
It is understood that the present invention may take many forms and embodiments. Accordingly, several variations may be made in the foregoing without departing from the spirit or the scope of the invention.
Having thus described the present invention by reference to certain of its preferred embodiments, it is noted that the embodiments disclosed are illustrative rather than limiting in nature and that a wide range of variations, modifications, changes, and substitutions are contemplated in the foregoing disclosure and, in some instances, some features of the present invention may be employed without a corresponding use of the other features. Many such variations and modifications may be considered obvious and desirable by those skilled in the art based upon a review of the foregoing description of preferred embodiments. Accordingly, it is appropriate that the appended claims be construed broadly and in a manner consistent with the scope of the invention.
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|International Classification
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|European Classification
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Maury Meets The Price Is Right [Video]
I know it is wrong to laugh so hard at other people's misfortune. The music makes all the difference in the world. I laughed. I laughed really hard.
I know it is wrong to laugh so hard at other people's misfortune. The music makes all the difference in the world. I laughed. I laughed really hard.
Either the reunion was going to be a full blown Oprah hug fest or it was going to get ugly like every episode of Maury Povich. I called out the name I remembered and with one glance the fire was burning deep again.
I've got 3 awesome kids that I can barely keep up with, so I'm definitely NOT looking to have anymore. If it were to happen, It wouldn't be the end of the world or anything...OK, it might be...but not really. I guess if it were to happen though I'd like to announce the new edition to world the way these families have. Somehow, by saying all this, I feel like I've just doomed myself...
The next holiday you spend with your family where you find yourself frustrated at how dysfunctional they all seem, please take a deep breath and imagine what it must be like to find out that you spent decades married to your own father without even knowing it. Then maybe have another drink.
This is the kind of story that would make the Maury Povich show proud. The TV show that prides itself on telling the story of questionable heritages would love to meet this monkey...
Behind the pock marked mask of the true alcoholic, there are times when the stranglehold of desperation cuts off the blood flow to that part of the brain that serves as a holding cell for common sense.
The Olympics are finally here and you're watching in anticipation. You love the coverage of every Olympic event, and you find yourself running home after work to watch Michael Phelps splish splash his way to victory. The floor routines in female gymnastics leave you giddy, while the volleyball coverage makes you squirm with delight.
As we approach our the celebration of our nation's independence let us reflect upon the freedoms that make us who we are. Sure we have the freedom to pursue happiness, liberty and the quality of life we desire. That also means we have to put up with other people who are pursuing their own happiness and sometimes their happiness is just a little on the strange side. Thank goodness we have people like Maury Povich, Tyra Banks, Jerry Springer and others who have brought into our living room some of the most "amazing" Americans we could ever hope to meet.


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Concierto Madrigal For 2 Guitars & Orchestra: Madrigal: Andante Nostalgico
Features of This Tracka subdued, expressive aesthetic
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realmagick.com The shrine of knowledge.
Kamaleddin Behzad
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- Twenty-five students of watercolor painter Ahmad Moqadassi are hanging their works in an exhibition at Kamaleddin Behzad Gallery. The collection will be on display until November 26 at the gallery located at 312 Shanzdah-e Azar St.
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Think wearing earth-conscious clothing means you have to look like a hippie from the 60s? Not unless you specifically want to. Our favorite nouveau ethical goods combine both fashionable form and organic function (whole or partial). Nowadays, these goods can't be told apart from conventional pieces — and we love it that way. This Earth Day, go organic — and go modern organic, where you'll look way better than your traditional hemp-outfitted earth-loving brethren. Below, some of our favorite organic clothing pieces.
Earth Day Delights: the Best of Organic Clothing
20 Vegan, Cruelty-Free Bags That Don't Sacrifice an Inch of StyleYou Should Know: Carry-On Arm Candy from Jessica Jensen
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Alison Baitz is a freelance fashion and culture writer. When she's not busy chatting about online shopping or rooting out cool new designers, she's interviewing up-and-coming musicians or sampling food for articles and calling it research. She's proud to be a part of the DC-based food zine The Runcible Spoon. Yes, she is on Twitter: @itsmealison.


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shopshopagain Review
Nice White
Love these chairs, although needed darker legs, but will stain them darker. LOVE these chairs.
- How did the color on site compare with the actual product? It's white - nice white
- Please tell us about the quality of the product. Good, except one chair has bunched leather around the opening on backside, but it's ok, I love the chairs and will hide it on a wall side.
- How accurate was the on site description of the product? Accurate description and shape
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After a down-to-the-wire push, the Federal Communications Commission this week approved by 3-2 its long-awaited regulatory proposal on net neutrality. We haven't finished combing through the actual rules document, all 200 pages of which were just released today, but nonetheless the summary documents gave us some important hints about what the rules contain.
The FCC's Basis for Regulating: Contrary to some expectations, the FCC is offering new theories for its regulatory authority, opting not to re-assert the "ancillary" legal theory rejected by the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals. Following the 'throw it against the wall and see what sticks' approach, the FCC has volunteered a smorgasbord of potential justifications, the sum of which apparently demonstrates that "[b]roadband Internet access services are clearly within the Commission's jurisdiction." The lead argument appears to be Section 706 of the Telecommunications Act, which requires the FCC to report to Congress and take steps to help create universal broadband availability. We'll see if the Court agrees that this allows the FCC to create broad rules of the road for the Internet.
The merits of the specific net neutrality proposals notwithstanding, the FCC's continued attempt to find broad, unfocused basis for jurisdiction is a disconcerting strategy. An ungrounded rationale for regulatory authority is easily abused, opening the door to other, undesirable regulation.
Now to the substance. From what we've learned from FCC statements and bulletins, our anticipated concerns were right on target. The rules appear to be riddled with loopholes and exemptions, to the point where the FCC's declaration that the order represents bright-line rules and a framework for predictability is hard to reconcile. It's likely there won't be much clarity around the rules' application until they get invoked in FCC enforcement actions or otherwise.
The FCC's release previews several points from the final order. Here's how EFF's list-to-watch-out-for compares:
(1) Carve-outs for wireless. The FCC order creates a subset of less restrictive rules that apply exclusively to wireless services: Wireless operators need only ensure that consumers are able to access lawful websites and also apps that compete with the providers' own services (both requirements subject to 'reasonable network management' needs). In addition, the rule against unreasonable discrimination does not apply to wireless services. Similar to past proposals, only a transparency requirement in the current order applies equally to wireless and wireline. This is significantly disappointing. We previously noted that from a consumer perspective, we don't see a valid distinction between wired and wireless internet use. Unfortunately, our urging for similar treatment has gone unheeded.
(2) Loopholes for "unlawful content." As we feared, the FCC's "no blocking" requirement exempts ISPs that discriminate on the basis of "unlawful content," paving the way for traffic discrimination that is clothed in claims that it is protecting against copyright infringement or other illegal activity.
(3) "Reasonable network management" exceptions. Under the order, 'no blocking' and 'no unreasonable discrimination' rules may be superseded where there are "reasonable network management" requirements. While the order defines reasonable network management in what appears to be a content neutral way, it remains to be seen whether this will be the case in practice or whether, as we have warned, the exception may swallow the rule.
(4) Allowances for "managed" or "special" services." Consistent with our concerns, the order leaves room for non-neutral "specialized services" immune from nondiscrimination rules, without clear boundaries on what those encompass. The rules state that this exemption will be monitored by the FCC for discriminatory and anticompetitive practices. We'll be monitoring it, too.
(5) Pay for priority. The FCC statement notes that commercial pay-for-priority business arrangements are not likely to pass muster under the "no unreasonable discrimination" rule. This is the main element excerpted from the current order that was not on EFF's list of concerns. It's another one that will require close monitoring, however, and may be especially difficult to detect in the midst of complex peering and other relationships between various internet entities.
With the caveat again that we haven't reviewed rules themselves in entirety, it appears that Chairman Genachowski is dodging resolution on the more difficult determinations, leaving them to future enforcement actions and underscoring our speculation that he may be pursuing political image first and substantive change second, if at all, since the regulations are certainly going to be challenged in court.
So despite the best intentions of many people, we may end up with a lose/lose world in which the regulations not only fail to help combat actual network neutrality problems, but also, like the Trojan Horse, undermine our ability to stop counterproductive FCC regulation of the Internet by this or a future FCC. Let's hope not. EFF will continue to monitor the situation and watch for ways to help ensure that real net neutrality happens.
Your digital camera may embed metadata into photographs with the camera's serial number or your location. Your printer may be incorporating a secret code on every page it prints which could be used to identify the printer and potentially the person who used it. If Apple puts a particularly creepy patent it has recently applied for into use, you can look forward to a day when your iPhone may record your voice, take a picture of your location, record your heartbeat, and send that information back to the mothership.
This is traitorware: devices that act behind your back to betray your privacy.
Perhaps the most notable example of traitorware was the Sony rootkit. In 2005 Sony BMG produced CD's which clandestinely installed a rootkit onto PC's that provided administrative-level access to the users' computer. The copy-protected music CD's would surreptitiously install its DRM technology onto PC's. Ostensibly, Sony was trying prevent consumers from making multiple copies of their CD's, but the software also rendered the CD incompatible with many CD-ROM players in PC's, CD players in cars, and DVD players. Additionally, the software left a back door open on all infected PC's which would give Sony, or any hacker familiar with the rootkit, control over the PC. And if a consumer should have the temerity to find the rootkit and try to remove the offending drivers, the software would execute code designed to disable the CD drive and trash the PC.
Traitorware is sometimes included in products with less obviously malicious intent. Printer dots were added to certain color laser printers as a forensics tool for law enforcement, where it could help authenticate documents or identify forgeries. Apple's scary-sounding patent for the iPhone is meant to help locate and disable the phone if it is lost of stolen. Don't let these good intentions fool you—software that hides itself from you while it gives your personal data away to a third party is dangerous and dishonest. As the Sony BMG rootkit demonstrates, it may even leave your device wide open to attacks from third parties.
Traitorware is not some science-fiction vision of the future. It is the present. Indeed, the Sony rootkit dates back to 2005. Apple's patent application indicates that we are likely to see more traitorware on the horizon. When that happens, EFF will be there to fight it. We believe that your software and devices should not be a tool for gathering your personal data without your explicit consent.
At the beginning of this year EFF identified a dozen important trends in law, technology and business that we thought would play a significant role in shaping digital rights in 2010, with a promise to revisit our predictions at the end of the year. Now, as 2010 comes to a close, we're going through each of our predictions one by one to see how accurate we were in our trend-spotting. Today, we're looking back on Trend #2, the future of books and newspapers:
Since 2000, the music industry has most spectacularly flailed (and failed) to combat the Net's effect on its business model. Their plans to sue, lock-up and lobby their way out of their problem did nothing to turn the clock back, but did cause serious damage to free speech, innovation and fair use.
These days, the book and newspaper industries are similarly mourning the Internet's effect on their bottom line. In 2009, Rupert Murdoch changed the tone of the debate when he called those who made fair use of his papers' content "thieves." We think 2010 and beyond will see others in the print world attempt to force that view, and break the fair use doctrine by lobbying to change accepted copyright law, challenging it in the courts, or by placing other pressures on intermediaries.
A cluster of similar battles around user control are also gathering around e-reader products like Kindle and Google Book Search, many of which rewrite the rules for book ownership and privacy wholesale.
We were largely right about this one, although in a way we didn't forsee. This year we saw the Las Vegas Review Journal newspaper join with some lawyers called Righthaven and lurch down the RIAA's dark path by launching hundreds of "copyright troll" lawsuits against individual bloggers and others. As with the music industry's failed "sue the customers" gambit, this one has done nothing to help the newspaper industry, but has already caused damage to free speech and fair use. In 2011 we hope to see the tide turn, though, as the judges hearing the Righthaven cases are starting to raise concerns about fair use and other problems with this ugly business model.
On e-Readers, though, 2011 was still a year of early market growth, with the iPad entering into the fray and the publishing industry still generally embracing DRM (it took the music industry a few years to give up on DRM so it's disappointing but no big surprise to see the publishing industry do the same). On Google Books we're still waiting, since the federal Judge hearing the big lawsuit took a long day of testimony in the in February but has not yet ruled.
What do an online donation to the International Red Cross, a bank transfer to family members living in Vietnam, and a payment sent through PayPal for an expensive rug in Turkey have in common? The government wants to know about them. And, if new rules proposed by the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, or FinCEN, go into effect, the government will — along with your name, address, bank account number, and other sensitive financial information.
In September, FinCEN, an agency component of the Department of the Treasury, proposed a set of rules (pdf) that would require banks and money transmitters to report to the government any cross-border electronic funds transfer. Yesterday, we submitted a comment (pdf) opposing the agency's proposal.
Essentially, under the proposed rules, anytime you electronically transfer money into or out of the country, the government wants to know. The proposed rules require banks and money transmitters, like PayPal or Western Union, to submit reports documenting the amount of money sent or received, where that money came from, and where it is going. Depending on the type of transfer, a variety of information would be included in the reports, including the name, address, bank account number, and taxpayer ID number of the sender; the amount and currency of the funds transfer; and the name and address of the recipient. Passport numbers or alien ID numbers could also be required for some transfers.
The government wants reports on all electronic bank-to-bank transfers, regardless of whether the transfer is $1 or $1,000,000. For money transmitters, reports would be filed for transfers at or above $1,000. FinCEN estimates it will receive 750 million reports every year, and the agency wants to keep the data for ten years. Once the reports are filed with FinCEN, other federal law enforcement agencies — the FBI, IRS, ICE, and the DEA — would all have access to the data.
Shortly after FinCEN announced the rules in September, EFF filed a FOIA request seeking documentation that would justify the agency's law enforcement need for the regulations. We also sought information demonstrating that FinCEN had taken adequate data-security precautions for handling such a massive amount of sensitive information. The agency produced some records, but the documents provided no evidence that the proposed rules are necessary to deter money laundering and terrorism financing, or that the agency had adequately assessed the privacy implications of the proposed rules.
In our comment, we opposed the rules for three reasons:
1. The new reports are unlikely to be effective in preventing terrorism financing — the primary impetus behind the regulations in the first place.
2. While the agency sought the advice of financial institutions, other law enforcement agencies, and even foreign governments when developing the rule, FinCEN never solicited the opinions of privacy advocates during the drafting process.
3. The agency has not provided any evidence that the technological systems are in place to safely receive, transmit, and store the vast quantities of highly-sensitive information the rules would require.
We strongly oppose the government's attempt to pry into the sensitive financial dealings of citizens, especially when there is no demonstrated need and no evidence that the agency is equipped to handle that much sensitive information. Comments on the proposed rules are due December 29th, and can be submitted here. We urge you to join us in opposing these intrusive new regulations.
UPDATE: The comment period closed on December 29th. You can view the entire docket, including all the comments submitted to FinCEN, here.
Wikileaks isn't the only site struggling to stay up these days because service providers are pulling their support. It appears that at least one person who wants to provide mirror access to Wikileaks documents is having the same trouble.
Recently we heard from a user who mirrored the Cablegate documents on his website. His hosting provider SiteGround suspended his account, claiming that he "severely" violated the SiteGround Terms of Use and Acceptable Use Policy. SiteGround explained that it had gotten a complaint from an upstream provider, SoftLayer, and had taken action "in order to prevent any further issues caused by the illegal activity."
SiteGround told the user that he would need to update his antivirus measures and get rid of the folder containing the Wikileaks cables to re-enable his account. When the user asked why it was necessary to remove the Wikileaks folder, SiteGround sent him to SoftLayer. The user asked SoftLayer about the problem, but the company refused to discuss it with him because he isn't a SoftLayer customer. Finally, SiteGround told the user that SoftLayer wanted the mirror taken down because it was worried about the potential for distributed denial of service (DDOS) attacks. When the user pointed out that no attack had actually happened, and that this rationale could let the company use hypothetical future events to take down any site, SiteGround said that it was suspending the account because a future DDOS attack might violate its terms of use.
If this sounds like a lame excuse, that's because it is a lame excuse. It's incredibly disappointing to see more service providers cutting off customers simply because they decide (or fear) that content is too volatile or unpopular to host. And the runaround that this user received from his host and its upstream provider demonstrates the broader problems with the lack of any real transparency or process around such important decisions.
Internet intermediaries — whether directly in contract with their users or further up the chain — need to stick up for their customers, not undermine their freedom to speak online. As we've said before, your speech online is only as free as the weakest intermediary.
This incident shows that censorship is a slippery slope. The first victim here was Wikileaks. Now it's a Wikileaks mirror. Will a news organization that posts cables and provides journalistic analysis be next? Or a blogger who posts links to news articles describing the cables? If intermediaries are willing to use the potential for future DDOS attacks as a reason to cut off users, they can cut off anyone for anything.
EFF urges SiteGround, SoftLayer and other service providers to champion user rights and say no to online censorship.
Yesterday, following on his ruling this Spring that the NSA's warrantless wiretapping of an Islamic charity's lawyers in 2004 violated federal surveillance law, Judge Vaughn Walker in the Northern District of California federal court issued his final order in the case of Al-Haramain Islamic Foundation v. Obama. The order granted the plaintiffs an award of $2.5 million in money damages and well-earned attorneys' fees for the government's violation of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, the same law underlying many of the claims in EFF's ongoing lawsuits against the NSA's mass surveillance program, Hepting v. AT&T and Jewel v. NSA. As one of the plaintiffs said of the ruling to the Associated Press, "the system worked."
The system has indeed workedfor the two attorneys wiretapped in this case as part of the so-called "Terrorist Surveillance Program" that the government has admitted to. But, as EFF has alleged in its cases based on widespread news reports and whistleblower evidence, the full scope of the NSA's warrantless wiretappingcryptically referred to as "Other Intelligence Activities" in the Inspectors General report on the broader President's Surveillance Programimplicates the privacy rights of millions of Americans, rights that EFF is still seeking to vindicate in its lawsuits on behalf of AT&T customers. Both the Jewel and Hepting cases are currently on appeal to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals and awaiting the scheduling of oral argument; depending on whether the government appeals yesterday's decision, the Al-Haramain case may soon be joining them.
At the beginning of this year EFF identified a dozen important trends in law, technology and business that we thought would play a significant role in shaping digital rights in 2010, with a promise to revisit our predictions at the end of the year. Now, as 2010 comes to a close, we're going through each of our predictions one by one to see how accurate we were in our trend-spotting. Today, we're looking back on Trend #8, Congress, where we predicted:
In retrospect, 2009 wasn't disastrous for online civil liberties in federal technology law. With Washington entirely distracted by health care reform, a lot of the most problematic proposed federal technology legislation was delayed, postponed or temporarily forgotten.
In 2010, we may not be so lucky. Key provisions of the Patriot Act, having recently been granted a three-month extension, are up for re-authorization before April 1. The Snowe-Rockefeller Cybersecurity Act, which would grant the President the power to disconnect the Internet, is likely to return sometime in 2010. And, with immigration reform considered a top priority for Congress this year, we can expect to see the national identification card scheme REAL ID (or its twin, PASS ID) again soon.
Admittedly, predicting a tough year in Congress for civil liberties was a no-brainer: As Mark Twain put it, "No man's life, liberty, or property are safe while the legislature is in session." However, other than the disappointing one-year re-authorization of the USA PATRIOT Act--which passed in the Spring with little debate and without a single reform being added to that surveillance law despite a hefty record of demonstrated government abuses--our digital civil liberties actually made it through the Congressional year relatively unscathed. As predicted, cybersecurity remained a hot issue with several bills in play and a lot of overheated rhetoric about the risk to the U.S. from a "electronic pearl harbor", but no bill passed. And, happily contrary to our predictions, plans for a national ID card appear to have stalled, hopefully permanently.
The biggest threat to online freedom this year came in a form we didn't expect: Senator Leahy's Combating Online Infringements and Counterfeits Act ("COICA") internet censorship and copyright bill, which was unanimously approved by the Senate Judiciary Committee despite fierce opposition from EFF and others. That bill or something like it will certainly rear its head early in the new year. We also got a preview of perhaps the biggest Congressional battle for civil libertarians in 2011 when the FBI made clear its intention to seek an expansion of its wiretapping capabilities next year through an expansion of CALEA, the Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act. That law currently requires phone companies, broadband carriers and interconnected VOIP providers to design their systems to be easily wiretappable by the government. Now, the FBI wants to expand that surveillance tech mandate to require surveillance backdoors for all Internet communications, with particularly grave implications for the privacy of encrypted communications.
But there were also some bright spots in the Congressional record this year that point toward good things in 2011. First, Representative Bobby Rush introduced a broad consumer privacy protection bill that garnered support not only from privacy advocates but even some major online businesses like Microsoft and eBay, and as chairman of the House Commerce Subcommittee he also held a hearing on the possibility of legislation to support a "Do Not Track" technology to give online consumers control over how they are monitored online, setting up online consumer privacy as a major issue for the next session. In another positive development, EFF teamed up with other civil liberties organizations and major internet companies to form the Digital Due Process ("DDP") coalition and press Congress to update the antiquated Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986 ("ECPA"). Working with the DDP coalition, EFF is pushing Congress to make clear that if the government wants to secretly seize the contents of your webmail account or enlist the phone company to track the location of your cell phone, it needs to have a search warrant based on probable cause. Prompted by the debut of the DDP coalition's principles, Congress held four hearings on the issue of ECPA reform in 2010, with reform bills expected in the New Year.
The copyright troll Righthaven has brought over 190 casesand countingagainst bloggers, online journalists and others since March of this year. While EFF has taken on two of these cases directly (Democratic Underground and DiBiase) we have also been attempting to help those sued to secure counsel. If the tactics of these trolls trouble you and you are a member of the bar with experience in copyright litigation, these defendants need your help.
What's Righthaven? Righthaven is a Nevada company operated by Las Vegas attorney Steven Gibson, whose "sole purpose" is "suing blogs and websites."[1]. It searches the Internet for bloggers and websites that contain posts with content from certain newspapers. When it finds one, it purportedly buys the copyright from the newspaper publisher, applies for a copyright registration, and then files a lawsuit against the blogger or website. Its current partners include the Las Vegas Review-Journal (owned by Stephens Media LLC, who helped form the company) and the Denver Post.
Just as in many other copyright troll shakedowns, Righthaven relies on the threat of enormous copyright statutory damages (up to $150,000) to scare defendants, often individual bloggers operating non-commercial websites, into a quick settlements. They also threaten to seize the domain names, a threat without basis in law. Even if a blogger has meritorious defenses, the costs of defending can often be overwhelming - unless the blogger has pro bono counsel to help even the odds.
The pace at which EFF is hearing from Righthaven defendants is increasing, and we and our cooperating attorneys are presently working at capacity. We need more attorneys versed in copyright issues to whom we can refer people who need pro bono help defending themselves from Righthaven. EFF has already briefed several of these issues in the cases we're handling and those resources are available to counsel. Almost all of the cases are filed in the District of Nevada and we do have good links to possible local counsel.
If you are an attorney interested in representing Righthaven defendants, please contact Rebecca Reagan at email@example.com.
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Products/Services for Hydrochloric Acid Scrubber
Scrubbers (cleaning tools) - (174 companies)Scrubbers Information Scrubbers are machines used to clean large surface areas such as walkways, roads, factory floors, and parking areas. Scrubbers can be used in either indoor or outdoor applications, and include small walk-behind machines...Show More
Air Scrubbers, Wet Scrubbers, and Gas Scrubbers - (399 companies)This effectively eliminates the problematic liquid waste stream, capturing instead a dry solid. Applications for dry scrubbers include the removal of acid and odorous gases from boilers, incinerators, and wastewater treatment plant operations. Dry sorbent...Show More
Downdraft Tables - (65 companies)Downdraft tables are self-contained, portable filtration systems that remove harmful particulates and return filtered air.Show More
Dust Collectors - (777 companies)...venturi scrubbers, typically have very high particulate collection efficiencies. Because they use liquids like water, wet scrubbers are also able to absorb gaseous pollutants such as acid gases. Unfortunately, the use of water can also be expensive...Show More
Inorganic Chemicals and Compounds - (946 companies)India, Japan, and the US (2005 data) are: aluminum sulfate. ammonia. ammonium nitrate. ammonium sulfate. carbon black. chlorine. hydrochloric acid. hydrogen. hydrogen peroxide. nitric acid. nitrogen. oxygen. phosphoric acid. sodium carbonate. sodium...Show More
Cleaning Agents and Surface Treatments - (2089 companies)...bicarbonate is an example. Strong acids are highly corrosive acids used to dissolve surface mineral deposits. Examples include sulfuric and hydrofluoric acids. Mild acids are slightly corrosive acids used to soften water and control mineral deposition...Show More
Lead Acid Batteries - (395 companies)Lead acid batteries are made up of plates, lead, and lead oxide with a 35% sulfuric acid and 65% water electrolyte solution. Lead acid batteries are rechargeable batteries consisting of lead plates with a sulfuric acid/water electrolyte solution...Show More
Industrial Parts Washers and Cleaning Systems - (700 companies)...particles, acids, and alkaline solutions to clean part surfaces. Industrial parts washers are usually powered by electricity, gasoline, oil, or steam and include a wash tank made of glass, plastic, steel, or stainless steel. Complete turnkey systems...Show More
Storage Tanks and Process Tanks - (1792 companies)Storage tanks and process tanks are bulk containers of varying size and configuration.Show More
Neutralization Equipment - (50 companies)...of neutralization is when equal quantities of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) are mixed and then the change in temperature is measured with large read-out digital thermometers. A deionized water system removes all ions from a solution...Show More
Product News
Schutte & Koerting
Ejector Venturi Gas Scrubber Scrubber. Description: Processes for making one of the raw materials (maleic anhydride) used in resin production generates contaminated off-gases. Maleic Anhydride is absorbed fairly readily in water producing Maleic Acid. However, maleic anhydride transforms directly from gaseous to solid state when cooled and, as a result, can easily plate out on scrubber internal surfaces building up and causing plugging. In order to minimize this "maintenance headache" a special ejector venturi design... (read more)Browse Air Scrubbers, Wet Scrubbers, and Gas Scrubbers Datasheets for Schutte & Koerting
Branch Environmental Corp.
Jet Venturi Scrubbers Jet Venturi Scrubbers. Jet Venturi Scrubbers use the energy from the liquid sprayed under pressure to move the air, scrub the gas and remove dust. Jet Venturi allow the use of high liquid rates which are necessary for some applications. For example, emergency chlorine Scrubbers often use this design. Branch Environmental supplies custom built pollution control equipment for industry. Our air pollution control equipment can clean up acids, organics, aerosols and mist to meet any emission control... (read more)
Branch Environmental Corp.
Wet Scrubbers for Dust, Fumes and Mist Wet Scrubbers for Dust, Fumes, Mist... Branch Environmental supplies custom built scrubbers and systems for air pollution control. From small units to large custom designed systems, you receive competitive pricing with the highest reliability and assurance that the equipment will work right the first time. . Branch Environmental supplies custom built pollution control equipment for industry. Our air pollution control equipment can clean up acids, organics, aerosols and mist to meet any... (read more)
Branch Environmental Corp.
Vapor Phase Carbon - Air Scrubbers built pollution control equipment for industry. Our air pollution control equipment can clean up acids, organics, aerosols and mist to meet any emission control standards. Our equipment is also used for water treatment, including removal of volatile organics, ammonia and other gases. Products: Wet Scrubbers for Dust, Fumes, Mist... Branch Environmental supplies custom built scrubbers and systems for air pollution control. From small units to large custom designed... (read more)
Schutte & Koerting
Scrubber Separator System Schutte & Koerting - Scrubber Separator System is a complete, single stage scrubbing system combining a Fig. 7010 Ejector Venturi Gas Scrubber and a Fig. 7040 Separator. . This air pollution control scrubber system utilizes the ejector-venturi principle to entrain and scrub large volumes of gas containing fumes, vapors, noxious gases, dusts, odors or particulates, and vent clean, dry gas to the atmosphere. The Fig. 7014 Scrubber Separator System is capable... (read more)Browse Air Scrubbers, Wet Scrubbers, and Gas Scrubbers Datasheets for Schutte & Koerting
Deltrol Controls/Division of Deltrol Corp.
Valves For Floor Scrubbers Deltrol Controls floor scrubber valves are direct acting solenoid valves designed to control gravity fed water from a tank. They are ideal for floor scrubber applications because of their large passageways that reduce clogging, usage of chemically resistant materials, reliable operation, and cost-effectiveness. There are a multitude of models and options to choose from. For many years, major floor scrubber manufacturers have relied on Deltrol Controls floor scrubber valves. Features. •... (read more)Browse Single Component Diaphragm Valves Datasheets for Deltrol Controls/Division of Deltrol Corp.
Aerospace Defense Coatings Of Georgia
Chromic Acid Anodizing Chromic Acid Anodize is the accelerated oxidation of an aluminum surface. The natural thin oxide layer on aluminum prevents some corrosion. The layer can be thickened by the Chromic Acid Anodizing process. This alteration provides even greater scratch and corrosion protection. All Chromic Acid Anodizing processes are performed manually to ensure the proper care is given to each step. Process Approvals: For Chromic Acid Anodizing we adhere to: BAC 5019 (Class 1, 3, & 5): Chromic Acid... (read more)Browse Anodizing Services Datasheets for Aerospace Defense Coatings Of Georgia
Pavco, Inc.
NH4 Acid Chloride ZInc It is a field proven technology that has set the standard for the industry for many years. For compliant chemistries, NH4 is a perfect choice for a compliant acid zinc system and is compatible with all of our compliant chemistry passivates. It is characterized by: Ease of control. Consistent day-to-day operation. High temperature tolerance. Excellent chromate receptivity (read more)Browse Plating Chemicals and Anodizing Chemicals Datasheets for Pavco, Inc.
Scott Rotary Seals
Plastic Unions for FDA or acids SRS has 50 years of experience and many proven designs using various engineered plastics to solve a very broad range of seal problems. The applications for these valves and unions range from pharmaceutical with stringent FDA specifications to industrial systems handling acids. Depending on your application, we can engineer, design, source, manufacture, assemble and test rock solid solutions to difficult fluid seal problems. (read more)Browse Rotating Unions Datasheets for Scott Rotary Seals
SCHOTT North America, Inc. - Glass Tubing
Acid Waste Transportation & Neutralization Sustainable laboratory design from products that withstand the test of time. KIMAX ® borosilicate glass drainline systems are designed for the transport and neutralization of acid waste. KIMAX ® is a sustainable and reliable solution for acid waste piping offering the key features of adaptability, modularity, maximum corrosion resistance, full temperature capability, low thermal expansion, and the lowest life-cycle cost in the industry. The design and construction industries... (read more)Browse Industrial Pipe Datasheets for SCHOTT North America, Inc. - Glass Tubing
Conduct Research
Bionomic Industries Completes Successful Start-Up of Hydrochloric Acid Scrubber at Wheeling-Pittsburgh Pickling Factory
Designed to reduce emissions and improve product quality, the $1.2 million scrubber system was recently tested and achieved 99.98% efficiency in removal of the hydrochloric acid fumes that are generated from the plantís pickling process. The new system not only meets more stringent EPA regulations...
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The system can be incorporated into polishing systems made by OEMs such as Applied Materials, Ebara, IPEC/Planar, Speedfam, and Strasbaugh. The Point Source scrubber removes virtually all inorganic contaminants at an efficiency rate of 99.5%. The system can be used for hydrochloric acid, hydrogen...
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Direct chlorination process for geothermal power plant off-gas - hydrogen sulfide abatement
An accumulation of elemental s u l f u r was observed on t h e packing in- side t h e teflon-lined pipes, i n t h e lead pipe cooler, and i n t h e hydrochloric acid scrubber .
Absorption of ethylene oxide in a packed column with various solvents
At the end of the run the streams were stopped, and the hydrochloric acid scrubbers drained, washed, and analyzed.
Direct Chlorination Process for geothermal power plant off-gas - hydrogen sulfide abatement
An accumulation of elemental s u l f u r was observed on t h e packing in- side t h e teflon-lined pipes, i n t h e lead pipe cooler, and i n t h e hydrochloric acid scrubber .
Direct chlorination process for geothermal power plant off-gas - hydrogen sulfide abatement
… elemental s u l f u r was observed on t h e packing in- s i d e t h e teflon-lined pipes, i n t h e lead pipe cooler, and i n t h e hydrochloric acid scrubber .
Federal Register > Tuesday, June 25, 1996 > [61 FR 32746] Hazardous Waste Management System; Identification and Listing of Hazardous Waste; Proposed Exclusion
The manufacturing processes contribute to the petitioned waste from the following sources: water from the caustic scrubbers, water from the hydrochloric acid scrubbers , water from the rinse used to remove soap from wire, water from the cooling water bath following fluidized bed …
Preparation of submicron titanium nitride powder by vapor-phase reactions
Finally, the gas stream was passed into a hydrochloric acid scrubber , which removed the residual TIC14vapor before discharge to the atmosphere.
Dichlorobenzidine, 3,3- (CICADS)
incineration with hydrochloric acid scrubber or microwave plasma .
Proceedings of fifth annual North American waste-to-energy conference
% 11.1 --- --- Carbon Monoxide (CO), ppmv 59 None 50-150 Good Combustion Practice Nitrogen Oxides (NOJ, ppmv 132 None 150 SCR or SNCR Sulfur Dioxide (SOJ, ppmv 71 None 30 Acid Scrubber Hydrochloric Acid (HC1), ppmv 6 None 25 Acid Scmbber …
Federal Register > Friday, May 10, 2013 > [78 FR 27375] Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources, National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Poll...
EPA conditionally approves the AMP for the off-gas vent stream from the Platformer Regenerator that is vented to a hydrochloric acid (HCl) scrubber , and then routed to the burners in the heater.
Federal Register > Thursday, July 9, 2009 > [74 FR 32919] Recent Posting to the Applicability Determination Index (ADI) Database System of Agency Applicability...
… EPA approve Delek Refining's (Delek) request to monitor hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in vent streams, pursuant to 40 CFR part 60, subpart J, in lieu of installing a H2S continuous emissions monitor (CEMs) on the hydrochloric acid (HCl) scrubber , associated with the "Platformer …